Written by R. Jill Fink, MFA
For over 10,000 years, we have welcomed the domesticated canine into our homes. Dogs are more than just our best friends; they are our family members. We provide a loving home and care for them 24/7, but do we really do all we can to provide them with a long, happy, and healthy life? What else can we do, as pet parents, to keep Fido in top shape?
Local Veterinarian Dr. Sue Billiar, at All Pets Clinic on Silver Springs Boulevard, has 31 years of experience in her field. Dr. Billiar says that many pet owners might not fully realize the importance of a yearly physical examination. Sadly, an estimated 5 million to 8 million animals are euthanized in the U.S. every year due to overpopulation. Dr. Billiar stated that a common myth exists that female dogs should go through a heat cycle and have one litter of puppies before being spayed, but this is simply not true.
Like us, dogs need proper nutrition, exercise and a clean living environment. They also suffer from many of the same ailments that plague humans. Did you know that some dogs suffer from acne? They can also deal with dilemmas like allergies, skin conditions, ear infections, weight management, and influenza. Dogs are also susceptible to more serious “human” illnesses like heart disease, epilepsy, and cancer.
The Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association, or HSVMA, lists over 300 different “congenital and heritable disorders in dogs.” Canine diseases can come from other sources like environmental causes, autoimmune disease, or inadequate care. When purchasing from a breeder, it’s up to the buyer to make sure the seller has screened the puppy’s parents for health issues before deemed suitable for producing offspring. The breeder also needs to have appropriate tests done at the vet’s office on all of the dogs they offer as parents or puppies. It’s a great idea to thoroughly research a potential breeder.
The most common genetic disorder in dogs is hip dysplasia. Diagnosis before breeding is necessary to keep breeding stock healthy and limit occurences in offspring. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket arrangement that requires lubricating joint fluid. Without a good fit, inflammation occurs and eventually, arthritis can set in. Hip dysplasia can be diagnosed only by x-ray of the hip joint. Other genetic canine ailments range from tumors to diabetes. Dogs can also develop diabetes as part of aging and can often be controlled by diet and exercise. Regular insulin shots may be prescribed as well.
Arthritis can also occur in elderly pets. Noticeable symptoms are mobility issues like reluctance or inability to jump or run. Your veterinarian can diagnose most forms of arthritis during a routine exam. Sometimes, an x-ray might be suggested in order to measure inflammation or rule out other potential problems. While there is no cure for arthritis, there are different treatment options available.
According to the American Heartworm Society, heartworm disease is a “serious and potentially fatal disease in pets.” Heartworms can grow up to fourteen inches long when they take up residence in your dog’s heart, lungs and blood vessels. This parasite is spread by mosquitoes and it can cause severe lung disease, heart failure, and organ damage. If untreated, their numbers can increase. Early detection and prevention is the best option for early treatment.
In the early stages of heartworm disease, symptoms can be hard to spot. Signs of heartworm disease may include a mild, but persistent cough, weight loss, reluctance to move around, fatigue, and decreased appetite. As the disease progresses, pets may develop heart failure and excess fluid in their abdomen. If heartworms multiply, the blood flow to the heart can be restricted. This can lead to a life-threatening form of cardiovascular collapse called Caval syndrome. Symptoms can include pale gums, a sudden onset of labored breathing, and dark urine. Few dogs survive without prompt surgical removal of the blockage. If the infection is caught early enough in dogs, it can generally be treated.
Fleas and ticks are unwelcome hitchhikers, but they can also carry serious diseases and pass them along to both animals as well as humans. The best way to purge these pests is to use a monthly topical flea and tick preventative. Always check your pets and yourself after being outside or playing with other animals. Vacuuming furniture and carpets regularly helps as well.
A highly contagious and deadly virus called Parvo, short for Parvovirus, is quite common. Parvo is most frequently seen in unvaccinated puppies and kittens. It can be transmitted by people, animals or even shoes, carpet or dog toys that might have come in contact with an infected dog or its feces. The virus is hard to kill and can survive for months. The mortality rate depends on the strength of the animal’s immune system, how soon the symptoms are detected and how quickly they are treated. Luckily, most survivors of Parvo do not suffer long-term effects.
Most of us have dealt with “dog breath,” but the condition is no laughing matter. Dogs can develop tartar, gum disease, and cavities that require professional dental care. Dental disease can also lead to dangerous heart and kidney conditions in pets. Teach your kittens and puppies that brushing their teeth is a normal part of your grooming routine and save your pet a dental procedure down the line. Dr. Billiar recommends a yearly cleaning, along with other dental prevention measures, to help break tartar and keep bacteria from growing in your dog’s mouth.
It’s easy to give in to those sad eyes. We’ve all been there. Your dog is your four-legged, furry child. Who can resist feeding them a little nibble of candy or a leftover glob of guacamole every once in a while? Obesity in dogs has become a serious problem. Overweight pets are more prone to heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, and shortened life spans. Overfeeding is a major cause of this condition. It’s easy to check with your veterinarian for food and exercise advice.
Dog treats and toys have become somewhat of a hot-button issue in the last decade. The FDA reports that since 2007, they have received almost 5,000 complaints of pet illnesses due to the effects of dog treats imported from China. What’s worse is that some products, even though they are stamped with “Made in the USA,” can still be made from tainted ingredients sourced cheaply from China or other parts of the world. Spokeswoman for the FDA Office of Foods and Veterinary Medicine, Megan Bensette, said that no requirement exists for a package of treats or food to list the source of each ingredient. “We recommend that consumers contact the company to verify the origin of ingredients if they are seeking products that contain only U.S.-sourced ingredients,” she added.
Always consult your Veterinarian if you have any doubts, questions, or problems. If you think your pet might have ingested a toxic substance, call your Vet immediately or phone the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at (888) 426-4435.
All pet parents should avoid giving their dogs “human food.” Dogs can also find toxins on their own. Here’s a list of toxic substances and items that should not be left in reach of or given to dogs.
- Acetaminophen, Amphetamines, Antihistamines, Decongestants, Aspirin – Poisonous for dogs.
- Avocados – Contain a substance called persin, which is a fungicidal toxin destructive to the heart, lung, and other tissues in animals. The high fat in avocados can upset a dog’s stomach and cause vomiting and possibly pancreatitis. Symptoms are subtle but include breathing difficulties and a bloated abdomen.
- Baby Food – Certain brands can contain onion powder, which can be toxic to dogs. (Please see onion below.) This can also result in nutritional deficiencies if fed in large amounts.
- Cat Food – Generally too high in protein and fats to be good for dogs.
- Chocolate, Coffee, Tea, and Other Caffeine Including Coffee Grounds (in Garbage) – Caffeine can be toxic and affect the heart and nervous systems. The fat content in chocolate is dangerous as well.
- Citrus Oil Extracts – Can cause vomiting.
- Fat Trimmings – Can cause pancreatitis.
- Grapes and Raisins – Contain an unknown toxin which can damage the kidneys. There have been no problems associated with grape seed extract.
- Hops (in Beer) – Unknown compound causes panting, increased heart rate, elevated temperature, seizures, and death.
- Human Vitamin Supplements Containing Iron – Can damage the lining of the digestive system and be toxic to the other organs including the liver and kidneys.
- Ibuprofen – TThe second most common cause of canine poisoning in the world today is ibuprofen. Dogs love the smell of this drug and will do anything to get to it.
- Liver (in Large Amounts) – Can cause Vitamin A toxicity, which affects muscles and bones.
- Macadamia Nuts – Contain an unknown toxin, which can affect the digestive, nervous, and muscular systems. This can cause temporary paralysis, which could last up to 24 hours. This leads to unnecessary euthanizations EVERY YEAR because some Vets are unaware of this condition.
- Milk and Other Dairy Products – Some adult dogs do not have sufficient amounts of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down the lactose in milk. This can result in diarrhea. Lactose-free milk products are available for pets.
- Moldy or Spoiled Food, Garbage – Can contain multiple toxins causing vomiting and diarrhea and can also affect other organs.
- Mushrooms – Can lead to abdominal pain caused by liver or kidney damage. Vomiting and diarrhea followed by convulsion, coma and death is quite possible if eaten.
- Nutmeg – Can contain toxins, which may affect multiple systems in the body, cause shock, and result in death.
- Onions and Garlic (Raw, Cooked, or Powder) – Contain sulfoxides and disulfides, which can damage red blood cells by causing hemolytic anemia. Garlic is less toxic than onions.
- Persimmons – Seeds can cause intestinal obstruction and enteritis.
- Sugary Foods – Can lead to obesity, dental problems, and possibly diabetes mellitus.
- Pits from Apples, Cherries, Peaches and Plums – Contain cyanide and can also cause obstruction of the digestive tract.
- Potato, Rhubarb, and Tomato Leaves – Contain oxalates, which can affect the digestive, nervous, and urinary systems. This is more of a problem in livestock.
- Raw Eggs – Contain an enzyme called avidin, which decreases the absorption of biotin (a B vitamin). This can lead to skin and hair coat problems. Raw eggs may also contain Salmonella.
- Raw Fish – Can result in a thiamine (a B vitamin) deficiency leading to loss of appetite, seizures, and in severe cases, death. More common if raw fish is fed regularly.
- Salt – If eaten in large quantities it may lead to electrolyte imbalances.
"R. Jill Fink, Mkurugenzi wa Shirika la Afya la Marekani, aliandika hivi: ""Kwa zaidi ya miaka 10,000, tumekuwa tukikaribisha mbwa waliofugwa katika nyumba zetu." Mbwa ni zaidi ya rafiki zetu wa karibu, wao ni familia yetu. Tunawapa nyumba yenye upendo na kuwatunza siku zote, lakini je, kwa kweli tunafanya yote tunayoweza ili kuwapa maisha marefu, yenye furaha, na yenye afya? Ni nini kingine tunaweza kufanya, kama wazazi wa wanyama-vipenzi, ili kumfanya Fido awe katika hali nzuri? Daktari wa wanyama wa eneo hilo, Daktari Sue Billiar, katika kliniki ya All Pets kwenye Silver Springs Boulevard, ana uzoefu wa miaka 31 katika uwanja wake. "Bila shaka, wengi wa wale wanaoweka wanyama-vipenzi katika nyumba zao hawajui umuhimu wa kufanya uchunguzi wa kimwili kila mwaka.""" Inakadiriwa kwamba kati ya wanyama milioni 5 na milioni 8 huuawa kila mwaka nchini Marekani kwa sababu ya idadi kubwa ya wanyama. "Billiar alisema kwamba kuna hadithi ya kawaida kwamba mbwa wa kike wanapaswa kupitia mzunguko wa joto na kuwa na mtoto mmoja kabla ya kuondolewa, lakini hii sio kweli. """ Kama sisi, mbwa wanahitaji lishe sahihi, mazoezi, na mazingira safi ya kuishi. Pia wanateseka kutokana na magonjwa mengi yaleyale yanayowasumbua wanadamu. Je, ulijua kwamba mbwa fulani hupatwa na mkojo? Pia wanaweza kushughulika na matatizo kama vile mzio, magonjwa ya ngozi, maambukizo ya sikio, kudhibiti uzito, na mafua. Mbwa pia wanaweza kuambukizwa magonjwa mazito zaidi ya "wanadamu" kama vile magonjwa ya moyo, kifafa, na kansa. The Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association (HSVMA) ina orodha ya zaidi ya 300 tofauti ya ugonjwa wa kuzaliwa na urithi katika mbwa, na inaweza kutokea kutokana na sababu za mazingira, ugonjwa wa autoimmune, au huduma isiyo ya kutosha. Wakati wa kununua kutoka kwa mfugaji, ni juu ya mnunuzi kuhakikisha muuzaji amechunguza wazazi wa mtoto wa mbwa kwa masuala ya afya kabla ya kuchukuliwa kuwa yanafaa kwa kuzalisha watoto. Mfugaji pia anahitaji kuwa na vipimo vinavyofaa kufanywa katika ofisi ya daktari wa mifugo kwenye mbwa wote wanaotoa kama wazazi au watoto. Ni wazo kubwa kwa kina utafiti mfugaji uwezekano. Ugonjwa wa urithi unaopatikana kwa wingi zaidi kwa mbwa ni ugonjwa wa kuharibika kwa viuno. Utambuzi kabla ya uzazi ni muhimu ili kuweka uzazi wa uzazi afya na kupunguza matukio katika watoto. Kiungo cha kiuno ni mpangilio wa mpira na soketi ambao huhitaji umajimaji wa kuyeyusha viungo. Bila kufaa vizuri, uvimbe hutokea na hatimaye, ugonjwa wa viungo waweza kutokea. Ugonjwa wa hip dysplasia waweza kugunduliwa tu kwa kutumia picha ya x-ray ya kiungo cha kiuno. Magonjwa mengine ya urithi ya mbwa huanzia uvimbe hadi kisukari. Mbwa pia wanaweza kuwa na ugonjwa wa kisukari kama sehemu ya kuzeeka na mara nyingi wanaweza kudhibitiwa kwa chakula na mazoezi. Pia, huenda akapewa dawa za kawaida za insulini. Ugonjwa wa viungo vya mwili waweza kutokea pia kwa wanyama-vipenzi wazee. Dalili zinazoonekana ni matatizo ya mwendo kama kutotaka au kutoweza kuruka au kukimbia. Daktari wako wa mifugo anaweza kugundua aina nyingi za ugonjwa wa viungo wakati wa uchunguzi wa kawaida. Nyakati nyingine, uchunguzi wa mionzi ya X-ray waweza kupendekezwa ili kupima uvimbe au kuondoa matatizo mengine yanayoweza kutokea. Ingawa hakuna tiba ya ugonjwa wa viungo, kuna njia mbalimbali za kutibu ugonjwa huo. Kulingana na Shirika la Amerika la Mbuzi wa Moyo, ugonjwa wa mbuzi wa moyo ni ugonjwa mbaya na wa hatari kwa wanyama wa kufugwa, ambao unaweza kukua hadi sentimita 14 kwa muda mrefu wakati unaishi katika moyo, mapafu na mishipa ya damu ya mbwa wako. Mdudu huyo husambazwa na mbu na anaweza kusababisha ugonjwa mbaya wa mapafu, kushindwa kwa moyo, na kuharibiwa kwa viungo. Ikiwa hawatatibiwa, idadi yao yaweza kuongezeka. Ugunduzi wa mapema na kuzuia ni chaguo bora kwa ajili ya matibabu ya mapema. Katika hatua za mapema za ugonjwa wa minyoo ya moyo, dalili zaweza kuwa vigumu kutambua. Dalili za ugonjwa wa minyoo ya moyo zaweza kutia ndani kikohozi kidogo lakini chenye kudumu, kupoteza uzito, kukosa hamu ya kutembea, uchovu, na kupungua kwa hamu ya kula. Kadiri ugonjwa huo unavyoendelea, huenda wanyama wa kufugwa wakawa na ugonjwa wa kushindwa kwa moyo na kuwa na umajimaji mwingi tumboni. Ikiwa minyoo ya moyo huongezeka, mtiririko wa damu kwenye moyo waweza kupunguzwa. Hilo laweza kusababisha ugonjwa wa moyo unaotisha uhai unaoitwa ugonjwa wa Caval. Dalili zaweza kutia ndani meno meupe, kuanza kwa ghafula kwa upungufu wa kupumua, na mkojo mweusi. Ni mbwa wachache wanaoishi bila upasuaji wa haraka wa kuondoa kizuizi hicho. Ikiwa maambukizo hayo yanaonekana mapema vya kutosha katika mbwa, kwa kawaida yanaweza kutibiwa. Vipepeo na makapi ni wadudu wasiofaa, lakini wanaweza pia kusababisha magonjwa mabaya na kuwaambukiza wanyama na wanadamu. Njia bora ya kuondoa wadudu hawa ni kutumia dawa ya kuzuia chawa na chawa kila mwezi. Sikuzote angalia wanyama wako wa kufugwa na wewe mwenyewe baada ya kuwa nje au kucheza na wanyama wengine. Pia, ni vizuri kusafisha fanicha na mazulia kwa ukawaida. Virusi vya Parvovirus, ambavyo ni hatari sana, ni vya kawaida sana. Parvo huonekana mara nyingi zaidi katika watoto wa mbwa na paka ambao hawaja chanjowa. Inaweza kuambukizwa na watu, wanyama au hata viatu, zulia au vitu vya kuchezea vya mbwa ambavyo vingeweza kuwasiliana na mbwa aliyeambukizwa au chachu yake. Virusi hivyo ni vigumu kuua na vinaweza kuishi kwa miezi mingi. Kiwango cha vifo hutegemea nguvu ya mfumo wa kinga wa mnyama, ni haraka gani dalili zinagunduliwa na ni haraka gani zinatibiwa. Kwa bahati nzuri, wengi wa wale wanaopona Parvo hawapatwi na madhara ya muda mrefu. Wengi wetu tumeshughulika na "pumzi ya mbwa", lakini hali hiyo si jambo la kuchekesha. Mbwa wanaweza kupata tartar, ugonjwa wa taya, na mifupa inayohitaji utunzaji wa meno wa kitaalamu. Ugonjwa wa meno waweza pia kusababisha magonjwa hatari ya moyo na figo kwa wanyama-vipenzi. Wafundishe watoto wako kwamba kuna kawaida ya kusafisha meno yao na kuwaokoa matibabu ya meno. Dr. Billar anapendekeza kusafisha meno kila mwaka, pamoja na hatua nyingine za kuzuia meno, ili kusaidia kuvunja tartar na kuzuia bakteria kukua katika mdomo wa mbwa wako. Ni rahisi kuanguka chini ya macho hayo yenye huzuni. Sote tumekuwa huko. Mbwa wako ni mtoto wako mwenye miguu minne na manyoya. Ni nani anayeweza kukataa kuwapa peremende kidogo au guacamole iliyobaki mara kwa mara? Kunenepa kupita kiasi kwa mbwa kumekuwa tatizo kubwa. Wanyama wa kufugwa wenye uzito kupita kiasi huwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kupatwa na magonjwa ya moyo, ugonjwa wa viungo, kisukari, na maisha mafupi. Kula kupita kiasi ni kisababishi kikuu cha hali hiyo. Ni rahisi kuangalia na daktari wako wa mifugo kwa ajili ya chakula na mazoezi ya ushauri. Vitu vya kulevya na vinywaji vya mbwa vimekuwa suala la kuvutia sana katika muongo uliopita. Tangu mwaka 2007, FDA imepokea malalamiko ya karibu 5,000 ya magonjwa ya wanyama wa kipenzi kutokana na athari za chakula cha mbwa kutoka China. "Kitu kibaya zaidi ni kwamba bidhaa fulani, ingawa zimeandikwa ""Made in the USA,"" bado zinaweza kutengenezwa kutokana na viungo vilivyodhoofika vilivyotokana na bidhaa za bei nafuu kutoka China au sehemu nyingine za dunia." "Mwanamke mmoja wa ofisi ya FDA ya chakula na dawa ya mifugo, Megan Bensett, alisema: ""Hakuna mahitaji ya kifurushi cha chakula au chakula kuorodhesha chanzo cha kila kiungo." "Tunapendekeza watumiaji wasiliana na kampuni ili kuthibitisha asili ya viungo ikiwa wanatafuta bidhaa ambazo zina viungo vya Marekani tu, ""aliongeza." Sikuzote wasiliana na Daktari wako wa Wanyama ikiwa una shaka, maswali, au matatizo. Ikiwa unafikiri mnyama wako amemeza sumu, piga simu kwa daktari wako wa wanyama mara moja au piga simu kwa Kituo cha Udhibiti wa sumu ya Wanyama cha ASPCA kwa (888) 426-4435. Wazazi wote wa wanyama wa kufugwa wanapaswa kuepuka kuwapa mbwa wao "chakula cha binadamu". Mbwa wanaweza pia kupata sumu peke yao. Hapa kuna orodha ya vitu na vitu vyenye sumu ambavyo havipaswi kuachwa karibu na mbwa au kupewa mbwa. - Acetaminophen, Amphetamines, Antihistamines, Decongestants, Aspirin <unk> Poisoned kwa mbwa. - Avocados <unk> Ina dutu iitwayo persin, ambayo ni sumu ya kuua kuvu inayoharibu moyo, mapafu, na tishu nyingine za wanyama. Mafuta mengi katika avocado yanaweza kusumbua tumbo la mbwa na kusababisha kutapika na labda pancreatitis. Dalili hizo si dhahiri lakini zinatia ndani ugumu wa kupumua na tumbo lililofurika. - Chakula cha watoto <unk> Bidhaa fulani zaweza kuwa na unga wa vitunguu, ambao waweza kuwa na sumu kwa mbwa. (Tafadhali ona vitunguu hapa chini.) Hilo laweza pia kusababisha upungufu wa lishe ikiwa linalisha kwa kiasi kikubwa. - Chakula cha paka <unk> Kwa ujumla ni cha juu sana katika protini na mafuta kuwa nzuri kwa mbwa. - Chokoleti, kahawa, chai, na caffeine nyingine Ikiwa ni pamoja na kahawa (katika taka) <unk> Caffeine inaweza kuwa sumu na kuathiri moyo na mifumo ya neva. Mafuta yaliyo katika chokoleti ni hatari pia. - Citrus Oil Extracts <unk> Inaweza kusababisha kutapika. - Mafuta yaliyokatwa <unk> Yaweza kusababisha pancreatitis. - Zabibu na zabibu za zabibu <unk> Zina sumu isiyojulikana ambayo inaweza kuharibu figo. Hakuna matatizo yoyote yanayohusiana na dondoo la mbegu za zabibu. - Hops (katika bia) <unk> Kiwanja kisichojulikana husababisha kukohoa, kuongezeka kwa msukumo wa moyo, kuongezeka kwa joto, mshtuko, na kifo. - Vitamini vya binadamu nyongeza zenye chuma <unk> Inaweza kuharibu lining ya mfumo wa kumeng'enya chakula na kuwa sumu kwa viungo vingine ikiwa ni pamoja na ini na figo. - Ibuprofen <unk> TSababu ya pili ya kawaida ya sumu ya mbwa ulimwenguni leo ni ibuprofen. Mbwa hupenda harufu ya dawa hii na watafanya chochote ili kuipata. - ini (katika kiasi kikubwa) <unk> Inaweza kusababisha sumu ya vitamini A, ambayo huathiri misuli na mifupa. - Makomamanga <unk> Huna sumu isiyojulikana, ambayo inaweza kuathiri mfumo wa kumeng'enya chakula, neva, na misuli. Hii inaweza kusababisha kupooza kwa muda, ambayo inaweza kudumu hadi masaa 24. Hii husababisha euthanizations zisizo za lazima kila mwaka kwa sababu baadhi ya Veterans hawajui ya hali hii. - Maziwa na Bidhaa Nyingine za Maziwa <unk> Mbwa fulani wazima hawana kiasi cha kutosha cha enzyme lactase, ambayo huvunja lactose katika maziwa. Hilo laweza kusababisha kuhara. Bidhaa za maziwa zisizo na laktosi zinapatikana kwa ajili ya wanyama-vipenzi. - Chakula chenye kuvu au kilichoharibika, taka <unk> Inaweza kuwa na sumu nyingi zinazosababisha kutapika na kuhara na pia zinaweza kuathiri viungo vingine. - Uyoga <unk> Unaweza kusababisha maumivu ya tumbo yanayosababishwa na uharibifu wa ini au figo. Kuota na kuhara kufuatiwa na mshtuko, kukosa fahamu na kifo kunawezekana sana ikiwa kimeuliwa. - Nutmeg <unk> Inaweza kuwa na sumu, ambayo inaweza kuathiri mifumo mingi katika mwili, kusababisha mshtuko, na kusababisha kifo. - Vitunguu na vitunguu (Vichanga, Vipikwa, au Poda) <unk> Vina sulfoxides na disulfides, ambazo zinaweza kuharibu chembe nyekundu za damu kwa kusababisha upungufu wa damu wa hemolytic. Vitunguu havina sumu nyingi kama vitunguu. - Persimmons <unk> Mbegu zinaweza kusababisha kizuizi cha matumbo na enteritis. - Vyakula vyenye sukari <unk> vinaweza kusababisha unene wa kupita kiasi, matatizo ya meno, na labda ugonjwa wa kisukari. - Pits kutoka Apples, Cherry, Peaches na Plums <unk> Ina cyanide na pia inaweza kusababisha kizuizi cha mfumo wa kumeng'enya chakula. - Majani ya viazi, rhubarb, na nyanya <unk> yana oxalates, ambazo zaweza kuathiri mfumo wa kumeng'enya chakula, mfumo wa neva, na mfumo wa mkojo. Hii ni tatizo kubwa zaidi katika mifugo. - Mayai yasiyosafishwa <unk> yana enzyme inayoitwa avidin, ambayo hupunguza kunyonya kwa biotin (vitamini B). Hilo laweza kusababisha matatizo ya ngozi na nywele. Mayai yasiyosafishwa yanaweza pia kuwa na Salmonella. - Samaki mbichi <unk> Inaweza kusababisha upungufu wa thiamine (vitamini B) inayoongoza kwa kupoteza hamu ya kula, mshtuko, na katika visa vikali, kifo. Ni ya kawaida zaidi ikiwa samaki mbichi hula mara kwa mara. - Chumvi <unk> Ikiwa inakuliwa kwa wingi inaweza kusababisha kutofautiana kwa electrolyte.