By Craig Runde
At first blush, it may seem strange to have a chapter on global constitutional principles in a book on macroeconomics. In a traditional macroeconomics text, that might be true, but this book concerns a new macroeconomic model, which encompasses values that depend on reforms embodied in a new framework provided by a global constitution. In a highly automated, interconnected world, the sustainable well-being of humans and the natural world will require protections not automatically provided by market mechanisms. Additionally, as mentioned in Chapter 6 (of the book), new laws are necessary to ensure that artificial intelligence (AI) enables a more collaborative socioeconomic system over a predatory system.
A constitution is defined as “the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it.”1 As social groups have become more complex, so too have the problems that they face. As a consequence, they have experienced the need for more refined laws and principles to address these challenges.
This chapter will look at the journey human society has taken, which has eventually led to the need for a global constitution. It will examine how our institutions and the problems they have faced have become ever more complex and interconnected. In the 20th century two world wars eventually led to both governmental and private efforts to create global approaches to protecting global peace. In more recent times similar work has arisen to protect the world’s environment against threats that could jeopardize future life on earth.
In the era of AI and robots, issues of economic justice, environmental sustainability, and safeguarding peace will require the need for global constitutional safeguards to ensure humanity’s progress. As technology and automation play an ever-increasing role in our society, a global constitution will require a new mindset that emphasizes our common good as opposed to elements that divide us.2 It will also have to address new issues caused by these revolutionary technologies.
A Long Journey
Since the advent of modern humans, most of our existence as a species has been spent in small groups or tribes. These groups developed rules for managing social interactions of their members. Even today, people living together in small groups develop rules or codes of conduct governing their interactions.3, 4 Once humans developed agriculture they began to live in larger communities, and the complexity of the societies increased. People began to engage in different occupations beyond hunting and gathering. Rules were developed to govern and manage these more involved economic affairs. As communications and transportation technologies improved, communities expanded in size and new systems were developed to create consistent ways of governing the geographically dispersed populace.
As of a couple of thousand years ago, large empires in China, India, the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and the Americas had emerged that required complex governing systems. The emphasis of most of these early governments was on maintaining the power of the monarch. At times, resistance grew to these power structures, and documents like the Magna Carta arose to limit the powers of the sovereign.5 In many places wars between kingdoms caused great disruption and suffering. In Europe, this eventually led in 1648 to the Treaty of Westphalia, which established a legal foundation with sovereign states recognized as the political actors.6 Over time, this concept spread and became the basis of international law. The nations eventually developed constitutions to provide legal frameworks for governing their own territory. The U.S. Constitution is generally seen as the first such modern constitution and one whose structure had significant influence on others until recent times.7
Of course, this new international framework did not ultimately keep the peace. In the 20th century, humanity endured two of the worst wars in history. By the time the Treaty of Versailles ended World War I, almost 9 million soldiers had been killed and over 20 million had been wounded. Civilian casualties were estimated to be even higher.8 The horror and revulsion at the devastation caused by new technologies led people to attempt to develop an international system that would end wars. In 1920 the League of Nations came into being for this purpose but was unable to fulfill its mission.
World War II enveloped even more countries and led to the deaths of over 60 million soldiers and civilians.9 The atomic explosions that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of the war brought humanity’s survival into question. The countries of the world tried again to establish an institution to prevent future wars, and the United Nations (UN) was born in 1945. The charter of the UN and its ancillary agencies became a kind of world constitution.10 The structure of the charter, though, was principally an agreement among nations and not focused on the rights of the world’s citizens per se. In 1948 the United Nations released the universal declaration of human rights.11 While the declaration described a lofty and inspiring set of rights for all humanity, it did not have effective mechanisms for actually protecting or guaranteeing those rights.
In addition to governmental efforts to address the scourge of war, private citizens began exploring options. Distinguished academicians from Harvard, Yale, and the University of Chicago wrote about reining in military expenditures and even suggested creating a world constitution to restrict individual countries from instigating aggression.12, 13 Regular citizens joined together to create organizations to promote world constitutional development and the creation of organizations of federated states to prevent war.14
While peacemaking continued to be a prime focus for the UN and many private groups, over time additional issues came to the fore. The devastation and displacement caused by World War II immediately led to humanitarian and relief concerns that became a standing part of United Nations’ work. Later in the century, global pollution and environmental issues caused the United Nations to convene an unprecedented global gathering in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.15 The Rio Earth Summit and meetings that followed eventually led to the 2015 Paris Agreement that set global limits for greenhouse gas emissions. In a comparable manner, the UN has addressed various transnational issues such as terrorism and war crimes.
Challenges That Transcend National Competence
The United Nations and groups of countries have developed agreements on a wide range of common issues like policing (Interpol), postal services (International Postal Union), and global trade policies (World Trade Organization). At the same time some of the biggest issues facing humanity seem particularly challenging to resolution by multinational treaties. The Global Challenges Foundation has delineated several of these major issues to include global warming, other environmental degradation, war and other forms of violence, extreme poverty, and overpopulation.16
It took 27 years to get from the Rio Earth Summit to the Paris Agreement on climate. Some of this time involved actual research but much of the delay was caused by political infighting among the countries involved in the treaty and this continues to threaten its vitality.17 During this time, carbon dioxide concentrations rose from around 360 ppm to now over 400 ppm, a measure that scientists have warned will lead to serious repercussions for humanity.18, 19 Mounting environmental pressures are also seen in areas such as ocean pollution,20 soil erosion,21 and water depletion.22, 23
The UN has done a great deal to prevent the scourge of war and to resolve conflicts through its peacekeeping missions. At the same time strife has continued to plague the Middle East and many other areas of the world. The rise of terrorism and other forms of asymmetric warfare have presented new challenges to the world. Some of the worst atrocities in recent times have occurred in civil wars within sovereign states.
Although there has been some improvement in the relative numbers of people living in extreme poverty, the World Bank estimates that there are still more than three-quarters of a billion people, almost 11 percent of the world’s population, who still live on less than the equivalent of $1.90 per day.24 Beyond poverty there is also a growing issue of economic inequality through much of the world.25 The level of inequality is shaped by both national policies and infrastructure in different countries.26 Such inequality is closely correlated with a host of social ills such as incarceration, drug and alcohol abuse, mental and physical health problems, violence, and educational deficits.27 It is also associated with a decrease in social mobility which creates long-term class divides.
All of these current problems will continue to confront the world as it evolves technologically. AI and robotics can play a role in either improving or worsening these problems depending on the social, economic, and political choices made regarding them. Given the slow and sometimes clumsy way with which such issues are dealt through multilateral treaty negotiations, the development of a global constitutional framework may prove more effective.
On top of these matters, new problems will arise that are either caused by or are directly related to the new technologies. For example, it has been estimated that between 2018 and 2030, robot automation will cause hundreds of millions of workers to lose their jobs.28, 29 These losses will be more focused on developed economies furthering the rising inequality in society, but the ability of a country to adjust to these changes will be greatly influenced by its social policies.30
Automation and AI will also present privacy issues. Companies like Amazon, Facebook, and Google already collect substantial amounts of information about their customers’ online activities and preferences. Employers are also expanding the types of information they collect and the way they use it to monitor employees.31 China is going even further in setting up a system to monitor and rate citizen trustworthiness. The Social Credit System will award citizens who behave in accepted manners with a variety of economic perks.32 Critics suggest this will result in a sinister “big brother” outcome, while advocates suggest it will help foster high levels of trust and cooperation.
As automation reaches into wider arrays of daily life, it will also be essential to determine not only who benefits from the technology but also who is liable for its unintended consequences. As momentum for driverless cars grows so will inevitable accidents related to programming or other design flaws. These accidents will be disturbing and will require policies that hold the proper people accountable.33
A Global Constitution for the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In drafting elements of a global constitution to address these various issues, it will be critical that the process be guided by key social, economic, and political principles and values. In this new macroeconomic model, automation is seen as permeating all aspects of the economy and helping to bring about an improvement in the standard of living for all people. It will reduce total work hours and lessen the need for people to do repetitive, monotonous work. People will be able to spend their extra time in creative, educational, and recreational pursuits. The new macroeconomic model must also address the environment. Without environmental sustainability, the economic and social advances will come to naught. The model will emphasize decentralized growth and reduce the size and power of large corporations and financial institutions in order to usher in true free markets. With these principles in mind, this section will present sample constitutional sections dealing with human rights and governmental structures. It will touch on some new legal aspects related to the rising role of technology. Finally, it will explore how a global constitutional framework could be established.
Guaranteed Purchasing Power
In 1986, Indian social philosopher, Shrii Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, gave a talk titled “The Requirements of an Ideal Constitution,” which described a charter of human rights that addressed important rights at the heart of the new macroeconomic model. One enumerated right was that “each country must guarantee purchasing power to all its citizens.”34 Since the new macroeconomic model posits an improved living standard for all people, and increased automation can result in reduced work, there needs to be a method for reconciling these points. One way is for national governments to guarantee purchasing power to their inhabitants through creation of opportunities rather than offering “doles.”
The concept of guaranteed purchasing power involves a number of elements. On the one hand, it means that people should at least be able to afford to purchase the minimum necessities of life, including among other things food, clothing, housing, medical care, and education.35 The cost and nature of these items will differ in various parts of the world, but the underlying principle is that people will be able to purchase them in order to lead a healthy existence. Generally, this means that people must have sufficient money to afford them. In some cases, services like medical care and education may be provided at subsidized rates or free of charge as a way of guaranteeing overall purchasing power.
The various necessities must also be available to be purchased. If markets naturally provide them, so much the better. If market imbalances lead to a surplus of luxury items to cater to the wealthy and insufficient amounts of the necessities to meet the needs of the poor, then local governments will need to step in to ensure an adequate supply of those fundamental elements.36 If there is a lack of personnel like doctors or teachers to provide key services, then the government will need to act to create incentives to overcome this shortfall.
How will governments determine the level at which the guaranteed purchasing power should be set? The concept of guaranteed minimum necessities is not meant to suggest a low bar for purchasing power; rather people should be able to live a dignified life with ever growing purchasing power with advancements in technology.37 This notion combines practical concerns about the physical requirements that people need to live along with psychological concerns about how people feel about their condition.
In their book, The Spirit Level, researchers Wilkinson and Pickett find that huge economic inequality leads to a host of social ills including health problems.38 The rationale underlying this connection is that people judge the quality of their own life in part by comparing their status to that of others. In societies where inequality is high, social problems arise when people become dissatisfied with their conditions because they judge themselves less well off than those who are much wealthier.39
This suggests that the purchasing power of people should be set high enough to lessen social ills caused by significant income inequalities. In the present U.S. economy, a more progressive tax system could lessen income inequalities and provide additional funds to support the purchasing power initiative. However, it is possible to lower income taxes on all by means of economic restructuring as explained by Apek Mulay in his Mass Capitalism: A Blueprint for Economic Revival. At the same time, Shrii Sarkar suggests that there is benefit in maintaining economic incentives for individuals whose productivity contributes to the betterment of the society. Research has shown that an optimal level can be calculated for such incentives.40
How will a government go about guaranteeing purchasing power to all its citizens? One recent suggestion is for the provision of a universal basic income (UBI). This concept has emerged as it has become evident that technology will be displacing large numbers of jobs. UBI involves governments providing people unconditional cash payments.41 Shrii Sarkar suggests that it is psychologically better to guarantee purchasing power by ensuring that people are able to find jobs that pay enough to meet their needs. When people have the opportunity to earn their own living, it creates a more positive sense of self-worth and overcomes any tendencies toward idleness.42 If adequate jobs are not available from market sources, governments would act to create such jobs to provide the necessary purchasing power. In cases where people are physically or mentally unable to work, provisions would still be made for them to acquire necessary purchasing power.
How can governments afford to guarantee purchasing power to their people? Some have argued that providing a UBI would be extremely expensive.43 Guaranteed purchasing power through the media of guaranteed jobs, however, is a different proposition. Since people are providing productive work for their income, there will be less overall cost because supply and demand will grow in proportion. As long as economy has been restructured to a balanced economy as described in Mass Capitalism, the real job creators would be both producers and consumers. As there would be no overproduction in the economy, there would be no additional costs to this approach. Additionally, taxes could be raised in case of government needing additional revenue to compensate for money spent for any economic relief in case of natural disasters.
If income taxation were insufficient to manage the guaranteed purchasing power system, some have argued that an additional wealth tax be used to create sufficient funding and further lessen the problems associated with wealth inequality.44 However, the wealthy can also afford expensive financial advisors who can show them how to park their money into tax advantaged accounts. The middle class and poor cannot afford such expensive advisors. Hence, the rich end up paying a lower tax rate despite progressive tax policies. Hence, progressive taxation is not an answer to this problem. However, taxation at source as prescribed in Mass Capitalism may be a solution to this crisis. Additionally, there should be opportunities created to offer free financial advice to the middle class and poor to educate people about savings and investments.
How can people enforce their government’s guarantees of purchasing power? An important distinction among human rights is between those which are justiciable and those which are not.45 For example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says that “Everyone has the right to work” and “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family.” These and similar clauses in certain national constitutions are nonjusticiable in that there are no enforcement mechanisms available to individuals specified in the documents.46 Shrii Sarkar mentioned that the right of individuals to sue the government to enforce their right to purchasing power to acquire minimum necessities should be enshrined in the constitution.47,48 In many instances access to litigation could be so expensive as to be out of reach for common citizens. In order to ensure that justiciability is a practical right, as opposed to just a theoretical one, governments should cover the costs of legal services required to enforce this provision.
With these various concepts in mind, a section in the global constitution on guaranteed purchasing power could read:
Section: Guaranteed Purchasing Power
(a) Each country must guarantee purchasing power to all its citizens sufficient to procure the minimum necessities of life adequate for health and well-being.
(b) Each country will provide this by insuring that all able citizens will have the right to obtain work that affords the necessary purchasing power. Citizens who are unable to work will be provided with direct resources to ensure their purchasing power.
(c) Citizens can sue their government to enforce the provision of guaranteed purchasing power. Governments will provide citizens with free access to legal services necessary to enforce this provision.
In addition to the mandates on individual countries, a method will need to be established to help countries that may be financially unable to provide for adequate guaranteed purchasing power. A number of very poor countries, most of which are located in Africa, do not have the means to be able to meet the proposed constitutional requirements. For such countries, an approach would need to be created to help them successfully guarantee purchasing power until they are able to meet it on their own. Funding for this approach could be derived from taxes or tariffs on international trade or some similar source. It would also incorporate planning help to strengthen local economies to the point where they can provide guaranteed purchasing power.
Safeguarding the Environment
A safe environment is essential for sustained human progress and prosperity. People have become more aware of threats to the environment such as greenhouse gas emissions, desertification, collapse of wildlife habitat, and the like. There have been efforts to make changes like the Paris Climate Accord, but there have also been private and governmental resistance to addressing environmental issues. This resistance has slowed down and sometimes reversed gains made to improve the environment. A global constitutional provision would strengthen these protections.
In his proposed charter of rights relating to the environment, Shrii Sarkar states that “complete security should be guaranteed to all the plants and animals on the planet.” This provision derives from Shrii Sarkar’s philosophy of neohumanism, which is an extension of the philosophy of humanism to include all created beings. It is meant to expand human sentiments beyond narrow tendencies that divide us based on categories such as race, gender, nationality, and even species.49 Giving constitutional protections to plants and animals underscores his belief that all beings share the desire to live.
Bringing attention to the rights of all beings to live increases human sensitivity to the importance of a sustainable environment. This is particularly important given that earth may be facing its sixth mass extinction event, this one caused in significant part by human activity. Recent findings suggest that dwindling population sizes and degradation of ranges amount to a massive erosion of biodiversity and the ecosystem that is critical to civilization.50
Our planet has a large, yet finite, capacity to sustain life. As more forests are destroyed, more waters polluted, more topsoil lost, the Earth’s carrying capacity is eroded. The outcome of human economic activity has become large enough to threaten the sustainability of animal, plant, and even human life. We are already seeing significant effects on both plant and animal populations. We may soon reach a point of no return for human populations as well.51
These factors lead to a global constitutional provision on the environment that could read as follows.
Section: Environmental Protection
(a) All countries must guarantee complete security to all the plants and animals within their borders and must prevent activity that would harm plants and animals in other countries or within areas of the global commons.
(b) This guarantee shall not be construed to permit activities that harm human beings.
The second clause is included to guarantee that protections for the environment are not designed in a manner that hurts humans.
Protecting the Peace
Global military spending in 2015 was estimated to range between one-and-a-half and two trillion dollars.52 Yet, these tremendous expenditures do not seem to bring humanity much peace. Wars and conflict in the 21 century have continued to claim lives, create ever-growing numbers of refugees, and cost huge amounts of money.53
Professors Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn created a plan for world peace that included provisions for total disarmament of national militaries and the development of a United Nations Peace Force to take their place.54 This plan included a phase-wise elimination of all military forces and supplies in all countries. Small amounts of light weapons would be allowed to be retained for use by local police forces. The plan would be overseen by an international inspection group. Shrii Sarkar also believed that the development of a world militia was an important aspect of creating a federation overseen by a global constitution.55 These provisions could be included in a global constitutional section:
Section: Protecting the Peace
(a) A world militia shall be established to keep peace among peoples of the world. It shall be made up of representatives from the different countries and funded by them. It shall eventually replace national militaries.
(b) Responsibility for police functions will be retained by countries.
Beyond addressing military disarmament, Shrii Sarkar also proposed a series of constitutional guarantees that would lessen tensions among people, which can lead to violence. These guarantees of fundamental rights included spiritual practice, cultural legacy, education, and indigenous linguistic expression. Cultural, religious, and linguistic differences lie beneath much of the strife seen in the world. By providing expressed protection, and thereby respect, for these different aspects of human identity, a global constitution could promote the overall cause of peace.
We human beings have an absolute control over but one thing, and that is our thoughts. If one fails to control one’s mind, he may be sure to not be able to control anything else. Our mind is our spiritual estate. Human beings should protect and use it with care to which divine royalty is entitled. Humans were given will power for this purpose. Unfortunately, there is no legal protection against those who poison minds of others by negative suggestions either purposely or by ignorance. This could destroy someone’s self-confidence and hence such forms of destruction should be punishable because it may discourage a person to even acquire material things that are needed for his or her survival due to loss of self-confidence.
The relevant constitutional provisions could read: Section: Guarantees of Human Rights
(a) Not abridge the right of people to engage in spiritual practice
(b) Permit people to engage in cultural expression
(c) Provide universal, free access to public education, and
(d) Protect the rights of indigenous peoples to use their own languages
Again, none of these rights should be construed in a manner that cause harm to human beings either physically, mentally, emotionally, or spiritually.
Technologically Related Provisions
While some issues like liability for injuries caused by automation can probably be dealt with by traditional tort and products liability law, the question of personal privacy will become so significant as to require constitutional protections. Recent privacy issues concerning Facebook Inc. have caused widespread concern among citizens and even criticism from within the technology field.57, 58 The European Union has established new data privacy requirements that apply to member states in order to create a consistent standard throughout the union. The rules also apply to companies that market goods and services to EU residents.59 We shall learn more about General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Chapter 12. On the other hand, the United States has been more lax on data protection requirements, and China has been developing ways of using data to modify their citizens’ behaviors.
Given these developments and in line with the values underlying the economic renaissance in the age of AI, a provision in a global constitution could provide the following:
Section: Data Protection
(a) Each country much ensure that data on individual citizens gathered by the government and by other organizations will not be used to the detriment of those citizens.
As technology continues to advance it will be necessary to address a variety of new issues. Deliberations have already begun regarding lethal autonomous weapons systems. Longer-term agreements regarding other aspects of AI will also grow in importance.60 Further in the future, robots and AI may advance to the state where they themselves will be treated as having some rights.61 The participation of a classless society of Sadvipras (as discussed in Chapter 13 of the book) is critical for making decisions with regard to the rights of future advanced robots.
Establishing a Global Constitution
Many obstacles stand in the way of the establishment of a global constitution, most notably the desire of local politicians and business leaders to hold onto their power. With such entrenched resistance, it is natural to ask how such a constitution can be realized. One view suggests that humanity will not take such steps until it is faced with calamity. In this view, environmental and political crises will become so great that they will spell impending doom to humankind and force major political changes.62
Shrii Sarkar offered a different approach, which focuses on creating positive momentum for such a change through constructive service. As he said,
The question is whether the establishment of a world government or universal fraternity is practicable without staging any fight. To this I will reply in the affirmative. The extreme welfare of the human race can be achieved by mobilizing the living spirit of those people who are desirous of establishing world federation, not by political rivalry but only by means of selfless service and constructive work.63
The idea of mobilizing people’s spirit to call out for global constitutional reform is in keeping with the growth of civil society organizations across the planet. These organizations bring people together to work on social, economic, environmental, and other causes. They also seek to increase people’s awareness about the key issues in their purview. As the urgency of global issues increase, the need for collaboration among the civil society groups grows as well. This coupled with the expansive outreach of social media to connect people around the world will accelerate efforts toward development of a global constitution to address tomorrow’s challenges. While work toward a global constitution may take quite some time, efforts of civil society groups can also address constitutional changes in more local governmental settings. Success in these venues can build momentum for larger global changes.
Taken from the book Economic Renaissance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, with permission. Economic Renaissance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, Apek Mulay (Ed.) Business Expert Press, LLC (2019), 222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017. www.businessexpertpress.com
1 Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. March 29, 2018. https://merriam-webster.com/dictionary/constitution
2 Reich, R. 2018. The Common Good. New York, NY: Knopf.
3 Ury, W.L. July 1999. “Wandering Out to the Gods.” Track Two, pp. 22–29.
4 Mark, A. March 27, 2018. “Regular People Who Went Undercover in Jail for 2 months Discovered a Strict Social Hierarchy that Governs Everything from Where you Sleep to Whether You Get to Shower.” Business Insider. http://businessinsider.com/prison-dynamics-60-days-in-2018-3
5 Robert, B. 2015. “Britain’s Unwritten Constitution.” British Library, March 28, 2018. https://bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution
6 Sotirovic, V.B. 2017. “The Peace of Westphalia (1648) and Its Consequences for International Relations.” OrientalReview.org, March 30, 2018. https://orientalreview.org/2017/12/09/peace-treaty-westphalia-1648-consequences-international-relations/
7 Law, D.S., and M. Versteeg. June 2012. “The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution.” New York University Law Review 87, no. 3, pp. 762–858.
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27 Wilkinson, R., and K. Pickett. 2010. “The Spirit Level.” Why Equality is Better For. London: Bloomsbury Press.
28 Stewart, M.E. June 2018. “The 9.9 Percent Is the New American Aristocracy.” The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/06/the-birth-of-a-new-american-aristocracy/559130/
29 McKinsey Global Institute. December 2017. Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation. McKinsey & Company.
30 Goodman, P.S. December 27, 2017. “The Robots Are Coming, and Sweden is Fine”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/27/ business/the-robots-are-coming-and-sweden-is-fine.html
31 Penarredonda, J.L. March 25, 2018. “How Much Should Your Boss Know About You?” BBC. http://bbc.com/capital/story/20180323-how-much-should-your-boss-know-about-you
32 Bostman, R. 2017. “Big Data meets Big Brother as China Moves to Rate Its Citizens.” Wired. http://wired.co.uk/article/chinese-government-social-credit-score-privacy-invasion (accessed March 28, 2018).
33 Marshall, A. April 4, 2018. “The Uber Crash Won’t Be the Last Shocking Self-driving Death.” Wired. https://wired.com/story/uber-self-driving-crash-explanation-lidar-sensors/
34 Sarkar, P.R. 1987. “Requirements of an Ideal Constitution.” Prout in a Nutshell Part XII, 52. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications.
35 Sarkar, P.R. 1987. Discourses on Prout-18. Prout in a Nutshell, Part IV. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications.
36 Runde, C. 1999. “Beyond Nationalism.” In Transcending Boundaries, eds. S. Inayatullah and J. Fitzgerald, 85. Maleny, Queensland: Gurukula Press.
37 Friedman, M 2008. “Living Wage and Optimal Inequality in a Sarkarian Framework.” Review of Social Economy 66, no. 1, pp. 93–111.
38 Wilkinson, R., and K.E. Pickett. 2011. The Spirit Level, p. 81.
39 Ibid. p. 216.
40 Friedman, M. 2008. “Living Wage and Optimal Inequality in a Sarkarian Framework.” Review of Social Economy 66, no. 1, pp. 93–111, 104.
41 R.A. June 6, 2016. “Universal Basic Incomes.” The Economist. https:// economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2016/06/economist-explains-4 (accessed April 6, 2018).
42 Sarkar, P.R. 1987. “The Cosmic Brotherhood.” Prout in a Nutshell Part 3, p. 60.
43 Goldin, I. 2018. “Five Reasons Why Universal Basic Income is a Bad Idea.” Financial Times. https://ft.com/content/100137b4-0cdf-11e8-bacb-2958fde95e5e (accessed April 6, 2018).
44 Bjonnes, R., and C.E. Hargreaves. 2016. Growing a New Economy, 276–79. San Germain, Puerto Rico: InnerWorld Publications.
45 Blaustein, A.P., and C. Tenney. 1990. “Understanding ‘Rights’ and Bills of Rights.” University of Richmond Law Review 25, pp. 425–29.
46 Runde, C. 1999. “Beyond Nationalism.” In Transcending Boundaries, eds. S. Inayatullah and Fitzgerald, 85. Maleny, Australia: Gurukula Press.
47 Sarkar, P.R. 1987. “Requirements of an Ideal Constitution.” Prout in a Nutshell Part XII, 52. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications.
48 Sarkar, P.R. 1987. “Parts of the Economy.” Prout in a Nutshell, Part XII, 16. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications.
49 Sarkar, P.R. 1982. The Liberation of Intellect: Neo-Humanism. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications.
50 Ceballos, G., P.R. Ehrlich, and R. Dirzo. July 10, 2017. “Biological Annihilation via the Ongoing Sixth Mass Extinction Signaled by Vertebrate Population Losses and Declines.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. http:// pnas.org/content/early/2017/07/05/1704949114 (accessed April 7, 2018).
51 Gilding, P. 2011. The Great Disruption: Why the Climate Crisis Will Bring on the End of Shopping and the Birth of a New World. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing.
52 Sam, P.-F. 2016. “The Opportunity Cost of World Military Spending.” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://sipri.org/commentary/ blog/2016/opportunity-cost-world-military-spending (accessed April 9, 2018).
53 Marc, A. 2018. “Conflict and Violence in the 21st Century.” World Bank Group. https://un.org/pga/70/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ Conflict-and-violence-in-the-21st-century-Current-trends-as-observed-n-empirical-research-and-statistics-Mr.-Alexandre-Marc-Chief-Specialist-Fragility-Conflict-and-Violence-World-Bank-Group.pdf (accessed April 9, 2018).
54 Clark, G., and L. Sohn. 1984. Introduction to World Peace through World Law, Revised edition. Chicago, IL: World Without War Publications.
55 Sarkar, P.R. 1988. “Talks on Prout.” Prout in a Nutshell, Part XV, 20. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications.
56 Sarkar, P.R. 1987. “Requirements of an Ideal Constitution.” Prout in a Nutshell Part XII, 52. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications.
57 Timberg, C., and T. Romm. April 8, 2018. “Facebook Could Face Record Fine Say Former FTC Officials.” Washington Post. https://washingtonpost. com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/04/08/facebook-could-face-record-fine-say-former-ftc-officials/?utm_term=.52b9b39df885 (accessed April 7, 2018).
58 Stoll, I. April 2, 2018. “Apple Wants Washington to Fix Facebook.” Reason. https://reason.com/archives/2018/04/02/apple-wants-washington-to-fix-facebook
59 Lord, N. January 23, 2017. “What is GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)? Understanding and Complying with GDPR Data Protection Requirements.” Digital Guardian. https://digitalguardian.com/blog/what-gdpr-general-data-protection-regulation-understanding-and-complying-gdpr-data-protection (accessed April 8, 2018).
60 Whigham, N. November 20, 2017. “United Nations to Consider Controls on Autonomous Weapons amid Growing Concerns.” News.com.au. http:// news.com.au/technology/innovation/inventions/united-nations-to-consider-controls-around-autonomous-weapons-amid-growing-concerns/ news-story/1962c6464a6d21e0f98fa76b4dd471fa (accessed April 8, 2018).
61 McNally, P., and S. Inayatullah. April 1988. “The Rights of Robots: Technology, Culture and Law in the 21st Century.” Futures 20, no. 2, pp. 119–36.
62 Gilding, P. 2011. The Great Disruption: Why the Climate Crisis Will Bring on the End of Shopping and the Birth of a New World. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing.
63 Anderson, T., and C. Gary. 1983. Universal Humanism: Selected Social Writings of P.R. Sarkar, 120. Sydney: Proutist Universal Publications.
"Kama ilivyoelezwa na Craig Runde, ""Kwa mtazamo wa kwanza, inaweza kuonekana kuwa ya ajabu kuwa na sura juu ya kanuni za kikatiba za kimataifa katika kitabu juu ya uchumi wa jumla." Katika maandishi ya kawaida ya uchumi wa jumla, hiyo inaweza kuwa kweli, lakini kitabu hiki kinahusu mfano mpya wa uchumi wa jumla, ambao unashughulikia maadili ambayo yanategemea mageuzi yaliyojumuishwa katika mfumo mpya uliotolewa na katiba ya kimataifa. Katika ulimwengu wa kiotomatiki, unaounganishwa, ustawi endelevu wa wanadamu na ulimwengu wa asili utahitaji ulinzi ambao hauwezi kutolewa moja kwa moja na utaratibu wa soko. Kwa kuongezea, kama ilivyotajwa katika Sura ya 6 (ya kitabu), sheria mpya zinahitajika kuhakikisha kuwa akili bandia (AI) inaruhusu mfumo wa kijamii na kiuchumi wa ushirikiano zaidi juu ya mfumo wa uharibifu. Katiba ni kanuni za msingi na sheria za taifa, serikali au kikundi cha kijamii ambazo huamua mamlaka na majukumu ya serikali na kuhakikisha haki fulani kwa watu ndani yake. Kwa sababu hiyo, wamegundua uhitaji wa sheria na kanuni zilizofafanuliwa zaidi ili kukabiliana na changamoto hizo. Sura hii itazungumzia jinsi jamii ya kibinadamu ilivyopitia safari hiyo, ambayo hatimaye ilisababisha uhitaji wa katiba ya ulimwengu. "Tutachunguza jinsi taasisi zetu na matatizo ambayo wamekabili yamekuwa ngumu zaidi na kuunganishwa zaidi. """ Katika karne ya 20, vita viwili vya dunia vilisababisha juhudi za serikali na binafsi za kuunda mbinu za kimataifa za kulinda amani ya dunia. Katika nyakati za karibuni zaidi kazi kama hiyo imeibuka ili kulinda mazingira ya ulimwengu dhidi ya vitisho ambavyo vinaweza kuhatarisha uhai wa wakati ujao duniani. Katika enzi ya AI na roboti, masuala ya haki ya kiuchumi, uendelevu wa mazingira, na kulinda amani yatahitaji uhitaji wa ulinzi wa kikatiba wa kimataifa kuhakikisha maendeleo ya ubinadamu. """Kwa kuwa teknolojia na automatisering zina jukumu linaloongezeka katika jamii yetu, katiba ya kimataifa itahitaji mtazamo mpya ambao unasisitiza faida yetu ya kawaida badala ya mambo ambayo yanatutofautisha, na pia itahitaji kushughulikia masuala mapya yanayotokana na teknolojia hizi za mapinduzi." Tangu kuanzishwa kwa wanadamu wa kisasa, sehemu kubwa ya maisha yetu kama spishi yametumiwa katika vikundi vidogo au makabila. Vikundi hivyo vilitengeneza sheria za kusimamia mahusiano ya kijamii ya washiriki wao. Hata leo, watu wanaoishi pamoja katika vikundi vidogo huendeleza sheria au kanuni za mwenendo zinazoongoza mwingiliano wao.3, 4 Mara tu wanadamu walipoendeleza kilimo walianza kuishi katika jamii kubwa, na utata wa jamii uliongezeka. Watu walianza kufanya kazi nyingine mbali na uwindaji na kukusanya. Kanuni zilitengenezwa ili kudhibiti na kusimamia mambo hayo ya kiuchumi yenye kuingiliana zaidi. Kadiri mawasiliano na teknolojia za usafiri zilivyoboresha, jamii ziliongezeka ukubwa na mifumo mipya ilitengenezwa ili kuunda njia thabiti za kutawala watu waliotawanyika kijiografia. Miaka elfu kadhaa iliyopita, milki kubwa nchini China, India, Mashariki ya Kati, Afrika, Ulaya, na Amerika zilikuwa zimetokea ambazo zilihitaji mifumo tata ya utawala. Mkazo wa serikali nyingi za mapema hizo ulikuwa juu ya kudumisha mamlaka ya mfalme. Wakati mwingine, upinzani ulikua dhidi ya miundo hii ya nguvu, na hati kama Magna Carta zilitokea ili kupunguza nguvu za mtawala. Mkataba wa Westphalia wa 1648 ulianzisha mfumo wa kisheria wa kisheria wa nchi huru zinazotambuliwa kama watendaji wa kisiasa. Hatimaye mataifa hayo yalitunga katiba ili kutokeza mfumo wa kisheria wa kutawala eneo lao. Katiba ya Marekani inaonekana kwa ujumla kama katiba ya kwanza ya kisasa na moja ambayo muundo wake ulikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa juu ya wengine hadi nyakati za hivi karibuni.7 Bila shaka, mfumo huu mpya wa kimataifa haukuhifadhi amani. Katika karne ya 20, wanadamu walipambana na vita viwili vikali zaidi katika historia. Mkataba wa Versailles ulipomalizia vita vya kwanza vya dunia, askari milioni 9 walikuwa wameuawa na zaidi ya milioni 20 walikuwa wamejeruhiwa. Idadi ya watu wa kawaida waliouawa ilikadiriwa kuwa kubwa zaidi.8 Hofu na kuchukizwa na uharibifu uliosababishwa na teknolojia mpya kuliongoza watu kujaribu kuunda mfumo wa kimataifa ambao ungeweza kukomesha vita. Mwaka 1920 Muungano wa Mataifa ulianzishwa kwa kusudi hilo lakini haukuweza kutimiza utume wake. Vita vya Pili vya Ulimwengu vilisababisha vifo vya askari milioni 60 na raia milioni 60 na kuharibu majengo ya Hiroshima na Nagasaki. Nchi za ulimwengu zilijaribu tena kuanzisha taasisi ya kuzuia vita vya wakati ujao, na Umoja wa Mataifa (UN) ulizaliwa mwaka wa 1945. Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa na mashirika yake ya msaidizi ulikuja kuwa aina ya katiba ya ulimwengu.10 Hata hivyo, muundo wa mkataba huo ulikuwa hasa makubaliano kati ya mataifa na haukujishughulisha na haki za raia wa dunia. Mnamo mwaka wa 1948, Umoja wa Mataifa ulitoa Azimio la Ulimwengu la Haki za Binadamu, ambalo lilionyesha haki za binadamu, lakini halikuwa na utaratibu wa kulinda haki hizo. Mbali na jitihada za serikali za kukabiliana na tauni ya vita, raia wa kawaida walianza kuchunguza njia nyingine za kufanya hivyo. "Wanafunzi mashuhuri kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Yale, Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago na Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard waliandika juu ya kupunguza matumizi ya kijeshi na hata kupendekeza kuunda katiba ya ulimwengu ili kuzuia nchi binafsi kutoka kuchochea uhasama. ""Wananchi wa kawaida walijiunga ili kuunda mashirika ya kukuza maendeleo ya katiba ya ulimwengu na kuunda mashirika ya mataifa ya shirikisho ili kuzuia vita. ""Wakati huo, utulivu uliendelea kuwa lengo kuu kwa Umoja wa Mataifa na vikundi vingi vya kibinafsi." Uharibifu na uhamisho uliosababishwa na Vita vya Pili vya Ulimwengu mara moja ulisababisha wasiwasi wa kibinadamu na misaada ambayo ikawa sehemu ya kudumu ya kazi ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Mkutano wa Dunia wa Rio na mikutano iliyofuata ilisababisha Mkataba wa Paris wa 2015 ambao uliweka mipaka ya kimataifa kwa uzalishaji wa gesi za chafu. Kwa njia inayofanana, Umoja wa Mataifa umeshughulikia masuala mbalimbali ya kimataifa kama vile ugaidi na uhalifu wa vita. Umoja wa Mataifa na makundi ya nchi yameanzisha makubaliano juu ya masuala mbalimbali ya kawaida kama vile polisi (Interpol), huduma za posta (Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Posta), na sera za biashara ya kimataifa (Tengenezo la Biashara Ulimwenguni). Wakati huohuo baadhi ya masuala makubwa yanayokabili wanadamu yanaonekana kuwa magumu hasa kutatuliwa na mikataba ya kimataifa. The Global Challenges Foundation imeweka mstari wa masuala kadhaa muhimu ya kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na joto la dunia, uharibifu mwingine wa mazingira, vita na aina nyingine za vurugu, umaskini mkali, na idadi kubwa ya watu. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""wakati huu, viwango vya kaboni dioksidi viliongezeka kutoka karibu 360 ppm hadi sasa zaidi ya 400 ppm, hatua ambayo wanasayansi wameonya itasababisha athari mbaya kwa ubinadamu. ""Mabadiliko makubwa ya mazingira yanaonekana pia katika maeneo kama vile uchafuzi wa bahari, uharibifu wa udongo, uharibifu wa ardhi, na maji. """ Wakati huohuo, mapigano yameendelea kusababisha matatizo katika Mashariki ya Kati na maeneo mengine mengi ya ulimwengu. Kuongezeka kwa ugaidi na aina nyingine za vita visivyo sawa kumewasilisha changamoto mpya kwa ulimwengu. Baadhi ya ukatili mbaya zaidi katika nyakati za karibuni umetokea katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ndani ya mataifa yenye enzi kuu. "Watu wengi zaidi ya milioni tatu, karibu asilimia 11 ya idadi ya watu duniani, bado wanaishi kwa chini ya kipimo cha dola 1.90 kwa siku, kulingana na Benki ya Dunia, na ""kiwango cha usawa wa kijamii kinaathiri sana matatizo ya kijamii kama vile kufungwa gerezani, matumizi mabaya ya dawa za kulevya na pombe, matatizo ya afya ya akili na ya kimwili, vurugu, na upungufu wa elimu.""" Matatizo haya yote ya sasa yataendelea kukabili ulimwengu unapoendelea kubadilika kiteknolojia. AI na roboti zinaweza kuwa na jukumu katika kuboresha au kuharibu matatizo haya kulingana na chaguzi za kijamii, kiuchumi na kisiasa zilizofanywa kuhusu wao. Kwa kuzingatia njia ya polepole na wakati mwingine clumsy ambayo masuala kama hayo ni kushughulikiwa kupitia mazungumzo ya mkataba wa kimataifa, maendeleo ya mfumo wa kimataifa wa kikatiba inaweza kuthibitisha ufanisi zaidi. Kwa kuongezea, matatizo mapya yatatokea ambayo yanasababishwa au yanahusiana moja kwa moja na teknolojia mpya. Kwa mfano, imekadiriwa kwamba kati ya 2018 na 2030, roboti itasababisha mamia ya mamilioni ya wafanyakazi kupoteza kazi zao, hasara hizi zitazingatia zaidi uchumi wa maendeleo unaoendeleza usawa unaoongezeka katika jamii, lakini uwezo wa nchi ya kurekebisha mabadiliko haya utaathiriwa sana na sera zake za kijamii. Kampuni kama Amazon, Facebook, na Google tayari kukusanya kiasi kikubwa cha habari kuhusu shughuli zao wateja 'online na upendeleo. Waajiri pia wanaongeza aina ya habari wanayoikusanya na jinsi wanavyotumia kufuatilia wafanyikazi.31 China inaendelea zaidi katika kuanzisha mfumo wa kufuatilia na kupima uaminifu wa raia. "Mfumo wa mikopo ya kijamii utawapa raia wanaotenda kwa njia inayokubaliwa na aina mbalimbali za faida za kiuchumi.32 Wakosoaji wanasema hii itasababisha matokeo mabaya ya ""ndugu mkubwa,"" wakati watetezi wanasema itasaidia kukuza viwango vya juu vya uaminifu na ushirikiano." """Kama automatisering inafikia katika safu pana ya maisha ya kila siku, itakuwa muhimu pia kuamua si tu nani anafaidika na teknolojia lakini pia ni nani anayehusika na matokeo yake yasiyotarajiwa." Kadiri magari yasiyo na dereva yanavyozidi kuenea, ndivyo aksidenti zisizoepukika zinazohusiana na programu au kasoro nyingine za kubuni zitakavyoongezeka. "Hizi ni ""ajali"" na itahitaji sera ambazo zinawajibisha watu sahihi. ""Katika kuandaa mambo ya katiba ya kimataifa ya kukabiliana na masuala haya mbalimbali, itakuwa muhimu kwamba mchakato huo uongozwe na kanuni muhimu za kijamii, kiuchumi na kisiasa na maadili." Katika mfano huu mpya wa uchumi, automatisering inaonekana kama kuenea katika nyanja zote za uchumi na kusaidia kuleta kuboresha kiwango cha maisha kwa watu wote. Itapunguza jumla ya saa za kazi na kupunguza uhitaji wa watu kufanya kazi ya kurudia-rudia, yenye kuchosha. Watu wataweza kutumia wakati wao wa ziada katika shughuli za ubunifu, elimu, na burudani. Mfano mpya wa uchumi wa jumla lazima pia kushughulikia mazingira. Bila uendelevu wa mazingira, maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kijamii hayatakuwa na matokeo. Mfano huo utasisitiza ukuaji wa kugawanyika na kupunguza ukubwa na nguvu ya mashirika makubwa na taasisi za kifedha ili kuanzisha masoko ya kweli ya bure. Kwa kuzingatia kanuni hizi, sehemu hii itatoa sampuli ya sehemu za kikatiba zinazohusiana na haki za binadamu na miundo ya serikali. Itagusa baadhi ya mambo mapya ya kisheria yanayohusiana na jukumu linaloongezeka la teknolojia. Mwishowe, itachunguza jinsi mfumo wa kikatiba wa ulimwengu unavyoweza kuanzishwa. "Mwanadamu ana haki za kununua, na Shree Prabhat Ranjana Sarkar, mwanafalsafa wa kijamii wa India, alitoa hotuba yake ya mwaka 1986 inayoitwa ""The Requirements of an Ideal Constitution"" (Hitaji za Katiba Bora), ambayo ilielezea mkataba wa haki za binadamu ambao ulizungumzia haki muhimu katika moyo wa mtindo mpya wa uchumi." "Mmoja wa haki zilizotajwa ni kwamba ""kila nchi lazima ihakikishe uwezo wa kununua kwa wananchi wake wote.""34 Kwa kuwa mfano mpya wa uchumi wa jumla unadai kiwango cha maisha kilichoboreshwa kwa watu wote, na kuongezeka kwa automatisering kunaweza kusababisha kupunguza kazi, kuna haja ya njia ya kupatanisha pointi hizi." Njia moja ni kwa serikali za kitaifa kuhakikisha uwezo wa ununuzi kwa wakazi wao kupitia uundaji wa fursa badala ya kutoa <unk>doles.<unk> Dhana ya uwezo wa ununuzi uliohakikishwa inahusisha vipengele kadhaa. Kwa upande mmoja, inamaanisha kwamba watu wanapaswa angalau kuwa na uwezo wa kununua mahitaji ya msingi ya maisha, ikiwa ni pamoja na chakula, mavazi, makazi, huduma za matibabu, na elimu.35 Gharama na asili ya vitu hivi itatofautiana katika sehemu mbalimbali za ulimwengu, lakini kanuni ya msingi ni kwamba watu wataweza kununua ili kuongoza maisha ya afya. Kwa kawaida, hilo lamaanisha kwamba watu lazima wawe na pesa za kutosha kuzipa. Katika baadhi ya kesi, huduma kama vile huduma za matibabu na elimu inaweza kutolewa kwa viwango vya ruzuku au bila malipo kama njia ya kuhakikisha nguvu ya ununuzi wa jumla. Vitu mbalimbali vya lazima pia lazima viwe vinapatikana kwa ajili ya kununuliwa. Ikiwa masoko huandaa hivyo kwa njia ya asili, ni bora zaidi. Ikiwa ukosefu wa usawa wa soko unasababisha ziada ya bidhaa za anasa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya matajiri na kiasi cha kutosha cha mahitaji ya maskini, basi serikali za mitaa zinahitaji kuchukua hatua ili kuhakikisha usambazaji wa kutosha wa vitu hivyo vya msingi. Serikali zitakuwa na uwezo wa kuamua kiwango cha uwezo wa kununua unaoweza kuaminika. "Mtazamo wa ""hitaji za chini zilizohakikishwa"" haikusudiwi kupendekeza kiwango cha chini cha nguvu ya ununuzi; badala yake, watu wanapaswa kuwa na uwezo wa kuishi maisha ya heshima na nguvu ya ununuzi inayokua kila wakati na maendeleo ya teknolojia. ""Mtazamo huu unachanganya wasiwasi wa vitendo kuhusu mahitaji ya kimwili ambayo watu wanahitaji kuishi pamoja na wasiwasi wa kisaikolojia kuhusu jinsi watu wanavyohisi juu ya hali yao." Katika kitabu chao The Spirit Level, Wilkinson na Pickett wanaona kwamba ukosefu mkubwa wa usawa wa kiuchumi husababisha matatizo mengi ya kijamii, ikiwa ni pamoja na matatizo ya afya.38 Sababu ya msingi ya uhusiano huu ni kwamba watu huamua ubora wa maisha yao kwa kulinganisha hali yao na ile ya wengine. Katika jamii ambazo ukosefu wa usawa ni mkubwa, matatizo ya kijamii hutokea wakati watu wanapokuwa na kutoridhika na hali zao kwa sababu wanajiona kuwa chini ya wale walio tajiri zaidi.39 Hii inaonyesha kwamba nguvu ya ununuzi ya watu inapaswa kuwekwa juu ya kutosha kupunguza matatizo ya kijamii yanayotokana na ukosefu mkubwa wa usawa wa mapato. Katika uchumi wa sasa wa Marekani, mfumo wa kodi zaidi wa maendeleo unaweza kupunguza usawa wa mapato na kutoa fedha za ziada kusaidia mpango wa nguvu ya ununuzi. "Hata hivyo, ni uwezekano wa kupunguza kodi ya mapato kwa wote kwa njia ya marekebisho ya kiuchumi kama ilivyoelezwa na Apek Mulay katika kitabu chake ""Mass Capitalism: A Blueprint for Economic Revival.""" Wakati huo huo, Shree Sarkar anapendekeza kwamba kuna faida katika kudumisha motisha za kiuchumi kwa watu ambao uzalishaji wao huchangia uboreshaji wa jamii. Utafiti umeonyesha kuwa kiwango bora cha kuchochea inaweza kuhesabiwa kwa ajili ya vichocheo kama vile.40 Jinsi gani serikali itaenda juu ya kuhakikisha nguvu ya ununuzi kwa wananchi wake wote? Pendekezo moja la hivi karibuni ni la kutoa mapato ya msingi ya ulimwengu (UBI). Dhana hii imeibuka kama imekuwa dhahiri kwamba teknolojia itakuwa kuhamisha idadi kubwa ya kazi. UBI ni malipo ya fedha ya serikali kwa watu bila masharti, Shree Sarkar anasema ni bora kuhakikisha uwezo wa kununua kwa kuhakikisha watu wana uwezo wa kupata kazi zinazolipa vya kutosha kukidhi mahitaji yao. Watu wanapopata fursa ya kujitegemea, wanajiona kuwa na thamani na kuepuka kuwa na tabia ya kutofanya kazi, na kama hakuna kazi za kutosha, serikali huanzisha kazi za kutosha ili kuandaa uwezo wa kununua. Katika kesi ambapo watu ni kimwili au kiakili haiwezi kufanya kazi, bado itakuwa mipango kwa ajili yao kupata nguvu ya kununua muhimu. Serikali zinawezaje kuhakikisha uwezo wa kununua wa watu wao? "Wengine wamesema kwamba kutoa UBI itakuwa ghali sana. ""Uwezo wa kununua uliohakikishwa kupitia vyombo vya habari vya kazi zilizoahidiwa ni pendekezo tofauti." Kwa kuwa watu wanatoa kazi ya uzalishaji kwa mapato yao, kutakuwa na gharama ndogo kwa ujumla kwa sababu ugavi na mahitaji yatakua kwa uwiano. "Kama uchumi umebadilishwa kuwa uchumi wenye usawa kama ilivyoelezwa katika ""Mass Capitalism,"" waundaji wa kazi halisi watakuwa wazalishaji na watumiaji." Kwa kuwa hakutakuwa na uzalishaji wa ziada katika uchumi, hakutakuwa na gharama za ziada kwa mbinu hii. Kwa kuongezea, kodi zinaweza kuongezeka ikiwa serikali inahitaji mapato ya ziada ili kulipia pesa zilizotumika kwa misaada yoyote ya kiuchumi katika hali ya majanga ya asili. Ikiwa kodi ya mapato haitoshi kusimamia mfumo wa nguvu ya ununuzi iliyohakikishwa, baadhi ya watu wamedai kwamba kodi ya utajiri ya ziada inapaswa kutumiwa kuunda fedha za kutosha na kupunguza zaidi matatizo yanayohusiana na ukosefu wa usawa wa utajiri. Jamii ya kati na maskini hawawezi kumudu washauri wa bei ghali kama hao. Kwa hiyo, matajiri huishia kulipa kodi ya chini licha ya sera za kodi za maendeleo. Kwa hiyo, kodi inayoongezeka si suluhisho la tatizo hilo. Hata hivyo, ushuru katika chanzo kama ilivyoelezwa katika Ujasiriamali wa Wingi inaweza kuwa suluhisho la mgogoro huu. "Aidha, ""ni lazima kuwe na fursa za kutoa ushauri wa kifedha wa bure kwa watu wa tabaka la kati na maskini ili kuwaelimisha watu kuhusu akiba na uwekezaji.""" Watu wanawezaje kutekeleza dhamana za serikali yao za nguvu ya ununuzi? "Hii ni kwa sababu sheria za nchi ambazo zinatakiwa kutetea haki za binadamu zinatakiwa kuhifadhiwa katika katiba ya nchi, na sheria za nchi ambazo zinatakiwa kutetea haki za binadamu zinatakiwa kuhifadhiwa katika katiba ya nchi, na sheria za nchi ambazo zinatakiwa kutetea haki za binadamu zinatakiwa kuhifadhiwa katika katiba ya nchi.""" Ili kuhakikisha kwamba haki ya kuhukumiwa ni haki ya vitendo, badala ya kuwa tu ya nadharia, serikali zinapaswa kulipia gharama za huduma za kisheria zinazohitajika kutekeleza kifungu hiki. "Kwa kuzingatia dhana hizi mbalimbali, sehemu ya katiba ya ulimwengu kuhusu nguvu ya kununua iliyohakikishwa inaweza kusomwa: ""Kikundi: Nguvu ya Kununua iliyohakikishwa: Kila nchi lazima ihakikishie nguvu ya kununua kwa wananchi wake wote ya kutosha kupata mahitaji ya chini ya maisha ya afya na ustawi.""" (b) Kila nchi itahakikisha kwamba wananchi wote wenye uwezo wa kufanya kazi watapata kazi inayotoa uwezo wa kununua unaohitajika. Raia ambao hawawezi kufanya kazi watapewa rasilimali za moja kwa moja ili kuhakikisha nguvu zao za ununuzi. (c) Raia wanaweza kushtaki serikali yao kutekeleza utoaji wa nguvu ya ununuzi iliyohakikishwa. Serikali zitatoa raia upatikanaji wa bure wa huduma za kisheria zinazohitajika kutekeleza kifungu hiki. "Kwa kuongezea amri kwa nchi moja kwa moja, njia itahitaji kuanzishwa kusaidia nchi ambazo zinaweza kuwa na uwezo wa kifedha wa kutoa nguvu ya kununua ya kutosha. """ Nchi kadhaa maskini, ambazo nyingi ziko Afrika, hazina uwezo wa kutimiza mahitaji ya kikatiba yaliyopendekezwa. Kwa nchi kama hizo, mbinu inahitajika kuundwa ili kuwasaidia kufanikiwa kuhakikisha nguvu ya ununuzi hadi waweze kukidhi kwa wenyewe. Fedha kwa ajili ya mbinu hii inaweza kupatikana kutoka kodi au ushuru juu ya biashara ya kimataifa au baadhi ya chanzo sawa. Pia itajumuisha msaada wa mipango ili kuimarisha uchumi wa mitaa hadi hatua ambapo wanaweza kutoa nguvu ya ununuzi iliyohakikishwa. Kulinda mazingira Mazingira salama ni muhimu kwa maendeleo ya kudumu ya binadamu na ustawi. Watu wamekuwa na ufahamu zaidi wa vitisho kwa mazingira kama vile uzalishaji wa gesi za chafu, uharibifu wa jangwa, kuanguka kwa makazi ya wanyama wa porini, na kadhalika. "Hata hivyo, kuna changamoto nyingi za kisheria, kama vile ""Mkataba wa Paris wa Hali ya Hewa,"" lakini pia kuna changamoto za kisheria na za kisheria za kisheria, kama vile ""Mkataba wa Paris wa Hali ya Hewa.""" Upinzani huo umepungua na nyakati nyingine umebadili mafanikio yaliyopatikana katika kuboresha mazingira. Utaratibu wa kikatiba wa ulimwengu ungeimarisha ulinzi huo. "Katika mkataba wake wa haki zinazohusiana na mazingira, Shree Sarkar anasema kwamba ""salama kamili inapaswa kuhakikisha kwa mimea na wanyama wote duniani"" - kifungu hiki kinatokana na falsafa ya Shree Sarkar ya neohumanism, ambayo ni upanuzi wa falsafa ya ubinadamu kujumuisha viumbe vyote vilivyoundwa." "Hiyo inamaanisha kupanua hisia za kibinadamu zaidi ya mwelekeo mdogo ambao hututofautisha kulingana na makundi kama vile jamii, jinsia, utaifa, na hata spishi. ""Kutoa ulinzi wa kikatiba kwa mimea na wanyama inasisitiza imani yake kwamba viumbe wote wanashiriki tamaa ya kuishi." "Kujali haki za viumbe wote za kuishi huongeza hisia za binadamu kwa umuhimu wa mazingira endelevu.""" Hii ni muhimu hasa kwa kuzingatia kwamba dunia inaweza kuwa inakabiliwa na tukio lake la sita la kutoweka kwa wingi, hili limesababishwa kwa sehemu kubwa na shughuli za binadamu. Utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kuwa kupungua kwa idadi ya watu na uharibifu wa maeneo ya kuishi ni sawa na uharibifu mkubwa wa bioanuwai na mazingira ambayo ni muhimu kwa ustaarabu. Kwa kuwa misitu mingi zaidi inaharibiwa, maji mengi yanachafuliwa, udongo mwingi zaidi unapotea, uwezo wa kubeba wa Dunia unaharibiwa. Matokeo ya shughuli za kiuchumi za kibinadamu yamekuwa makubwa vya kutosha kutishia uendelevu wa wanyama, mimea, na hata maisha ya kibinadamu. Tayari tunaona athari kubwa kwa mimea na wanyama. "Hata hivyo, huenda ikawa kwamba hivi karibuni tutafikia hatua ambayo watu hawawezi kurudi tena. """""Hizi ni sababu za kuongoza kwa utoaji wa katiba ya kimataifa juu ya mazingira ambayo inaweza kusoma kama ifuatavyo." "Kifungu cha 4 cha Sheria ya Ulinzi wa Mazingira: ""Nchi zote lazima ziwahakikishie usalama kamili kwa mimea na wanyama wote ndani ya mipaka yao na lazima zizuie shughuli ambazo zinaweza kuharibu mimea na wanyama katika nchi nyingine au ndani ya maeneo ya kawaida ya ulimwengu.""" (b) Dhamana hii haipaswi kueleweka kama kuruhusu shughuli ambazo zinaumiza wanadamu. Kifungu cha pili ni pamoja na kuhakikisha kwamba ulinzi kwa ajili ya mazingira si iliyoundwa kwa njia ambayo kuumiza wanadamu. Kwa mujibu wa takwimu za mwaka 2015, gharama za kijeshi duniani zilikuwa kati ya dola bilioni moja na nusu hadi bilioni mbili, lakini kwa sasa hazina mafanikio makubwa. Vita na migogoro katika karne ya 21 imeendelea kuua watu, kuunda idadi kubwa ya wakimbizi, na gharama kubwa ya fedha.Professors Grenville Clark na Louis Sohn waliunda mpango wa amani ya dunia ambayo ilijumuisha masharti ya kuondoa silaha za majeshi ya kitaifa na kuanzisha Umoja wa Mataifa Peace Force kuchukua nafasi yao. Kiasi kidogo cha silaha nyepesi kitaruhusiwa kuhifadhiwa kwa ajili ya matumizi na vikosi vya polisi vya mahali hapo. Mpango huo ungesimamiwa na kikundi cha kimataifa cha ukaguzi. Shree Sarkar pia aliamini kwamba maendeleo ya jeshi la dunia ilikuwa sehemu muhimu ya kuunda shirikisho linaloangaliwa na katiba ya kimataifa.55 Masharti haya yanaweza kuingizwa katika sehemu ya katiba ya kimataifa: Sehemu: Kulinda Amani (a) Jeshi la dunia litazinduliwa ili kudumisha amani kati ya watu wa dunia. Ni itakuwa inajumuisha wawakilishi kutoka nchi mbalimbali na kufadhiliwa na wao. Hatimaye itachukua mahali pa majeshi ya kitaifa. (b) Wajibu wa kazi za polisi utahifadhiwa na nchi. Zaidi ya kujadili kuondolewa kwa silaha za kijeshi, Shree Sarkar pia alipendekeza mfululizo wa dhamana za kikatiba ambazo zingeweza kupunguza mvutano kati ya watu, ambao unaweza kusababisha vurugu. Hifadhi hizo za haki za msingi zilitia ndani mazoea ya kiroho, urithi wa kitamaduni, elimu, na usemi wa lugha ya wenyeji. Tofauti za kitamaduni, kidini, na lugha ndizo kisababishi cha mapigano mengi yanayoonekana ulimwenguni. Kwa kutoa ulinzi ulioonyeshwa, na hivyo kuheshimu, kwa mambo haya tofauti ya utambulisho wa kibinadamu, katiba ya kimataifa inaweza kukuza sababu ya jumla ya amani. Sisi wanadamu tuna udhibiti kamili juu ya kitu kimoja tu, na hiyo ni mawazo yetu. Ikiwa mtu anashindwa kudhibiti akili yake, anaweza kuwa na uhakika kwamba hawezi kudhibiti kitu kingine chochote. Akili yetu ni mali yetu ya kiroho. Wanadamu wanapaswa kuilinda na kuitumia kwa uangalifu ambao ufalme wa kimungu una haki ya kuulinda. Wanadamu walipewa uwezo wa kufanya mapenzi kwa kusudi hilo. Kwa bahati mbaya, hakuna ulinzi wa kisheria dhidi ya wale ambao huchafua akili za wengine kwa maoni hasi ama kwa makusudi au kwa ujinga. Hii inaweza kuharibu kujiamini kwa mtu na kwa hivyo aina kama hizo za uharibifu zinapaswa kuadhibiwa kwa sababu inaweza kumzuia mtu hata kupata vitu vya kimwili vinavyohitajika kwa uhai wake kwa sababu ya kupoteza kujiamini. "Hii ndiyo maana ya sheria ya katiba ya Marekani: ""Hatuwezi kukataza haki ya watu kushiriki katika mazoezi ya kiroho, kuruhusu watu kushiriki katika kujieleza kwa utamaduni, kutoa upatikanaji wa umma wa elimu ya umma, na kulinda haki za watu wa asili kutumia lugha zao wenyewe.""" """Wakati masuala fulani kama vile dhima kwa ajili ya majeraha yanayotokana na automatisering inaweza pengine kushughulikiwa na desturi ya jadi ya dhima ya bidhaa, suala la faragha ya kibinafsi itakuwa muhimu sana kama inahitaji ulinzi wa kikatiba." Matatizo ya hivi karibuni ya faragha yanayohusu Facebook Inc. yamesababisha wasiwasi mkubwa kati ya raia na hata ukosoaji kutoka ndani ya uwanja wa teknolojia. [57], [58] Umoja wa Ulaya umeweka mahitaji mapya ya faragha ya data ambayo yanatumika kwa nchi wanachama ili kuunda kiwango cha mfululizo katika muungano wote. Sheria hizi zinatumika pia kwa makampuni ambayo kuuza bidhaa na huduma kwa wakazi wa EU. Kwa upande mwingine, Marekani imekuwa laini zaidi juu ya mahitaji ya ulinzi wa data, na China imekuwa ikiendeleza njia za kutumia data kurekebisha tabia za raia wao. "Kwa kuzingatia maendeleo haya na kulingana na maadili ya msingi ya uchumi katika enzi ya AI, kifungu katika katiba ya kimataifa inaweza kutoa yafuatayo: ""Kila nchi kuhakikisha kwamba data juu ya raia binafsi zilizokusanywa na serikali na mashirika mengine hazitumiwi kwa madhara ya wananchi.""" Kadiri teknolojia inavyoendelea kusonga mbele itakuwa muhimu kushughulikia masuala mbalimbali mapya. Mazungumzo yameanza tayari kuhusu mifumo ya silaha za kipekee zenye kuua. Mikataba ya muda mrefu kuhusu mambo mengine ya AI pia itakua katika umuhimu.60 Zaidi katika siku zijazo, roboti na AI inaweza kusonga mbele kwa hali ambapo wao wenyewe watahudumiwa kama kuwa na haki fulani.61 Ushiriki wa jamii ya Sadvipa (kama ilivyojadiliwa katika Sura ya 13 ya kitabu) ni muhimu kwa kufanya maamuzi kuhusu haki za roboti za baadaye. Kuna vikwazo vingi vinavyosababisha kuanzishwa kwa katiba ya kimataifa, hasa tamaa ya wanasiasa wa ndani na viongozi wa biashara kushikilia madaraka yao. Kwa sababu ya upinzani huo wenye nguvu, ni jambo la kawaida kuuliza jinsi katiba hiyo inavyoweza kutimizwa. Maoni fulani yanasema kwamba wanadamu hawatatenda hivyo mpaka watakapokabili msiba. Kwa mtazamo huu, mgogoro wa mazingira na kisiasa utakuwa mkubwa sana hivi kwamba utaashiria kuangamia kwa wanadamu na kulazimisha mabadiliko makubwa ya kisiasa.62 Shree Sarkar alitoa mbinu tofauti, ambayo inazingatia kuunda mwendo mzuri kwa mabadiliko kama hayo kupitia huduma ya kujenga. "Kama alivyosema, swali ni kama kuanzishwa kwa serikali ya ulimwengu au udugu wa ulimwengu ni uwezekano bila kuanzisha vita yoyote. """ Kwa hilo nitajibu kwa ndiyo. "Ufanisi wa hali ya juu wa jamii ya binadamu unaweza kupatikana kwa kuhamasisha roho ya kuishi ya watu ambao wanatamani kuanzisha shirikisho la ulimwengu, sio kwa ushindani wa kisiasa, lakini tu kwa njia ya huduma ya kujitolea na kazi ya kujenga. "" - John F. Kennedy, mwanzilishi wa Umoja wa Mataifa." Mashirika hayo huunganisha watu ili kufanya kazi ya kijamii, kiuchumi, mazingira, na mambo mengine. Pia wanatafuta kuongeza ufahamu wa watu kuhusu masuala muhimu katika uwanja wao. Kama haraka ya masuala ya kimataifa kuongezeka, haja ya ushirikiano kati ya makundi ya jamii ya kiraia inakua pia. Hii pamoja na upanuzi mkubwa wa media ya kijamii kuunganisha watu duniani kote utaharakisha juhudi za kuendeleza katiba ya kimataifa ili kukabiliana na changamoto za kesho. Ingawa kazi ya kuunda katiba ya kimataifa inaweza kuchukua muda mrefu, juhudi za makundi ya jamii ya kiraia zinaweza pia kushughulikia mabadiliko ya katiba katika mazingira ya serikali za mitaa. Mafanikio katika maeneo haya yanaweza kujenga kasi kwa mabadiliko makubwa ya kimataifa. Imetolewa kutoka kitabu Economic Renaissance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, kwa ruhusa. Economic Renaissance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, Apek Mulay (Ed.) "Kampuni ya ""Business Express"" (NYSE: BUSINESS) ni kampuni ya biashara ya Marekani iliyoanzishwa mwaka wa 2019 na kampuni ya ""Business Express"" (NYSE: BUSINESS) na kampuni ya ""Business Express"" (NYSE: BUSINESS) na kampuni ya ""Business Express"" (NYSE: BUSINESS) na kampuni ya ""Business Express"" (NYSE: BUSINESS) na kampuni ya ""Business Express"" (NYSE: BUSINESS)." "Mwezi wa Machi 29, 2018: ""Muhuri wa Uamuzi wa Reich II""" Uzuri wa Wote. New York, NY: Knopf. 3 Ury, W. L. Julai 1999 <unk>Wandering Out to the Gods.<unk> Wimbo wa Pili, ukurasa wa. 22:29 na 22:29. 4 Mark, A. Machi 27, 2018 """Watu wa kawaida ambao walienda chini ya siri gerezani kwa miezi miwili waligundua utaratibu mkali wa kijamii ambao unatawala kila kitu kutoka mahali unapolala hadi unapopata kuoga.""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Prison Dynamics: 60-Day-In-2018-3"" ya Robert B." Mwaka wa 2015. "Uingereza: ""Utatu wa Kihistoria"" (British Library, 28 March 2018) ni kitabu cha kihistoria kilichoandikwa na Mwingereza na kilichoandikwa na Mwingereza na kilichoandikwa na Mwingereza na kilichoandikwa na Mwingereza." Mwaka wa 2017. Amani ya Westphalia (1648) na Matokeo yake kwa Mahusiano ya Kimataifa (Original Review, 30 Machi 2018) Juni 2012 "The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution"" (Utafiti wa Sheria wa Chuo Kikuu cha New York, 87, namba 1)" 3, ukurasa wa 3. 762858 - Mfano wa Uongozi 8 Encyclopedia Britannica Online (Ensaiklopedia ya Uingereza ya Mtandao). "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mwaka wa Kwanza wa Dunia: "" (Killed, Wounded, and Missing, 9th National World War II Museum) """ Aprili 1, 2018 - Ukurasa wa kwanza wa National Museum "Mafunzo ya ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" na ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" na ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" na ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" na ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" na ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" na ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" na ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" na ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" na ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" na ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" na ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi.""" Mwaka 1945 New York, NY: Umoja wa Mataifa. 11 Umoja wa Mataifa 1948 - Mwaka wa Mauaji Azimio la Ulimwengu la Haki za Binadamu. New York, NY: Idara ya Habari ya Umma ya Umoja wa Mataifa. 12 Clark, G. na L. B. Mwana wangu. Mwaka 1958 Amani ya Ulimwengu Kupitia Sheria ya Ulimwengu. Cambridge, MA: Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard Press. 13 Hutchins, R. M. Borgese, et al. 1948 - Mwaka wa Mauaji Rasimu ya Kwanza ya Katiba ya Ulimwengu. Chicago, IL: Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago Press. 14 Barata, J.P. Siasa za Shirikisho la Ulimwengu. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. 15 Umoja wa Mataifa "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""Ufunuo wa Ujumbe wa UN"" (Ufunuo wa UN) na ""Ufunuo wa Ujumbe wa UN"" (Ufunuo wa UN) na ""Ufunuo wa UN"" (Ufunuo wa UN) na ""Ufunuo wa UN"" (Ufunuo wa UN) na ""Ufunuo wa UN"" (Ufunuo wa UN) na ""Ufunuo wa UN"" (Ufunuo wa UN)." 16 Laszlo, S. 2017. "A New Shape: Remodeling Global Cooperation (A New Shape: Remodeling Global Cooperation) ni toleo la kwanza la ""The New Shape: How the Competition Works"" (litumika Aprili 3, 2018)." 17 Volkovic, V. Agosti 4, 2017 <unk> Marekani Taarifa rasmi ya kujiondoa kutoka Mkataba wa Hali ya Hewa wa Paris "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Ujumbe wa Ujumbe wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mkataba wa Paris"" (Ujumbe wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mkataba wa Paris) na ""Ujumbe wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mkataba wa Paris"" (Ujumbe wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mkataba wa Paris) na ""Ujumbe wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mkataba wa Paris"" (Ujumbe wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mkataba wa Paris) "" (Ujumbe wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Machi 31, 2018)." 18 Scenarios de CO2 Mwaka wa 2017. "Kuchukua ""Keeping Curve Lessons"" (Kuchukua Curve Lessons) ni njia ya kuendeleza elimu ya msingi." UCSD (UCSD History, Legacy, Curve Lessons) ni tovuti ya elimu ya juu ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia ya historia. 19 - Hansen, J. Machi 29, 2018 Kiwango cha CO2 duniani kimepita sehemu 400 kwa milioni (PPM) mnamo Machi 22, 2018 <unk>Great Pacific Garbage Patch Kukua katika Plastic Monster.<unk> CNET. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mapato ya Bahari ya Pasifiki"" ya Machi 31, 2018." 21 Favis-Mortlock, D. Aprili 2017. <unk>The Soil Erosion Site.<unk> http://soilerosion. (Kutoka kwa ukurasa wa 31 Machi 2018) 22 Mfuko wa Dunia wa Wanyama wa Pori 2018 - 2018 - Mfano wa Utafiti "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""Water Scarcity"" (Ukosefu wa maji) na ""Water Scarcity"" (Ukosefu wa maji) (Ukosefu wa maji) na ""Water Scarcity"" (Ukosefu wa maji) (Ukosefu wa maji) na ""Water Scarcity"" (Ukosefu wa maji) (Ukosefu wa maji) na ""Water Scarcity"" (Ukosefu wa maji)." 23 McKenzie, D., na B. Swails. Machi 9, 2018 "Siku ya Zero Imeahirishwa, Lakini Mgogoro wa Maji wa Cape Town Uko Mbali na Kumalizika. ""- CNN Online" https: www.cnn. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Cape Town: Day Zero Crisis"" (kufikishwa Machi 26, 2018)." 24 Benki ya Dunia 2018 - 2018 - Mfano wa Utafiti Maoni ya Jumla ya Umaskini. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya ""World Bank"" ya tarehe 18 Machi 2018." 25 Oxfam Januari 2018 Thawabu Kazi, Si Utajiri. London: Oxfam International. 26 Alvarado, F., L. Chancel, T. Piketty, E. Saez, na G. Zucman, eds. 2018 - 2018 - Mfano wa Utafiti Ripoti ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Ukosefu wa Usawa Ulimwenguni 2018 Belknap Press ya Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard Press. 27 Wilkinson, R., na K. Pickett. Mwaka 2010 "Usaidizi wa ""Mtazamo wa Roho"" - Kwa nini Ulinganifu ni Bora" London: Bloomsbury Press. 28 Stewart, M.E. Juni 2018 "9.9 Percent ni Aristocracy Mpya ya Marekani.""" "Makumbusho ya ""The Atlantic"" na ""The New American Aristocracy"" ya McKinsey Global Institute" Desemba 2017 Kazi zilizopotea, Kazi zilizopatikana: Mabadiliko ya Wafanyakazi katika Wakati wa Uendeshaji. McKinsey na Kampuni. 30 Goodman, P.S. 27 Desemba 2017 "Robots Are Coming, and Sweden is Fine" (Robots Wanakuja, na Sweden Ni Vizuri). Gazeti la New York Times. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mtazamo wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti.""" Machi 25, 2018 <unk>Ni kiasi gani ambacho bosi wako anapaswa kujua kukuhusu?<unk> BBC. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mfano wa Mfumo wa Msaada wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo.""" "Big Data inakutana na Big Brother kama China inahama kwa Rate wananchi wake. """ "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""mfano wa serikali ya China"" (CISC) na ""mfano wa serikali ya China"" (CISC) na ""mfano wa serikali ya China"" (CISC) na ""mfano wa serikali ya China"" (CISC) na ""mfano wa serikali ya China"" (CISC) na ""mfano wa serikali ya China"" (CISC)." "Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah, ""Mashallah." "Mgongano wa Uber hautakuwa kifo cha mwisho cha kushangaza cha kuendesha gari lenyewe". "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Uber Self-Driving Crash-Explanation-Lidar Sensors"" ya mwaka wa 2014 na ""Uber Self-Driving Crash-Explanation-Lidar Sensors"" ya mwaka wa 2014 na ""Uber Self-Driving Crash-Explanation-Lidar Sensors"" ya mwaka wa 2014." Mwaka 1987 <unk>Mahitaji ya Katiba Bora.<unk> Prout katika sehemu fupi XII, 52. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Machapisho. 35 Sarkar, P.R. Mwaka 1987 Maelezo ya Prout Prout katika Nutshell, Sehemu ya Nne. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Machapisho. 36 Runde, C. 1999. <unk>Beyond Nationalism.<unk> In Transcending Boundaries, eds. S. Inayatullah na J. Fitzgerald, 85. Maleny, Queensland: Gurukula Press. 37 Friedman, M. "Kutoka kwa ""Living Wage and Optimal Inequality in a Sarkarian Framework"" hadi ""Review of Social Economy"" na ""The Social Economy of the 21st Century""" 1, ukurasa wa 93111 - Mfano wa Mfano wa Mfano 38 Wilkinson, R., na K. E. Pickett. (Mwanamke mmoja) Mwaka 2011 The Spirit Level, ukurasa wa 81. 39 Ibid. Ukurasa wa 216. 40 Friedman, M. 2008. "Kutoka kwa ""Living Wage and Optimal Inequality in a Sarkarian Framework"" hadi ""Review of Social Economy"" na ""The Social Economy of the 21st Century""" 1, ukurasa wa 93111 - Mfano wa Mfano wa Mfano 41 R.A. Juni 6, 2016 <unk>Pato la Msingi la Ulimwenguni. <unk> The Economist. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Economist's Explanation"" (April 6, 2018) na ""Economist's Explanation"" (April 6, 2018) ni nini?" 42 Sarkar, P.R. Mwaka 1987 "The Cosmic Brotherhood." - Prout katika sehemu ya pili, ukurasa wa 60. 43 Goldin, I. 2018 - 2018 - Mfano wa Utafiti "Sababu Tano Kwa Nini Mapato ya Msingi ya Ulimwenguni Pote Ni Wazo Mbaya". - Financial Times. "Kutoka kwa ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find"" na ""Find."""" 44 Bjonnes, R., na C.E. Hargreaves. Mwaka 2016 Kuendeleza uchumi mpya, 276-79. San Germain, Puerto Riko: Machapisho ya InnerWorld. 45 Blaustein, A. P., na C. Tenney. Mwaka wa 1990. <unk>Kuelewa <unk>Haki<unk> na Hati za Haki.<unk> Chuo Kikuu cha Richmond Law Review 25, pp. 425229 - Nambari ya kwanza Runde, C. <unk>Beyond Nationalism.<unk> In Transcending Boundaries, eds. Inayatullah na Fitzgerald, 85. Maleny, Australia: Gurukula Press. 47 Sarkar, P.R. Mwaka 1987 <unk>Mahitaji ya Katiba Bora.<unk> Prout katika sehemu fupi XII, 52. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Machapisho. 48 Sarkar, P.R. Mwaka 1987 <unk> Sehemu za Uchumi.<unk> Prout katika Nutshell, Sehemu ya XII, 16. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Machapisho. 49 Sarkar, P.R. Mwaka 1982 Ukombozi wa Akili: Neo-Humanism. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Machapisho. 50 Ceballos, G. Ehrlich, na R. Dirzo. Julai 10, 2017 "Uharibifu wa kibiolojia kupitia Uharibifu wa Umati wa Sita unaoendelea unaoonyeshwa na hasara na kupungua kwa idadi ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo. """ "Picha hii ya ""Please"" ilitolewa na ""Please"" (Please) na ""Please"" (Please) na ""Please"" (Please) na ""Please"" (Please) na ""Please"" (Please) na ""Please"" (Please) na ""Please"" (Please) na ""Please"" (Please) na ""Please"" (Please) na ""Please"" (Please) na ""Please"" (Please) na ""Please""" Gildersson, J. Mabadiliko Makubwa: Kwa nini Mgogoro wa Hali ya Hewa Uletee Mwisho wa Ununuzi na Kuzaliwa kwa Ulimwengu Mpya Marekani: Bloomsbury Publishing. Sam, 52 (P.F. 2016) <unk>Gharama ya fursa ya matumizi ya kijeshi ya ulimwengu.<unk> Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Utafiti wa Amani ya Stockholm. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mtazamo wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti.""" 53 Marc, A. 2018 - 2018 - Mfano wa Utafiti "Mapambano na vurugu katika karne ya 21"" - World Bank Group" "Mwaka wa 2020 ni mwaka wa ""Mafunzo ya Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti na Takwimu za Utafiti.""" 54 Clark, G., na L. Sohn. Mwaka 1984 Utangulizi wa Amani ya Ulimwengu Kupitia Sheria ya Ulimwengu, Toleo Lililorekebishwa. Chicago, IL: Machapisho ya Ulimwengu Bila Vita. 55 Sarkar, P.R. Mwaka 1988 "Kutoka kwa ""Prout"" hadi ""Prout"" katika sehemu ya 20" Calcutta: Ananda Marga Machapisho. 56 Sarkar, P.R. Mwaka 1987 <unk>Mahitaji ya Katiba Bora.<unk> Prout katika sehemu fupi XII, 52. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Machapisho. 57 Timberg, C., na T. Romm. Aprili 8, 2018 "Facebook inaweza kukabiliana na rekodi ya faini, wanasema maafisa wa zamani wa FTC. """ Hati za Washington Post "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Face the News"" ya wiki ya 7 Aprili, 2018, Facebook ilitoa taarifa ya taarifa ya ""Face the News"" ya tarehe 7 Aprili, 2018, iliyoandikwa na mtangazaji wa Facebook, FTC, na maafisa wa zamani wa FTC." 58 Stoll, I. Aprili 2, 2018. "Apple inataka Washington kurekebisha Facebook."" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mwanzoni mwa mwaka"" ya ""Mwaka wa 2020"" na ""Mwaka wa 2020"" ya ""Mwaka wa 2020"" na ""Mwaka wa 2020"" na ""Mwaka wa 2021"" na ""Mwaka wa 2021"" na ""Mwaka wa 2021"" na ""Mwaka wa 2021"" na ""Mwaka wa 2021"" na ""Mwaka wa 2021"" na ""Mwaka wa 2021."""  GDPR (Usimamizi wa Jumla wa Ulinzi wa Takwimu) ni nini? Kuelewa na kufuata mahitaji ya ulinzi wa data ya GDPR - Digital Guardian "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya ""DigitalGuardian,"" GDPR inahusu ""kuelewa na kufuata kanuni za ulinzi wa data"" (kufikia Aprili 8, 2018)." 60 Whigham, N. Novemba 20, 2017 <unk>Mataifa ya Umoja wa Mataifa kuzingatia udhibiti wa silaha za kujitegemea katikati ya wasiwasi unaoongezeka.<unk> News.com.au. "Mfano: ""Mfumo wa Usalama wa Kimataifa wa Usalama wa Kimataifa"" (Ufw) na ""Mfumo wa Usalama wa Kimataifa wa Usalama wa Kimataifa"" (Ufw) na ""Mfumo wa Usalama wa Kimataifa wa Usalama wa Kimataifa"" (Ufw) na ""Mfumo wa Usalama wa Kimataifa wa Usalama wa Kimataifa"" (Ufw) na ""Mfw.""" 61 McNally, P. na S. Inayatullah. Aprili 1988 Haki za Roboti: Teknolojia, Utamaduni na Sheria katika Karne ya 21 2, ukurasa wa 11936, na (Gilded, p. 62) Mabadiliko Makubwa: Kwa nini Mgogoro wa Hali ya Hewa Uletee Mwisho wa Ununuzi na Kuzaliwa kwa Ulimwengu Mpya Marekani: Bloomsbury Publishing. 63 Anderson, T. na C. Gary Mwaka 1983 na 1983. Universal Humanism: Maandishi ya Jamii yaliyochaguliwa ya P.R. Sarkar, 120. Sydney: Proutist Universal Publications. (Kuchapisha kwa Universal)