Kwangmyong, the North-Korea-Wide-Web
Kwangmyong (network)

							

						From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
					
KwangmyongA computer room with access to Kwangmyong at the Grand People's Study House in PyongyangKorean nameChosŏn'gŭl광명Hancha光明Revised RomanizationgwangmyeongMcCune–Reischauerkwang-myŏngIPA[kwa̠ŋ.mjʌ̹ŋ]
Kwangmyong (광명 lit. 'Bright Light')[1][2] is a North Korean "walled garden" national intranet service[3] opened in the early 2000s. The Kwangmyong intranet system stands in contrast to the global Internet in North Korea, which is available to fewer people in the country.[4]
The network uses domain names under the .kp top level domain that are not usually accessible from the global Internet.[5] As of 2016, the network uses IPv4 addresses reserved for private networks in the 10.0.0.0/8 range, also known as 24-bit block as defined in RFC 1918.[5] North Koreans often find it more convenient to access sites by their IP address rather than by domain name using Latin characters.[5] Like the global Internet, the network hosts content accessible with web browsers, and provides an internal web search engine. It also provides email services and news groups.[6][7][8] The intranet is managed by the Korea Computer Center.[9][10]



The first website in North Korea, the Naenara web portal, was made in 1996.[11] Efforts to establish the Kwangmyong network on a national scale began as early as 1997, with some development of intranet services in the Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone as early as 1995. The intranet was originally developed by the Central Scientific and Technological Information Agency.[12][13][14] The national Kwangmyong intranet was first in service during the early 2000s.[13][15] North Korea's first email provider was Sili Bank, established in 2001.[16][17][18]
Prior to 2006, North Koreans would use intranet chat rooms to organize meetups to play sports, such as basketball. Following an incident where, to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Naenara, around 300 North Korean intranet users organized a flash mob at the Pyongyang Gymnasium, all chat rooms were removed from the North Korean intranet.[11] Regional chat rooms reportedly made a return in 2015.[19]
In 2013, Anonymous-affiliated hackers claimed to have broken into North Korea's intranet.[20] However, evidence for the claim was lacking.[21][22][23]
A video conferencing system called Rakwon was developed at Kim Il-sung University in 2010. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it became much more popular for remote meetings and appeared regularly on news bulletins. Telemedicine and remote education systems have been developed.[24]


As of 2014, the Kwangmyong network was estimated to have between about 1,000 and 5,500 websites.[15][25][8][26] Excélsior and Max Fisher of Vox estimated the number was about 5,000.[27][28]
The Kwangmyong network is composed of many websites and services. Some sites host political and economic propaganda. Scientific and cultural information and fields of knowledge among other topics can be found elsewhere.[12][17][29][30] Over 30 million mostly scientific or technical documents were reportedly posted to the intranet as of 2007.[9]
Websites of various North Korean government agencies including provincial government, cultural institutions, major universities and libraries, some local schools, and some of the major industrial and commercial organizations are accessible to users.[11][25] The network also contains (mostly science-related) websites from the open Internet that are downloaded, reviewed and censored.[7][31]
An internal emailing service is available on the Kwangmyong network.[6][11][16][32] A search engine is in use for browsing the Kwangmyong intranet.[8][14][33][17] The search engine reportedly goes by the name "Naenara", which means "Our Country".[25][31][34] A Facebook-like social networking service in use by professors and university students existed as of 2013, and was used to post birthday messages.[35] CNN reported in 2017 that a "North Korean equivalent to Facebook" exists.[36] Message boards are known to exist on the network.[31][37][27] An IPTV video-streaming service called Manbang (만방), Korean for "Everyone", was reportedly launched in August 2016, though the name Manbang appeared in North Korean technology as early as 2013. It is accessed by a Wi-Fi-enabled set-top box. It can be accessed through smartphones and tablet computers.[16][38][39] Reportedly the Kwangmyong has been used for online dating.[33][34][36] Chat rooms were used by North Koreans interested in sports until 2006, when the chat rooms were removed.[11] Regional chat rooms were added in 2015.[19]
Domestic state news services are available on the network, such as the Korean Central News Agency, Rodong Sinmun, and Voice of Korea.[17][16][40] Scientific research websites of academic and scholarly works devoted to the network are served through web-based academic exchanges and information sharing such as the Academy of Sciences for Science and Technology (Korean: 과학기술전시관; Hancha: 科學技術展示館)[41] and the Academy of Sciences for Medical Science (Korean: 의학과학정보센터).[42] An electronic library is present on the network, which also hosts video lectures for various topics.[11][43]
Some e-commerce and e-banking websites exist on the network.[32][44][45][46] Some video games also exist on the intranet.[11][33][18][34] One of the games available on the Kwangmyong is Korean chess.[17][25] Phones provide access to e-books and mobile payment.[47][48] Some cultural websites are among the few .kp domain websites which have been openly accessible to foreigners through the global Internet, such as at least one culinary site and one displaying the country's film industry.[31][49] Other services in use on the intranet include dictionaries, telehealth, and text messaging services.[32] Reportedly a travel website allowed North Koreans to plan vacations within the country.[50]


Kwangmyong is designed to be accessible only from within North Korea.[32][51][52] Access is available within major cities and counties, as well as universities and major industrial and commercial organizations.[38] For example, a library at the Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex provides access to the intranet, and is reportedly used by different types of people, including factory workers, children and researchers for various purposes.[32][53] About 3,000 computer terminals are usable there.[54] The intranet is also accessible from another library at the Grand People's Study House.[34]
Sites in the network are commonly accessed using 24-bit block private IPv4 addresses.
The first "internet café" (or "intranet cafe") in North Korea was opened in Pyongyang, where one may access the country's intranet services. It opened in 2002, near Kwangbok station, and has about 100 computers.[55][56][34] It was opened by a Seoul company named Hoonnet, and a North Korean company named Jangsaeng General Trade Company.[9][57] These cafes, also known as "PC rooms" or "Information Technology Stores", began appearing across North Korea as soon as the early 2000s, and can be accessed for a fee.[11][33][18] The cafes provide other paid services as well, such as computing classes. As of 2005, the price for accessing these services was considered prohibitively expensive for the average North Korean citizen, according to Daily NK.[58]
The process of installing an approved personal computer in North Korean homes which would be capable of accessing the intranet requires inspection and authorization from local government authorities.[11][19][59][60] As of 2010, an estimated 200,000 such personal computers were in Pyongyang private homes, and access to the Kwangmyong is more common among people in cities compared to those in rural areas.[11][61][62]
In addition to access from personal computers, the national intranet may be accessed from mobile devices on 3G network.[53] Kwangmyong has 24-hour unlimited access by dial-up telephone line.[38] As of 2013, a number of Android-based tablet computer products, including the Samjiyon tablet computer, can be purchased in North Korea that give access to Kwangmyong.[63] A 2017 estimate put the number of mobile phones in North Korea at between 2.5 and 3 million.[32] In 2020, another estimate put the number of mobile phone users at 4.5 million.[64] In recent years, these have been the more common way for North Koreans to access websites on the Kwangmyong intranet. Access to the global Internet or phone numbers outside of North Korea is not permitted aside from highest-ranked government officials and certain employees of Korea Computer Center.[32][51][65][66] Like personal computers, phones must be approved by authorities.[32][67] According to Radio Free Asia, the government began requiring cell phone users to install surveillance software to access the intranet.[68]
In 2018, North Korea unveiled a new Wi-Fi service called Mirae ("Future"), which allowed mobile devices to access the intranet network in Pyongyang.[69]
In December 2023, North Korea started to deploy 4G network for mobile device to access the intranet network.[70][71][72]


The network uses Korean as the main interface language, though the government's web portal (Naenara), is multilingual.[52][73] There is a dictionary available to users for translation between Korean and Russian, Chinese, English, French, German and Japanese, with a database containing at least 1,700,000 words, to assist users who may not be familiar with foreign languages.[74]
Different websites on the intranet may be available in different sets of languages. A website that sells postage stamps is available in Korean, English, and Chinese.[75] The writings of the Kim family are available in Korean, Japanese, Russian, and Chinese.[17]

Information control[edit]
Kwangmyong is designed to be used only within North Korea, and is referred to as an intranet.[52] Kwangmyong prevents domestic users within North Korea from freely accessing foreign content or information and typically prevents foreigners from accessing domestic content.[16][45] According to Daily NK, it "prevents the leak of classified data" and "functions as a form of information censorship, preventing undesirable information from being accessed".[76] Thus, sensitive topics and information are unlikely to surface on Kwangmyong due to the absence of a link to the outside world and the censorship that occurs. Kwangmyong is maintained and monitored by government-related entities.[77] However, large amounts of material from the global Internet ends up on Kwangmyong, following processing.[31][59] The operating systems of government-approved phones reject access to any applications that are not also approved by the government.[32]
While foreigners in North Korea are generally not allowed to access Kwangmyong, they may have access to the global Internet.[16][45][46][77][78] For security reasons networks with Internet and intranet access are air gapped so that computers with Internet access are not housed in the same location as computers with Kwangmyong access.[7]
Given that there is no direct connection to the outside Internet, unwanted information cannot enter the network. Information is filtered and processed by government agencies before being hosted on the North Korean Intranet.[79] Myanmar and Cuba also use a similar network system that is separated from the rest of the Internet, and Iran has been reported as having future plans to implement such a network, though it is claimed that it would work alongside the Internet and would not replace it.[80][81][82]


Below is a list of sites that were listed on Kwangmyong's website portal in 2016.[5]





Category

Field

Site name

Domain

Site IP address

Is site on internet?


종합자료기지
(Comprehensive database)




과학기술전당
Science and Technology Complex


www.sciteco.aca.kp

10.93.0.3

No




남산 (인민대학습당)
Namsan (Grand People's Study House)


www.gpsh.edu.kp

10.30.80.101

www.gpsh.edu.kp Archived 2019-03-04 at the Wayback Machine




광명 (중앙과학기술통보사)
Bright Light (Central Information Agency for Science and Technology)


www.ciast.aca.kp

10.41.1.2

No




열풍 (중앙과학기술보급부)
Craze (Central Science and Technology Distribution Center)


www.stdc.gov.kp

10.30.71.67

No


부문별중앙자료기지
(Central database by field)


교육
Education


교육 (김일성종합대학)
Education (Kim Il Sung University)


www.rns.edu.kp

10.42.1.5

www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp Archived 2017-08-29 at the Wayback Machine


의학
Medicine


무병 (김일성종합대학 평양의학대학)
Disease Free (Pyongyang Medical College of Kim Il Sung University)


www.mubyong.inf.kp

10.30.5.222

No


공학
Technology


미래 (김책공업종합대학)
Future (Kim Chaek University of Technology)


www.elib.ac.kp

10.30.50.5

www.kut.edu.kp Archived 2019-05-11 at the Wayback Machine


건축
Architecture


평양건축종합대학
Pyongyang University of Architecture


www.pua.edu.kp

10.61.4.2

No


건설, 설계
Construction, design


5.21 (국가설계지도국)
5.21 (Construction Design Information Center)


www.cdic.con.kp

10.10.5.99

No


발명, 특허
Invention, patent


발명 (국가발명국)
Invention (State Invention Office)


www.ipo.aca.kp

10.41.50.9

No


상표, 공업도안
Brand, industrial design


척후대 (중앙산업미술지도국)
Scout (Central Industrial Art Center)


www.tidgio.gov.kp

10.40.11.130

No


규격
Standards


래일 (국가귝격체정연구소)
Tomorrow (Korean National Institute of Standards)


www.knis.ipo.aca.kp

10.66.1.3

No


체육
Athletics


우승 (체육과학원)
Winner (Institute of Sports Science)


www.ssl.edu.kp

10.70.5.52

No


산림
Forestry


황금산 (국토환경보호성 중앙양묘장)
Golden Mountain (Central Tree Nursery, Ministry of Land and Environment Conservation [ko])


hwanggumsan.edu.kp

10.192.3.2

No


나노기술
Nanotechnology


나노기술 (국가나노기술국)
Nanotechnology (National Nanotechnology Center)


www.nano.aca.kp

10.10.6.18

No


각도 도서관
Provincial libraries




불야경 (자강도도서관)
Night View (Jagang Province Library)


www.fire.edu.kp

10.214.6.18

No




분발 (함경북도도서관)
Endeavor (North Hamgyong Province Library)


www.hambuk.edu.kp

10.205.10.100

No




려명 (함경남도도서관)
Dawn (South Hamgyong Province Library)


www.shplib.edu.kp

10.209.223.201

No




철령 (강원도도서관)
Choryong (Kangwon Province Library)


www.kwlib.edu.kp

10.224.4.10

No




평안북도도서관
North Phyongan Province Library


www.pblib.edu.kp

10.217.1.10

No




례성강 (황해북도도서관)
Ryesonggang (North Hwanghae Library)


www.rsr.edu.kp

10.226.9.80

No




황해남도도서관
South Hwanghae Library


www.shlib.edu.kp

10.229.0.35

No




라선시도서관
Rason City Library


www.rslib.edu.kp

10.238.5.2

No




와우도 (남포시도서관)
Snail (Nampho City Library)


www.wud.edu.kp

10.232.101.2

No


원격교육기지
(Tele-education database)




룡남산 (김일성종합대학)
Ryongnamsan (Kim Il Sung University)


N/A (not same website as 《교육 (김일성종합대학)》)

10.42.1.250

www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp Archived 2017-08-29 at the Wayback Machine




원종장 (김일성종합대학 평양의학대학)
Wonjongjang (Pyongyang Medical College of Kim Il Sung University)


www.wonjongjang.edu.kp

10.30.5.133

No




리상 (김책공업종합대학)
Ultimate Goal (Kim Chaek University of Technology)


www.risang.edu.kp

10.15.15.8

www.kut.edu.kp Archived 2019-05-11 at the Wayback Machine




모체 (평양기계종합대학)
Moche (Pyongyang University of Mechanical Engineering)


www.moche.edu.kp

10.60.2.30

No




선행관 (평양철도종합대학)
Sonhaenggwan (Pyongyang University of Railways)


www.sgh.edu.kp

10.192.131.100

No




충복 (장철구평양상업종합대학)
Loyalty (Pyongyang Jang Chol Gu University of Commerce)


www.chungbok.edu.kp

10.40.4.130

No




인재 (한덕수평양경공업종합대학)\
Talent (Pyongyang Han Tok Su University of Light Industry)


www.iniea.edu.kp

10.20.66.3

No




정준택원산경제대학
Wonsan Jong Jun Thaek University of Economics


www.wieu.edu.kp

10.224.21.10

No


기타
Miscellaneous




김일성종합대학
Kim Il Sung University


www.rns.edu.kp

10.42.1.2

www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp Archived 2017-08-29 at the Wayback Machine




불멸의 꽃 (조선김일성화김정일화위원회)
Immortal Flower (Korea Kimilsungia-Kimjongilia Committee)


www.kfa.org.kp

10.66.5.11

www.naenara.com.kp/sites/kkf/




클락새 (김일성종합대학 정보기술연구소)
Kulaksae (Kim Il Sung University Information Technology Center)


www.kulak.edu.kp

10.50.25.3

No




검은모루 (황해북도 상원군도서관)
Black Anvil (North Hwanghae Province Sangwon County Library) 


www.kmm.edu.kp

10.188.1.1

No




고려의술 (고려의학과학원)
Koryo Medicine (Academy of Koryo Medicine)


www.koryodoctor.inf.kp

10.76.1.18

No




기둥 (청진광산금속대학)
Pillar (Chongjin University of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering)


www.cimmu.edu.kp

10.205.1.5

No




길동무 (함경북도과학기술룡보소)
Companion (North Hamgyong Province Information Agency for Science and Technology)


www.hbiast.aca.kp

10.205.7.10

No




과학 (국가과학원)
Science (State Academy of Sciences)


www.sas.aca.kp

10.193.1.5

No




과학기술전자전시관 (과학기술전시관)
Science and Technology Exhibition House


www.stic.aca.kp

192.168.10.10

No




광야 (인터네트중앙연구소)
Open Field (Central Internet Institute)


www.cii.gov.kp

10.50.21.3

No




로동신문 (로동신문사)
Rodong Sinmun


www.rodong.ref.kp

10.10.3.100

www.rodong.rep.kp




룡강군도서관 (남포시 룡강군도서관)
Ryonggang County Library (Nampho City Ryonggang County Library)


www.rg.edu.kp

10.160.1.2

No




류경오락장 (인공지능연구소)
Ryugyong Recreation Area (Artificial Intelligence Research Institute)


www.ryugyong.inf.kp

10.70.7.133

No




만방 (조선중앙방송위원회)
Manbang (Central Broadcasting Committee of Korea)


www.krt.rep.kp

10.61.61.3

No




만병초 (장철구평양상업대학 도서관)
Manbyongcho (Pyongyang Jang Chol Gu University of Commerce Library)


www.manbyongcho.edu.kp

10.40.4.131

No




목란 (목란광명회사)
Mokran (Mokran Kwangmyong Company)


www.mokran.com.kp

10.30.0.85

No




방역 (국가발명국)
Quarantine (State Invention Office)


www.antivir.ipo.aca.kp

10.41.50.3

No




법무생활 (최고인민회의 상임위원회)
Legal Life (Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly)


www.gpa.gov.kp

10.30.16.18

No




불길 (평성석탄공업대학)
Flame (Phyongsong University of Coal Mining)


www.pulgil.edu.kp

10.220.6.2

No




붉은별 (붉은별연구소)
Red Star (Red Star Research Institute)


www.osandok.inf.kp

10.70.7.132

No




비약 (3대혁명전시관)
Jump (Three-Revolution Exhibition House)


www.exb.edu.kp

10.50.19.1

No




백두산 (백두산건축연구원)
Paektusan (Paektusan Institute of Architecture)


www.paekdusan.com.kp

10.30.3.34

No




상연 (상업과학연구소)
Performance (Institute of Commercial Science)


www.sangyon.aca.kp

10.30.30.30

No




선구자 (함경남도과학기술룡보소)
Pioneer (South Hamgyong Province Information Agency for Science and Technology)


www.hnst.aca.kp

10.209.225.2

No




신고 (인민보안부)
Report (Ministry of People's Security)


www.singo.law.kp

10.250.2.100

No




신기 (계명기술개발소)
Mystical Energy (Kyemyong Technology Development Company)


www.singi.com.kp

10.30.80.131

No




실리 (평양광명정보기술사)
Profit (Pyongyang Kwangmyong IT Corporation)


N/A

10.10.1.15

No




실리왁찐 (평양광명정보기술사)
Profit Antivirus (Pyongyang Kwangmyong IT Corporation)


www.sv.com.kp

10.10.1.16

No




새별기술교류사 (새별기술교류사)
Saebyol Technology Exchange Company


www.saybyol.com.kp

10.76.1.50

No




새세기 (중앙과학기술통보사)
New Century (Central Information Agency for Science and Technology)


www.newcentury.aca.kp

10.41.1.10

No




생명 (의학과학정보기술사)
Life (Medical Science and Technology Corporation)


www.icms.hea.kp

10.65.3.2

No




장자강 (자강도전자업무연구소)
Jangjagang (Jagang Province Electronic Business Research Institute)


www.ikic.inf.kp

10.214.1.51

No




전만봉 (희천공업대학)
Jonmanbong (Huichon University of Telecommunications)


www.hut.edu.kp

10.126.0.10

No




정보21 (평양정보기술국)
Data 21 (Pyongyang Information Technology Bureau)


www.pic.com.kp

10.21.1.22

No




조선료리 (조선료리협회)
Korean Dishes (Korea Cooking Association)


www.cooks.org.kp

10.10.6.40

www.cooks.org.kp Archived 2018-11-01 at the Wayback Machine




조선중앙통신 (조선중앙통신사)
Korean Central News Agency


www.kcn.inf.kp

10.22.1.50

www.kcna.kp Archived 2020-09-12 at the Wayback Machine




중앙버섯연구소 (국가과학원 중앙버섯연구소)
Central Mushroom Research Institute (State Academy of Sciences Central Mushroom Research Institute)


www.mushroom.aca.kp

10.20.7.2

No




지향 (함흥화학공업대학)
Aim (Hamhung University of Chemical Engineering)


www.huct.edu.kp

10.208.1.2

No




진달래 (만경대정보기술사)
Jindallae (Mangyongdae IT Corporation)


www.mit.com.kp

10.76.12.2

No




창성군도서관 (평안북도 창성군도서관)
Changsong County Library (North Phyongan Province Changsong County Library)


www.cslib.edu.kp

10.145.2.2

No




창전 (대동강건재공장)
Changjon (Taedonggang Building Materials Factory)


www.changjon.com.kp

10.90.6.100

No




천리마 (중앙정보통신국)
Chollima (Central Information and Communications Center)


www.pt.net.kp

172.16.11.23

No




천리마타일공장 (천리마타일공장)
Chollima Tile Factory


www.taedonggangtile.com.kp

10.159.127.15

No




철벽 (정보보안연구소)
Iron Wall (Information Security Research Center)


www.oun.inf.kp

10.76.1.25

No




체콤기술합영회사 (체콤기술합영회사)
Checom Technology Joint Venture Company


www.checom.net.kp

10.40.5.4

No




평북 (평안북도전자업무연구소)
Phyongbuk (North Phyongan Province Electronic Business Research Institute)


www.pyongbuk.inf.kp

10.217.12.2

No




평양성 (평양정보기술국)
Pyongyangsong (Pyongyang Information Technology Bureau)


www.ca.pic.co.kp

10.21.1.53

No




평양택견 (태권도성지관)
Pyongyang Taekkyon (Taekwondo Sanctuary)


www.taekwon-do.edu.kp

10.70.7.18

No




포부 (평북종합대학 농업대학)
Aspiration (Agricultural College of Phyongbuk University)


www.phobu.edu.kp

10.217.7.50

No




푸른주단 (국가과학원 잔디연구분원)
Blue Silk (State Academy of Sciences Turf Branch Institute)


www.iandi.aca.kp

10.72.1.2

No




품질 (국가품질감독위원회)
Quality (State Commission of Quality Management)


www.saqm.gov.kp

10.80.2.40

No




학무정 (자강도 전천군도서관)
Hakmujong (Jagang Province Jonchon County Library)


www.hmj.edu.kp

10.127.131.5

No




울림 (평양정보기술국)
Echo (Pyongyang Information Technology Bureau)


N/A

10.30.18.30

No




해당화관 (해당화교류사)
Haedanghwakwan (Haedanghwa Exchange Company)


www.hdh.com.kp

10.76.1.3

No




해양 (륙해운성)
Ocean (Ministry of Land and Maritime Transport [ko])


www.mlmt.rai.kp

10.30.33.2

www.ma.gov.kp Archived 2021-11-28 at the Wayback Machine




아리랑 (5월11일공장)
Arirang (May 11 Factory)


www.arirang.com.kp

10.30.71.91

No




아침 (조선과학기술총련맹 중앙위원회)
Morning (Central Committee of the General Federation of Science and Technology of Korea)


www.kwust.org.kp

10.30.5.3

No




옥류 (인민봉사총국)
Okryu (People's Service General Bureau)


N/A

10.10.1.14

No




우주 (위성정보봉사지점)
Space (Satellite Information Service Branch)


www.space.aca.kp

10.50.5.5

No




원산농업종합대학
Wonsan University of Agriculture


N/A

10.224.121.100

No

Below is a list of sites that are not directly listed on www.sciteco.aca.kp (the Kwangmyong website portal) in 2016 and sites that have been confirmed to have been created on Kwangmyong after 2016.





Site name

Site name translation

Domain

Site IP address


《만물상》[83][84][85][86]

General Store

manmulsang.com
manmulsang.com.kp


Unknown


《관광》[87]

Tourism

Unknown

Unknown


《조선우표》[88][89]

Korea Stamps

Unknown

Unknown


《은정》[90]

Affection

Unknown

Unknown


《은파산》[91]

Silver Mountain

unphasan.com.kp

Unknown


《생물공학》[92]

Bioengineering

Unknown

Unknown


《푸른 산》[93]

Blue Mountain

Unknown

Unknown


《이채어경》[94]

Brilliant Fishing

Unknown

10.193.6.3


《봄향기》[95]

Spring Fragrance

bomhyanggi.com

Unknown


《황금벌》[96]

Golden Plain

Unknown

Unknown


《자강력》[97]

Self Strength

Unknown

Unknown


《생활의 벗》[98]

Friend of Life

Unknown

Unknown


《체육열풍》[99]

Sports Craze

Unknown

Unknown


《평양육아원》의 홈페지[100]

Homepage of Pyongyang Baby Home

Unknown

Unknown


《룡남산법률사무소》의 홈페지[101]

Homepage of Ryongnamsan Law Office

Unknown

Unknown


《옥류》[102]

Okryu

Unknown

Unknown



Internet in North Korea
Internet censorship in North Korea
Red Star OS
Telecommunications in North Korea



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^ Idrc (7 January 2008). Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2007/2008. IDRC. ISBN 9780761936749. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2021 – via Google Books.

^ Andrew Jacobs (January 10, 2013). "Google Chief Urges North Korea to Embrace Web". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2013.

^ Talmadge, Eric (2015-08-26). "North Korea's new airport terminal has an Internet room, but can you use it?". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

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^ a b c d e f Williams, Martyn (2016-11-28). "How the Internet Works ("Works") in North Korea". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ a b c d e f Lintner, Bertil (2007-04-24). "Kwangmyong computer network - North Korea's IT revolution". North Korean Economy Watch. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ a b c Jong-Heon Lee (2002-05-28). "Internet cafe opens in N.Korea". United Press International. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ a b c "대북매체 "한국 뮤직비디오, 北 젊은층서 유행"". SBS News (in Korean). 2016-06-08. Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ Boone, Jeb (April 2, 2013). "Anonymous Korea continues attacks against North Korean sites". The World. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.

^ Weber, Peter (January 8, 2015). "Is Anonymous meddling in the North Korea standoff?". The Week. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.

^ Dewey, Caitlin (April 4, 2013). "Sorry, Anonymous probably didn't hack North Korea's intranet". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-08-19.

^ Salmon, Andrew (March 2, 2021). "North Korea's cyber commandos range far, strike deep". Asia Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.

^ Williams, Martyn (13 May 2021). "Rakwon: North Korea's Video Conferencing Paradise". 38 North. The Henry L. Stimson Center. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2021.

^ a b c d Eric Talmadge (23 February 2014). "North Korea: Where the Internet has just 5,500 sites". Toronto Star. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2014.

^ Riley, Charles (26 August 2016). "Netflix jokes about North Korean knockoff 'Manbang'". CNN. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.

^ a b Werman, Marco; Fisher, Max. "North Korea's Internet outage affected few users". The World. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.

^ "Así es Kwangmyong, el internet controlado por Corea del Norte" [This is Kwangmyong, the internet controlled by North Korea]. Excélsior (in Spanish). 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.

^ Beal, Tim (2001-01-01). "Information and communications technologies in the two Koreas: Contrasts, commonalities, challenges". Global Economic Review. 30 (4): 51–67. doi:10.1080/12265080108449833. ISSN 1226-508X. S2CID 153611667. Archived from the original on 2024-01-11. Retrieved 2021-04-01.

^ Stone, R. (2004-09-17). "SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGES: The Ultimate, Exclusive LAN". Science. 305 (5691): 1701. doi:10.1126/science.305.5691.1701. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15375243. S2CID 166923747. Archived from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2022-06-30.

^ a b c d e Russon, Mary-Ann (2016-09-22). "No, North Korea's internet doesn't only have 28 websites, but Reddit did manage to crash them". International Business Times UK. Archived from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ a b c d e f g h i Talmadge, Eric (2017-11-11). "North Korea's digital divide: Online elites, isolated masses". The Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ a b c d "Weird but wired". The Economist. 2007-02-01. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ a b c d e Seliger, Bernhard; Schmidt, Stefan (2014). "The Hermit Kingdom Goes Online ... Information Technology, Internet Use and Communication Policy in North Korea". North Korean Review. 10 (1): 71–88. doi:10.3172/NKR.10.1.71. ISSN 1551-2789. JSTOR 43908932. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-04-01 – via JSTOR.

^ Dewey, Caitlin (13 March 2013). "A rare glimpse of North Korea's version of Facebook". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2014.

^ a b Ripley, Will; Lourdes, Marc (September 2017). "Secret State: A journey into the heart of North Korea". CNN. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.

^ Sung, Choi (March 11, 2016). "N. Korea's National Science and Technology Intranet "Kwangmyong"". The Korea IT Times. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.

^ a b c Inc, IBP (20 March 2018). Korea North Telecom Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Laws Affecting Telecom Sector and Foreign Investments. Lulu Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4330-8202-3. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2021. 

^ Williams, Martyn (22 February 2019). "Manbang IPTV Service in Depth". 38 North. The Henry L. Stimson Center. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2019.

^ Rohrlich, Justin (16 January 2013). "Interview with an unlikely capitalist in North Korea". Quartz. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ http://www.stic.ac.kp/[permanent dead link]

^ http://www.icms.he.kp/[permanent dead link]

^ http://www.elib.edu.kp/[permanent dead link]

^ Jeff Baron (11 March 2013). "Book Review: A CAPITALIST IN NORTH KOREA". 38 North. School of Advanced International Studies. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.

^ a b c "[리얼북한] '광명망' 쇼핑사이트는 모두 22개". 시사주간 (in Korean). 2020-12-04. Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2021-04-01.

^ a b "For most, N. Korean online shopping not just a click away". CNBC. 2015-05-06. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ "North Korea's newest fad: 'Boy General' phone game". CNBC. 2015-12-09. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ "北에도 '모바일 결제 앱' 있다…모바일뱅킹 기초 기능". The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). 2020-01-30. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ Asher, Saira (2016-09-21). "What the North Korean internet really looks like". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ Chomchuen, Timothy W. Martin and Warangkana (2017-12-06). "North Koreans Get Smartphones, and the Regime Keeps Tabs". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2020-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-19.

^ a b Haddou, Rashid; Winsor, Morgan (2019-07-24). "Inside North Korea: What life for a rare foreign student in Pyongyang reveals about the reclusive country". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ a b c Vladimir, Kropotov; Lin, Philippe; Yarochkin, Fyodor; Hacquebord, Feike (2017-10-17). "A Closer Look at North Korea's Internet". Trend Micro. Archived from the original on 2020-09-17. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ a b "North Korea Slowly Goes Online". Voice of America. 19 November 2017. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.

^ "How North Korea is slowly embracing its own sealed version of the internet – complete with stringent surveillance". The South China Morning Post. The Associated Press. 9 November 2017. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2022.

^ Khazan, Olga (December 11, 2012). "What it's like to use the Internet in North Korea". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2016.

^ "North Korea develops internet". Computer Weekly. 2003-07-28. Archived from the original on 2013-05-31. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ "First internet cafe opens in P'yang". KBS World. May 27, 2002. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.

^ Jung, Yang. "Controlling Internet Café in North Korea". Daily NK. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2016.

^ a b Lee, Youkyung; Kim, Tong-Hyung (2014-12-23). "A look at North Korea's limited Internet capabilities". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ Boynton, Robert S. (2011-02-24). "North Korea's Digital Underground". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ Fisher, Max (2014-12-22). "Yes, North Korea has the internet. Here's what it looks like". Vox. Archived from the original on 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ Pappas, Stephanie (8 April 2013). "7 Strange Cultural Facts About North Korea". LiveScience. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.

^ Martyn Williams (30 July 2013). "Android tablet gives rare glimpse at North Korean tech". IT World. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2014.

^ 정용환 (2020-08-11). "북한 휴대폰 가입 600만…고급모델은 2년전 갤럭시A7 수준". JoongAng Ilbo. Archived from the original on 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ Jaewon, Kim (June 6, 2019). "North Koreans tap into smartphone apps on restricted state network". The Nikkei. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.

^ Osnos, Evan (September 7, 2017). "The Risk of Nuclear War with North Korea". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.

^ Kim, Tong-Hyung; Lee, Youkyung (2014-12-23). "Look At How Bizarre North Korea's 'Internet' Is". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2021-04-01.

^ Son, Hyemin. "North Korea requires cellphone users to install invasive surveillance app". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.

^ Jakhar, Pratik (15 December 2018). "North Korea's high-tech pursuits: Propaganda or progress?". BBC. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2018.

^ Mun, Dong Hui (2023-12-29). "N. Korea begins accepting subscribers to 4G cellular network". Daily NK. Archived from the original on 2024-01-02. Retrieved 2024-01-02.

^ Jeong, Tae Joo (2023-11-03). "N. Korea imports second-hand Huawei devices to modernize telecommunications network". Daily NK. Archived from the original on 2024-01-02. Retrieved 2024-01-02.

^ Williams, Martyn (2023-11-04). "Is 4G on the Horizon for North Korea?". North Korea Tech. Archived from the original on 2024-01-02. Retrieved 2024-01-02.

^ Williams, Martyn. "North Korean news and media websites". North Korea Tech. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2021.

^ Frank, Ruediger (2013-10-22). "The North Korean Tablet Computer Samjiyon: Hardware, Software and Resources" (PDF). 38 North. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ "[단독] 북한, 우표 쇼핑몰 만들어 외화벌이 안간힘". UPI뉴스 (United Press International) (in Korean). 2021-03-04. Archived from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ "Sounding Change in North Korea" (PDF). Daily NK. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2021-04-01.

^ a b Talmadge, Eric (2014-02-03). "Surfing the Intranet: North Korea's authoritarian alternative to the World Wide Web". Global News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ Reddy, Shreyas (2019-07-05). "Analysis: How does North Korea use social media?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2019-07-07. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ "North Korea's Internet strategy and its political implications". The Pacific Review.

^ Christopher Rhoads and Farnaz Fassihi, May 28, 2011, Iran Vows to Unplug Internet Archived 2017-08-06 at the Wayback Machine, Wall Street Journal

^ Inc, IBP (2013-08-01). Myanmar Internet and E-Commerce Investment and Business Guide - Regulations and Opportunities. Lulu Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4387-3445-3. Archived from the original on 2024-01-11. Retrieved 2021-12-02. 

^ Radziwill, Yaroslav (2015-07-24). Cyber-Attacks and the Exploitable Imperfections of International Law. BRILL. p. 105. ISBN 978-90-04-29830-9. Archived from the original on 2024-01-11. Retrieved 2021-12-02.

^ "《만물상》전자상업홈페지 사용자들속에서 인기". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "인기를 끌고있는 전자상업홈페지 《만물상》". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "주목을 받고있는 새 전자상업홈페지《만물상》". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "《만물상》전자상업홈페지 사용자들속에서 인기". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "《관광》홈페지 새로 개설, 공화국주민들에 대한 국내관광주문봉사 진행". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "《조선우표》홈페지 새로 개설, 우표문화의 발전을 힘있게 추동". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "이동통신망 《조선우표》 홈페지 새로 개설". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "병렬계산봉사홈페지 《은정》을 통한 구름계산봉사 진행할 전망". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "인기를 끌고있는 전자상점홈페지 《은파산》". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "홈페지 《생물공학》이 새로 개설". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "산림조성사업에 이바지하는 《황금산》, 《푸른 산》홈페지들". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "수산업발전에 기여할수 있는 《이채어경》홈페지". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "신의주화장품공장에서 《봄향기》홈페지 개설, 사용자들속에서 인기". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "농업생산에 도움을 주는 《황금벌》홈페지". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "《조선의 오늘》". DPRK Today. Archived from the original on 2022-06-07. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "《조선의 오늘》". DPRK Today. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-06-07.

^ "체육정보열람체계 《체육열풍》이 개설되였다". DPRK Today. Retrieved 2022-08-14.

^ "육아원 원아들 보육을 위한 홈페지 개설". arirangmeari.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-08-14.

^ "눈길을 끄는 《룡남산법률사무소》홈페지". DPRK Today. Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2022-08-14.

^ "호평받는 《옥류》전자상업봉사체계". 재미동포전국연합회 (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2015-08-14. Retrieved 2022-08-14.



List of sites on Kwangmyong at North Korea Tech
Video of surfing on Kwangmyong at Yle Areena
Kwangmyong computer network at North Korea Economy Watch
Digital Divide on the Korean Peninsula at Institute for Corean-American Studies
Hermit Surfers of P'yongyang at Defense Technical Information Center

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