The main chemical responsible for turpentine toxicity is alpha-pinene, a terpenoid hydrocarbon. Alpha-pinene is an irritant to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes, and can cause headaches, dizziness and nausea if ingested. In addition, it can damage the liver and kidneys, and prolonged inhalation can lead to lung irritation and respiratory problems. The other chemicals present in turpentine include beta-pinene, camphene, sabinene, limonene, myrcene and other terpenoid hydrocarbons. These all have varying levels of toxicity and can contribute to the overall toxicity of turpentine. Additionally, turpentine is a solvent that can dissolve organic matter, and this can lead to chemical and biological interactions with other substances, which can further increase its toxicity.
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