The development programmes and policies adopted by the least developed countries had been rendered ineffective owing to the challenges posed by globalization and the liberalization of trade, a continuing decline in flows of official development assistance (ODA) and a high level of external debt.
由于全球化和贸易自由化提出的挑战，官方发展援助流量的持续减少和高额外债的存在，最不发达国家采取的发展方案和政策未能产生结果。