TO AID RASPBERRY GROWERS
Difficulties Resulting From Diseases
Not Understood Are Now Being
Investigated.
(Prepared tn the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture.>
Raspberry growers, particularly in
the hike region of the middle West,
have encountered difficulties resulting
front diseases not thoroughly under
stood that have seemed to threaten
tin* existence of the industry, unless ef
fective methods of control could be
worked out. The United States de
partment of agriculture has been in
vestigating the situation for some
A Wooden Support Used in Raspberry
Fields Where Two Wires Hold the
Bearing and the Young Canes Up
right—A Bent Nail Keeps the Wires
From Slipping Below the Desired
Height.
time past and is about to begin more
intensive studios. Specialists will
spend practically the entire season in
the field, thoroughly investigating the
diseases to determine the causes and
habits of growth and to devise con
trol measures by spraying and other
wise.
PLANT PEACH TREE IN SPRING
Reasonably Loose Soil Is Essential
and Should Be Prepared by
Plowing and Harrowing.
Peaches need reasonably loose soil
find will not thrive if grown in sod,
for any considerable length of time.
The soil should be prepared in good
tilth by plowing and harrowing.
Peaches are so often injured by
severe cold, that in a majority of cases
spring planting is preferable to fall,
but It Is an item to make all the prepa
ration possible in advance so that at
the first favorable opportunity in
spring planting can he done.
With peaches nearly or quite all of
the pruning should be done in the j
spring. There is so much risk in fbe
new growth being killed, and. of course j
it will need to he cut out in the spring, |
that it is best to defer the pruning
until early in the spring. The pencil
needs severe pruning annually—from
one-third to one-half the new growth j
should be cut out. This will aid mu- j
terinlly in securing a better quality |
of fruit.
PROPAGATION OF GOOSEBERRY
When Shoots Have Rooted in Autumn
They May Be Cut Off and Set
in the Nursery.
(Prepar'd ! the l'n ■ States Depart- ;
nient or Agriculture.)
Onnp'-1 < rrlo« ordinarily are propa- j
jjnted by mound layers. The plant j
from which lnyors are to be procured !
should bo cut back heavily before it .
Inyitis to grow in the spring. By July !
It will have sent out numerous vigor
nus shoots. It should then he mound- j
ed with earth half way to the tips of [
the shoots. By autumn the shoots will
have rooted. Those with strong roots
may then he cut off and set in the ;
nursery, to he grown for one or two
years before planting in the Held. If j
the roots are not well developed, it j
will be better to leave the shoots at
tached to the parent plant for a second
year.
BEST SOIL FOR GOOSEBERRIES
—
Location With Good Air Drainage Is
Preferable as Low Spots En
courage Mildew.
(Promtred bv the United States Itepart
(Preparedly t < { ABrlclllture.)
A place with good air drainage is
preferred for gooseberries. In low,
damp places mildew attacks both fruit
and foliage more severely than on
higher sites where the air circulation
Is better. Currants, however, are sel
dom severely attacked by mildew.
Therefore, when the site is a sloping
one, currants may he planted on the
lower parts and gooseberries above.
As both fruits blossom very early in
the spring, neither should be planted
in low pockets where late spring
frosts may kill the flowers.
(Prepared by the United States Depart
ment of Agrit ulture.)
When two young bull aristocrats
started out <>n a journey to their new
home in Idaho recently, ail experiment
which will interest cattle breeders was
started under way. These two bulls,
both of which have enviable family
trees, were sent to the University of
Idaho—not to learn—hut to teach, and
the subject they will demonstrate is
“The I lest Method of Fixing and In
suring Uniform Transmission of High
Production in Dairy Cattle.”
Better Animals in Larger Numbers.
Tlie shipping of these two bulls, one
a Holstein ami one a Jersey, was the
, first step in carrying out a co-opera
i tive experiment, undertaken by the
dairy division of tlie bureau of animal
industry. United States department of
agriculture, and the department of
dairying, University of Idaho. The
object is not to improve the high pro
ducing dairy animals already in ex
istence, but to determine a method of
breeding that will produce the better
animals in large numbers. When this
method is determined and put to prac
tical use, as it undoubtedly will be. it
will result in a great advance to the
| dairy industry. It is the average pro
duction—the production of the rank
and file—that counts, and this erperi
] merit is aimed at raising that average,
■ rather than producing a few record
breaking cows.
The experiment to be carried out at
the University of Idaho is a part of a
i general plan for extensive breeding ex
I perlments, outlined by II. II. Graves
I of the federal department’s dairy divi
sion. Other experiments similar to
the Idaho project will be carried out
directly with the herds of the dairy
division and co-operatively with herds
of state experiment stations and indi
vidual breeders. These experiments
will fill a long felt need for a series of
carefully planned tests, involving a
large enough number of animals, arid
extending over a sufficient length of
time to warrant accurate and definite
conclusions as to the best method of
breeding. While tlie need for this
work tins long been recognized, tlie
cost of the work and organization re
quired to handle it successfully has
prevented private Individuals from try
ing it.
A Unique Experiment.
In thi' Idaho experiment the follow-"
ing methods of breeding will be com
pared: In-breeding vs. out-breeding
and line-breeding vs. out-breeding. As
Hnlstelns and Jerseys predominate in
tiie university herds, the Holstein will
1)0 used in the in-breeding and the Jer
seys in ihe line-breeding work. No
cross-breeding experiments will be at
tempted with these herds, hut as this
type of work is included, in the general
plan, it will ho carried on with the
herds of some other station or breeder.
According to ihe rather unique
agreement with the University of j
Idaho, the dairy division will furnish \
the bulls used in the exponent, and
the university will furnish the cows.
The experiments will be carried out
with tlii> animals In the university
herds, and not less than 12 females
are to be used as the foundation herd
in end) experiment. The females and
their progeny are to remain the prop
erty of the university, while the bulls
will remain under the ownership of
the bureau of animal industry. The j
univt isity lias agreed to stand the ex
pense of feeding end caring for the
hulls, and will retain all females pro
duced in the herd until they have com
pleted one lactation period so that ac
curate records will be had on tlTe milk
production, butterfat test, and date of
calving for all daughters of end) sire.
Why Results Will Be Valuable.
The results of the experiments
should furnish excellent data for de
termining the relative value or in
breeding, line-breeding and cross
breeding since the same foundation
animals will be the basis of both the
in-bred and oift-hred herds. This will
make the in-bred animals comparable,
generation by generation, with Lhe out
bred animals. In like manner, the
same foundation animals will be the
basis of the line-bred and cross-bred
herds making the line-bred animals
comparable with the cross-bred ani
mals.
The Jersey hull sent the University
of Idaho is out of a daughter of Hill
side Torono, a proved bull recently
purchased to head the experimental
herd owned by the government at New
Iberia, La. Hillside Torono lias three
daughters with annual records of over
f>00 pounds of fat on two milkings
daily and a number of good records in
♦he making. Hillside Torono is sired
by Uogis With of Hood Farm and out
of Lass 57th of Hood Farm, the daugli
ter of Hood Farm Torono. The dam
of the bull was not tested tills year hut
lias been milking 35 to 37 pounds of
5.5 per cent milk a day—two milkings
—with first calf. She will be tested
next year. The sire of the hull is
Hillside Emperor, a grandson of Hood
Farm Torono and Pogis 99th of Hood
Farm, so that he traces to those two
sires on both his sire and his dam
side.
In order to bring out the facts in
regard to the breeding of these two
hulls sent to Idaho it is obvious that
the names of their various ancestors,
together with their records, will have
to be mentioned from time to time. In
doing so it is not to lie assumed that
the dairy division indorses these ani
mals as being necessarily the best
animals of their respective breeds,
and it is not expected that these re
marks will be used for such a purpose.
Closely Inbred Holstein Bull.
The breeding of the Holstein bull Is
unique in that he is so closely itibred.
His sire and his dam carry 87.5 per
cent the same blood. The sire ts a son
of Friend Hengerveld I >e Kol Butter
I»oy, the sire of Banostine Belle De
Kol, 1,058 pounds fat; Highlawn Ilar
fog De Kol. 008 pounds fat; Daisy
Grace De Kol, 0G2 pounds fat; Spotted
Ann’s Daughter. 871 pounds fat. The
dam is also a daughter of this same
sire. The sire of the bull is out of a
daughter of routine Aaggie Korndyke,
four daughters over 000 pounds fat. as
is also the dam of the bull, while tin
great granddams on both the sire and
the dam’s side are by Friend llenger
veld De Kol Butter Boy. The bull go
ing to Idaho traces to this latter sire
four times, twice on the sire's side and
twice on the dam’s side, and traces
twice to Pontiac Aaggie Korndyke,
once on the sire’s side and once on the
dam’s side.
On account of the length of time re
quired to complete such an experi
ment. results will not be known for a
long time, but when the work is finally
completed the conclusions arrived at
should be of real value.
PRODUCTION OF LIVE STOCK
Among Essentials Are Tight Fields,
Permanent Pastures and Legumi
nous Crops.
(Prepared by the Bnited Slates Depart
ment of Agriculture.)
Where live stock Is a factor on the
farm, make every fluid hog-tight and
sheep-tight; have thoroughly good per
manent pastures; grow leguminous
crops; build a silo, and keep only pure
bred males. These five things are ab
solutely essential In the economical
production of live stock. Of course
this program calls for some labor and
expense, but tin* permanent condition
of prosperity in the sections devoted
to live-stock production is pp’of of the
good profit derived therefrom.
SUPERIOR QUALITY OF MEAT
Hog That Loses in Weight Should Not
Be Killed—Fat Gives Juiciness
and Flavor.
(Prepared by tbe United States Depart
ment of Agriculture.)
A hog in u medium condition, gain
ing rapidly in weight, yields the best
quality of moat. Do not Mil a hog j
that is losing flesh. A reasonable
amount of fat gives juiciness and tla- '
vor to the meat, but large amounts of i
fat are not essential.
BEST HOGS FOR BUTCHERING
Health Should Have First Considera
tion in Selection of Animals for
Meat Supply.
(Prepared by tbe United States Depart
ment of Agriculture.)
lit selecting hogs for butchering,
health should have first consideration.
Even though the hog has been properly
fed and carries a prime finish, the
best quality of meat cannot be ob
tained if the animal Is unhealthy.
Cattle will not l<#ive com when fed
in proper quantity for any other grain.
* * *
Fat ewes are too frequently not
regular breeders, and carry their flesh
because they did not raise lambs the
previous year.
• * *
The good-sized ewe with a blocky
conformation helps to make up a
profitable lumb-wool-mutton combina
tion.
FIX AND INSURE UNiFGRM TRANSMISSION
OF HIGH PRODUCTION IN DAIRY ANIMALS
Dam of Bull Used in University cf Idaho Breeding Experiment.
PROPER SHELTER FOR SWINE
It Is Essential That Buildings Should
Be Well Constructed and Keep
Hogs Comfortable.
(Prepared by the United States Depart- i
ment of Agriculture.)
Not only is it fashionable, but also it
Is practical, to build hog houses in the j
fail when farm work is not so pressing
and when the approaching winter tie
mantis proper shelter for the swine. ]
Specialists of the United States de- ]
pertinent of agriculture do not recom- j
mend any special type of hog house j
ns superior to all others. The style |
which the individual farmer selects, I
whether it be a colony house, a central j
type farrowing house, portable houses,
or simple shelters which provide sleep
ing quarters only, must be decided up- |
on by the farmer himself. It is essen- j
tin! that the buildings should be well
constructed so that they will exclude ]
both rain and snow.
Some houses will be provided with
wooden or cement floors, others with
dirt floors. Where dirt floors are in
stalled it is recommended that woven
wire fencing of good quality be
A Model Portable Hog House.
Stretched about one or two inches un
der the surface in order to prevent
rooting. Furthermore, dirt floors
should be wetted down at frequent in
tervals to prevent the accumulation of
dust, which is particularly injurious to
hogs where they have to breathe it
continually in their sleeping quarters.
The use of crude oil is very helpful in
remedying this difficulty. The floor of
the hog house shojld also be well !
drained, particularly in the case of
dirt floors, so that when a heavy rain
occurs the run-off water will be car
ried away instead of being centralized
within the hog house to form a mud
wallow.
The matter of ventilation is often
overlooked in hog-house construction.
Facilities for air circulation ere es
sential, as in properly ventilated
houses there is much less danger of
the hogs piling up and little, if any,
danger of them going out from the
houses in the morning reeking with
steam, conditions which usually are
present where the hogs are housed in
poorly ventilated shelters. It is also
essential, the department specialists
say, that the hog quarters be provided
with plenty of fresh, bright, dry bed
ding which may be changed at frequent
intervals.
MINERAL MIXTURE FOR HOGS
Charcoal, Salt, Lime, Sulphur, Copper
Sulphate and Hardwood Ashes
Are Satisfactory.
The following mineral mixture is a
good one to be kept before hogs: 1
bushel of charcoal, 1 bushel of hard
wood ashes, 8 pounds of salt, 8 pounds j
of air-slaked lime or fine ground lime- ;
stone, 4 pounds of sulphur hud 2 j
pounds of copper'sulphate.
PROPER FUNCTION OF STOCK
Farmers Enabled to Convert Various
Crops Into Cash and Return
Plant Food to Soil.
(Prepared by the T’nlted States Depart
ment or Agriculture.)
An important function of live stock
on the farm Is to furnish a market for
the crops grown, enabling farmers to
convert the grasses, forage crops,
legumes and so on into higher-priced
finished products and to return to the
soil the plaut food taken from it.
| LIVE STOCK NOTES |
* Ss
Goats are of great advantage to a
pasture that is brushy.
• * *
Short rations and a laxative may be
used for slightly sick hogs.
* * *
Good teams have more to do with j
good farming than most people realize.
* * *
Few farmers can afford to get along
without feeding a few hogs for mar
ket.
* • *
More teams should be raised to take
the place of horses and mules now In
use.
• • •
Every farmer sooner or later must
replace his teams. Why not raise
colts to take the pluce of old work
inimaUT
Authentic Styles in Furs
Furs, like coats, have soared in
price until the average mortal can
only look at the more sumptuous
wraps made of it and wonder that
there is so much money in the world
ns they represent. But these extra
ordinary prices have not decreased the
demand. Furriers are unable to obtain
skins that they could use for ready
purchasers. Possibly the lack of
transportation from some source of
supply to the fur market is respon
sible for the shortage of pelts, or It
may he that the demand advances
much more rapidly than the increase
in fur-bearing animals. In this case
good furs, high priced its they are,
will prove a sensible investment.
Mink, seal and kolinsky are favor
ites for tiie longer capes and coats.
Moleskin is liked for its softness and
suppleness and is dyed into dark
brown shades this season, and brown
is so much admired that squirrel and
fitch are dyed also. Cape mantles and
capes or cape-like coats insure the
ample loose effects that are of all the
most graceful and pleasing.
But the two fur garments in great
est demand just now are wide, straight
scarfs and coatees. A diamond is a
diamond and furs are furs, whether in
large or small wraps. These scarfs ]
and coatees strike the note of luxurH
ous warmth and richness that be
longs to furs and give their wearers
more service than garments that can
only he worn in midwinter. There is
almost no fur that may not be made
into a beautiful scarf. For coatees,
seal, dyed squirrel, mole, kolinski,
Persian lamb are used, with seal a
favorite. This fur appears above in
both the favorite garments, first in a
long scarf with turban to match.
These matched sets are to be credited
with adding much distinction to this
season’s furs. The odd turban has a
soft band of velvet, with battlement
edge turned up about it. Much atten
tion has been given to the linings of
scarfs—to make them worthy their
aristocratic company—and they are
often of chiffon beautifully embroider
ed with small scattered blossoms.
The coatee, shorter in the front than
at the back and full enough to sug
gest a cape, simply was obliged to
have flaring sleeves, with cuffs of
skunk fur. This fur has wonderful
wearing qualities with which it re-inf
forces the softer seal and makes an
ample and most becoming collar.
Muffs are large, many of them flat
and so made that they are bags as
well as muffs.
Charming Hats for Midwinter
We take a great many things fur j
granted in a world that is rich in won- |
tlcrful and beautiful fabrics. We hard-1
l.v stop to tliink how they are related
to the seasons of th<> year and that if I
has taken some centuries to perfect
them. I Jut they are here, at hand, fori
the artists in app!tr. 1 to use in inter- !
preting their Ideas to its. Milliner."
make their choice and hats tell the
story of the seasons—and much more,
with rich velvets and brocades, warm,
soft-looking heavers and plushes, gold
and silver tissues, witli furs, making
up the brilliant and cheerful millinery
of midwinter. There is something of
splendor in it.
Four charming hats for midwinter,
shown in the picture above, are good
and sufficient excuse for a little ex
travagance on the part of the eternal
feminine. Every woman knows that
her hat is the most important item in
iter costume, and here are four that
have till tiie excellencies, beauty of
fabric, beauty of line, becomingness
and fitness for the season. The liat,
with graceful brim, at the top of the
group is a triumph of the frameniaker
to start with, and Is made of velvet.
It has a soft tarn crown and a sash
of wide satin ribbon ending in bows!
r
that follow the season's mandate th
keeping to the right.
Just below, at the left of the group,
black velvet and gold cloth brocaded
with black achieve a handsome Na
poleon hat, which also has a soft
crown. Except for a sash and tie of
narrow gold ribbon about the crown
it is without trimming. This is one of
several successful off-the-face hats.
Opposite it a large velvet hat Is faced
with beaver. Its brim is turned up at
the front and a handsome ornamental
pin fastens it to the crown. With this
hat a wide scarf of angora yarn makes
a neckpiece to correspond, taking the
place of fur.
Siberian squirrel fur—the lightest of
the gray squirrel skins—makes the
spirited turban at the bottom of the
group. A small cascade of tine lace,
with a bit of fur along the plaited edge,
results in a trimming that cannot be
improved upon. All these models are
worn well down over the head and not
an ear is visible.