Haplogroup H is the most common and diverse haplogroup among the European populations. The frequency of this haplogroup in Europe ranges between 40-50%. High frequencies of this is haplogroup have been found in Wales and parts of Western Europe. The lowest frequency was found in Cyprus and Finland.
Origin of Haplogroup H
Studies have found that the Haplogroup H originated around 20,000 to 25,000 ybp probably in northeastern Mediterranean region. This haplogroup expanded into the Near East and Southern Caucasus as human populations migrated there between 33,000 and 26,000 ybp. As populations further migrated from the Iberian peninsula, this clade is estimated to have reached Europe before the Last Glacial Maximum.
Some interesting history
Studies on Haplogroup H were possible using a few ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. These mtDNA sequences were found to belong to the populations that recolonised Europe from the refugia of France, Iberian Peninsula, Italy, the Balkans and the Pontic Steppe after the Last Glacial Maximum, around 26,500 to 19,000 ybp. Modern studies on the distribution of Haplogroup H1 and H3 support the this proposition.
Another piece of history that shows that haplogroups H1 and H3 may have come from the Neolithic farmers from the Near East. This is from a 5000 year old site of Treilles in France. About 17 mitochondrial DNA sequences that were retrieved from this site included three that belonged to haplogroup H1 and three to haplogroup H3.
Other subclades of haplogroup H were may have originated among the Mesolithic or Late Upper Paleolithic Europeans. Though the amount of data available is meagre, the minor subclades of Haplogroup H like H4, H10, H17 and H45 seem to have some kind of an exclusivity in Europe. For example the haplogroup H4, that is found among present day Basque and Sardinian populations was found in Neolithic Spain. Moreover the Basque and Sardinian populations are also known for high percentage of mixed Mesolithic and Neolithic European ancestry.
Haplogroup H is also distributed in North Africa and the Middle East. [/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”59976″ img_size=”medium” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]
Genetic influence of Haplogroup H
1. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max.)
Haplogroup H was found to be associated with higher maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) (Martinez-Redondo et al, 2010). This means that individuals with haplogroup H have greater physical endurance and are more likely to benefit from protracted exercise hours. According to a 2014 study on Polish athletes, the haplogroup H was shown to have the maximum frequency among endurance athletes preparing for elite tournaments like the Olympics (Marsuzak et al, 2014.)
The two polymorphisms that were found to be associated with elite endurance performance were 16080G that defines haplogroup H12b and 16362C that defines haplogroup H1B1.
2. Alzheimer’s disease
The defining mutation in haplogroup H5A was shown to have the highest predisposition risk for late onset Alzheimer’s disease (Santoro et al, 2005). On the other hand mutations associated with haplogroups H6A1A and H6A1B have been found to have protective effects against Alzheimer’s disease (Ridge et al. 2012).
Haplogroup H ni haplogroup ya kawaida na tofauti kati ya idadi ya watu wa Ulaya. Uwezekano wa haplogroup hii katika Ulaya ni kati ya 40-50%. Mzunguko wa juu wa hii ni haplogroup wamepatikana katika Wales na sehemu za Ulaya Magharibi. Mzunguko wa chini zaidi ulipatikana katika Cyprus na Finland. Utafiti wa awali unaonyesha kwamba haplogroup H ilianza karibu na 20,000 hadi 25,000 ybp, labda katika eneo la kaskazini mashariki mwa Mediterania. Haplogroup hii ilipanuka katika Mashariki ya Karibu na Kusini mwa Caucasus wakati idadi ya watu walihamia huko kati ya 33,000 na 26,000 yp. Kadiri idadi ya watu ilivyohama kutoka peninsula ya Iberia, inakadiriwa kwamba jamii hiyo ilifika Ulaya kabla ya kipindi cha mwisho cha barafu. Baadhi ya historia ya kuvutia Mafunzo juu ya Haplogroup H yalikuwa inawezekana kwa kutumia mfululizo wa DNA ya mitochondrial (mtDNA) ya kale. Mfuatano huu wa mtDNA uligunduliwa kuwa ni wa idadi ya watu waliorudisha Ulaya kutoka refugia ya Ufaransa, Peninsula ya Iberia, Italia, Balkan na Steppe ya Pontic baada ya mwisho wa barafu ya juu, karibu 26,500-19,000 yp. Uchunguzi wa kisasa wa usambazaji wa Haplogroups H1 na H3 unasaidia pendekezo hili. Kwa mfano, haplogroups H1 na H3 zilitokana na wakulima wa Neolithic kutoka Mashariki ya Karibu. Hii ni sehemu ya eneo la Treilles, Ufaransa, ambalo lina umri wa miaka 5,000. Mitochondrial DNA ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea. Huenda vikundi vingine vya haplogroup H vilitokana na Wazungu wa Enzi ya Mesolithic au ya Paleolithic ya Juu ya Mwisho. Ingawa idadi ya data inapatikana ni ndogo, subclades ndogo ya Haplogroup H kama H4, H10, H17 na H45 inaonekana kuwa na aina fulani ya upendeleo katika Ulaya. Kwa mfano, haplogroup H4 ambayo hupatikana kati ya watu wa kisasa wa Basque na Sardinian ilipatikana katika Uhispania ya Neolithic. Zaidi ya hayo, wakazi wa Basque na Sardinian pia wanajulikana kwa asilimia kubwa ya mizizi ya Ulaya ya Mesolithic na Neolithic. Haplogroup H pia imesambazwa katika Afrika Kaskazini na Mashariki ya Kati. [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [ Kiwango cha juu cha oksijeni (VO2 max) Haplogroup H inaonekana kuwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kuchukua oksijeni (VO2 max) na inaonekana kuwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kuchukua oksijeni (Martinez-Redondo et al, 2010). Hii inamaanisha kwamba watu wenye haplogroup H wana uvumilivu mkubwa wa kimwili na wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kufaidika na masaa marefu ya mazoezi. Kulingana na utafiti wa mwaka 2014 uliofanywa na wataalamu wa michezo wa Poland, haplogroup H inaonekana kuwa na mzunguko mkubwa zaidi kati ya wanariadha wa uvumilivu wanaojitayarisha kwa mashindano ya wasomi kama Olimpiki. Polymorphisms mbili ambazo ziligunduliwa kuhusishwa na utendaji wa uvumilivu wa wasomi zilikuwa 16080G, ambayo hufafanua haplogroup H12b, na 16362C, ambayo hufafanua haplogroup H1B1. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Ugonjwa wa Alzheimer: Mabadiliko ya kipekee katika haplogroup H5A yalionyesha kuwa na hatari ya juu ya kuambukizwa kwa ugonjwa wa Alzheimer wa mwisho (Santoro et al, 2005). Kwa upande mwingine, mabadiliko yanayohusiana na haplogroups H6A1A na H6A1B yamegunduliwa kuwa na athari za kinga dhidi ya ugonjwa wa Alzheimer's (Ridge et al. 2012) na