Chronic encephalopathies lead to dementia syndromes that develop over months or years in a setting of clear consciousness (Neary & Snowden 2002). By contrast, acute encephalopathies are neurological and neurosurgical emergencies associated with rapid and severe disturbance of consciousness over hours or days, causing delirium, stupor and ultimately coma (Bateman 2001). Subacute encephalopathies are in between – impaired consciousness develops insidiously over weeks or months.
The term ‘confusional state’ is applicable to subacute encephalopathies. However, the clinician may also be confused. For example, patients with chronic dementia are sometimes inappropriately described as ‘confused’, while patients who are in a genuine confusional state may not be recognized as such. Diagnostic mistakes are particularly likely in older people who are sometimes thought, even nowadays, to be inherently senile and demented. Moreover, the situation is complicated by the fact that people who do have dementia may develop transient confusional states following acute perturbations
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Ugonjwa wa akili wa muda mrefu huongoza kwenye ugonjwa wa akili ambao huendelea kwa miezi au miaka katika mazingira ya ufahamu wazi (Neary na Snowden, 2002). Kwa upande mwingine, encephalopathies kali ni neurological na neurosurgical dharura kuhusishwa na haraka na kali ya kukosa fahamu kwa muda wa saa au siku, kusababisha delirium, stupeo na hatimaye coma. Subacute encephalopathies ni kati ya <unk> ufahamu uliopungua huendelea kwa hila kwa wiki au miezi. Neno "hali ya kuchanganyikiwa" linatumika kwa encephalopathies subacute. Hata hivyo, daktari wa kitiba anaweza pia kuchanganyikiwa. Kwa mfano, wagonjwa wenye dementia ya muda mrefu wakati mwingine hufafanuliwa vibaya kama "wenye kuchanganyikiwa", wakati wagonjwa ambao wako katika hali halisi ya kuchanganyikiwa wanaweza kutotambuliwa kama hivyo. Makosa ya utambuzi ni ya kawaida kwa watu wazima ambao wakati mwingine hufikiriwa, hata leo, kuwa na umri wa kukomaa na wazimu. Kwa kuongezea, hali ni ngumu na ukweli kwamba watu ambao wana dementia wanaweza kuendeleza hali ya machafuko ya muda mfupi kufuatia usumbufu mkali.Hata hivyo, ikiwa unataka kutumia tena makala hii, tafadhali tumia kiungo hapa chini ambacho kitakupeleka kwenye huduma ya Haki za Uhalali wa Kituo cha Uhalali. Utaweza kupata bei ya haraka na ruhusa ya papo hapo ya kutumia tena maudhui kwa njia nyingi tofauti.