A VPN is best explained as a pipe through which your traffic flows.  At the end of the pipe (at the VPN server and your device), your traffic is visible, but in between (LAN, ISP, etc) your traffic is not visible.  However, the destination (the VPN provider) is able to be tracked.  

Tor is best thought of as a web, where your traffic bounces off of many privately owned and operated systems, and finally gets to its destination.  The nature of this makes the flow of your traffic harder to track.  

Proxies perform requests on behalf of you, and forward the results of sites and resources on the web to you, protecting your identity.
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