EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR CAUSES
Exploding Steam and riovements
of Molten Rock Deep Under
ground--Some Causes
Right at this time when every
body is more or less interested in
the result of the great San Fran
cisco earthquake, the following on
the causes and results of earth
quakes, from the Encyclopedia
Americana, would perhaps be of
interest to the readers of The
Journal.
An earthquake is a trembling
of the earth's crust due to inter
nal causes. It consists of a series
of undulatory impulses or elastic
waves, transmitted through the
rocks of the crust in somewhat
the same wa.y that sound is trans
mitted through the air. These
-waves are of two classes: (1)
Compression waves propagated
parallel to the direction of trans
mission; (2) distortion waves, nor
mal to the direction of transmis
sion. The speed with which these
waves are transmitted varies great
ly. It is greatest near the start
ing point and diminishes some
what as the waves die out. The
-speed is also affected by differ
ences in the elasticity and homog
-eneousness of rock masses. In
general it varies from several
hundred to several thousand feet
per second. The destructive ef
fects of earth quakes are due to
the high velocity of the undula
tory impulses rather than to the
amplitude of the vibrations, since
the latter is usually only a very
small fraction of an inch and but
rarely is as much as two inches.
The violence of earthquakes
varies greatly. Delicate instru
ments, seismographs, constructed
to show variations in the stability
<*f the earth’s crust, show that the
crust is almost continually trem
bling even in regions where shocks
of some magnitude are rarely
felt.
The great Lisbon earthquake
<1775) was distinctly felt from
Madeira to Great Britain or over
the whole of southwest Europe
*nd northwest Africa. The
Charleston Earthquake was felt
from northern Florida to New
JEngland and as far west as Iowa,
or over an area approximately 1,- j
4>00 miles long and 800 miles wide. ;
In the Lisbon earthquake the I
tremors lasted but six minutes.
CAUSE OF TIDAL WAVES
When an earthquake occurs be
neath the sea, the ocean above is
•uplifted and the shock spreads
outwardly in low, long waves that
travel rapidly, but are slower than
the earth’s waves. In midocean
-auich waves are of no importance, j
4*ut as they approach shore the
drag of the sea bottom decreases
their speed and length, but great
ly increases their height, and j
what are erroneously termed tidal
waves result. On a low-lying
coast such waves may be very
4destructi ve. The explosion of
fvrakatoa in August of is,s:5 caus
ed sea waves that went around
the world at a speed of 400 miles
an hour. At distant points like
the coast of Europe the waves
were slight, and were detected by
tide guages. On the coast of Java
the waves were over 00 feet high,
And thousands of people were
drowned.
Earthquakes are usually com
monest in regions of present or
recent volcanic activity. In the
United States they are commonest
in California, and in general eartb
cguakes are more often felt near
the coasts than inland, just as vol
canoes are more often found near
4he sea.
CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES
As earthquakes are frequently
connected with the eruption of ]
volcanoes, and are common in vol
jcanic regions, many observers
have thought that earthquakes
were volcanic phenomena. This
view was tirst expressed nearly
2,000 years ago by Pliny, and dur
ing the tirst half of the 10th cen
tury w-as held by many geologists.
From the fact, however, that many
earthquakes in the countries about
Mediterranean, in California and
elsewhere are not accompanied by
any volcanic activity, and since
any heavy shock or blow within
the earth’s crust would be propa
gated by undulatory impulses to
the surface causing an earthquake,
it is now generally recognized
that earthquakes are due to a va
riety of causes. It is plain that
some earthquakes are due to the
explosions of steam that are the
chief characteristics of violent vol
canic eruptions. Thus the terrific
explosion that tore off the greater
part of the island of Krakatoa
(1SS3) was the cause of a violent
earthquake. Earthquakes fre
quently precede volcanic outbursts
and cease as the eruption begins.
Again, it is possible that in regions
of present or recent volcanic ac
tivity, when no volcanic outbreak
accompanies or follows an earth
quake, the latter may have been
caused by movements of molten
rock deep underground. The sud
den expansion of such rock, if
pressure were relieved by the
opening of some fissure, as the
formation of dikes, might cause a
severe earthquake. In regions
remote from volcanoes it is prob
able that earthquakes are caused
by the same stresses in the earth’s
crust, partly to secular contraction,
that tilt and fold rock strata into
mountains. The strains to which
the rocks are thus subjected, when
suddenly relieved by the rocks
giving way, produce many earth
Patriot
DORR MERC. CO.
Magness, - - Arkansas
quakes. In fact, the slight earth
quakes of frequent occurrence in
the Alps, Himalayas, and in South
ern Oregon indicate that moun
tain building is still in progress.
The seismic zone that encircles
the earth is, therefore, simply a
zone of weakness in the earth’s
crust, within which crustal move
ments are frequent. Earthquakes
in regions remote from any vol
cano have usually been carefully
studied, been traced to some line
of rock weakness as the fault.
Such earthquakes are merely
phenomena accompanying rock
movement that may in time great
ly modify the earth’s surface.
The frightful loss of life caused
by some violent earthquakes has
led to their geological importance
being exaggerated.
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
Aside from the destruction of
life and property, the work done
by most earthquakes is relatively
unimportant. Violent earthquakes
are frequently accompanied by
the opening of tissures in the
ground, which may or may not
close again. Several were formed
in the Charleston earthquake,
while the Mississippi valley earth
quake, resulted, apparently, in de
pressions of the surface over con
siderable areas. In the Lisbon
earthquake, which killed 60,000
people, the quay sank into the sea
with all the people near it. In the
Calabrian earthquake (1783),
which killed 32,000 people, more
than 200 lakes and small swamps
were formed.
i
--
HURT BY EXPLOSION
The four-year-old son and two
year-old daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
P. R. Crain were seriously injur
ed at El Dorado while playing
with some dynamite caps which
they had found without the knowl
edge of their parents. Four of
the caps exploded, in consequence
i of which the little girl lost about
half of one of her thumbs, the end
of one finger and nail of a finger
on the left hand, and may lose an
eye, The boy is not so badly j
hurt as his sister, but he lost the
end of one linger, and both lie
i
and his sister were badly burned j
from their feet to their heads.
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