Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) Science Article 9
The Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis started to breed in Finland in 1996following rapid growth of the population in western Europe. The Finnish population increasedvery quickly in nine years from 10 pairs to 2,930 pairs in 2004. The growth of thebreeding population and the spatial pattern of colonization and possible factors affectingit in Finland are discussed. Breeding success was studied in detail within a single colonyon the southern coast of Finland. Breeding successwas higher in central nests of the studycolony than in nests at the edge of the colony. Survival rates of eggs and 0-5 day-oldyoung were lower than older young (>5 days old). Fledging success was determined in anumber of different sized colonies, and was highest in large colonies. Small colony sizemay reduce the reproductive output, because (1) small colonies could have a relativelylarge proportion of young and inexperienced breeders and (2) small colonies may haveproportionally more edge nests than large colonies and therefore suffer relatively morefrom negative edge effects.
Aleksi Lehikoinen, Ornis Fennica 83:34-46. 2006
Kormorant kubwa (Phalacrocorax carbosa) ni aina ya mnyama anayeitwa Phalacrocorax carbosa, ambaye ni mnyama wa asili ya Finland. Idadi ya watu wa Finland iliongezeka kwa kasi sana katika miaka tisa kutoka jozi 10 hadi jozi 2,930 mnamo 2004. Ukuaji wa idadi ya uzazi na muundo wa nafasi ya ukoloni na sababu zinazowezekana zinazoathiri nchini Finland zinajadiliwa. Mafanikio ya uzazi yalichunguzwa kwa undani ndani ya koloni moja kwenye pwani ya kusini ya Finland. Mafanikio ya kuzaliana yalikuwa ya juu zaidi katika viota vya katikati vya koloni ya utafiti kuliko katika viota vilivyo kwenye ukingo wa koloni. Kiwango cha kuishi kwa mayai na watoto wa siku 0-5 kilikuwa chini kuliko watoto wakubwa (wakubwa kuliko siku 5). Mafanikio ya mwanzo yaliamuliwa katika idadi ya makoloni ya ukubwa tofauti, na ilikuwa ya juu zaidi katika makoloni makubwa. Ukubwa mdogo wa koloni unaweza kupunguza uzalishaji wa uzazi, kwa sababu (1) koloni ndogo zinaweza kuwa na uwiano mkubwa wa vijana na wasio na uzoefu na (2) koloni ndogo zinaweza kuwa na viota vya makali zaidi kuliko koloni kubwa na kwa hivyo huteseka zaidi kutokana na athari mbaya za makali. Aleksei Lehnikoff, Ornish Fennick, 83 2006 - Mwaka wa