1. **Julius Caesar's Assassination (44 BCE):** Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was betrayed by his close friend Marcus Brutus and several other Roman senators who conspired to assassinate him.
2. **Benedict Arnold's Treason (1780):** Benedict Arnold, an American Revolutionary War general, betrayed the Continental Army by attempting to surrender the strategic fort at West Point to the British during the war.
3. **Mata Hari's Espionage (1917):** Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, known as Mata Hari, was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was accused of spying for Germany during World War I. She was betrayed by a double agent and executed for espionage.
4. **Alger Hiss and the Pumpkin Papers (1948):** Alger Hiss, a high-ranking U.S. State Department official, was accused of being a Soviet spy. Whittaker Chambers, a former communist and Soviet spy, provided evidence against Hiss, including microfilm hidden in a pumpkin patch.
5. **Kim Philby and the Cambridge Spy Ring (1950s):** Kim Philby, a British intelligence officer, was a member of the Cambridge Spy Ring, a group of British spies who betrayed their country and passed information to the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
6. **Aldrich Ames' Betrayal (1980s-1990s):** Aldrich Ames, a CIA officer, was one of the most notorious double agents in U.S. history. He spied for the Soviet Union and later Russia, resulting in the exposure and deaths of numerous U.S. intelligence assets.
7. **Robert Hanssen's Espionage (1985-2001):** Robert Hanssen, an FBI agent, betrayed the United States by spying for the Soviet Union and later Russia. He provided classified information that compromised U.S. intelligence operations and agents.
8. **Edward Snowden's NSA Leaks (2013):** Edward Snowden, a former contractor for the National Security Agency (NSA), leaked classified documents revealing the extent of NSA's global surveillance programs. His actions were considered a betrayal by some and ignited a worldwide debate on privacy and government surveillance.
9. **Panama Papers Leak (2016):** An anonymous whistleblower leaked millions of documents from the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca, exposing widespread tax evasion and money laundering by politicians, celebrities, and wealthy individuals worldwide.
10. **Theranos Scandal (2015-2016):** Elizabeth Holmes, the founder of Theranos, a health technology company, was accused of defrauding investors and patients by falsely claiming that her company's blood-testing technology was revolutionary. Her actions resulted in the downfall of the company and a betrayal of trust for investors and patients.
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