Some people debate what the true "fundamentals" of art are, but here is what Wikipedia has to say (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_art):

- Line
- Shape
- Texture
- Form
- Space
- Color
- Value
- Mark making
- Materiality

## Line

These aren't mathematical lines: they can be curved, dotted / dashed, etc. Lines create boundaries and outlines and borders. The line's property influences the perception of the border, what it outlines, and other properties of the art: e.g. you can strengthen a border by drawing thicker or jagged lines, or make a character appear tough/soft using sharp/curved lines. One way to break convention is creating implied boundaries and outlines without using lines is  to produce exceptional art.

## Shape

2D shapes are how we perceive the world, and an item's shape significantly affects how it's perceived. A geometric shape coneys logic, order, and technology, while a shape with many curves conveys organic, biology, imperfection. One way to break convention is to give an object an unexpected shape, e.g. cartoons or demonic characters being out-of-proportion.

## Form

Shapes are all physically 2D, form is equivalent for physically 3D art like sculptures. Besides the above, with 3D art you can also impact the viewer based on the art's size: a big sculpture has an imposing effect, while a small sculpture has a cute effect. One way to break convention is to make something into a sculpture that you would expect to be 2D, like a 3-dimensional "explosion" of a piece of paper. Another way is by giving incorrect dimensions, such as when producing optical illusions.

## Color

Color in art is measured by hue, chroma (intensity), and value. Different colors convey different concepts and emotions: e.g. red conveys hunger, love, blood; blue conveys calmness, sadness, water; green conveys life, success, plants. Certain colors also blend very well (e.g. complementary colors), and color theory is important to produce art that is aesthetically appealing. One way to break convention is by using the wrong colors for things, like when a tree is blue or the sky is red. Another way is to stick to color theory for all objects except one, and then that object will stick out.

## Space

Space refers to the perspective (distance between and around) and proportion (size) between shapes and objects and how their relationship with the foreground or background is perceived. Positive space refers to the areas of the work with a subject, while negative space is the space without a subject. For 3D sculptures, open spaces are empty, and closed spaces contain physical elements. Space is important in art as not enough space will make viewers overwhelmed and confused, but too much extra space will make them bored and also confused. One way to break convention is to make an object much bigger than it would be in real life proportional to the other objects. Another way is to separate two objects really far away from each other, leaving "too much" empty space in between them, to emphasize that they are separate (e.g. if the objects are a divorced couple)

## Texture

Texture is used to describe the surface quality of the work, it can be actual 3D texture or illusion. For example, fur in art has a very specific texture. One way to break convention is to give elements "pop art" textures, or otherwise give them the wrong texture. Another way is the take a texture naturally produced by a certain design method (e.g. printer dots), and explicitly recreate it using a different design method

## Value

Value refers to the degree of perceivable lightness of tones within an image. It is similar to color. Dark values emphasize secrecy, evil, and lack of vision, while light values emphasize relaxation, good, and sunny days. One way to break convention is to light a scene incorrectly, which will make viewers confused, but can be used to emphasize certain affects (e.g. the backrooms being unusually dark in some places)

## Mark Making

Mark making is the physical process for how the art was perceived to be made, e.g. if the artist was very gentle or rough with the paintbrush. Generally, being rougher with the tools will convey a more chaotic, violent painting, while soft, careful brush strokes will convey something delicate and perfect. One way to break convention is to paint in weird ways like throwing globs of paint at the canvas (this technique is apparently really popular in modern art).

## Materiality

Materiality is the materials used to create the art. For example, art made in gold will be perceived as very valuable, while art made in trash will be perceived as ugly. One way to break convention is to make a very ugly or otherwise "negative" painting in valuable materials, such as a golden toilet representing the United States. Alternatively, many artists like to take discarded trash, failed paintings, and other junk, and use it to create a beautiful masterpiece.
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