################################################################################
### namedtuple
################################################################################

_class_template = '''\
class {typename}(tuple):
    '{typename}({arg_list})'

    __slots__ = ()

    _fields = {field_names!r}

    def __new__(_cls, {arg_list}):
        'Create new instance of {typename}({arg_list})'
        return _tuple.__new__(_cls, ({arg_list}))

    @classmethod
    def _make(cls, iterable, new=tuple.__new__, len=len):
        'Make a new {typename} object from a sequence or iterable'
        result = new(cls, iterable)
        if len(result) != {num_fields:d}:
            raise TypeError('Expected {num_fields:d} arguments, got %d' % len(result))
        return result

    def __repr__(self):
        'Return a nicely formatted representation string'
        return '{typename}({repr_fmt})' % self

    def _asdict(self):
        'Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values'
        return OrderedDict(zip(self._fields, self))

    def _replace(_self, **kwds):
        'Return a new {typename} object replacing specified fields with new values'
        result = _self._make(map(kwds.pop, {field_names!r}, _self))
        if kwds:
            raise ValueError('Got unexpected field names: %r' % kwds.keys())
        return result

    def __getnewargs__(self):
        'Return self as a plain tuple.  Used by copy and pickle.'
        return tuple(self)

    __dict__ = _property(_asdict)

    def __getstate__(self):
        'Exclude the OrderedDict from pickling'
        pass

{field_defs}
'''

_repr_template = '{name}=%r'

_field_template = '''\
    {name} = _property(_itemgetter({index:d}), doc='Alias for field number {index:d}')
'''

def namedtuple(typename, field_names, verbose=False, rename=False):
    """Returns a new subclass of tuple with named fields.

    >>> Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])
    >>> Point.__doc__                   # docstring for the new class
    'Point(x, y)'
    >>> p = Point(11, y=22)             # instantiate with positional args or keywords
    >>> p[0] + p[1]                     # indexable like a plain tuple
    33
    >>> x, y = p                        # unpack like a regular tuple
    >>> x, y
    (11, 22)
    >>> p.x + p.y                       # fields also accessable by name
    33
    >>> d = p._asdict()                 # convert to a dictionary
    >>> d['x']
    11
    >>> Point(**d)                      # convert from a dictionary
    Point(x=11, y=22)
    >>> p._replace(x=100)               # _replace() is like str.replace() but targets named fields
    Point(x=100, y=22)

    """

    # Validate the field names.  At the user's option, either generate an error
    # message or automatically replace the field name with a valid name.
    if isinstance(field_names, basestring):
        field_names = field_names.replace(',', ' ').split()
    field_names = map(str, field_names)
    typename = str(typename)
    if rename:
        seen = set()
        for index, name in enumerate(field_names):
            if (not all(c.isalnum() or c=='_' for c in name)
                or _iskeyword(name)
                or not name
                or name[0].isdigit()
                or name.startswith('_')
                or name in seen):
                field_names[index] = '_%d' % index
            seen.add(name)
    for name in [typename] + field_names:
        if type(name) != str:
            raise TypeError('Type names and field names must be strings')
        if not all(c.isalnum() or c=='_' for c in name):
            raise ValueError('Type names and field names can only contain '
                             'alphanumeric characters and underscores: %r' % name)
        if _iskeyword(name):
            raise ValueError('Type names and field names cannot be a '
                             'keyword: %r' % name)
        if name[0].isdigit():
            raise ValueError('Type names and field names cannot start with '
                             'a number: %r' % name)
    seen = set()
    for name in field_names:
        if name.startswith('_') and not rename:
            raise ValueError('Field names cannot start with an underscore: '
                             '%r' % name)
        if name in seen:
            raise ValueError('Encountered duplicate field name: %r' % name)
        seen.add(name)

    # Fill-in the class template
    class_definition = _class_template.format(
        typename = typename,
        field_names = tuple(field_names),
        num_fields = len(field_names),
        arg_list = repr(tuple(field_names)).replace("'", "")[1:-1],
        repr_fmt = ', '.join(_repr_template.format(name=name)
                             for name in field_names),
        field_defs = '\n'.join(_field_template.format(index=index, name=name)
                               for index, name in enumerate(field_names))
    )
    if verbose:
        print class_definition

    # Execute the template string in a temporary namespace and support
    # tracing utilities by setting a value for frame.f_globals['__name__']
    namespace = dict(_itemgetter=_itemgetter, __name__='namedtuple_%s' % typename,
                     OrderedDict=OrderedDict, _property=property, _tuple=tuple)
    try:
        exec class_definition in namespace
    except SyntaxError as e:
        raise SyntaxError(e.message + ':\n' + class_definition)
    result = namespace[typename]

    # For pickling to work, the __module__ variable needs to be set to the frame
    # where the named tuple is created.  Bypass this step in environments where
    # sys._getframe is not defined (Jython for example) or sys._getframe is not
    # defined for arguments greater than 0 (IronPython).
    try:
        result.__module__ = _sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
        pass

    return result