Race is a term used in biological taxonomy that is synonymous with Subspecies. This comes from theory of natural selection, which promotes the idea of "survival of the fittest". This idea is based on the observation that organisms which produce the most offspring are those most fit for survival in their environment. Thus, the same animals placed in different environments with different ecosystems will end up evolving separately by selecting for different characteristics. For example, the Genus *Corvus* is a group of medium-sized birds typically referred to as crows who are a member of the *Corvidae* Family. They are often regarded as some of the most intelligent animals on the planet due to their ability to problem solve using tools. However, other Genus in the *Corvidae* Family like *Perisoreus* (commonly called borial jays) have evolved differently, and don't exhibit the same amount of intelligence as the *Corvus* Genus. When we examine specific Species in the *Corvus* Genus, we see much less variation, and even less (if any) with Subspecies because they are so similar.


In Humans, race commonly refers to differences based on physical and cultural differences rather than taxonomic differences. For Humans, there has been much research into whether or not race and intelligence are linked. Most attempts to find a link between race and intelligence are an attempt to explain why there are disparities between different races when it comes to level of education, test scores, and income.

Some analyzing the link between race and intelligence examine the general cultural values of each race, and how that influences their actions. Because people of the same race have an in-group bias, they are more likely to have cultural similarities with people of their own race rather than people of other races. As a result, different cultures, and thus races, end up emphasizing different pursuits in life at different levels, resulting in the disparity seen. 

Other researchers believe the main cause of the disparity is not cultural, but environmental. They posit that environmental factors like familial income, housing, family, crime, and discrimination present students with undue burdens that make it harder for them to succeed. Since these can be generally mapped onto race, we see a difference in achievement because of unequal environments.

Finally, some researchers attribute the disparities between different races to biological differences, with some races being more intelligent and others less. Findings attributing intelligence differences between races to biological differences are controversial though, as ideologies such as Nazism have promoted the concept to justify racism and genocide. Many of the studies promoting biology as the defining characteristic are also often criticized for improperly controlling their experiments from social factors such as family income, cultural values, neighborhood crime, and racism, or overvaluing any difference that may be present with statistical manipulation.
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