Mateja Pećina1* and Nataša Hulak2
1Department of animal science and technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Croatia
2Department of microbiology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Croatia
*Corresponding author: Mateja Pećina, assistant, Svetošimunska street 25, Zagreb, Croatia
Submission: June 15, 2020Published: August 11, 2020
ISSN 2637-7659Volume7 Issue 1
Meat is known to man as a natural food resource product for his important energy rich and nutritious features. It is quite important in maintaining a balanced and healthy diet as well as being essential for human physiology and growth. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fat make the three major macronutrient pillars in human consumption. Fat in meat is deposited in intramuscular, intermuscular, and subcutaneous adipose stores mainly in the form of glycerol esters, phospholipids, cholesterol, and fatty acid esters. Today we know that fatty acids in ruminants consists of high amounts of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and low amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), while ruminant tissues contain higher proportions of trans fatty acids. The composition of those fatty acids can be in a way influenced by environmental and genetic factors.
Keywords: Fatty acid composition; Cattle; Gene; Genetic factors
Abbreviations: FASN: Fatty Acid Synthase; SCD: Stearoyl-Coenzyme Desaturase; GH: Growth Hormone; SFA: Saturated Fatty Acids; PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Precursor of fatty acid synthesis in ruminants is the acetate which should be converted into acetyl-CoA by acetyl CoA synthetase and incorporated into fatty acids. Conversion of acetate to acetyl-CoA is performed in adipose tissue, the largest pathway to obtain the fatty acids in ruminants . Many studies have attempt to identify and describe genes which play an important role in beef fatty acid metabolic pathways, as it is known that several enzymes affect lipid metabolism. One of them is the FASN (fatty acid synthase) gene found on the 19 chromosomes in cattle (Bos taurus) (NCBI Gene ID: 281152). In mitochondria, pyruvate is subsequently brought into the Krebs cycle to yield ATP. One of the by-products of this reaction is acetyl-CoA where together with malonyl-CoA becomes the substrate for FASN. FASNs gene main homework is to catalyze biosynthesis of fatty acid palmitate in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reduced (NADPH) dependent reaction . Zhang et al.  reported that the bovine FASN gene encodes the thioesterase (TE) domain and found that the g.17924A>G SNP causes an amino change from threonine to alanine was associated. This was associated with some of the individual and grouped fatty acids in the longissimus dorsi muscle of American Angus cattle. Significant additive and dominance effects between the FASN SNP were detected on seven SFAs (10:0, 12:0, 13:0, 14:0, 15:0, 18:0, 20:0), one branched-chain fatty acid (iso17:0), six MUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acid) (9c- 14:1, 9c- 15:1, 9c- 16:1, 11t- 16:1, 12c- 16:1, 9c- 18:1) one c/t PUFA fatty acid ( (9c,13t/8t,12c- 18:2) and a single PUFA (20:3n-6). The AA genotype of the FASN SNP was significantly associated with higher concentrations of the SFAs including 10:0, 12:0, 13:0, 14:0 and 15:0, lower concentrations of the unsaturated fatty acids of 9c- 18:1 and 20:3n-6 and higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids including 9c- 14:1 and 12c- 16:1 in comparison with the GG genotype (P<0.05) .
On the other hand many studies suggested SCD gene (stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1) found on the 26 chromosome of cattle (NCBI Gene ID: 280924) to have a major role in changing the ratio of UFA (unsaturated fatty acids) to SFA and that in the subcutaneous and intermuscular fat deposits of beef cattle majority of SFA is catalyzed to converse to MUFA, by the SCD gene. The association of SCD genotype with fatty acids composition has been investigated in Japanese black and crossbred cattle . Taniguchi et al.  and they were able to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism (C/T) in the 5th exon of bovine SCD gene (c.878C>T) that causes an amino acid change from alanine to valine and found that the SNP was associated with the percentage of MUFA and the melting point of intermuscular fat in Japanese Black steers. The CC genotype of the SCD SNP was initially reported to be associated with higher amount of MUFA that included 9c-14:1, 9c-16:1 and 9c-18:1 and lower melting point in the intermuscular fat of Japanese Black Cattle .
On the other hand, Growth hormone gene (GH) found on the 19th chromosome of beef cattle (Bos taurus) (NCBI Gene ID: 280804) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by somatotroph cells and it is a major regulator of postnatal growth and metabolism in mammals having an important role in lactation, protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, tissue growth and fertility in cattle . Ardiyanti et al.  made an important discovery regarding GH gene. They reported that fatty acid composition in adipose tissues in heifers had significant effects on increasing contents of fatty acid C18:1 (oleic acid), MUFA and UFA. It also had a reduced content of C16:0 (palmitic acid) and SFA. The nucleotide substitution at codons 127 and 172 of the GH gene have been significantly associated with C18:1, MUFA, SFA, and the MUFA/SFA and USFA/SFA ratios in Japanese black cattle . These results suggested that although effects of the GH gene were invisible on carcass traits it has stronger effects on fatty acid composition.
Fat contains essential fatty acids present in the food and provide more energy than carbohydrates and proteins. One of the biggest roles that these fatty acids have is assisting in transport and absorption of vitamins A.D.E. and K which are fat soluble, it provides also flavor to food and has a major role in the immune response. Fat consumption that has good fatty acid quality has been reported as essential when reduction of intake of carbohydrates food is concern. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue depends on numerous factors such as species, age, breed, genetics, and food. They have direct impact on meat quality. When searching for healthy food trend appeared, many are looking for quality aspects in nutrition such as concentration of many “good” fatty acids, like CLA, the value of PUFA:SFA, omega acids (n6:n3) in order to try to prevent or delay the development of cardiovascular diseases or some types of tumors and diabetes . Nevertheless, fat deposition along with fatty acid profiles have great influence on meat quality and the reported genes mentioned in this review show the great potential of good meat and fatty acid profile quality should be further acknowledged and observed.
© 2020 Mateja Pećina. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.
"Mata Pećina, PhD, na Natasha Hulak, PhD, PhD, ""Utafiti wa Sayansi ya Wanyama na Teknolojia, Chuo Kikuu cha Zagreb, Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo, Kroatia"" (Kituo cha Mikrobiolojia, Chuo Kikuu cha Zagreb, Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo, Kroatia) ""Mata Pećina, Msaidizi, Svetošiminska Street 25, Zagreb, Kroatia." Ni muhimu sana katika kudumisha lishe yenye usawa na afya na pia ni muhimu kwa fiziolojia ya binadamu na ukuaji. Makaa ya mawe, protini, na mafuta hufanyiza nguzo tatu kuu za virutubisho katika matumizi ya kibinadamu. Mafuta katika nyama huhifadhiwa katika maduka ya mafuta ya ndani ya misuli, ya kati ya misuli, na ya chini ya ngozi hasa katika fomu ya esters za glycerol, phospholipids, cholesterol, na esters za asidi ya mafuta. Asili ya mafuta ya wanyama wa mnyama ni asidi nyingi za mafuta (SFA) na asidi ndogo za mafuta (PUFA), wakati tishu za wanyama wa mnyama zina kiasi kikubwa cha asidi za mafuta. Muundo wa asidi hizo za mafuta waweza kuathiriwa kwa njia fulani na mambo ya mazingira na ya urithi. "Kifungu cha kwanza ni ""Fatty Acid Synthesis"" (FAS) na ""Stereo-Coenzyme Desaturase"" (SCD) na ""Saturated Fatty Acids"" (SFA) na ""PUFA"" (PUFA) na ""Acetyl CoA synthase"" (ACA) na ""Acetyl CoA synthase"" (ACA) na ""Acetyl CoA synthase"" (ACA) na ""Acetyl CoA synthase"" (ACA) na ""Acetyl CoA synthase"" (ACA) na ""Acetyl CoA synthase"" (ACA) na ""Acetyl CoA synthase (A)." Uongofu wa acetate kwa acetyl-CoA hufanywa katika tishu ya mafuta, njia kubwa ya kupata asidi za mafuta katika ruminants. Uchunguzi wa utafiti umeonyesha kwamba kuna baadhi ya chembe za urithi zinazohusika katika metabolism ya asidi ya mafuta ya nyama ya ng'ombe, na kwamba kuna enzymes kadhaa zinazohusika katika metabolism ya lipid. FASN (Fatty Acid Synthase) ni chembe ya urithi ya chembe ya urithi ya FASN iliyopatikana kwenye kromosomu 19 za ng'ombe (Bos taurus) na inaitwa FASN (NCBI Gen ID 281152). Katika mitochondria, pyruvate baadaye huletwa katika mzunguko wa Krebs kutoa ATP. Katika hali hii, acetyl-CoA na malonyl-CoA hutumiwa kama substrate. FASN ni chombo cha kuchochea biosynthesis ya asidi ya mafuta ya palmitate katika athari ya NAD + (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reduced). Zhang et al. Katika utafiti wa FASN, thioesterase (TE) domain iligunduliwa na kuunganishwa na g17924A na GNP, ambayo ilisababisha mabadiliko ya amino kutoka treonine hadi alanine. Hii ilihusishwa na baadhi ya asidi za mafuta za mtu binafsi na za kikundi katika misuli ya longissimus dorsi ya ng'ombe wa Angus wa Amerika. Kwa mfano, kuna athari za additive na dominance kati ya FASP na FASP katika asidi saba za mafuta (SFAs 10:10; 12:10; 13:10; 14:10; 15:10; 18:20; 17:20), asidi moja ya mafuta (IOS 17), asidi sita za mafuta (MUFAs 9), asidi sita za mafuta (MUFAs 9), asidi sita za mafuta (MUFAs 9), asidi sita za mafuta (MUFAs 12), na asidi moja ya mafuta (MUFAs 12). Genotype ya FASN inahusiana na viwango vya juu vya SFA (yaani 10: 10, 12: 10, 13: 10, 14: 10, 14: 10, 14: 10, 15: 1 na 20: 3), viwango vya chini vya asidi za mafuta zisizojaa (yaani: 9C, 18C, 18N, 20N, 6N) na viwango vya juu vya asidi za mafuta zisizojaa (yaani: 9C, 15N, 12N, 12N) ikilinganishwa na genotype ya GG. Utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kwamba jeni ya SCD (stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1) iliyopatikana kwenye kromosomu ya 26 ya ng'ombe (NCBI Gen ID 280924) ina jukumu kubwa katika kubadilisha uwiano wa UFA (asidi za mafuta zisizojaa) na SFA (asidi za mafuta zisizo na mafuta) na kwamba katika amana za mafuta ya chini ya ngozi na kati ya misuli ya ng'ombe wa nyama, SFA inashughulikiwa na jeni la SCA. Uunganisho wa genotype ya SCD na muundo wa asidi ya mafuta umechunguzwa katika ng'ombe mweusi wa Kijapani na ng'ombe wa msalaba. Taniguchi et al. Utafiti huo ulionyesha kuwa kuna polymorphism ya nucleotide moja katika exon ya 5 ya jeni la SCD ya ng'ombe (C878C) ambayo husababisha mabadiliko ya amino asidi kutoka alanine hadi valine, na iligundua kuwa SNP inahusiana na asilimia ya MUFA na kiwango cha kuyeyuka cha mafuta ya intermuscular katika ng'ombe weusi wa Japani. Genotype ya SCD-SNP iliripotiwa kuwa inahusishwa na kiasi cha juu cha MUFA, ambayo ilijumuisha 9C-14: 1, 9C-16: 1 na 9C-18: 1 na kiwango cha chini cha kuyeyuka katika mafuta ya intermuscular ya ng'ombe mweusi wa Japani. "Hormoni ya ukuaji (GH) inayopatikana kwenye kromosomu ya 19 ya ng'ombe wa nyama (Bos taurus) (NCBI Gen ID: 28804) ni homoni inayotengenezwa na kutolewa na seli za somatotropic na ni mdhibiti mkuu wa ukuaji wa baada ya kuzaliwa na kimetaboliki katika mamalia, na ina jukumu muhimu katika maziwa, protini, lipid na kimetaboliki ya wanga, ukuaji wa tishu na uzazi.""" Ardiyanti et al. Ugunduzi wa muhimu kuhusu GH Kwa mfano, muundo wa asidi ya mafuta katika tishu za mafuta za ndama una athari kubwa kwa kuongeza viwango vya asidi ya mafuta ya C18: 1 (asidi ya oleic), MUFA na UFA. Pia ina kiasi kidogo cha C16-0 (asidi ya palmitic) na SFA. Utaratibu wa kubadilisha nucleotide katika codons 127 na 172 ya GH gene umehusishwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na C18: 1, MUFA, SFA, na uwiano wa MUFA na USFA katika ng'ombe nyeusi wa Japani. Matokeo haya yalionyesha kwamba ingawa athari za jeni la GH hazionekani kwenye sifa za mnyama, ina athari kubwa juu ya muundo wa asidi ya mafuta. Mafuta yana asidi muhimu za mafuta zilizopo katika chakula na hutoa nishati zaidi kuliko wanga na protini. Moja ya kazi kubwa ya asidi hizi za mafuta ni kusaidia katika usafirishaji na kunyonya vitamini A na B. K na K ni mafuta mumunyifu, pia hutoa ladha kwa chakula na ina jukumu kubwa katika majibu ya kinga. Matumizi ya mafuta ambayo ina ubora mzuri wa asidi ya mafuta imeripotiwa kuwa muhimu wakati kupunguzwa kwa ulaji wa chakula cha wanga ni wasiwasi. Muundo wa asidi ya mafuta ya tishu ya mafuta hutegemea mambo mengi kama vile spishi, umri, uzazi, maumbile, na chakula. Hizi zina athari ya moja kwa moja kwa ubora wa nyama. "Wakati wa kutafuta chakula cha afya, wengi wanatafuta ""vipengele vya ubora"" katika lishe kama vile mkusanyiko wa asidi nyingi za mafuta, kama vile CLA, thamani ya PUFA, na asidi za omega (n6 n3) ili kujaribu kuzuia au kuchelewesha maendeleo ya magonjwa ya moyo au aina fulani za uvimbe na kisukari." Hata hivyo, mafuta depositions pamoja na asidi mafuta profiles kuwa na ushawishi mkubwa juu ya ubora wa nyama na jeni taarifa zilizotajwa katika mapitio haya kuonyesha uwezo mkubwa wa nyama nzuri na asidi mafuta profile ubora lazima zaidi kutambuliwa na kuchunguzwa. 2020 - Matia Pechina Hii ni makala ya upatikanaji wazi kusambazwa chini ya masharti ya Creative Commons Attribution License, ambayo inaruhusu matumizi ya ukomo, usambazaji, na kujenga juu ya kazi yako noncommercially.