GM-C filters can be very useful when designing in fine line MOS or in a CMOS or BiCMOS technology. The capacitor sizes can be made small and thus save chip area. They can be easier to test. If the prototype filter is designed with lumped L and C components then these can be replaced with solid state blocks such as integrators. GM – C theory is fairly well understood so the risk in design is relatively low. SPG presents a report on a GM-C bandpass filter we did for interested readers ( engineers, students and Instructors) with an earnest hope that it will be useful. Please visit the SPG website and read or download the report.
This post describes a methodology for the design of a pyramidal horn antenna. Following posts build on it and provide more details. A pyramidal horn is a popular antenna that has very little loss and is used commonly in antenna systems. The structure of the pyramidal horn is shown in FIGURE 1.0 below.
The design of a horn like this begins with a specification. Usually the following parameters are given:
Gain (in dBi)
a (inches or cm) (usually the horn is fed from a waveguide)
b (inches or cm) (usually the horn is fed from a waveguide)
The problem is to find A and B, and other dimensions shown below. Once we have these dimensions, we can find other parameters of the antenna.
The usual procedure is to solve an equation to get a key parameter using the given specifications. This methodology will be outlined in this post and access to the equation solver will be provided. Subsequent posts will add more detail so that an engineer will be able to get a first cut design of the horn and fabricate it.
After the required key value is obtained through solving the equation the following steps are used to find the Horn parameters.
λ is the wavelength of the signal in cm. le is found from the solution of the equation.
Calculate B from this equation.
From B, λ, le and G calculate A. The equation to be used is:
G = (½)(4π/λ2)(AB)
Now we have A and B.
lh is found from the following equation:
A = sqrt(3λlh)
Calculate RH and RE from the following equation:
RE = (B -b)(sqrt[(le/B)2 – ¼)])
Since we are dealing with a pyramidal horn RE =RH
Use the following equation for R1:
lh2 = R12 + (A/2)2
Use the following equation to calculate R2:
le2 = R22 + (B/2)2
|The equation to be solved is:
| The quantity σ has to be solved for.
σ =le/λ . This equation is best solved numerically with a starting value of σ = G/2π√6. The Python program that was written to do this is available on request at firstname.lastname@example.org or email@example.com
Ref: This blog is partially based on “Antenna Theory and Design, by Warren L. Stutzman and Gary A. Thiele. The book was published by John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
Ref: The Python program was written by Anuj Tripathi, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
Recently we published a calculator that provides the value of an inductor wound on a toroid given the number of turns of wire and other parameters.
A reverse calculator is provided now by SPG that calculates the number of turns needed to generate a given value of an inductor wound on a toroid. Please visit the SPG website and check under the “complementary” menu.
The inductance of a toroidal inductor can be calculated using the following simple expression: L = AL*n*n/1000 uH. AL is a constant provided by the manufacturer of the toroid and n is the number of turns of wire.. Please visit the SPG website for more technical articles and items of interest.
A recent post presented the Colpitt’s oscillator starting point with a schematic and simulation results. In addition, it also provided a link to the recent book by Ain Rehman on this oscillator available from Amazon that contains design information and an exhaustive list of references for further study for interested readers. This post suggests downloading the Colpitt’s oscillator frequency calculator from the SPG website. It provides a good starting point and sanity check on the design of a Colpitt’s oscillator for the user. Please visit the SPG website and look under the ” Complementary” menu item.
This post describes a wideband amplifier designed in bipolar, CMOS, BiCMOS orSiGe technology. The circuit architecture is fairly simple to understand.
For more details please log in to the spg website and choose the “complementary” menu item and then ” A wideband amplifier”
3D design and printing has been gaining momentum recently for use in various applications — from microstructures to houses. Electronic enclosures and other parts are no exception. 3D design and printing is a quick way to make enclosures and fast prototypes using many different types of materials. The image below is a lighthearted print of a dragon. Be that as it may, if you want to print using a 3D printer please contact us for a bid as well. Please visit the SPG website for more information on our capabilities in electronics, ASICs and RF/Microwave modules.
Colpitt’s Oscillator: Theory, design, simulation, references: Rehman, Mr Ain: 9798406680810: Amazon.com: Books
Filters GM-C inaweza kuwa muhimu sana wakati wa kubuni katika MOS mstari mzuri au katika teknolojia ya CMOS au BiCMOS. ukubwa capacitor inaweza kufanywa ndogo na hivyo kuokoa chip eneo. Zinaweza kuwa rahisi kupimwa. Kama prototype chujio ni iliyoundwa na lumped L na C vipengele basi hizi inaweza kubadilishwa na block hali imara kama vile integrators. GM <unk> nadharia ya C inaeleweka vizuri kwa hivyo hatari katika kubuni ni ya chini. SPG inatoa ripoti juu ya GM-C bandpass filter tuliyofanya kwa wasomaji wanaopendezwa (wahandisi, wanafunzi na waalimu) na matumaini ya dhati kwamba itakuwa muhimu. Tafadhali tembelea tovuti ya SPG na kusoma au kupakua ripoti. Chapisho hili linaelezea mbinu ya kubuni antena ya pembe ya piramidi. Machapisho yanayofuata yanajenga juu yake na kutoa maelezo zaidi. Pembe ya piramidi ni antenna maarufu ambayo ina hasara kidogo sana na hutumiwa kwa kawaida katika mifumo ya antenna. Muundo wa pembe ya piramidi unaonyeshwa katika Picha 1.0 hapa chini. Ubunifu wa pembe kama hii huanza na maelezo ya jumla. Kwa kawaida, vipimo vifuatavyo vinatolewa: Gain (kwa dBi), a (inchi au cm) (kwa kawaida pembe hupatiwa kutoka kwa mwongozo wa wimbi), b (inchi au cm) (kwa kawaida pembe hupatiwa kutoka kwa mwongozo wa wimbi), na B (na vipimo vingine vilivyoonyeshwa hapa chini). Mara tu tunapokuwa na vipimo hivi, tunaweza kupata vigezo vingine vya antenna. Utaratibu wa kawaida ni kutatua equation kupata parameter muhimu kwa kutumia vipimo zilizopewa. Mbinu hii itaelezewa katika chapisho hili na upatikanaji wa solver ya equation utatolewa. Machapisho ya baadaye yataongeza maelezo zaidi ili mhandisi aweze kupata muundo wa kwanza wa pembe na kuifanya. Baada ya thamani muhimu required ni kupatikana kwa njia ya kutatua equation hatua zifuatazo ni kutumika kupata vipimo Horn. λ ni urefu wa wimbi la ishara katika cm. le hupatikana kutoka kwa suluhisho la equation. Hesabu B kutoka kwa usawa huu. Kutoka B, λ, le na G mahesabu A. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"" na ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"" na ""R"" na ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"" na ""R"" na ""R"" na ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"" na ""R"" na ""R"" na ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"" na ""R"" na ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"" na ""R"" na ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"" na ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"" na ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"" na ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"" na ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"" na ""R"" ni sawa na ""R"".""" = le_al Hii equation ni bora kutatuliwa numerically na thamani ya kuanzia ya σ = G/2π√6. Programu ya Python iliyoandikwa kufanya hivyo inapatikana kwa ombi kwenye firstname.lastname@example.org au email@example.com Ref: Blogi hii inategemea sehemu ya <unk>Antenna Theory and Design, na Warren L. Stutzman na Gary A. Thiele. Kitabu hicho kilichapishwa na John Wiley na Wanawe, 1981. Ref: Programu ya Python iliandikwa na Anuj Tripathi, Chuo Kikuu cha Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Hivi karibuni tulichapisha calculator ambayo hutoa thamani ya inductor jeraha juu ya toroid kutokana na idadi ya zamu ya waya na vigezo vingine. Inatumia SPG, ambayo ni mfumo wa kuunganisha wa kuunganisha wa kuunganisha wa kuunganisha wa kuunganisha wa kuunganisha wa kuunganisha wa kuunganisha wa kuunganisha wa kuunganisha wa kuunganisha wa kuunganisha. Tafadhali tembelea tovuti ya SPG na angalia chini ya menyu ya <unk> complementary <unk>. Inductivity ya inductor toroidal inaweza kuhesabiwa kwa kutumia usemi rahisi zifuatazo: L = AL*n*n/1000 uH. "A-A-L ni ""mzuri"" zinazotolewa na mtengenezaji wa toroid na ""n"" ni idadi ya turns ya waya." Tafadhali tembelea tovuti ya SPG kwa makala zaidi za kiufundi na vitu vya kuvutia. Chapisho la hivi karibuni lilionyesha hatua ya mwanzo ya oscillator ya Colpitt na matokeo ya schematic na simulation. Kwa kuongezea, pia ilitoa kiungo cha kitabu cha hivi karibuni cha Ain Rehman juu ya oscillator hii inayopatikana kutoka Amazon ambayo ina habari ya muundo na orodha kamili ya marejeo kwa utafiti zaidi kwa wasomaji wanaopendezwa. Hii post inapendekeza kupakua Colpitt ya oscillator frequency calculator kutoka SPG tovuti. Ni hutoa hatua nzuri ya kuanzia na akili kuangalia juu ya kubuni ya Colpitt oscillator kwa mtumiaji. Tafadhali tembelea tovuti ya SPG na kuangalia chini ya <unk> Complementary <unk> menu item. Hii ni moja ya vifaa vya kuimarisha bandwidth kwa njia ya teknolojia ya bipolar, CMOS, BiCMOS au SiGe. Usanifu mzunguko ni rahisi sana kuelewa. Kwa maelezo zaidi tafadhali kuingia kwenye tovuti ya SPG na kuchagua <unk>Complementary<unk> menu item na kisha <unk>A wideband amplifier<unk> 3D kubuni na uchapishaji imekuwa kupata kasi hivi karibuni kwa ajili ya matumizi katika maombi mbalimbali <unk> kutoka microstructures kwa nyumba. Vifaa vya elektroniki na sehemu nyinginezo si tofauti. 3D kuchapisha ni njia ya haraka ya kufanya prototypes na viunzi kwa kutumia aina mbalimbali za vifaa. Picha iliyo hapa chini ni picha ya joka yenye uchangamfu. Ikiwa unataka kuchapisha kwa kutumia printa ya 3D, tafadhali wasiliana nasi kwa zabuni. Tafadhali tembelea tovuti ya SPG kwa habari zaidi juu ya uwezo wetu katika vifaa vya elektroniki, ASICs na modules za RF na microwave. "Kulingana na ""Collins Oscillator"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"" na ""Rehman"""