Rene Descartes (1596-1650) is a representative of determinism, a far-reaching term, which most widely states that all events in the world are the result of previous events. In this view, all of reality is already in a sense pre-determined and therefore, nothing new can come into existence.The acceptance of determinism makes one into a mere thing, a mechanical and non-autonomous entity without the power to deliberate or change one's direction in life.

Confucius (551-479 BC) is a Chinese philosopher who tells us to cultivate virtue called Ren (仁) which is an altruistic sort of feeling one experiences when taking care of one’s children and parents.
Democritus (c. 460 – 370 B.C.) formulated the idea of Hedonism, which offers us a life based on seeking pleasure and avoiding suffering. Simple pleasures like eating, dancing, and playing music are meaningful in themselves.

Emmanuel Kant’s(1724-1804) proposes that every human action should be judged according to a universal maxim, or principle. If an action violates a principle then a person failed their duty toward humans. For example, if people followed the maxim kill anyone you dislike, when applied universally, it would lead to the end of humanity. So, the meaning of life is in fulfilling your duty to follow universal principles.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) is most often associated with Nihilism, also called Pessimism. Nihilism  is the belief that nothing can make life meaningful. The Nihilists see something inherent about humans that prevents us from finding meaning in life. It can be the human tendency for being dissatisfied or always seeking something or being bored once it is found.
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