Fabric softeners primarily work by affecting the **surface properties** and the **physical structure** of fabrics. However, it's worth noting that fabric softeners do not change the chemical composition of the fabric.
But here's how fabric softeners work on both the surface properties and physical structure of the fabric to enhance its softness:

**1. Surface Properties Modification:**

- **Lubrication**: Fabric softeners coat the fibers of the fabric with a thin layer of lubricating chemicals. This reduces friction between fibers, making the fabric feel smoother and softer to the touch.

- **Charge Neutralization**: Fabric softeners are typically cationic (positively charged), which helps neutralize the negative charge on fibers. This prevents static cling, enhancing the softness of the fabric.

**2. Physical Structure Alteration:**

- **Fiber Flexibility**: The lubricating layer provided by the fabric softener can make the fibers more flexible. This reduces stiffness, contributing to a softer feel.

- **Fiber Separation**: The lubrication and charge neutralization help fibers move more independently of each other. This increases the fabric's fluffiness, contributing to a softer feel.

| **Factor** | **Effect of Fabric Softener** |
|-----------|-----------------------------|
| Surface Properties | Fabric softeners add a lubricating layer to reduce friction, and they neutralize the charge on fibers to prevent static cling. |
| Physical Structure | Fabric softeners increase fiber flexibility and independence, reducing stiffness and increasing fluffiness. |
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