Nasams
NASAMS

							

						From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
					
 National (or Norwegian) Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System NASAMS launcherTypeSurface-to-air missile systemPlace of originNorway / United StatesService historyIn service1997–presentUsed bySee operatorsWars
Russo-Ukrainian War
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Production historyDesignerKongsberg Defence & AerospaceManufacturerKongsberg Defence & Aerospace and Raytheon Missiles & DefenseSpecificationsCrew2Effective firing rangeMissile range: 30 km (NASAMS 2 / AMRAAM)[1] 50 km (NASAMS 3 / AMRAAM-ER)[2][3]
Radar track range: 120 km (NASAMS 2 / MPQ-64F1)[4]Flight altitude21 km (NASAMS 2)
35.7 km (NASAMS 3 / AMRAAM-ER)
NASAMS (National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System, also known as Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System[5]) is a distributed and networked short- to medium-range[6]: 4  ground-based air defense system developed by Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA) and RTX Corporation.[7] The system defends against unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), helicopters, cruise missiles, unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs), and fixed wing aircraft,[6]: 11  firing any of a wide range of existing missiles.
NASAMS was the first application of a surface-launched AIM-120 AMRAAM (Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile). NASAMS 2 is an upgraded version of the system capable of using Link 16, which has been operational since 2007. As of 2022, NASAMS 3 is the latest upgrade. Deployed in 2019, it adds capability to fire AIM-9X Sidewinder, and AMRAAM-ER missiles, and introduces mobile air-liftable launchers. NASAMS has proven interoperability with longer range systems such as Patriot.[8]



Development of NASAMS began in the 1980s when Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA) teamed up with Hughes Missile Systems and Hughes Aircraft Ground Systems Group and initiated the program as a cooperative effort for the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF). As originally envisioned, NASAMS would replace two Nike Hercules facilities in defending Norway's southern air bases, where it would act in conjunction with F-16s in providing a layered defense.[9]
The integrated air defense battle management command and control system, based on KS500F computers and the KMC9000 control console with two color CRT displays, was first developed for the Norwegian Adapted Hawk (NOAH) program,[10] an upgrade to the MIM-23B Improved Hawk semi-active radar head, surface-to-air missile system. This command and control system integrated existing AN/MPQ-46 High Power Illuminator Doppler Radar (HPIR) with AN/TPQ-36 counter-battery radar, modified into a three-dimensional low-altitude airspace surveillance radar with the TPQ-36A software upgrade.
The upgraded NOAH would still engage only one target per launcher pad, which was insufficient to counter the emerging threat of massive firing of cruise missiles. RNoAF ordered further development of a distributed, network-centric air defense system with multiple launchers and radars.
The MIM-23B missile was replaced with the active radar homing AIM-120 AMRAAM missile, which also uses an inertial navigation system during initial approach. The TPQ-36A radar was upgraded to the rotating AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel configuration. Test launches were performed in June 1993. The system had an initial operational capability in late 1994 – early 1995. It was fully operationally fielded in 1998.[citation needed]
An enhanced NASAMS 2 was developed in the 2000s and became operational in 2006. A third generation, NASAMS 3, was developed in the 2010s and fielded in 2019.

First generation NASAMS[edit]
An AIM-120 dummy missile on a rail extending from the canister
The system integrates U.S.-built TPQ-36A air defense X band 3D radar and AMRAAM missiles with a Norwegian developed battle management C4I (command, control, communication, computers and intelligence) system called FDC, short for Fire Distribution Center. The FDC connected to a radar forms an "Acquisition Radar and Control System" (ARCS). NASAMS capabilities are enhanced by the system's networked and distributed nature.[11] The shelter module hosts two identical consoles for the Tactical Control Officer (TCO) and the Tactical Control Assistant (TCA).
The AMRAAM missile is fired from a towed launcher with six missile canisters; the standard AMRAAM missile has a horizontal range of up to 25 kilometers (16 mi).[12] Other sources cite a range of "over 15 km" and 40 km for the extended range version.[13]
By the late 1990s, RNoAF formed an integrated ground-based air defense system known as the Norwegian Solution (NORSOL), by connecting NASAMS battle management ARCS stations with two other air defense systems via field wires and radio. Subordinate weapon systems included the RBS 70 laser beam assisted MANPADS system and the Bofors 40 mm L70 gun, controlled by the Oerlikon Contraves FCS2000 monopulse doppler tracking radar. The solution integrated all three systems (NASAMS, RBS70, and L70/FCS2000) to provide battlefield awareness to commanders of all echelons, and to ensure protection of friendly aircraft while preventing overkill (i.e. engagement of a single threat by multiple air-defense units) and underkill (failure to engage the threat by any unit).


A Spanish NASAMS 2 launcher vehicle during a military parade in 2009
The RNoAF together with KDA conducted a mid-life update of NASAMS in the early 2000s, called NASAMS 2. The upgraded version was handed over to RNoAF in mid-2006. The major difference between the two versions is the use of standard tactical data links (Link 16, Link 11, JREAP, ATDL-1 etc.), as well as a better ground radar. Full operational capability (FOC) was expected for 2007.
A complete NASAMS 2 battery consists of up to four firing units. Each firing unit includes 3 missile launchers (LCHR), each carrying six AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles, one AN/MPQ-64F1 Improved Sentinel radar, one Fire Distribution Center vehicle, and one electro-optical camera vehicle (MSP500).[14]
The Improved Sentinel radar has a broader frequency spectrum, variable rotation speed, and increased capacity to detect and follow targets. The radar platform comes on a trailer with its own power supply that can be towed by a variety of vehicles. Each radar can process and distribute the data independently, and can be connected via radio links, cable, through Multi Rolle Radio, or through TADKOM.

Rheinmetall MSP600 electro-optical sensor
The MSP500 electro-optical sensor from Rheinmetall is equipped with a laser rangefinder and a TV camera, as well as an upgraded thermographic camera.[15] These can be used to fire the missiles passively, which has been successfully tested. MSP600 is a new lightweight version updated with digital signal processing. It is used by several countries.[16]
Fire Distribution Centers (FDCs) can form a network with geographically distributed sensors and use either centralised or distributed data fusion to process radar tracks and form a complete airspace picture for the Tactical Control Officer (TCO).[14] Each command post includes two color displays with a task-based common tactical operation control (CTOC) interface.[17][18] The control system can detach itself from the sensors in order to become less visible.
Operators can switch to a centralized control role by running operation center software (GBADOC). An optional Tactical Control Center (TCC) vehicle, similar to the Battalion Operations Center (BOC) for the Hawk XXI upgrade, includes a third command post which can be used for this role.
The control modules can be mounted on a large variety of vehicles. Each module can automatically determine its position using electronic northfinder and GPS receiver.


In April 2019, RNoAF fielded the upgraded NASAMS 3 system. In May 2019, the first live firing tests were conducted.[19]
NASAMS 3 comes with an updated Fire Distribution Center station, an "ADX" console that has ergonomic control surfaces and three 30" flat-panel displays.[20][21] The redesigned Mk 2 canister launcher can fire AIM-9X Sidewinder Block II short-range missiles and AMRAAM-ER missiles from its launching rails, in addition to AIM-120 AMRAAM.[22] AMRAAM-ER is an extended range upgrade, based upon an Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile rocket motor, paired with a two-stage AMRAAM guidance head, expanding its engagement envelope, with a 50 percent increase in maximum range and 70 percent increase in maximum altitude,[23][3] giving a maximum range of about 50 km.[2] The extended range missile will have greater ability to take down fast flying and hard-maneuvering targets.[24] In May 2019, the AIM-9X Block II was test fired from NASAMS launchers at the Andøya Space Center in Norway.[25]

A new short-range 'Mobile Ground Based Air Defense System' configuration had been developed for initial deployment with Brigade Nord of the Norwegian Army.[26][27] Each battery includes six mobile IRIS-T SLS missile launchers mounted on tracked vehicles and three M1152A1 HMMWV-based High Mobility Launcher (HML) for the AIM-120 AMRAAM, which were originally developed for the U.S. Army SLAMRAAM project. They can be air-lifted by C-130 Hercules or C-17 Globemaster.[28][29][30]A High Mobility Launcher (HML) with four AIM-120 AMRAAM and two AIM-9X Sidewinder missiles
The High Mobility Launcher is capable of launching both AIM-120 and AIM-9X from its four launching rails, and can be equipped with two additional rails.[31] IRIS-T launchers and support vehicles will be based on the Armoured Combat Support Vehicle (ACSV) and upgraded M113 (M577A2) command vehicles.[32] They will be equipped with XENTA-M X-band radars designed by Weibel Scientific.[33][34][35][36]
In June 2019, Australia ordered a locally made version of NASAMS 3, with CEA tactical (CEATAC) and towed CEA operational (CEAOPS) AESA radars, High Mobility Launchers and radar carried on Hawkei PMV vehicles instead of HMMWV, and Fire Distribution Center shelters produced at the Raytheon Australia's facility at Mawson Lakes. The system includes Raytheon AN/AAS-52 Multispectral Targeting System (MTS)-A, an electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) guidance system with a high resolution day/night imaging sensor, and integrated laser rangefinder.[31] The ADF plans to spend A$2.5 billion on its NASAMS-based air-defence network.[37]
In October 2021, Raytheon announced that the NASAMS 3 will be upgraded with GhostEye MR, a new medium-range S-band AESA radar based on GhostEye (formerly LTAMDS) technology developed for the MIM-104 Patriot system.[38][39][40] In March 2022, Raytheon demonstrated that the High Energy Laser Weapon System (HELWS) can be paired with NASAMS to destroy a swarm of drone targets.[41]


The AMRAAM is one of the most widely used air-to-air missiles in the world, and stockpiles of it are higher than any other comparable system. As NASAMS uses existing air-to-air missiles such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, AMRAAM, and AMRAAM-ER, there may be thousands of older missiles in NATO's arsenal that can be fired from a NASAMS battery without change.[citation needed] The AIM-9X variant includes an internal cooling system, eliminating the need for launch-rail nitrogen supply required by older variants of the missile.
A report has described NASAMS as "extremely well suited to Ukraine because of the massive numbers of missiles that NATO and allies can supply, specifically for the air defence system."[42][43] In particular, older AMRAAM A and B models have been replaced, making available many older missiles which could be sent to Ukraine.[44] For example the UK government has offered to donate "[h]undreds of additional air defence missiles" including the AMRAAMs.[45]


In the U.S., several NASAMS were used to guard air space over Washington, D.C. during the 2005 United States presidential inauguration, and are used to protect air space around the White House,[46][47][48] such as at nearby Fort Belvoir and the Carderock NSWC.[49]
In 2017, Lithuania ordered the NASAMS-3 to improve its own air defense capabilities; two batteries were delivered in 2020.[50]
In April 2017, Australia approved a single-supplier-limited Request for Tender (RFT) to Raytheon Australia to develop NASAMS for the ADF short-range ground-based air-defence system.[51] In June 2019, Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace AS (Norway) was awarded a US$185 million contract by Raytheon Australia for delivery of NASAMS components, while Raytheon Australia is the prime contractor to deliver NASAMS to the Australian Government Land 19 Phase 7B program.[52][53] The Australian version of NASAMS GBAD will use locally made components.[31] Defence minister Marise Payne announced first-pass approval in April 2017.[54] In September 2021, the first two Fire Distribution Centres for the Australian NASAMS passed factory acceptance tests.[37] In February 2022, the Mk2 canister for NASAMS launchers had been completed. It was planned to deliver three canister launchers in 2022.[55]
In 2019, Qatar placed an order for AMRAAM-ER missiles as part of a NASAMS purchase.[24]
On 1 July 2022, the United States through the Pentagon announced, as part of an $820 million military aid package to Ukraine, the delivery of NASAMS air defense systems through the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI) during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[56] A US defence official said the existing Ukrainian air defense systems are Soviet-type systems, so over time it will be harder to sustain them. This is part of updating Ukrainian air defence from a Soviet-era system to a modern one.[57] The systems being supplied may come from Norwegian stocks and may be retired units.[58]
On 29 July 2022, the US DoD disclosed that it had started the formal process of acquiring two NASAMS batteries of 12 mobile launchers, each having six missiles, for Ukraine.[59] On 24 August 2022, the US DoD announced that it would provide six additional NASAMS units "with additional munitions" to Ukraine under the USAI.[60] The Pentagon said in late September 2022 that the NASAMS would start to be delivered in "two months or so".[61]
The initial NASAMS batteries for Ukraine arrived in early November 2022.[62] The Pentagon stated that NASAMS had a 100% success rate during the Russian missile strikes on 15 November 2022. Ukrainian President Zelenskyy disclosed that the system shot down 10 missiles out of 10 targeted.[63][64] The US government has been trying to obtain more NASAMS from Middle Eastern countries, as manufacturing a new system from scratch with the current production rates may take two years. According to Raytheon CEO Gregory J. Hayes, the systems obtained from the Middle Eastern countries would later be replaced by the new ones. However, Hayes denied that these Middle Eastern countries would have to wait 2 years to obtain new NASAMS: "Just because it takes 24 months to build, it doesn’t mean it’s going to take 24 months to get in [the] country."[65]
In April 2023, the Ukrainian Air Force said that NASAMS have destroyed more than 100 enemy missiles and drones.[66]
On February 26 2024, the first Ukrainian NASAMS launcher was destroyed by Russian forces in Zaporizhzhia.[67]As of 27 March 2024, at least 2 NASAMS launchers were destroyed by Russian forces.[68]
On 27 February 2024, Raytheon successfully test fired an AMRAAM-ER from a NASAMS for the first time.[69]


   NASAMS-1 operators   NASAMS-2 operators   NASAMS-3 operators   Awaiting delivery 
NASAMS has been exported to the United States, with the NASAMS 2 upgrade having been exported to Finland, the Netherlands, Spain, Oman, and Chile.[70][71]
There were 13 official operators as of September 2022. Kongsberg stated that NASAMS was in operational use in Norway, Spain, the United States, the Netherlands, Finland, Oman, Lithuania, Indonesia and "one undisclosed customer". The system is in production for Australia, Qatar, Hungary, and Ukraine. The NASAMS is in use with both armies and air forces around the world in addition to Poland, Greece, and Turkey operate the Kongsberg Command and Control solution for various weapon systems.[6]: 10 

 Australia – Contract for NASAMS-3 signed in March 2017, valued at A$2.5 billion.[72] The system will be locally-assembled by Raytheon Australia and will replace RBS-70 systems in service.[73] Australia received its first launchers in 2022.[74]
 Chile – Ordered in 2011.[75]
 Finland – Selected NASAMS-2 in 2009.[76][48]
 Hungary – Ordered in November 2020 in a $1b contract, with 60 pieces of AMRAAM C7/C8 missiles valued at $230M.[77][78][79] First two batteries delivered in 2023, other four batteries will be delivered by middle of 2024.[80]
 Indonesia – Two NASAMS-2 batteries delivered and in service as of 2020.[81]
 Lithuania – Two NASAMS-3 batteries delivered in 2020,[82] each with four launchers, as a part of a $128 million deal.[83] More systems for €200m and €234m were ordered in December 2023 and October 2024 respectively.[84][85]
 Netherlands – Two firing units in 2006, each consisting of 1 fire-control center, 1 AN/MPQ-64M2 radar and 3 launchers, with a Hensoldt TRML-3D/32 search radar.[86][87]  21 additional NASAMS 3 on order as of October 2024 as part of the Dutch CITADEL air defence initiative. The new NASAMS 3 will be organised in 6 firing units consisting of 3 launchers, 1 Thales Ground Master 200 Multi Mission radar and 1 fire control vehicle. [88]
 Norway — NASAMS-2 and NASAMS-3.[48]
 Oman – Ordered in January 2014, for a sum of $1.28 billion.[89][90][91]
 Spain – Four fire units NASAMS-2 acquired in 2003.[48][92]
 Ukraine – Ukraine received the NASAMS system from the U.S. in November 2022, and another procurement by Canada in January 2023.[93][94][95][96] In March, 2023 Norway announced it would send two systems to Ukraine.[97] In May 2023, the U.S. approved the sale of NASAMS air defense systems to Ukraine. This regards the possible sale of air defence systems and related equipment at an estimated cost of $285 million.[98] Lithuania is purchasing two NASAMS launchers for Ukraine (not complete systems).[99] The U.S. government announced the purchase of another 4 batteries of NASAMS for Ukraine.[100]
 United States – Used with AN/TWQ-1 Avenger for additional protection to high-value targets and Washington, D.C.[101][48]


Potential operators[edit]




CAMM  – ()
HİSAR  – ()
KM-SAM  – ()
Multi-Mission Launcher  – ()
Sky Dragon 50  – ()
Type 03 Chū-SAM  – ()
SPYDER  – ()
VL MICA  – ()
VL-SRSAM  – ()


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^ Volodymyr Zelenskyy [@ZelenskyyUa] (10 January 2023). "Dear @JustinTrudeau, your true leadership in standing for democracy and human rights has been vividly proven again. Thank you for helping us to protect our sky. NASAMS procured for us by Canada will be a strong shield for our cities and citizens" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 10 January 2023 – via Twitter.

^ Pugliese, David (10 January 2023). "Canada buys Ukraine $400M air-defence system that Canadian Army has been waiting for since 2012". nationalpost.com. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-01-12.

^ "Canadian donations and military support to Ukraine". Canadian Department of National Defence. 6 May 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-04-03.

^ Bisht, Inder Singh (2023-03-13). "Norway to Send Two NASAMS Air Defense Systems to Ukraine". The Defense Post. Retrieved 2023-04-19.

^ "UKRAINE – NATIONAL ADVANCED SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE SYSTEM (NASAMS)". Retrieved 2023-05-26.

^ "Lithuania buys two NASAMS units and gives them to Ukraine".

^ "Biden Administration Announces Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine - July 19, 2023".

^ Marc Ambinder (2015-04-16). "The futuristic air defense system of Washington, D.C. was defeated by a postman". The Week. Retrieved 2021-01-29.

^ "Kuwait – National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System (NASAMS), Medium Range Air Defense System (MRADS)". Defense Security Cooperation Agency (Press release). 6 October 2022.

^ "Qatar to become first AMRAAM-ER user". janes.com. IHS Janes. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-08-01. Retrieved 11 July 2019.

^ Zhu Ming (26 September 2022). "美國同意軍售Nasams防空系統 空軍重啟「天隼二號」力拚排入2024年預算 -- 上報 / 調查" [U.S. agrees to sell NASAMS air defense system]. UP media.

^ Panasovskyi, Maksim (1 October 2022). "Taiwan will buy NASAMS air defense systems to defend against China". gagadget.com.

^ "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States – National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System". Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 2024-10-25.

^ Defensa.com (2023-11-24). "Rumania se dotará de un sistema de defensa aérea por 3.850 millones - Noticias Defensa defensa.com OTAN y Europa". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-24.

^ "Romania Launches $4.2 Billion Tender for Short- and Medium-range Air Defense Systems". Militarnyi. Retrieved 2023-11-24.

^ Teraz.sk (2024-06-20). "Kaliňák: Vláda intenzívne rokuje o ponukách na protivzdušnú obranu". TERAZ.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2024-06-23.

^ a.s, Petit Press. "Ako je chránené slovenské nebo a sú ohrozené jadrové elektrárne?". komentare.sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2024-06-23.

^ "Namiesto jednej batérie ich kúpime šesť. Kaliňák odletí do Izraela dohodnúť novú protivzdušnú obranu za 770 miliónov". Pravda.sk (in Slovak). 2024-05-15. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

^ Tiwari, Sakshi (12 October 2022). "Once 'Rejected' By India, Ukraine To Get 'Game Changing' NASAMS From US; Will The Game Now Change For Ukraine?". The EurAsian Times.

^ "Latvia and Estonia sign letter of intent on purchase of medium-range air defense systems". The Baltic Times. 2022-07-01. Retrieved 2022-09-23.

^ "Estonia, Latvia plan joint purchase of German medium-range IRIS-T air defense systems". AP News. 21 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.

^ PK (2024-04-30). "Demande d'offre pour le futur système sol-air de moyenne portée !". Avia news (in French). Retrieved 2024-05-01.

^ "Offertanfrage an die Herstellerfirmen von Bodluv-Systemen mittlerer Reichweite übergeben". www.admin.ch. Retrieved 2024-05-01.

^ "Medium-range ground-based air defence – Kongsberg and MBDA will not submit offers".



 Media related to NASAMS at Wikimedia Commons

Kongsberg.com NASAMS page
Royal Norwegian Air Force Air and Missile Defence Team Page 1
Royal Norwegian Air Force Air and Missile Defence Team Page 2
Royal Norwegian Air Force Home Page
NASAMS II (fact sheet (in Norwegian))
Finland acquire NASAMS and radar system for 500 million eur April 28, 2009




