Alena Arzamasskaia
Alena Arzamasskaia (or Alyona; Erzyan: Эрзямассонь Олёна, ; died 1670), sometimes called the Russian Joan of Arc, was a famed female rebel fighter in 17th-century Russia, posing as a man and fighting in Cossack Stepan Razin's (Peasants' Revolt) revolt of 1670 in southern Russia. Unlike Joan of Arc, who was fighting in the name of her king, Alyona was rebelling against her czar. She was an Erzyan female ataman under the leadership of Stepan Razin. A peasant by birth from the Vyezdnaya sloboda of Arzamas, she was an elderly nun ("старица") before becoming an ataman. She commanded a detachment of about 600 men and participated in the capture of Temnikov in 1670, before being burned at the stake.

Early life

Alyona was a peasant by birth from the Vyezdnaya sloboda of Arzamas (Volga region) and married a peasant while still a young girl. He soon died and as a child widow, she then became a nun at Nikolaevskii Monastery. While there, she read and studied medicine. She was unhappy at the convent due to the strict regulated life she had to lead. In 1669, she left the convent, cutting her hair and dressing as a man.

Peasant's Revolt

Upon leaving the convent, she joined the Peasants' Revolt (1670-1671) of Stepan Razin as their leader. The revolt was initially a success in southern Russia.

In 1670, she participated in the capture of Temnikov while pretending to be a Cossack rebel leader. She gathered a regiment of men from the areas around her hometown. She soon lead a regiment of 300-400 men (in some sources, six thousand fighters) unaware that their leader was a woman. Her skill as an archer and in medicine which learned at the convent, made her popular and respected among the men.

Three months later, the Russian Tsar launched a campaign to suppress the rebels and captured Arzamasskaia. On 30 November 1670, Temnikov was re-taken by Tsarists troops under General Yury A. Dolgorukov. According to a description from 1677, she hid in a church and shot several soldiers before she was taken, embracing the altar, on 4 December. She was tortured in an effort to get the identities of other rebels; however, she resisted and did not divulge any information. Some sources say she was accused of sorcery and heresy; others that she was convicted of brigandage for her role in taking over Temnikov, she was sentenced to be burned at the stake.

The stake was formed as a small cottage with a hole in the "roof", in which she would be burned. She was to have climbed to the stake in silence, performed her rites, jumped down and closed the hatch without a word, and burned in silence. Alyona is described as an amazon with great physical strength and courage greater than most men.

When she was burned at the stake, witnesses reported that she did not make a single sound as she burned to death.

References

Sources
Степан Разин и его соратники, «Мысль», 1988 г.

Year of birth unknown
1670 deaths
People from Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Mordvin people
Female wartime cross-dressers
Women in the Russian and Soviet military
Women in 17th-century warfare
Don Cossacks
Cossack rebels
Nuns from the Tsardom of Russia
Executed Russian women
17th-century Russian women
17th-century Russian people
People executed by Russia by burning
Executed people from Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
17th-century executions by Russia
People executed for heresy
17th-century women farmers
17th-century farmers