You're correct that the long-term effects of nicotine in isolation have not been extensively studied compared to the effects of smoking. Much of the research on nicotine's effects on health has been conducted in the context of smoking, where nicotine is delivered along with numerous other harmful substances found in tobacco smoke.

When discussing the long-term effects of nicotine, it's important to consider the context in which nicotine is commonly consumed, which is primarily through smoking tobacco. Smoking involves the inhalation of smoke containing nicotine, along with a wide range of toxic chemicals and carcinogens that can have detrimental effects on health. Therefore, when discussing the long-term health effects associated with nicotine use, it is often in the context of smoking and not nicotine in isolation.

While nicotine itself is known to have addictive properties and can have various physiological and cognitive effects, separating its specific long-term effects from the other components of smoking remains a challenge due to the complexity of smoking as a behavior and the multitude of substances involved.

It is worth noting that research is ongoing, and new studies are being conducted to better understand the isolated effects of nicotine on health. However, it is always important to approach the topic with the understanding that the majority of evidence regarding the long-term effects of nicotine comes from studies examining smoking as a whole rather than nicotine in isolation.
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