An example of a novel synthetic material is graphene, a two-dimensional carbon allotrope. Graphene was first discovered and isolated in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester through a groundbreaking method.

To obtain graphene, Geim and Novoselov used a process called mechanical exfoliation. They used adhesive tape to repeatedly peel off layers of graphite, a form of carbon found in pencils. By continuously peeling and separating the layers, they managed to isolate individual graphene sheets.

Graphene has exceptional properties, making it highly sought after for various applications. It is incredibly strong, yet flexible and lightweight. It is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity, and it is transparent. Graphene's unique combination of properties makes it suitable for numerous uses in different fields.

In electronics, graphene is being explored for creating faster and more efficient transistors and integrated circuits. Its high electrical conductivity enables the development of transparent and flexible displays, touchscreens, and solar cells. Graphene also has applications in energy storage, such as batteries and supercapacitors, due to its high surface area and electrical conductivity.

Additionally, graphene's strength and flexibility make it ideal for reinforcing composite materials, enhancing their mechanical properties. It has the potential to revolutionize industries like aerospace, automotive, and construction by creating lighter, stronger, and more fuel-efficient materials.

In summary, graphene is a novel synthetic material discovered through mechanical exfoliation of graphite. It is made by isolating individual sheets of carbon atoms. Graphene's exceptional properties, including strength, flexibility, electrical conductivity, and transparency, allow for diverse applications ranging from electronics and energy storage to composites and beyond.
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