A woman is an adult human female. A woman has XX chromosomes as opposed to a man who has XY chromosomes. Women have a different reproductive systems than that of men and they have different body characteristics such as lower hight, lower muscle mass, high fat percentage as compared to men. 
This question might be controversial in some liberal countries in the West in recent years, but this has not been a debate in the scientific community nor one related to biology. Throughout history, this has never been a difficult question nor one that needed to be asked. However, recent liberal and feminist ideas have been pushing toward redefining the meaning of basic words related to gender and other areas of life and society. Still, in most countries around the world, this question is very straightforward with a straightforward answer.
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