The tragedy had been caused by forced collectivization and by the total control of the State over collective farms, a systemic failing that extended to the entire USSR, not just to Ukraine.
悲剧的根源在于强制集体化以及国家对集体农场的完全控制，这是一种制度的失败，殃及的是整个前苏联，而不仅仅是乌克兰。