Dependence of polymerase chain reaction product inactivation protocols on. Find additional protocols for other polymerases or advanced pcr techniques in the protocols section of our pcr technologies guide. Biochemistry, molecular biology, and cell biology protocols polymerase chain reaction pcr protocol. Polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and identity of extraneous. Specific synthesis of dna in vitro via a polymerase catalyzed chain reaction. When designing a set of primers to a specific region of dna desired for amplification, one primer should anneal to the plus strand, which by convention is oriented in the 5 3 direction also known as the sense or nontemplate strand and the other primer should complement the.
The reproduction relies on the ability of dna polymerase to make double stranded dna. Modular digital course in undergraduate neuroscience education at ucla mdcune. The polymerase chain reaction pcr is a commonly used molecular biology tool for amplifying dna, and various techniques for pcr optimization which have been developed by molecular biologists to improve pcr performance and minimize failure. Powledge it is hard to exaggerate the impact of the polymerase chain reaction. The polymerase chain reaction can be used to amplify both double and single stranded dna. Making up primers primers may be kept in the 4degree fridge if not resuspended in water when resupending in water, use sterile water when uncapping the tube, do it gently to prevent dispersal of the lyophilized primers. Add required reagents or mastermix and template to pcr tubes. Pfu dna polymerase is tested for performance in the polymerase chain reaction pcr using 1. Protocol this trial protocol has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. The basis of the reaction is very simple utilizing at least two specific primers, a dna. Introduction to the polymerase chain reaction pcr since its development in the mid1980s, the polymerase chain reaction pcr has become a tool used almost universally by molecular geneticists, as one can use it to quickly amplify, or create millions of copies of, specific regions of a dna strand without resorting.
If you are willing to do a significant number of pcr reactions it is recommended to prepare a reaction mix, excluding the reagents that will be different from experiment to experiment usually the dna template or the set of primers. Arguably one of the most powerful laboratory techniques ever. Polymerase chain reaction pcr produces many copies of segments of dna. Amplification of a short dna stretch by repeated cycles of in vitro dna polymerization. The analysis of food samples for the presence of genetically. Pcr provides a simple and ingenious method for exponential amplification of specific dna sequences by in vitro dna synthesis, i. If a shorter, complementary segment of single stranded dna primer is annealed to a longer single strand of dna template, the polymerase will extend the 3 end of the shorter segment. Polymerase chain reaction pcr is a rapid procedure for in vitro enzymatic amplification of specific dna sequences using two oligonucleotide primers that hybridize to opposite strands and flank. In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific dna or rna fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide. Understand the principles of the polymerase chain reaction. It will also cover a standard pcr protocol and the stages that are optimized. Dna auuuu template dna cyclic extension, denaturation.
Dependence of polymerase chain reaction product inactivation. This is a basic pcr protocol using taq dna polymerase. Snps can be generated through various experimental protocols, such as sequencing, singlestranded coformational polymorphism sscp or. Optimization of polymerase chain reactions springerlink. Arguably one of the most powerful laboratory techniques ever discovered, pcr combines the unique attributes of being very sensitive and specific with a great degree of flexibility. Polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and identity of. The polymerase chain reaction is one of the most important, most powerful and most widely used techniques in modem biology. Polymerase chain reaction pcr is the in vitro amplification of specific sequences of nucleic acid. Polymerase chain reaction pcr dna dna amplification reaction poly merase chain reaction cetus cooperation mullisl pcr. Setup of a single pcr reaction preparation of pcrready 96well plates with elongase mastermix pcr setup for amplification. The melding of a technique for repeated rounds of dna synthesis with the discovery of a thermostable dna polymerase has given scientists the very. Designing appropriate primers is essential to the successful outcome of a pcr experiment. The polymerase chain reaction is able to produce large copies of the genes of interest as the above cycle can be repeated numerous times leading to an exponential increase in the number of new copies figure1.
The synthesis of cdna complementary dna from rna by reverse transcription rt and. Pcr amplifications can be grouped into three different categories. Specific synthesis of dna in vitro via a polymerase catalysed chain reaction. Pipette gently the reaction mixture to allow good homogenization.
The thermocycler is the most important piece of technology for researchers wanting to use pcr. The below mentioned article provides a note on polymerase chain reaction pcr. Methylationspecific polymerase chain reaction msp is a method that can rapidly assess the methylation status of virtually any group of cpg sites within a cpg island, independent of the use of methylationsensitive restriction enzymes. The discovery of polymerase chain reaction pcr brought enormous benefits and scientific developments such as genome sequencing, gene expressions in recombinant systems, the study of molecular genetic analyses, including the rapid determination of both paternity and the diagnosis of infectious disease 73,99. The amplification of a specific cdna by the polymerase chain reaction pcr. Polymerase chain reaction an overview sciencedirect topics. The polymerase chain reaction pcr, first envisaged in 1984 by kary mullis, has revolutionized life sciences and has become an essential technique in many aspects of science, including clinical diagnostics, forensics and genetic engineering. Jul 02, 2015 enhance your genetics instruction with the jackson laboratorys teaching the genome generation.
A recent modification on this process, known as linearaftertheexponentialpcr latepcr, uses a limiting primer with a higher melting temperature tm than the excess primer to maintain reaction efficiency as the. Jun 12, 2018 rtpcr reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction is a highly sensitive technique for the detection and quantitation of mrna messenger rna. Polymerase chain reaction protocol overview this is a standard pcr protocol used on all first pass unoptimized pcr amplifications. Media in category polymerase chain reaction the following 190 files are in this category, out of 190 total. In order to perform pcr, one must know at least a portion of the sequence of the target dna molecule that has to be copied. A hot start polymerase chain reaction pcr entails the withholding of at least one reagent from the reaction mixture until the reaction tube temperature has reached 6080 degrees c. It is technically difficult to amplify targets 5000 bp long. Add mineral oil to prevent evaporation in a thermal cycler without a heated lid. The polymerase chain reaction pcr is a powerful method for fast in vitro enzymatic amplifications of specific dna sequences. Polymerase chain reaction pcr is a rapid procedure for in vitro enzymatic amplification of specific dna sequences using two oligonucleotide primers that hybridize to opposite strands and flank the region of interest in the target dna. Isbn 9789535106128, pdf isbn 9789535153009, published 20120530. Modern applications of plant biotechnology in pharmaceutical sciences, 2015.
Method b describes a quantitative polymerase chain reaction qpcr procedure. Optimization of polymerase chain reactions pcr is a powerful method for fast in vitro enzymatic amplification of specific dna sequence. Basic protocol plus troubleshooting and optimization strategies. Pcr, the quick, easy method for generating unlimited copies of any fragment of dna, is one of those scientific developments that actually deserves timeworn superlatives like revolutionary and breakthrough. Developed in 1983 by kary mullis, pcr is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications. A basic polymerase chain reaction protocol ispybio. Using pcr, millions of copies of a target dna can be easily.
Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 1. The polymerase chain reaction association management. Mystery cdna af polymerase chain reaction protocol. Patricia hernandezrodriguez and arlen patricia ramirez gomez. Method 1609 describes a quantitative polymerase chain reaction qpcr procedure for the detection of dna from enterococci bacteria in ambient water matrices based on the amplification and detection of a specific region of the large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid rna gene lsrrna, 23s rrna from these organisms. Aug 23, 2018 polymerase chain reaction pcr is a revolutionary laboratory technique that enables the replication of a specific dna sequence. The processes of pcr and the enzyme dna polymerase were named by science magazine as the 1989 molecule of the year because they were likely to have the greatest influence on history guyer and koshland, 1989. Pcr is used routinely for a wide range of purposes by research biologists and genetic counselors. The polymerase chain reaction pcr 3 the analysis of food samples for the presence of genetically modified organisms session 6 introduction the invention of polymerase chain reaction pcr by k. This lesson will briefly cover how to optimize a polymerase chain reaction. During a typical pcr, template dna containing the region of interest is mixed with deoxynucleotides dntps, a dna polymerase and primers. It is a molecular technology aim to amplify a single or few copies of the dna to thousands or millions of copies. This testing protocol pro describes a polymerase chain reaction pcr assay for detection. Pcr master mix certificate of analysis 9pim750 promega.
It also has become the most important method used by law enforcement agencies for personal identification. Sometimes it works and sometimes it doesnt even when you think youve done everything the same way. Methylationspecific polymerase chain reaction springerlink. Polymerase chain reaction pcr is a technique to amplify few copies of a piece of dna across several orders of magnitude, genera. Watch the lab tip video below to learn how to create a pcr master mix. A standard polymerase chain reaction pcr setup consists of four steps. The polymerase chain reaction pcr is the cardinal laboratory technology of molecular biology. Learn more about standard pcr, including what it is, on our pcr basics page. Polymerase chain reaction pcr is the in vitro amplification of specific. Generally, pcr amplifies small dna targets 100 base pairs bp long. The resulting pcr product is visualized on an ethidium bromidestained agarose gel. Full protocol list below protocol 1 dna extraction part 1. Basic protocols, issue 63, pcr, optimization, primer.155 480 296 798 14 1130 108 1261 142 977 1060 1370 1445 1186 162 139 176 1232 930 457 112 1588 682 112 790 304 763 1049 240 294 1517 1351 48 85 1448 1171 421 1211 41 939 660 561 1189 467 678
Utegemezi wa mfululizo wa polymerase inactivation protocols Kupata itifaki za ziada kwa ajili ya polymerases nyingine au mbinu za juu za PCR katika sehemu ya itifaki ya mwongozo wetu wa teknolojia za PCR. Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, na Cell Biology: Mchakato wa Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Polymerase mnyororo athari assay kwa ajili ya kugundua na utambulisho wa wageni. Specific synthesis ya dna in vitro kupitia polymerase catalyzed mnyororo athari. "Wakati wa kubuni seti ya primers kwa mkoa maalum wa DNA inayotakiwa kwa amplification, primer moja inapaswa kuunganishwa na ""plus"" strand, ambayo kwa mkataba inaelekezwa katika mwelekeo wa 5 3 unaojulikana pia kama ""sense"" au ""nontemplate"" strand, na primer nyingine inapaswa kukamilisha ""nantel"" na ""nantel"" nyuzi." Uzazi hutegemea uwezo wa dna polymerase kutengeneza dna yenye nyuzi mbili. Modular Digital Course katika elimu ya shahada ya kwanza ya Neuroscience katika UCLA PCR (polymerase chain reaction) ni mbinu ya molekuli ya kuimarisha DNA na mbinu mbalimbali za kuboresha pcr ambazo zimetengenezwa na wanabiolojia wa molekuli ili kuboresha utendaji wa pcr na kupunguza kushindwa. Ni vigumu kupindukia athari ya mfululizo wa athari za polymerase. Mmenyuko wa mlolongo wa polymerase unaweza kutumiwa kupanua DNA ya mlolongo mbili na moja. Kwa hivyo, kwa sababu ya kuunganisha kwa maji, unaweza kuweka primer kwenye friji ya 4 ° C ikiwa haijawekwa tena katika maji wakati wa kuunganisha tena katika maji, tumia maji yasiyo na sumu wakati wa kufungua bomba, fanya hivyo kwa upole ili kuzuia kuenea kwa primer ya lyophilized. Kuongeza reagents required au mastermix na template kwa mirija pcr. Pfu DNA polymerase ni mtihani kwa ajili ya utendaji katika polymerase mfululizo athari (PCR) kwa kutumia 1. "Protocol hii ya majaribio imewekwa na waandishi ili kuwapa wasomaji habari za ziada juu ya kazi yao. """ Msingi wa athari ni rahisi sana kutumia angalau mbili maalum primers, dna. Kuanzia wakati wa maendeleo yake katikati ya miaka ya 1980, PCR imekuwa chombo kinachotumiwa karibu ulimwenguni kote na wanageni wa molekuli, kwani mtu anaweza kuitumia kupanua haraka au kuunda nakala milioni za mikoa maalum ya nyuzi za DNA bila kutumia nyuzi za DNA. Ikiwa una nia ya kufanya idadi kubwa ya athari za PCR, inashauriwa kuandaa mchanganyiko wa athari, ukiondoa reagents ambayo itakuwa tofauti kutoka kwa majaribio hadi majaribio, kwa kawaida template ya DNA au seti ya primers. Yaelekea mojawapo ya mbinu zenye nguvu zaidi za maabara kuwahi kutumiwa. Mmenyuko wa mlolongo wa polymerase pcr hutokeza nakala nyingi za sehemu za DNA. Kuongezeka kwa muda mfupi wa dna kwa mzunguko wa mara kwa mara wa in vitro dna polymerization. Uchunguzi wa sampuli za chakula kwa ajili ya uwepo wa genetically. PCR ni njia rahisi na ya ubunifu ya kupanua mfululizo wa DNA kwa njia ya in vitro. Ikiwa sehemu fupi ya msingi ya DNA ya nyuzi moja imepangwa kwa nyuzi moja ya nyuzi moja ya DNA, polymerase itaongeza mwisho wa 3 wa sehemu fupi. Polymerase mnyororo athari (PCR) ni utaratibu wa haraka kwa ajili ya in vitro enzymatic amplification ya mfululizo maalum wa DNA kwa kutumia mbili oligonucleotide primers kwamba hybridize kwa nyuzi kinyume na upande. In vitro mbinu ya kuzalisha kiasi kikubwa cha vipande maalum vya DNA au RNA vya urefu na mfululizo uliofafanuliwa kutoka kwa kiasi kidogo cha oligonucleotide fupi. Kuelewa kanuni za mfululizo wa athari polymerase. Pia itafunika itifaki ya kawaida ya pcr na hatua ambazo zimeboreshwa. Dna auuuu template dna cyclic extension, denaturation. Utegemezi wa inactivation ya bidhaa ya mfululizo wa athari ya polymerase. Hii ni kanuni ya msingi ya PCR inayotumia TAC DNA polymerase. SNPs inaweza kuzalishwa kupitia itifaki mbalimbali za majaribio, kama vile mfululizo, single-stranded coformational polymorphism (SSCP) au. Optimization ya athari za mlolongo wa polymerase springerlink. Pcr ni moja ya mbinu za maabara zenye nguvu zaidi zilizowahi kugunduliwa, na inaunganisha sifa za kipekee za kuwa nyeti sana na maalum na kiwango kikubwa cha kubadilika. Polymerase mnyororo reaction assay kwa ajili ya kugundua na utambulisho wa Mmenyuko wa mlolongo wa polymerase ni moja ya mbinu muhimu zaidi, yenye nguvu zaidi na inayotumiwa sana katika biolojia ya kisasa. Mmenyuko wa mlolongo wa polymerase (PCR) ni amplification in vitro ya mfululizo maalum wa asidi ya nuklia. Mmenyuko wa mlolongo wa polymerase (PRC) - Mmenyuko wa mlolongo wa polymerase (PRC) - Mmenyuko wa mlolongo wa polymerase (PRC) - Mmenyuko wa mlolongo wa polymerase (PRC) - Mmenyuko wa mlolongo wa polymerase (PRC) - Mmenyuko wa mlolongo wa polymerase (PRC). Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp ya Pcp. Uvumbuzi wa mbinu ya mzunguko wa mara kwa mara wa synthesis ya DNA na uvumbuzi wa thermostable DNA polymerase umetoa wanasayansi na teknolojia ya kisasa ya kuunda DNA. Kubuni primers sahihi ni muhimu kwa matokeo ya mafanikio ya majaribio ya pcr. Mchakato wa mnyororo wa polimerase unaweza kuzalisha nakala kubwa za jeni zinazohusika, kwani mzunguko wa juu unaweza kurudia mara nyingi, na kusababisha ongezeko la idadi ya nakala mpya. Uunganisho wa CDNA kutoka RNA kwa njia ya reverse transcription (RT) Pcr amplifications inaweza kuwa makundi katika makundi matatu tofauti. Specific synthesis ya dna in vitro kupitia polymerase catalyzed mnyororo athari. Pipette polepole mchanganyiko wa athari kuruhusu homogenization nzuri. Thermocycler ni kipande muhimu zaidi cha teknolojia kwa watafiti wanaotaka kutumia pcr. Makala iliyotajwa hapa chini hutoa maelezo juu ya athari ya mlolongo wa polymerase pcr. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) ni njia ambayo inaweza haraka kutathmini hali ya methylation ya karibu kundi lolote la maeneo ya cpg ndani ya kisiwa cha cpg, bila kutegemea matumizi ya methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes. Ugunduzi wa mfululizo wa athari ya polymerase ulileta faida kubwa na maendeleo ya kisayansi kama vile mfululizo wa genome, maonyesho ya jeni katika mifumo ya recombinant, utafiti wa uchambuzi wa molekuli ya jeni, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuamua haraka kwa baba na utambuzi wa ugonjwa wa kuambukiza. Kuongezeka kwa CDNA maalum na athari ya mlolongo wa polymerase pcr. Polymerase mnyororo athari muhtasari sayansi mada ya moja kwa moja. Mchakato wa polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ulianzishwa mwaka 1984 na Karim Mullis, na umebadilisha sayansi ya maisha na kuwa mbinu muhimu katika nyanja nyingi za sayansi, ikiwa ni pamoja na utambuzi wa kliniki, forensics na uhandisi wa maumbile. "Jun 02, 2015 · ""Jifunze zaidi kuhusu chembe za urithi na maabara ya Jackson""" Mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni ya mchakato huu, inayojulikana kama linear baada ya exponential pcr latepcr, hutumia primer ya kikomo na joto la kuyeyuka la juu kuliko primer ya ziada ili kudumisha ufanisi wa athari. RTPCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) ni mbinu ya kugundua na kuamua kiasi cha RNA ya mjumbe. Polymerase Chain Reaction Protocol (PCR) ni mfumo wa kawaida wa maambukizi ya kwanza ya kuambukizwa kwa binadamu. Media katika jamii ya polymerase mnyororo athari zifuatazo 190 files ni katika jamii hii, nje ya 190 jumla. Ili kufanya PCR, mtu lazima kujua angalau sehemu ya mfululizo wa molekuli ya lengo la DNA ambayo inapaswa kunakiliwa. Mchakato wa mnyororo wa polimerase wa kuanza moto (PCR) unahusisha kuhifadhi angalau reagent moja kutoka mchanganyiko wa athari hadi joto la bomba la athari lifikie digrii 6080 C. Ni ngumu kiufundi kuimarisha malengo ya urefu wa 5000 bpm. Ongeza mafuta ya madini ili kuzuia evaporation katika thermal cycler bila kifuniko joto. Mchakato wa mnyororo wa polymerase (PCR) ni njia ya nguvu ya kupanua kwa haraka in vitro ya mfululizo maalum wa DNA. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ni utaratibu wa haraka wa kupanua in vitro ya mfululizo wa DNA kwa kutumia primers mbili za oligonucleotide ambazo huunganisha kwa nyuzi tofauti na kuzunguka eneo la maslahi katika DNA ya lengo. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa 9879113 (p.1171133) na ""Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa 9879113 (p.117113) "" (p.1171133)." Matumizi ya kisasa ya bioteknolojia ya mimea katika sayansi ya dawa, 2015. Njia b inaelezea utaratibu wa kiasi cha mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo wa mfululizo. Utaratibu wa polymerase mnyororo athari (PCR) ni mbinu ya nguvu kwa ajili ya haraka in vitro enzymatic amplification ya mfululizo maalum wa DNA. Mkataba wa msingi pamoja na matatizo ya ufumbuzi na mikakati ya uboreshaji. "Pcr, njia ya haraka na rahisi ya kutengeneza nakala zisizo na kikomo za kipande chochote cha DNA, ni moja ya maendeleo hayo ya kisayansi ambayo kwa kweli yanastahili ushawishi wa wakati kama vile ""revolutionary"" na ""breakthrough.""" PCR, iliyoundwa na Karim Mullis mnamo 1983, sasa ni mbinu ya kawaida na mara nyingi muhimu inayotumiwa katika maabara ya utafiti wa matibabu na biolojia kwa matumizi mbalimbali. A msingi polymerase mnyororo athari itifaki ispybio. Kwa kutumia PCR, mamilioni ya nakala za DNA ya lengo zinaweza kuunganishwa kwa urahisi. Kupata nakala ya PDF ya makala kamili Usimamizi wa ushirika wa athari ya mlolongo wa polymerase. Siri ya CDNA ya itifaki ya athari ya mlolongo wa polymerase. Patricia Hernandez Rodriguez na Arlen Patricia Ramirez Gomez. Njia ya 1609 inaelezea utaratibu wa kiasi cha mfululizo wa athari ya mfululizo wa polimerase (QPR) kwa kugundua DNA kutoka kwa bakteria ya enterococcus katika matrix ya maji ya mazingira, kulingana na kupanua na kugundua eneo maalum la kitengo kikubwa cha ribosomal subunit ya asidi ribonucleic (RSRNA) kutoka kwa viumbe hivi. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ni mbinu ya maabara ya kisasa ambayo inawezesha replication ya mfululizo maalum wa DNA. "Mchakato wa PCR na enzyme ya DNA polymerase ulipewa jina na jarida la Sayansi kama ""molekuli ya mwaka"" kwa sababu ya uwezekano mkubwa wa kuwa na ushawishi mkubwa juu ya historia ya DNA." Pcr hutumiwa kwa kawaida kwa madhumuni mbalimbali na wataalamu wa biolojia wa utafiti na washauri wa maumbile. Mchakato wa mnyororo wa polymerase (PCR) ni mchakato wa majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio ya majaribio. Katika PCR ya kawaida, DNA ya template iliyo na eneo la maslahi huchanganywa na deoxynucleotides (DNTPS), DNA polymerase na primers. Teknolojia ya molekuli ya kupanua nakala moja au chache za DNA hadi maelfu au mamilioni ya nakala. Mfano wa mtihani huu ni polymerase mfululizo athari (PCR) mtihani. PPCR Master Mix Certificate of Analysis (Certificate of Analysis) ni cheti cha majaribio ya kemikali ya PPCR (Picr Master Mix) na kinaweza kutolewa kwa njia ya njia ya mtihani wa PPCR (Picr Master Mix Certificate of Analysis). Pia imekuwa njia muhimu zaidi inayotumiwa na mashirika ya kutekeleza sheria kwa ajili ya utambulisho wa kibinafsi. Wakati mwingine inafanya kazi na wakati mwingine haifanyi hata wakati unafikiri umefanya kila kitu kwa njia ileile. Methylation-specify polymerase mnyororo athari springerlink. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ni mbinu ya kupanua nakala chache za kipande cha DNA katika idadi ya vipande vya DNA. Tazama video ya kifuniko cha maabara hapa chini ili kujifunza jinsi ya kuunda mchanganyiko wa bwana wa PCR. Standard polymerase mnyororo athari pcr kuanzisha inajumuisha hatua nne. Mmenyuko wa mlolongo wa polymerase (PCR) ni teknolojia ya maabara ya msingi ya biolojia ya molekuli. Jifunze zaidi kuhusu PPC na jinsi ya kuitumia kwenye ukurasa wetu wa msingi wa PPC. Mchakato wa mlolongo wa polymerase (PCR) ni mchakato wa kuimarisha in vitro ya kemikali ya polymerase. Kwa kawaida, PCR huongeza viwango vidogo vya DNA vya pairi za msingi 100 (bp) kwa muda mrefu. Matokeo ya bidhaa pcr ni visualized juu ya ethidium bromide stained agarose gel. Mfumo wa kwanza wa maambukizi ni pamoja na: 1 (Protocol 1) DNA extraction (Sehemu ya 1) "Mfano wa ""Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu"" ni ""Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu wa Utaratibu."""