Substantive Citizenship is linked to the idea of forming an identity and cultural distinction. In this type of citizenship, minority groups are at a disadvantage as it can ascribe “imagined labor market identities to workers with different nationalities”. Which ends up causing a lot of problems and unfair treatment. This concept “implies the notion of equality in that citizens are said to share a common status in respect of the rights and duties that they hold”, but instead it deals with who gets to “enjoy the rights that ensure effective membership of a national community”.
An example of this seen in the world is that countries like the United States, France or England see working on a farm or the growing of crops as a lower job. While in places like Central and South America, farming is seen quite frequently and is accepted as an equal job. This means that when the people from these areas move to the United States or Europe they face discrimination as this is the only job that they know how to do.
Flexible citizenship  was defined by anthropologist Aihwa Ong as “ the strategies and effects employed by managers, technocrats, and professionals who move regularly across state boundaries who seek both to circumvent and benefit from different nation-state regimes.” This concept allows the nation-states to work together to move toward a better economy and global success. This is closely related to the concept of globalization . It seemed before that in order for the nation-states to become globalized they would need to be independent, this has proven to be very contradictory due to flexible citizenship. This concept allows people such as business owners and managers to better their company and do so on a much larger scale.
This is exemplified in the Chinese culture. Chinese elite families are large components for the successes in the economy of the Pacific Rim. This all began when the Chinese moved into European empires, while doing so the Chinese were required to strengthen their bonds with their family and business partners in order to be successful. For example, a Hong Kong family business owner had their son run a part of the hotel chain in the Pacific regions, while another brother lived in San Francisco and managed the hotels that were located within Northern America and Europe.
Within the Chinese Culture and Flexible Citizenship, there can sometimes be a few negative effects. When families are dispersed all throughout the world it can seem hard to stay happy and close together when things such as support, relationships, and parental responsibilities are neglected. It seems as though the success sometimes gets out of control and all that is seen by them is success. It is forgotten what it is like to think of things other than globalization, a capitalist economy, and money. The concept of Nationalism can completely lose its meaning and they seem to follow a Post-National ethos. This happens when “an attitude toward the world in which people submit to the govern mentality of the capitalist market while trying to avoid the govern mentality of nation-states.”
Pathway to and Problems with Gaining US Citizenship
For thousands of Americans, gaining citizenship to the United States was the most frustrating and time-consuming process they have ever experienced. However, it is not the civics test or the pointed questions from federal officials that make the process so hard. For most, the real block comes sooner, when prospective citizens seek to live and work in the United States by obtaining their "green card." Some 140,000 professionals, more than half working in the technology sector, are granted permanent residency out of nearly 900,000 immigrants America welcomes each year. It is this group that tends to go through an increasingly costly, risky, and tedious process. For example, most immigration lawyers charge between $5,000 to $7,500 to accompany a client through the green card process. Some cases can cost closer to $15,000 before adding on application feeds and any potential family members. The real cost, however, is harder to quantify. Many applicants can spend years marked by a feeling of lost opportunity and helplessness as they wait for the process to conclude. The process takes a while because they want to ensure that all green card members in the United States are qualified to become a citizen. They are tested for their dedication, loyalty, and trust for the country.
Raia wa kweli ni kushikamana na wazo la kuunda utambulisho na tofauti ya kitamaduni. Katika aina hii ya uraia, vikundi vya wachache viko katika hali mbaya kwani inaweza kuashiria "utambulisho wa soko la kazi uliobuniwa kwa wafanyakazi wenye utaifa tofauti". Hii inaishia kusababisha matatizo mengi na matibabu yasiyo ya haki. "Hii ina maana ya ""kufanana"" katika kwamba wananchi ni alisema kushiriki hadhi ya kawaida katika heshima ya haki na wajibu wao kushikilia, lakini badala yake inahusu nani anapata ""kufurahia haki ambayo kuhakikisha uanachama wa ufanisi wa jamii ya kitaifa.""" Mfano wa hili unaoonekana ulimwenguni ni kwamba nchi kama Marekani, Ufaransa au Uingereza huona kufanya kazi katika shamba au kukuza mazao kama kazi ya chini. Katika nchi za Amerika ya Kati na Kusini, kilimo ni kazi ya kawaida na inakubalika kama kazi sawa. Hii inamaanisha kwamba wakati watu kutoka maeneo haya wanahamia Marekani au Ulaya wanakabiliwa na ubaguzi kwani hii ni kazi pekee wanayojua jinsi ya kufanya. "Mtaalamu wa jamii ya binadamu Ayu Hwa-Ong alifafanua ""utawala wa kubadilika"" kama ""mkakati na athari zinazotumiwa na wasimamizi, wataalamu na wataalamu ambao husafiri mara kwa mara katika mipaka ya serikali ambao wanatafuta kuepuka na kufaidika na serikali tofauti za taifa.""" Hii inahusiana sana na dhana ya utandawazi. """Ilikuwa inaonekana kwamba ili mataifa ya kitaifa kuwa na kimataifa, yanahitaji kuwa huru, lakini hii imethibitika kuwa kinyume sana kwa sababu ya uraia wa kubadilika." Hii inawawezesha wamiliki wa biashara na wasimamizi kuboresha kampuni yao na kufanya hivyo kwa kiwango kikubwa zaidi. Hilo linaonyeshwa katika utamaduni wa Wachina. Familia za watu mashuhuri wa China ni sehemu kubwa ya mafanikio ya uchumi wa Pasifiki. Hii yote ilianza wakati Wachina walipohamia milki za Ulaya, wakati wakifanya hivyo Wachina walihitaji kuimarisha vifungo vyao na familia zao na washirika wa biashara ili kufanikiwa. Kwa mfano, mmoja wa wamiliki wa biashara ya familia huko Hong Kong alimwomba mwana wake aendese sehemu ya mfululizo wa hoteli katika maeneo ya Pasifiki, huku ndugu mwingine akiishi San Francisco na kusimamia hoteli zilizokuwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na Ulaya. Katika Utamaduni wa Kichina na Uraia wa Kubadilika, wakati mwingine kunaweza kuwa na athari chache hasi. Wakati familia zinatawanyika kote ulimwenguni, inaweza kuonekana kuwa vigumu kubaki na furaha na karibu pamoja wakati mambo kama vile msaada, mahusiano, na majukumu ya wazazi yanapopuuzwa. Inaonekana kama kwamba wakati mwingine mafanikio hupita udhibiti na yote yanayoonekana na wao ni mafanikio. Inasahaulika jinsi ilivyo kufikiri juu ya mambo mengine mbali na utandawazi, uchumi wa ubepari, na pesa. Dhana ya utaifa inaweza kupoteza kabisa maana yake na wanaonekana kufuata maadili ya baada ya kitaifa. Hii hutokea wakati <unk> mtazamo kuelekea ulimwengu ambapo watu hujitiisha kwa akili ya serikali ya soko la ubepari wakati wa kujaribu kuepuka akili ya serikali ya mataifa <unk> Njia ya kupata uraia wa Marekani na matatizo ya kupata uraia wa Marekani Kwa maelfu ya Wamarekani, kupata uraia wa Marekani ilikuwa mchakato wa kukatisha tamaa na kuchukua muda ambao wamewahi uzoefu. Hata hivyo, si mtihani wa elimu ya kiraia au maswali makali kutoka kwa maofisa wa serikali ambayo hufanya mchakato huo uwe mgumu sana. Kwa wengi, kizuizi halisi huja mapema, wakati raia wanaotazamiwa wanajaribu kuishi na kufanya kazi nchini Marekani kwa kupata "karti yao ya kijani". Wataalamu 140,000, zaidi ya nusu yao wanaofanya kazi katika sekta ya teknolojia, wanapewa makazi ya kudumu kutoka kwa wahamiaji karibu 900,000 ambao Amerika inakaribisha kila mwaka. Ni kikundi hiki ambacho huelekea kupitia mchakato unaozidi kuwa wa gharama kubwa, wenye hatari, na wenye kuchosha. Kwa mfano, wanasheria wengi wa uhamiaji wanatoza kati ya $ 5,000 na $ 7,500 ili kuandamana na mteja kupitia mchakato wa kadi ya kijani. Kwa mfano, gharama ya kesi inaweza kuwa karibu $ 15,000 kabla ya kuongeza juu ya maombi ya kulisha na washiriki wowote wa familia. Hata hivyo, ni vigumu kukadiria gharama halisi. Waombaji wengi wanaweza kutumia miaka iliyotiwa alama na hisia ya kupoteza fursa na kutokuwa na msaada wanaposubiri mchakato huo ukamalizike. Utaratibu huo unachukua muda kwa sababu wanataka kuhakikisha kwamba wanachama wote wa kadi ya kijani nchini Marekani wanastahili kuwa raia. Wao hujaribiwa kwa ajili ya kujitolea kwao, uaminifu-mshikamanifu, na imani kwa nchi.