Thiophosphoryl fluoride
Thiophosphoryl fluoride is an inorganic molecular gas with formula  containing phosphorus, sulfur and fluorine. It spontaneously ignites in air and burns with a cool flame. The discoverers were able to have flames around their hands without discomfort, and called it "probably one of the coldest flames known". The gas was discovered in 1888.

It is useless for chemical warfare as it burns immediately and is not toxic enough.

Preparation
Thiophosphoryl fluoride was discovered and named by J. W. Rodger and T. E. Thorpe in 1888.

They prepared it by heating arsenic trifluoride and thiophosphoryl chloride together in a sealed glass tube to 150 °C. Also produced in this reaction was silicon tetrafluoride and phosphorus fluorides. By increasing the  the proportion of  was increased. They observed the spontaneous inflammability. They also used this method:

at 170 °C, and also substituting a mixture of red phosphorus and sulfur, and substituting bismuth trifluoride.

Another way to prepare  is to add fluoride to  using sodium fluoride in acetonitrile.

A high yield reaction can be used to produce the gas:

Under high pressure phosphorus trifluoride can react with hydrogen sulfide to yield:

 (1350 bar at 200 °C)

Another high pressure production uses phosphorus trifluoride with sulfur.

Reactions
 is decomposed by moisture and oxygen or heat. With heat, phosphorus, sulfur and phosphorus fluorides are formed:

The hot gas reacts with glass producing , sulfur and elemental phosphorus. The pure gas is completely absorbed by alkali solutions. However, it does not react with ether, benzene, carbon disulfide, or pure sulfuric acid. It is stable against CaO, which can be used to remove impurities such as  and . In air it burns spontaneously with a greyish green flame, producing solid white fumes. With dry oxygen combustion may not be spontaneous and the flame is yellow. On burning  and  are produced. The gas burns with one of the coldest flames known.

Reaction with water is slow:

If  is allowed to react with water in a lead glass container, the hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen sulfide combination produces a black deposit of lead sulfide on the inner surface of the glass.

It reacts with four times its volume of ammonia gas producing ammonium fluoride and a mystery product, possibly .

 is an initiator for the polymerization of tetrahydrofuran.

Sulfur removal

This reaction indicates why  is not formed from  and .

 and sulfur and sulfur sesquioxide ( polysulfate) as additional products.

Fluorine substitution
.

 combines with dimethylamine in solution to produce dimethylaminothiophosphoryl difluoride  and difluorophosphate and hexafluorophosphate ions.

Thiophosphoryl difluoride isocyanate can be formed by reacting  with silicontetraisocyanate at 200 °C in an autoclave.

Cations
 reacts with alkali solutions producing the fluoride and a thiophosphate ().

The reaction is showing the  gas is related to the difluorodithiophosphate cation .

The  is caesium difluorodithiophosphate.

 reacts with  in a mass spectrometer to form .

Related compounds
One fluorine can be substituted by iodine to give thiophosphoryl difluoride iodide, .  can be converted to hydrothiophosphoryldifluoride, , by reducing it with hydrogen iodide. In , one sulfur forms a bridge between two phosphorus atoms.

Dimethylaminothiophosphoryl difluoride () is a foul smelling liquid with a boiling point of 117 °C. It has a Trouton constant (entropy of vaporization at the boiling point of the liquid) of 24.4, and a heat of evaporation of 9530 cal/mole. Alternately it can be produced by fluorination of dimethylaminothiophosphoryl dichloride ().

Physical properties
The thiophosphoryl trifluoride molecule shape has been determined using electron diffraction. The interatomic distances are P=S 0.187±0.003 nm,  0.153±0.002 nm and bond angles of  bonding is 100.3±2°, The microwave rotational spectrum has been measured for several different isotopologues.

The critical point is at 346 K at 3.82 MPa. The liquid refractive index is 1.353.

The enthalpy of vaporisation 19.6 kJ/mol at boiling point. The enthalpy of vaporisation at other temperatures is a function of temperature T: H(T)=28.85011(346-T)0.38 kJ/mol.

The molecule is polar. It has a non-uniform distribution of positive and negative charge which gives it a dipole moment. When an electric field is applied more energy is stored than if the molecules did not respond by rotating. This increases the dielectric constant. The dipole moment of one molecule of thiophosphoryl trifluoride is 0.640 Debye.

The infrared spectrum includes vibrations at 275, 404, 442, 698, 951 and 983 cm−1. These can be used to identify the molecule.

References

Other references

Phosphorus halides
Thiophosphoryl compounds