FROM KAFFA TO ISTANBUL: COFFEE'S JOURNEY TO TURKEY
Originating from the Kaffa region of Ethiopia, coffee was introduced to Turks in the early Ottoman period. Gradually,it gained an important place in Ottoman culture and became popular among patrons of coffee houses in Istanbul
In the past, foreign travelers observed that Turks drank Turkish coffee when they were ill, and if they did not get well, they wrote their will and waited for death to come. Indeed, Turks did not only drink Turkish coffee for pleasure but also as a remedy. In fact, Turkish coffee has become an internationally known drink over time.
Coffee originates from the Kaffa region in Ethiopia. According to the legend, a shepherd observed that the goats were jumping up and down and wandering around the meadow more energetically than ever. Out of curiosity, he investigated the situation and discovered that the animals were behaving strangely because of the plant they were eating. He tried it himself, and thus discovered coffee. Coffee spread to Yemen and then to Hejaz (the western part of modern-day Saudi Arabia where the holy Islamic cities of Mecca and Medina are located). In a very short time, coffee, or “Sofi Sorbet,” as it was called back then, became popular among students and especially dervishes, since it drives sleep away. Now, almost everyone, writers, readers and sportsmen in particular, drink coffee due to its stimulating effect. A poet once said, “That black-faced coffee drives sleep and lust away.”
Actually, coffee was known in the East in the 11th century. Avicenna, a Persian polymath who lived during the Islamic Golden Age, was the first scholar to mention the curative effects of coffee. Europeans were very cautious about coffee in the beginning. Physicians claimed that coffee was a deadly poison and could cause leprosy and paralysis. However, coffee was first sold in pharmacies even despite objections. Coffee was used as a remedy for mange in Yemen’s Mocha, and for cholera in Iran. The flowers of the coffee tree resemble jasmine and its fruits look like cherries. When its flowers dry up and fall, the colorless beans on the branches are collected and left to dry further before being roasted. Then they are peeled, the essence inside is ground and coffee is produced.
Following its popularity in Hejaz, coffee spread to Egypt. The first coffee houses were opened in Cairo in 1521. Pilgrims to Hejaz took this amazing drink they discovered during their pilgrimage back to their homelands. Ottoman historian İbrahim Pecevi recorded that two men named Hakem of Aleppo and Şems of Damascus opened coffee houses in Tahtakale, Istanbul in 1554. However, Istanbulites had already known about coffee for a short while. Gradually, carefree clerks, poets and prominent figures of the period became the regulars of these cafes. As drinking and eating things that are burned to a cinder is not allowed in Islam, some scholars declared that drinking coffee was prohibited. Thus, the government banned coffee along with smoking. But once it was understood that it was black as coal not because of being burned, but because it had been ground, the bans were lifted and the ulamas became addicted to coffee. Coffee houses became the art and culture houses of the time. Moreover, the Ottoman palace discovered coffee during the reign of Sultan Mehmed IV. When women stopped giving birth, some blamed coffee. Although coffee lost its reputation in the palace, later Sultans Abdülhamid II and Vahdettin were coffee lovers.
Coffee was consumed bitter and strong when it was first introduced as a drink, but people began drinking it in a weaker form after some time. Mehmed Efendi of Kemah opened the first coffee shop that sold ground or roasted coffee in 1871 in Tahtakale. Among the Turks, coffee was named according to its density, the amount of sugar it contained or the cup in which it was served. Whether the coffee was roasted or not was also important. The more the coffee is roasted, the more it loses its acidic features. That is why connoisseurs prefer medium or lightly roasted coffee. The very first granulated coffee was produced during World War I in order to provide coffee for soldiers.
Adding milk to coffee became popular upon a request of a French physician towards the end of the 17th century. Caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant, was discovered within coffee during the 1920s by a scholar named Runge. Caffeine stimulates thinking and reactions, helps you to focus, increases concentration and boosts your morale. Turkish coffee is known for containing more caffeine than regular coffee.
People used to prevent small children from drinking coffee, saying that their skin would become “darker.” The real reason behind it was that they believed coffee caused problems during puberty. The Shah of Iran could not get enough coffee, however. One day, the Shah’s horse was restless, so his concubine said, “Make him drink coffee like our master. It will calm him down.” Furthermore, legendary German composer Johann Sebastian Bach named one of his compositions “Coffee Cantata.”
Until recently, especially because drinking tea was not as popular, coffee was the main drink on offer in Turkish houses. They offered water and Turkish delight along with the coffee; the water cleared the throat and enabled the drinker to taste the coffee better. Now, it is said that coffee causes dehydration and water served with the coffee compensates for it. When families pay a visit to ask for a girl's hand in marriage, they are offered Turkish coffee. Moreover, the girls add salt to the coffee of the boys who are asking for their hand in order to turn them down. Today, tea, which is easier to make and drink, has replaced coffee, and Turkish coffee is almost forgotten. However, the old ones say, “A cup of coffee commits one to 40 years of friendship.”
Coffee should not be drunk on an empty stomach. There is a reason why Turks call breakfast “kahvaltı” (before coffee). “If you cannot find something to eat before coffee, pull off your button and eat it,” is a saying in Turkish. In Europe, coffee is consumed with cake and accompanies breakfast. It is also said that it reduces the hazardous effects of tobacco.
During World War II, coffee was only available on the black market. Nevertheless, coffee lovers did not give up coffee. They roasted chickpeas and drank a brew concocted from that instead. Due to the economic crises in the past, coffee was not something that was easily available to find. Coffee lovers bought coffee beans abroad for high prices, brought them back to Turkey, roasted them in their old pans and ground it, refusing to give up their pleasure. Turkish coffee, which has been subject to folk songs, was placed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 2013. However, protecting Turkish coffee is the job of the Turks above anything else.
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Kahawa ya Kaffa, ambayo ni ya asili ya Ethiopia, ilianzishwa na Waturuki katika kipindi cha mapema cha Ottoman. Mfano wa kahawa ya Uturuki ni mlo wa kienyeji uliotumiwa na watu wa Istanbul, ambao walianza kunywa kahawa wakati wa ugonjwa na kisha walianza kuugua. Kwa kweli, Waturuki hawakunywa kahawa ya Kituruki kwa ajili ya raha tu bali pia kwa ajili ya tiba. Kwa kweli, kahawa ya Kituruki imekuwa kinywaji kinachojulikana ulimwenguni pote kwa muda. Kahawa hutoka katika eneo la Kaffa nchini Ethiopia. Kulingana na hadithi hiyo, mchungaji mmoja aliona kwamba mbuzi walikuwa wakiruka juu na chini na kuzurura-zurura katika uwanja huo kwa nguvu zaidi kuliko wakati mwingine wowote. Kwa sababu ya udadisi, alichunguza hali hiyo na kugundua kwamba wanyama hao walikuwa na tabia ya ajabu kwa sababu ya mmea waliokuwa wakila. Alijaribu mwenyewe, na hivyo akagundua kahawa. Mji wa Hejaz, katika eneo la Saudi Arabia, ni mahali ambapo miji mitakatifu ya Kiislamu ya Mecca na Medina iko. Katika muda mfupi sana, kahawa, au "Sofi Sorbet", kama ilivyokuwa ikiitwa wakati huo, ikawa maarufu miongoni mwa wanafunzi na hasa dervishes, kwa kuwa huondoa usingizi. Sasa, karibu kila mtu, waandishi, wasomaji na wanariadha hasa, hunywa kahawa kwa sababu ya athari yake ya kuchochea. "Mwandishi mmoja alisema, ""Kahawa yenye uso mweusi huondoa usingizi na tamaa.""Kahawa ilijulikana Mashariki katika karne ya 11." Avicenna, msomi Mperusia aliyeishi wakati wa Enzi ya Dhahabu ya Uislamu, alikuwa msomi wa kwanza kutaja athari za uponyaji za kahawa. Wazungu walikuwa waangalifu sana kuhusu kahawa mwanzoni. Madaktari walidai kwamba kahawa ilikuwa sumu yenye kuua na ingeweza kusababisha ukoma na kupooza. Hata hivyo, kahawa ilianza kuuzwa katika maduka ya dawa hata licha ya upinzani. Kahawa ilitumiwa kama dawa ya kuua kuhara huko Mocha, Yemen, na ya kuua kipindupindu huko Iran. Maua ya mti wa kahawa hufanana na jasmine na matunda yake hufanana na cherry. Maua yake yanapokauka, maharagwe hayo hayana rangi na yanachukuliwa na kuondolewa kwenye matawi ya mti huo na kuyeyushwa kabla ya kuchomwa. Kisha hufukuliwa, maji yaliyo ndani yake hupondwa na kahawa hutengenezwa. Baada ya kuenea sana huko Hejaz, kahawa ilienea hadi Misri. Nyumba za kwanza za kahawa zilianzishwa mwaka 1521 huko Cairo. Watalii wa Hejaz walianza kunywa kinywaji hicho cha ajabu walichogundua walipokuwa wakirudi nyumbani. "Mwandishi wa historia wa Ottoman Ibrahim Pecevi aliandika kwamba wanaume wawili walioitwa ""Hakim wa Aleppo"" na ""Sems wa Damascus"" walifungua nyumba za kahawa huko Tahtakal, Istanbul, mnamo 1554."" Hata hivyo, watu wa Istanbul walikuwa tayari wamejifunza kuhusu kahawa kwa muda mfupi. Hatua kwa hatua, maofisa wasio na wasiwasi, washairi na watu mashuhuri wa wakati huo wakawa wageni wa kawaida wa mikahawa hiyo. Kwa kuwa kunywa na kula vitu vilivyotengenezwa kwa moto ni kinyume cha sheria za Uislamu, baadhi ya wasomi walidai kwamba kunywa kahawa ni kinyume cha sheria. Kwa hiyo, serikali ilipiga marufuku kahawa pamoja na kuvuta sigareti. Lakini mara tu ilipoeleweka kwamba kahawa ilikuwa nyeusi kama makaa ya mawe, si kwa sababu ilikuwa imesheheshwa, bali kwa sababu ilikuwa imepondwa, marufuku hayo yaliondolewa na walimu wakawa wavutaji wa kahawa. Nyumba za kahawa zikawa nyumba za sanaa na utamaduni za wakati huo. Pia, jumba la kifalme la Ottoman liligundua kahawa wakati wa utawala wa Sultani Mehmed wa Nne. Wanawake walipoacha kuzaa, wengine walilaumu kahawa. Ingawa kahawa ilipoteza sifa yake katika jumba la kifalme, baadaye Sultani Abdülhamid wa Pili na Vahdettin walikuwa wapenzi wa kahawa. Kahawa ilitumiwa kuwa kali na yenye nguvu wakati ilipoanzishwa kwa mara ya kwanza kama kinywaji, lakini watu walianza kunywa kwa namna dhaifu baada ya muda. Mehmed Efendi wa Kemah alifungua duka la kwanza la kahawa ambalo liliuza kahawa iliyokaushwa au iliyokaushwa mnamo 1871 huko Tahtakale. Katika Uturuki, kahawa iliitwa kwa mujibu wa unene wake, kiasi cha sukari iliyokuwa ndani yake au kikombe ambacho ilitolewa. Ilikuwa muhimu pia kujua kama kahawa hiyo ilikuwa imechomwa au la. Kadiri kahawa inavyochomwa, ndivyo inavyopoteza sifa zake za asidi. Hiyo ndiyo sababu wapenda-kahawa hupendelea kahawa iliyokaangwa kwa kiasi kidogo au kwa kiasi kidogo. Kahawa ya kwanza ilitengenezwa wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Ulimwengu ili kuandaa kahawa kwa ajili ya askari. Kuongeza maziwa kwenye kahawa ilikuja kuwa jambo la kawaida baada ya daktari mmoja Mfaransa kuipendekeza katika karne ya 17. Caffeine, kichocheo cha mfumo wa neva, iligunduliwa ndani ya kahawa mnamo 1920 na msomi aitwaye Runge. Caffeine huchochea mawazo na athari, husaidia kukaza fikira, huongeza mkusanyiko na huongeza morale yako. Kahawa ya Kituruki inajulikana kwa kuwa na kafeini nyingi kuliko kahawa ya kawaida. Watu walikuwa wakizuia watoto wadogo kunywa kahawa, wakisema kwamba ngozi yao ingekuwa "nyeusi zaidi". Sababu halisi ya kufanya hivyo ilikuwa kwamba waliamini kahawa ilisababisha matatizo wakati wa kubalehe. Hata hivyo, Shah wa Iran hangeweza kupata kahawa ya kutosha. Siku moja, farasi wa Shah alikuwa na wasiwasi, kwa hiyo mjakazi wake akasema, "Mfanye anywe kahawa kama bwana wetu. "Kama vile mwanamuziki maarufu wa Ujerumani Johann Sebastian Bach alivyosema, ""Coffee Cantata"" ni wimbo wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki wa muziki." Waliandaa maji na ladha ya Kituruki pamoja na kahawa; maji yalifanya koo liwe safi na kumwezesha mnywaji kuonja kahawa vizuri zaidi. Inasemekana kwamba kahawa husababisha upungufu wa maji mwilini na maji yanayotumiwa pamoja na kahawa hulipia. Familia zinapotembelea nchi hiyo ili kuomba mkono wa msichana, wao huandaliwa kahawa ya Kituruki. Isitoshe, wasichana hao huongeza chumvi kwenye kahawa ya wavulana wanaowaomba ndoa ili kuwazuia wasikubali. Leo, chai, ambayo ni rahisi kutengeneza na kunywa, imechukua mahali pa kahawa, na kahawa ya Kituruki karibu isahauwe. "Kama watu wa zamani walivyosema, ""kikombe cha kahawa huunganisha miaka 40 ya urafiki,"" kahawa haipaswi kunywa kwa tumbo tupu." Kuna sababu kwa nini Waturuki huita kiamsha-kinywa <unk>kahvaltı<unk> (kabla ya kahawa). "Ikiwa huwezi kupata kitu cha kula kabla ya kahawa, vua kifungo chako na ukile", ni msemo katika Kituruki. Katika Ulaya, kahawa hutumiwa pamoja na keki na pamoja na kiamsha-kinywa. Pia inasemekana kwamba hupunguza madhara ya tumbaku. Wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Ulimwengu, kahawa ilipatikana tu katika soko la nyeusi. Hata hivyo, wapenzi wa kahawa hawakuacha kunywa kahawa. Badala yake, walioka roasted chickpeas na kunywa mchuzi uliotengenezwa kutokana na hiyo. Kwa sababu ya matatizo ya kiuchumi katika siku za nyuma, kahawa haikuwa kitu ambacho kilipatikana kwa urahisi. Wananchi wa nchi hiyo waliuza kahawa kwa bei ya juu, wakazileta Uturuki, wakazitengeneza katika sufuria zao za zamani na kuzisaga, bila kuacha furaha yao. Kahawa ya Uturuki, ambayo imekuwa chini ya nyimbo za watu, iliwekwa kwenye Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia ya UNESCO mnamo 2013. Hata hivyo, kulinda kahawa ya Kituruki ni kazi ya Waturuki juu ya kitu kingine chochote. Utamaduni wa Uislamu wa Ottoman na Utamaduni wa Ujamaa wa Uislamu wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni wa Utamaduni "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""Mapokeo ya Uislamu"" ambayo yanaonekana kuwa ya kawaida katika historia ya Uislamu na ""Mapokeo ya Uislamu"" ambayo yanaonekana kuwa ya kawaida katika historia ya Uislamu na ""Mapokeo ya Uislamu"" ambayo yanaonekana kuwa ya kawaida katika historia ya Uislamu na ""Mapokeo ya Uislamu"" ambayo yanaonekana kuwa ya kawaida katika historia ya Uislamu." Uturuki ilishinda vita vya Armenia na Armenia mnamo Desemba 23, na Uturuki ilishinda vita vya Armenia mnamo Desemba 20, na Uturuki ilishinda vita vya Armenia mnamo Desemba 20, na Uturuki ilishinda vita vya Armenia mnamo Desemba 20, na Uturuki mnamo Desemba 20, na Uturuki mnamo Desemba 20, na Uturuki mnamo Desemba 20, na Uturuki mnamo Desemba 20, na Uturuki mnamo Desemba 20.