Ernst Julius Richard Ewald
Ernst Julius Richard Ewald (14 February 1855 – 22 July 1921) was a German physiologist born in Berlin. He was a younger brother to gastroenterologist Carl Anton Ewald (1845–1915).

In 1880, after finishing his studies in mathematics, physics and medicine, he became an assistant to physiologist Friedrich Goltz (1834-1902) at the University of Strasbourg. In 1900 he succeeded Goltz as chair of physiology at Strasbourg, a position he maintained until 1918.

Ewald is best remembered for his research of the vestibular system of the inner ear, which largely involved experiments performed on the semicircular canal system of pigeons. From these studies the so-called "Ewald laws" are derived, which deal with the effects of endolymph motion on body, head and eye movements and also on the phenomena of excitation-inhibition asymmetries in the vestibular system. 
 Ewald's first law: "The axis of nystagmus parallels the anatomic axis of the semicircular canal that generated it".
 Ewald's second law: "Ampullopetal endolymphatic flow produces a stronger response than ampullofugal flow in the horizontal canal".
 Ewald's third law: "Ampullofugal flow produces a stronger response than ampullpetal flow in the vertical canals (anterior and posterior semicircular canals).

In 1892 he was given an award by the Paris Academy of Sciences for his monograph "Physiologische Untersuchungen über das Endorgan des Nervus octavus".

Selected writings 
 Physiologische Untersuchungen über das Endorgan des Nervus octavus (1892).
 Ist die Lunge luftdicht? (with Rudolf Kobert).
 Zur Physiologie des Labyrinths (1895) – physiology of the labyrinth.
 Die Physiologie des Kehlkopfs (1896) – physiology of the larynx.
 Eine neue Hörtheorie (1899) – new theory of hearing.
 Schallbildertheorie und Erkenntnistheorie, Z. Sinnesphysiol. 53, 213-217. (1914) – theory of sound patterns and epistemology.

References 
 Deutsche Biographie (biography)

 List of publications copied from an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia.

Scientists from Berlin
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
1855 births
1921 deaths
German physiologists
German scientists