Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells Transform into Cancer Stem Cells
Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells Transform Into Cancer Stem Cells and Are Novel Candidates for Detecting/Monitoring Cancer by a Simple Blood Test




    

    

    
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    Epigeneres Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India

    
        Corresponding author: Deepa Bhartiya, PhD, Epigeneres Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Todi Mill Compound, Senapati Bapat Marg, Lower Parel (West), Mumbai 400013, India. Email: deepa.bhartiya@epigeneres.com
    
    
    
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        Epigeneres Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India23Ikigai Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
    

    
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                    Received:
                    15 November 2022
                
                
                    Accepted:
                    26 January 2023
                
                
        
    

    


        
            
                    
                        
                        
                            
                                
                                
                            
                            
                                
                                
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        Deepa Bhartiya, Nripen Sharma, Shruti Dutta, Piyush Kumar, Ashish Tripathi, Anish Tripathi,  Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells Transform Into Cancer Stem Cells and Are Novel Candidates for Detecting/Monitoring Cancer by a Simple Blood Test, Stem Cells, Volume 41, Issue 4, April 2023, Pages 310–318, https://doi.org/10.1093/stmcls/sxad015

    

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                    Abstract
Cancer continues to remain a “Black Box,” as there is no consensus on how it initiates, progresses, metastasizes, or recurs. Many imponderables exist about whether somatic mutations initiate cancer, do cancer stem cells (CSCs) exist, and if yes, are they a result of de-differentiation or originate from tissue-resident stem cells; why do cancer cells express embryonic markers, and what leads to metastasis and recurrence. Currently, the detection of multiple solid cancers through liquid biopsy is based on circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or clusters, or circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). However, quantity of starting material is usually adequate only when the tumor has grown beyond a certain size. We posit that pluripotent, endogenous, tissue-resident, very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) that exist in small numbers in all adult tissues, exit from their quiescent state due to epigenetic changes in response to various insults and transform into CSCs to initiate cancer. VSELs and CSCs share properties like quiescence, pluripotency, self-renewal, immortality, plasticity, enrichment in side-population, mobilization, and resistance to oncotherapy. HrC test, developed by Epigeneres, offers the potential for early detection of cancer using a common set of VSEL/CSC specific bio-markers in peripheral blood. In addition, NGS studies on VSELs/CSCs/tissue-specific progenitors using the All Organ Biopsy (AOB) test provide exomic and transcriptomic information regarding impacted organ(s), cancer type/subtype, germline/somatic mutations, altered gene expressions, and dysregulated pathways. To conclude, HrC and AOB tests can confirm the absence of cancer and categorize the rest of subjects into low/moderate/high risk of cancer, and also monitor response to therapy, remission, and recurrence.                    
                    
                    
    
    



        

        
© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

        
    
    

                    
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