Geneva and the New Bridge.
All roans henceforth lead to ;
Geneva.
The Rome of the Caesars I
and of the Popes, which held !
pre-eminence in this respect for ninn.v
Hires, now yields to Geneva, which,
since John Calvin's time, has been call
ed •‘the Protestant Rome,” writes Irv- ;
lng R. Bacon In the I>etrolt Free Press, j
Geneva is to he the capital of ttie |
league of nations, which Is hut another
way of saving the capital of the world. !
Thus the peace conference at Paris j
has decided.
In the middle of the nineteenth cen
tury, when, under the quasl-dictator
shlp of James Fairy, the radicals of
the Swiss canton Geneva spent money
with almost reckless extravagance to j
develop and modernize the city, de la
Ktv( a conservative, exclaimed:
“They want to make Geneva the
smallest of the great cities; oh, that
they would only allow her to remain
the greatest of the small cities!”
And now, seventy years after he
expressed this wish, it is about to he
realized; for from now on It is there
that the parliament of nations will hold j
its sessions and the roads from sill
ends of earth will focus there.
The census of lfill gave Geneva in
the neighborhood of 150,000 inhabi
tants, divided almost evenly between
Protestants and Catholics. In point of
languages the French preponderated
nearly seven to one as compared with
German.
On Beautiful Lake Leman.
The city is the southwesternmost i
point of Switzerland, It is on the pie- [
tor (pie Lake Leman (called also Lake
Geneva), and is divided Into halves,
the (id and the new towns, by the
River Rhone. The number seven fig
ures geographically in Geneva as it
d. in Rome. The latter city has
seven hills; Geneva, seven bridges.
Geneva, however. Is of but recent j
date compared with Rome. It was lit
tle r>>>re than a village* of the AIlo
broges a Gallie tribe, when Rome was
mistress of the world. Julius Caesar
tool; bis stand there when !. * heard
that the Helvetians (the Swiss of to
day) had decided to emigrate from
their own country, which they had
come to consider as too cramping for j
their national growth.
‘‘They shall not pass," was Caesar’s
watchword. And two-thirds of the
Helvetian people perished In a futile
attempt to force their passage through
The Roman provinces. It was the be
ginning of the Gallic war. which lasted
nine years and became the fulcrum by
which Caesar raised himself to the po
sition of dictator of virtually the whole
civilized world.
Birthplace cf Rousseau.
Few cities have produced so mnny j
Illustrious sotis or been tbo arena for
the activity of so many great men as
Geneva. Jean Jacques Rousseau '--ns
Imrn there. And it Is no small coin
cidence that the city of Ids hlrth should
have been chosen as the capital of a
league of nations of a democratized
world. For to no other one man does
democracy owe a greater debt than to
Rousseau. His pen was the flail
which first set thrones a-tottering.
Kingcraft began to decay beneath the
corroding assaults of reason which he
leveled at the “divine rights” upon
which royal prerogatives were based.
Lord Byron’s noble tribute to both
Geneva and Rousseau constltntes al
most the entire theme of the third
canto of his magnificent “Childe
Harold.”
The same great poet has also cele
brated the misfortunes of another Gen
evan in the well-known poem of "The
Prisoner of Chillon."
Chilian is a castle on top of a crag
which rises perpendicularly nearly V
000 feet above Lake Leman. Here,
early In the fifteenth century. Francois
de Bonnivnrd, prior of St. Victor, was
imprisoned.
Where Calvin Ruled.
In 1532 William Favell, n Protes
tant preacher from Dauphine. who had
Just won Vaud, a Swiss canton, to
Protestantism, made Ids appearance at
Geneva. His success was so consider
able that he established his home there
and, In the following yenr. Geneva en
tered Into closer religious relations
with the Swiss city of Berne, which
had embraced Protestantism. Fribourg,
which remained loyal to Its old faith,
withdrew from the alliance with
Geneva. On August 10, 1535, Geneva
formally adopted Protestanism.
A year Inter, John Calvin, a refugee
from France, stopped at Geneva, in
tending to remain there only one night.
Fnvel Induced him to protract liis visit.
Tn 1538 the opposition succeeded in
having Fnvel and Calvin expelled: but,
although Favel never returned, Calvin
went hack in 1541, and gained such nn
nseendnney that he was soon enabled
to set ip) a theocratic form of govern
ment. with himself at the head. He
was, at that time, in his thirty-second
year.
The site of Calvin’s house, at Ge
neva. is at No. 13 Grand Roe. That of
Rousseau, which still stands, Is at
No. 40, the same street.
After the French revolution the eltv
was the capital of a French depart
ment. hut In 1S14 It heenme the twenty
second canton of the Swiss confedera
tion. Since that time the history of
Geneva, as regards Its foreign policy,
has been Identical with that of the
confederation.
PROTECT THE MIAMI VALLEY
Work of Protecting Immense Reser
voirs One of the Greatest Projects
of the Kind.
Wore it not for the* fact that the
United States has boon engaged in
tlie greatest of world wars, the build
ing of the five dry reservoirs as part
r.-f a flood-prevention plan In the Mi
ami valley would arrest the attention
of the nation, says Howard Egbert in
Popular Meehanies Magazine. Further
than that, international construction
experts would be watching the work
with considerable interest, because the
project is by far the* greatest of its
kind ever attempted in this country.
The plan, of course, is to Insure per
• ament protection to the mere than
700,000 inhabitants living in the Miami
conservancy district, a regipn follow
ing closely tin* Miami river, an im
portant but not navigable waterway
which threads its way through south
ern Ohio counties. The cost is esti
mated at 820,000.000. More than 2,<WX>
nu n are required to complete the con
struction work, and three years as a
minimum Is the length if time esti
mated as necessary to carry out the
designs of the district. Five huge re
tention basins, or dry reservoirs, are
being constructed, all of them now well
under way. To construct any one of
these dams means the digging, trans
porting. depositing and compacting of
from S.70,000 to 4.00O.000 cubic yards
(,*f earth. For tit' Miami river chan
nel the estimate is 4,000,000 cubic
yards. Dams and river together will
mean the excavation and transporta
tion in all of some 13,000,000 cubic
yards of earth.
The flood-conservancy project con
sists of the dry-reservoir system,
which, once constructed, will occupy
five different tracts of land In the dis
trict. At unusual periods of high wa
ter It is designed to permit all over
flow water to run Into these basins.
They will be so stoutly constructed
that they cannot break under pressure
of millions of gallons of water. The
river channel, thus relieved of the ad
ditional burden of high water, will not
he threatened, and the customary dan
ger of banks breaking or overflowing
Is entirely eliminated.
Best Way to Stain Floor,
To stain your floor a dark walnut
have the floor perfectly clean, then
take a pound of burnt umber ground
in oil; paint stores sell this prepara
tion. Next take boiled linseed oil and
mix enough of the umber with it to
color the oil, but not thicken it. Try
on a small piece of board and add um
ber until you have the required shade.
Rub this into the floor until the stain
ceases to come off and the wood Is of
a rich walnut, brown. Some of the
color may dry out, In which case an
other coat should be applied.
Least She Could Do.
“f’holly tried to kiss me, upset the
canoe, fell out, ruined his new suit and
was nearly drowned. lie’s in the hos
pital now.
“Well?"
“What should I do?"
“1 think yon ought (o go round and
give him hat kiss."—Louisville Coot
lor-JournaL
The food supply would be probably
better selected, varied and cooked. It
the daily supervision were alloted
definitely to one who has been trained
for tlie purpose, and chosen because of
capacity for the office.
Cake is to the appetite what mirth Is
to the melancholy.
CAKE MAKING.
Just it word to those who arc .vet In
j experienced in t lie art of cake making.
First <>f all, have till tin*
materials to lie used
ready at hand before be
ginning, or in the midst
you will find some im
portant ingredient miss
ing which will need a
change of plans.
Most cocks have some
standard recipe which they will vary
with flavoring, spice or fruit, or bake
in different shaped tins with different
fillings or frostfugs, which will give a
large variety.
The time was when much creaming
of butter and stirring of sugar and
butter was thought the only way to
make a butter cake, but these busy
days are teaching us many ways of
simplifying our work, and cake mak
ing must keep pace. The shortening,
if softened—not melted—will mix
with the sugar and it takes but a short
time to cream it; add a little hot water
or milk If hurried for time and then
give the mixture a good beating, add
ing tlie eggs beaten and give another
good beating. A fair cake, good
enough for every-day use, is one using
three tablespoonfuls of butter or but
ter substitute, one cupful of sugar,
half a cupful of milk, two eggs, two
teaspoonfuls of baking powder and a
cupful and three-quarters of sifted
flour. Add flavoring and hake in a hot
oven. A circle of well-greased paper
placed in the layer tins, as well as
deeper tins, will help to remove the
cake without breaking.
A cake that is baked with as little
flour as will hold It up makes a much
more tender and delicate one. The
baking is a most important factor In
good cake making. Have the oven
very hot for layer cake and hake
from 10 to 12 minutes. For a loaf
cake which needs 40 minutes to bake,
divide the time into quarters. The first
ten minutes see that the cake begins
to rise, the second ton minutes It
finishes rising and begins to brown,
the third ten minutes It finishes brown
ing and begins to shrink from tlie pan,
then the last ten or quarter it finishes
baking. If a cake crackles as if still
cooking when taken from the oven,
put it hack for a few minutes.
Fruit Layer Cake.—For a delicious
cake to use for company or on special
occasions, this is excellent. Cream a
cupful of shortening, add two cupfuls
of warmed sugar to hasten the cream
ing, add six well beaten eggs, two and
one-half cupfuls of flour, a cupful of
milk, a teaspoonful of vanilla and three
teaspoonfuls of baking powder. Beat
well and bake in three layers.
Only the possessions which we use
are of pres-nt value to us. A man may
have a money fortune, and yet be
poverty stricken In the very things
which that money would buy him. The
money is ids ail the time; hut it is of
little or no value to him because he
lets It alone.
WHAT TO EAT.
• There nr*' few people who feel that
a meal lias been satisfying that is not
ll n 1 s li e d with
some hind of des
sert, and usually
feel if none is
provided that the
dinner is not a
success.
Peach Sherbet.
—I’ut n pound of
sugar and a quart
! of water on to boil L'O minutes; let
i cool, then add one and one-lialf cup
, t'uls cf peach pulp, the strained juice
of an orange and the juice of half a
; lemon. Freese.
Date Crackers.—Put a pound of
i washed and pitted dates, with a cup
, ful of sugar and half a cupful of water,
i in a sauce pan and cook until soft and
smooth. Cool. Cream a cupful of
shortening, add a cup of brown sugar,
two and one-half cupfuls of rolled oats
which have been parched to a light
| brown, two cupfuls of flour; stir and
| mix well; add a teaspoonful of soda
! to half n cupful of hot water and stir
into the mixture. Roll out, cut and
place a spoonful of the fruit on a
cooky, cover with another, then bnke.
Mint Sherbet.—Soak half a cup of
chopped mint leaves in the juice of
two lemons and three oranges half an
| hour. P-oil two cupfuls of sugar and
a cup of water five minutes, then pour
over .the other ingredients. When
cold strain into a freezer, add the
grated rind of the fruit and the white
of an egg beaten stiff with a cup of
whipped cream. This sherbet mnJ>e
served as a dessert or as an acwla
J paniment to a lamb roast.
Junket Is n most delicious dessert
1 fop a hot day when one wants Just a
dainty llnlsh to the meal. Add a tablet
of rennin to a quart of lukewarm milk,
I sweetened and flavored. Stir well after
i crushing the tablet and dissolving It in
a tnblespoonful of water. Then pour
the mixture into the sherbet cups or
glasses in which It is to he served.
When well set put on Ice to chill.
Chocolate pie may he prepared In
! ,1,0 same way, adding two squares of
| melted chocolate, or a i rune pie, add
! 'ng a cup of prunes which have been
put through a rlcer.
AFTERNOON FROCKS
When costumers have busied them
selves for ■weeks turning out numbers
of beautiful and graceful afternoor
frocks they come to a place whets
they take time to explore occasional
by-paths of fancy. Then we are treut
ad to n few odd and sometimes amus
ing ideas In frocks of varieties quite
different from those that have gone be
fore. The late urrivals lend spice tr
the styles und sometimes prove to bf
the forerunners of new models. Aftei
a survey of this season's afternoor
frecks the two models pictured here
are more than likely to be pronounced
“odd.” but with the concession that
they are pleasing.
Satin and georgette were made foi
each other and Join forees in the
quaint-looking frock on the figure at
the left of the picture. A plain satir
skirt is the foundation for a short, full
tunic of georgette, which in turn sup
ports three bands of satin. In tin
I bodice the order is reversed and th<
| crepe provides the under portion urn
furnishes the long sleeves. The
short-sleeved peasant waist worn
over it has a double row of small,
round, satin-covered buttons down the
front, sot very close together. All Its
edges are piped with satin-covered
cord. This frock must stand or fall
on Its own merits, as it has nothing In
the way of precedent to lean upou In
the season's showings.
The dress at the right starts out
with a plain skirt of satin and finishes
up with a very short tunic and bodice
of the same material. For once geor
gette crepe plays no part in the story.
The tunic Is shorter at the left side
than at the right and manages to
make place for three hands of satin
ami also contrives to look frivolous.
A full bodice and wide, crushed girdle
lend such a flavor of youthfnlness to
this frock that its frivolity Is taken as
a matter of course, and the deep flar
ing cuffs that finish the sleeves prov*
so unexpected as to be amusing.
CAPES CONTINUE
*
Capes nnd rapelike wraps have
taken such hold upon popular taste
that designers continue to offer new
models in them. It is something of a
task to avoid duplicating styles and
to preserve a flnvor of individuality In
wraps as simply constructed as the
cape is, hut the ingenuity of their
makers keep them from being tire
ecmely alike. There is a better
chance for variety in dolmans and In
combinations of cape and dolman, and
an occasional model that is a cape,
! pure nnd simple, makes a success
| merely by contrast with these.
A cape of this kind in a black and
white checked wool fabric invites
study ns a prntieal summer wrap, as
shown in the picture. For young
women and for misses its simplicity
recommends it. It is a snappy and
youthful model, with plain black satin
collar and lining of gray foulard.
Cupes made of the lighter weight wool
ens are usually shorter than those of
duvetyn or other heavy weaves; the
cape In the picture, about three-quar
ter length, is a good example.
The eapcllke wrap with dolman
tleeves. shown on the llgure at the
"•,,T irv
left of the picture, is made of black
satin. , It follows the favorite of the
two silhouettes that have governed
the designers of rapes and similar
wraps this season, in being very full
about the body and narrowing toward
the hem. The satin falls in a sort of
cascade below the set-on sleeves, and
a very wide shawl collar adds to the
appearance of ampleness In the
wrap. I.ittle buttons at the top of the
sleeve make a handsome iinish. and
an unusual feature of this model ap
pears in the narrow girdle of satin at
the front. EverjJBvoman knows how
useful a black sa.jff wrap proves to be.
So many times we condemn an ar
ticle of apparel—corsets, gloves,
; stockings, veils and similar things
| that should be carefully handled—
simply because our own poor, reck
less, shiftless, absolutely unintelligent
use of them mars them quickly, makes
them unfit and unsightly in too short
a time.
■ >" 'll)
. a
PROSPERITY IN GOOD ROADS
Future Development of Country Must
Begin With Improved Highways
to Relieve Congestion.
There are today some 2,-100,000 miles
of rural roads in the United States. Of
this amount perhaps 12 per cent could
be classified us improved, while only
about one-fourth of one per cent can
be said to he suitnble for the carriage
of heavy-duty motortrucks. And in the
face of this condition it can be said
without chance of contradiction that
the future development of the United
States rests upon the roads.
The past few years have witnessed
a tremendous turnover in transporta
tion from the railway to the highway,
says Itoy D. Chapin, former chairman
of the highways transport committee
of the council of national defense.
The congestion which prevailed during
the war made necessary the commer
cial utilization of the highway to an
extent thought impossible a scant few
years ago.
The motortruck, little known be
fore the war, sprang into prominence
ns a commercially practical form of
transportation, and while the fighting
has ceased the need for the motor
truck remains with us, more insistent
than ever before.
Within certain limitations the
freight car of the highway is more
efficient than the rail carrier, and be
cause of it it may be taken as a per
manent form of transportation and one
destined to have a large Influence on
the movements of trade in the future.
The hour has struck when the fast
moving efficient motor vehicle of com
merce must replace the horse and the
coetly terminal charges which prevail
upon the short-haul branches of the
rail lines. Already the motortruck
has become a “feeder” to the railroad;
shortly It is destined to aid enormous
ly to the profitable long hauls, while
entirely or very nearly so eliminating
the unprofitable spurs.
Railroad men generally recognise
the new movement and welcome it.
Street railway men, not so keenly
alert to its possibilities as a feeder to
their lines, have yet to take the full
est advantage of the opportunities
which it presents.
But back of the motortruck rests
the road. While the highway as such
Is of little interest to those outside of
the engineering field, as a means for
transportation It becomes of vital im
portance to every citizen of the United
States, whether he be in profession or
trade, a minister, a merchant, a doc
for. High and low, rich and poor, the
toad comes Into contact with all of ns,
and upon Its relative efficiency de
pends to a greater extent than most of
r
Motortruck Used to HauJ
Produce to Market.
Farm
us dream the ultimate cost of all that
wo eat, wear, have.
“No one knows how much the coun
try pays for cartage,” said William C.
Redtield, secretary of commerce, re
cently, “but anyone who looks Into
the question Is pretty sure to find out
that the figures are larger than he
thought It could be.
Yet cartage Is but one phase of road
i costs. Poor roads mean isolation,
l which In turn mean fewer possibil
| itles for education, fewer opportuni
* ties for wealth, lower real estate val
uations as well as increased costs of
supplies. Every sound, fundamental
economic reason speaks out for the
durable road, Just as it protests against
the poor, Inadequately constructed
highway.
Despite these facts, which will be
verified by all who have studied the
question, despite the fact that the offi
cial government figures placed the
hauling over the highways at 2,000,
i 000,000 ton-miles in 1917, our roads are
today all that they should not bew
They are Inefficient, Inadequate, anti
quated.
i IMPROVE TO SAVE HAULING
Hardening Surface, Reducing Grade or
Shortening Distance Brings Farm
Nearer to Town.
! The test of a wagon road Is the
amount of work that can be done on
it without injury thereto, that Is the
time und labor required in hauling over
It. Any improvement, whether In hard
ening its surface, easing its grade, or
shortening the distance, reduces the
time and effort of getting to
and brings the farm nearer to town.
1