Professor Chris Exley | 9th January 2020
Aluminium is Toxic
In 1984, as an undergraduate at the University of Stirling, Scotland and while carrying out my first piece of independent research, I watched for the first time a fish, a salmon parr, die from acute aluminium toxicity. The whole process took less than forty-eight hours. Within six hours, the fish showed signs of distress and its behaviour changed markedly. It proceeded to seek out the corners of the tank, pushing its head and body against the side of the tank. After twenty-four hours, it began to move randomly and chaotically around the tank before losing its orientation, slipping onto its back, taking a last gasp, before dying. I was left in no doubt about the toxicity of aluminium. I am recalling this event herein because there does seem to be significant complacency concerning the toxicity of aluminium.
An Aluminium Adjuvant is Acutely Toxic Too
In a recent post (https://www.hippocraticpost.com/pharmacy-drugs/the-toxicity-of-aluminium-adjuvants/) I explained why a single injection of a vaccine that includes an aluminium adjuvant is, akin to the salmon above, also an acute exposure to aluminium. It is acute because the total concentration of aluminium in the immediate vicinity of the injection site is extremely high, in the case of a single dose of Infanrix Hexa vaccine, approximately 8000 times higher than is required to kill a salmon parr within forty-eight hours. Even allowing for some dilution of the injected aluminium adjuvant into body fluids bathing and innervating the tissues surrounding the injection site the total concentration of aluminium in a vaccine is sufficient to cause cell death within hours and perhaps minutes of receiving the injection. This is the definition of an acute response, death (cells or whole organism) within a short period of exposure to a toxin. It is a necrotic form of cell death. It initiates an inflammatory response (redness at the injection site). This inflammation drives and perhaps accelerates the subsequent immune response (https://www.hippocraticpost.com/infection-disease/safety-concerns-aluminium-adjuvants/).
A number of mechanisms bring about remediation of acute aluminium toxicity at a vaccine injection site. These are chemical, physical and biological. The toxic free metal ion, Al3+, forms soluble and insoluble complexes with myriad biological molecules while particles of aluminium adjuvant and other insoluble aluminium compounds are taken up by cells infiltrating the vaccine injection site. All of these processes act to reduce the acute toxicity of aluminium at the injection site by lowering the immediate concentration of toxic Al3+. These remedial processes act to secure aluminium in a number of different compartments. All are systemic and all are potential sources of biologically reactive aluminium to the rest of the body. Many chemical compartments where aluminium is bound in myriad different complexes including simple organic moieties like citrate or more complex proteins like the iron transport protein transferrin promote the transport of aluminium away from the injection site.
These processes can be envisaged as continuous passive diffusion of soluble aluminium away from the injection site. The majority of injected aluminium adjuvant is particulate in the first instance and actively taken up, literally eaten, by a number of different cells infiltrating the injection site. Some particles of aluminium adjuvant are taken up by macrophages and thereafter they are retained at or close to the injection site as a granuloma. Generally, these collections of macrophages are considered as benign ‘cancers’ though such descriptions have been coined for situations where the cellular cargo is not aluminium. For example, macrophagic myofasciitis or MMF is a disease, first described by Romain Gherardi in Paris, in which aluminium-rich granulomas at vaccine injection sites are implicated in disease aetiology. Other cells heavily laden with aluminium do not remain close to the injection site and carry their cargo well beyond where the vaccine is administered, for example visiting local lymph nodes as early stops on their travels. Evidence is mounting that these cells may transport aluminium into brain tissue using both lymph and blood as access routes. Perhaps most worrying, evidence of transport of aluminium into brain tissue across the blood-brain barrier and meninges has been shown in autism (https://www.hippocraticpost.com/infection-disease/aluminium-and-autism/).
An Aluminium Adjuvant is a Significant Exposure to Aluminium
With reference to my recent post, an aluminium adjuvant in a vaccine is an acute exposure to aluminium at the vaccine injection site. However, the aluminium content of a single vaccine also represents a significant exposure to aluminium in an infant. For example, the injection of a single dose of Infanrix Hexa into an infant is equivalent to 164 times the daily dose of aluminium in breast milk feeding. Even allowing for an unrealistically high proportion of aluminium being retained in a granuloma at the vaccine injection site (say, for example 40% of the injected aluminium) the daily dose of aluminium in Infanrix Hexa is 100 times higher than an infant receives in breast-feeding. This is a high exposure to aluminium and inevitably results in aluminium being retained in an infant’s tissues, including the infant brain. This is why we must not be complacent about the use of aluminium adjuvants in vaccines. It is why there should be regulations based upon the toxicity of aluminium that govern how much aluminium is allowed in a single vaccine. This limit should be used to give clear unequivocal advice on the number of vaccines that include an aluminium adjuvant that can be given within a specified period. Aluminium is only toxic (as opposed to essential) in the human body and so we should always take every possible step to reduce exposure and ultimately the body burden of aluminium. Infants, due to increased gastrointestinal absorption, reduced urinary excretion and a developing blood-brain-barrier, are uniquely vulnerable to aluminium. We need to protect them from their future now.
Professor in Bioinorganic Chemistry Keele University
Honorary Professor, UHI Millennium Institute
Group Leader – Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory at Keele
"Professor Chris Exley, Mtaalamu wa Aluminamu na Ugonjwa wa Mifupa ya Alumini, alisema: ""Nilipokuwa mwanafunzi wa kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Stirling, Scotland, nilichunguza kwa mara ya kwanza samaki, salmon parrot, akifa kutokana na sumu kali ya alumini." Utaratibu huo wote ulichukua muda usiozidi saa arobaini na nane. Baada ya saa sita, samaki huyo alionyesha dalili za kuwa na wasiwasi na tabia yake ilibadilika sana. Aliendelea kutafuta pembe za tangi hilo, akisukuma kichwa na mwili wake dhidi ya upande wa tangi hilo. Baada ya saa 24 alianza kuzunguka tank kwa njia isiyo ya kawaida na isiyo ya kawaida kabla ya kupoteza mwelekeo wake, akajipinda mgongoni, akipumua kwa mara ya mwisho, kabla ya kufa. Sikuwa na shaka yoyote kuhusu sumu ya alumini. Kwa sababu ya hali hii, ni muhimu kuzingatia kuwa kuna wasiwasi mkubwa kuhusu sumu ya alumini. "Aluminium adjuvant ni ""acutely toxic"" pia, na katika chapisho la hivi karibuni, nilielezea kwa nini sindano moja ya chanjo ambayo inajumuisha adjuvant ya alumini, kama vile salmon hapo juu, pia ni mfiduo mkali wa alumini." Mzunguko wa jumla wa alumini karibu na mahali pa sindano ni wa juu sana, katika kesi ya chanjo moja ya Infarm Hexa, karibu mara 8000 zaidi ya inahitajika kuua salmon parr ndani ya masaa 48. Hata ikiwa unakubaliana na kiasi fulani cha kuyeyushwa kwa adjuvant ya alumini iliyoingizwa katika umajimaji wa mwili, kuoga na innervating tishu zinazozunguka mahali pa sindano, mkusanyiko wa jumla wa alumini katika chanjo ni wa kutosha kusababisha kifo cha seli ndani ya masaa na labda dakika ya kupokea sindano. Hii ni ufafanuzi wa majibu ya haraka, kifo (seli au kiumbe nzima) ndani ya kipindi kifupi cha kuambukizwa sumu. Ni aina ya kifo cha chembe cha necrotic. Inaanzisha majibu ya uchochezi (kuchanganyikiwa mahali pa sindano). Ugonjwa huu huchochea na labda huongeza kasi ya majibu ya kinga (https: www.hippocraticpost.com infection-disease-safety-concerns-aluminium-adjuvants). Kuna utaratibu kadhaa unaosababisha kurekebishwa kwa sumu kali ya alumini katika mahali pa sindano ya chanjo. Hizi ni za kemikali, za kimwili na za kibiolojia. Ion ya chuma huru yenye sumu, Al3+, huunda misombo inayoweza kuyeyuka na isiyoweza kuyeyuka na molekuli nyingi za kibiolojia, wakati chembe za adjuvant ya alumini na misombo mingine isiyoweza kuyeyuka ya alumini huchukuliwa na seli zinazoingia kwenye eneo la sindano ya chanjo. Mchakato huu wa kuondoa sumu ya alumini katika sehemu ya sindano ya dawa ya kulevya, kwa kupunguza mkusanyiko wa Al3 +. Utaratibu huu wa kurekebisha hufanya kazi ili kupata alumini katika sehemu kadhaa tofauti. Vitu vyote ni vya mfumo na vyote ni vyanzo vya uwezekano wa alumini inayoweza kuathiriwa na mwili. Vipande vingi vya kemikali ambapo alumini imeunganishwa katika miundombinu mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na sehemu rahisi za kikaboni kama citrate au protini ngumu zaidi kama vile transferrin ya protini ya usafirishaji wa chuma, huendeleza usafirishaji wa alumini mbali na tovuti ya sindano. Utaratibu huu unaweza kuwa walidhani kama kuendelea passive kuenea ya alumini mumunyifu mbali na tovuti ya sindano. Sehemu kubwa ya adjuvant ya alumini iliyoingizwa ni chembechembe katika hali ya kwanza na inachukuliwa kikamilifu, kwa kweli kuliwa, na idadi ya seli tofauti zinazoingia mahali pa sindano. Baadhi ya chembechembe za alumini huchukuliwa na macrophages na baadaye huhifadhiwa katika au karibu na mahali pa sindano kama granuloma. Kwa ujumla, makusanyo haya ya macrophages ni kuchukuliwa kama benign <unk> kansa <unk> ingawa maelezo kama hayo wamekuwa coined kwa ajili ya hali ambapo mzigo wa seli si alumini. Myofasciitis ya macrophagic (MMF) ni ugonjwa wa kuambukiza ambao unajulikana kama myofasciitis ya macrophagic, ambayo ni ugonjwa wa kuambukiza ambao una athari kwa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa wa mgonjwa. Chembe nyingine zenye alumini nyingi hazibaki karibu na mahali pa sindano na hubeba mzigo wao mbali zaidi ya mahali ambapo chanjo hutolewa, kwa mfano kutembelea nodes za lymph za ndani kama vituo vya mapema kwenye safari zao. Uthibitisho unaongezeka kwamba chembe hizi zinaweza kusafirisha alumini kwenye tishu ya ubongo kwa kutumia limfu na damu kama njia za ufikiaji. "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ushahidi wa ""kuhamishwa"" kwa alumini kwenye utando wa ubongo kupitia kizuizi cha damu na ubongo na meninges, ambayo imethibitishwa katika ugonjwa wa autism (https: www.hippocracypost.com)." Aluminamu Adjuvant ni Significant Exposure to Aluminium (AAD) - Aluminamu adjuvant katika chanjo ni kuambukizwa kwa alumini katika eneo la sindano ya chanjo. Hata hivyo, kiasi cha alumini katika chanjo moja huonyesha kwamba mtoto mchanga anaathiriwa sana na alumini. Kwa mfano, sindano ya Infanrix Hexa moja kwa mtoto mdogo ni sawa na mara 164 ya kipimo cha kila siku cha alumini katika maziwa ya mama. Hata ikiwa kiasi kikubwa cha alumini kinachowekwa katika granuloma katika eneo la sindano ya chanjo (kwa mfano, 40% ya alumini iliyopigwa), kipimo cha kila siku cha alumini katika Infanrix Hexa ni mara 100 zaidi ya kile mtoto anapata wakati wa kunyonyesha. Hii ni mfiduo mkubwa wa alumini na bila shaka husababisha alumini kuhifadhiwa katika tishu za mtoto, ikiwa ni pamoja na ubongo wa mtoto. Hii ndiyo sababu hatupaswi kuwa na furaha kuhusu matumizi ya adjuvants alumini katika chanjo. Kwa hivyo, kuna sheria ambazo zinapaswa kuamua kiasi cha alumini inayoruhusiwa katika chanjo moja. Kiwango hiki kinapaswa kutumiwa kutoa ushauri wazi wazi juu ya idadi ya chanjo ambazo zinajumuisha adjuvant ya alumini ambayo inaweza kutolewa ndani ya kipindi maalum. Aluminium ni sumu tu (kinyume na muhimu) katika mwili wa binadamu, na hivyo sisi daima kuchukua kila hatua iwezekanavyo kupunguza mfiduo na hatimaye mzigo mwili wa alumini. Watoto wachanga, kwa sababu ya kuongezeka kwa kunyonya kwa gastrointestinal, kupunguzwa kwa kutolewa kwa mkojo na kuzuia damu-ubongo, ni dhaifu sana kwa alumini. Tunahitaji kuwalinda kutokana na wakati wao ujao sasa. Chuo Kikuu cha Keele, Chuo Kikuu cha Kielimu cha Kielimu cha Kielimu cha Kielimu cha Kielimu cha Kielimu cha Kielimu cha Kielimu cha Kielimu cha Kielimu