Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with organic compounds, which are substances that contain carbon in covalent bonding. Organic chemistry studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds, as well as the methods of synthesis and analysis of them.

Some of the main topics and concepts in organic chemistry are:

The structure and bonding of organic compounds, including the shapes, names, classifications, isomerism and hybridization of carbon atoms.


The functional groups, which are specific groups of atoms or bonds that determine the chemical behavior and reactivity of organic compounds. Some common functional groups are alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, etc.


The reactions of organic compounds, which involve the breaking and forming of bonds between carbon atoms or between carbon and other atoms. Organic reactions can be classified into different types, such as substitution, elimination, addition, condensation, etc.


The synthetic methods, which are the techniques and strategies that chemists use to create new organic compounds from existing ones. Organic synthesis involves planning a series of steps or reactions to achieve a desired product.


The analytical methods, which are the tools and instruments that chemists use to identify and characterize organic compounds. Some common analytical methods are spectroscopy (such as infrared, ultraviolet-visible, nuclear magnetic resonance), mass spectrometry, chromatography, etc.


Organic chemistry has many applications in various fields, such as medicine, biology, agriculture, industry, etc. For example, organic chemistry is involved in the discovery and development of drugs, the synthesis of natural products and polymers, the study of biomolecules and biochemical pathways, the design of pesticides and fertilizers, etc.
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