Tiny microphones on phones, also known as MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) microphones, work through a combination of miniature mechanical and electrical systems. Here's a concise explanation:

1. Sound Capture: When you speak, your voice creates sound waves. These waves reach the microphone on your phone.
2. Mechanical Response: The sound waves cause a very small, thin plate in the microphone (the diaphragm) to move. This movement is proportional to the variations in air pressure caused by the sound wave.
3. Electrical Signal Generation: The MEMS microphone is built with a capacitor, where one plate is the movable diaphragm and the other is a fixed backplate. As the diaphragm moves in response to the sound wave, it changes the distance between the two plates of the capacitor, which in turn changes the capacitance.
4. Amplification and Conversion: This change in capacitance is converted into an electrical signal by an integrated preamplifier. This electrical signal, which is now an analogous representation of the original sound wave, can be further amplified and processed by the phone's audio system.
5. Digital Conversion: In digital MEMS microphones, an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) then converts this analog signal into a digital signal, which can be processed by the phone's software or sent across digital networks during a call.
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