Fabric softeners primarily affect the physical structure and surface properties of materials, particularly textiles.

1. **Physical Structure**: Fabric softeners can coat the fibers of the fabric, making them feel smoother and reducing the amount of friction between them. This not only makes the fabric feel softer to the touch, but can also help prevent static cling and make the fabric easier to iron or fold.

2. **Surface Properties**: By depositing a thin layer of lubricating chemicals onto the fabric, fabric softeners reduce the amount of friction on the surface of the material, making it feel softer and smoother to the touch. This is similar to how adding oil or water can make a surface feel less coarse.

However, it's worth noting that the effect of fabric softeners can diminish over time, as the chemicals they deposit onto the fabric can be gradually washed away with repeated washing. Also, not all fabrics react well to fabric softeners. For example, they can reduce the absorbency of towels and negatively affect the wicking capabilities of sportswear. So it's always best to check the care instructions for each fabric type.
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