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Acid-base map and compensatory mechanisms
Buffering and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Physiologic pH and buffers
The role of the kidney in acid-base balance
Plasma anion gap
Renal system anatomy and physiology
Body fluid compartments
Movement of water between body compartments
Measuring renal plasma flow and renal blood flow
Regulation of renal blood flow
TF/Px ratio and TF/Pinulin
Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis
Free water clearance
Kidney countercurrent multiplication
Distal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Tubular reabsorption and secretion
Tubular reabsorption and secretion of weak acids and bases
Tubular reabsorption of glucose
Tubular secretion of PAH
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clearance p. 604
glucose clearance p. 604
glucose clearance and p. 604
bacterial clearance by p. 125
In order for the body to function properly, it needs a way to get rid of toxins and other waste materials. That’s where the kidneys come in. Their main function is to filter the blood and remove any unwanted substances from the body. Now, the first step in blood filtration happens at the glomerulus - a tiny bed of capillaries surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule. The glomerular filtration barrier is made up of three layers and together they separate the blood inside the glomerular capillaries from the fluid inside Bowman’s capsule. They work like a sieve, allowing water and some solutes in the plasma like sodium, to pass into Bowman’s space, while keeping negatively charged particles like proteins, or large particles like red blood cells in the blood. The filtered fluid, now called pre-urine, leaves the Bowman’s space and travels through the nephron.
The nephron is the basic unit of the kidney, and is essentially one long tube bent into a “U” shape. Different sections of this tube either reabsorb substances back into systemic circulation or actively secrete them into the nephron to be excreted in urine.
Renal clearance of a substance refers to how quickly a particular substance is removed from the plasma by the kidney and excreted in urine. So something with a high renal clearance means that it will be quickly removed from the blood, and vice versa. There’s a formula to calculate renal clearance for some substance X.
In this formula, C stands for the renal clearance which is the volume of blood plasma that’s cleared of that substance over time in minutes. C equals the concentration of the substance in urine [U]x multiplied by the urine flow rate (V) which is the amount of urine excreted over time in minutes. All of that’s divided by the plasma concentration of the substance [P]x. So, if the urine concentration is high but the plasma concentration is low, then that must mean that a lot of the substance was removed from the blood, leading to a high renal clearance. As a general rule, small, uncharged substances like inulin, which is a small inert polysaccharide molecule, have a relatively easy time passing through the glomerulus.
Renal clearance is the rate at which certain substances are removed from the plasma by the kidneys. It helps to measure how well the kidneys are filtering waste products from the blood. A higher renal clearance suggests the substance may be cleared almost completely in one pass through the kidneys, whereas a low value suggests that a substance may not be eliminated by the kidneys at all. In calculations, the renal clearance (C) of a substance x �, will be directly proportional to the urine concentration of the substance x ([U]x) and the urine flow rate (V), and inversely proportional to x's plasma concentration ([P]x): C=[U]x V[P]x
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"Kama vile, kwa mfano, ""Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Hydrogen Hapo ndipo figo zinapoingia. Kazi yao kuu ni kuchuja damu na kuondoa vitu vyovyote visivyotakiwa kutoka mwilini. Sasa, hatua ya kwanza katika kuchuja damu hutukia kwenye glomerulus - kitanda kidogo cha mishipa ya damu iliyozungukwa na kapsuli ya Bowman. Kizuizi cha kioevu cha glomerular kimeundwa na tabaka tatu na pamoja hutenganisha damu ndani ya capillaries ya glomerular kutoka kwa kioevu ndani ya capsule ya Bowman. "Hizi hufanya kazi kama ""siri,"" kuruhusu maji na baadhi ya solutes katika plasma kama sodiamu, kupita katika nafasi ya Bowman, wakati kuweka chembechembe negatively charged kama protini, au chembechembe kubwa kama chembe nyekundu za damu katika damu." Kioevu kilichosafishwa, ambacho sasa huitwa pre-urine, huondoka katika nafasi ya Bowman na kusafiri kupitia nephron. Nephron ni kitengo cha msingi cha figo, na kimsingi ni bomba moja ndefu iliyojipinda katika umbo la <unk>U<unk>. Sehemu tofauti za bomba hili ama huchukua tena vitu katika mzunguko wa damu au huviweka ndani ya nephron ili viondolewe katika mkojo. Utoaji wa figo wa dutu inahusu jinsi haraka dutu fulani inaondolewa kutoka plasma na figo na kutolewa katika mkojo. Kwa hiyo kitu chenye kiwango cha juu cha uponyaji wa figo kinamaanisha kwamba kitasafishwa haraka kutoka kwa damu, na kinyume chake. Kuna formula ya kuhesabu upasuaji wa figo kwa baadhi ya dutu X. Katika formula hii, C inasimama kwa ajili ya uponyaji wa figo ambayo ni kiasi cha plasma ya damu ambayo ni kuondolewa ya dutu hiyo kwa muda katika dakika. C = mkusanyiko wa dutu katika mkojo [U]x mara kwa kiwango cha mtiririko wa mkojo (V), ambayo ni kiasi cha mkojo iliyotolewa kwa muda katika dakika. Yote hayo <unk> ni kugawanywa na mkusanyiko wa plasma ya dutu [P]x. Kwa hiyo, ikiwa mkusanyiko wa mkojo ni wa juu lakini mkusanyiko wa plasma ni wa chini, basi hiyo inamaanisha kwamba kiasi kikubwa cha dutu hiyo iliondolewa kutoka kwa damu, na kusababisha uondoaji wa figo wa juu. Kwa kawaida, vitu vidogo, visivyo na nishati kama inulin, ambayo ni molekuli ndogo ya polysaccharide, huwa na wakati rahisi kupita kupitia glomerulus. Utoaji wa figo ni kiwango ambacho vitu fulani huondolewa kutoka kwa plasma na figo. Inasaidia kupima jinsi figo zinavyochuja vitu vya taka kutoka kwa damu. Utoaji wa figo unaoongezeka unaonyesha kwamba dutu inaweza kuondolewa kabisa katika njia moja kupitia figo, wakati thamani ya chini inaonyesha kwamba dutu inaweza kutoweka kabisa na figo. Utaratibu wa uponyaji wa figo (C) wa dutu x, utakuwa sawa na mkusanyiko wa mkojo wa dutu x (U) na kiwango cha mtiririko wa mkojo (V) na ukilinganishwa na mkusanyiko wa plasma wa x (P) (C=U) na V (P) (X) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) ( Haki zote zimehifadhiwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na zile za uchimbaji wa maandishi na data, mafunzo ya AI, na teknolojia kama hizo. Cookies hutumiwa na tovuti hii. USMLE ni mpango wa pamoja wa Shirikisho la Bodi za Matibabu ya Jimbo (FSMB) na Bodi ya Kitaifa ya Watafiti wa Matibabu (NBME). "Comlex-US ni alama ya biashara iliyosajiliwa ya ""National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners"" (NCME) na ""National Council of State Boards of Nursing"" (NCNS) na ni mali ya wamiliki wa alama ya biashara." Hakuna wamiliki wa alama za biashara wanaothibitishwa na wala kuhusishwa na Osmosis au tovuti hii.