VflLDEZ TO THE INTERIOR
Government Trail Which Connects Southern Coast
With Big Mining Camps of Central Alaska.
Work Begun by Capt. Abercrombie
in the Year of 1899.
In tin* year Is'.is, the war depart
ment, recognizing 111• ■ importance of
an all-American roule I rum the coa* I
to the Yukon river, detailed |wo ia
|(editions, one undi r command of
< 'apt. \V. I*. A hcrcronihic, t In- ot her
in charge <>l (apt. Kdwin I', (ilenn,
t» make a thorough ii v< itigation,
with a view ol making; a road from
some point on the southern Alaska
coast to the inferior of the territory.
Captain Alien romhie, with hi . little
compniix of men. had his headquar
ters where II I i\\ II of Wilde/, eow
is, and mstd< .h ions exploitation Iript
from this pla< Capt. (ilenn went in
from the Coo!, inlet eounfry, wi'li s*
view of find a desirable cut repot
from t hat > ' ion.
The result "1 these i II Vest iga t iollH
hy traile d "!• ervcrs, was the selec
tion, upon ii- 11 ii( | ua I i f i« -«I endorse
ment ol < :i pt. A hereroinhie, of a
route hegi 11 u i ng at Valde/., at the
head of I'i: • William sound, and
taking tie : « ral course of the pres
ent go\i i*i111■ ent trail to Kagle City,
on the S' 111. '.ii. This route was ehosen
over I lie pper river and Susitna
rout" ' <y reason • »t the f :i<*t that the
<list;i is over sn miles shorter, the
f rail i der t o I mi i Id and maintain and
in ry wa\ presenled less obstacles
I i.in the other proposed routes. The
\ aide/ route was considered liv Capl.
A hereroinhie, alter exhaustive inves
tigations. as the logical star! ing point
to reach I lie heart of Alaska.
In .March. Is'.iil, the depart menl de
tailed ('aptain A hereroinhie In begin
construction work on the proposed
trail, in I !•• - billowing order:
Ilead<piart• i ol | he Army, Adjutant
(iencral ( llliee, Washington,
March isiiii. (iencral < )rders
No. :.l
\V , 1. I ll.'li . . V ...
\\';i lim;'l<>ii. March 17. IKJtil.
A militarx < ■ pi ililion for exploring
\>tirposes in A!;t l<a will he organized
as follows, ami I nmvii an I Ik Copper
Kix or Kxplorin;- pedit ion, a ml will
lie announced in i 'dors:
1. <'; 11 »t. W. li AI icrcroin I >ie, Sec
ond United Sla'et Infantrx, com
manding: Socond l imit. \V. ('. I5ab
cock, I0i};i'l l> I "nil* I State i Cavalry ;
i i" acting a islam ir^eon, one hos
slcxvard, oil' commissar.x ser
• f.ant, two non commissioned olllocrs
a id < ijjht j'ii,'at( :+ ot infantj'N , of
w 10111 two shall be cooks, I'ullx
• tipped and supplied »o Nox. :*.n,
'}>, will proo't I to Valdc/, on Prince
> illiam < ound, \laska, mi or almul
I lie 15th proximo, and Micro establish
a camp ami «li jio|. i-Yoni Valdc/. the
expedit ion u ill open up a military
road (o ('upper ■'enter, and from tin
last nanieil pi nt l>\ the most direct
and practicable rouie to lOa^h- ('ity.
2. I lie route above outlined from
the coa i i i Ka^lc City will he care
lulls m\> veil, triangulated, noting
elevation depressions, and other
feature.. ami should he dclinit"ly lo
cated amI properly marked on either
side a- tar as practicable, in order
that it max lie known and used a . a
route ot travel by the public.
The commanding otlieer xx ill se
lect nil a hie locat ions at Valdc/., Cop
per C uter, the crossing of the upper
Copper, the crossing of the Tanana,
the In ad of Porty Mile creek, and at
such other points as in his judgment
he i my deem proper for military res
i rvatimis, and xvill survey, lay out hx
metes and hounds, and declare such
reservations, reporting his action
hereunder to Mie Department f »rlhe
approval of the Secretary of War,
I. 't his expedition will cover as
much territory as possible, and xxill
collect ami incorporate in the report
all information that max he valuable
f o I lie development of thccoiintry ex
|>MM I'M M l | r* 11'iU
uroH, available routes of (ravel, feasi
ble follies for railroad const rue( ion,
adapt alii lit v for agricult lire and ntock
raising, mineral resources, linilier,
fuel, food products, and Ihoatock
beat milted for food and Irausporta
tion purpo es; (he number, location,
and condition of the nativea of (he
territory explored. Maps and photo
graphs* will accompany all report <.
r». The commanding ollicer of the
expedition is authorized to employ
the necessary Indians, nativea of
Alaaka, for duty with I he cxpcdit ion
as guide* for such periods ol lime as
inav lie necessary.
The Quart ermtlBter'n Department
will furnish the necessary transport a
(ion. (!. I). Mhikmmokn,
Acting Hccre(ary <»f War.
Ity command of Major(Jeneral Miles:
II. ('. COUIWN,
Adjutant (leneral.
In compliance wit h I he orders of his
detail Captain Ahercromhie and Ids
party arrived in Valdezon the nteam
er JOxcelsior on (he 2la( day <»f April,
IAmong those who composed the
expedition were bieut. \V. <Ilah
cock, Kdward (lillet t e, local in^ engi
neer; Dr. Neal ('. Trew, medical olll
cer; Oscar Kolm, topographer; John
I'. Mice, clerk; Charles lirown, »piar
master's agent; .1. Augustus Tillman,
conuniHsary sergeant; Phillip (Mea
ner, quartermaster sergeant; Dave
Rhodes, chief packer; A. M. Powell,
guide; |,jirs Holland, foreman of can
Htruetion gang, Steve Mlrch, l'kl
Wood, I'd ward ('ashman and ('. H,
Worthlngton hIho worked on the route
in various capacities.
That the war department performed
a groat public service for Central
Alaska In the construction of lids
road Ih aelf evident, It has largely
ItiereaHcd t rafTIc to interior point*, en
couraged exploitation parties*, led to
Important mineral discoveries, and its
great ami far-reaching liencllts are
not to he measured in dollars aed
cent*,
Cutler I In* system now in vofrm*
' ^ovi-rnnwnt *<>:t«I I>11iI<Iini • <l<»n<* nn
t lit* (lirccl ion til a roa<l commis
sion. composed <>| Major Wilils I'.
Itiehanlson, chairman, <'apt. I'ope
ami Lieut. (Mellaril. Alaska has no
I »ct I er I ri< "in I than Maj. I'ichardson.
Ill- Unows l hi' j^roat territory, has
t raveleil extensively over its hroa<l
domain, appreciate< it • immense re
•oiirees, ami his In-arl is in I hi1 work
i ol it n|)-l>iiil<liti<.',. II'- reeoonizes 1111 •
lad (hat trails an- a necessary ad
junct in the opi ninn upol a j.'Jyen dis
trict. In a report for tin* year lilUH,
KEYSTONE CANYON i
ROAD COMPLETED!
Great Improvement Made in
Trail From Valdez to
Interior Points.
Previous to tIiim winter the portion
of the government trail to the interi
or through the Keystone canyon was
considered tlie moHt difficult to over
come of the entire route by travelers
and freighters. There were t wo routes
of travel. One was high on the moun
tain side, meandering along the north
ern slope of the canyon, and known
as the summer trail; the other was by
travel on the river when the ice had
siitltcicntly formed to bear the weight
required. The summer trail was at
all times dangerous and ditlleult, and
eoidd be used only by paek animals
and pedestrians; the river was con
tinually obstructed by overflows, sus
pending trallic for days at a time.
The road commission remedied this
Krvst die ('inyon llcl'mv anil A11«• r l'oa<l wiih IJuilt
Mij.W. 11. i\•) •rcrninhic
HoriouH defect to interior travel by
having constructed through the can
yon during the -past summer, a well
defined, \v«»lI-graded wagon road, thus
making the route to Fairbanks and
other interior points comparatively
easy. Freighters can now* double their
loads, and the elfe.et is a largely aug- j
mented t rattle.
A considerable portion of the new
ly constructed wagon road was hewed ,
out of the solid country rock which j
forms a box canyon for the river. The 1
road follows the curvature of the
stream, being but a few feet above it. |
011 the northern shore lino. (Jcorge
\V. Nelson, a contractor of wide ex
perience, had a contract for two miles
of the road, all of it being rock work.
It was an exceedingly diHieult job, |
ropes and ladders being u <ed by tlioj
workmen to perform their labor.
Sheer walls of rock <100 feet in height
had to be hewn down to the requisite
grade of the road bed. Yhc work w'as
expeditiously done-, however, and
now a splendid wagon road, twelve
feet in width, suitable for m •• wiutei
or summer, marks the place when*
formerly* stood forbidding wall ot
rock.
From the east* rn end ol the Nelson I
contract to the summit, the road bed '
was built by tlx road commission tin- i
del* the direction of Superintendent
Jack Ingram, and the job wa ; ex
ceedingly well done.
Freighters express their high ap
preciation of the work of the road I
commission in rendering much less
difllcult and dangerous the transport
ation of supplies t>> interior points by
the building of the Keystone canyon
road. It is estimated that a sum ex
ceeding was expended in its
const met ion.
VALDEZ LEADS IN
LIGHT SYSTEMS
From » losing proposition to a rrj»'- |
it I ;i i* dividend-paying institution in
less than a year is I lie record of the;
Alaska Water, i/iuhl iV ' l*« • 11 • pi n »u e
company. It inijjht also lie a<l<l«-• I 1 liat
from a 12-hourintermittent lij.',ht from
an antiquated steam plant to a full
•J I-hour service for hot h I in lit and pow
er general id by a nrvrr tailing water
power, is also a matt r that should
not he lost sii;ht of.
Valdez has every reason to he proud
of her li^htin^ system, and one often
hears strangers remark as they conic |
from the steamer that this is tin host j
lighted town in Alaska.
That there is no douht ot the truth
of this statement, one onl\ has to see i
...
rairhanks, Nome, Juneau or Skaj*
way—or even Seward, t<> lind that 1
comparisons are odious in the hrilli-|
aney of the streets after dark. Flash, I
da/.zlers, twiiiklers and most every
novelty in the way of an electric siyin j
is seen, and the <f>>utrast of tlx'hhnY
whilc of the arc ;ui<! t lie softer \ el low
{{low of the tun{;stoliers shed an ef
I'nlnence ovr the landscape that re
minds one of the *'j.;reat white way." !
The li^ht company has pro'-ahh
doubled its husiiiess in the last twelve
months. In liiuT there were not many
more than lUtli lights used, ami the\
were all incandescents, and no motor
power; hut oil .hinuary I, li)tMt, there
were over '2,0(0 im andescents, ahotit
.'{0 arcs and motors ap^re^alin<{ luu
k ilow.it ts in use willi t he demand -till
unsatisfied. Should the anticipated
activity in the spring materialize the
company will he obliged to make fur- j
flier additions t > tin* plant to take
cure of t he business.
The power for the Ii^hI i11K" system
is obtained from the Solomon «_• uI' It
fj*lis, which is conceded to !> • the lin
•st iill-the-year-round water power on
the whole Sound. Ii was located in
Mllll hy Alfred 15 lies, and was dcycl- '
oped hy him in the two years follow
ing and leased to the Alaska Water,
bight iSi Telephone company for a
term of years.
The dam is situated about half a j
mile from the beach and is reached
by a n°eil wagon road. The Hume,
2x!i feot in dimension, traverses the
distance of IStKi feet through s"lid
LATOUCHE ISLAND
COPPER MINING GO.
Extensive Development Work
Shows Ore in Quantity
and High Quality.
What gives evidence of evolving in
to one of llie great copper properties
of l'rince William sound is that of the
Latouchc Island Copper Mining com
pany, Ltd., comprising claims as fol
lows, lying in close proximity: Snow
fiuleh. Moulder, ('earns. Birthday,
ltuayv Dowling, Ouida, Krova, Lily,
Pendleton, Tuttle, Lucky Star, Fox,
Cuba, .Manilla, Kiyo, (!omstock, St.
Anna, Bonita, Olga, Chief, Alameda,
Alba, Magpie, Blue Jay, Nora, Dora,
hitlii'l and Alice.
Operations have been confined to
tin- ('earns, a tunnel being driven 103
feet in length cutting a ledge 28 feet
wide with in feet of ore carrying 5 per
cent eopper. By sorting the ore will
run 10 per cent; a tunnel is being
driven on the Birthday, now being
within 20 feet of the ore body, as es
tiimili'd by experts; on the Ouida the
vein shows a surface width of 5 feet, i
being stripped for 00 feet. Bornite
and black oxide of copper, running j
*2~> per < cut sire found in this vein ; 1
a drift iu the Pendleton extends 38 j
fret on the ledge, showing good val- |
lies; the Tuttle is equipped with track
and ears, but the tunnel has not yet
been driven far enough to tap the
ledge; the Manilla shows a surface
vein I") teet in width, which has been
stripped for 35 feet; the Santa Ana
;h equipped with rails and cars, the
tunnel being in about 100 feet. Thirty
feet more will strike the ledge sought
for; on the Bonita, a 40-foot vein
slows on the surface; a double com
part incut shaft is being sunk on the
Alameda and Alba; on the Nora and
Dora, a vein lias been stripped for 150
feet, with ledge matter 15 feet in
width, I's; feet of which is solid ore;
a cabin „nd blacksmith shop are lo
cated on the Olga; a tunnel 10 feet in
length has been driven oil the Ethel,
but no ( r.* has yet been encountered.
These properties have been favora
bly reported on by I 'hi I lip C. Stoess,
ei.nsu'tiiig engineer of the company;
I'Vn'on K. Dowling, K. M., and (leo.
Waring Tower, jr., 10. M.
i m i-'in11>,i11\ m omccrs arc: .James
A. .Murphy, president, wlio is in act
ive charge of tin* development work;
I'.. Ilogardus, the widely known
asuaycr and chemist (»f Seattle, treas
urer; (iordon I). ISverett, secretary.
These nlliccrs are the directors in
company with Tenning Carlson of
l.alouchc, W. S: .lanmson of Port
(iambic, Wash.; Itobt. I). Lay, of
< hicago, and Dudley A. Tyng, of the
well known investment firm of Chi
cago.
rock ruts, over high trestles and
along hair - raising precipices and
empties into the penstock. The pipe
takes the water from the penstock)
ami conveys it to the power house at
the beach, a distance of 1(100 feet, and
where it discharges into the sea. The
pipe is heavy sheet steel and double
riveled and graduates from 18 inches
to 12 inches in diameter. The head
in 10r> feet and affords a pressure at
the wheel of I7f> lbs.
The power house is a structure 20x
ti(» feet. It contains a I'el ton wheel
of MO horse power, to which is belted ;
a Western Kleetric 150 kwt. alterna
ting generator, having an overload |
capacity of ai>out (>o per cent, togeth- i
er with the necessary exciters, rheo
stats, etc., of a modern generating j
plant. I'lte current is brought into;
town by a pole line around the beach,
a distance of 2.7 miles, where it is \
distributed to the conftumers.
The company is officered by S. A. j
as president; W. M. Wilson, vice-j
president ; Arthur Lang, secretary i
and treasurer; T. O. Quinn, superin
tendent; <>. I'<. Movers, assistant su
perintendent and in charge of the
power station.
All Recognized Valdez as the Logical Coast Termi
nus, but Only One Remains of the Nine
Contemplated—Valdez 8c Yukon
Still in the Field.
To build a railroad from Valdez ov
er the coast range, tap the won
derful Copper River mining district
and give an all-Ameriean railroad to
the Tanana and Yukon rivers lias
been the dream of promoters for man\
years. The story of the rise and
fall of nearly all of these embryo
schemes reads like romance, and the
wonder is that with the amount of
money that has been spent by the va
rious companies in attempting t<> ex
ploit townsites. that Valdez has noi
had a railroad long iig<>.
A report just made to congress by
the secretary of the Interior shows
that no less than l td companies have
been organized to build railroads i.i
Alaska, of these nine have named
Valdez. as their starting point, :it «I
each one has done more or less rail
road work, but in no instance has the
first section of road been completed,
which the law requires before a com
pany can obtain title to its right of
way.
('apt. Abercroinhie, in compliant «■
with his orders, had his engineer, (Jil
lette, make a definite location for a
railroad from Valdez to the summit
of Thompson's pass in I n ordei
to utilize it, an old charter of a lapsed
railroad in Colorado, known ;.s tin
Akron, Northern & Sterling Raihv.ad
was found and together they wen
forwarded to Washington a.. l li ed
in the Interior department. In tId
way the survey made by (iillctte foi
the government heeanie a m irketabU
commodity.
For the next two years Valdez had
no railroad excitement, but in tin
(all of 1901, ('olouel H. I). Itanni^l.-i
and Alfred 15. lies, both of whom had
visited the copper distiiet, organized
under the laws of Washington, tin
Alaska, Copper Itiver & Yukon rail
road company, and (leorge Huldwiti
as chief engineer, made a prclimiuarv
survey and map of the route ail tin
way from Valdez to Kagle City. Tlx
I company then made its adicux to tlx
public and the project was dead.
But the railroad scheme, like llan
quo's ghost, would not down, and
early in 1902, F. C. Helm, a platisihh
and Vrratic promoter, organized tin
Valdez, Copper River «!t Yukon rail
road company, and in some way he
came the possessor of the survey o!
the Akron, Northern & Sterling. Or
this Helm raised a large amount ol
money, estimated at $100,000, whieli
was ample to build the road for at
least twenty miles; but beyond clear
ing off a portion of the Hazlett town
site, the stockholders had nothing
tangible for their money. All tin
rest of it had gone for promotion ex
pensed, and Helm has long been a fu
gitive of justice.
The hopes of the people of Yaldcy
were again revived in the spring of
190:$ when Alfred H. lies called a
meeting of the citizens and outlined
a plan whereby the people should
subscribe for some of the stock and
he would agree to organize a compa
ny to begin the work, lies ha I prev
viously shown his faith in the town
by investing considerable money in
real estate, also in the Valdez Dock
& Warehouse company, of which lie
was president, and so favorable was
his scheme regarded that they gave it
their unqualified indorsement and sub
scribed for 12ft,000 shares or stock.
The Valdez, Copper River & Tanana
Railroad companyjunder laws of Alas
ka was orirnni»>tl tirill, i ' n it..i .
as its presidei.t, and Kdmund Smith,
secretary. Il«»st was given the con
tract to build the road. 1 le gave Oraw
ford «Sc Haggs a contract for 10,000
ties, built a trestle from the dock
down to tirade along Front street and
Hied complete surveys of the line in
Washington. During the following
winter Mr. lies int rod need hills in both
houses of congress, ashing for 'govern
ment assistance, and linallv inter
ested a New York concern, who or
ganized the Valde/, & Northern, sent
out their engineers, who made an ad
verse report on account of the excess
ive co:.I, and anot her pet scheme went
• o it s long rest.
About the time of the organization
of the lies company, there appeared
the announcement of the Valde/.-Yu
kon Kailroad company, which had
inherited the (iillette survey and
was ambitions to enter the Valde/,
Held, hut before they 'oulddo so the
Valde/., Marshall I'ass «Sc Northern
appeared in the limelight, followed
by John Kosene and his Copper River
& Northwestern.
It really looked now a;? if there was
uimething doing at last, and Valde/.
was going to have a railroad sure.
Col. Swanit/. was escorted from the
dock by a brass band and John Ilo
sene was tendered the freedom of the
I'illiciim club. Hut t he enthusiasm was
short-lived. After a dock had been
built, and a couple of miles of grade
thrown up, the Itoscnccompany tlirew
up its hands and started out for other
fields to eompier; the Valde/. & Yu
kon acted as if it intended to stay.
I! has built a substantial dock, both
for the railroad and wagon trallic, a
roundhouse, ofliee building, commis
sary and other structures. It has sev
eral miles ol grade completed ready
lor the ties; about one mile of track
laid and some rolling stock. The V.
j iV V. is expected to awake from its
.somnolence in the near future to
electrify us with another railroad
boom.
I lie Alaska llome railroad was the
last ol the sky rocket railroads to hit
the already alliicted town. It hastlic
distinction of havingbuilt more grade
and spent less money than any of
them. When it seemed likely that it
would get through the canyon, the
I Copper ISiver & Northwestern, dog
in-the-niaiiger-like, appeared on the
j scene, and the resultant trouble ulti
mately brought about t he disrupt ion
land bankruptcy ot the Home com
pany.
Some day Valde/. will have a rail
road; it is generally believed t hat steel
i hands from this town will he the first
to appear on the other side of the
coast range, \aldcz has a geograph
ical advantage that cannot be offset
by any other consideration. So far
the etlorl i of her railroad promoters
have not been successful; hut their
i ellorts have borne fruit in the growth
of t he Sound and the millions of capital
they have attracted to Alaska,
hail t > the men who have
i given their time, their money and the
. ''est years of their lives for the ad
vancement of t he country.
, " Wussenniicker" is a newly-coincd
word which is coming in vogue. M.
T. May, of Dallas, Texas, is the pro
genitor of the unique term, which he
, applies to people who are active in
! the prohibition movement in his state.
14,\\ tisscr" is the Herman for water,
j while "mucker" Is an Knglish word
j I ml submit ted It he war depart m< nl,
lite roii'l c •< »n 1111 i mmi < in dwell on I lie si 1: -
solute nccessitx < >1 hit ving I he I ruiik
line wagon roadsin Alaska completed
an quickly an possible. II assured the
government thai for every dollar it
spends on roads ol a permanent char
iieter it will he repaid many times in
the addilional output of gold.
The road commission look up the
work on l he Valde/- Yukon t rail where
Captain A be, crumble left olT, and ev- |
cry year imhdanthll improvements
have heen made. iMirlng the past
season a sum exceeding s?I.*»<»,(HM» was
spent in (iirlher improvements, eut
olfs and extensions, l«'our hnndred
tons of siipplic.; are now being sled
ded in various point . along the road
to he used in carrying on the work
next season.
It is the ambition of Ma). Itlehard
ho»i and Ids commission to have a sub
stantial wagon road, suit able for trav '
el wilder or sn nmer, from Valde/. toi
the Yukon, wi'h brnnehes IcMt'ling to
the import oil mining districts on |
either side of I 'i • route.
I hiring I lie whit er monl hs t he Noine
Pulrbnnks and practically all of the
interior mail goes over the Valdez
Yukon t rail.
The road commission maintains a
permanent ofllee in Valde/ in charge
of Hnpt, .lack Ingram.
Hnlllvan creek, in the Tauatui iIIh
trict, Is the scene of a big stampede,
fans from ffi'2 to jK|H have heen fouiul.
Nat Ooodwln, tin-actor, is interest
ed in a gold (putrlz properly on Kodi
nk islayd.
i.. 11
Drntnl Puilorn ,,f Daggett A Roberta, Valdez, Alanka
... .... .IIIMII llll,rn III /tlllHKII H I11H
tory, Mu« ptoncnra of tlio noritiland
were compelled t<» #o to Hoattlo and
other ont#ldo placet* for their dental
work, eHpedally tho more delicate
and Intricate part. Thla necexHarlly
Involved Iohh of valuable time and
heavy expetiHe, Now, thla Ih nnnee
(•HHary, Valricz ha« dental parlorw
equipped Willi all the lilt • >1 devieea
and ©onvenleneea known to denial
Hnrtfory, and dentin! < ehoolr 1 in I lie
bent eollenen of dentiHlry in (.he conn*
try. Honee, people now eomo here
from all pnrta of Houlhweaternand in
terior Alaska to be(rented. The wame .
ratea maintain here aa (hone ehnrtfed j
by reputable d«n(l«t« olaewhore.
Dr. ('harlea T. Daggett eame to
Valde/. In I (in t and opened an office,
lie graduated from the Ohio College
of Dental Hurgery In 1901. Loat
spring Dr. (I, 1*. Roberta, a ela«Hmate
of Dr. Daggett, Joined him In the
hualneHH, the Arm being known a«
Daggett & Roberta. Thin Arm enjoya
an excellent reputation, ha« a luera
tlve practice, and Ihih dental parlorn
oqulppe<^withTthe moat modern n p
pllance*, including electrical appara
tus*. The parlorw are ewpeelally fitted
for the comfort and convenience of
patient*.
Oockerllle Ih the pioneer
denttat of Valdoz, arriving here In
1R08, During the dayn of the l»lg
itamprdo ovor tho Valdry, glacier, he
hud liin In si trnl on thn glnclor,
iind relieved many n dlntreHned patl
i«nt nufTrrin^ wlMi » dlnoaaed molar.
Dr. 13. I'1. (lerman In u reeent. arri
val from Denver, ('olo. llo l« rapid
ly building iii> a fine practice, lilw w
ilal pemonalHy and modern methoda
>f work being iitfong etamontH In bin
'avov.