The phalanx is a military formation that originated in ancient Greece, where it was used by hoplite soldiers who were equipped with spears or pikes. It is believed to have been developed around 700 BCE as a means of achieving greater densities and cohesion on the battlefield.

The basic principle behind the phalanx was to form a wall of overlapping shields and interlocking ranks of men armed with long pikes. This formation made it difficult for enemy forces to penetrate, as each man protected not only himself but also his comrades to either side. By pressing forward together, the phalanx could create momentum and drive through opposing lines.

The effectiveness of the phalanx depended largely upon training and discipline, as well as the courage and determination of the individual soldiers. In experienced hands, it proved to be a potent force on the field of battle, allowing Greek armies to defeat larger opponents and helping to spread Greek influence throughout the Mediterranean world.

It's worth noting that while the phalanx played an important role in many famous victories such as those at Marathon and Leuctra, it also had some limitations in certain situations such as rough terrain or against highly mobile enemies like the Gauls or nomadic tribesmen. Overall however it remains one of the most successful military tactics of its time and beyond, inspiring similar formations in other cultures such as Rome's manipular system and even influencing modern infantry tactics today.
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