(a) The fact that the perpetrator of violations acted on the orders of his or her Government or of a superior does not exempt him or her from responsibility, in particular criminal, but may be regarded as grounds for reducing the sentence, in conformity with principles of justice;
(a) 侵权行为人奉政府或上司之命行事，并不能免除其责任，特别是刑事责任，但可按照公正原则作为减刑的理由。