Many different terms are used to describe the brain. Some of these terms speak for themselves, and are not difficult to interpret. Other terms need a little more explanation, and so here is an overview of the most important terms, and what they mean.
To begin with, the brain is divided into several planes.
In addition, several terms are used to name the relative positions of different parts of the brain:
Anterior - in front of another part
Posterior - behind another part
Superior - above another part
Inferior - below another part
Lateral - further away from the center
Medial - more towards the center
Median - lying on the centre line
Proximal - near
Distal - far away from
Ipsilateral - on the same side of the brain
Contralateral - on the opposite side of the brain
There are still two important terms that remain when it comes to describing the brain. These concepts have ambiguous meanings, and therefore deserve some additional explanation. These are: ‘dorsal’ and ‘ventral’. These terms come from Latin, and mean "at the back" and "at the belly" respectively. In animals that walk on four legs, this is equivalent to 'the top of the body/head' and 'the bottom of the body/head', since the brain runs in a straight line looking from the spinal cord. In humans, however, the brain is tilted 90 degrees, and so here dorsal and ventral in the brain means something different than in the rest of the body.
In the body: at the front
In the brain: at the bottom
In the body: at the back
In the brain: at the top
In addition to the general concepts mentioned above, anatomically the brain can also be divided into 52 different pieces. This division was made by a German neurologist named Korbinian Brodmann, and was based on differences in structure between the 52 areas. His division is still used to name the different parts of the brain. The different pieces are then designated by the characters BA (brodmann area) followed by a number.
Finally, the terms 'gyrus' (plural 'gyri') and 'sulcus' (plural 'sulci') are often used when naming anatomy. The 'coils' on the brain are the gyri, while the grooves between these coils are called sulci.
Author: Myrthe Princen (translated by Thomas von Rein)
Image: Marcel Loeffen
Do you want to know more content-wise about the anatomy of the brain? Check the Brain Basics articles here
Maneno mengi tofauti-tofauti hutumiwa kuelezea ubongo. Baadhi ya maneno hayo yanazungumza yenyewe, na si vigumu kuyafafanua. Maneno mengine yanahitaji ufafanuzi zaidi, na kwa hivyo hapa ni muhtasari wa maneno muhimu zaidi, na maana yao. Kwanza, ubongo umegawanywa katika sehemu kadhaa. "Kuna maneno kadhaa yanayotumiwa kuelezea nafasi za sehemu tofauti za ubongo: ""Anterior"" - mbele ya sehemu nyingine, ""Poster"" - nyuma ya sehemu nyingine, ""Superior"" - juu ya sehemu nyingine, ""Inferior"" - chini ya sehemu nyingine, ""Lateral"" - mbali zaidi na kituo, ""Medial"" - zaidi kuelekea kituo, ""Median"" - iko kwenye mstari wa katikati, ""Proximal"" - karibu, ""Distal"" - mbali na ""Ipsilateral"" - upande mmoja wa ubongo, ""Contralateral"" - upande mwingine wa ubongo." Dhana hizi zina maana zisizoeleweka, na kwa hiyo zinastahili ufafanuzi wa ziada. Hizi ni: <unk>dorsal<unk> na <unk>ventral<unk>. Maneno hayo yanatokana na Kilatini, na yanamaanisha "nyuma" na "katika tumbo" kwa mtiririko huo. Katika wanyama wanaotembea kwa miguu minne, hii ni sawa na 'juu ya mwili au kichwa' na 'chini ya mwili au kichwa', kwani ubongo unaendesha katika mstari wa moja kwa moja ukiangalia kutoka kwenye uti wa mgongo. Kwa binadamu, ubongo umepindika kwa digrii 90, na kwa hivyo hapa nyuma na chini ya ubongo inamaanisha kitu tofauti na sehemu nyingine za mwili. Katika mwili: mbele, ubongo: chini, mwili: nyuma, ubongo: juu, pamoja na dhana za jumla zilizotajwa hapo juu, ubongo unaweza pia kugawanywa katika vipande 52 tofauti. Utaratibu huu ulibuniwa na mtaalamu wa neva wa Ujerumani, Korbinian Brodmann, na ulitegemea tofauti za muundo kati ya maeneo hayo 52. Sehemu zake bado hutumiwa kutaja majina ya sehemu tofauti-tofauti za ubongo. Vipande tofauti ni kisha maalum na wahusika BA (broedmann eneo) ikifuatiwa na idadi. Hatimaye, maneno 'gyrus' (wingi 'gyri') na'sulcus' (wingi'sulci') hutumiwa mara nyingi wakati wa kutaja anatomy. 'Coils' kwenye ubongo ni gyri, wakati grooves kati ya coils hizi ni kuitwa sulci. "Mwanzoni mwa kitabu hiki, Thomas von Rhein alitoa maelezo ya ""Misteri ya Ubongo"" na ""Mistari ya Ubongo"" na ""Mistari ya Ubongo"" na ""Mistari ya Ubongo"" na ""Mistari ya Ubongo"" na ""Mistari ya Ubongo"" na ""Mistari ya Ubongo"" na ""Mistari ya Ubongo.""" Angalia makala za Brain Basics hapa