Ethical Culture, Society for
ETHICAL CULTURE, SOCIETY FOR
ETHICAL CULTURE, SOCIETY FOR. Felix Adler (1851–1933) founded the Society for Ethical Culture in New York City in 1876. The Society began as a weekly lecture program, but soon developed into a curious combination of a religious organization and a social movement. Adler was the son of an American Reform rabbi and was groomed for the pulpit, but his religious beliefs were transformed after his exposure to Kantian philosophy and the historical analysis of religion during his postgraduate study in Germany. Adler concluded that all religious principles were based upon a common set of values, and he developed a new system of belief, called "Ethical Culture," that transcended denominational boundaries. Ethical Culture was based on the intrinsic worth and goodness of the individual, the universal character of moral law, and the imperative to apply ethical principles to modern society. It rejected theological distinctions, and its adherents were unified by their performance of ethical deeds. The Society for Ethical Culture was the institutional center of the Ethical Culture movement.
Adler considered Ethical Culture to be a religion, and even developed a metaphysical explanation of its structure and ideals. The Society, however, also functioned as a vehicle for social reform and was devoted to addressing the social problems created by industrialization in late nineteenth-century America. It played an important role in the reform movements of the Progressive Era and maintained close ties to the Settlement House Movement. Many of the society's projects, such as its free kindergarten and district nursing programs, served as early models for later urban reformers.
Adler's followers created new branches of the society in many other American cities and in Europe. In 1889, the American societies were consolidated into a national organization, the American Ethical Union. The movement has endured into the twenty-first century, maintaining branches throughout the United States.
Society for Ethical Culture
SOCIETY FOR ETHICAL CULTURE
SOCIETY FOR ETHICAL CULTURE. SeeEthical Culture, Society for .
Utamaduni wa Kimaadili, Sosaiti ya Utamaduni wa Kimaadili, Sosaiti ya Utamaduni wa Kimaadili, Sosaiti ya Utamaduni wa Kimaadili. Felix Adler (1851-1933) alianzisha Shirika la Utamaduni wa Maadili huko New York City mnamo 1876. Sosaiti ilianza kama programu ya hotuba ya kila juma, lakini upesi ilikua kuwa mchanganyiko wa kushangaza wa shirika la kidini na harakati ya kijamii. Adler alikuwa mwana wa rabi wa Marekani na alikuwa amefundishwa kuwa mhubiri, lakini imani yake ya kidini ilibadilika baada ya kufunuliwa na falsafa ya Kantian na uchambuzi wa kihistoria wa dini wakati wa masomo yake ya baada ya kuhitimu nchini Ujerumani. "Adler alivumbua kwamba kanuni zote za kidini zilikuwa zimegemea kanuni moja ya maadili, na akaanzisha mfumo mpya wa imani, ulioitwa ""Utamaduni wa Maadili,"" ambao ulivuka mipaka ya madhehebu." Utamaduni wa maadili ulitegemea thamani ya ndani na wema wa mtu binafsi, tabia ya ulimwengu wa sheria ya maadili, na lazima ya kutumia kanuni za maadili kwa jamii ya kisasa. Ilikataa tofauti za kitheolojia, na wafuasi wake waliunganishwa na utendaji wao wa matendo ya kiadili. Jumuiya ya Utamaduni wa Maadili ilikuwa kituo cha taasisi ya harakati ya Utamaduni wa Maadili. Adler aliona Utamaduni wa Maadili kuwa dini, na hata akaendeleza ufafanuzi wa kimetaphysical wa muundo wake na maadili. Hata hivyo, Sosaiti hiyo pia ilifanya kazi kama chombo cha mageuzi ya kijamii na ilijitolea kushughulikia matatizo ya kijamii yaliyotokana na viwanda katika Amerika ya mwishoni mwa karne ya kumi na tisa. Ilicheza jukumu muhimu katika harakati za mageuzi ya Enzi ya Maendeleo na ilihifadhi uhusiano wa karibu na Harakati ya Nyumba ya Makazi. Miradi mingi ya jamii hiyo, kama vile shule za chekechea za bure na programu za uuguzi wa wilaya, zilitumika kama mifano ya mapema kwa watengenezaji wa marekebisho ya mijini wa baadaye. Wafuasi wa Adler walianzisha matawi mapya ya shirika hilo katika majiji mengine mengi ya Marekani na Ulaya. Mwaka 1889 shirika hilo lilijumuisha mashirika ya kimataifa ya maadili ya Marekani. Harakati hiyo imeendelea hadi karne ya ishirini na moja, ikiendelea kuwa na matawi kotekote Marekani. Sosaiti ya Utamaduni wa Kimaadili Angalia Utamaduni wa Maadili, Jumuiya ya.