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MOTTES AND COURT-HILLS
Two important points urged in Mr Neilson's paper are the feudal and legal connection of these motes. He has given a list of mottes which are known to have been the site of the "chief messuages" of baronies in the 13th and 14th centuries, and has collected the names of a great number which were seats of justice, or places where "saisine" of a barony was taken, not because they were moot-hills, but because the administration of justice remained fixed in the ancient site of the baron's castle. "The doctrine of the chief messuage, which became of large importance in peerage law, made it at times of moment to have on distinct record the nomination of what the chief messuage was, often for the imperative function of taking sasine. In In many instances the caput baronia, or the court or place for the ceremonial entry to possession, is the 'moit,' the 'mothill,' the 'auld castell,' the 'auld wark,' the 'castellsteid,' the 'auld castellsteid,' the 'courthill,' or in Latin mons placiti, mons viridis, or mons castri.”1 In certain places where two mottes are to be found, he was able to prove that two baronies had once had their seats. Another point which Mr Neilson worked out is the relation of bordlands to mottes. Bordland or borland, though an English word, is not pre-Conquest; it refers to "that species of demesne which the lord reserves for the supply of his own table." It is constantly found in the near proximity of mottes.2
The following is a list of thirty-eight Anglo-Norman or Normanised adventurers settled in Scotland, on whose lands mottes are to be found. The list must be regarded as a tentative one, for had all the names given by Chalmers been included, it would have been more than doubled. But the difficulties of obtain2 Ibid., p. 236.
1 Scottish Review, xxxii., 232.
ing topographical information were SO great that it has been judged expedient expedient to give only the names of those families who are known to have held lands, and in most cases to have had their principal residences, in places where mottes are or formerly were existing.1
ANSTRUTHER.-William de Candela obtained the lands of Anstruther, in Fife, from David I. His descendants took the surname of Anstruther. The "Mothlaw" of Anstruther is mentioned in 1590.2 "At the W. end of the town there is a large mound, called the Chester Hill, in the middle of which is a fine well." (N. S. A., 1845.) The well is an absolute proof that this was the site of a castle.
AVENEL.-Walter de Avenel held Abercorn Castle and estate, in Linlithgow, in the middle of the 12th century. The castle stood on a green mound (N. S. A.) which is clearly marked in the O.M.
BALLIOL.-The De Bailleul family had their seat at Barnard Castle, in Durham, after the Conquest. They obtained lands in Galloway from David I., and had strongholds at Buittle, and Kenmure, in Kirkcudbright. At Buittle the site of the castle exists, a roughly triangular bailey with a motte at one corner; and at Kenmure the O. M. clearly shows a motte, as does the picture in Grose's
1 This list is mainly compiled from Chalmers' Caledonia, vol. i., book iv., ch. i. The letter C. refers to Dr Christison's Early Fortifications in Scotland; N., to Mr Neilson's paper in the Scottish Review, 1898; O.M., to the 25-inch Ordnance Map; G., to the Gazetteer of Scotland. It is a matter of great regret to the writer that she has been unable to do any personal visitation of the Scottish castles, except in the cases of Roxburgh and Jedburgh. It is therefore impossible to be absolutely certain that all the hillocks mentioned in this list are true mottes, or whether all of them still exist.
2 Registrum Magni Sigilli, quoted by Christison, p. 19.
3 A plan is given by Mr Coles in "the Motes, Forts, and Doons of Kirkcudbright." Soc. Ant. Scot., 1891-1892.
Antiquities of Scotland. The terraces probably date from the time when the modern house on top was built.
BARCLAY.-The De Berkeleys sprang from the De Berkeleys of England, and settled in Scotland in the 12th century. Walter de Berkeley was Chamberlain of Scotland in 1165; William the Lion gave him the manor of Inverkeilor, in Forfarshire; there he built a castle, on Lunan Bay. "An artificial mound on the west side of the bay, called the Corbie's Knowe, bears evident marks of having been a castle long previous to the erection of Redcastle." (N. S. A.) The family also had lands in what is now Aberdeenshire, and at Towie, in the parish of Auchterless, they had a castle. "Close to the church of Auchterless there is a small artificial eminence of an oval shape, surrounded by a ditch, which is now in many places filled up. It still retains the name of the Moat Head, and was formerly the seat of the baronial court." (N. S. A.; N.; C.)
BRUCE. The De Brus held lands in North Yorkshire at the time of the Domesday Survey. David I. gave them the barony of Annan, in Dumfriesshire. The original charter of this grant still exists in the British. Museum, witnessed by a galaxy of Norman names.1 Their chief castles were at Annan and Lochmaben. At Annan, near the site of a later castle, there is still a motte about 50 feet high, with a vast ditch and some traces of a bailey (N.), called the Moat (N. S. A.). The "terras de Moit et Bailyis, intra le Northgate," are mentioned in 1582. South of the town of Lochmaben, on the N.W. side of the loch, is a fine motte called Castle Hill, with some remains of masonry, which is still pointed out as the original castle of the 1 M'Ferlie, Lands and Their Owners in Galloway, ii., 47.
Bruces.1 (G.) The fine motte and bailey at Moffat must also have been one of their castles, as Moffat was one of their demesne lands. (Fig. 44.)
CATHCART.-Name territorial. Rainald de Cathcart witnesses a charter (in the Paisley Register) in 1179. Near the old castle of Cathcart, Lanark, is "an eminence called Court Knowe." (N. S. A.) As Mr Neilson has shown, these court knowes and court hills are generally disused mottes. The name Rainald is clearly Norman. CHEYNE. This family is first known in 1258, but had then been long settled in Scotland, and were hereditary sheriffs of Banffshire. Chalmers only mentions their manor of Inverugie, in Aberdeenshire. Behind the ruins of Inverugie Castle rises a round flat-topped hill, which was the Castle Hill or Mote Hill of former days. (N. S. A.)
COLVILLE.-Appears in Scotland in the reign of Malcolm IV., holding the manors of Heton and Oxnam, in Roxburgh. About mile from Oxnam (which was a barony) is a moated mound called Galla Knowe. (O.M., C., and N.) Hailes identified the castle in Teviotdale, captured and burnt by Balliol in 1333, with that of Oxnam. Le Mote de Oxnam is mentioned in 1424 (N.).
CUMYN, OF COмYN.-The first of this family came to Scotland as the chancellor of David I. First seated at Linton Roderick, in Roxburghshire, where there is a rising ground, surrounded formerly by a foss, the site of the original castle; (G.) a description which seems to
1 This description, taken from the Gazetteer, seems clear, but Mr Neilson tells me the site is more probably Woody Castle, which is styled a manor in the 15th century. The N. S. A. says: "There is the site of an ancient castle close to the town, on a mound of considerable height, called the Castle Hill, which is surrounded by a deep moat." "Dumfries," p. 383.
2 Annals, ii., 196, cited in Douglas's History of the Border Counties, 1733 Round, in The Ancestor, 10, 108.
Mbele <unk> Kuendelea <unk> MOTTES na COURT-HILLS Mambo mawili muhimu yaliyotolewa katika karatasi ya Mheshimiwa Neilson ni uhusiano wa feudal na kisheria wa motes hizi. "Ameandika orodha ya maeneo ambayo yanajulikana kuwa ni mahali pa ""mawasiliano ya mkuu"" ya baroni katika karne ya 13 na 14, na amekusanya majina ya idadi kubwa ambayo yalikuwa viti vya haki, au mahali ambapo ""saisine"" ya baroni ilichukuliwa, sio kwa sababu walikuwa vilima vya mimea, lakini kwa sababu utawala wa haki ulibaki mahali pa kale pa ngome ya baroni." "Doktrina ya ujumbe mkuu, ambayo ikawa muhimu sana katika sheria ya peerage, ilifanya wakati wa wakati kuwa na rekodi tofauti ya uteuzi wa ujumbe mkuu, mara nyingi kwa kazi ya lazima ya kuchukua sasine. """ Katika visa vingi caput baronia, au mahakama au mahali kwa ajili ya kuingia sherehe ya kumiliki, ni'moit,''mothill,' 'auld castell,' 'auld wark,' 'castellsteid,' 'auld castellsteid,' 'courtthill,' au katika Kilatini mons placiti, mons viridis, au mons castri.'1 Katika maeneo fulani ambapo mons mbili ni kupatikana, aliweza kuthibitisha kwamba baronies mbili walikuwa wakati mmoja viti yao. Jambo jingine ambalo Bw Neilson alifanya kazi ni uhusiano wa bordlands kwa mottes. "Bordland au borland, ingawa ni neno la Kiingereza, si kabla ya ushindi; inahusu ""aina hiyo ya demesne ambayo bwana anahifadhi kwa ajili ya usambazaji wa meza yake mwenyewe.""" Miongoni mwa watu waliotajwa ni watu 38 wa asili ya Anglo-Norman, ambao waliishi Scotland na walipata alama za motte. Orodha hiyo lazima iangaliwe kuwa ya muda tu, kwa kuwa ikiwa majina yote yaliyotolewa na Chalmers yangeingizwa, ingekuwa zaidi ya maradufu. Lakini matatizo ya kupata2 Ibid., p. 236. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu cha Scottish Review, ""Tupographical Information"" (Uchunguzi wa Topografia) ilikuwa kubwa sana hivi kwamba ilionekana kuwa ni muhimu kutoa majina ya familia ambazo zinajulikana kuwa na ardhi, na katika kesi nyingi kuwa na makazi yao makuu, katika maeneo ambayo moto ni au zamani zilikuwapo." Wazao wake walichukua jina la familia la Anstruther. "Mothlaw ya Anstruther inatajwa katika 1592 ""Katika mwisho wa magharibi wa mji kuna kilima kikubwa, kinachoitwa Chester Hill, katikati ya ambayo ni vizuri." (N. S. A., 1845.) Kisima hicho ni uthibitisho wa hakika kwamba hapo hapo palikuwa na ngome. Walter de Avenel alikuwa na ngome ya Abercorn na mali yake huko Linlithgow katikati ya karne ya 12. Ngome hiyo ilisimama juu ya kilima cha kijani kibichi (N. S. A.) ambayo ni wazi alama katika O.M. BALLIOL.-Familia ya De Bailleul ilikuwa na kiti chao katika Barnard Castle, katika Durham, baada ya ushindi. Walipata ardhi katika Galloway kutoka David I., na walikuwa na ngome katika Buittle, na Kenmure, katika Kirkcudbright. Katika Bute, kuna bailey ya pembetatu na motte katika kona moja, na katika Kenmure, O.M. inaonyesha motte, kama inavyofanya picha katika Grose's 1 orodha hii ni hasa zilizokusanywa kutoka Chalmers 'Caledonia, vol. I, kitabu IV, sura ya i. "Hati ya ""C"" inahusu ""Ujenzi wa Mapema wa Dr. Christison huko Scotland"" (N.N.), ""Hati ya Mheshimiwa Neilson katika Scottish Review, 1898,"" ""Hati ya 25 ya Ordnance,"" ""Hati ya G.""" Ni jambo la kusikitisha sana kwa mwandishi kwamba yeye haijaweza kufanya ziara yoyote ya kibinafsi ya ngome za Scotland, isipokuwa katika kesi za Roxburgh na Jedburgh. Kwa hiyo, haiwezekani kuwa na uhakika kabisa kwamba vilima vyote vilivyotajwa katika orodha hii ni vilima halisi, au kwamba vyote bado vipo. "Kutoka kwa ""Registrum Magni Sigilli"" (Kristo, p. 19)." "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu cha ""Motes, Forts, and Douns of Kirkcudbright"" cha Mr. Coles." Soc. Mdudu. Scotland, 1891-1892. Vitu vya Kale vya Scotland. Yaelekea ngazi hizo zilijengwa wakati nyumba ya kisasa iliyokuwa juu ya paa hilo ilipojengwa. De Berkley, ambaye alikuwa na asili ya Uingereza, aliishi Scotland katika karne ya 12. Walter de Berkeley alikuwa Chamberlain wa Scotland mnamo 1165 na William the Lion alimpa nyumba ya Inverquillor huko Forfarshire, ambapo alijenga ngome kwenye Ghuba ya Lunare. "Mwamba wa bandia upande wa magharibi wa ghuba, unaoitwa Corbie's Knowe, una alama za wazi za kuwa ngome iliyokuwapo muda mrefu kabla ya ujenzi wa Redcastle". (N. S. A.) Familia hiyo pia ilikuwa na mashamba katika eneo ambalo sasa ni Aberdeenshire, na huko Towie, katika parokia ya Auchterless, walikuwa na ngome. Karibu na kanisa la Auchterless kuna kilele kidogo cha bandia cha umbo la mviringo, kilichozungukwa na mtaro, ambao sasa umejaa sehemu nyingi. Bado ina jina la Moat Head, na hapo awali ilikuwa makao ya mahakama ya baronial. " (N. S. A.; N.; C.) BRUCE. Familia ya De Brus ilikuwa na mashamba katika Yorkshire Kaskazini wakati wa Uchunguzi wa Domesday. David I. aliwapa barony ya Annan, katika Dumfriesshire. Mkataba wa awali wa ruzuku hii bado upo katika Uingereza. Jiji la Annan lilikuwa na ngome mbili za Norman, Annan na Lochmaben. Katika Annan, karibu na eneo la ngome ya baadaye, bado kuna motte ya juu ya mita 15, na mtaro mkubwa na baadhi ya alama za bailey (N), inayoitwa Moat (N). A.). "Terra de Moit et Baillyis, intra le Northgate, ""inatajwa katika 1582. Kusini mwa mji wa Lochmaben, kwenye N.W. "Kutoka upande wa pili wa ziwa, kuna ""Mole"" nzuri inayoitwa Castle Hill, na mabaki ya mawe, ambayo bado inaonyeshwa kama ngome ya awali ya M'Ferley, ardhi na wamiliki wao katika Galloway, II, 47." "Bruces 1: ""Mothe nzuri na bailey katika Moffat lazima pia kuwa moja ya majumba yao, kama Moffat alikuwa mmoja wa ardhi yao demesne.""" (Sura ya 5). 44.) CATHCART. Jina la eneo. "Rainald de Cathcart, mwandishi wa ""Paisley Register"" ya mwaka 1179, aliandika hivi: ""Kama ilivyoandikwa katika kitabu cha Paisley Register, ni wazi kwamba watu wa Uingereza walipata haki ya kuishi katika nchi hiyo." Karibu na ngome ya zamani ya Cathcart, Lanark, kuna "mkuu anayeitwa Court Knowe". (N. S. A.) Kama Mheshimiwa Neilson ameonyesha, haya mahakama anajua na mahakama milima ni kwa ujumla matumizi mottes. Jina Rainald ni dhahiri Norman. Cheyne. Familia hii ilijulikana kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo 1258, lakini wakati huo ilikuwa imekaa kwa muda mrefu huko Scotland, na walikuwa sheriffs wa urithi wa Banffshire. Chalmers anataja tu nyumba yao ya Inverugie, huko Aberdeenshire. Nyuma ya magofu ya Inverugie Castle huinuka mteremko gorofa-topped kilima, ambayo ilikuwa Castle Hill au Mote Hill ya siku za zamani. (N. S. A.) "Kama vile ""Mfalme wa Scotland"" Malcolm IV, ambaye alikuwa na nyumba za Heton na Oxnam huko Roxburgh." Karibu maili moja kutoka Oxnam (ambayo ilikuwa barony) ni mound moated aitwaye Galla Knowe. (O.M., C., na N.) Hailes alitambua ngome ya Teviotdale, iliyokamatwa na kuchomwa moto na Balliol katika 1333, kuwa ile ya Oxnam. Le Mouton de l'Ocne (Mto wa Oxen) ni mji wa kwanza katika Ufaransa kutajwa katika 1424 na ni moja ya miji ya kwanza katika historia ya Ufaransa. CUMYN, OF COmYN.-Mwanzo wa familia hii alikuja Scotland kama kansela wa David I. Linton Roderick, katika Roxburghshire, ambapo kuna ardhi ya juu, iliyozungukwa na mto, tovuti ya ngome ya awali, maelezo ambayo yanaonekana kuwa wazi, lakini Bwana Neilson ananiambia tovuti hiyo ni zaidi ya uwezekano wa Woody Castle, ambayo ni style ya manor katika karne ya 15. "N.S.A. inasema: ""Kuna eneo la ngome ya kale karibu na mji, juu ya kilima cha urefu mkubwa, kinachoitwa Castle Hill, ambacho kimezungukwa na mtaro wa kina." "Dumfries, ukurasa wa 383." "Kutoka kwa ""Mwanzo wa Historia"" (Annuals II, 196) na ""History of the Border Counties"" (History of the Border Counties, 1733), na ""The Ancestor,"" 10, 108, 139, na ""The Annals,"" na ""The Annals,"" na ""The Annals,"" na ""The Annals,"" na ""The Annals,"" na ""The Annals,"" na ""The Annals,"" na ""The Annals."""