Genotype is the complete set of genes present in an organism’s DNA. It also refers to the genetic constitution of an organism. It determines the hereditary potentials and limitations of an organism from embryo formation towards adulthood. An organism’s genotype consists of a complex set of genes that are inherited from the parents. That's why they resemble their parents. A genotype of an organism is a complete heritable genetic identity, it is a unique genome which means every person has a genotype different from others.
Let's examine the most prevalent genetic characteristics.
Eye Shade: The most prevalent allele type for eyes is often brown. You are therefore more likely to have brown eyes if one parent has blue eyes and the other has brown eyes. However, if one of your grandparents had blue eyes, you could also have inherited that characteristic. An example of a recessive characteristic would be this.
Hair Shade: Inheritance of hair colour can also come from one or both parents. Because of the way genes operate, you may even have a different hue than both of them thanks to a grandparent-inherited characteristic. Genes can also be inherited through hair type and hairline form.
And many more like heights, bone structure, dimple etc.
What is the Definition of Genotype?
The genetic components that make up an organism's genotype. The alleles or genetic variants that a person carries in a certain gene or genetic area are sometimes referred to as a person's "genotype." The number of alleles a person can have for a particular gene depends on the ploidy, or number of copies of each chromosome, found in that species. Since humans are diploid (having two full sets of chromosomes), each individual has two alleles for each gene. When both alleles are the same, the genotype is said to be homozygous. When there are two different alleles, the genotype is said to be heterozygous.
Notes: Alleles: Alleles, which influence a particular characteristic in the progeny, can arise singly or in pairs. A gene's locus on a chromosome is where it may be discovered. For instance, two alleles that code for black eyes and brown eyes respectively decide the same attribute, eye colour.
Gene: Due to their DNA construction, genes serve as functional units of heredity. The DNA that makes up a chromosome contains several genes. Every gene has a unique set of instructions for coding proteins or performing a certain function. Genes, to put it simply, are what cause heredity.
Genotype Frequency Definition
Genotype frequency in a population is the total number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in that population. In population genetics, the genotype frequency is the frequency of genotypes in a particular population. There are three possible genotypes which are homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive and heterozygous. For example:
Explanations: From this, we can conclude that AA will result from the union of egg A and sperm A. and in the next situation, if A & an are joined, it results in Aa, and so on. Therefore, by computing the probability, we may infer the genotypes.
The genotype frequency can be calculated by the Hardy-Weinberg equation which is based on the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
Hardy Weinberg Equation
Hardy Weinberg's principle mathematically explains the occurrence of gene frequency for any particular gene. According to this principle, the frequency of alleles remains constant throughout generations and the gene pool ( the total number of alleles in a population ) remains constant. This is known as genetic equilibrium.
The Hardy Weinberg equation is
Hardy Weinberg Equation
There are five basic assumptions in Hardy Weinberg’s equation. These are:
No mutation: A mutation(modification) in a gene that prevents it from being translated into a functional protein and/or from being transcribed into RNA. For instance, a null mutation in a gene that typically encodes a certain enzyme results in the synthesis of either no enzyme at all or an enzyme that is not functioning.
Random mating: In population genetics, the term "random mating" is used. It represents a perfect scenario in which every member of one sex has an equal chance of finding love with every member of the other sex. Panmixia is the medical word for it.
No gene flow : Gene flow, also known as gene migration, is the transfer of genetic material (via interbreeding) from one population of a species to another, altering the make-up of the recipient population's gene pool.
Infinite population size: The term "infinite population" refers to a population that cannot be counted and in which there are no units that can be counted. The patient's body has an endless number of germs, which is an example of an infinite population.
No selection: Not having been picked or chosen Between the patients who were randomly picked and those who were not, there were no statistically significant differences in any of the clinically important variables.
Homozygous and Heterozygous Genotype
Homozygous and heterozygous are the terms used to describe allele pairs of a genome. Homozygous are those who have the same type of alleles and heterozygotes have two different types of alleles.
For example: If we consider a pea plant with two different characters, one is a dwarf plant and the other is a tall plant then the one which is a dwarf has a homozygous genotype, that is, tt. T
The tall plant will have both kinds of genotypes homozygous and heterozygous. Homozygous when TT alleles are present and heterozygous when Tt alleles are present.
Homozygous and Heterozygous
Dominant and Recessive Alleles
Dominant alleles are those which can express themselves in the presence of any alleles (dominant or recessive) but recessive ones are only able to express themselves when both the alleles are recessive.
Dominant and Recessive Traits
There are three different types of genotypes. These are: homozygous recessive (tt), homozygous dominant (TT) and heterozygous (Tt).
Now let us discuss one example of genotype: Eye colour.
In this example, the allele is either brown or blue having one allele inherited from the mother and the other from the father. The brown allele is dominant, let this be B and the blue one is recessive and lets this be b.
Now, if the child inherits two different alleles Bb (heterozygous) then they will have brown eyes as the brown allele is dominant so it compresses the effect of recessive allele b.
If the child inherits blue eyes, then the genotype must be bb (homozygous) as the blue allele is recessive.
Cross Showing Brown and Blue Eyes
Some other examples of genotype are:
Genotype is the entire genetic information present in the DNA of an organism. Examples of genotypes are skin colour, eye colour and height. Heterozygotes have two different types of alleles and homozygotes have the same type of alleles. Genetic frequency is determined by the Hardy Weinberg principle.
Question 1. Where is the genotype located in our body?
Answer: Genotype means the type of genes present in an individual. In our body genes are located on the chromosomes which are present in the nucleus of the cell.
Question 2. Write three examples of a genotype.
Answer: The three examples of genotype are:
Question 3. How many types of genotypes?
Answer: There are three different types of genotypes. These are: homozygous recessive (tt), homozygous dominant (TT) and heterozygous (Tt).
Genotype ni seti kamili ya jeni zilizopo katika DNA ya kiumbe. Pia hurejezea muundo wa urithi wa kiumbe. Inaamua uwezo wa urithi na mipaka ya kiumbe kutoka kwa malezi ya kiinitete hadi utu uzima. Genotype ya kiumbe ina seti tata ya jeni ambazo zinarithiwa kutoka kwa wazazi. Hiyo ndiyo sababu wao hufanana na wazazi wao. Genotype ya viumbe hai ni utambulisho kamili wa urithi, ambayo inamaanisha kila mtu ana genotype tofauti na wengine. Hebu tuchunguze sifa za urithi zinazopatikana zaidi. Rangi ya jicho: Aina ya allele inayopatikana zaidi kwa macho mara nyingi ni kahawia. Kwa hiyo, inaelekea zaidi kwamba utakuwa na macho ya kahawia ikiwa mzazi mmoja ana macho ya bluu na mwingine ana macho ya kahawia. Hata hivyo, ikiwa mmoja wa babu na nyanya yako alikuwa na macho ya bluu, huenda wewe pia ulirithi sifa hiyo. Mfano wa tabia ya recessive ingekuwa hii. Rangi ya nywele: Rangi ya nywele inaweza pia kurithiwa kutoka kwa mzazi mmoja au wote wawili. Kwa sababu ya jinsi jeni zinavyofanya kazi, huenda hata ukawa na rangi tofauti na zote mbili kwa sababu ya sifa ulizopokea kutoka kwa babu na nyanya. Jeni zaweza pia kurithiwa kupitia aina ya nywele na umbo la nywele. Na mengi zaidi kama urefu, muundo wa mifupa, dimple nk. Ufafanuzi wa Genotype Ni Nini? Vipengele vya urithi vinavyofanyiza aina ya urithi ya kiumbe. Alleles au tofauti za maumbile ambazo mtu hubeba katika jeni fulani au eneo la maumbile nyakati nyingine huitwa "genotype" ya mtu. Idadi ya allele ambazo mtu anaweza kuwa nazo kwa jeni fulani inategemea idadi ya nakala za kila kromosomu katika spishi hiyo. Kwa kuwa wanadamu ni diploid (wana seti mbili kamili za kromosomu), kila mtu ana alleli mbili kwa kila jeni. Alleli zote mbili zikiwa sawa, aina ya urithi husemwa kuwa ya homozygous. Wakati kuna alleles mbili tofauti, genotype inasemekana kuwa heterozygous. Alleles: Alleles, ambayo huathiri sifa fulani katika wazao, inaweza kutokea peke yake au kwa jozi. Eneo la jeni kwenye kromosomu ndilo mahali ambapo linaweza kugunduliwa. Kwa mfano, allele mbili ambazo huunda macho meusi na macho ya kahawia huamua sifa ileile, rangi ya macho. Jeni: Kwa sababu ya muundo wao wa DNA, jeni hutumika kama vitengo vya kazi vya urithi. DNA inayofanyiza kromosomu ina chembe kadhaa za urithi. Kila jeni lina seti ya kipekee ya maagizo ya kuunda protini au kutekeleza kazi fulani. Kwa ufupi, chembe za urithi ndizo husababisha urithi. Uwezekano wa genotype ni idadi ya watu walio na genotype fulani, kugawanywa na idadi ya watu walio katika idadi hiyo. Katika urithi wa idadi ya watu, mzunguko wa genotype ni mzunguko wa genotypes katika idadi fulani ya watu. Kuna genotypes tatu zinazowezekana ambayo ni homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive na heterozygous. "Kwa mfano, ""A"" inamaanisha ""A"" na ""A"" inamaanisha ""A"" na ""A"" inamaanisha ""A"" na ""A"" inamaanisha ""A"" na ""A"" inamaanisha ""A"" na ""A"" inamaanisha ""A"" na ""A"" inamaanisha ""A"" na ""A"" inamaanisha ""A.""" Kwa hiyo, kwa kuhesabu uwezekano, tunaweza kuhitimisha genotypes. Mzunguko wa genotype unaweza kuhesabiwa na Hardy-Weinberg equation ambayo inategemea kanuni ya Hardy-Weinberg. Hardy Weinberg Equation Kanuni ya Hardy Weinberg kwa hisabati inaelezea kutokea kwa mzunguko wa jeni kwa jeni yoyote maalum. Kulingana na kanuni hii, mzunguko wa alleles unabaki kuwa sawa katika vizazi vyote na hifadhi ya jeni (jumla ya idadi ya alleles katika idadi ya watu) inabaki kuwa sawa. Hilo huitwa usawaziko wa urithi. Hardy Weinberg equation ni Hardy Weinberg equation Kuna dhana tano za msingi katika Hardy Weinberg's equation. Hakuna mabadiliko: mabadiliko katika jeni ambayo huzuia kutafsiriwa kuwa protini inayofanya kazi na au kuandikwa kuwa RNA. Kwa mfano, mutation null katika jeni ambayo kwa kawaida encodes enzyme fulani matokeo katika synthesis ya ama hakuna enzyme wakati wote au enzyme ambayo si kazi. Kuoa kwa nasibu: Katika chembe za urithi za idadi ya watu, neno "kuoa kwa nasibu" hutumiwa. Hii ni hali kamili ambapo kila mtu wa jinsia moja ana nafasi sawa ya kupata upendo na kila mtu wa jinsia nyingine. Panmixia ni neno la kitiba linalomaanisha hali hiyo. Mtiririko wa jeni (kwa Kiingereza: gene flow) ni uhamisho wa chembe za urithi kutoka kwa jamii moja ya spishi moja hadi nyingine, na kubadilisha muundo wa hifadhi ya jeni ya jamii inayopokea. "Ukubwa wa idadi ya watu: Neno "" idadi ya watu "" linarejelea idadi ya watu ambayo haiwezi kuhesabiwa na ambayo hakuna vitengo vinavyoweza kuhesabiwa." Mwili wa mgonjwa una idadi isiyo na mwisho ya vijidudu, ambayo ni mfano wa idadi isiyo na mwisho. Hakuna uteuzi: Hakuna tofauti ya kihistoria kati ya wagonjwa waliochaguliwa kwa nasibu na wale ambao hawakuchaguliwa kwa nasibu katika vigezo vyovyote muhimu vya kliniki. Homozygous na Heterozygous Genotype Homozygous na heterozygous ni maneno yanayotumiwa kuelezea jozi za allele za genome. Homozygous ni wale ambao wana aina sawa ya alleles na heterozygotes wana aina mbili tofauti za alleles. Kwa mfano, ikiwa mimea ya maharagwe ina tabia mbili tofauti, moja ni mimea ya dwarf na nyingine ni mimea ndefu, basi moja ambayo ni dwarf ina genotype ya homozygous, ambayo ni tt. T mmea mrefu itakuwa na aina zote mbili za genotypes homozygous na heterozygous. Homozygous wakati TT alleles zipo na heterozygous wakati Tt alleles zipo. Allele za homozigoti na heterozygoti ni zile ambazo zinaweza kuonekana kwa sababu ya allele za homozigoti na recesive, lakini zile za recesive zinaweza kuonekana tu wakati allele zote mbili ni recesive. Sifa za Dominant na Recessive Kuna aina tatu tofauti za genotypes. Hizi ni: homozygous recessive (tt), homozygous dominant (TT) na heterozygous (Tt). Sasa hebu tuzungumzie mfano mmoja wa aina ya chembe za urithi: rangi ya macho. Katika mfano huu, allele ni ama kahawia au bluu kuwa na allele moja kurithiwa kutoka kwa mama na nyingine kutoka kwa baba. Allele ya kahawia ni dominant, hii ni B na ile ya bluu ni recessive na hii ni b. Ikiwa mtoto ana aleli mbili tofauti (heterozygous) basi atakuwa na macho ya kahawia, kwani aleli ya kahawia inatawala, na hivyo inazuia athari ya aleli ya recessive. Ikiwa mtoto anarithi macho ya bluu, basi genotype lazima iwe bb (homozygous) kama allele ya bluu ni ya recessive. Kwa mfano, kuna aina ya jeni (genotype) ambayo ni habari zote za maumbile zilizopo katika DNA ya viumbe. Mifano ya genotypes ni rangi ya ngozi, rangi ya macho na urefu. Heterozygotes wana aina mbili tofauti za alleles na homozygotes wana aina ileile ya alleles. Mzunguko wa urithi huamuliwa na kanuni ya Hardy Weinberg. Swali la Kwanza Aina ya chembe za urithi ziko wapi katika mwili wetu? Genotype ni aina ya jeni zinazopatikana katika mtu. Katika mwili wetu jeni ziko kwenye kromosomu ambazo zipo katika kiini cha chembe. Swali la pili. Andika mifano mitatu ya genotype. Jibu: Mifano mitatu ya genotype ni: Kuna aina ngapi za chembe za urithi? Jibu: Kuna aina tatu tofauti za genotypes. Hizi ni: homozygous recessive (tt), homozygous dominant (TT) na heterozygous (Tt).