<|im_start|>system
You are a helpful AI assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Can you tell me how many Kings and Rulers there were throughout history?<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
The definition of a king or ruler is quite flexible, ranging from monarchs, to tribal chiefs, to modern day elected officials. Additionally, not all kings and rulers have been documented by historians, though there is better documentation in certain geographic regions. 
If you tell me what you mean by kings and rulers, I could give you a rough estimate through.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Let's limit it to rulers that weren't elected, have names and are verifiably documented in books or other forms of writing.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
That greatly reduces the number of rulers throughout history. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, there were approximately 3,000 monarchs ruling in Europe between A.D. 800 and 1800. Additionally, there were a number of other rulers throughout the world, including China and Japan, during this same period.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
How about the entire Earth?<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
It is not possible to determine an exact number of kings and rulers throughout history, as the concept of a "king" or "ruler" has varied greatly across different cultures, time periods, and geographic regions. Throughout recorded history, there have been countless kingdoms, empires, and dynasties, each with their own ruling monarchs, emperors, and leaders. Additionally, many civilizations and cultures have had non-monarchical forms of governance, such as republics and federations, which would not have had a single ruler in the traditional sense.<|im_end|>