Forget “slow and steady wins the race.” A new study shows that, at least sometimes, the best way to conserve energy and reach your destination on time is to alternate between walking and running—whether your goal is the bus stop or a marathon finish line.
In the January 30, 2013 issue of the Journal of the Royal Society Interface, researchers examined how people budget their time as they travel on foot to reach a destination at a particular appointed time. The study found that when people have neither too much time nor too little time to reach their destination, they naturally switch back and forth between walking and running, which turns out to be the best strategy for saving energy.
The study is the first of its kind not conducted on treadmills, and it supports the notion that the human body has an innate sense of how to vary speed to optimize energy when we’re on the move in our natural environment.
“We don’t live our lives on a treadmill,” said Manoj Srinivasan, co-author of the study and assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Ohio State University. “To better understand how we move in our everyday life, and how our spontaneous movements relate to energy expenditure, we have to study what people do away from the treadmill. Once we have a good enough understanding of how we naturally move to conserve energy, we can build a solid theory and apply it in practical ways—designing better shoes, or better prosthetics that let people walk using less energy.”
In tests, 36 college students were asked to travel a distance a little longer than a football field, either on pavement outdoors or inside a school hallway. They were given a stopwatch, and told to arrive at their destination at a specific time—not before and not after, but right on time. The students were free to set their own pace to achieve that goal, and were not told whether to walk or run.
Sometimes the students were told to make the trip in two minutes, so they could walk the entire way at a leisurely 2 miles per hour (about 1 meter per second) if they chose. At the other extreme, they were allotted only 30 seconds, so that they had to run the entire way at a brisk pace of 9 miles per hour (about 4 meters per second) to get there on time.
The researchers were most interested in what the students would do when they were allotted travel times between these two extremes. On a treadmill, people have to adjust their pace to match the machine in order to stay on the conveyer belt, but this study would reveal how people manage their gait, or movement pattern, when they can speed up and slow down whenever they want.
The study revealed the existence of a “transition region” between 4.5-6.7 miles per hour (about 2-3 meters per second) when the students tended to make the trip through a mix of walking and running. Regardless of any variable—fitness level, height, weight, leg length, the amount of time they were given for the trip, whether they were indoors or out—all the students employed a mixture of walking and running when they were moving at speeds within the transition region.
Using data previously recorded by other researchers who measured the typical human energy costs for walking and running at various speeds, Long and Srinivasan calculated that dividing up the trip into spurts of walking and running saved energy.
“Students seemed to naturally break into a run or slow down to a walk to save energy while ensuring that they arrived at their destination on time,” Srinivasan observed.
The findings resonated with Leroy Long III, study co-author and doctoral student in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education at Ohio State. As a recreational runner, he always feels less fatigued if he varies his gait at a natural pace. But other researchers have posed different hypotheses as to what physical factors cause people to vary their gait.
“Previously, some researchers have argued that the speed at which we break into a run was really determined by other factors, such as muscle forces. However, such factors cannot explain why we sometimes use a mixture of walking and running. Our findings suggest, qualitatively at least, that the body actually tends to move in ways that will conserve energy,” Long III said.
Next, Srinivasan will work on developing calculations that can be used to optimize everything from shoes and backpacks to prosthetic devices, and even assistive devices such as exoskeletons.
Source: Ohio State University
Published on 4th February 2013
"Utafiti mpya unaonyesha kwamba, angalau wakati mwingine, njia bora ya kuokoa nishati na kufikia marudio yako kwa wakati ni kubadilishana kati ya kutembea na kukimbia, iwe lengo lako ni kituo cha basi au mstari wa kumaliza marathon. """ Katika jarida la Royal Society Interface la Januari 30, 2013, watafiti walichunguza jinsi watu wanavyotumia wakati wao kusafiri kwa miguu ili kufika mahali walipoenda kwa wakati fulani. Utafiti huo uligundua kwamba wakati watu hawana muda mwingi au mfupi sana kufikia marudio yao, wao kwa kawaida hubadilisha na kurudi kati ya kutembea na kukimbia, ambayo inageuka kuwa mkakati bora wa kuokoa nishati. Utafiti huu ni wa kwanza wa aina yake ambao haukufanywa kwenye treadmills, na inasaidia wazo kwamba mwili wa binadamu una hisia ya asili ya jinsi ya kubadilisha kasi ili kuboresha nishati wakati tunasafiri katika mazingira yetu ya asili. "Hatuishi maisha yetu kwenye treadmill", alisema Manoj Srinivasan, mwandishi mwenza wa utafiti na profesa msaidizi wa uhandisi wa mashine katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Ohio. <unk>Kufahamu vizuri jinsi tunavyohamia katika maisha yetu ya kila siku, na jinsi harakati zetu za hiari zinavyohusiana na matumizi ya nishati, lazima tujifunze kile watu hufanya mbali na treadmill. "Kama tuna ufahamu wa kutosha wa jinsi tunavyohamia kwa asili kuokoa nishati, tunaweza kujenga nadharia thabiti na kuitumia kwa njia za vitendo - kubuni viatu bora, au proteti bora ambazo huruhusu watu kutembea kwa kutumia nishati kidogo. ""Katika vipimo, wanafunzi wa chuo kikuu 36 waliulizwa kusafiri umbali mrefu zaidi ya uwanja wa mpira wa miguu, ama kwenye barabara ya nje au ndani ya ukumbi wa shule." Walipewa saa ya kusimamisha, na kuambiwa wafikie mahali walipokuwa wakienda kwa wakati hususa - si kabla wala baada, bali kwa wakati. Wanafunzi walikuwa huru kuweka mwendo wao wenyewe ili kufikia lengo hilo, na hawakuambiwa kama kutembea au kukimbia. Wakati mwingine wanafunzi waliambiwa kufanya safari hiyo kwa dakika mbili, ili waweze kutembea njia nzima kwa mwendo wa kilomita mbili kwa saa (karibu mita moja kwa sekunde) ikiwa wangependa. Kwa upande mwingine, walipewa sekunde 30 tu, kwa hiyo walilazimika kukimbia kwa kasi ya kilomita 9 kwa saa (mita 4 kwa sekunde) ili kufika mahali hapo kwa wakati. Watafiti walipendezwa zaidi na kile wanafunzi wangefanya wakati walipewa muda wa kusafiri kati ya mambo haya mawili makali. Katika mashine ya kukimbia, watu wanahitaji kurekebisha mwendo wao ili kufanana na mashine ili kukaa kwenye mkanda wa usafirishaji, lakini utafiti huu utafunua jinsi watu wanavyoweza kusimamia mwendo wao, au muundo wa mwendo, wakati wanaweza kuharakisha na kupunguza wakati wowote wanaotaka. Utafiti huo ulifunua kuwepo kwa eneo la mpito kati ya maili 4.5-6.7 kwa saa (karibu mita 2-3 kwa sekunde) wakati wanafunzi walipoelekea kufanya safari kupitia mchanganyiko wa kutembea na kukimbia. Bila kujali kiwango cha fitness, urefu, uzito, urefu wa mguu, muda waliopewa kwa ajili ya safari, kama walikuwa ndani au nje, wanafunzi wote kutumika mchanganyiko wa kutembea na kukimbia wakati wao walikuwa kusonga kwa kasi ndani ya mkoa wa mpito. Kwa kutumia data zilizorekodiwa hapo awali na watafiti wengine ambao walipima gharama za kawaida za nishati ya binadamu kwa kutembea na kukimbia kwa kasi tofauti, Long na Srinivasan walihesabu kwamba kugawanya safari katika vipindi vya kutembea na kukimbia kuokoa nishati. "Wanafunzi walionekana kwa kawaida kukimbia au kupunguza mwendo ili kuokoa nishati wakati wa kuhakikisha kwamba walifika mahali walipokuwa wakienda kwa wakati", Srinivasan alisema. Leroy Long III, mwandishi mwenza wa utafiti na mwanafunzi wa udaktari katika elimu ya STEM (Sayansi, Teknolojia, Uhandisi na Hisabati) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ohio, alisema: Akiwa mkimbiaji wa burudani, sikuzote anahisi uchovu mdogo ikiwa anabadili mwendo wake kwa mwendo wa kawaida. Hata hivyo, watafiti wengine wametoa nadharia tofauti kuhusu sababu za kimwili zinazosababisha watu kubadilisha mwendo wao. <unk> Hapo awali, watafiti fulani wamesema kwamba mwendo tunaoanza kukimbia huamuliwa na mambo mengine, kama vile nguvu za misuli. Hata hivyo, mambo hayo hayawezi kueleza kwa nini nyakati nyingine tunatumia mchanganyiko wa kutembea na kukimbia. """Ugunduzi wetu unaonyesha, angalau kwa ubora, kwamba mwili kwa kweli huwa na mwendo wa kuhamia kwa njia ambazo zitahifadhi nishati,"" alisema Long III." Srinivasan pia amefanya kazi ya kuunda hesabu ambazo zinaweza kutumika kuboresha kila kitu kutoka viatu na mikoba hadi vifaa vya prosthetic, na hata vifaa vya kusaidia kama vile exoskeletons. Chanzo: Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Ohio, Marekani