import ctypes, os, sys
from ctypes import *
import six

# MAXINT on Python 2, undefined on Python 3
MAXINT = 9223372036854775807

class UserString:
    def __init__(self, seq):
        if isinstance(seq, basestring):
            self.data = seq
        elif isinstance(seq, UserString):
            self.data = seq.data[:]
        else:
            self.data = str(seq)
    def __str__(self): return str(self.data)
    def __repr__(self): return repr(self.data)
    def __int__(self): return int(self.data)
    def __long__(self): return long(self.data)
    def __float__(self): return float(self.data)
    def __complex__(self): return complex(self.data)
    def __hash__(self): return hash(self.data)

    def __cmp__(self, string):
        if isinstance(string, UserString):
            return cmp(self.data, string.data)
        else:
            return cmp(self.data, string)
    def __contains__(self, char):
        return char in self.data

    def __len__(self): return len(self.data)
    def __getitem__(self, index): return self.__class__(self.data[index])
    def __getslice__(self, start, end):
        start = max(start, 0); end = max(end, 0)
        return self.__class__(self.data[start:end])

    def __add__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, UserString):
            return self.__class__(self.data + other.data)
        elif isinstance(other, basestring):
            return self.__class__(self.data + other)
        else:
            return self.__class__(self.data + str(other))
    def __radd__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, basestring):
            return self.__class__(other + self.data)
        else:
            return self.__class__(str(other) + self.data)
    def __mul__(self, n):
        return self.__class__(self.data*n)
    __rmul__ = __mul__
    def __mod__(self, args):
        return self.__class__(self.data % args)

    # the following methods are defined in alphabetical order:
    def capitalize(self): return self.__class__(self.data.capitalize())
    def center(self, width, *args):
        return self.__class__(self.data.center(width, *args))
    def count(self, sub, start=0, end=MAXINT):
        return self.data.count(sub, start, end)
    def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None): # XXX improve this?
        if encoding:
            if errors:
                return self.__class__(self.data.decode(encoding, errors))
            else:
                return self.__class__(self.data.decode(encoding))
        else:
            return self.__class__(self.data.decode())
    def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None): # XXX improve this?
        if encoding:
            if errors:
                return self.__class__(self.data.encode(encoding, errors))
            else:
                return self.__class__(self.data.encode(encoding))
        else:
            return self.__class__(self.data.encode())
    def endswith(self, suffix, start=0, end=MAXINT):
        return self.data.endswith(suffix, start, end)
    def expandtabs(self, tabsize=8):
        return self.__class__(self.data.expandtabs(tabsize))
    def find(self, sub, start=0, end=MAXINT):
        return self.data.find(sub, start, end)
    def index(self, sub, start=0, end=MAXINT):
        return self.data.index(sub, start, end)
    def isalpha(self): return self.data.isalpha()
    def isalnum(self): return self.data.isalnum()
    def isdecimal(self): return self.data.isdecimal()
    def isdigit(self): return self.data.isdigit()
    def islower(self): return self.data.islower()
    def isnumeric(self): return self.data.isnumeric()
    def isspace(self): return self.data.isspace()
    def istitle(self): return self.data.istitle()
    def isupper(self): return self.data.isupper()
    def join(self, seq): return self.data.join(seq)
    def ljust(self, width, *args):
        return self.__class__(self.data.ljust(width, *args))
    def lower(self): return self.__class__(self.data.lower())
    def lstrip(self, chars=None): return self.__class__(self.data.lstrip(chars))
    def partition(self, sep):
        return self.data.partition(sep)
    def replace(self, old, new, maxsplit=-1):
        return self.__class__(self.data.replace(old, new, maxsplit))
    def rfind(self, sub, start=0, end=MAXINT):
        return self.data.rfind(sub, start, end)
    def rindex(self, sub, start=0, end=MAXINT):
        return self.data.rindex(sub, start, end)
    def rjust(self, width, *args):
        return self.__class__(self.data.rjust(width, *args))
    def rpartition(self, sep):
        return self.data.rpartition(sep)
    def rstrip(self, chars=None): return self.__class__(self.data.rstrip(chars))
    def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
        return self.data.split(sep, maxsplit)
    def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
        return self.data.rsplit(sep, maxsplit)
    def splitlines(self, keepends=0): return self.data.splitlines(keepends)
    def startswith(self, prefix, start=0, end=MAXINT):
        return self.data.startswith(prefix, start, end)
    def strip(self, chars=None): return self.__class__(self.data.strip(chars))
    def swapcase(self): return self.__class__(self.data.swapcase())
    def title(self): return self.__class__(self.data.title())
    def translate(self, *args):
        return self.__class__(self.data.translate(*args))
    def upper(self): return self.__class__(self.data.upper())
    def zfill(self, width): return self.__class__(self.data.zfill(width))

class MutableString(UserString):
    """mutable string objects

    Python strings are immutable objects.  This has the advantage, that
    strings may be used as dictionary keys.  If this property isn't needed
    and you insist on changing string values in place instead, you may cheat
    and use MutableString.

    But the purpose of this class is an educational one: to prevent
    people from inventing their own mutable string class derived
    from UserString and than forget thereby to remove (override) the
    __hash__ method inherited from UserString.  This would lead to
    errors that would be very hard to track down.

    A faster and better solution is to rewrite your program using lists."""
    def __init__(self, string=""):
        self.data = string
    def __hash__(self):
        raise TypeError("unhashable type (it is mutable)")
    def __setitem__(self, index, sub):
        if index < 0:
            index += len(self.data)
        if index < 0 or index >= len(self.data): raise IndexError
        self.data = self.data[:index] + sub + self.data[index+1:]
    def __delitem__(self, index):
        if index < 0:
            index += len(self.data)
        if index < 0 or index >= len(self.data): raise IndexError
        self.data = self.data[:index] + self.data[index+1:]
    def __setslice__(self, start, end, sub):
        start = max(start, 0); end = max(end, 0)
        if isinstance(sub, UserString):
            self.data = self.data[:start]+sub.data+self.data[end:]
        elif isinstance(sub, basestring):
            self.data = self.data[:start]+sub+self.data[end:]
        else:
            self.data =  self.data[:start]+str(sub)+self.data[end:]
    def __delslice__(self, start, end):
        start = max(start, 0); end = max(end, 0)
        self.data = self.data[:start] + self.data[end:]
    def immutable(self):
        return UserString(self.data)
    def __iadd__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, UserString):
            self.data += other.data
        elif isinstance(other, basestring):
            self.data += other
        else:
            self.data += str(other)
        return self
    def __imul__(self, n):
        self.data *= n
        return self

class String(MutableString, Union):

    _fields_ = [('raw', POINTER(c_char)),
                ('data', c_char_p)]

    def __init__(self, obj=""):
        if isinstance(obj, six.text_type):
            self.data = obj.encode('ascii')
        elif isinstance(obj, six.binary_type):
            self.data = obj
        elif isinstance(obj, UserString):
            self.data = six.b(obj)
        else:
            self.raw = obj

    def __len__(self):
        return self.data and len(self.data) or 0

    def from_param(cls, obj):
        # Convert None or 0
        if obj is None or obj == 0:
            return cls(POINTER(c_char)())

        # Convert from String
        elif isinstance(obj, String):
            return obj

        # Convert from str
        elif isinstance(obj, str):
            return cls(obj)

        # Convert from c_char_p
        elif isinstance(obj, c_char_p):
            return obj

        # Convert from POINTER(c_char)
        elif isinstance(obj, POINTER(c_char)):
            return obj

        # Convert from raw pointer
        elif isinstance(obj, int):
            return cls(cast(obj, POINTER(c_char)))

        # Convert from object
        else:
            return String.from_param(obj._as_parameter_)
    from_param = classmethod(from_param)

def ReturnString(obj, func=None, arguments=None):
    return String.from_param(obj)
