Problem: Process:  - The gravity of the sun pulls its mass inward - There is a lot of pressure on the Sun - The pressure forces atoms of hydrogen to fuse together in nuclear reactions - The energy from the reactions gives off different kinds of light - The light travels to the Earth.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose less of the sun's heat entering the atmosphere happens, how will it affect LESS sunlight arriving at the Earth.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A: no


Problem: Process:  - Gases cause pressure beneath the earth - The gases come to a head and push molten magma to the surface - The magma cools - With enough time the pressure builds up greatly - The resulting volcano may explode.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose there is movement with tectonic plates happens, how will it affect magma is pushed with pressure to cool.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A: yes


Problem: Process:  - You breathe oxygen into your body through the nose or mouth - The oxygen travels to the lungs through the windpipe - The air sacs in the lungs send the oxygen into the blood stream - The carbon dioxide in the blood stream is transferred to the air sacs - The lungs expel through the nose or mouth back into the environment.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose The water has more cleaning ability happens, how will it affect a SMALLER amount of oxygen being delivered to the blood stream.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A: no


Problem: Process:  - The diaphragm contracts - The lungs expand - Air is pulled from outside the body, into the lungs - The membranes in the lungs collect oxygen molecules - Oxygen is transferred to red blood cells - Red blood cells distribute oxygen throughout the body -   Perturbation hypothesis: suppose more cities built in the area happens, how will it affect MORE oxygen reaching the body.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A: