The ability to reproduce and support one's own metabolism are two key characteristics of living organisms. Living organisms have the ability to create new individuals of their own kind through reproduction, which is essential for the continuation of a species. They also have the ability to carry out metabolic processes that allow them to convert energy and raw materials into the substances they need to survive and grow.

Viruses and bacteria are not considered to be superorganisms because they are single-celled organisms that do not exhibit the level of complexity and cooperation seen in true superorganisms. Superorganisms are complex social structures made up of many individuals that work together as a single entity. Examples of superorganisms include ant colonies, bee hives, and termite mounds.

While viruses and bacteria are not superorganisms, they can form symbiotic relationships with other organisms that can lead to complex communities of interacting organisms. For example, bacteria can form biofilms, which are complex communities of bacteria that work together to perform functions that individual bacteria could not accomplish on their own. In some cases, viruses can also be beneficial to their hosts by infecting and killing harmful bacteria, thereby preventing infections.
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