If there is a competitive market for certification services, there might be no real harm to an applicant if a certification services provider were to refuse to issue a certificate, either by accident or on purpose.
3. 在有一个竞争性认证服务市场的情况下，一个认证服务提供人因意外或故意拒绝签发证书，可能不会对申请人造成实际的损害。