Programming is a valuable skill that can open up many career opportunities. It's also a fun hobby that allows you to create programs to automate tasks or solve problems. In this tutorial, we'll provide an introduction to programming with a focus on using Python as our language of choice.

Before diving into code, it's important to understand some basic concepts that underlie all programming languages: data types, variables, functions, loops, conditionals, modules, objects, classes, and inheritance. Let's take each one in turn:

Data type refers to the kind of value stored in a variable, such as numbers (e.g., integers, floats), strings, lists, dictionaries, tuples, sets, booleans, None, and other user-defined objects.
A variable is a name assigned to store values of a particular data type. We use variables to access data within our programs. When we declare a variable, we choose its data type and assign a name to it. For example, "x" might be declared as an integer and then later reassigned as a float by writing "x = 1.5".
A function is a block of reusable code designed to perform a specific task. Functions can take input parameters from users, manipulate them, compute answers, generate output, or simply format results for display. We call these blocks of code "subroutines" when they are part of larger program segments.
Loops are statements that repeat operations until certain conditions have been met. Loops are used to iterate through sequences of elements, like a list or string characters. The loop body may contain any valid syntax, which includes executing additional loops.
Conditionals refer to logical tests and expressions that evaluate to True or False. If-else statements are used to execute different blocks of instructions depending on whether a test expression evaluates to True or False. Nested conditional structures become more complex as loops are added inside those if/elif/else blocks.
Modules are compiled (.py) scripts containing definitions of functions, classes, variables, and other code snippets. Using import, we bring functionality from external modules into code of a module into your current file so that local names match those exported by the imported module. These functions make life easier since you don’t need to remember fully qualified names when calling subfunctions written elsewhere. As we move further along, we will explore ways to write custom Python libraries with various features.

Objects, Classes, and Inheritance
Object-oriented programming enables us to model real-world entities via software constructs. Objects represent nouns whereas methods implement actions associated with that object class. In Python, built-in object types behave much differently than programmer defined objects. User objects start their existence as instances of corresponding classes. Conceptually, we think of classes defining properties, behaviors, etc. for objects they spawn. Multiple class inheritance makes it possible to include behavior from multiple parental classes within derived children. Method overriding occurs when we provide new implementation details for existing method bodies present in base classes. Type hints allow code completion suggestions based on expected return types as well as argument types for public API entry points.

The above topics scratch the surface of what programming entails as a field of study. However, knowing just these essentials, you already possess knowledge needed to begin automating tasks, building useful applications, or creating interesting projects that help others do stuff smarter and faster. Our hope is that you found learning about programming enjoyable and worthwhile enough to keep practicing these skills. As always, feel free to ask questions or offer feedback as you navigate uncharted waters. Happy exploring, inventors!
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