Black-and-white film development is a lengthy and precise process that produces a physical negative that can be used to create prints. The development of black-and-white film begins with the gathering of materials and tools. A darkroom with a lightproof environment is necessary to keep light from interfering with the development process. A changing bag is also needed to load and unload the film when necessary. Film development tanks, chemicals, and a timer are further materials needed. An enlarger, film loading racks, tongs to handle the film, and trays to immerse film in must also be obtained. To finish the development process and produce prints, photographic paper and more trays for the paper will be needed. Additionally, a couple of squeegees for archiving prints may be desirable.

Once the tools and supplies are gathered, the film development can begin. The first step is to pre-soak the film in a suitable solution. This is often a water and photo-flo movie formula. The chemical components used vary depending on the type of film being washed and the desired results, but common ingredients include non-ionic surfactants, antistatic agents, buffers, and pH adjusters. The pre-soaking pushes air bubbles out of the film and prepares it for further development. After pre-soaking, the film is placed in the development tanks, and the tank's lid is closed. The tanks are then agitated using a series of shakes and inversions. This agitation is necessary to ensure even development throughout the entire film. Agitation should be done regularly–every 15 seconds or so–during the development process.

Once the film is developed, it must be fixed to make it permanent. A hypo-fixer solution is used to fix the film. After fixing, the film must be washed in running water to remove all chemical residue. Once all the chemicals have been removed, the film is taken out of the water and hung to dry. This ensures that the film is free of dust and other particles that may be on the film.

At this point, the film is completely developed and can be used to create prints. The prints can either be made by an enlarger or contact prints.

To make an enlarger print, the negative needs to be placed on a lightbox, and the image needs to be projected. It is then exposed to photographic paper and processed according to the instructions given. After the processing, the prints need to be fixed and washed, just as the film was.

Contact prints are made by placing the negative, or undeveloped film, directly onto photographic paper. The photographic paper is then placed underneath an enlarger, with a negative carrier to ensure that the negative is properly aligned. An enlarger is a structure with lenses that make the image appear larger, allowing light to pass through the negative and onto the photographic paper. 

Once the print is exposed to light, it must be processed. This process involves putting the exposed paper in a developing solution that reacts with the emulsion of the paper. This reaction causes the chemicals in the paper to turn into silver halide crystals, which are then turned into a visible image. Once the images are developed, the paper is then washed in a stop bath to stop the developing process and then put into a fixer solution to remove any un-reacted chemicals from the paper. Finally, the prints are washed again in water to remove any residual fixer chemicals, dried, and then are ready to be printed or framed.

Once the prints have been fixed and washed, they are ready to be used. Black-and-white film development is a time-consuming process that requires attention to detail, but with the right materials and a little practice, prints of great quality can be achieved.
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