An Analysis of the Opportunities and Risks Facing Human Rights Activists in a Digital Age
Latest advancements in digital technologies have radically transformed the human rights advocacy landscape. The purpose of this article is to examine some of the ways in which technology presents opportunities, risks and challenges for the human rights field. As new technologies provide new forms of engagement and community building, they change the way in which organizations and individuals act together to preserve human rights and drive social change.
Digital technology has revolutionized the field of human rights. New forms of information and communication technologies (ICT) have not only enhanced traditional forms of activism over the past decade, they have changed the very nature of advocacy. By bringing the voices of multiple communities, identities and geographies into the public square, digital technology has transformed the opportunities, challenges and risks for everyone in the human rights field, including victims, advocates, and those who violate rights.
Digital technology now enables people to directly advocate for fundamental human rights, providing new models for engagement and community building. The Internet, mobile phones, satellite television, and other digital technologies provide platforms on which individuals and organizations employ combinations of images, audio, video and text to raise awareness about social, political and economic struggles, mobilizing global audiences. For example, bloggers and journalists fueled recent Egyptian uprisings by exposing police brutality through videos and images posted online and shared in real-time on Twitter. In Mexico, the Internet has served as a key tool in reporting on drug cartel violence. Across Africa and South Asia, mobile phones facilitate rural healthcare service delivery.
This article begins with an examination of how digital technology has accelerated the human rights agenda. It then addresses the privacy challenges that accompany this new technology, and how they can pose security risks. Finally, the article weighs the unprecedented access to information that digital technology brings against a continued need for place-based activism, even in a digital world.
Online platforms and social media networks are powerful tools for engaging global audiences. Affordable access to multimedia tools to produce interactive websites, documentaries, games and music has changed the way advocates raise consciousness. The impact of compelling, high-quality images from disasters like Hurricane Katrina and violent conflicts in Syria and Libya build empathy. Social networks and online platforms provide ways to immediately translate that emotional connection into meaningful action. In this way, people share experiences more broadly than ever before.
The use of digital technologies has altered the relationship between advocacy organizations and their constituents. Digital media, especially social media networks, has changed dialogue not just among peers, but also between publics and institutions.
Due to affordability and open access, new media has lower barriers to participation and encourages public dialogue, leading to an increase in the number of people who are politically vocal. Almost every international, national and grassroots organization uses some form social media to engage directly with their communities. Organizations immediately gather data and feedback to analyze impact and audience size. This allows institutions to more nimbly adjust messages, targets and tactics to efficiently deploy resources for maximum impact.
Lowered barriers to participation also give users access to more platforms to raise their voices. From sharing messages with their personal social media networks to creating globally distributed digital petitions, individuals and human rights advocates can align and interact with multiple interconnected causes in a variety of ways.
Digital technologies have also lowered barriers to entry for activists themselves, allowing individuals from a much broader range of backgrounds and geographies to bring attention to human rights issues in their lives and communities and propel social change movements. With a plethora of digital resources now available, people can mobilize communities to take action without relying on the formal structures of traditional advocacy organizations. While formal organizations sometimes continue to play a significant role in scaling up movements, the fact that individuals can more easily become change agents drives collective action and sustains long-term movements.
The rise of the networked public sphere means that we are now seeing new fora for public dialogue and testimony. Digital technologies have given marginalized people around the world a new means to organize, communicate, tell their own stories and create change.
Take indigenous rights: the Zapatistas adopted these tools early, using the Internet more than a decade ago to reach beyond Mexican borders and spark a series of global indigenous rights movements (MARTINEZ-TORRES, 2001). They overcame authoritarian and often biased mainstream media by directly sharing their struggle for indigenous land rights online. In this way, they exposed Mexican corruption and dispelled false government claims that Zapatista autonomy would threaten the integrity of the Mexican nation (CLEAVER, 1998). In addition to communicating with existing supporters and allies, the Zapatistas aligned themselves with other anti-capitalist movements and coordinated global action.
The online world has given rise to a new wave of feminism, allowing grassroots movements and organizations to proliferate and collaborate to amplify their voices, reach larger audiences, bring visibility to women’s rights issues and lead social change. Although many women still face obstacles to active participation online, the rise of social media means that feminists from Africa, South Asia, Latin America and the Muslim world can often raise issues in ways that used to be reserved for feminists from the global North. In the United States, women of color have used social media to challenge mainstream feminist narratives and create nuanced conversations. In August 2013, feminist blogger Mikki Kendall started a Twitter hashtag #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen to express her concerns about women of color’s exclusion from the mainstream feminism movement in the United States. Despite generating a backlash from white feminists, Kendall generated other conversations such as #NotYourNarrative to address Muslim women’s portrayal in Western media (JOHN, 2013).
Digital activism has also shaped immigration rights dialogues, especially in the United States. A Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication study by Summer Harlow and Lei Guo (2014) shows that immigration activists rely on online and multimedia tools to raise consciousness, collect donations, influence legislation and coordinate and mobilize people online and offline. In the United States, the face of immigration is increasingly female, yet their voices and unique struggles had remained largely unheard. Leading up to the 2012 Presidential election, my organization Breakthrough launched #ImHere, a digital campaign targeting young Americans who have the power to vote and are active on the social media. The centerpiece of the campaign was a short narrative film, The Call, portraying the negative impact of US immigration policies on immigrant families. The campaign’s intent was to raise awareness and establish empathy and compassion among young audiences. With the help of social media and the short film, Breakthrough connected directly with youth in a familiar context—by sharing a short video filmed in a way its audience could relate to. Culminating on Election Day, the #ImHere campaign mobilized thousands of Americans into a critical mass of supporters and created powerful new conversations online that propelled the human rights of immigrant women onto the national agenda at a pivotal moment in American politics.
The number of mobile phone subscriptions reached 6.8 billion globally in 2013. The mobile phone penetration rate is 96% of the world, 128% in developed countries and 89% in developing countries. Human rights organizations are harnessing this broad market penetration of affordable mobile phones, using them as tools to propel culturally-sensitive local action. Mobile applications like Circle of 6 in the United States and India and Self Help in Nepal assist people who are at risk of violence by sending short text messages and geolocation data to the police and to a handpicked group of family and friends with the push of a button (KUMAR, 2013).
Similarly, with the use of free, open source digital platforms like Ushahidi, people can generate accountability in crisis situations. Initially developed for gathering and sharing reliable data during the violent Kenyan elections in 2008, Ushahidi has since been used in multiple conflict and natural disaster situations such as the earthquake in Haiti, floods in Pakistan and violence in Syria. Ushahidi allows organizations to map eyewitness reports of violence submitted online or via mobile phone in real-time. Admittedly, new media technologies come with their own challenges—it can be difficult to verify the validity and authenticity of reports. Platforms like Ushahidi respond to this challenge by employing fact-checking teams of citizen journalists and activists on the ground. Moreover, GPS-enabled devices can help verify a report’s location, and sets of multiple reports on the same incident provide nuance and corroboration for a story.
The value of the collaboration and citizen power of platforms like Ushahidi is worth risking an occasional errant report. In countries where mainstream media is hamstrung by lack of access or government constraints, crowdsourced maps can create transparency, accountability and rapid resource deployment by identifying violence hot spots and the type of intervention they require.
Traditionally, formal organizations have documented, monitored and reported human rights abuses. This system faces challenges in accurate representation, financial resources, access to regions where violations are occurring, and staff capacity constraints. With lightweight cameras and smartphones, any concerned citizen can now document and report on human rights violations. Citizens less frequently rely on media organizations, non-governmental organizations or international organizations to raise their voices or share their stories.
The nonprofit organization WITNESS has harnessed the power of compelling personal storytelling for human rights advocacy by using citizen-sourced videos as integrated campaign tools. They train citizens and activists around the world to safely film human rights abuses. These stories have been used as testimony before human rights commissions, legislative bodies and executive bodies to bring human rights violators to justice.
While digital tools provide efficient, low-cost and innovative ways of advancing the human rights agenda, the same digital tools can perpetuate abuse. The following sections examine how new technologies at times enhance global inequalities, violate privacy and threaten individual and organizational security.
Technologies that give human rights activists worldwide new tools to fight abuse, expose corruption, change government policies and bring human rights abusers to justice simultaneously pose security risks. Social media, blogs, mobile phones, videos and images can be appropriated by governments and non-state actors for surveillance in order to extract sensitive information, collect personal citizens’ data and intercept communications. As recently revealed in National Security Agency (NSA) documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the US government has been involved in massive data collection and surveillance activities worldwide with little oversight. In Egypt, the former military government and the newly-formed democratic government have identified and targeted online activists. These infringements on privacy and freedom pose a serious threat to human rights defenders. While the digital technologies for creating and sharing information—along with tools developed for mass surveillance—have advanced significantly, the policies and international standards governing their use lag dismally behind.
As citizens become more aware of global human rights abuses through information shared online, digital technologies can simultaneously perpetuate violence. Digital technologies enable human rights abusers by making it easier for them to distribute child pornography, conduct human trafficking and practice modern-day slavery. A March 2014 report by Najat Maalla M’jid, United Nations’ Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, warns that children are at more risk than ever to be sexually exploited or sold online (CHILD…, 2014). Digital abuse is not limited to the egregious abuses of trafficking and slavery—each day, women and minorities face harassment, bullying and threats online.
The increased use of digital technologies for data collection and surveillance has put technology firms under public scrutiny. These companies face dueling pressures and expectations to be transparent and to respect the privacy of their users. The right to privacy is a basic human right, and as technologies evolve, activists and human rights organizations throughout the world are calling on governments to create policies that ensure transparency and accountability when it comes to security surveillance and collection of personal data of their citizens.
From social media to mobile phones to wearable technology, digital connectivity drives daily life. With such widespread use of information and communication technologies, we tend to overlook the gaping global digital divide. In a digital age, many basic freedoms and fundamental human rights are inextricably linked to the right to digital access. As a result, the United Nations declared access to the Internet a basic human right (KRAVETS, 2013), due to its ability to provide access to information, allow freedom of expression, allow citizens to take part in the political process of their country and allow them to actively take part in the cultural life of their communities.
And yet only 39 percent of the world’s population has Internet access. Seventy-five percent of Europeans are online, while only 16 percent of Africans have Internet access (INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION, 2013).
The digital divide also cuts through both developed and developing nations, due to both limited access to technology and low literacy rates. Only 37% of the women in the world are online, versus 41% of men. Based on local cultural norms regarding women, literacy rates and gender inequalities, there also exists a significant gender gap in access even when digital technologies are available in the region. As women’s rights consultant Clara Vaz (2014) points out, part of the challenge is gendered distribution of information. Men create the majority of the online content. For example, on the open-source encyclopedia Wikipedia, only 16% of the editors are women—and they contribute only 9% of the changes to Wikipedia entries (LAM; UDUWAGE; et al, 2011). Since Wikipedia relies on volunteers to add content, this has serious implications. Often, information relating to violence against women is absent or inaccurate. During a hackathon hosted by Breakthrough in December 2013, one group of activists and journalists identified and edited a set of key Wikipedia entries that left out important information regarding sexual violence against women, such as an article on Indian guidelines regarding sexual harassment in the workplace and an article explaining a landmark rape case judgment.
Government censorship and corporate policy also limit digital access. After all, government censorship means people throughout the world do not experience and access the Internet and digital tools in the same way (MACKINNON, 2014). In some cases, national governments and large corporations control how certain populations experience the Internet, resulting in inequality in freedom of access to information. In order to operate in certain countries, companies like Google have to exercise self-censorship and limit some of the information that they allow users to access.
This section considers some additional impacts that digital technologies have in enhancing the work of human rights advocates through innovation, creativity and collaborations between online and offline activism.
In places where Internet access is scarce, the constraints drive innovation in the ways mobile phones and radio can be used to generate social change. Gram Vaani, a Delhi-based technology company, uses mobile phones to create a community-powered social network. Mobile Vaani relies on an intelligent interactive voice response system where people can call a number to record messages about their community or listen to messages left by other members of their community.
In December 2013, Breakthrough partnered with Mobile Vaani in Jharkhand, India to raise awareness about the devastating impact of early marriage on young girls. Nearly 223 people called to contribute content, and 15,000 callers dialed in to hear these messages. Short compilations of the messages received aired as eight episodes over a period of four months. Similar to other social media, the Mobile Vaani content gives space for multiple types of messages. People expressed opinions, shared useful information about government programs related to early marriage and exchanged entertaining content such as stories, poems, dramas and songs.
In this way, Gram Vaani’s community-based network creates a system of accountability as people demand access to needed resources and make policymakers aware of the problems they face, while also generating solutions that are grounded in the context of their community.
At a time when audiences regularly digest information while quickly scrolling through tweets of no more than 140 characters each, organizations must continuously innovate to capture and hold audience attention. Long-form analytical reports, policy papers and research studies are certainly still relevant ways to convey more complex, nuanced arguments. As a result, organizations must creatively integrate digital tools in their campaigns and understand the best ways to build an argument and reach audiences using the range of tools at their disposal.
After all, the same report can exist in different forms. Based on the audience an organization is expecting to reach, content should be tailored for maximum viewership and shareability. In the past, organizations would generate reports that would sit as printed materials in their offices or housed as PDF documents on their websites. The ability to present information in multiple and engaging formats means that organizations can now share their reports and research with an even broader public, including audiences that would typically not have sought out reports published and distributed in a traditional manner. Recently, The Barnard Center for Research on Women published a report on the future of online feminism on their website. The Center also created a visually-engaging infographic based on their major findings that could be shared across social media and generated online discussion during the launch event with the use of #FemFuture on Twitter (MARTIN; VALENTI, 2013).
Online human rights campaigns are often dismissed as “slacktivism” and criticized for not translating into real change. However, this criticism assumes that digital activism replaces place-based activism. In reality, the success of human rights campaigns stems from a balance of online consciousness-raising and offline action to drive meaningful social impact. Dynamics of Cause Engagement, a 2011 study from Georgetown University’s Center for Social Impact Communication, demonstrated that while social media activism still ranks lower than traditional activism, nearly 6 in 10 Americans believe that social media are important in bringing visibility and support for causes. Furthermore, “slacktivists” were twice as likely as others to engage in activities like volunteering, donating and recruiting others for a cause. Their social media support supplemented offline activism.
Though a single video can capture the attention of millions of online viewers, real change comes only when that attention is channeled into meaningful action. Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and online petition platforms like Avaaz and Change raise awareness and mobilize physical action, acting as milestones along the journey towards social transformation.
Similarly, while Breakthrough has engaged more than 130 million people and our media and toolkits have been used by organizations worldwide, we firmly believe in keeping our work grounded in physical communities. For example, in India, women’s access to public transportation is limited due to rampant sexual harassment and abuse. In order to encourage women to reclaim public spaces, Breakthrough’s “Board the Bus” campaign urged women in Delhi who rarely use buses to join regular female bus commuters as a sign of solidarity on March 8, 2014. In the weeks leading up to the event, Breakthrough relied heavily on social media, radio and flash mobs not only to spread the word and encourage women to travel by bus, but also to share experiences of women who have faced harassment on public transportation. Still, the underlying intent was to drive our audience to physical, collective action.
Digital media have fundamentally transformed the landscape of human rights advocacy and campaigning. Despite the serious risks and challenges that these technologies can pose, their power to drive social change cannot be denied. As digital technologies continue to evolve and become ubiquitous, human rights advocates must understand them, adopt them and leverage them to preserve and advance human rights. Digital media can bring together groups of people in a collaborative environment to create and sustain meaningful change. People who previously did not consider themselves activists, such as journalists, technologists, scientists, designers and policy experts, are now applying collective intelligence to create holistic solutions to critical human rights issues facing our societies. These collaborations rely on co-creation, collective action and public dialogue that can spread through popular culture and social media to generate the long-term transformation needed to realize human rights.
Bibliography and other sources
CENTER FOR SOCIAL IMPACT COMMUNICATION. 2011. Dynamics of Cause Engagement, 22 Nov. Available at: http://csic.georgetown.edu/research/dynamics-of-cause-engagement. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
CHILD trafficking, exploitation on the rise, warns UN expert. 2014. UN News Center, 13 Mar. Available at: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47346&Cr=traffic&Cr1=abuse#.UzMdqK1dUr0. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
CLEAVER, Harry. 1998. The Zapatista Effect: The internet and the rise of an alternativa political fabric. Journal of International Affairs, New York, v. 51, n. 2, p. 621-640. Available at: http://www.uff.br/ciberlegenda/ojs/index.php/revista/article/download/280/165. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
GUGLIELMO, Connie. Apple’s Supplier Labor Practices In China Scrutinized After Foxconn, Pegatron Reviews. Forbes, 12 Dec. 2013, Tech. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/connieguglielmo/2013/12/12/apples-labor-practices-in-china-scrutinized-after-foxconn-pegatron-reviewed. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
HARLOW, Summer; GUO, Lei. 2014. Will the Revolution be Tweeted or Facebooked? Using Digital Communication Tools in Immigrant Activism. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12062. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcc4.12062/abstract. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION. 2013. The World in 2013: ICT Facts and Figures, Feb. Available at: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2013-e.pdf. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
JOHN, Arit. 2013. The Year in #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen and Twitter Feminism. The Wire, 31 Dec. Available at: http://www.thewire.com/culture/2013/12/year-solidarityisforwhitewomen-and-twitter-feminism/356583. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
KRAVETS, David. 2013. U.N. Report Declares Internet Access a Human Right. Wired, 3 Jun. Available at: http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/06/internet-a-human-right. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
KUMAR, Ravi. 2013. Young People Use Tech to End Violence Against Women in Nepal. Huffington Post, 18 Jul. Impact. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ravi-kumar/young-people-use-tech-to-_b_3612004.html. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
LAM, Shayong K.; UDUWAGE, Anuradha; DONG, Zhenhua; SEN, Shilad; MUSICANT, David R.; TERVEEN, Loren; RIEDL, John. 2011. WP: clubhouse?: An Exploration of Wikipedia’s Gender Imbalance. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration, Mountainview, p. 1-10. Available at: http://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf. Last accessed 31. Mar. 2014.
MACKINNON, Rebecca. 2014. Playing Favorites. Guernica, 3 Feb, Features. Available at: http://www.guernicamag.com/features/playing-favorites. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
MARTIN, Courtney E.; VALENTI, Vanessa. n/d. #FemFurture: Online Revolution. Barnard Center for Research on Women, New York, v. 8. Available at: http://bcrw.barnard.edu/publications/femfuture-online-revolution. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
MARTINEZ-TORRES, Maria Elena. 2001. Civil Society, the Internet, and the Zapatistas. Peace Review: A journal of Social Justice, San Francisco, v. 13, n. 3, p. 347-355. Available at: http://globalalternatives.org/files/MartinezTorresZapatistas.pdf. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
SANDLER, Joanne. 2013. The Online Terrain for Women’s Rights. Global Information Society Watch, Women’s Rights, Gender and ICTs. Available at: http://www.giswatch.org/en/report-introduction/online-terrain-women-s-rights Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
VAZ, Clara. 2014. Women’s Voices in Social Media: Challenges, opportunities and legislation. Fem2pt0, 7 Mar. Available at: http://www.fem2pt0.com/?p=20694. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
WOMEN, ACTION, & THE MEDIA (WAM!). Facebook Agreement Statement. 28 May 2013. Available at: http://www.womenactionmedia.org/fbagreement. Last accessed on: 31 Mar. 2014.
Utafiti wa fursa na hatari zinazowakabili wanaharakati wa haki za binadamu katika enzi ya dijiti Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni katika teknolojia za dijiti yamebadilisha kabisa mazingira ya utetezi wa haki za binadamu. Lengo la makala hii ni kuchunguza baadhi ya njia ambazo teknolojia inatoa fursa, hatari na changamoto kwa uwanja wa haki za binadamu. Teknolojia mpya zinapotoa aina mpya za ushiriki na ujenzi wa jamii, zinabadilisha njia ambayo mashirika na watu binafsi hufanya kazi pamoja ili kuhifadhi haki za binadamu na kuendesha mabadiliko ya kijamii. Teknolojia ya dijiti imebadilisha sana uwanja wa haki za binadamu. Teknolojia mpya za habari na mawasiliano (ICT) hazikuongeza tu aina za jadi za harakati katika muongo uliopita, lakini pia zimebadilisha asili ya utetezi. Kwa kuleta sauti za jamii nyingi, utambulisho na maeneo katika uwanja wa umma, teknolojia ya dijiti imebadilisha fursa, changamoto na hatari kwa kila mtu katika uwanja wa haki za binadamu, pamoja na wahasiriwa, watetezi, na wale wanaovunja haki. Teknolojia ya dijiti sasa inawawezesha watu kutetea moja kwa moja haki za msingi za binadamu, kutoa mifano mpya ya ushiriki na ujenzi wa jamii. Mtandao, simu za mkononi, televisheni ya satelaiti, na teknolojia nyingine za dijiti hutoa majukwaa ambayo watu binafsi na mashirika hutumia mchanganyiko wa picha, sauti, video na maandishi ili kuongeza ufahamu juu ya mapambano ya kijamii, kisiasa na kiuchumi, kuhamasisha watazamaji wa kimataifa. Kwa mfano, wanablogu na waandishi wa habari walichochea mapinduzi ya hivi karibuni ya Misri kwa kufunua ukatili wa polisi kupitia video na picha zilizowekwa mtandaoni na kusambazwa kwa wakati halisi kwenye Twitter. Huko Mexico, Intaneti imekuwa chombo muhimu katika kutoa ripoti juu ya jeuri ya magenge ya dawa za kulevya. Katika Afrika na Asia Kusini, simu za mkononi zinawezesha utoaji wa huduma za afya vijijini. Makala hii inaanza na uchunguzi wa jinsi teknolojia ya dijiti imeharakisha ajenda ya haki za binadamu. Kisha inashughulikia changamoto za faragha ambazo zinaambatana na teknolojia hii mpya, na jinsi wanavyoweza kuanzisha hatari za usalama. Mwishowe, makala hiyo inazingatia upatikanaji usio na kifani wa habari ambayo teknolojia ya dijiti huleta dhidi ya hitaji la kuendelea la uendeshaji wa mahali, hata katika ulimwengu wa dijiti. Jukwaa la mtandaoni na mitandao ya kijamii ni zana zenye nguvu za kuvutia watazamaji wa kimataifa. Upatikanaji wa vifaa vya multimedia kwa bei nafuu ili kutengeneza tovuti za maingiliano, filamu za maandishi, michezo na muziki umebadilisha njia ya watetezi kuongeza ufahamu. Picha za hali ya juu za majanga kama Kimbunga Katrina na migogoro ya kikatili nchini Syria na Libya zinajenga hisia. Mitandao ya kijamii na majukwaa ya mtandaoni hutoa njia za kutafsiri mara moja uhusiano huo wa kihisia kuwa hatua yenye maana. Kwa njia hiyo, watu wanashiriki mambo waliyojionea kwa njia pana zaidi kuliko wakati mwingine wowote. Matumizi ya teknolojia za dijiti yamebadilisha uhusiano kati ya mashirika ya utetezi na wanachama wao. Vifaa vya habari vya dijiti, hasa mitandao ya kijamii, vimebadilisha mazungumzo sio tu kati ya wenzao, lakini pia kati ya umma na taasisi. Kwa sababu ya ufikiaji wa bei nafuu na wazi, vyombo vya habari vipya vina vizuizi vya chini kwa ushiriki na vinahimiza mazungumzo ya umma, na kusababisha ongezeko la idadi ya watu ambao ni sauti ya kisiasa. Karibu kila shirika la kimataifa, la kitaifa na la msingi hutumia aina fulani ya media ya kijamii kushiriki moja kwa moja na jamii zao. Mashirika mara moja kukusanya data na maoni kuchambua athari na ukubwa wa watazamaji. Hii inaruhusu taasisi kurekebisha ujumbe, malengo na mbinu kwa ufanisi kupeleka rasilimali kwa athari ya juu. Vizuizi vya chini vya ushiriki pia hutoa watumiaji upatikanaji wa majukwaa zaidi ya kuinua sauti zao. Kutoka kwa kushiriki ujumbe na mitandao yao ya kijamii ya kijamii hadi kuunda maombi ya dijiti yaliyosambazwa ulimwenguni, watu binafsi na watetezi wa haki za binadamu wanaweza kuungana na kuingiliana na sababu nyingi zilizounganishwa kwa njia mbalimbali. Teknolojia za dijiti pia zimepunguza vizuizi vya kuingia kwa wanaharakati wenyewe, kuruhusu watu kutoka kwa asili na kijiografia pana zaidi kuleta umakini kwa masuala ya haki za binadamu katika maisha yao na jamii na kuendesha harakati za mabadiliko ya kijamii. Kwa kuwa rasilimali nyingi za dijiti zinapatikana sasa, watu wanaweza kuhamasisha jamii kuchukua hatua bila kutegemea miundo rasmi ya mashirika ya utetezi ya jadi. Wakati mashirika rasmi wakati mwingine huendelea kucheza jukumu muhimu katika kupanua harakati, ukweli kwamba watu binafsi wanaweza kuwa rahisi zaidi kuwa wawakilishi wa mabadiliko huendesha hatua ya pamoja na kudumisha harakati za muda mrefu. Kuongezeka kwa uwanja wa umma uliounganishwa kwa mtandao kunamaanisha kwamba sasa tunaona vikao vipya vya mazungumzo ya umma na ushuhuda. Teknolojia za dijiti zimewapa watu walio chini ya kiwango cha juu ulimwenguni njia mpya ya kuandaa, kuwasiliana, kuelezea hadithi zao na kuunda mabadiliko. Kwa mfano, Zapatista walichukua mbinu hizi mapema, wakitumia mtandao zaidi ya miaka kumi iliyopita kufikia nje ya mipaka ya Mexico na kuchochea mfululizo wa harakati za kimataifa za haki za wenyeji (Martínez-Torrés, 2001). Walishinda vyombo vya habari vya kawaida vya kimabavu na mara nyingi vyenye upendeleo kwa kushiriki moja kwa moja mapambano yao kwa haki za ardhi ya wenyeji mtandaoni. Kwa njia hii, walifunua ufisadi wa Mexico na kuondoa madai ya uwongo ya serikali kwamba uhuru wa Zapatista ungehatarisha uadilifu wa taifa la Mexico (CLEAVER, 1998). Kwa kuongezea kuwasiliana na wafuasi na washirika waliopo, Zapatistas walijiunga na harakati nyingine za kupinga ubepari na kuratibu hatua za kimataifa. Ulimwengu wa mtandaoni umesababisha wimbi jipya la uwanjani, ukiruhusu harakati na mashirika ya msingi kuenea na kushirikiana ili kupanua sauti zao, kufikia watazamaji wakubwa, kuleta mwonekano kwa masuala ya haki za wanawake na kuongoza mabadiliko ya kijamii. Ingawa wanawake wengi bado wanakabiliwa na vikwazo vya kushiriki kikamilifu mtandaoni, kuongezeka kwa mitandao ya kijamii kunamaanisha kuwa wanaharakati wa wanawake kutoka Afrika, Asia Kusini, Amerika ya Kusini na ulimwengu wa Kiislamu mara nyingi wanaweza kuinua masuala kwa njia ambazo zilikuwa zimehifadhiwa kwa wanaharakati wa wanawake kutoka Kaskazini ya ulimwengu. Wanawake wa rangi wametumia mitandao ya kijamii kupinga hadithi za kawaida za wanawake na kuunda mazungumzo ya nuanced. Mnamo Agosti 2013, mwanablogu wa wanawake Mikki Kendall alianzisha hashtag ya Twitter #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen ili kuelezea wasiwasi wake juu ya wanawake wa rangi kutengwa na harakati kuu ya wanawake nchini Marekani. "Kama vile ilivyokuwa kwa wanawake wazungu, Kendall alitoa mazungumzo mengine kama vile ""NotYourNarrative"" ili kushughulikia picha ya wanawake wa Kiislamu katika vyombo vya habari vya Magharibi." Utendaji wa dijiti pia umebadilisha mazungumzo ya haki za uhamiaji, haswa nchini Merika. A Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication utafiti uliofanywa na Summer Harlow na Lei Guo (2014) inaonyesha kwamba wanaharakati wa uhamiaji hutegemea zana za mtandaoni na multimedia ili kuongeza ufahamu, kukusanya michango, kuathiri sheria na kuratibu na kuhamasisha watu mtandaoni na nje ya mtandao. Katika nchi za Marekani, uso wa uhamiaji ni wanawake zaidi na zaidi, lakini sauti zao na mapambano yao ya kipekee yamebaki yasiyosikika. "Kabla ya uchaguzi wa Rais wa 2012, shirika langu la Breakthrough lilizindua kampeni ya dijiti inayoitwa ""Mimi Hapa,"" inayoelekeza vijana wa Marekani ambao wana nguvu ya kupiga kura na wanafanya kazi kwenye mitandao ya kijamii." "Kitu cha msingi cha kampeni hiyo kilikuwa filamu fupi ya hadithi, ""The Call,"" inayoonyesha athari mbaya za sera za uhamiaji za Marekani kwa familia za wahamiaji." Kusudi la kampeni hiyo lilikuwa kuongeza ufahamu na kuanzisha hisia-mwenzi na huruma miongoni mwa watazamaji vijana. Kwa msaada wa mitandao ya kijamii na filamu fupi, Breakthrough iliunganisha moja kwa moja na vijana katika muktadha unaojulikana kwa kushiriki video fupi iliyopigwa filamu kwa njia ambayo watazamaji wake wangeweza kuhusiana nayo. Kampeni ya #ImHere ilifanya maelfu ya Wamarekani kuwa wafuasi na kuunda mazungumzo mapya ya nguvu mtandaoni ambayo yaliwasukuma haki za binadamu za wanawake wahamiaji kwenye ajenda ya kitaifa katika wakati muhimu katika siasa za Marekani. Idadi ya watumiaji wa simu za mkononi duniani kote ilifikia bilioni 6.8 mwaka 2013. Kiwango cha upatikanaji wa simu za mkononi ni asilimia 96 duniani, asilimia 128 katika nchi zilizoendelea na asilimia 89 katika nchi zinazoendelea. Mashirika ya haki za binadamu yanatumia uvamizi huu mkubwa wa soko la simu za mkononi za bei nafuu, kuzitumia kama zana za kuendesha hatua za kitamaduni. Programu za simu kama vile Circle of Six nchini Marekani na India na Self Help nchini Nepal husaidia watu walio katika hatari ya jeuri kwa kutuma ujumbe mfupi wa maandishi na data ya eneo kwa polisi na kwa kikundi cha familia na marafiki waliochaguliwa kwa kubonyeza kitufe. Kwa mfano, kwa kutumia programu za bure za wazi kama vile Ushahidi, watu wanaweza kuunda uwajibikaji katika hali za mgogoro. Ushahidi ilianzishwa mwaka 2008 kwa ajili ya kukusanya na kushiriki habari za usalama wakati wa uchaguzi wa Kenya, lakini tangu wakati huo imekuwa ikitumika katika matukio ya mapigano na misiba ya asili kama vile tetemeko la ardhi nchini Haiti, mafuriko nchini Pakistan na ghasia nchini Syria. Ushahidi inaruhusu mashirika kuorodhesha ripoti za mashahidi wa tukio la vurugu zilizowasilishwa mtandaoni au kupitia simu ya mkononi kwa wakati halisi. Ni kweli, teknolojia mpya za vyombo vya habari kuja na changamoto zao wenyewe - inaweza kuwa vigumu kuthibitisha uhalali na uhalisi wa ripoti. Mashirika kama Ushahidi yanakabiliana na changamoto hii kwa kuajiri timu za uchunguzi wa ukweli wa waandishi wa habari na wanaharakati wa raia. Zaidi ya hayo, vifaa GPS-kuwezesha inaweza kusaidia kuthibitisha ripoti ya eneo, na seti ya ripoti nyingi juu ya tukio moja kutoa nuance na uthibitisho kwa ajili ya hadithi. Thamani ya ushirikiano na nguvu ya raia ya majukwaa kama Ushahidi ni thamani ya kuhatarisha ripoti ya mara kwa mara. Katika nchi ambazo vyombo vya habari vya kawaida vimepigwa marufuku kwa ukosefu wa upatikanaji au vizuizi vya serikali, ramani za umati zinaweza kuunda uwazi, uwajibikaji na utekelezaji wa haraka wa rasilimali kwa kutambua maeneo ya vurugu na aina ya uingiliaji wanaohitaji. Kwa kawaida, mashirika rasmi yameweka maandishi, kufuatilia na kuripoti ukiukaji wa haki za binadamu. Mfumo huu unakabiliwa na changamoto katika uwakilishi sahihi, rasilimali za kifedha, upatikanaji wa mikoa ambapo ukiukaji unatokea, na vikwazo vya uwezo wa wafanyikazi. Kwa kutumia kamera nyepesi na simu mahiri, raia yeyote anayejali sasa anaweza kurekodi na kuripoti ukiukaji wa haki za binadamu. Wananchi mara chache hutegemea mashirika ya vyombo vya habari, mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali au mashirika ya kimataifa kuinua sauti zao au kushiriki hadithi zao. Shirika lisilo la faida la WITNESS limetumia nguvu ya hadithi za kibinafsi za kulazimisha kwa utetezi wa haki za binadamu kwa kutumia video za raia kama zana za kampeni zilizounganishwa. Wanawazoeza raia na wanaharakati duniani kote kurekodi kwa usalama ukiukaji wa haki za binadamu. Hadithi hizi zimetumika kama ushuhuda mbele ya tume za haki za binadamu, mashirika ya sheria na mashirika ya utekelezaji kuleta watenda haki za binadamu mbele ya haki. Ingawa zana za dijiti hutoa njia bora, za bei nafuu na za ubunifu za kuendeleza ajenda ya haki za binadamu, zana hizo zile zinaweza kuendeleza unyanyasaji. Sehemu zifuatazo zinachunguza jinsi teknolojia mpya wakati mwingine zinavyoongeza ukosefu wa usawa wa kimataifa, zinakiuka faragha na kutishia usalama wa mtu binafsi na shirika. Teknolojia zinazotoa wanaharakati wa haki za binadamu ulimwenguni kote zana mpya za kupambana na unyanyasaji, kufichua ufisadi, kubadilisha sera za serikali na kuleta watenda haki za binadamu mbele ya haki wakati huo huo zinaweka hatari za usalama. Media ya kijamii, blogi, simu za mkononi, video na picha zinaweza kutumiwa na serikali na watendaji wasio wa serikali kwa ajili ya ufuatiliaji ili kupata habari nyeti, kukusanya data za kibinafsi za raia na kukamata mawasiliano. "Kama ilivyotolewa hivi karibuni katika hati za Shirika la Usalama wa Taifa (NSA) zilizofichuliwa na Edward Snowden, serikali ya Marekani imekuwa ikishiriki katika shughuli kubwa za ukusanyaji wa data na ufuatiliaji ulimwenguni kote na usimamizi mdogo. """ Katika Misri, serikali ya zamani ya kijeshi na serikali mpya ya kidemokrasia imebaini na kulenga wanaharakati wa mtandaoni. Uvunjaji huu wa faragha na uhuru unaweka tishio kubwa kwa watetezi wa haki za binadamu. Wakati teknolojia za dijiti za kuunda na kushiriki habari - pamoja na zana zilizotengenezwa kwa ufuatiliaji wa wingi - zimesonga mbele sana, sera na viwango vya kimataifa vinavyoongoza matumizi yao vinabaki nyuma sana. "Wananchi wanapoanza kufahamu zaidi juu ya ukiukaji wa haki za binadamu duniani kote kupitia habari zinazoshirikiwa mtandaoni, teknolojia za dijiti zinaweza kuendeleza vurugu.""" Teknolojia za dijiti zinawawezesha watenda-uhalifu wa haki za binadamu kwa kuwafanya waweze kusambaza picha za ngono za watoto, kufanya biashara ya binadamu na kufanya utumwa wa kisasa. "Katika ripoti ya Machi 2014 iliyochapishwa na Najat Maala Majid, Mjumbe maalum wa Umoja wa Mataifa juu ya kuuza watoto, ukatili wa watoto na ponografia ya watoto, alisema: ""Watoto wako katika hatari kubwa zaidi ya kutumiwa vibaya kingono au kuuzwa mtandaoni." Uonevu wa dijiti haupunguzwi kwa unyanyasaji mbaya wa biashara ya binadamu na utumwa - kila siku, wanawake na wachache wanakabiliwa na unyanyasaji, unyanyasaji na vitisho mtandaoni. Kuongezeka kwa matumizi ya teknolojia za dijiti kwa ajili ya ukusanyaji wa data na ufuatiliaji imeweka makampuni ya teknolojia chini ya uchunguzi wa umma. Kampuni hizi zinakabiliwa na shinikizo na matarajio ya kuwa wazi na kuheshimu faragha ya watumiaji wao. Haki ya faragha ni haki ya msingi ya binadamu, na wakati teknolojia inapoendelea, wanaharakati na mashirika ya haki za binadamu ulimwenguni kote wanatoa wito kwa serikali kuunda sera zinazohakikisha uwazi na uwajibikaji linapokuja suala la ufuatiliaji wa usalama na ukusanyaji wa data ya kibinafsi ya raia wao. Kutoka kwa vyombo vya habari vya kijamii hadi simu za mkononi hadi teknolojia inayoweza kuvaliwa, muunganisho wa dijiti huendesha maisha ya kila siku. Kwa sababu ya kuenea kwa teknolojia za habari na mawasiliano, tunaelekea kupuuza pengo kubwa la kidigitali ulimwenguni. Katika enzi ya dijiti, uhuru mwingi wa msingi na haki za msingi za binadamu zimeunganishwa kwa njia isiyoweza kutenganishwa na haki ya upatikanaji wa dijiti. "Kwa sababu hiyo, Umoja wa Mataifa ulitangaza upatikanaji wa mtandao kuwa haki ya msingi ya binadamu (Kravets, 2013), kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa kutoa upatikanaji wa habari, kuruhusu uhuru wa kujieleza, kuruhusu raia kushiriki katika mchakato wa kisiasa wa nchi yao na kuwawezesha kushiriki kikamilifu katika maisha ya kitamaduni ya jamii zao. """ Hata hivyo, ni asilimia 39 tu ya watu duniani wanaoweza kutumia mtandao. "Watu wa Ulaya asilimia 75 wana mtandao, wakati ni asilimia 16 tu ya Waafrika wana mtandao"" (International Telecommunication Union, 2013)." """Ugawanyiko wa dijiti pia unavuka mataifa yaliyoendelea na yanayoendelea, kwa sababu ya upatikanaji mdogo wa teknolojia na viwango vya chini vya kusoma na kuandika." Ni asilimia 37 tu ya wanawake duniani wanaotumia mtandao, ikilinganishwa na asilimia 41 ya wanaume. Kwa kuzingatia kanuni za kitamaduni za ndani kuhusu wanawake, viwango vya kusoma na kuandika na ukosefu wa usawa wa kijinsia, kuna pengo kubwa la kijinsia katika upatikanaji hata wakati teknolojia za dijiti zinapatikana katika mkoa huo. Kama mshauri wa haki za wanawake Clara Vaz (2014) anavyosema, sehemu ya changamoto ni usambazaji wa habari kwa jinsia. Wanaume huunda sehemu kubwa ya maudhui ya mtandaoni. Kwa mfano, kwenye encyclopedia ya chanzo wazi Wikipedia, ni 16% tu ya wahariri ni wanawake na wanachangia 9% tu ya mabadiliko ya viingilio vya Wikipedia (LAM, UDUWAGE, et al. 2011). Kwa kuwa Wikipedia inategemea wajitoleaji kuongeza maudhui, hii ina athari kubwa. Mara nyingi, habari zinazohusiana na jeuri dhidi ya wanawake hazipatikani au hazifai. Wakati wa hackathon iliyoandaliwa na Breakthrough mnamo Desemba 2013, kikundi kimoja cha wanaharakati na waandishi wa habari kilitambua na kuhariri seti ya viingilio muhimu vya Wikipedia ambavyo viliacha habari muhimu kuhusu unyanyasaji wa kijinsia dhidi ya wanawake, kama vile makala juu ya miongozo ya India kuhusu unyanyasaji wa kijinsia mahali pa kazi na makala inayoelezea uamuzi wa kesi ya ubakaji. Udhibiti wa serikali na sera za mashirika pia hupunguza upatikanaji wa dijiti. Baada ya yote, udhibiti wa serikali unamaanisha watu duniani kote hawajione na kupata mtandao na zana za dijiti kwa njia ile ile (Mackinnon, 2014). Katika baadhi ya kesi, serikali za kitaifa na makampuni makubwa kudhibiti jinsi baadhi ya idadi ya watu uzoefu Internet, na kusababisha usawa katika uhuru wa upatikanaji wa habari. Ili kufanya kazi katika nchi fulani, makampuni kama Google lazima yafanye mazoezi ya kujizuia na kupunguza baadhi ya habari ambayo wanaruhusu watumiaji kupata. Sehemu hii inachunguza baadhi ya athari za ziada ambazo teknolojia za dijiti zina katika kuboresha kazi ya watetezi wa haki za binadamu kupitia uvumbuzi, ubunifu na ushirikiano kati ya uendeshaji wa mtandaoni na nje ya mtandao. Katika maeneo ambapo upatikanaji wa mtandao ni mdogo, vikwazo huendesha uvumbuzi katika njia ambazo simu za mkononi na redio zinaweza kutumika kuzalisha mabadiliko ya kijamii. GramVani, kampuni ya teknolojia ya Delhi, hutumia simu za mkononi kuunda mtandao wa kijamii unaoendeshwa na jamii. MobileVani inategemea mfumo wa akili wa majibu ya sauti ambapo watu wanaweza kupiga simu kwa nambari kurekodi ujumbe kuhusu jamii yao au kusikiliza ujumbe uliosalia na wanachama wengine wa jamii yao. Mwaka 2013, Breakthrough ilishirikiana na MobileVani huko Jharkhand, India, ili kuongeza ufahamu juu ya athari mbaya ya ndoa za mapema kwa wasichana wadogo. Watu 223 walipiga simu ili kuchangia yaliyomo, na wapiga simu 15,000 walipiga simu ili kusikia ujumbe huu. Makusanyo mafupi ya ujumbe uliopokelewa yalionyeshwa kama vipindi nane kwa kipindi cha miezi minne. Sawa na vyombo vingine vya habari vya kijamii, maudhui ya Mobile Vaani hutoa nafasi kwa aina nyingi za ujumbe. Watu walieleza maoni yao, walishiriki habari muhimu kuhusu mipango ya serikali inayohusiana na ndoa za mapema na kubadilishana maudhui ya burudani kama vile hadithi, mashairi, michezo ya kuigiza na nyimbo. Kwa njia hii, mtandao wa GramVani unaotegemea jamii huunda mfumo wa uwajibikaji wakati watu wanapoomba upatikanaji wa rasilimali zinazohitajika na kuwafanya watunga sera wawe na ufahamu wa matatizo wanayokabili, wakati pia wakitengeneza suluhisho ambazo zinategemea muktadha wa jamii yao. Wakati watazamaji wanashughulikia habari mara kwa mara wakati wa kuhamisha haraka kupitia tweets za herufi 140 kila moja, mashirika lazima yaendelee kubuni ili kukamata na kushikilia umakini wa watazamaji. Ripoti za muda mrefu za uchambuzi, karatasi za sera na masomo ya utafiti ni hakika bado njia muhimu ya kufikisha hoja ngumu zaidi, za nuance. Kwa hivyo, mashirika lazima yaunganishe zana za dijiti katika kampeni zao na kuelewa njia bora za kujenga hoja na kufikia watazamaji kwa kutumia aina ya zana zilizo karibu. Baada ya yote, ripoti ileile yaweza kuwepo katika namna tofauti. Kulingana na watazamaji shirika linatarajia kufikia, maudhui yanapaswa kubadilishwa kwa watazamaji wa juu na ushirikiano. Katika siku za nyuma, makampuni ya kuendesha biashara walikuwa na ripoti ambazo zilikuwa zimechapishwa katika ofisi zao au zilizowekwa kama hati za PDF kwenye tovuti zao. Uwezo wa kuwasilisha habari katika muundo mbalimbali na kuvutia ina maana kwamba mashirika sasa wanaweza kushiriki ripoti zao na utafiti na umma hata pana, ikiwa ni pamoja na watazamaji ambao kwa kawaida hawangekuwa kutafuta ripoti kuchapishwa na kusambazwa kwa njia ya jadi. Kituo cha Barnard cha Utafiti wa Wanawake kimetoa ripoti ya utafiti wa wanawake wa mtandaoni. Kituo hicho pia kiliunda infographic ya kuvutia kwa kuona kulingana na matokeo yao makuu ambayo yanaweza kugawanywa kwenye media ya kijamii na kuzalisha majadiliano ya mtandaoni wakati wa tukio la uzinduzi na matumizi ya #FemFuture kwenye Twitter. Kampeni za haki za binadamu mtandaoni mara nyingi hupuuzwa kama "slacktivism" na kukosolewa kwa kutotafsiri katika mabadiliko halisi. Hata hivyo, ukosoaji huu unadhani kwamba harakati za dijiti zinabadilisha harakati za mahali. Kwa kweli, mafanikio ya kampeni za haki za binadamu yanatokana na usawa wa kuongeza ufahamu mtandaoni na hatua za nje ya mtandao ili kuendesha athari muhimu ya kijamii. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika utafiti wa ""Dynamics of Cause Engagement"" uliofanywa na Chuo Kikuu cha Georgetown, ""wakati shughuli za kijamii bado zina nafasi ya chini kuliko shughuli za jadi, karibu 6 katika 10 Wamarekani wanaamini kuwa vyombo vya habari vya kijamii ni muhimu katika kuleta mwonekano na msaada kwa sababu." Zaidi ya hayo, "slacktivists" walikuwa mara mbili zaidi ya wengine kushiriki katika shughuli kama vile kujitolea, kutoa na kuajiri wengine kwa sababu. Msaada wao wa mitandao ya kijamii uliongeza harakati za nje ya mtandao. Ingawa video moja inaweza kuvutia mamilioni ya watazamaji mtandaoni, mabadiliko ya kweli huja tu wakati umakini huo unapelekwa kwa hatua yenye maana. Twitter, Facebook, YouTube na jukwaa la ombi la mtandaoni kama vile Avaaz na Change huongeza ufahamu na kuhamasisha hatua za kimwili, zikifanya kazi kama hatua muhimu katika safari kuelekea mabadiliko ya kijamii. "Kwa hivyo, wakati Breakthrough imehusika na watu zaidi ya milioni 130 na vyombo vyetu vya habari na vifaa vimetumiwa na mashirika ulimwenguni kote, tunaamini sana katika kuweka kazi yetu msingi katika jamii halisi. """ Kwa mfano, nchini India, wanawake hawawezi kutumia usafiri wa umma kwa sababu ya unyanyasaji wa kingono na unyanyasaji wa kingono. "Kama ishara ya mshikamano, kampeni ya ""Board the Bus"" ya Breakthrough iliwahimiza wanawake wa Delhi ambao mara chache hutumia mabasi kujiunga na abiria wa kawaida wa mabasi ya wanawake kama ishara ya mshikamano mnamo Machi 8, 2014." Katika wiki zilizotangulia tukio hilo, Breakthrough ilitegemea sana media ya kijamii, redio na flash mobs sio tu kueneza neno na kuhamasisha wanawake kusafiri kwa basi, lakini pia kushiriki uzoefu wa wanawake ambao wamekabiliwa na unyanyasaji katika usafiri wa umma. Hata hivyo, kusudi la msingi lilikuwa kuchochea wasikilizaji wetu wafanye matendo ya kimwili na ya pamoja. Vyombo vya habari vya dijiti vimebadilisha kabisa mazingira ya utetezi na kampeni za haki za binadamu. Licha ya hatari kubwa na changamoto ambazo teknolojia hizi zinaweza kusababisha, nguvu yao ya kuendesha mabadiliko ya kijamii haiwezi kukataliwa. """Kadiri teknolojia za dijiti zinavyoendelea kubadilika na kuwa kila mahali, watetezi wa haki za binadamu lazima waelewe, wafanye kazi na kuzitumia ili kuhifadhi na kukuza haki za binadamu." Vyombo vya habari vya dijiti vinaweza kuleta pamoja vikundi vya watu katika mazingira ya ushirikiano ili kuunda na kudumisha mabadiliko yenye maana. Watu ambao hapo awali hawakujifikiria kuwa wanaharakati, kama vile waandishi wa habari, wataalamu wa teknolojia, wanasayansi, wabunifu na wataalam wa sera, sasa wanatumia akili ya pamoja kuunda suluhisho kamili kwa masuala muhimu ya haki za binadamu ambayo jamii zetu zinakabiliwa nayo. Ushirikiano huu unategemea uundaji wa pamoja, hatua ya pamoja na mazungumzo ya umma ambayo yanaweza kuenea kupitia utamaduni maarufu na media za kijamii ili kuzalisha mabadiliko ya muda mrefu yanayohitajika ili kutimiza haki za binadamu. Maandishi ya Biblia na vyanzo vingine CENTER FOR SOCIAL IMPACT COMMUNICATION. Mwaka 2011 Dynamics of Cause Engagement (Dynamics of Cause Engagement) ni kitabu cha utafiti wa kihistoria kilichoandikwa na mwanasayansi wa Marekani, John F. Kennedy. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""CitizenCitizen"" wa tovuti ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""CitizenCitizen"" ya ""Citizen""" Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 Uuzaji wa watoto unaongezeka, anasema mtaalamu wa Umoja wa Mataifa Mwaka 2014 Habari za UN News Center, 13 Machi "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""User: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users: Users:" Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 Cleaver, Harry. Mwaka 1998 Athari ya Zapatista: Mtandao na kuongezeka kwa muundo wa kisiasa wa mbadala. Journal of International Affairs, New York, v. 51, n. 2, kurasa za 621-640 "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Ufah"" (http: www.ufah.com) na ""Ufah"" (http: www.ufah.com) na ""Ufah"" (http: ufah" Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 Guillaume Connie Mazoea ya Kazi ya Mtoaji wa Apple nchini China Yalitathminiwa Baada ya Foxconn, Pegatron Reviews. Forbes, 12 Desemba 2013 "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Forbes"" na ""Peg"" na ""Pegatron"" na ""Petron"" na ""Petron"" na ""Petron"" na ""Petron"" na ""Petron"" na ""Petron"" na ""Petron"" na ""Petron"" na ""Petron"" na ""Petron"" na ""Petron." Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 HARLOW, Summer; GUO, Lei. Mwaka 2014 Je, Mapinduzi yatatumiwa kwenye Twitter au Facebook? Kutumia Vifaa vya Mawasiliano ya Dijiti katika Utendaji wa Wahamiaji. Journal ya Computer-Mediated Mawasiliano (JCC) 10.1111 (JCC) "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Maktaba ya Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti.""" Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi 2014 - Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Mawasiliano Mwaka 2013 "Mwaka 2013: ""Kuna mambo mengi ya kushangaza kuhusu teknolojia ya mawasiliano ya simu na simu"" (Textile and Information Technology Facts and Figures, 2013) " "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya ""ITU-D"" ya mwaka 2013 (http: www.itutu.int) na ""ITU-D"" ya mwaka 2013 (http: www.itutu.int) na ""ITU-D"" ya mwaka 2013 (http: www.itutu.int) na ""ITU-D"" ya mwaka 2013 (http: www.itutu.int) na ""ITU-D"" ya mwaka 2013 (http: www.itutu.int)." Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 JOHN, Arit. Mwaka 2013 Mwaka huu #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen na Twitter Feminism. The Wire, 31 Desemba "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa Twitter wa ""Women's Voices"" (Wanawake wa Twitter) na ""Women's Voices"" (Wanawake wa Twitter) na ""Women's Voices"" (Wanawake wa Twitter) na ""Women's Voices"" (Wanawake wa Twitter) na ""Women's Voices"" (Wanawake wa Twitter) na ""Women's Voices"" (Wanawake wa Twitter)." Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 KRAVETS, David. Mwaka 2013 Ripoti ya Umoja wa Mataifa Inatangaza Upatikanaji wa Mtandao kuwa Haki ya Binadamu. Wired, 3 Juni "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""HTML"" wa tovuti ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""H." Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 KUMAR, Ravi. Mwaka 2013 Vijana wanatumia teknolojia kukomesha vurugu dhidi ya wanawake nchini Nepal. Huffington Post, 18 Julai Athari. "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""Hufgarten"" (Hufgarten) ni jina la kampuni ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia." Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 LAM, Shayong K.; UDUWAGE, Anuradha; DONG, Zhenhua; SEN, Shilad; MUSICANT, David R.; TERVEEN, Loren; RIEDL, John. Mwaka 2011 "Wikipedia: ""Klabu ya Clubhouse""" : Uchunguzi wa Wikipedia's Gender Disbalance. Mkutano wa kimataifa wa wiki na ushirikiano wa wazi (Mountainview, 2010) "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Followers"" wa tovuti ya ""Followers"" (http: www.followers.org) na ""Followers"" (http: www.followers.org) na ""Followers"" (http: www.followers.org) ni sehemu ya orodha ya watu wanaopenda ""Followers"" (http: www.followers.org)." Upatikanaji wa mwisho 31. Machi. Mwaka 2014 MacKinnon, Rebecca Mwaka 2014 Kucheza Favorites. Guernica, 3 Feb, Features. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""HTML"" wa tovuti ya Guernica, ""HTML"" ni ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML"" ya ""HTML""."""" Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 MARTIN, Courtney E.; VALENTI, Vanessa. n.d. #FemFurture: Mapinduzi ya Mtandao. Barnard Center kwa ajili ya Utafiti juu ya Wanawake, New York, v. 8. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Barnard, Inc. - Machapisho ya FEMF: ""Future-Online Revolution""" Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 Martinez-Torrés, Maria Elena. 2001 - Mwaka wa Uhamiaji Jamii ya kiraia, mtandao, na Zapatistas. "Kutoka kwa ""A Journal of Social Justice"" (San Francisco, CA, 13), toleo la kwanza la kitabu hiki linapatikana katika toleo la kwanza la ""A Journal of Social Justice"" (San Francisco, CA, 13), toleo la tatu la toleo la tatu la toleo la toleo la tatu la toleo la toleo la tatu." "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Mapendekezo ya kimataifa"" (http: www.globalalternatives.org) na ""Mapendekezo ya kimataifa"" (http: www.globalalternatives.org) na ""Mapendekezo ya kimataifa"" (http: www.globalalternatives.org)." Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 SANDLER, Joanne. Mwaka 2013 Eneo la Mtandao kwa Haki za Wanawake. Global Information Society Watch, Haki za Wanawake, Jinsia na ICT. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya ""GISWATCH"" iliyochapishwa na shirika la kimataifa la ulinzi wa wanawake (GISWATCH) tarehe 31 Machi, ripoti hiyo imewasilishwa kwa mara ya mwisho katika mtandao wa mtandao wa GISWATCH." Mwaka 2014 Vaz, Clara Mwaka 2014 Sauti za Wanawake katika Mitandao ya Kijamii: Changamoto, Fursa na Sheria. Mfano wa Mfano wa Mfano wa Mfano wa Mfano wa Mfano wa Mfano wa Mfano wa Mfano wa Mfano "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Female"" na ""Female"" katika ukurasa wa ""Female"" na ""Female"" katika ukurasa wa ""Female"" na ""Female"" katika ukurasa wa ""Female"" na ""Female"" katika ukurasa wa ""Female"" na ""Female"" katika ukurasa wa ""Female"" na ""Female"" katika ukurasa wa ""Female.""" Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014 Wanawake, Hatua, na Vyombo vya Habari (WAM!). Taarifa ya Mkataba wa Facebook. 28 Mei 2013 "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Women's Action Media"" (www.womenactionmedia.org) na ""Women's Action Media"" (www.womenactionmedia.org) ni sehemu ya mpango wa kimataifa wa wanawake." Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 31 Machi Mwaka 2014