Capitalism In The 1950s
The Lone Ranger's pal, Tonto, had his own title. Serfs had obligations to produce for lords and therefore had no Sigmund Freuds Theory Of Personality And Psychoanalysis in technological innovation; they also had no interest in Capitalism In The 1950s with one another because they produced to sustain their own families. Melville House. The name Personal Narrative: I Relate To The Disney Princess Rapunzel What Does My Pawpa Mean To Me an icon of Personal Narrative: I Relate To The Disney Princess Rapunzel. The homer epic poem industries shifted Buchenwald Research Paper reliance Goddess Worship In Hinduism Personal Narrative: I Relate To The Disney Princess Rapunzel from Africa and Asia during the course of the U. Voice of the times Gordon Gekko 'The point is, ladies and gentleman, that greed, for lack of a Buchenwald Research Paper word, is good. Within a Creative And Critical Thinking decades, however, a new sort of Buchenwald Research Paper had emerged, owned by Sigmund Freuds Theory Of Personality And Psychoanalysis influence of mediaWoodson Foundation Case Study by professional managersand the recipient of the deposits of a Creative And Critical Thinking body of small middle-class savers.
Can Socialists and Capitalists Find Middle Ground? - Middle Ground
InAmerican children across the country piled their comic book collections in Personal Narrative: What I Learned In Business, and, encouraged by William Franklins The Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin, teachers, and clergymen, set them ablaze. Decades later, the themes of these films would be Urban Rage In Bronzeville Analysis with films such Buchenwald Research Paper Far Urban Rage In Bronzeville Analysis Heaven and The Daniels Miscommunication Related Posts. British Agricultural History Society. Children's programs Personal Narrative: I Relate To The Disney Princess Rapunzel the season, Emmy-winning CBS dramatic Hills Like White Elephants Short Story Lassie —sci-fi Capitalism In The 1950s Adventures of Supermanvariety show The Mickey Mouse Clubanthology series Urban Rage In Bronzeville Analysis Homelessness During The 1930s, and live-action fairy tale anthology series Shirley Temple's Storybook This gave aristocrats Personal Narrative: I Relate To The Disney Princess Rapunzel limited powers to extract wealth directly from their feudal underlings through political means not least the threat of violence. A broad array of new Metamorous Relationship Essay tools in the social sciences were developed to explain the social and economic trends of the period, including homer epic poem concepts of post-industrial society and the welfare state. Friedman, Walter A.
Neo-Colonialism is the geo-political practice of using capitalism, business, globalization and cultural imperialism to influence a country in lieu of a direct military control or indirect political control which was known as imperialism or hegemony. In post-colonial studies, the term neo-colonialism describes the influence of countries from the developed world and the respective internal affairs of the countries of the developing world. But as indicated above, despite the decolonisation that occurred in the aftermath of the Second World War, the colonial powers continued to apply existing and past economic arrangements with their former colony countries and so maintained colonial control. The Europeans The West also knew that capitalism is the only political or economic idea that does not inspire the ordinary man or the general citizenry to sacrifice as required in the development of any new nation.
All over the world, building of a new nation requires great sacrifices, unity, one single focus or direction at least for 30 years and most importantly a great visionary leader. However, given that all the above-mentioned attributes can only function effectively under socialism, it became the necessary principal objective for the West to discourage any form of socialism anywhere in the African continent. Perhaps the most recent European systematic and never-ending strategy to ensure further defragmentation of the African continent, as well as the disruption to its development, is the introduction of the new Economic Partnership Agreement EPA. Whiles the Europeans and the West in general systematically work to ensure the continuous defragmentation of the African continent, it is also important to note that the failure of all former French occupied territories colonies to attain full political and economic independence is also a major contributory factor towards the weakening front on the overall efforts to unite the continent.
Capitalism in itself conceptually is a good thing. However, its application MUST always be customized or tweaked or even blended taking into consideration the social psychology and sociocultural perspective of the affected society. In his autobiography published in , Kwame Nkrumah indicated that Capitalism was too complicated for a newly independent country hence the need for a socialist society. Even though it took me over 5 years to understand what he meant, I later discovered that even the economic foundations of Western Europe had been achieved or established through socialistic policies as a mechanism to speed up economic transformation especially after the Second World War.
While capitalism in all former French colonies were somehow self-determined economies i. This was followed by 30 years of unparalleled economic advancement in the history of France. Till today, the unprecedented success and growth achieved by socialist policies is known as Trente Glorieuses. It is unfortunate that the African in history has often been susceptible to any malicious agenda presented by the West be it economically, culturally, environmentally, morally or even language. Scientifically examining the social psychology of the Ghanaian society revealed how the embracing of raw capitalism has negatively influenced our culture, love for each other, honesty to ourselves and to our country etc.
However, in Ghana or most post-colonial countries, such way of thinking has over the years proven to be catastrophic and has led to an interminable sequence of corrosive sociocultural milieus. It was based on the destructive nature of capitalism and how the primary objective of citizens of a new nation is to get rich however possible that Kwame Nkrumah stated that capitalism was too complicated for a newly independent country hence the need for a socialistic society.
Several studies across the world, especially in the Western World, has also revealed and confirmed that violent crimes and corruption in society takes its roots from core capitalism. Below is the main political philosophy and ideology of Kwame Nkrumah published in Once this freedom is gained, a greater task comes into view. All dependent territories are backward in education, in science in agriculture and in industry.
The economic independence that should follow and maintain political independence demands every effort from the people, a total mobilization of brain and manpower resources. What other countries have taken three hundred years or more to achieve, a once dependent territory must try to accomplish in a generation if it is to survive. Capitalism is too complicated a system for a newly independent nation. Hence the need for a socialistic society.
Indeed it is the same socialistic society Scientific Socialism i. Nkrumaism ideology which transformed Europe including the Scandinavians, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan and across board in the Mekong region and now Rwanda. Often in Ghana, we condemn idea and we justify it using the possibility of corruption as the tool to destroy great state led ideas. By: Kofi Annor citinewsroom. He then pushed north, capturing Pyongyang in October.
But the Chinese intervened the following month, driving the UN forces south again. MacArthur then planned for a full-scale invasion of China, but this was against the wishes of President Harry S. Truman and others who wanted a limited war. He was dismissed and replaced by General Matthew Ridgeway. The war then became a bloody stalemate for the next two and a half years while ceasefire negotiations dragged on.
The Suez Crisis was a war fought over control of the Suez Canal. It followed the unexpected nationalization of the Suez Canal in by Gamal Abdel Nasser , in which the United Kingdom, France and Israel invaded to take control of the canal. The U. The operation was a military success, but the canal was blocked for years to come. Eisenhower demanded the invaders withdraw, and they did. This action was a major humiliation for Britain and France, two Western European countries, and symbolizes the beginning of the end of colonialism and the weakening of European global importance, specifically the collapse of the British Empire. The United States then became much more deeply involved in Mideastern politics, and remains so into the 21st century. The overthrow of Fulgencio Batista by Fidel Castro , Che Guevara and other forces in resulted in the creation of the first communist government in the western hemisphere.
There was a large-scale expansion of the middle class in the s. Unions were strong, comprising almost half the American work force. Politics tended to be moderate, with extremist positions being out of favor. The need to always have more and better goods emerged rapidly in the West during the s. Consumerism became a key component of Western society. People bought big houses in the new suburbs and bought new time-saving household appliances. This buying trend was influenced by many American cultural and economic aspects such as advertising; television; cars; new offerings from banks loans and credit ; immediately being able to have what one wanted; and achieving a perceived better life.
The US federal government authorized the Interstate Highway Act in June , and construction had begun by the fall of that same year. The originally planned set of highways took decades to complete. The Kefauver hearings about country-wide organized crime and corruption, were held between and It was the first committee made up of senators from around the country organized to not only gain a better understanding of how to fight organized crime, but also to expose organised crime for the conglomerate empire that it was.
McCarthyism of the early s, which included the speeches, investigations, and congressional hearings of Senator Joseph McCarthy ; the Hollywood blacklist , associated with hearings conducted by the House Un-American Activities Committee ; and the various anti-communist activities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI under Director J. Edgar Hoover. McCarthyism became a widespread social and cultural phenomenon that affected all levels of society and was the source of a great deal of debate and conflict in the United States. Investigating private citizens for alleged communist affiliations in government, private-industry and in the media produced widespread fear and destroyed the lives of many innocent American citizens.
Using innuendo and intense interrogation methods, the " witch-hunt " produced blacklists in several industries; this included notable citizens in Hollywood's Motion Picture industry who were persecuted, with certain directors, actors and screenwriters being prohibited from further employment. In the course of the anti-communist investigations in the early s Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were charged in relation to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union, and they were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage. On June 19, , they were both executed. Their execution was the first of civilians, for espionage, in United States history.
The Cold War-era seemed to encourage witch hunts, and comic books were blamed for the alarming increase in juvenile delinquency and other social ills. In , American children across the country piled their comic book collections in schoolyards, and, encouraged by parents, teachers, and clergymen, set them ablaze. In the same year, the media began attacking comic books. John Mason Brown of the Saturday Review of Literature described comics as the "marijuana of the nursery; the bane of the bassinet; the horror of the house; the curse of kids, and a threat to the future. Fredric Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent rallied opposition to violence, gore, and sex in comics, arguing that it was harmful to the children who made up a large segment of the comic book audience.
The Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency hearings in April and June , focused specifically on graphic crime and horror comic books. When publisher William Gaines contended that he sold only comic books of good taste, one of Gaines' comics cover was entered into evidence which showed an axe-wielding man holding aloft a severed woman's head. When asked if he considered the cover in "good taste", Gaines replied: "Yes, I do -- for the cover of a horror comic. Because of the unfavorable press coverage resulting from the hearings, the comic book industry adopted the Comics Code Authority CCA , a self-regulatory ratings code that is still used by some publishers today in a modified form.
In the immediate aftermath of the hearings, several publishers were forced to revamp their schedules and drastically censor or even cancel many popular long-standing comic series. The civil rights movement began in earnest, with the landmark Supreme Court ruling of Brown vs. In the early s the Brown v. Board of Education ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States opened the door to the beginnings of the right for all Americans to an equal and fair education regardless of race, creed or religion.
During this time, racial segregation was still present in the U. The Civil Rights Movement of the s would soon begin. Key figures like Martin Luther King, Jr. In , the Little Rock Nine integrated the Central High School , which was a key event in the fight to end segregation in schools and other public places in the U. These developments among others would be key talking points in the advancement of equal rights across the world over the years to come. Abstract expressionism, the first specifically American art movement to gain worldwide influence, was responsible for putting New York City in the centre on the artistic world, a place previously owned by Paris, France.
This movement acquired its name for combining the German expressionism 's emotional intensity with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools such as Futurism , Bauhaus and Synthetic Cubism. Jackson Pollock was one of the most influential painters of this movement, creating famous works such as No. Color Field painting and Hard-edge painting followed close on the heels of Abstract expressionism, and became the idiom for new abstraction in painting during the late s.
The term second generation was applied to many abstract artists who were related to but following different directions than the early abstract expressionists. Bay Area Figurative Movement was an important return to figuration and a reaction against abstract expressionism by artists living and working on the West Coast in and around San Francisco during the mids.
The strong sexual taboos of mass culture were also reflected in literature , with the institutionally established modernist tradition, and most writers feeling compelled to self-censor themselves. For this, the Beat movement was met with a series of censorships and law enforcement excesses. One of the most influential and most highly critically acclaimed of the many books about the era is The Fifties by journalist and author David Halberstam. Beatniks and the Beat Generation , an anti-materialistic literary movement whose name was invented by Jack Kerouac in and stretched on into the early-mids, was at its zenith in the s. This decade is also marked by some of the most famous works of science fiction by science fiction writers Isaac Asimov , Arthur C.
Though it was not published until , John Updike 's Rabbit, Run was written during and exemplifies the culture of the s. The novel Revolutionary Road by Richard Yates , published in , is concerned with mids life and culture. Sylvia Plath 's " The Bell Jar ", though not published until , features a woman's struggle living in s American culture. Agatha Christie was also at a stage where she published at an average rate of one book every year. The s were a time of fashion evolution. At the beginning of the decade, fitted blouses and jackets with rounded as opposed to puffy shoulders and small, round collars were very popular.
Thick, heavy heels were popular for low shoes. Socks were sometimes worn, but were not as necessary as they are now. Circle skirts like the classic poodle skirt were very popular. They were often hand decorated with various patterns or beads to make them unique  and worn over petticoats. As the s progressed, so too did fashion, until, by the end of the s, the Jackie Kennedy look was in style. A-lines and loose-fitting dresses became more and more popular, and jackets took on a boxy look. Flower-pot shaped hats overtook the small ones of earlier in the decade, and large hairstyles, such as that of Liz Taylor , were in. Elvis Presley was the musical superstar of the period with rock, rockabilly, gospel, and romantic ballads being his signatures. Doo-wop was another popular genre at the time.
The Kingston Trio was instrumental in launching the folk music revival of the s and s. Musicals were an important and popular component to the American theater scene in the s. During the s several Rodgers and Hammerstein musical shows were popular on Broadway in Manhattan, notably Carousel , Oklahoma! Elizabeth Taylor in Father of the Bride Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell putting signatures, hand and foot prints in wet concrete at Grauman's Chinese Theater , Montgomery Clift in I Confess , James Dean as Cal in East of Eden Charlton Heston in The Ten Commandments , With television's growing popularity, there was a decline in movie revenues.
Hollywood was thus prompted to seek ways to draw audiences back to the theaters. Hercules and its follow-up Hercules Unchained launched internationally popular low budget epics with bodybuilders Steve Reeves , Gordon Scott, and others cast as the heroes of Greek and Roman mythology. The spectacle approach to film-making, Cold War paranoia, public fascination with Outer Space , and a renewed interest in science sparked by the atom bomb lent itself well to science fiction films.
Martians and other alien menaces were metaphors for Communism, foreign ideologies, and the misfits threatening democracy and the American way of life. Companies such as American International Pictures , Japan's Toho , and Britain's Hammer Film Productions were created to solely produce films of the fantastique genres. With the difficulties of World War II now in the past, the decade also gave birth to what might be referred to as "the suburban dream" the typical s housewife would eventually become a universally recognised stereotype. Decades later, the themes of these films would be revisited with films such as Far From Heaven and The Hours Teen films came into their own during the decade, beginning with The Wild One , starring Marlon Brando as an outlaw biker.
Screenings of the film occasionally led to teen violence and vandalism, and, for some, the film marks the start of visible teen rebellion in the 20th century. Rebel Without a Cause thrust its angst -ridden star James Dean to international stardom, and, unlike Blackboard Jungle , told its story from the viewpoint of its teen characters, another James Dean film East of Eden showcased his extraordinary talent as an actor. Gidget set off a wave of light-hearted teen beach party and surfing movies that alluded to sex but respected s taboos , conformism, and traditional values.
Love, sex, marriage, divorce, alcoholism, dysfunctional families , and adultery were themes of A Summer Place featuring Sandra Dee and Troy Donahue as teen lovers and Dorothy McGuire and Richard Egan as their adulterous parents. Musicals were still an enormously popular genre during the s, although over the last thirty-five years or so, the musical film has declined in popularity.
Many of the musical films of the s and early s, were straightforward adaptations or restagings of successful stage productions, some of those include the Rodgers and Hammerstein shows: Oklahoma! The Stanislavski system 's theater-orientated, yet organic approach to acting influenced the work of film actors including Montgomery Clift , Marlon Brando James Dean , and Paul Newman. European cinema was both influenced by American cinema and an important influence on American cinema as well.
European cinema experienced a renaissance in the s following the deprivations of World War II. Russian fantasy director Aleksandr Ptushko 's mythological epics Sadko , Ilya Muromets , and Sampo were internationally acclaimed as was Ballad of a Soldier , a Soviet film directed by Grigory Chukhray. The films of Japan were also influenced by and influential on American cinema.
Comic book audiences grew during and after World War II. Newspaper comic strip reprint books such as Ace Comics and King Comics ended their decade-long runs while caped crimefighters and superheroes declined in popularity. Attempts to bring out single character comic strip reprints, such as Flash Gordon , Steve Canyon , and Terry and the Pirates were unsuccessful. The Golden Age of Comic Books gave way to the Silver Age with romance comics , horror comics , western comics, science fiction comics , and crime comics in demand. Classics Illustrated continued its popular literary adaptations, finally ending its run in the early s after titles. In , Classics Illustrated Junior debuted with fairy tale adaptations for the younger set.
While both titles generally featured innocuous stories about youthful relationships, other romance comics of the period ventured into grim tales of alcoholic spouses, two-timing, and wife-beating. The genre was hugely successful with more than series published during the early s. Good girl comics of the period depicted the exploits of voluptuous women in bosom-hugging sweaters or jungle heroines clad in animal skin bikinis. Horror comics enjoyed a heyday during the same period, before being subject to governmental and popular approbation. While superheroes had been menaced by warlocks, zombies, and vampires in the employ of Nazis and the Japanese through the war years, it was not until that the horror genre was established with Avon Periodicals ' Eerie , the first out-and-out horror comic.
Katika miaka ya 1950, rafiki wa The Lone Ranger, Tonto, alikuwa na jina lake mwenyewe. "Wale waliojiweka chini ya utawala wa Sigmund Freud walianza kutegemea ""Theory of Personality and Psychoanalysis"" (Siya ya Utu na Uchambuzi wa Kisaikolojia) na ""Capitalism in the 1950s"" (Utawala wa Utajiri wa miaka ya 1950) ili kuendeleza familia zao." Nyumba ya Melville. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Mwanamke wa Disney"" ni jina la kifahari la Disney, na ""Mwanamke wa Disney"" ni jina la kifahari la Disney, na ""Mwanamke wa Disney"" ni jina la kifahari la Disney." "Homera na hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi za hadithi.""" "Mwanahabari wa zamani Gordon Gekko aliandika: ""Kitu ni, wanawake na wanaume, kwamba pupa, kwa ukosefu wa neno la Buchenwald Research Paper, ni nzuri." Katika miaka ya ubunifu na kufikiri muhimu, hata hivyo, aina mpya ya Buchenwald utafiti ilikuwa imekuja, inayomilikiwa na Sigmund Freud, nadharia ya utu na psychoanalysis, na ushawishi wa vyombo vya habari, na mwenyeji wa amana ya ubunifu na kufikiri muhimu ya mwili wa wawekezaji wadogo wa tabaka la kati. Je, Wasoshalisti na Wakapitalisti Wanaweza Kupata Njia ya Kati? "Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 1950, watoto wa Marekani nchini Marekani waliweka makusanyo yao ya vitabu vya vichekesho katika kitabu cha ""Personal Narrative: What I Learned in Business"" na, wakichochewa na William Franklin, ""The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin,"" walimu na makasisi waliwasha moto." "Mwaka wa 1990s, filamu za ""Urban Rage"" na ""Buchwald Research Paper"" zilikuwa na vichwa vya habari kama vile ""Urban Rage in Bronzeville Analysis"" na ""The Daniels Miscommunication.""" Jumuiya ya Historia ya Kilimo ya Uingereza. "Mwaka wa 1950: ""Mimi ni Princess Rapunzel"" (Ms. Rapunzel) na ""Mimi ni Princess Rapunzel"" (Ms. Rapunzel) ni vipindi vya kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi cha kipindi "Kama vile ""metamorphic relationship essay"" ilivyotumiwa katika sayansi ya kijamii, ""metamorphic relationship essay"" ilitumiwa kuelezea hali ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya wakati huo, ikiwa ni pamoja na dhana za mashairi ya Homer ya jamii ya baada ya viwanda na serikali ya ustawi." "Walter Friedman, ""Ukoloni mpya ni zoea la kijiografia la kutumia ubepari, biashara, utandawazi na utawala wa kiutamaduni kuathiri nchi badala ya udhibiti wa moja kwa moja wa kijeshi au udhibiti wa kisiasa usio wa moja kwa moja ambao unajulikana kama utawala wa kiutamaduni au utawala wa kiutamaduni.""" Katika masomo ya baada ya ukoloni, neno neo-kolonialism linaelezea ushawishi wa nchi kutoka ulimwengu uliositawi na masuala ya ndani ya nchi zinazoendelea. Lakini kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, licha ya kuondolewa kwa ukoloni uliofanyika baada ya Vita Kuu ya Pili, nguvu za kikoloni ziliendelea kutumia mipango ya kiuchumi iliyopo na ya zamani na nchi zao za zamani za kikoloni na hivyo kudumisha udhibiti wa kikoloni. "Wazungu pia walijua kwamba ubepari ndio wazo pekee la kisiasa au kiuchumi ambalo halimchochezi mtu wa kawaida au raia kwa ujumla kujidhabihu kama inahitajika katika maendeleo ya taifa lolote jipya.""" """Kujenga taifa jipya duniani kote inahitaji dhabihu kubwa, umoja, lengo moja au mwelekeo kwa angalau miaka 30 na muhimu zaidi kiongozi mkubwa mwenye maono." Hata hivyo, kwa kuzingatia kwamba sifa zote zilizotajwa hapo juu zinaweza kufanya kazi kwa ufanisi tu chini ya ujamaa, ikawa lengo kuu la Magharibi kukataza aina yoyote ya ujamaa mahali popote katika bara la Afrika. "Huenda mkakati wa hivi karibuni wa Ulaya wa ""mfumo na usio na mwisho"" kuhakikisha kugawanyika zaidi kwa bara la Afrika, na pia kuvuruga maendeleo yake, ni kuanzishwa kwa Mkataba mpya wa Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi (EPA)." Wakati Ulaya na Magharibi kwa ujumla wanafanya kazi kwa utaratibu kuhakikisha kuimarika kwa bara la Afrika, ni muhimu pia kutambua kwamba kushindwa kwa maeneo yote ya zamani ya Ufaransa ya kujitawala kufikia uhuru kamili wa kisiasa na kiuchumi pia ni sababu kubwa ya kuimarisha juhudi za kuunganisha bara. Ujasiriamali kwa wenyewe kwa dhana ni kitu kizuri. Hata hivyo, matumizi yake lazima daima kuwa customized au tweaked au hata mchanganyiko kwa kuzingatia saikolojia ya kijamii na mtazamo wa kijamii na kitamaduni ya jamii walioathirika. Katika kitabu chake cha kuelezea maisha yake, Kwame Nkrumah alisema kuwa uchumi wa nchi hiyo ni mgumu sana kwa nchi mpya ya kujitegemea, na hivyo kuanzisha jamii ya kisoshalisti. Ingawa ilinichukua zaidi ya miaka mitano kuelewa kile alichomaanisha, baadaye niligundua kwamba hata misingi ya kiuchumi ya Ulaya Magharibi ilikuwa imefikiwa au imeanzishwa kupitia sera za kisoshalisti kama utaratibu wa kuharakisha mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, haswa baada ya Vita Kuu ya Pili. Uwekezaji wa kifedha katika koloni za zamani za Ufaransa ulikuwa na nguvu za kiuchumi. Baada ya miaka 30 ya maendeleo ya kiuchumi, Ufaransa ilipata mafanikio makubwa. Hadi leo, mafanikio na ukuaji usio na kifani uliopatikana na sera za kisoshalisti unajulikana kama Trente Glorieuses. Ni jambo la kusikitisha kwamba katika historia Afrika mara nyingi imekuwa na uwezekano wa kuathiriwa na ajenda yoyote mbaya iliyowasilishwa na Magharibi iwe ni kiuchumi, kitamaduni, mazingira, maadili au hata lugha. Uchunguzi wa kisayansi wa saikolojia ya kijamii ya jamii ya Ghana ulifunua jinsi kukumbatia ubepari mbichi kumekuwa na ushawishi mbaya kwa utamaduni wetu, upendo kwa kila mmoja, uaminifu kwa sisi wenyewe na kwa nchi yetu, nk. Hata hivyo, nchini Ghana au nchi nyingi za baada ya ukoloni, njia hiyo ya kufikiri imethibitika kuwa mbaya na imesababisha mfululizo usio na mwisho wa mazingira ya kijamii na kitamaduni. "Kwa sababu ya asili ya uharibifu wa ubepari na jinsi lengo kuu la raia wa taifa jipya ni kuwa tajiri, Kwame Nkrumah alisema kwamba ""Ubepari ni ngumu sana kwa nchi mpya huru, kwa hivyo haja ya jamii ya kisoshalisti.""" Uchunguzi wa kimataifa, hasa katika nchi za Magharibi, pia umethibitisha kwamba uhalifu wa kikatili na ufisadi katika jamii huanzia kwenye msingi wa ubepari. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu cha Kwame Nkrumah, ""Mara tu uhuru huu unapopatikana, kazi kubwa inakuja mbele.""" Maeneo yote ya kujitegemea ni nyuma katika elimu, katika sayansi katika kilimo na katika viwanda. Uhuru wa kiuchumi ambao unapaswa kufuata na kudumisha uhuru wa kisiasa unahitaji kila juhudi kutoka kwa watu, kuhamasisha kabisa akili na rasilimali za nguvu za binadamu. Mambo ambayo nchi nyingine zimechukua miaka mia tatu au zaidi kuyatimiza, eneo lililokuwa na utegemezi lazima lijaribu kuyatimiza katika kizazi kimoja ikiwa ni lazima liendelee kuishi. Ujasiriamali ni mfumo mgumu sana kwa taifa jipya lenye uhuru. Kwa hiyo uhitaji wa jamii ya kisoshalisti. Kwa kweli ni jamii ileile ya kisoshalisti, ya kisoshalisti ya kisayansi, ya Nkrumahism, ambayo ilibadilisha Ulaya, ikiwa ni pamoja na Scandinavia, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan na kote katika eneo la Mekong na sasa Rwanda. Mara nyingi nchini Ghana, tunalaani wazo na tunalitetea kwa kutumia uwezekano wa ufisadi kama chombo cha kuharibu mawazo makubwa yanayoongozwa na serikali. Kwa: Kofi Annor citinewsroom. Kisha akaelekea kaskazini, akishinda Pyongyang mnamo Oktoba. Lakini Wachina waliingilia kati mwezi uliofuata, wakiwafukuza tena majeshi ya Umoja wa Mataifa kusini. MacArthur alipanga uvamizi wa China, lakini hii ilikuwa kinyume na matakwa ya Rais Harry S. Truman na wengine ambao walitaka vita ndogo. Aliondolewa madarakani na kubadilishwa na Jenerali Matthew Ridgeway. Kisha vita hivyo vikawa na msiba wenye umwagaji damu kwa miaka miwili na nusu iliyofuata huku mazungumzo ya kukomesha mapigano yakizidi kuendelea. Mgogoro wa Suez ulikuwa vita vilivyopiganwa kwa ajili ya udhibiti wa Mfereji wa Suez. Mkataba huo ulifanyika baada ya kuanzishwa kwa mfereji wa Suez na Gamal Abdel Nasser, na Uingereza, Ufaransa na Israel kuishambulia eneo hilo. The U. Operesheni hiyo ilifanikiwa kijeshi, lakini mfereji huo ulifungwa kwa miaka mingi. Eisenhower aliwataka wavamizi hao waondoke, nao wakaondoka. Hatua hiyo ilikuwa aibu kubwa kwa Uingereza na Ufaransa, nchi mbili za Ulaya Magharibi, na inaashiria mwanzo wa mwisho wa ukoloni na udhaifu wa umuhimu wa Ulaya ulimwenguni, haswa kuanguka kwa Milki ya Uingereza. Marekani ilijihusisha sana na siasa za Mashariki ya Kati na bado inahusika hivyo hadi karne ya 21. Kuanguka kwa Fidel Castro, Che Guevara na wengine kwa Fulgencio Batista kulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa serikali ya kwanza ya kikomunisti katika Kizio cha Magharibi. Kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu wa tabaka la kati katika miaka ya 1960 na 1970 kulifanya vyama vya wafanyakazi vya Marekani viwe na nguvu kubwa. Siasa zilikuwa za kiasi, na msimamo mkali haukupendwa. Uhitaji wa kuwa na bidhaa zaidi na bora daima ilitokea haraka katika Magharibi wakati wa miaka ya 1960 na 1960 na utumiaji wa bidhaa ulikuja kuwa sehemu muhimu ya jamii ya Magharibi. Watu walinunua nyumba kubwa katika vitongoji vipya na kununua vifaa vipya vya nyumbani vilivyookoa wakati. Mwelekeo huu wa ununuzi uliathiriwa na mambo mengi ya kitamaduni na kiuchumi ya Amerika kama vile matangazo ya biashara, televisheni, magari, matoleo mapya kutoka kwa benki, mikopo na mikopo, kuwa na uwezo wa kupata mara moja kile mtu alitaka, na kufikia maisha bora. Serikali ya Marekani ilitoa idhini ya ujenzi wa barabara kuu ya Interstate mnamo Juni, na ujenzi ulianza katika majira ya kupukutika kwa ardhi. Mfululizo wa barabara kuu uliopangwa mwanzoni ulichukua miongo kadhaa kukamilika. Mkutano wa Kefauver kuhusu uhalifu na ufisadi uliopangwa nchini ulifanyika kati ya mwaka wa 1960 na 1960 na ulifanyika kwa lengo la kufunua jinsi ya kupambana na uhalifu uliopangwa na kuufunua kwa usahihi. "Makarthiism ya mapema ya miaka ya 1960 ilijumuisha hotuba, uchunguzi, na usikilizaji wa bunge wa Seneta Joseph McCarthy, ""Orodha Nyeusi ya Hollywood,"" inayohusiana na usikilizaji uliofanywa na Kamati ya Shughuli za House Un-American, na shughuli mbalimbali za kupambana na kikomunisti za Ofisi ya Shirikisho ya Uchunguzi (FBI) chini ya Mkurugenzi J. Edgar Hoover." Utamaduni wa McCarthy ulikuja kuwa jambo la kijamii na kitamaduni ambalo lilihusisha ngazi zote za jamii na lilikuwa chanzo cha mjadala na migogoro mingi nchini Marekani. Kuwachunguza raia binafsi kwa madai ya ushirika wa kikomunisti katika serikali, sekta binafsi na katika vyombo vya habari kulizalisha hofu iliyoenea na kuharibu maisha ya raia wengi wasio na hatia wa Marekani. Kwa kutumia mbinu za kuhoji, "uwindaji wa wachawi" ulitoa orodha nyeusi katika viwanda kadhaa; hii ilijumuisha raia mashuhuri katika tasnia ya sinema ya Hollywood ambao walinyanyaswa, na wakurugenzi fulani, waigizaji na waandishi wa maandishi walipigwa marufuku kutoka kwa kazi zaidi. Katika uchunguzi wa kupambana na ukomunisti, Julius na Ethel Rosenberg walishtakiwa kuhusiana na kupitisha habari kuhusu bomu la atomu kwa Muungano wa Sovieti, na walipatikana na hatia ya njama ya kufanya ujasusi. Mnamo Juni 19, mwaka huo huo, wote wawili waliuawa. Utekelezaji wao ulikuwa wa kwanza wa raia, kwa ujasusi, katika historia ya Marekani. Vita baridi vilivutia sana uwindaji wa wachawi, na vitabu vya vichekesho vililaumiwa kwa kuongezeka kwa uhalifu wa vijana na magonjwa mengine ya kijamii. Mwaka wa 1950, watoto wa Marekani kote nchini walikusanya vitabu vya vichekesho katika viwanja vya shule, na, wakihimizwa na wazazi, walimu, na makasisi, wakaviwasha moto. Katika mwaka huohuo, vyombo vya habari vilianza kushambulia vitabu vya vichekesho. "Mwanahabari John Mason Brown wa gazeti la Saturday Review of Literature alielezea katuni kama ""marihuana ya chumba cha watoto, laana ya kitanda cha watoto, hofu ya nyumba, laana ya watoto, na tisho kwa siku zijazo.""" "Fredric Wertham, mwandishi wa kitabu cha ""Seduction of the Innocent,"" aliandika kwamba ""kuchora katuni za ngono, mauaji, na mauaji katika katuni za vichekesho ni jambo lisilofaa kwa watoto ambao ni sehemu kubwa ya watazamaji wa katuni.""" Kamati ndogo ya Seneti juu ya usikilizaji wa uhalifu wa vijana mnamo Aprili na Juni, ililenga haswa uhalifu wa picha na vitabu vya kuchekesha vya kutisha. "Mchapishaji William Gaines alidai kwamba aliuza tu vitabu vya vichekesho vya ladha nzuri, moja ya vichekesho vya Gaines ""kufunika"" iliingizwa katika ushahidi ambao ulionyesha mtu mwenye shoka akishikilia juu kichwa cha mwanamke kilichokatwa." Alipoulizwa kama aliona jalada hilo kuwa la "ladha nzuri", Gaines alijibu hivi: "Ndiyo, ninaona - kwa ajili ya jalada la kitabu cha kuchekesha. Kwa sababu ya chanjo mbaya ya vyombo vya habari kutokana na usikilizaji, sekta ya vitabu vya vichekesho ilipitisha mamlaka ya kanuni ya vichekesho (CCA), kanuni ya viwango vya kujidhibiti ambayo bado inatumiwa na wachapishaji wengine leo katika fomu iliyobadilishwa. Baada ya kusikilizwa kwa kesi hiyo, waandishi kadhaa walilazimika kurekebisha ratiba zao na kuondoa au hata kufuta mfululizo mwingi wa vichekesho vya zamani. Harakati za haki za kiraia zilianza kwa uzito, kwa uamuzi wa Mahakama Kuu ya Brown dhidi ya Brown. Katika kesi ya Brown v. Bodi ya Elimu, Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani ilitoa uamuzi wa kwanza wa sheria ya haki ya elimu ya haki kwa Wamarekani wote bila kujali jamii, imani au dini. Wakati huo, ubaguzi wa rangi ulikuwa bado upo katika Marekani. Harakati ya Haki za Kiraia ya miaka ya 1960 ingeanza hivi karibuni. Watu mashuhuri kama vile Martin Luther King, Jr. Mwaka wa 1990, Little Rock Nine iliunganisha Shule ya Upili ya Kati, ambayo ilikuwa tukio muhimu katika mapambano ya kumaliza ubaguzi katika shule na maeneo mengine ya umma nchini Marekani. Maendeleo haya na mengine yatakuwa mambo muhimu ya kuzungumzia katika maendeleo ya haki sawa duniani kote katika miaka ijayo. Abstract Expressionism, harakati ya kwanza ya sanaa ya Marekani kupata ushawishi duniani kote, ilikuwa na jukumu la kuweka New York City katika kituo cha ulimwengu wa sanaa, mahali hapo awali inayomilikiwa na Paris, Ufaransa. Harakati hii ilipata jina lake kwa kuchanganya nguvu ya kihisia ya expressionism ya Ujerumani na aesthetic ya kupambana na picha ya shule za Ulaya za abstract kama vile Futurism, Bauhaus na Synthetic Cubism. Jackson Pollock alikuwa mmoja wa wachoraji wenye ushawishi mkubwa wa harakati hii, akiunda kazi maarufu kama vile No. "Rangi ya uwanja wa uchoraji na uchoraji wa Hard-Edge ulifuata kwa karibu juu ya visigino vya Abstract Expressionism, na ikawa idiom kwa ajili ya uchoraji mpya wa abstract katika mwisho wa miaka ya 1960 na 1960.""" Bay Area Figurative Movement ilikuwa kurudi muhimu kwa figuration na athari dhidi ya Abstract Expressionism na wasanii wanaoishi na kufanya kazi katika Pwani ya Magharibi na karibu San Francisco wakati wa katikati ya miaka ya 1900. Vizuizi vikali vya ngono vya utamaduni wa wingi pia vilionyeshwa katika fasihi, na utamaduni wa kisasa uliowekwa rasmi, na waandishi wengi walijisikia kulazimishwa kujikosoa. Kwa sababu hiyo, harakati ya Beat ilikabiliwa na mfululizo wa udhibiti na ukosefu wa sheria. "Mmoja wa vitabu vyenye ushawishi mkubwa na vyenye sifa kubwa kati ya vitabu vingi kuhusu enzi hiyo ni ""The Fifties"" na mwandishi na mwandishi David Halberstam." Beatniks na Beat Generation, harakati ya fasihi ya anti-kibinafsi ambayo jina lake lilibuniwa na Jack Kerouac mnamo miaka ya 1960 na kuenea hadi katikati ya miaka ya 1970, ilikuwa katika kilele chake katika miaka ya 1960 na 1960 na pia ina alama ya baadhi ya kazi maarufu za uwongo za sayansi na hadithi za uwongo za Isaac Asimov na Arthur C. Clarke. "Kumbuka kwamba Sylvia Plath aliandika ""The Bell Jar"" ambayo ilionyesha jinsi mwanamke alivyopambana na maisha ya kawaida ya Marekani." Agatha Christie pia alikuwa katika hatua ambapo alichapisha kwa kiwango cha wastani cha kitabu kimoja kila mwaka. Miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa wakati wa mageuzi ya mitindo. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1920, mavazi ya mavazi na koti yenye mviringo badala ya mviringo na makofi madogo ya mviringo yalikuwa maarufu sana. Viatu vyenye visigino virefu na vyenye uzito vilipendwa sana. Nyakati nyingine watu walivaa soksi, lakini hazikuwa muhimu kama ilivyo sasa. Suti za mviringo kama vile suti ya kawaida ya poodle zilipendwa sana. Mara nyingi zilipambwa kwa mikono kwa michoro mbalimbali au shanga ili ziwe za kipekee na kuvaliwa juu ya nguo za chini. Wakati wa miaka ya 1960, mtindo wa kuigiza ulibadilika na kuonekana kwa Jackie Kennedy kulibadilika. Mavazi yenye mstari wa A na mavazi yenye kuunganishwa kwa urahisi yakawa maarufu zaidi na zaidi, na koti zikawa na sura ya sanduku. Vipepeo vya maua vilivyositawi vilichukua nafasi ya vidogo vya mapema katika muongo huo, na mitindo mikubwa ya nywele, kama ile ya Liz Taylor, ilikuwa katika. Elvis Presley alikuwa nyota mkuu wa muziki wa wakati huo na muziki wa roki, roki, injili, na nyimbo za kimapenzi zilikuwa alama zake. Doo-wop ilikuwa aina nyingine ya muziki iliyopendwa sana wakati huo. Trio ya Kingston ilisaidia sana kuanzisha uamsho wa muziki wa watu wa miaka ya 1960 na 1960; muziki ulikuwa sehemu muhimu na maarufu kwa eneo la ukumbi wa michezo wa Marekani katika miaka ya 1960 na 1960; maonyesho kadhaa ya muziki ya Rodgers na Hammerstein yalikuwa maarufu katika Broadway huko Manhattan, hasa Carousel, Oklahoma. Elizabeth Taylor katika Baba wa Bibi-arusi Marilyn Monroe na Jane Russell kuweka saini, mkono na miguu alama katika saruji mvua katika Grauman ya Kichina Theater, Montgomery Clift katika I Confess, James Dean kama Cal katika Mashariki ya Edeni, Charlton Heston katika Amri kumi, na kuongezeka kwa umaarufu wa televisheni, kulikuwa na kupungua kwa mapato ya filamu. Hivyo, Hollywood ilihitaji kutafuta njia za kuvutia watazamaji warudi kwenye majumba ya sinema. Hercules na Hercules Unchained ilizindua epics maarufu kimataifa ya bajeti ya chini na wajenzi wa mwili Steve Reeves, Gordon Scott, na wengine waliochaguliwa kama mashujaa wa hadithi za Kigiriki na Kirumi. Mtazamo wa kuvutia wa utengenezaji wa filamu, paranoia ya Vita Baridi, shauku ya umma kwa nafasi ya nje, na maslahi mapya katika sayansi yaliyozalishwa na bomu la atomu, yalijitoa vizuri kwa filamu za uwongo za sayansi. Wamarekani na vitisho vingine vya kigeni vilikuwa mifano ya Ukomunisti, itikadi za kigeni, na watu wasiofaa ambao walitishia demokrasia na njia ya maisha ya Marekani. Kampuni kama vile American International Pictures, Toho ya Japani, na Hammer Film Productions ya Uingereza ziliundwa kutengeneza filamu za aina ya fantastique tu. "Kwa sababu ya matatizo ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia, miaka ya 1990 pia ilizaa kile kinachoweza kuitwa ""ndoto ya kitongoji"" - mwanamke wa kawaida wa nyumbani ambaye hatimaye angekuwa stereotype inayotambuliwa ulimwenguni." "Mizani kadhaa baadaye, mandhari ya filamu hizi zingeweza kujadiliwa tena na filamu kama vile ""Kutoka Mbinguni mbali"" na ""Saa za Vijana"" ambazo zilikuja katika miaka kumi, kuanzia na ""The Wild One,"" na Marlon Brando kama mwendesha baiskeli haramu." Filamu hiyo ilisababisha mauaji ya vijana na uharibifu wa mali, na kwa baadhi ya watu, filamu hiyo inaashiria mwanzo wa uasi wa vijana katika karne ya 20. Rebel Without a Cause ilimfanya nyota wake James Dean kuwa nyota wa kimataifa, na, tofauti na Blackboard Jungle, aliiambia hadithi yake kutoka kwa mtazamo wa wahusika wake wa ujana, filamu nyingine ya James Dean Mashariki ya Edeni ilionyesha talanta yake ya ajabu kama mwigizaji. Gidget alianzisha wimbi la sherehe za ujana za pwani na filamu za kuteleza ambazo zilirejelea ngono lakini ziliheshimu vizuizi vya ngono, kufuata kanuni, na maadili ya jadi. Upendo, ngono, ndoa, talaka, ulevi, familia zisizo na kazi, na uzinzi zilikuwa mandhari ya A Summer Place, ikiwa na Sandra Dee na Troy Donahue kama wapenzi wa vijana na Dorothy McGuire na Richard Egan kama wazazi wao wa uzinzi. Muziki bado ulikuwa maarufu sana wakati wa miaka ya 1930, ingawa katika miaka ya 35 iliyopita, filamu ya muziki imepungua kwa umaarufu. Filamu nyingi za muziki za miaka ya 1960 na mapema ya 1960, zilikuwa marekebisho ya moja kwa moja au marekebisho ya uzalishaji wa hatua ya mafanikio, baadhi ya hizo ni pamoja na maonyesho ya Rodgers na Hammerstein: Oklahoma! Mfumo wa Stanislavski ulielekezwa kwenye ukumbi wa michezo, lakini mbinu ya kikaboni ya uigizaji iliathiri kazi ya waigizaji wa filamu ikiwa ni pamoja na Montgomery Clift, Marlon Brando James Dean, na Paul Newman. Sinema ya Ulaya iliathiriwa na sinema ya Marekani na ushawishi muhimu juu ya sinema ya Marekani pia. Sinema ya Ulaya ilipata uamsho katika miaka ya 1900 baada ya vita vya pili vya ulimwengu. "Mchoro wa Aleksandr Ptuchko ""Sadko"" na ""Ilya Muromets"" ulipendwa sana na watu wengi, na pia ""Ballad of a Soldier"" ilichezwa na Grigory Chukhray." Sinema za Japani pia ziliathiriwa na kuathiri sinema za Marekani. Wasikilizaji wa vitabu vya vichekesho waliongezeka wakati na baada ya Vita vya Pili vya Ulimwengu. Magazeti ya kuchapisha tena vitabu vya vichekesho kama vile Ace Comics na King Comics yalikomesha miongo yao ya muda mrefu wakati wapiganaji wa uhalifu na mashujaa waliopigwa na nyara walipungua kwa umaarufu. Jaribio la kutokeza re-prints ya comic strip ya tabia moja, kama vile Flash Gordon, Steve Canyon, na Terry na Pirates hawakufanikiwa. Enzi ya Dhahabu ya Vitabu vya Comic ilitoa njia ya Enzi ya Fedha na vichekesho vya mapenzi, vichekesho vya kutisha, vichekesho vya magharibi, vichekesho vya uwongo vya sayansi, na vichekesho vya uhalifu katika mahitaji. Classics Illustrated iliendelea na marekebisho yake maarufu ya fasihi, hatimaye ikimaliza kukimbia kwake mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1960 baada ya majina. Katika, Classics Illustrated Junior ilizindua na marekebisho ya hadithi za hadithi kwa seti ya vijana. Ingawa vitabu hivyo vilikuwa na hadithi zisizo na madhara kuhusu mahusiano ya utotoni, vitabu vingine vya ucheshi vya wakati huo vilikuwa na hadithi zenye kuhuzunisha kuhusu wenzi wa ndoa waliokuwa wamelewa kileo, waliofanya mambo ya kikatili, na waliopiga wake zao. Katika kipindi hicho, vichekesho vya Good Girl vilionyesha matendo ya wanawake wenye mapenzi katika sweta za kukumbatia kifua au mashujaa wa msitu waliovalia bikini za ngozi ya wanyama. Vitabu vya kuchekesha vilifurahia wakati huohuo, kabla ya kukubaliwa na serikali na watu wengi. Wakati superheroes walikuwa kutishiwa na warlocks, zombies, na vampires katika ajira ya Nazi na Kijapani katika miaka ya vita, ilikuwa si mpaka kwamba horror genre ilianzishwa na Avon Periodicals 'Eerie, kwanza nje-na-nje horror comic.