Truth Decay: Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis
Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life



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RANDResearch & CommentaryResearch Reports>RR-2314


	

Political and civil discourse in the United States is characterized by "Truth Decay," defined as increasing disagreement about facts, a blurring of the line between opinion and fact, an increase in the relative volume of opinion compared with fact, and lowered trust in formerly respected sources of factual information. This report explores the causes and wide-ranging consequences of Truth Decay and proposes strategies for further action.

	
	


Truth Decay

An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life
Jennifer Kavanagh, Michael D. Rich
  ResearchPublished Jan 16, 2018
	

  
  
    
      

      
    
  
  



  
      
      
      
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Over the past two decades, national political and civil discourse in the United States has been characterized by "Truth Decay," defined as a set of four interrelated trends: an increasing disagreement about facts and analytical interpretations of facts and data; a blurring of the line between opinion and fact; an increase in the relative volume, and resulting influence, of opinion and personal experience over fact; and lowered trust in formerly respected sources of factual information. These trends have many causes, but this report focuses on four: characteristics of human cognitive processing, such as cognitive bias; changes in the information system, including social media and the 24-hour news cycle; competing demands on the education system that diminish time spent on media literacy and critical thinking; and polarization, both political and demographic. The most damaging consequences of Truth Decay include the erosion of civil discourse, political paralysis, alienation and disengagement of individuals from political and civic institutions, and uncertainty over national policy.
This report explores the causes and consequences of Truth Decay and how they are interrelated, and examines past eras of U.S. history to identify evidence of Truth Decay's four trends and observe similarities with and differences from the current period. It also outlines a research agenda, a strategy for investigating the causes of Truth Decay and determining what can be done to address its causes and consequences.
  
  
Truth Decay as a System





Drivers

Cognitive processing and cognitive biases
Changes in the information system
	
	Transformation of conventional media
	Internet and social media
	Spread of disinformation
	
Competing demands on the educational system
Polarization
	
	Political polarization
	Sociodemographic and economic polarization
	
Agents of Truth Decay
	
	Media
	Academia and research organizations
	Political actors and the government
	Foreign actors
	


Truth decay's drivers feed into the four trends.

Truth Decay's Four Trends

Increasing disagreement about facts and data
A blurring of the line between opinion and fact
The increasing relative volume and resulting inﬂuence of opinion over fact
Declining trust in formerly respected sources of factual information


Truth decay's four trends result in the following consequences.

Consequences at the personal, community, national, and international levels

Erosion of civil discourse
Political paralysis
Alienation and disengagement
Uncertainty


Consequences can feed back into the trends.  And the trends can also feed back into the drivers.



    




	Key Findings
	
	What Is Truth Decay?Truth Decay is defined as a set of four related trends: increasing disagreement about facts and analytical interpretations of facts and data; a blurring of the line between opinion and fact; an increase in the relative volume, and resulting influence, of opinion and personal experience over fact; and declining trust in formerly respected sources of factual information.
Is Truth Decay New?This report explores three historical eras — the 1890s, 1920s, and 1960s — for evidence of the four Truth Decay trends and compares those eras with the past two decades (2000s–2010s). Two of the four trends occurred in earlier periods: the blurring of the line between opinion and fact and an increase in the relative volume, and resulting influence, of opinion over fact. Declining trust in institutions, while evident in previous eras, is more severe today. No evidence of an increase in disagreement about facts and analytical interpretations of facts and data was seen in the earlier periods.
What Causes Truth Decay?Four drivers, or causes, of Truth Decay are described: cognitive bias, changes in the information system (including the rise of social media and the 24-hour news cycle), competing demands on the educational system that limit its ability to keep pace with changes in the information system, and political, sociodemographic, and economic polarization. Various agents also amplify Truth Decay's trends.
What Are the Consequences?The consequences of Truth Decay manifest in many ways. The most damaging effects might be the erosion of civil discourse, political paralysis, alienation and disengagement of individuals from political and civic institutions, and uncertainty about U.S. policy.

	
	
	Recommendations
	
	Unraveling the Complex System of Truth Decay Will Require Multifaceted and Interdisciplinary EffortsInterdisciplinary research and cooperation among research organizations, policymakers, educators, and other stakeholders will be necessary to shed light on the problem of Truth Decay and to develop a clearer understanding of the problem and devise possible solutions.
There Are Four High-Priority Areas of ResearchExamine more closely how Truth Decay has manifested in the past at home and abroad, extracting lessons that can assist in the fight against Truth Decay.
Further explore Truth Decay trends, including such areas as how media content has changed over time, the ways in which the speed and nature of information flow have evolved, developments in the education system and its curricula, the ways in which polarization and political gridlock have (or have not) worsened, the erosion of civil discourse and engagement, and changes in the severity of uncertainty about U.S. policy.
Investigate the processes and mechanisms that connect Truth Decay to information dissemination, processing, and consumption; institutions, authorities, and intermediaries; polarization, engagement, and discourse; the benefits and challenges of technological advancement; and agency. Truth Decay as an interconnected system should also be explored.
Finally, develop and evaluate potential solutions and mitigations to the problems caused by Truth Decay. Priority areas include educational interventions; improving the information market; institutional development and rebuilding; bridging social divides; harnessing new technologies; behavioral economics, psychology, and cognitive science; and organizational self-assessment.

	
	

  
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    تصدع الحقيقة: بحث أولي حول تضاؤل دور الحقائق والتحليل في الحياة العامة الأمريكية 
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Document Details


Copyright: RAND CorporationAvailability: Available
  Year: 2018Print Format: PaperbackPaperback Pages: 324Paperback Price:  $46.00Paperback ISBN/EAN: 978-0-8330-9874-0DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR2314
  Document Number: RR-2314-RC








  Citation
  
    
      RAND Style Manual
      Kavanagh, Jennifer and Michael D. Rich, Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life, RAND Corporation, RR-2314-RC, 2018. As of October 26, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2314.html
      
    
    Chicago Manual of Style
    Kavanagh, Jennifer and Michael D. Rich, Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2018. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2314.html. Also available in print form.
    
  






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