We don’t hear about it much, but an important, historically unprecedented experiment is being conducted in Internet-connected schools, libraries, homes and workplaces in every country under every sort of government on the planet. It’s about how to protect people and their right of free expression – e.g., children and other protected classes – at the same time in social media. It’s unprecedented because this is a medium that can’t be regulated in any traditional way because it is global and grassroots (increasingly user-produced) and embraces about as many perspectives as there are people using it.
[I mentioned schools. I should qualify that. Because many schools still block social media, they can’t be the communities of guided practice that they ideally are for young social media users. Students can actively participate in this discussion – consciously practice both exercising free speech and respecting others’ right to exercise it – only when their schools support the use of social media in the classroom (e.g., blogs, wikis, Twitter, Google Docs, virtual worlds, apps, Facebook, etc.). Citizenship is best learned through practice rather than in the abstract, so I hope more and more schools will not only allow their students to join and participate in the discussion but also work with them as key participants in it in their school communities.]
“The most significant free-speech debates today … take place online,” writes George Washington University law professor Jeffrey Rosen in the New Republic, in places like Twitter, Facebook and YouTube which get requests every day from all over the planet to delete content that from one perspective is considered harmful and from another often considered a protest or parody or “controversial humor.” In this social media environment, Rosen writes, “the risks that overregulation will open the door to suppression of political expression are exponentially higher than in the offline world.” He doesn’t just point to China, Russia and Iran but also to the possibility of over-regulation from Europe: “Because of its historical experience with fascism and communism, Europe sees the suppression of hate speech as a way of promoting democracy.” He seems to be saying that Europe in effect thinks democracy means decency more than free speech, but “decency” defined by who? European democracies are “contemplating broad new laws that would require Internet companies to remove posts that offend the dignity of an individual, group, or religion.”
Whose rights determined by whom?
That sounds nice, right? But think about it: Who decides for the planet? A government? Rosen cites the example of Turkey, where it’s illegal to insult the country’s founder Kemal Ataturk. But Greek football fans did just that in some YouTube videos, and the Turkish government demanded that YouTube take them down. YouTube did block access to the videos in Turkey but not the whole world, so the Turkish government blocked its citizens’ access to YouTube for two years. The point, here, is not that few people understand the significance of other countries’ laws or cultural norms; it’s that few governments understand that a global medium is not designed to preserve the order in a single country or the rights of a single citizenry. For that matter, few users understand, or at least think about, this either. Also, sometimes we get to the social good by working through things democratically, with all kinds of people exercising their free-speech rights, often completely disagreeing with one another. [Likewise at school, students learn digital citizenship by going through this process in digital environments with the unique, focused guidance that school ideally provides.]
Not that “social media” was designed with any of this – including Turkish laws – in mind. But here we are, figuring all this out in user-generated social media now and, because media are global and social-media services are too, it falls to media companies who care about the issue to protect free speech. “Given their tremendous size and importance as platforms for free speech,” Rosen writes, “companies like Facebook, Google, Yahoo, and Twitter shouldn’t try to be guardians of what [Oxford and New York Universities professor Jeremy] Waldron calls a ‘well-ordered society’; instead, they should consider themselves the modern version of Oliver Wendell Holmes’s fractious marketplace of ideas – democratic spaces where all values, including civility norms, are always open for debate.”
Social media’s ‘deciders’
A fascinating part of this story is about the teams of content policy people at Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Yahoo nicknamed “The Deciders.” Rosen describes the work of the Anti-Cyberhate Working Group they formed to work through the complexities of content policy – and how to make decisions fairly, efficiently and consistently under ridiculous conditions. By ridiculous, I mean, for example, that people upload 300 million photos and 2.5 billion messages to Facebook per day, NPR recently reported, and I just learned from Twitter that its users send 1 billion tweets every 2.5 days.
But there’s no uniformity in these companies’ approaches to content. Facebook’s resembles workplace norms and policies, according to NPR – “the kinds of rules that govern what you can say to colleagues at lunch” – while Twitter “calls itself the free speech wing of the free speech party and models its approach on the US Constitution.” Twitter, Rosen says, “wants to be a platform for democracy rather than civility.”
NPR cites him as saying that – by deleting content based on their community standards (usually called Terms of Service) – companies are “judging what is and isn’t offensive,” and they shouldn’t be in the business of doing that. Others argue, of course, that they should because, after all, they’re just companies, not protectors of free speech. It’s not that Rosen doesn’t agree with the latter but these digital spaces now represent the global “marketplace of ideas” to an unprecedented degree. According to NPR, he says “Facebook has every right to determine for itself what speech to allow and what to ban.” It’s just that he “hopes the company will preserve at least the possibility for anonymous actors to say politically controversial – even occasionally offensive – things online.”
The child-protection challenge
Things get even more complicated when children occupy the same spaces as adults. It’s even more difficult to protect minors and free speech simultaneously in global social media, and US courts have been unprecedentedly challenged by legislation such as the Communications Decency Act (CDA) of 1996, the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) of 1998, and the Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) of 2000 to name only a few federal laws they’ve struggled with. The giant social media services were not designed for children under 13 (though nobody’s completely sure of the origins of that minimum age for the US’s Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act [COPPA], passed before there were social media), and there are millions of U13s in social media services, most of them with their parents’ knowledge or even help (see this) – logically because their children’s experiences in social media are largely positive.
What the US courts and four national task forces on child online protection, including two I’ve had the honor of serving on, seem to keep arriving at is that, in a global, multicultural medium, the child end of the protecting-free-speech-and-children equation is best covered through education in homes and schools and a large diverse set of protection tools chosen and implemented by the adults who know what’s best for them, child by child – because we’re slowly, collectively coming to understand four other things about social media:
- how individual social-media use is
- how embedded it is in, not separate from, our everyday lives (the actual context of what happens in social-media services, not the sites themselves)
- how – because the content is both individually and socially produced by the users of these media companies – privacy, safety and security are also social (maintained and shared by users as much as the services) as well as personal
- how fluid social-media use is (users can move on, set up accounts and post elsewhere if they don’t like restrictions placed on them, so regulation has an impact on companies, not so much content or users)
- how safety and privacy in social media are collective as well as individual and are maintained in a distributed way by all parties concerned (users for themselves, peers for each other, their online and offline communities, companies and governments).
Self, peer & community protection
What all of that says to me – and I think to anybody who’s been observing this experiment for a decade and a half – is that, where we’re talking about protecting people rather than free speech, truly effective protection can no longer come only from giant, impersonal entities such as governments and global companies. Protection of children in particular (because they’re participants and producers, constantly changing and in a highly experimental phase of their lives) works from the inside out. It’s best developed with the people closest to them, from parents to other family members to people who care about them at school and on out through the concentric circles, and it’s a learning process. It must involve children themselves, because internal factors such as resilience, mindfulness or critical thinking, and a moral compass or inner guidance system are critical.
And so the experiment continues, hopefully with our children’s participation, as we all find ourselves revisiting what democracy and free speech mean, now, in lives that happen in global, social digital spaces too.
- This month Facebook was the sixth company to join the Stockholm-based Global Network Initiative, which “strives to protect global human rights by working with technology companies, civil society, academics, and investors to help companies responsibly navigate the increasing number of complex laws and government requests to censor content and access personal information,” according to Leslie Harris of the Washington-based Center for Democracy and Technology.
- About what teens have to say about handling inappropriate content in social media
- “Anti-social media companies will be obsolete”
- “Good move: Game company takes down cruel ad campaign”
- “How crowd-reporting could actually be a bad thing”
- “A social-media company’s social-emotional learning”
- “Of free speech in global social media”
- “SOPA & citizenship in a digital age”
- “Teens, social media & trolls: Toxic mix”
- Back in 2009: “Digital risk, digital citizenship”
- About the fear factor: “Net-related ‘juvenoia’,” part 1 about why the fear is overrated and part 2 about why we’re so afraid
Disclosure: As co-director of ConnectSafely.org, I’m a member of Facebook’s Safety Advisory Board.
"""Hatuwezi kusikia juu yake sana, lakini majaribio muhimu, ya kihistoria ya ajabu yanafanywa katika shule zilizounganishwa na mtandao, maktaba, nyumba na mahali pa kazi katika kila nchi chini ya kila aina ya serikali duniani." Ni kuhusu jinsi ya kulinda watu na haki yao ya uhuru wa kujieleza - kwa mfano, watoto na makundi mengine ya ulinzi - wakati huo huo katika vyombo vya habari vya kijamii. Ni unprecedented kwa sababu hii ni njia ambayo haiwezi kudhibitiwa kwa njia yoyote ya jadi kwa sababu ni ya kimataifa na msingi (kuongezeka watumiaji zinazozalishwa) na inashughulikia kuhusu maoni mengi kama kuna watu kutumia. [Nilitaja shule. Ninapaswa kuhitimisha hilo. Kwa sababu shule nyingi bado kuzuia vyombo vya habari vya kijamii, hawawezi kuwa jamii ya mazoezi iliyoongozwa ambayo wao ni bora kwa watumiaji wachanga wa vyombo vya habari vya kijamii. Wanafunzi wanaweza kushiriki kikamilifu katika mjadala huu - kwa kujitambua kutekeleza uhuru wa kujieleza na kuheshimu haki ya wengine - tu wakati shule zao zinaunga mkono matumizi ya vyombo vya habari vya kijamii darasani (kwa mfano, blogi, wikis, Twitter, Google Docs, ulimwengu wa kawaida, programu, Facebook, nk). Uraia unajifunza vizuri kupitia mazoezi badala ya kwa njia isiyo ya kawaida, kwa hivyo natumaini shule zaidi na zaidi hazitaruhusu wanafunzi wao kujiunga na kushiriki katika majadiliano lakini pia kufanya kazi nao kama washiriki muhimu katika jamii zao za shule. "Jeffrey Rosen, profesa wa sheria wa Chuo Kikuu cha George Washington, anaandika katika gazeti la The New Republic, ""Mjadala muhimu zaidi wa uhuru wa kujieleza leo unafanyika mtandaoni, katika maeneo kama Twitter, Facebook na YouTube ambayo hupokea maombi kila siku kutoka duniani kote kufuta maudhui ambayo kutoka kwa mtazamo mmoja yanachukuliwa kuwa mabaya na kutoka kwa mwingine mara nyingi huchukuliwa kama maandamano au ucheshi au utani wa utani." "Mashirika ya habari ya Ulaya yanafikiria sheria mpya ambazo zitasababisha kampuni za mtandao kuondoa machapisho ambayo yanakosea heshima ya mtu binafsi, kikundi, au dini. ""Haki za nani huamuliwa na nani?" Hilo laonekana kuwa zuri, sivyo? Lakini fikiria: Ni nani anayeamua kwa ajili ya sayari? Je, ni serikali? Rosen anataja mfano wa Uturuki, ambapo ni kinyume cha sheria kumtukana mwanzilishi wa nchi hiyo Kemal Ataturk. Mashabiki wa mpira wa miguu wa Ugiriki wamefanya hivyo kwenye video za YouTube, na serikali ya Uturuki ilidai YouTube iondoe. YouTube imefunga upatikanaji wa video nchini Uturuki lakini sio ulimwengu wote, kwa hivyo serikali ya Uturuki ilizuia ufikiaji wa raia wake kwa YouTube kwa miaka miwili. """Hapa, sio kwamba watu wachache wanaelewa umuhimu wa sheria za nchi nyingine au kanuni za kitamaduni; ni kwamba serikali chache zinaelewa kwamba vyombo vya habari vya kimataifa havijengwa ili kuhifadhi utaratibu katika nchi moja au haki za raia mmoja." Kwa habari hiyo, watumiaji wachache wanaelewa, au angalau kufikiri kuhusu, hii ama. Pia, wakati mwingine tunapata faida ya kijamii kwa kufanya kazi kupitia mambo ya kidemokrasia, na watu wa kila aina wakitumia haki zao za uhuru wa kujieleza, mara nyingi wakipingana kabisa. """Kama ilivyo katika shule, wanafunzi hujifunza uraia wa dijiti kwa kupitia mchakato huu katika mazingira ya dijiti na mwongozo wa kipekee, wa lengo ambao shule hutoa." Si kwamba <unk>mitandao ya kijamii<unk> ilitengenezwa kwa kuzingatia yoyote ya haya <unk> ikiwa ni pamoja na sheria za Uturuki <unk>. Lakini hapa tuko, tukifahamu yote haya katika vyombo vya habari vya kijamii vilivyotengenezwa na watumiaji sasa, na kwa sababu vyombo vya habari ni vya kimataifa na huduma za vyombo vya habari vya kijamii pia, inashuka kwa makampuni ya vyombo vya habari ambao wanahusika na suala hilo kulinda uhuru wa kujieleza. "Kwa kuzingatia ukubwa wao mkubwa na umuhimu kama majukwaa ya uhuru wa kujieleza, kampuni kama Facebook, Google, Yahoo na Twitter haipaswi kujaribu kuwa walinzi wa kile ambacho Profesa Jeremy Waldron anaita ""jamii iliyoamriwa vizuri"" badala yake, wanapaswa kujiona kuwa toleo la kisasa la soko la mawazo la Oliver Wendell Holmes, ""mahali pa kidemokrasia ambapo maadili yote, pamoja na kanuni za adabu, ni wazi kwa mjadala,"" anasema Rosen." "Kama ni kweli, ""kila siku watu hupakia picha milioni 300 na ujumbe bilioni 2.5 kwenye Facebook,"" NPR iliripoti hivi karibuni, na nilijifunza kutoka kwa Twitter kwamba watumiaji wake hutuma tweets bilioni 1 kila siku 2.5." Lakini hakuna usawa katika kampuni hizi mbinu kwa maudhui. "Facebook inafanana na kanuni na sera za mahali pa kazi, kulingana na NPR, ""aina ya sheria ambazo zinaongoza kile unachoweza kusema kwa wenzake wakati wa chakula cha mchana,"" wakati Twitter inajita ""kikosi cha uhuru wa kujieleza cha chama cha uhuru wa kujieleza na kuiga mbinu yake kwenye Katiba ya Marekani,"" anasema Rosen, ""inataka kuwa jukwaa la demokrasia badala ya adabu.""" Wengine wanasema, bila shaka, kwamba wanapaswa kwa sababu, baada ya yote, wao ni makampuni tu, si walinzi wa uhuru wa kujieleza. Si kwamba Rosen hakubaliani na mwisho lakini nafasi hizi digital sasa kuwakilisha kimataifa "soko la mawazo" kwa kiwango cha ajabu. "Mwanamume huyo alisema Facebook ina haki ya kuamua ni maneno gani ya kuruhusu na nini ya kupiga marufuku, lakini amesema kampuni hiyo inatarajia kuhifadhi uwezekano wa watendaji wasiojulikana kusema ""mambo ya kisiasa yenye utata, hata mara kwa mara ya kukasirisha"" mtandaoni." "Hata hivyo, ni vigumu zaidi kulinda watoto na uhuru wa kujieleza wakati huo huo katika vyombo vya habari vya kijamii vya kimataifa, na mahakama za Marekani zimepingwa bila kutarajia na sheria kama vile Sheria ya Uadilifu wa Mawasiliano (CDA) ya 1996, Sheria ya Ulinzi wa Mtoto mtandaoni (COPA) ya 1998, na Sheria ya Ulinzi wa Mtandao wa Watoto (CIPA) ya 2000 ""kwa jina tu sheria chache za shirikisho ambazo wamepambana nazo.""" Huduma za vyombo vya habari vya kijamii hazikuundwa kwa watoto chini ya miaka 13 (ingawa hakuna mtu aliye na uhakika kabisa wa asili ya umri huo wa chini kwa Sheria ya Ulinzi wa Faragha ya Mtandao ya Watoto ya Marekani (COPPA) iliyopitishwa kabla ya vyombo vya habari vya kijamii), na kuna mamilioni ya U13 katika huduma za vyombo vya habari vya kijamii, wengi wao na maarifa ya wazazi wao au hata msaada (tazama hii). Mahakama za Marekani na vikosi vinne vya kitaifa vya kazi juu ya ulinzi wa watoto mtandaoni, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbili ambazo nimekuwa na heshima ya kutumikia, zinaonekana kuendelea kufika ni kwamba, katika mazingira ya kimataifa, ya kitamaduni, mwisho wa mtoto wa usawa wa ulinzi wa uhuru wa kujieleza na watoto ni bora kufunikwa kupitia elimu nyumbani na shule na seti kubwa ya zana za ulinzi zilizochaguliwa na kutekelezwa na watu wazima ambao wanajua nini ni bora kwao, mtoto kwa mtoto, kwa sababu sisi polepole, kwa pamoja, tunakuja kuelewa mambo mengine manne kuhusu vyombo vya habari vya kijamii: jinsi matumizi ya vyombo vya habari vya kijamii ni - jinsi ilivyoingizwa, si tofauti na, maisha yetu ya kila siku. "Kila kitu kinachoniambia mimi, na nadhani kwa mtu yeyote ambaye amekuwa akichunguza jaribio hili kwa miaka kumi na nusu, ni kwamba, ambapo tunazungumza juu ya kulinda watu badala ya uhuru wa kujieleza, ulinzi mzuri wa kweli hauwezi kuja tu kutoka kwa mashirika makubwa, yasiyo ya kibinafsi kama serikali na makampuni ya kimataifa. """ Ulinzi wa watoto hasa (kwa sababu wao ni washiriki na wazalishaji, daima kubadilika na katika awamu ya majaribio sana ya maisha yao) kazi kutoka ndani nje. Ni bora maendeleo na watu wa karibu zaidi nao, kutoka wazazi kwa wanachama wengine wa familia kwa watu ambao huduma juu yao katika shule na nje kwa njia ya duru concentric, na ni mchakato wa kujifunza. Ni lazima watoto wenyewe wahusike, kwa sababu mambo ya ndani kama vile upinzani, ufahamu au kufikiri kwa ukali, na dira ya maadili au mfumo wa mwongozo wa ndani ni muhimu. "Na hivyo jaribio linaendelea, kwa matumaini na ushiriki wa watoto wetu, kama sisi sote kupata wenyewe revisiting nini demokrasia na uhuru wa kujieleza maana, sasa, katika maisha ambayo kutokea katika ulimwengu, kijamii, nafasi za digital pia. """ "Facebook ni kampuni ya sita kujiunga na mpango wa ""Global Network Initiative"" ambao unalenga kulinda haki za binadamu kwa kushirikiana na makampuni ya teknolojia, jamii ya kiraia, wasomi na wawekezaji kusaidia makampuni kwa uwajibikaji kukabiliana na idadi inayoongezeka ya sheria ngumu na maombi ya serikali ya kudhibiti maudhui na kupata habari za kibinafsi,"" alisema Leslie Harris wa Kituo cha Demokrasia na Teknolojia cha Washington." "Kama ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000,"" ""Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000."""