In the age of machine learning, cryptocurrency mining, and seemingly infinite data storage capacity enabled by cloud computing, the environmental costs of ubiquitous computing in modern life are obscured by the sheer complexity of infrastructures and supply chains involved in ...
In the age of machine learning, cryptocurrency mining, and seemingly infinite data storage capacity enabled by cloud computing, the environmental costs of ubiquitous computing in modern life are obscured by the sheer complexity of infrastructures and supply chains involved in even the simplest of digital transactions. How does computation contribute to the warming of the planet? As information technology (IT) capacity demands continue to trend upward, what are some of the ecological obstacles that must be overcome to accommodate an ever-expanding, carbon-hungry Cloud? How do these material impacts play out in everyday life, behind the scenes, where servers, fiber optic cables, and technicians facilitate cloud services? This case study draws on firsthand ethnographic research in data centers—sprawling libraries of computer servers that facilitate everything from email to commerce—to identify some of the far-reaching and tangled environmental impacts of computation and data-storage infrastructures. It surveys a range of empirical accounts of server technicians to illustrate on-the-ground examples of material and ecological factors that permeate everyday life in the Cloud. These examples include air conditioning and thermal management, water cycling, and the disposal of e-waste. By attending to the culture of workplace practice and the behaviors and training of technicians in data centers, this case study reveals that the Cloud is not fully automated, nor is it hyperrational; emotion, instinct, and human judgment are enlisted to keep servers running. This case study closes with a speculative vignette that scales up from various local impacts to a planetary framework, sketching some of the particular ways that computation contributes to climate change and the Anthropocene.
Keywords: climate change, Anthropocene, data centers, data storage, digital ecology, materiality of computation, sustainable computing
Learners will be able to identify the various material and ecological impacts of computation and digital data storage practices.
Learners will recognize the environmental toll of digital life and the complexity of infrastructures involved in its operation.
Learners will understand some of the ways that user behavior and cultures of computing influence efficiency and sustainability outcomes.
Learners will be able to apply a holistic, humanistic approach to sociotechnical challenges.
Screens brighten with the flow of words. Perhaps they are emails, hastily scrawled on smart devices, or emoji-laden messages exchanged between friends or families. On this same river of the digital, millions flock to binge their favorite television programming, to stream pornography, or enter the sprawling worlds of massively multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPGs), or simply to look up the meaning of an obscure word or the location of the nearest COVID-19 testing center. Whatever your query, desire, or purpose, the internet provides, and all of the complexity of everything from unboxing videos to do-it-yourself blogs are contained within infinitely complex strings of bits. As they travel across time and space at the speed of light, beneath our oceans in fiber optic cables thinner than human hairs, these dense packets of information, instructions for pixels or characters or frames encoded in ones and zeros, unravel to create the digital veneer before you now. The words you are reading are a point of entry into an ethereal realm that many call the “Cloud.”
While in technical parlance the “Cloud” might refer to the pooling of computing resources over a network, in popular culture, “Cloud” has come to signify and encompass the full gamut of infrastructures that make online activity possible, everything from Instagram to Hulu to Google Drive.1 Like a puffy cumulus drifting across a clear blue sky, refusing to maintain a solid shape or form, the Cloud of the digital is elusive, its inner workings largely mysterious to the wider public, an example of what MIT cybernetician Norbert Weiner once called a “black box.”2 But just as the clouds above us, however formless or ethereal they may appear to be, are in fact made of matter—water molecules in various states of condensation and crystallization—the Cloud of the digital is also relentlessly material.
To get at the matter of the Cloud we must unravel the coils of coaxial cables, fiber optic tubes, cellular towers, air conditioners, power distribution units, transformers, water pipes, computer servers, and more.3 We must attend to its material flows of electricity, water, air, heat, metals, minerals, and rare earth elements that undergird our digital lives. In this way, the Cloud is not only material, but is also an ecological force. As it continues to expand, its environmental impact increases, even as the engineers, technicians, and executives behind its infrastructures strive to balance profitability with sustainability. In my experience, nowhere is this dilemma more visible than in the walls of the infrastructures where the content of the Cloud lives: the factory-libraries where data is stored and computational power is pooled to keep our cloud applications afloat.4
In this case study, I bring you into the beating heart of the digital, into the blinking corridors of data centers (or server farms) that make digital industry possible. As an anthropologist, I approach the study of the Cloud holistically, taking seriously the technological and material aspects of computation and data storage, while also attending to the ways that the Cloud is a social and cultural formation. In what follows, I draw on five years of qualitative research and ethnographic fieldwork in North American data centers to illustrate some of the diverse ecological impacts of data storage and some of the sociocultural factors that influence the sustainability of digital infrastructures.5 I also provide a broad, introductory overview of some of the fast-moving and evolving literature on the material impacts of computation and data centers from a range of disciplines including computer science, engineering, media studies, and more.
Discussion Question: Where is the Cloud? Using the resources below, describe how you might “locate” the Cloud: What are the human and technological infrastructures that bring it about? What histories are relevant to narrating the “location” you sketch?
It is four in the morning when the incident occurs. At that moment, I am crouched on the floor of one of the containment aisles of the data center, computers arrayed like book stacks in a library on either side of me. The clamor of server fans makes it nearly impossible for me to hear Tom, the senior technician I am shadowing, explain to me how to pry open a faulty floor tile. With a specialized tool, I remove the white square tile from its hinges, noticing tiny perforations etched on its surface, points of ingress designed to help cool air rush up from a vast, pressurized cavity beneath us called a “plenum.” I set the tile aside, feeling a rush of cold tickle my nose as a gust of chill whips up from the exposed underfloor plenum. I go about replacing the tile, using one with more notches to improve airflow to this particular cluster of dense computing equipment. That is when I hear the alarms go off. Amid a sea of blinking green and blue lights, an entire rack of computers suddenly scintillates yellow, and then, after a few seconds, a foreboding red. In that instant, panic sweeps over Tom’s face, and he too is flush and crimson as he scrambles to contain the calamity unfolding around us.
“They’re overheating,” Tom says, upon inspecting the thermal sensors, sweat dripping from his brow.
I feel the heat swarming the air. The flood of warmth seeps into the servers faster than the heat sinks printed onto their circuit boards can abate, faster than the fans can expel the hot air recycling in a runaway feedback loop of warming. The automatic shutdown sequence begins, and Tom curses, reminding me that every minute of downtime, of service interruption, may cost the company many thousands of dollars. Within two minutes, however, the three massive air conditioning units that had been idling in a standby state activate to full power, flooding the room with an arctic chill and restoring order to the chaotic scene.
In the vignette above, which draws on my ethnographic fieldnotes, I recount an episode that data center technicians refer to as a “thermal runaway event,” a cascading failure of cooling systems that interrupts the functioning of the servers that process, store, and facilitate everything online (Figure 1) The molecular frictions of digital industry, as this example shows, proliferate as unruly heat. The flotsam and jetsam of our digital queries and transactions, the flurry of electrons flitting about, warm the medium of air.6 Heat is the waste product of computation, and if left unchecked, it becomes a foil to the workings of digital civilization.7 Heat must therefore be relentlessly abated to keep the engine of the digital thrumming in a constant state, twenty-four hours a day, every day.
To quell this thermodynamic threat, data centers overwhelmingly rely on air conditioning, a mechanical process that refrigerates the gaseous medium of air, so that it can displace or lift perilous heat away from computers.8 Today, power-hungry computer room air conditioners (CRACs) or computer room air handlers (CRAHs) are staples of even the most advanced data centers. In North America, most data centers draw power from “dirty” electricity grids, especially in Virginia’s “data center alley,” the site of 70 percent of the world’s internet traffic in 2019.9 To cool, the Cloud burns carbon, what Jeffrey Moro calls an “elemental irony.”10 In most data centers today, cooling accounts for greater than 40 percent of electricity usage.11
While some of the most advanced, “hyperscale” data centers, like those maintained by Google, Facebook, and Amazon, have pledged to transition their sites to carbon-neutral via carbon offsetting and investment in renewable energy infrastructures like wind and solar, many of the smaller-scale data centers that I observed lack the resources and capital to pursue similar sustainability initiatives.12 Smaller-scale, traditional data centers have often been set up within older buildings that are not optimized for ever-changing power, cooling, and data storage capacity needs. Since the emergence of hyperscale facilities, many companies, universities, and others who operate their own small-scale data centers have begun to transfer their data to hyperscalers or cloud colocation facilities, citing energy cost reductions. According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory report, if the entire Cloud shifted to hyperscale facilities, energy usage might drop as much as 25 percent.13 Without any regulatory body or agency to incentivize or enforce such a shift in our infrastructural configuration, there are other solutions that have been proposed to curb the Cloud’s carbon problem. Some have proposed relocating data centers to Nordic countries like Iceland or Sweden, in a bid to utilize ambient, cool air to minimize carbon footprint, a technique called “free cooling.”14 However, network signal latency issues make this dream of a haven for green data centers largely untenable to meet the computing and data storage demands of the wider world.
As a result, the Cloud now has a greater carbon footprint than the airline industry.15 A single data center can consume the equivalent electricity of fifty thousand homes.16 At 200 terawatt hours (TWh) annually, data centers collectively devour more energy than some nation-states.17 Today, the electricity utilized by data centers accounts for 0.3 percent of overall carbon emissions, and if we extend our accounting to include networked devices like laptops, smartphones, and tablets, the total shifts to 2 percent of global carbon emissions.18
Why so much energy? Beyond cooling, the energy requirements of data centers are vast. To meet the pledge to customers that their data and cloud services will be available anytime, anywhere, data centers are designed to be hyper-redundant: if one system fails, another is ready to take its place at a moment’s notice, to prevent a disruption in user experiences. Like Tom’s air conditioners idling in a low-power state, ready to rev up when things get too hot, the data center is a Russian doll of redundancies: redundant power systems like diesel generators, redundant servers ready to take over computational processes should others become unexpectedly unavailable, and so forth. In some cases, only 6–12 percent of energy consumed is devoted to active computational processes.19 The remainder is allocated to cooling and maintaining chains upon chains of redundant fail-safes to prevent costly downtime.
That being said, there are two computational processes performed by servers that are particularly energy-intensive and are of increasing concern to scholars, activists, and data center industry professionals: 1) machine learning and 2) cryptocurrency mining. In a study conducted at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, PhD candidate Emma Strubbel determined that training a handful of artificial intelligence models can emit over 626,000 pounds of carbon dioxide, as much as five American automobiles do over their lifespans.20 In this way, computation is metabolic: to maximize returns on computational processes, energy inputs must match intensity in the same way that tons of cooling (BTUs) must be matched to electricity curves (kwh) to prevent thermal runaway. Ironically, advances in machine learning have led to sustainability innovations in a number of industries and have advanced research to support environmentalist agendas.21 The question therefore becomes: how can AI reduce its ecological footprint? Can machine learning algorithms be designed to operate with greater energy efficiency? Some scholars and practitioners are working toward better understanding of precisely how machine learning contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, so that methods can be developed from a design and policy standpoint to mitigate those effects.22
Like AI and machine learning, the mining of cryptocurrency is a computationally intensive process with a growing ecological impact.23 Given the increasing computational complexity of blockchain operations, the average Bitcoin miner is no longer an MIT student experimenting with GPUs in a dorm room, but instead a person with enough resources to afford specialized, high-performance computers and the costly capital required to cool and host them.24 The energy requirements for cryptocurrency production are so high that miners only stand to profit on returns if the cost of energy where their computers are located is sufficiently cheap.25 For places like Iceland, with free cooling and a largely sustainable geothermal energy grid, high-performance computation is a “natural” fit.26 However, cheap energy is also available in places like China, where over 73 percent of electricity consumed by data centers is sourced from coal.27 Authorities on this matter debate the precise carbon footprint of cryptocurrency production, but estimates range anywhere from 20 to 115 TWh annually, around 0.33 percent of global electricity usage.28 Framed differently: the equivalent of one US dollar in Bitcoin requires over seventeen megajoules of energy to produce, which is double the amount of energy required to mine copper, gold, or platinum.29
Discussion Question: What are some of the challenges of scale (policy, design, culture) that stand in the way of bringing about a carbon-neutral Cloud? What kinds of interdisciplinary and practitioner conversations might bring about more sustainable machine learning or cryptocurrency production?
It is late July in Arizona. The sun is white and hot on this cloudless day. I feel it scorch the back of my neck as I follow Jeremy, a junior technician, to the backlot behind a data center, where dozens of shipping containers are arrayed in rows. Amid this 117-degree heat wave, our task is to repair an evaporative cooling system that is failing. We unfasten the screws on one of the exterior panels before entering the shipping container, which I am surprised to learn is actually a modular server cluster. Pipes snake up from tiny channels in the lot, where potable water is pumped up from the ground, to seep up into a spongey, filter media. To my eyes, this foamy material resembles a honeycomb or a wasp’s nest (Figure 2). The sediment-rich waters of the Colorado River have congealed to form an oozy soot on the porous surface that is not unlike honey. The wet tray of material evaporates quickly in the arid desert air, the roiling cloud of moisture gently cooling the loudly buzzing servers around us, Jeremy explains. This, I learn, is why the shipping container has the nickname, “The Mouth.”
The Cloud may be a carbonivore, but as the example of “The Mouth” shows, the Cloud is also quite thirsty. Like a pasture, server farms are irrigated. In many data centers today, chilled water is piped through the latticework of server racks to more efficiently cool the facility, liquid being a superior convective agent than air. This shift from cooling air to cooling water is an attempt to reduce carbon footprint, but it comes at a cost. Weathering historic drought and heat domes, communities in the western United States are increasingly strained for water resources. In Mesa, Arizona, where I spent six months researching the emergence of a desert data center hub, some politicians are now openly opposing the construction of data centers, framing the centers’ water usage as inessential and irresponsible given resource constraints.30 In Bluffdale, Utah, residents are suffering from water shortages and power outages, as a result of the nearby Utah Data Center, a facility of the US National Security Agency (NSA) that guzzles seven million gallons of water daily to operate.31
In response to increasing awareness of data centers’ impact on water-stressed communities like Mesa and Bluffdale, companies like Google are pledging to go “water-positive” by 2030, committing to “replenish” 120 percent of the water they consume in their facilities and offices.32 By implementing costly “closed-loop” water cooling systems, companies like Google and Cyrus One are able to recycle some of the wastewater used in evaporative cooling, though much of the water escapes into the atmosphere during the evaporative process.33 In addition to optimizing water utilization and minimizing “waste,” Google and others pledge to invest in water infrastructure and community resources to enhance “water stewardship” and “water security.”34
Corporate pledges such as these, while laudable, are not enforceable, nor do they appear to be feasible given the explosive growth expected in data storage infrastructures over the next decade, a tripling by some estimates.35 Media scholar Mél Hogan warns against entrusting “Big Tech” with its own regulation, given the companies’ financial ties to the fossil fuel industry and failure to meet the deadlines of previous pledges to reduce carbon emissions or other kinds of waste.36 Per the 2021 Emissions Gap Report authored by the United Nations Environment Programme, global temperatures are projected to rise by 2.7◦C by the end of the century. Planetary heating will melt glaciers and raise sea levels. The result will be the salinization of freshwater supplies, proliferation of pathogen growth in stagnant water reservoirs, and the intensification of ongoing processes of desertification, creating near-ubiquitous conditions of water scarcity by 2040 if governments and companies fail to intensify their efforts to curb emissions.37 While corporate pledges offer no guarantee that data centers will regulate, larger mechanisms of accountability like the recent Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact, a consortium of European data center companies and infrastructure providers promising to become “climate neutral” by 2050, provide a model for larger-scale regulatory initiatives that could make a more substantial impact.38
Discussion Question: How are farms and data centers alike? How does water scarcity impact clouds and publics? How are the carbon emissions of data centers related to their use of water to cool their facilities?
2019. Brenda Hayward takes a stroll through her sunny neighborhood, past the lovely, green lawn of Chuparosa park in Chandler, Arizona, when she hears it—the noise that haunts her every night as she attempts to sleep. It is there every morning when she wakes up. It is there in the park where her children played when they were young, riffling through the boughs of the palo verde trees, stalking her as she tries to live her life quietly. It began as a dull boom, not unlike the racket of bass-frenzied teenagers partying late into the night. Later, it evolved into a continuous, mechanical whine. She tries not to notice it, she tries to unhear it, but it is there, behind everything, a hellish background track to her life. As a nurse, she knows that the sound is more than mere annoyance. She sees the signs of its toll—hypertension, cortisol—but she cannot stop it. No one can, because it does not sleep.
2020. Lockdown has forced urban residents to remain in their homes to minimize the transmission of COVID-19. For David Gray, cabin fever is the least of his worries. Instead, he and his neighbors at Printer’s Row in downtown Chicago must weather a scourge of a sonic variety. As he mills about his home, as he works, and eats, and bathes, it is there, a monotonal drone, a clatter unceasing, a constant, undesired companion to his life. It festers in his mind, clawing at his thoughts, probing his sanity, poisoning him with a constant spell of dread and anxiety. He cannot leave; he is not allowed to. He cannot escape. He is there, with it, a prisoner to its bewitching monotone.
2021. At Chuparosa Park, I hear it, too. Above the cries of children playing, dogs barking, cars racing by, it soars. My ears prick up with the music of the Cloud, a discordant symphony of text messages, emails, cat videos, and fake news, pulsing, thrumming in my ears. Just past the basketball courts, the picnic tables, and the prickly pears, the source is visible for all to see: a CyrusOne data center (Figure 3).
Over vast distances, the sonic exhaust of our digital lives reverberates: the minute vibrations of hard disks, the rumbling of air chillers, the cranking of diesel generators, the mechanical spinning of fans. Data centers emit acoustic waste, what environmentalists call “noise pollution.” For communities like Brenda’s and David’s, the computational whir of data centers is not merely an annoyance, but a source of mental and physical harm. Brenda, a nurse by training, reported an uptick in her blood pressure and cortisol levels with the onset of the noise. David, a twenty-something software engineer, was diagnosed with hypertension, and meets frequently with a clinical therapist to manage the anxiety caused by the data center’s hum.39 (See Figure 4.)
Their stories are cautionary tales; they are neither uncommon nor exceptional. The acute and longitudinal physiological effects of industrial noise pollution are well-documented to include hearing loss, elevated stress hormones like cortisol, hypertension, and insomnia.40 Brenda and David met with other disaffected residents in their respective communities to organize for change. Brenda soon joined the Dobson Noise Coalition, helping to organize a community meeting with her neighbors, city officials, state and federal representatives, and employees of CyrusOne, the offending data center. David took a stand with others in his building, successfully mobilizing the Chicago Department of Public Health to file a noise complaint on their behalf and successfully obtain a hearing for a noise pollution violation.41 While the efforts of these communities to minimize the noise pollution harming them are ongoing, they are resigned to modest goals to improve rather than solve the problem. Unlike other industries, data centers are largely self-regulating: there is no sweeping federal agency to govern the siting and operation of new and existing facilities.
Because data center noise is unregulated by political authorities, facilities can be built in close proximity to residential communities. Given the subjective nature of hearing, the history of noise regulation might best be characterized by a series of contests over expertise and the “right” to quiet, as codified in liberal legal regimes. Over the course of my fieldwork with the communities of Chandler and Printer’s Row, I learned that the “noise” of the Cloud uniquely eludes regulatory schemes.42 In many cases, the loudness of the data centers, as measured in decibels (dB), falls below the threshold of intolerance as prescribed by local ordinances.43 For this reason, when residents contacted the authorities to intervene, to attenuate or quiet their noise, no action was taken, because the data centers had not technically violated the law, and their properties were zoned for industrial purposes.44 However, upon closer interrogation of the sound, some residents reported that the monotonal drone, a frequency hovering within the range of human speech, is particularly disturbing, given the attuned sensitivity of human ears to discern such frequencies above others. Even so, there were days when the data centers, running diesel generators, vastly exceeded permissible decibel-thresholds for noise. As with water and carbon, local companies like CyrusOne pledged in community meetings to take steps to attenuate their sound, though these were unenforceable promises that, to date, they have failed to keep.
Discussion Question: What are some technological, legal, political, and societal pathways to ending the noise pollution caused by cloud storage facilities? What are some of the challenges to implementing or realizing these proposed solutions?
With both hands, I haul a pushcart across the server room floor, down six storeys on service elevators before depositing its contents—obsolete and decommissioned servers and equipment—into a haphazard pile labeled “decommissioned assets.” Under the supervision of senior technician Ricardo, I cut off the elastic asset tags from every piece of discarded equipment, and then scan them into a terminal to finalize the rendering of these valuable computing components as null and void.
“What happens to them, now?” I ask innocently.
“We recycle what we can, but most of it gets dumped to god knows where.” The technician grumbles, helping me lift the last of the heavy servers into the mountain of rubble before my feet.
Since the year 2007, when the first smartphone debuted on the marketplace, over 7 billion devices of the sort have since been manufactured.45 Their lifespans average less than two years, a consequence of designed obsolescence and a thirst to profit from flashy new features and capabilities. Meanwhile, the material and political conditions of their manufacture, and the resources required for their production, remain obscured. Under grueling conditions, miners tirelessly plumb the earth for the rare metals required to make information and communications technology (ICT) devices. Then, in vast factories like Foxconn located in the Global South, where labor can be procured cheaply and legal protections for workers are scant, smartphones are assembled and shipped out to consumers, only to be discarded in a matter of months, to end up in e-waste graveyards like those of Agbogbloshie, Ghana (Figure 5).46 These metals, many of which are toxic and contain radioactive elements, take millennia to decay.47 The refuse of the digital is ecologically transformative.
Historian Nathan Ensmenger writes that a single desktop computer requires 240 kilograms of fossil fuels, 22 kilograms of chemicals, and 1,500 kilograms of water to manufacture.48 The servers that fill the halls of data centers are dense, specialized assets, with some units valued in the tens of thousands of US dollars. Cables, batteries, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), air conditioners (CRACs and CRAHs), power distribution units (PDUs), and transformers are also periodically decommissioned and disposed of, when warranties expire and units fail to perform with the high standards of reliability and redundancy set by entities like the Uptime Institute. Some of these components have toxic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and must be disposed of rather than reused. Efforts are underway in Europe and elsewhere to augment facility and equipment designs to extend the lifespan of units, more easily accommodate repair, and formalize a system of exchange to recycle old equipment using “materials passports” that precisely document unit histories, not unlike CARFAX.49 Even with these sustainability initiatives in place, environmental organizations like Greenpeace estimate that less than 16 percent of the tons of e-waste generated annually is recycled.50
Discussion Question: Why are ICTs (mobile phones, laptops, servers, etc.) designed for rapid obsolescence? In what ways do culture and behavior contribute to the rapid proliferation of e-waste, from a user perspective and from the perspective of a risk-averse cloud technician?
It has been a week since the overheating incident. Tom leads me down a corridor of server racks to the site of the thermal anomaly, rack C9. I notice that some of the racks do not contain servers. Instead, the empty sockets are bracketed off with blanking panels, which keep cool air from escaping the pressurized aisles. Without consulting his instruments or tablet, Tom starts ripping out the blanking panels, handing them to me to stack neatly (Figure 6).
“What are you doing?” I ask.
“I have a hunch this aisle is starved for air,” Tom says. “Can’t you hear it, the way the fans are groaning?”
I hear nothing unusual in the mechanical whir of the fans. “Not really.”
“Look, the fluid dynamics model says these racks are just fine,” Tom says, gesturing to the flashing green and yellow lights, “but you saw what happened last week. These models don’t capture everything. Sometimes, you just have to trust your gut.”
I put my hands in the empty sockets of the rack, feeling cold air tickle my fingertips. “How do you know how many you need to take out? Do you have to measure the airflow or do some math or calculations?”
Tom shoots me a glare, eyebrows furled. “When you’ve been doing this as long as I have, you get a feel for things. Kinda hard to explain. It’s not all numbers and curves and ratios here. We’re caretakers, not robots.”
I set down the blanking panels. “Caretakers?”
“The servers need to breathe, they need fuel just like we do, and our job is to keep them running at whatever cost because ultimately the responsibility falls on us if they shut down. You see, our asses are on the line. If they go down, we go down.”
“That sounds stressful.”
“Fear is a constant part of the job. So much can go wrong here. Mechanical failure. Power failure. Human error. Our goal is to prevent all downtime but that’s not humanly possible, so we do the best we can. We try to be as reliable as possible. 99.9 per cent uptime or whatever we can manage, but we’re only human, after all.”
When I first started working in data centers as an ethnographic observer, I expected that the experience might teach me how to think like an engineer, how to see the world through quantitative logics and thermodynamic principles. As an anthropologist, I have been trained to be sensitive to my own biases, to do my best to leave stereotypes at the door when researching a new community. Even so, I expected people like Tom to be more like “robots” than “caretakers.” I mistakenly assumed that the culture of the Cloud would mirror the technologies and artifacts that make it up. I expected to be immersed in cold mechanical rationality, not spending my days with fearful “caretakers” making decisions based on “gut feelings” rather than equations.
Over the last five years of ethnographic research and fieldwork, I have come to learn the various ways that the story of the data center is as much about humans as it is about air conditioners, servers, and the messy cables I spent hours untangling as part of my initiation into this niche world. The Cloud’s stewards have a culture of their own. As Tom puts it, he is not an automaton that can be easily replaced, he is, rather, a “caretaker.” Given the enormous financial cost for every minute of downtime in data centers, incidents attributable to human error are often “career-ending” for those involved, as one industry veteran relayed to me in a virtual interview. As such, Tom’s livelihood hinges on whether or not his servers are operational. In this way, Tom and his servers are linked: the demise of one foretells the demise of the other. This is where the fear comes in.
At an industry meetup in Boston, one data center manager shared with me that the overwhelming responsibility and constant fear of downtime in his data center had led his doctor to diagnose him with hypertension. Another, a senior technician in an Arizona data center, reported that he met with a therapist weekly to manage his “server stress.” Wracked with fear, the data center managers I observed tended to rely on their own senses and instincts rather than cede too much ground to computational models or instruments. They preferred the “tried and true” over the abstracted readings and provisional models afforded by instruments and labyrinthine dashboards that display everything from network latency to power consumption at the rack level.
In the early 2000s, this same fear led many technicians to resort to the wasteful practice of “flood cooling” to eliminate hotspots and stop thermal runaway events from causing downtime. Flood cooling was about “making the room cold at whatever cost,” as one technician characterized it to me, like “using a flamethrower to light a candle.”51 These tales of what Tom calls the “Wild West era” in data center management demonstrate the role of culture and behavior as we strive to understand the material impacts of data storage more holistically. “Flood cooling” is an example of a practice or norm, not a limitation of design, that led to large amounts of unnecessary energy waste in the earlier days of the data center industry.
While more reliable technologies and heightened awareness to climate change have made “flood cooling” practices largely defunct today, I still observed behaviors in the data center that were similarly motivated by fear or “hunches,” like the one Tom had about aisle C9. The behaviors and practices of technicians I observed in data centers suggest that the ecological impacts of the cloud must extend beyond the realm of design to consider practice. A holistic approach to environmental reforms in the data center industry requires consideration of the workplace culture and norms within data centers. How does culture impact energy-efficiency outcomes? How might attention to training and workplace operations shift the focus of sustainability efforts?
Discussion Question: If “instinct” as well as “logic” is required to keep the Cloud operating, how might the problem of the Cloud’s sustainability be shifted to think about the role of behavior in affecting efficiency outcomes? Can Tom be blamed for his fear of downtime, an event that could cost him his job and his company thousands if not millions of dollars in damage? How might the culture of the Cloud workplace shift to accommodate these realities and constraints?
Fireworks burst into the sky in bright, azure plumes. The neon clouds condense to form the outlines of the words, “Welcome to 2030!” Esmeralda screams with glee, inaugurating a new decade alongside her best friends, Tony and Ines. They look at the crowds gathered and all of the expletives emblazoned on their signs. Tony is wearing a festive avatar today, a crocodile with a New Year’s top hat, while Ines is donning a more youthful, airbrushed version of herself, without the crow’s feet and grays speckled about her black hair. Esmeralda is content to wear her usual panda skin, but with some new name-brand sunglasses from the digital bazaar she scored on a post-holiday discount.
“I can’t believe they are letting such large groups assemble today,” Tony says, his reptilian jowls synched perfectly to his speech.
“Maybe some of them are just bots,” Ines sighs, “though it feels real enough.”
“I’ve missed seeing you guys,” Esmerald says, using the best buds emote to wrap her arms around her pals. “Next run, I want to go bodysurfing on the shores of Titan.”
“Sounds like a blast!” Ines exclaims, her avatar jumping to embody her glee.
“Or you can just take off your headset and go outside,” Tony scowls, “there’s plenty of extra shoreline these days.”
“That’s not funny!” Esmerald says, but in that instant, an alarm blares, and the simulated masses and pixelated fireworks freeze.
Esmeralda tosses her headset into her lap with a loud sigh. “We are sorry to interrupt your experience. As you know, bandwidth rationing is in effect. We hope to see you again when your data allowance refills. Thank you for choosing SimphonyTM.”
Esmeralda sets the device aside and creeps over to the window, where she looks out at the Manhattan skyway, a new system of smart roads built to replace the many submerged and permanently flooded sections south of 51st Street. She wanted to return to the lush worlds of SimphonyTM, to escape the ruin that her world was becoming, but the Cloud was finite. Network activities had to be rationed, per government regulations, to minimize environmental impacts.
Sociologist Ruha Benjamin, whose research focuses on how science and technology can both entrench and help to address longstanding problems like systemic racism, has used speculative fiction as a method to help envision more just futures. As she explains,
Fictions…are not falsehoods but refashionings through which analysts experiment with different scenarios, trajectories, and reversals, elaborating new values and testing different possibilities for creating more just and equitable societies. Such fictions are not meant to convince others of what is, but to expand our own visions of what is possible.52
Other scholars have recently turned to speculative fiction to help identify potential harms that could arise from computing research practices, such as the collection of huge data sets compiled from publicly accessible social media sites.53
In the speculative tale I fashion above, virtual reality constructs powered by machine learning with ultrahigh bandwidth (8k definition) have accelerated anthropogenic climate change. Demands for cloud services have outpaced sustainable growth, leading to cascading systemic failures, data rationing, and more. While this bleak future is unlikely to unfold as I describe it, it is nonetheless useful to spell out the dangers that lie ahead if the Cloud is allowed to perpetually expand, unchecked by governments or publics.
Some might read this world of bandwidth scarcity as the result of runaway desire, a culture of excess and unrestrained impulses. Such a reading might conveniently exculpate the large forces behind the dirty Cloud, shifting blame to individual users and their covetous behaviors. Indeed, readers might start to question the environmental impact of their Netflix binges or doomscrolling sessions, turning to applications like Website Carbon or Neutral to quantify their individual carbon footprints and modify their behaviors accordingly. Yet such individualized responses would not be enough to mitigate the crisis; individuals’ digital abstinence would not likely exert enough market influence to stop or slow the expansion of the Cloud, with its servers and redundant chains of idling equipment designed to make the digital available anytime, anywhere. Instead, the scenario I envision above depicts a world in which tech companies continue to expand—seeking profits and remaining largely unregulated—until the cumulative effects of their industry so greatly disrupt a warming world that governments and publics have no other choice but to intervene, albeit too late.
In this warming epoch that earth scientists have named the “Anthropocene,” in which climate models anticipate cataclysmic climate futures, speculation is no longer the sole province of fiction writers.54 The survival of civilization now hinges on our collective capacities to envision and realize a sustainable future.55 Speculation requires the imagination of worlds otherwise: worlds that might be or might have been.56
In this case study, I introduce some of the material impacts of the Cloud, from carbon emissions to water usage, noise, and toxic e-waste. The case study illustrates that the ecological dynamics we find ourselves in are not entirely a consequence of design limits, but of human practices and choices—among individuals, communities, corporations, and governments—combined with a deficit of will and imagination to bring about a sustainable Cloud. The Cloud is both cultural and technological. Like any aspect of culture, the Cloud’s trajectory—and its ecological impacts—are not predetermined or unchangeable. Like any aspect of culture, they are mutable.
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Katika enzi ya kujifunza mashine, madini ya cryptocurrency, na uwezo wa kuhifadhi data unaoonekana kuwa usio na kikomo unaowezeshwa na kompyuta ya wingu, gharama za mazingira za kompyuta za kila mahali katika maisha ya kisasa zinafichwa na utata wa miundombinu na minyororo ya usambazaji inayohusika. Katika enzi ya kujifunza mashine, uchimbaji wa sarafu, na uwezo wa kuhifadhi data unaoonekana kuwa usio na kikomo unaowezeshwa na kompyuta ya wingu, gharama za mazingira za kompyuta za kila mahali katika maisha ya kisasa zinafichwa na utata wa miundombinu na minyororo ya usambazaji inayohusika hata katika shughuli rahisi za dijiti. Uhasibu huchangiaje ongezeko la joto duniani? Kwa kuwa mahitaji ya teknolojia ya habari (IT) yanaendelea kuongezeka, ni nini baadhi ya vikwazo vya ikolojia vinavyopaswa kushindwa ili kukidhi wingu linaloongezeka, lenye njaa ya kaboni? Jinsi gani athari hizi za vifaa hufanyika katika maisha ya kila siku, nyuma ya pazia, ambapo seva, kebo za fiber optic, na mafundi hufanya huduma za wingu iwe rahisi? Utafiti huu wa kesi hutegemea utafiti wa kwanza wa etnographic katika vituo vya data - maktaba zilizosambazwa za seva za kompyuta ambazo zinawezesha kila kitu kutoka kwa barua pepe hadi biashara - ili kutambua baadhi ya athari za mazingira za mbali na zilizozungukwa za hesabu na miundombinu ya kuhifadhi data. Inashughulikia orodha ya akaunti za empirical za mafundi wa seva ili kuonyesha mifano ya ardhi ya mambo ya vifaa na ikolojia ambayo huingia katika maisha ya kila siku katika Cloud. Mifano hii ni pamoja na hali ya hewa na usimamizi wa joto, mzunguko wa maji, na kuondolewa kwa taka za elektroniki. Kwa kuzingatia utamaduni wa mazoezi ya mahali pa kazi na tabia na mafunzo ya mafundi katika vituo vya data, utafiti huu wa kesi unafunua kwamba wingu halijawa na kiotomatiki kabisa, wala sio hyperrational; hisia, hisia, na hukumu ya kibinadamu ni enlisted kuweka seva kukimbia. Utafiti huu wa kesi unamalizika na vignette ya uvumi ambayo hupanda kutoka kwa athari mbalimbali za ndani hadi mfumo wa sayari, na kuelezea baadhi ya njia maalum ambazo hesabu inachangia mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na Anthropocene. "Kituo cha data cha ""Climate Change: Anthropocene, Data Centers, Data Storage, Digital Ecology, Materiality of Computation, Sustainable Computing"" ni kituo cha data cha data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data." Wanafunzi watatambua athari za mazingira za maisha ya dijiti na utata wa miundombinu inayohusika katika uendeshaji wake. Wanafunzi wataelewa baadhi ya njia ambazo tabia ya mtumiaji na tamaduni za kompyuta huathiri ufanisi na matokeo ya uendelevu. Wanafunzi wataweza kutumia mbinu ya jumla, ya kibinadamu kwa changamoto za kijamii na kiufundi. Viwambo vya televisheni huangaza kwa sababu ya maneno yanayosemwa. Labda ni barua pepe zilizotengenezwa haraka kwenye vifaa vya kiakili, au ujumbe wenye alama za hisia uliobadilishana kati ya marafiki au familia. Katika mto huo huo wa dijiti, mamilioni ya watu wanakusanyika ili kufurahia vipindi vyao vya televisheni, kutazama ponografia, au kuingia katika ulimwengu wa michezo ya kuigiza ya mtandaoni (MMORPGs), au tu kutafuta maana ya neno lisiloeleweka au eneo la kituo cha upimaji cha COVID-19 cha karibu. Chochote swali lako, tamaa, au kusudi, mtandao hutoa, na yote ya utata wa kila kitu kutoka unboxing video kwa kufanya-ni-wewe blogu ni zilizomo ndani ya infinitely ngumu safu ya bits. "Wakati wanasafiri katika wakati na nafasi kwa kasi ya mwanga, chini ya bahari zetu katika kebo za fiber optic nyembamba kuliko nywele za binadamu, pakiti hizi nzito za habari, maagizo kwa pikseli au herufi au fremu zilizofichwa katika moja na sifuri, hufunguliwa ili kuunda ""furnace ya dijiti"" mbele yako sasa." "Wakati ""wingu"" katika lugha ya kiufundi inaweza kurejelea kuunganisha rasilimali za kompyuta kwenye mtandao, katika utamaduni wa kawaida, ""wingu"" limekuja kumaanisha na kujumuisha aina kamili ya miundombinu ambayo inafanya shughuli za mtandaoni iwezekanavyo, kila kitu kutoka kwa Instagram hadi Hulu hadi Google Drive. ""Kama cumulus ya pua inayosonga juu ya anga la bluu, ikikataa kudumisha umbo au fomu thabiti, Wingu la Dijiti ni la kushangaza, kazi zake za ndani ni za siri kwa umma, mfano wa kile ambacho mwanasayansi wa MIT Norbert Weiner aliliita ""sanduku nyeusi.""" Ili kupata habari ya wingu, lazima tufunue coils za nyaya za coaxial, mirija ya fiber optic, minara ya seli, vifaa vya hewa, vifaa vya usambazaji wa umeme, transformers, mabomba ya maji, seva za kompyuta, na zaidi. lazima tuangalie mtiririko wake wa vifaa vya umeme, maji, hewa, joto, metali, madini, na vitu vya dunia nadra ambavyo huimarisha maisha yetu ya dijiti. Kwa njia hii, Wingu si nyenzo tu, lakini pia ni nguvu ya ikolojia. Kadiri inavyoendelea kupanuka, athari zake za mazingira zinaongezeka, hata wakati wahandisi, mafundi, na watendaji nyuma ya miundombinu yake wanajitahidi kusawazisha faida na uendelevu. Katika uzoefu wangu, hakuna mahali ambapo shida hii inaonekana zaidi kuliko kwenye kuta za miundombinu ambapo maudhui ya wingu yanaishi: maktaba za kiwanda ambapo data imehifadhiwa na nguvu ya kompyuta imekusanywa ili kuweka maombi yetu ya wingu. katika utafiti huu wa kesi, ninakuleta ndani ya moyo wa kupiga wa dijiti, ndani ya korido za data za data (au mashamba ya seva) ambazo hufanya tasnia ya dijiti iwezekanavyo. Kama mtaalamu wa anthropolojia, mimi kukabiliana na utafiti wa wingu holistically, kuchukua kwa uzito masuala ya kiteknolojia na vifaa vya kompyuta na kuhifadhi data, wakati pia kuhudhuria njia kwamba wingu ni kijamii na utamaduni malezi. Katika makala hii, mimi kuelezea miaka mitano ya utafiti wa ubora na ethnographic kazi ya shamba katika data centers ya Amerika ya Kaskazini, kuelezea baadhi ya athari za mazingira mbalimbali ya kuhifadhi data na baadhi ya mambo ya kijamii na kitamaduni ambayo kuathiri uendelevu wa miundombinu ya digital. mimi pia kutoa pana, utangulizi muhtasari wa baadhi ya haraka-kuhamia na kuendeleza fasihi juu ya athari za vifaa vya kompyuta na data centers kutoka mbalimbali ya taaluma, ikiwa ni pamoja na sayansi ya kompyuta, uhandisi, na masomo ya vyombo vya habari. Swali la Majadiliano: Wingu liko wapi? Kutumia rasilimali hapa chini, kuelezea jinsi unaweza "kuweka" Cloud: Nini ni miundombinu ya binadamu na kiteknolojia kwamba kuleta juu yake? Ni historia gani zinazohusiana na kusimulia "mahali" unayochora? Ni saa nne asubuhi wakati tukio hilo lilipotokea. Wakati huo, nilikuwa nimeketi chini kwenye mojawapo ya vyumba vya kuhifadhi habari katika kituo hicho cha data, na kompyuta zilikuwa zimepangwa kama rundo la vitabu katika maktaba moja upande wangu na mwingine. Kwa sababu ya kelele za mashabiki wa seva, ni vigumu sana kwangu kumsikia Tom, fundi mwandamizi ninayefuata, akinieleza jinsi ya kufungua tile ya sakafu iliyoharibika. Kwa chombo maalum, mimi kuondoa nyeupe mraba tile kutoka hinges yake, kugundua perforations ndogo etched juu ya uso wake, pointi ya kuingia iliyoundwa kusaidia baridi hewa kukimbilia juu kutoka kubwa, shinikizo shimo chini yetu aitwaye <unk>plenum<unk> Mimi kuweka tile kando, hisia ya ghafla ya baridi tickles pua yangu kama upepo wa baridi whips juu kutoka wazi chini ya sakafu plenum. Mimi kwenda kuhusu kubadilisha tile, kutumia moja na notches zaidi kuboresha mtiririko wa hewa kwa kundi hili maalum la vifaa vya kompyuta nene. Wakati huo ndipo ninaposikia kengele zikitoka. Kati ya bahari ya taa za kijani na bluu, rafu nzima ya kompyuta ghafula huangaza rangi ya manjano, na kisha, baada ya sekunde chache, rangi nyekundu. Katika wakati huo, hofu inashika uso wa Tom, naye pia ana rangi nyekundu na nyekundu anapojitahidi kuzuia msiba unaotokea karibu nasi. "Zina joto kupita kiasi", Tom asema, baada ya kuchunguza sensorer za joto, jasho likitiririka kutoka kwenye paji la uso wake. Ninahisi joto likienea hewani. Mafuriko ya joto huingia kwenye seva haraka kuliko sinks za joto zilizochapishwa kwenye bodi zao za mzunguko zinaweza kupungua, haraka kuliko mashabiki wanaweza kuondoa hewa moto inayorudishwa katika mzunguko wa kurudisha joto. "Msimu wa kuzima moja kwa moja unaanza, na Tom anatukana, akiniwakumbusha kwamba kila dakika ya kukatika kwa huduma inaweza kugharimu kampuni maelfu ya dola.""" Hata hivyo, ndani ya dakika mbili, vifaa vitatu vikubwa vya kusafisha hewa vilivyokuwa vikifanya kazi kwa bidii vilianza kufanya kazi kwa nguvu nyingi, vikijaza chumba hicho na baridi kali na kurudisha utaratibu katika hali hiyo yenye fujo. Katika vignette hapo juu, ambayo inategemea maelezo yangu ya uwanja wa etnographic, ninarudia tukio ambalo mafundi wa kituo cha data wanataja kama "tukio la joto la joto", kushindwa kwa mifumo ya baridi ambayo huzuia utendaji wa seva ambazo husindika, kuhifadhi, na kuwezesha kila kitu mtandaoni. "Mvuke na mvuke wa maswali na shughuli zetu za dijiti, mtiririko wa elektroni zinazozunguka, huongeza joto la hewa, joto ni bidhaa ya taka ya kompyuta, na ikiwa haijazingatiwa, inakuwa ""float"" kwa kazi ya ustaarabu wa dijiti. ""Kwa hivyo joto lazima liwe la kutuliza ili kuweka injini ya dijiti katika hali ya mara kwa mara, masaa ishirini na nne kwa siku." Ili kukomesha tishio hili la thermodynamic, vituo vya data hutegemea sana hali ya hewa, mchakato wa kiufundi ambao hupunguza hewa ya gesi, ili iweze kuondoa au kuondoa joto hatari kutoka kwa kompyuta. "Kama ilivyo kwa ""virusi vya umeme"" vya zamani, ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya umeme"" vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya"" vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya"" vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya"" vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya"" vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya"" vya ""virusi vya ""virusi vya"" Tangu kuibuka kwa vifaa vya hyperscale, makampuni mengi, vyuo vikuu, na wengine ambao wanaendesha vituo vya data vyao vya kiwango kidogo wameanza kuhamisha data zao kwa hyperscalers au vifaa vya wingu, wakitaja kupunguzwa kwa gharama za nishati. Kulingana na ripoti ya Maabara ya Taifa ya Lawrence Berkeley, ikiwa wingu lote litabadilishwa kuwa vifaa vya kiwango cha juu, matumizi ya nishati yanaweza kushuka hadi asilimia 25.13 Bila chombo chochote cha udhibiti kuchochea au kutekeleza mabadiliko kama hayo katika muundo wetu wa miundombinu, kuna suluhisho zingine ambazo zimependekezwa kupunguza tatizo la kaboni la wingu. "Wengine wamependekeza kuhamisha vituo vya data kwenda nchi za Nordic kama Iceland au Sweden, katika jaribio la kutumia hewa baridi ya mazingira ili kupunguza alama ya kaboni, mbinu inayoitwa ""kufagia bure""14 Hata hivyo, maswala ya latency ya ishara ya mtandao hufanya ndoto hii ya makao ya vituo vya data vya kijani kibichi kwa kiasi kikubwa haiwezi kukidhi mahitaji ya kompyuta na kuhifadhi data ya ulimwengu." "Kama matokeo, Cloud sasa ina alama kubwa ya kaboni kuliko sekta ya ndege.15 Kituo kimoja cha data kinaweza kutumia umeme sawa na nyumba elfu hamsini.16 Kwa saa 200 za terawatt (TWh) kwa mwaka, vituo vya data kwa pamoja hutumia nishati zaidi kuliko baadhi ya mataifa.17 Leo, umeme unaotumiwa na vituo vya data unahesabu asilimia 0.3 ya uzalishaji wa jumla wa kaboni, na ikiwa tunaongeza hesabu yetu kujumuisha vifaa vya mtandao kama vile kompyuta ndogo, simu mahiri, na vidonge, uzalishaji wa jumla unazidi asilimia 2 ya kaboni ya ulimwengu.18 """ Mbali na baridi, mahitaji ya nishati ya vituo vya data ni makubwa. Ili kukidhi ahadi kwa wateja kwamba data zao na huduma za wingu zitapatikana wakati wowote, mahali popote, vituo vya data vimebuniwa kuwa vya ziada: ikiwa mfumo mmoja unashindwa, mwingine yuko tayari kuchukua nafasi yake kwa taarifa ya wakati, kuzuia usumbufu katika uzoefu wa mtumiaji. Kama vile Tom's air conditioners idling katika hali ya chini ya nguvu, tayari kuharakisha wakati mambo kupata moto sana, kituo cha data ni doll Urusi ya redundancy: redundant mifumo ya umeme kama vile jenereta dizeli, redundant seva tayari kuchukua juu ya michakato ya kompyuta lazima wengine kuwa unexpectedly haipatikani, na kadhalika. Katika baadhi ya kesi, tu 6-12% ya nishati inayotumiwa ni wakfu kwa mchakato wa kazi ya kompyuta.19 Mabaki ni kugawa kwa baridi na kudumisha minyororo juu ya minyororo ya redundant fail-safe ili kuzuia gharama kubwa downtime. Kuna mchakato mbili za hesabu zinazofanywa na seva ambazo ni hasa nguvu-intensive na ni ya wasiwasi wa kuongezeka kwa wasomi, wanaharakati, na wataalamu wa sekta ya kituo cha data: 1) kujifunza mashine na 2) madini ya cryptocurrency. Katika utafiti uliofanywa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Massachusetts, Amherst, PhD mgombea Emma Strubel aliamua kwamba mafunzo ya mifano ya akili bandia inaweza kutoa zaidi ya pauni 626,000 za kaboni dioksidi, kama vile magari matano ya Marekani hufanya katika maisha yao, kwa njia hii, hesabu ni metabolic: ili kuongeza mapato ya mchakato wa hesabu, pembejeo za nishati lazima ziwe sawa na nguvu kwa njia ile ile ya kutuliza (BTU) lazima ifanane na curves za umeme (kwh). Kwa kushangaza, maendeleo katika kujifunza mashine yameongoza kwa uvumbuzi wa uendelevu katika tasnia kadhaa na imesababisha utafiti wa maendeleo kusaidia ajenda za mazingira.Kwa hivyo swali linakuwa: Jinsi gani AI inaweza kupunguza alama yake ya ikolojia? Je, algorithms kujifunza mashine inaweza kuwa iliyoundwa kufanya kazi na ufanisi mkubwa wa nishati? "Wanafunzi wa Bitcoin wa kawaida sio mwanafunzi wa MIT anayejaribu na GPU katika chumba cha kulala, lakini mtu mwenye rasilimali za kutosha kununua kompyuta maalum za utendaji wa juu na mtaji wa gharama kubwa unaohitajika kuhifadhi na kuhifadhi. """""Mahitaji ya nishati kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa cryptocurrency ni ya juu sana kwamba wachimbaji wa cryptocurrency wanaweza tu kupata faida ya mapato ikiwa gharama ya nishati ambapo kompyuta zao ziko ni nafuu ya kutosha. """"Kwa maeneo kama Iceland, na gridi ya nishati ya joto la ardhi, uchimbaji wa nishati ya asili ni nafuu, lakini pia kama China, ambapo umeme hutumiwa zaidi ya asilimia 73." Ni aina gani ya mazungumzo ya interdisciplinary na mtaalamu inaweza kuleta juu ya kujifunza mashine zaidi endelevu au uzalishaji cryptocurrency? Ni mwishoni mwa Julai huko Arizona. Jua ni jeupe na kali katika siku hii isiyo na mawingu. Ninasikia moto kwenye shingo yangu ninapofuata Jeremy, fundi mdogo, kwenye chumba cha nyuma cha kituo cha data, ambapo makundi mengi ya kontena ya usafirishaji yamepangwa safu kwa safu. Katika kipindi hiki cha joto la digrii 117, kazi yetu ni kurekebisha mfumo wa baridi ya mvuke ambao unashindwa. Sisi unfasten screws juu ya moja ya paneli ya nje kabla ya kuingia ndani ya meli chombo, ambayo mimi ni kushangazwa kujifunza ni kweli modular server kundi. Mabomba huinuka kutoka kwenye mifereji midogo katika uwanja, ambapo maji ya kunywa hupomwa kutoka ardhini, ili kuingizwa ndani ya vyombo vya habari vya kuchuja. Kwa macho yangu, nyenzo hii yenye povu inafanana na kiota cha asali au kiota cha nyigu (Sura ya 2). Maji ya Mto Colorado yenye matope mengi yameganda na kutokeza chokaa kwenye uso wake wenye umbo la chumvi. "Kikapu cha maji cha vifaa huyeyuka haraka katika hewa kavu ya jangwa, wingu la unyevu la mvua la baridi la server zinazozunguka,"" anaeleza Jeremy." Hii, mimi kujifunza, ni kwa nini meli chombo ina jina la utani, <unk>Mdomo.<unk> Wingu inaweza kuwa carbonivore, lakini kama mfano wa <unk>Mdomo<unk> inaonyesha, Wingu pia ni kiu kabisa. Kama malisho, mashamba ya seva hutumiwa kwa umwagiliaji. Katika vituo vingi vya data leo, maji baridi hupelekwa kupitia laini ya rafu za seva ili kupoza kituo kwa ufanisi zaidi, kioevu kuwa wakala bora wa convective kuliko hewa. Mabadiliko ya hewa ya baridi na maji ya baridi ni jaribio la kupunguza athari za kaboni, lakini inakuja kwa gharama. Kwa sababu ya ukame na joto kali, jamii za magharibi mwa Marekani zinakabiliwa na matatizo makubwa ya maji. Katika eneo la Mesa, Arizona, ambapo nilitumia miezi sita kutafiti kuibuka kwa kituo cha data cha jangwa, baadhi ya wanasiasa sasa wanapinga waziwazi ujenzi wa vituo vya data, wakisema matumizi ya maji ya vituo hivyo ni yasiyo ya lazima na ya kukosa uwajibikaji kwa sababu ya mapungufu ya maji na mapungufu ya umeme, kutokana na kituo cha Utah Data Center, ambacho kina matumizi ya maji ya kila siku ya milioni saba, kulingana na ripoti ya shirika la usalama la Marekani (NSA) na shirika la Google. Joto la sayari litayeyuka barafu na kuongeza kiwango cha bahari. "Mafanisi ya uaminifu ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data ya data.""" Ukosefu wa maji unaathirije mawingu na umma? Utoaji wa kaboni wa vituo vya data unahusianaje na matumizi yao ya maji kupoza vifaa vyao? Mwaka wa 2019. Brenda Hayward anatembea katika kitongoji chake cha jua, akipita kwenye nyasi ya kijani kibichi ya Chuparosa Park huko Chandler, Arizona, wakati anaposikia kelele ambayo humsumbua kila usiku anapojaribu kulala. Ni hapo kila asubuhi anapofungua. Huko katika bustani ambapo watoto wake walicheza walipokuwa wachanga, wakipiga makundi ya miti ya palo verde, wakimfuatilia huku akijaribu kuishi maisha yake kwa utulivu. Ilianza kama msukosuko wa kutisha, sawa na kelele za matineja wenye uchovu wa kupiga muziki wa bass wakisherehekea hadi usiku wa manane. Baadaye, ilibadilika kuwa kilio cha kuendelea, cha mashine. Yeye anajaribu kuepuka kuiona, anajaribu kuisikia, lakini ni huko, nyuma ya kila kitu, kufuatilia background ya kuzimu kwa maisha yake. Akiwa muuguzi, anajua kwamba sauti hiyo si jambo la kuchukiza tu. Yeye huona ishara za gharama yake - shinikizo la damu, cortisol - lakini hawezi kuizuia. Hakuna anayeweza, kwa sababu hailala. Mwaka wa 2020. Vikwazo vimewalazimisha wakazi wa mijini kukaa nyumbani ili kupunguza maambukizi ya COVID-19. Kwa David Gray, homa ya kabati ni wasiwasi wake mdogo zaidi. Badala yake, yeye na majirani zake katika Printer's Row katika jiji la Chicago lazima kuvumilia tauni ya aina ya sauti. Anapoenda nyumbani kwake, anapofanya kazi, anapokula, anapogelea, yeye yuko hapo, sauti ya kawaida, sauti ya mara kwa mara, mwenzi wa daima, asiyetakiwa wa maisha yake. Inamchoma akilini mwake, ikimchoma mawazo yake, ikimchunguza akili yake, ikimchoma kwa hofu na wasiwasi. Hawezi kuondoka; hauruhusiwi kuondoka. Hawezi kutoroka. Yeye yuko hapo, pamoja nayo, akiwa mfungwa wa sauti yake yenye kuvutia. 2021 - Mwezi wa Mwezi Chupacabra Park ni moja ya maeneo ya kusisimua zaidi ya eneo la Chupacabra. Juu ya kilio cha watoto wakicheza, mbwa wakipiga mayowe, magari yakipita kwa kasi, inashuka. Masikio yangu yanachoma na muziki wa Cloud, symphony isiyo ya kawaida ya ujumbe wa maandishi, barua pepe, video za paka, na habari bandia, pulsing, thumping katika masikio yangu. Baada ya viwanja vya mpira wa kikapu, meza za picnic, na pears prickly, chanzo ni kuonekana kwa wote kuona: CyrusOne data kituo cha (Figure 3). Kwa umbali mkubwa, sauti ya maisha yetu ya dijiti inasikika: mtikisiko mdogo wa diski ngumu, mlio wa chiller za hewa, cranking ya jenereta za dizeli, mzunguko wa mitambo ya mashabiki. Vituo vya data hutokeza taka za sauti, kile ambacho wanamazingira wanaita "chafuzi cha kelele". Kwa jamii kama vile Brenda na David, kelele za kompyuta za vituo vya data si jambo la kukasirisha tu, bali ni chanzo cha madhara ya kiakili na kimwili. Brenda, ambaye ni muuguzi, aliripoti kwamba shinikizo lake la damu na viwango vyake vya cortisol vilipungua wakati kelele zilipoanza. David, mhandisi wa programu mwenye umri wa miaka ishirini na kitu, aligunduliwa kuwa na shinikizo la damu, na hukutana mara kwa mara na mtaalamu wa matibabu ili kusimamia wasiwasi unaosababishwa na buzz ya kituo cha data. Hadithi zao ni hadithi za kuonya; hazio nadra wala si za kipekee. Matokeo ya kisaikolojia ya muda mrefu ya uchafuzi wa kelele wa viwanda ni pamoja na kupoteza kusikia, kuongezeka kwa homoni za mkazo kama vile cortisol, shinikizo la damu, na kukosa usingizi.Brenda na David walikutana na wakazi wengine waliokosa furaha katika jamii zao ili kuandaa mabadiliko. Brenda alijiunga na Dobson Noise Coalition, kusaidia kuandaa mkutano wa jamii na majirani zake, maafisa wa jiji, wawakilishi wa serikali na wa shirikisho, na wafanyikazi wa CyrusOne, kituo cha data cha kosa. "Wakati huo huo, David na wenzake walifanikiwa kuanzisha ""mkutano wa afya ya umma"" wa Chicago ili kuunda kesi ya kelele na kupata kesi ya uhalifu wa uchafuzi wa kelele, na wakati juhudi za jamii hizo za kupunguza uchafuzi wa kelele zinaendelea, wamejiuzulu kwa malengo ya hali ya chini ya kuboresha badala ya kutatua tatizo." Tofauti na viwanda vingine, vituo vya data ni kiasi kikubwa kujidhibiti: hakuna shirika la shirikisho la kuondoa ili kudhibiti eneo na uendeshaji wa vifaa vipya na zilizopo. Kwa sababu kelele ya kituo cha data haidhibitiwi na mamlaka za kisiasa, vifaa vinaweza kujengwa karibu na jamii za makazi. Kwa kuzingatia asili ya kibinafsi ya kusikia, historia ya udhibiti wa kelele inaweza kuwa bora sifa na mfululizo wa mashindano juu ya utaalam na "haki" ya ukimya, kama coded katika serikali za kisheria huria. "Kwa sababu hiyo, wakati wakazi walipowasiliana na mamlaka ya kuingilia kati, kupunguza au kutuliza kelele zao, hakuna hatua iliyochukuliwa, kwa sababu vituo vya data havikuwa vimevunja sheria, na mali zao zilikuwa zimepangwa kwa madhumuni ya viwanda. ""Watu wengine waliripoti kwamba sauti ya sauti ya sauti, mzunguko unaozunguka ndani ya wigo wa wakazi wa binadamu, ni ya kusumbua, kwa kuzingatia unyeti wa masikio ya binadamu kwa masafa kama hayo." Hata hivyo, kulikuwa na siku ambazo vituo vya data, vilivyoendesha jenereta za dizeli, vilizidi sana viwango vya decibel vinavyoweza kuruhusiwa kwa kelele. Kama ilivyo na maji na kaboni, makampuni ya ndani kama vile CyrusOne aliahidi katika mikutano ya jamii kuchukua hatua za kupunguza sauti yao, ingawa hizi zilikuwa ahadi zisizoweza kutekelezwa ambazo, hadi sasa, wameshindwa kushika. Swali: Ni nini baadhi ya teknolojia, kisheria, kisiasa, na kijamii njia ya kumaliza uchafuzi wa kelele unasababishwa na vifaa vya kuhifadhi wingu? Ni nini baadhi ya changamoto za kutekeleza au kutambua suluhisho hizi zilizopendekezwa? "Kwa mikono yote miwili, mimi kuvuta pushcart katika sakafu ya chumba server, chini ya ghorofa sita juu ya huduma lifti kabla ya kuweka maudhui yake - zamani na decommissioned seva na vifaa - katika rundo randomly labeled ""decommissioned mali."" chini ya usimamizi wa mtendaji mwandamizi Ricardo, mimi kukata mbali tags elastic mali kutoka kila kipande cha vifaa discarded, na kisha scan yao katika terminal ya kumaliza kutoa hizi thamani ya kompyuta vipengele kama ""null na tupu.""" "Ni nini kinachotokea kwao, sasa?" Nauliza kwa upole. "Tunarudisha kile tunachoweza, lakini zaidi ya hiyo hutupwa Mungu anajua wapi". Mtaalamu huyo anagombana, akinisaidia kuinua seva za mwisho nzito kwenye mlima wa mabaki mbele ya miguu yangu. Tangu mwaka 2007, wakati simu ya kwanza ya mkononi ilipoanza kutolewa, zaidi ya vifaa bilioni 7 vya aina hiyo vimeundwa.Urefu wa maisha yao ni wastani wa chini ya miaka miwili, matokeo ya kubuni ya kizamani na kiu ya kupata faida kutoka kwa vipengele vipya vya kuvutia. Wakati huohuo, hali za kimwili na za kisiasa za utengenezaji wao, na rasilimali zinazohitajika kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wao, hubaki kuwa zisizoeleweka. Katika hali ngumu sana, wachimbaji wa madini huchimba bila kuchoka katika ardhi ili kupata metali nadra zinazohitajika kutengeneza vifaa vya teknolojia ya habari na mawasiliano (ICT). "Kama ilivyo kwa kampuni ya Foxconn, ambayo inapatikana katika nchi za Kusini mwa dunia, ambapo kazi inaweza kupatikana kwa bei nafuu na ulinzi wa kisheria kwa wafanyakazi ni mdogo, simu mahiri ni kusanyiko na kusafirishwa nje kwa watumiaji, tu kutupwa katika suala la miezi, na kuishia katika makaburi ya taka za elektroniki kama wale wa Agbogbloshie, Ghana (Picha ya 5) ""Metali hizi, wengi ambao ni sumu na vyenye vitu vya mnururisho, kuchukua milenia kuharibika." "Mwandishi Nathan Ensminger anasema kwamba ""kompyuta moja ya desktop inahitaji kilo 240 za mafuta, kilo 22 za kemikali, na kilo 1,500 za maji kutengenezwa.""" Kabli, betri, vifaa vya umeme visivyoweza kuvunjika (UPS), vifaa vya hali ya hewa (CRACs na CRAHs), vitengo vya usambazaji wa umeme (PDUs) na vifaa vya kugeuza pia hutolewa mara kwa mara na kutupwa, wakati dhamana zinapomalizika na vitengo havifanyi kazi na viwango vya juu vya kuegemea na kuondoa vilivyowekwa na vyombo kama Uptime Institute. Baadhi ya viungo hivyo vina polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) zenye sumu na lazima viondolewe badala ya kutumiwa tena. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, kuna hatua za kupanua vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa vya vifaa.""" iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya kuzidi kutumika upesi? Utamaduni na tabia zinachangiaje kuenea kwa haraka kwa taka za elektroniki, kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mtumiaji na kutoka kwa mtazamo wa mhandisi wa wingu anayekataa hatari? Imekuwa ni wiki moja tangu tukio la overheating. Tom anaongoza chini ya ukumbi wa rafu za seva hadi eneo la anomaly ya joto, rafu C9. Mimi kutambua kwamba baadhi ya racks hawana seva. Badala yake, soketi zisizo na kitu hufungwa kwa paneli za kufunika, ambazo huzuia hewa baridi isitoke kwenye vijia vilivyo chini ya shinikizo. Bila kuwasiliana na vifaa vyake au kibao, Tom anaanza kuvunja paneli za blank, akinipa ili niweke kwa utaratibu (Picha ya 6). "Unafanya nini?" nikauliza. "Nina hisia kwamba chumba hiki hakina hewa", Tom anasema. <unk>Je, huwezi kusikia, njia mashabiki ni kuugua?<unk> Sijasikia kitu isiyo ya kawaida katika whir mitambo ya mashabiki. "Hapana kabisa. "" Angalia, mfano wa nguvu za umajimaji unasema rafu hizi ni nzuri sana, "Tom anasema, akionyesha taa za kijani na manjano, "lakini uliona kilichotokea wiki iliyopita. Mifano hii haifanyi kila kitu. Wakati mwingine, ni lazima tu uamini gut yako. <unk> Mimi kuweka mikono yangu katika soketi tupu ya rack, kuhisi hewa baridi tickles vidole vyangu. <unk>Unajuaje ni wangapi unahitaji kuondoa? Je, ni lazima upime mtiririko wa hewa au kufanya baadhi ya hesabu au mahesabu? <unk> Tom risasi mimi mwangaza, eyebrows curled. <unk>Unapokuwa umefanya hili kwa muda mrefu kama mimi, unapata hisia kwa mambo. Ni vigumu kueleza. Si tu namba na curves na uwiano hapa. Sisi ni watunzaji, si roboti. "Watunzaji: ""Seva zinahitaji kupumua, zinahitaji mafuta kama sisi, na kazi yetu ni kuwafanya waendelee kufanya kazi kwa gharama yoyote, kwa sababu hatimaye wajibu unakuja kwetu ikiwa watafungwa.""" Unaona, viuno vyetu viko hatarini. "Kama wao kwenda chini, sisi kwenda chini. ""Hiyo inaonekana kuwa na mkazo. "" Hofu ni sehemu ya mara kwa mara ya kazi." Mambo mengi sana yanaweza kwenda vibaya hapa. Kushindwa kwa mashine. Kushindwa kwa umeme. Kosa la kibinadamu. Lengo letu ni kuzuia wakati wote wa kushuka lakini hiyo haiwezekani kwa binadamu, kwa hiyo tunafanya bora tunaweza. Tunajaribu kuwa wenye kutegemeka kadiri iwezekanavyo. "Kama nilivyoona, wakati wa kwanza wa kazi yangu katika vituo vya data kama mtazamaji wa etnographic, nilitarajia kwamba uzoefu huo ungeweza kunifundisha jinsi ya kufikiri kama mhandisi, jinsi ya kuona ulimwengu kupitia mantiki ya kiasi na kanuni za thermodynamic. """ Kama mtaalamu wa anthropolojia, nimefundishwa kuwa nyeti kwa upendeleo wangu mwenyewe, kufanya kila niwezalo kuacha mitazamo ya kawaida mlangoni wakati wa kutafiti jamii mpya. Hata hivyo, nilitarajia watu kama Tom kuwa zaidi kama "robots" kuliko "watunzaji". Nilidhani kimakosa kwamba utamaduni wa Wingu ungeonyesha teknolojia na vitu vya kale ambavyo vinaifanya. Nilitarajia kuzamishwa katika busara baridi ya mitambo, si kutumia siku zangu na "watunzaji" wenye hofu wakifanya maamuzi kulingana na "hisia za ndani" badala ya equations. Katika miaka mitano iliyopita ya utafiti wa etnographic na kazi ya shamba, nimejifunza njia mbalimbali kwamba hadithi ya kituo cha data ni kama mengi kuhusu wanadamu kama ni kuhusu air conditioners, seva, na nyaya messy mimi alitumia saa untangling kama sehemu ya uanzishwaji wangu katika dunia hii niche. Wasimamizi wa Cloud wana utamaduni wao wenyewe. Kama Tom anasema, yeye si automaton ambayo inaweza kuwa kwa urahisi kubadilishwa, yeye ni, badala yake, "mlinzi". Kutokana na gharama kubwa ya kifedha kwa kila dakika ya downtime katika vituo vya data, matukio yanayotokana na makosa ya binadamu ni mara nyingi "kuishia kazi" kwa wale wanaohusika, kama moja ya sekta ya zamani relayed kwangu katika mahojiano virtual. Kama vile, Tom's livelihood hinges juu ya kama au si seva yake ni kazi. Kwa njia hiyo, Tom na watumishi wake wameunganishwa: kifo cha mmoja kinatangaza kifo cha mwingine. Hapa ndipo hofu inapoingia. Katika mkutano wa sekta huko Boston, meneja mmoja wa kituo cha data aliniambia kuwa jukumu kubwa na hofu ya mara kwa mara ya wakati wa kushuka katika kituo chake cha data ilisababisha daktari wake kumtambua kuwa na shinikizo la damu. Mtaalamu mwingine, mtendaji wa juu katika kituo cha data cha Arizona, aliripoti kwamba alikutana na mtaalamu wa matibabu kila wiki kusimamia "mfadhaiko wa seva" yake. Wao walipendelea <unk>tried na kweli<unk> juu ya masomo abstract na mifano ya muda zinazotolewa na vyombo na dashboards labyrinthine kwamba kuonyesha kila kitu kutoka latency mtandao kwa matumizi ya nishati katika ngazi rack. Katika miaka ya 2000, hofu hiyo hiyo ilisababisha wataalamu wengi kutumia mbinu ya kupoteza ya "kupoza mafuriko" ili kuondoa maeneo ya moto na kuzuia matukio ya joto ya kukimbia kutokana na kusababisha muda wa kutokuwa na kazi. "Kupunguza joto kwa joto la joto ni ""kufanya chumba kiwe baridi kwa gharama yoyote,"" kama mhandisi mmoja alinielezea, kama ""kutumia flamethrower kuwasha mshumaa."" 51 Hadithi hizi za kile Tom anaita ""Wild West era"" katika usimamizi wa kituo cha data zinaonyesha jukumu la utamaduni na tabia tunapojitahidi kuelewa athari za vifaa vya kuhifadhi data kwa ujumla zaidi." "Flood cooling" ni mfano wa mazoezi au kanuni, si kikomo cha kubuni, ambayo ilisababisha kiasi kikubwa cha taka ya nishati isiyo ya lazima katika siku za mapema za sekta ya kituo cha data. Wakati teknolojia ya kuaminika zaidi na ufahamu wa juu wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa umefanya mazoea ya baridi ya mafuriko kwa kiasi kikubwa leo, bado niliona tabia katika kituo cha data ambazo zilikuwa na motisha sawa na hofu au hisia, kama ile ambayo Tom alikuwa nayo kuhusu aisle C9. Mwenendo na mazoea ya mafundi nilioyaona katika vituo vya data yanaonyesha kuwa athari za ikolojia za wingu lazima ziende zaidi ya uwanja wa muundo ili kuzingatia mazoezi. Njia ya jumla ya marekebisho ya mazingira katika sekta ya kituo cha data inahitaji kuzingatia utamaduni wa mahali pa kazi na kanuni ndani ya vituo vya data. Utamaduni huathirije matokeo ya ufanisi wa nishati? Jinsi gani tahadhari kwa mafunzo na shughuli za mahali pa kazi inaweza kubadilisha lengo la juhudi za uendelevu? Swali: Kama <unk> instinct <unk> kama vile <unk> mantiki <unk> inahitajika kuweka Wingu uendeshaji, jinsi gani tatizo la Uendelezaji wa Wingu inaweza kuhamishwa kufikiri kuhusu jukumu la tabia katika kuathiri matokeo ya ufanisi? Je, unaweza kumlaumu Tom kwa sababu ya kuogopa kukosa kazi, jambo ambalo laweza kumgharimu kazi yake na kampuni yake maelfu ya dola, au hata mamilioni ya dola? Jinsi gani utamaduni wa Cloud mahali pa kazi inaweza kubadilika ili kukidhi hali halisi na vikwazo hivi? Miali ya moto iliruka angani katika mawingu yenye kung'aa ya bluu. "Sasa, wakati wa maonyesho ya neon, Esmeralda anaanza kupiga kelele kwa furaha, ""Karibishwa kwa 2030,"" akizindua muongo mpya pamoja na marafiki wake bora, Tony na Ines." Wanaangalia umati uliokusanyika na matusi yote yaliyoandikwa kwenye mabango yao. Tony amevaa avatar ya sherehe leo, mamba na kofia ya juu ya Mwaka Mpya, wakati Ines amevaa toleo la ujana zaidi, airbrushed ya yeye mwenyewe, bila miguu ya kunguru na kijivu spotted juu ya nywele zake nyeusi. Esmeralda anafurahiya kuvaa ngozi yake ya kawaida ya panda, lakini na miwani mpya ya jua kutoka kwa soko la dijiti alipata punguzo la baada ya likizo. "Siwezi kuamini kwamba wanaruhusu vikundi vikubwa hivyo kukusanyika leo", Tony anasema, kinywa chake cha mnyama-mwitu kikiwa kimepatana kikamilifu na hotuba yake. "Labda baadhi yao ni bots tu", Ines sighs, "ingawa anahisi halisi kutosha". "Nimekosa kuona wewe guys", Esmerald anasema, kutumia bora buds emote kuzunguka mikono yake kuzunguka marafiki zake. <unk>Mwisho wa mbio, nataka kwenda bodysurfing kwenye pwani ya Titan.<unk> <unk>Sauti kama mlipuko!<unk> Ines exclaims, avatar yake kuruka ili kuingiza furaha yake. <unk>Au unaweza tu kuchukua mbali headset yako na kwenda nje,<unk> Tony frowns, <unk>kuna mengi ya pwani ya ziada siku hizi.<unk> <unk>Hiyo si funny!<unk> Esmerald anasema, lakini katika wakati huo, kengele alarm, na misa simulated na pixelated fireworks kufungia. Esmeralda anatupa headset yake katika kiuno chake na kuugua kwa sauti kubwa. <unk>Tunaomba radhi kwa kuvuruga uzoefu wako. Kama unavyojua, bandwidth rationing ni katika athari. Tunatumaini kukuona tena wakati ruzuku yako ya data itakapojaa. "Sherry Esmeralda, ambaye ni msaidizi wa kwanza wa ""Symphony,"" anaweka kifaa hicho kando na kutambaa kwenye dirisha, ambapo anatazama Manhattan Skyway, mfumo mpya wa barabara za akili zilizojengwa kuchukua nafasi ya sehemu nyingi zilizozama na zilizofurika mara kwa mara kusini mwa Barabara ya 51." Alitaka kurudi kwenye ulimwengu wenye majani mengi wa Symphony, ili kuepuka uharibifu ambao ulimwengu wake ulikuwa ukielekea, lakini Cloud ilikuwa na mwisho. Shughuli za mtandao zilipaswa kupunguzwa, kulingana na kanuni za serikali, ili kupunguza athari za mazingira. Mwanasayansi wa jamii Ruha Benjamin, ambaye utafiti wake unazingatia jinsi sayansi na teknolojia vinavyoweza kuimarisha na kusaidia kushughulikia matatizo ya muda mrefu kama ubaguzi wa rangi, ametumia hadithi za uwongo kama njia ya kusaidia kutabiri siku zijazo za haki zaidi. "Kama anavyoeleza, ""Fiktions si uongo, bali ni refashionings kupitia ambayo wachambuzi majaribio na matukio tofauti, trajectories, na reversals, kuunda maadili mapya na majaribio ya uwezekano tofauti kwa ajili ya kujenga jamii haki na usawa.""" "Hata hivyo, ""mfano"" wa hadithi za uwongo haukusudiwa kuwashawishi wengine juu ya kile kilichowezekana, lakini kupanua maono yetu wenyewe ya kile kinachowezekana.52 Wasomi wengine wamegeukia hadithi za uwongo za dhana hivi karibuni kusaidia kutambua madhara yanayoweza kutokea kutokana na mazoea ya utafiti wa kompyuta, kama vile ukusanyaji wa seti kubwa za data zilizokusanywa kutoka kwa tovuti za media za kijamii zinazopatikana kwa umma.53 Katika hadithi ya dhana ya hali ya juu, ujenzi wa hali halisi unaoendeshwa na kujifunza mashine na upana wa bandwidth wa ultra (8k)." Mahitaji ya huduma za wingu yamezidi ukuaji endelevu, na kusababisha kushindwa kwa mfumo, upungufu wa data, na zaidi. Ingawa siku zijazo hii ya giza haiwezekani kutokea kama ninavyoelezea, ni muhimu kuelezea hatari ambazo ziko mbele ikiwa Wingu linaruhusiwa kupanuka daima, bila kudhibitiwa na serikali au umma. "Wengine wanaweza kusoma ulimwengu huu wa upungufu wa bandwidth kama matokeo ya tamaa ya kukimbia, utamaduni wa ziada na msukumo usio na kikomo. """ Usomaji kama huo unaweza kuondoa nguvu kubwa nyuma ya Wingu la uchafu, kuhamisha lawama kwa watumiaji wa kibinafsi na tabia zao za pupa. Kwa kweli, wasomaji wanaweza kuanza kuhoji athari za mazingira za Netflix au vipindi vya doomscrolling, wakigeukia programu kama WebCarbon au Neutral ili kupima alama zao za kaboni na kurekebisha tabia zao ipasavyo. Hata hivyo, majibu kama hayo ya mtu binafsi hayatoshi kupunguza mgogoro; kujizuia kwa watu binafsi kwa dijiti hakutakuwa na ushawishi wa kutosha wa soko kuzuia au kupunguza upanuzi wa wingu, na seva zake na minyororo ya vifaa vya idling iliyoundwa kufanya dijiti inapatikana wakati wowote, mahali popote. Badala yake, hali niliyoiona hapo juu inaonyesha ulimwengu ambao makampuni ya teknolojia yanaendelea kupanua - kutafuta faida na kubaki kwa kiasi kikubwa bila udhibiti - hadi athari za jumla za sekta yao zinapovuruga ulimwengu unaopanda joto sana kwamba serikali na umma hawana chaguo jingine ila kuingilia kati, ingawa ni marehemu. Katika kipindi hiki cha joto ambacho wanasayansi wa dunia wameita "Anthropocene" ambapo mifano ya hali ya hewa inatarajia hali ya hewa ya baadaye ya cataclysmic, uvumi sio tena mkoa pekee wa waandishi wa hadithi za uwongo.Uhai wa ustaarabu sasa unategemea uwezo wetu wa pamoja wa kufikiria na kutambua siku zijazo endelevu.Uvumbuzi unahitaji mawazo ya ulimwengu mwingine: ulimwengu ambao unaweza kuwa au unaweza kuwa. Utafiti wa kesi unaonyesha kwamba mienendo ya ikolojia tunayojikuta sio matokeo ya mipaka ya muundo, lakini ya mazoea ya kibinadamu na chaguzi kati ya watu binafsi, jamii, mashirika, na serikali pamoja na upungufu wa mapenzi na mawazo ya kuleta wingu endelevu. Wingu ni wote utamaduni na kiteknolojia. Kama sehemu yoyote ya utamaduni, wingu trajectory <unk> na athari zake za ikolojia <unk> si predetermined au unchangeable. Kama ilivyo na mambo mengine ya utamaduni, mambo hayo yanaweza kubadilika-badilika. Abel, Abotutu Ahi. "Uchafuzi wa kelele za mijini katika miji ya Nigeria: Mahitaji ya Kupunguza. "" Jarida la sasa la Sayansi na Teknolojia ya Matumizi 10, hakuna. 6 (2015): 1<unk>9. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali ya BJST, ""BJST ni moja ya makampuni ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa." Upendo, Louise. "Jiografia ya Wingu: Kompyuta, Takwimu, Utawala. "" Maendeleo katika Jiografia ya Binadamu 42, hakuna. " 1 (2018): 4 <unk> 24. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali ya shirika la WHO, ""Hakuna sababu ya kuamua kuwa ni lazima kuondoa dawa za kulevya katika nchi za nje za EU, ikiwa ni pamoja na nchi za nje za EU, ikiwa ni pamoja na nchi za nje za EU.""" Anees, Malik Muhammad, Muhammad Qasim, na Aroj Bashir. <unk>Physiological na Physical Impact of Noise Pollution on Environment.<unk> Sayansi ya Dunia Pakistan 1, hakuna. 1 (2017): 8<unk>11. Aratani, Lauren. "Kuna taarifa kwamba ""Bitcoin inahitaji umeme zaidi kuliko nchi zote zinazotumia"" kulingana na jarida la The Guardian, Februari 27, 2021." Benjamin, Ruha. "Fiktions za Rasi, Mambo ya Kibiolojia: Kuongeza Mawazo ya Jamii kupitia Mbinu za Speculative. ""Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience 2, no. 2 (2016): 1 <unk> 28. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali ya ""CFTC"" (CFTC) ya 10 Aprili, 2018 (Toleo la 2 la Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo ya Maelezo." Bosker, Bianca. "Kwa nini kila kitu kinakuwa na sauti kubwa zaidi. ""The Atlantic, Novemba 2019, 1." "Mchoro wa ""The Atlantic"" wa mwaka 2019 unaonyesha jinsi kelele inavyoathiri afya ya watu na jinsi inavyoathiri afya yao, na pia ni makala ya kwanza katika jarida la Open Journal of Social Sciences." " (trg) =""10""> Kwa hiyo, kitabu cha 2 Timotheo 5: 7, kinasema hivi: "" Usiwe na wasiwasi. """ Bronzaft, Arline L., na Dennis P. McCarthy. "Uwezo wa sauti ya treni ya juu juu ya uwezo wa kusoma. "" Mazingira na tabia 7, no. 475: 517-28 (Mwanzo wa mwaka wa 475). "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Usimamizi wa Maji"" ya Google, ""Usimamizi wa Maji"" ni ""mtazamo wa maendeleo ya maji"" na ""mtazamo wa maji"" ni ""mtazamo wa maji.""" Burrell, Jenna. "Kuhusu Mkusanyiko wa Nusu-Ujenzi: Kusubiri Kituo cha Takwimu huko Prineville, Oregon. ""Kushiriki Sayansi, Teknolojia, na Jamii 6 (2020): 283 <unk> 305." Burrington, Ingrid. "The Atlantic, Desemba 16, 2015: ""Hakuna mawingu safi"" - Cook, Gary, Jude Lee, Tamina Tsai, Ada Kong, John Deans, Brian Johnson, na Elizabeth Jardim" #CleanClean Greenpeace "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""CleanClean.org"" na ""International CleanClean.org"" na ""CleanClean.org"" na ""International CleanClean.org"" na ""International CleanClean.org"" na ""International CleanClean.org"" na ""International CleanClean.org"" na ""International CleanClean.org"" na ""International CleanClean.org"" na ""International CleanClean.org"" na ""International CleanClean.""" Crutzen, Paul J. <unk>The <unk>Anthropocene.<unk> Katika Sayansi ya Mfumo wa Dunia katika Anthropocene, ed. Eckhart Ehlers na Thomas Krafft, 13-18. Berlin, Springer, 2006 Dauvergne, Peter. <unk>Je, Akili bandia inahifadhi minyororo ya ugavi ya kimataifa? "Kuchunguza Uchumi wa Kisiasa wa Gharama za Mazingira: Mapitio ya Uchumi wa Kisiasa wa Kimataifa (Septemba 3, 2020).""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali ya Tume ya Uchunguzi ya EU, ""mfano wa mkataba wa ushirikiano wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa wa kimataifa"" (IUCN) 101010109109290.2020." Dauvergne, Peter. "The Globalization of Artificial Intelligence: Consequences for the Politics of Environmentalism"" (Ulimwengu wa Akili bandia: Matokeo kwa Siasa za Utamaduni wa Mazingira) ni kitabu cha kwanza cha utafiti wa ulimwengu wa akili bandia." 2 (2021): 285 <unk> 99. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali ya Tume ya Uchunguzi ya Usalama ya Dunia (IUCN) ya mwaka 2010: ""Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama wa Usalama.""" Dhar, Payal. "Kutumia teknolojia ya ""Carbon"" kwa ajili ya ujasusi wa bandia, ""Nature Machine Intelligence"" ni moja ya teknolojia za kisasa zaidi." (Mwanzo 8:23, 25) Kwa nini? "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""doi.org.""" Donaghy, Tim, Caroline Henderson, na Elizabeth Jardim. <unk>Mafuta katika Wingu.<unk> Greenpeace. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya ""Greenpeace"" ya 19 Mei 2020, ""mafuta katika wingu"" ni ""mafuta katika wingu"" na ""mafuta katika wingu"" ni ""mafuta katika wingu.""" Dourish, Paul. Vitu vya Bits: insha juu ya Vitu vya Habari. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017 (Kampuni ya Uandishi wa Habari ya MIT, Cambridge, MA) Ensmenger, Nathan. "The Environmental History of Computing"" (Tabibu na Utamaduni, 59, namba 1)" 4 (2018): S7 < S33. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya kwanza ya toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo la toleo.""" "Kichwa cha habari na mazingira: Habari na Utamaduni 52, no. 3 (2017): 295 <unk> 303. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya 10 ya ""Mtazamo wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti.""" "Kutokana na utafiti wa ""Utafiti wa Kimaadili kwa Utafiti Unaohusisha Takwimu za Umma"" (Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3rd, Desemba 2019), 249, https: www.doi.org.uk 111011453271." Fiesler, Casey. "Kufanya ubunifu kama Optimist, Kuandaa kama Pessimist: Ethical Speculation na Legal Imagination. <unk> Colorado Technology Law Journal 19, no. 1 (2021): 1 <unk> 18. "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""Colourful"" (Colourful) na ""Colourful"" (Colourful) na ""Colourful"" (Colourful) na ""Colourful"" (Colourful) na ""Colourful"" (Colourful) na ""Colourful"" (Colourful)." Gabrys, Jennifer. (2013). Uchafu wa Dijiti. Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan Press. Glanz, James. (Kicheko cha macho) "Kulingana na ripoti ya ""The New York Times"" ya Septemba 22, 2012, ""The Cloud Factories: Power, Pollution, and the Internet"" ni ""mfano wa teknolojia ya vituo vya data-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.""" Gonzalez Monserrate, Steven. "Silicon Fox." "Anthropology and Humanism 45, no. 2020: 130 <= 38 "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""doi.org"" na ""anhui.org"" na ""anhui.org"" na ""anhui.org"" na ""anhui.org"" na ""anhui.org"" na ""anhui.org"" na ""anhui.org"" na ""anhui.org"" na ""anhui.org"" na ""anhui.org"" na ""anhui.""" Hao, Karen. "Kufundisha mfano mmoja wa AI unaweza kutoa kaboni nyingi kama magari matano katika maisha yao. "" - MIT Technology Review, Juni 6, 2019" Kukaa na Tatizo. Durham, NC: Chuo Kikuu cha Duke Press, 2016. Hogan, Mél. "Kutoka kwa data na matatizo ya maji: Kituo cha data cha Utah ""Big Data & Society""" (Mwanzo 2:5-7) Kwa nini? "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali ya shirika la WHO, ""Hakuna sababu ya kuamua kuwa ni lazima kuondoa dawa za kulevya katika nchi za nje za EU.""" Hogan, Mél. "Kutoka kwa ""Big Data Ecology"" - Efemera 18" 3 (2018): 631 <unk> 57. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Makosa ya Utafiti"" ya ""Makosa ya Utafiti"" ya ""Makosa ya Utafiti"" ya ""Makosa ya Utafiti"" ya ""Makosa ya Utafiti"" ya ""Makosa ya Utafiti"" ya ""Makosa ya Utafiti"" ya ""Makosa ya Utafiti"" ya ""Makosa ya Utafiti"" ya ""Makosa ya Utafiti.""" Holt, Jennifer, na Patrick Vonderau. <unk><unk>Where the Internet Lives<unk>: Data Centers kama Cloud Infrastructure.<unk> Katika Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures, ed. Lisa Parks na Nicole Staroselski, umri wa miaka 71 na 93. Champaign: Chuo Kikuu cha Illinois Press. Hsieh, Jennifer C. <unk>Kufanya kelele katika Taiwan ya Mjini: Decibels, Jimbo, na Sono-jamii. <unk> American Ethnologist 48, no. 1 (2021): 51 <unk> 64. "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.org"" na ""doi.""" Hu, Tung-Hui. Historia ya Kabla ya Wingu. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015 (Kifungu cha kwanza cha Kiingereza) Ion, Florence. Google imepanga kuongeza matumizi ya maji kwa asilimia 120 ya matumizi yake ya maji, lakini haikufikia lengo lake la kuongeza maji kwa asilimia 120 ya matumizi yake ya maji. Jardim, Elizabeth. "Microsoft, Google, Amazon: ""Ni nani mnyoofu mkubwa wa hali ya hewa?"" - Greenpeace, Januari 27, 2020" Jardin, Elizabeth. "Kutoka Smart hadi Senseless: Athari ya Ulimwenguni ya Miaka Kumi ya Smartphones. "" - Greenpeace, Februari 26, 2017" Hakimu, Peter. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya EU Cloud Providers Pledge to Go Climate Neutral by 2030, data ya ""Climate Neutral"" inapaswa kuwa ya msingi kwa watumiaji wa teknolojia ya data na watumiaji wa teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia." Hakimu, Peter. "Wakazi wa Chicago wanalalamika juu ya kelele kutoka kwa Kituo cha Takwimu cha Digital Realty. "" - Data Center Dynamics, Julai 22, 2021." Johnson, Alix. "Kituo cha data kama miundombinu ya kati: Kuongeza uhusiano na kudumu marginalities katika Iceland. ""American Ethnologist 46, no. 1 (2019): 75 <unk> 88. "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa ""mfano"" wa""" "Kuweka Takwimu ndani ya Historia za Milki: Kufikiria Iceland kama Vituo vya Takwimu ""Nyumbani ya Asili"" Mashine ya Utamaduni 18 (2019)." "Kutoka kwa ""Culture Machine"" na ""The Nature of Data Centers"" na ""Culture Machine"" na ""Culture Data Centers"" na ""Culture Data Centers"" na ""Culture Data Centers"" na ""Culture Data Centers"" na ""Culture Data Centers"" na ""Culture Data Centers"" na ""Culture Data Centers"" na ""Culture Data Centers"" na ""Culture Data Centers"" na ""Culture Data Centers.""" "Jinsi ya Kuzuia Vituo vya Takwimu Kutumia Umeme wa Ulimwengu." - Nature 561, no. (Kutoka 77:2,38,39,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,69,79,79,79,79,79,89,89,89,89,89,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,9 "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""mfano"" wa ""doi.org"" (doi.org 10.1038 d41586-018-06610 y)." Kaack, Lynn, Priya Donti, Emma Strubell, George Kamiya, Felix Creutzig, na David Rolnick. "Kupunguza Uwezo wa Akili wa Artificial na Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Hewa: ""Kufanya kazi kwa nguvu na nguvu"" (Hal 3363533)" "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""Halys Archives"" (Halys Archives) na ""Halys Archives"" (Halys Archives) na ""Halys Archives"" (Halys Archives) na ""Halys Archives"" (Halys Archives) na ""Halys Archives"" (Halys Archives) na ""Halys Archives"" (Halys Archives) na ""Halys Archives"" (Halys Archives)." Kolbert, Elizabeth. "Kwa nini Bitcoin ni mbaya kwa mazingira? ""The New Yorker, Aprili 22, 2021" Koomey, Jonathan, na Eric Masanet. "Hata hivyo, ""Usiwe na wasiwasi kuhusu kuathiri kwa kiwango cha nishati na kaboni"" ni moja ya sababu za kuepuka mapungufu ya mtandao." (Mstari wa 21) (Mstari wa 22) (Mstari wa 28) "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali ya JIRO, ""JiRO"" ilitolewa mnamo Juni 2020 na ""JIRO"" ilitolewa mnamo Juni 2020." Lee, Nathaniel, David Anderson, na Jessica Orwig. "Kusababisha kelele ni hatari kubwa kwa afya kuliko unavyofikiri, na Wamarekani hawaichukui kwa uzito. "" - Business Insider, Januari 26, 2018" Livni, Ephrat. "Kazakhstan ""s Huge Bitcoin Mining Industry Is Upended by Unrest. ""New York Times, Januari 6, 2022. https: www.nytimes.com 22-01-06-business_kazakhstan_bitcoin_mining.html Lüthje, Boy, na Florian Butollo." "Kwa nini Foxconn Model haina kufa: Mifumo ya Uzalishaji na Mahusiano ya Kazi katika Sekta ya IT Kusini mwa China. - Globalization 14" 2 (2017): 216 <unk> 31. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali ya Tume ya Uchunguzi ya EU, ""mfano wa hatua hii ni hatua ya kwanza ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua ya hatua." Martineau, Kim. "Kupunguza ""Kaboni Footprint"" ya Mafunzo ya kina: MIT News, Agosti 7, 2020" Molina, Tara. Wakazi wa Printer's Row wanalalamika juu ya kelele zisizovumilika za kipepeo cha baridi kutoka kwa Kampuni ya Dijiti, ikizidi kuwa mbaya zaidi wakati wa kiangazi. - CBS Chicago, Juni 25, 2021 "Jason Moore, ""The Capitalocene: On the Nature and Origins of Our Ecological Crisis"" (Jarida la Mafunzo ya Wakulima, 44)." 3 (2017): 594 < 630 "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Makofi ya Usalama"" ya 101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010 "Kupunguza hewa kwenye mtandao." - Jeffrey Moro (blogi). "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Jeffrey Morrow: Utafiti wa 2019"" na ""Asap 2019""" NPR (Nurse) "Kulingana na ripoti ya ""Environmental Concerns Arise Over Energy Needed to Mine Bitcoin"" iliyochapishwa na jarida la The Economist, Bitcoin ina uwezo wa kuzalisha nishati ya kutosha kwa ajili ya uchimbaji wa madini." Obringer, Renee, Benjamin Rachunok, Debora Maia-Silva, Maryam Arbabzadeh, Roshanak Nateghi, na Kaveh Madani. "Kutumia mtandao kwa njia ya ""kuchukua hatua za mazingira"" ni muhimu kwa ajili ya uhifadhi wa mazingira na uhifadhi wa mazingira, na kwa hivyo, kwa sababu ya matumizi ya mtandao, ni muhimu kwa ajili ya uhifadhi wa mazingira na uhifadhi wa mazingira." Özden-Schilling, Canay. Uchumi wa sasa: Masoko ya umeme na Techno-uchumi. Stanford, CA: Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford Press, 2021. Parks, Lisa, na Nicole Starosielski, wahariri. Trafiki ya ishara: Mafunzo muhimu ya Miundombinu ya Vyombo vya Habari. Champaign: Chuo Kikuu cha Illinois Press, 2015. Peters, John Durham. Mawingu ya ajabu: kuelekea falsafa ya vyombo vya habari vya msingi. Chicago: Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago Press, 2015. Shuja, Junaid, Abdullah Gani, Shahaboddin Shamshirband, Raja Wasim Ahmad, na Kashif Bilal. "Kampuni ya ""Sustainable Cloud Data Center"" inatoa huduma ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia." " (trg) =""10""> Katika kitabu chake cha kwanza, kitabu cha kwanza, kilichochapishwa mnamo mwaka wa 2016, mwandishi wa habari, Olivia Solon, aliandika hivi: "" Ndio, mimi ni mzee wa miaka kumi na sita." "Kulingana na ripoti ya NBC News, ""Watu wengi wanaishi katika mazingira ya ukame, na wanaishi katika mazingira ya ukame, na wanaishi katika mazingira ya ukame, na wanaishi katika mazingira ya ukame.""" Starosielski, Nicole. Vyombo vya Habari vya Moto na Baridi. Durham, NC: Chuo Kikuu cha Duke Press, 2021. Starosielski, Nicole. <unk>Thermocultures ya Geological Media.<unk> Sera ya Utamaduni 12, hakuna. 3 (2016): 293 <unk> 309. "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""mfano"" wa ""doi.org"" (10.1215-17432197-3648858)." Starosielski, Nicole. Mtandao wa Chini ya Bahari. Durham, NC: Chuo Kikuu cha Duke Press, 2015. Strubell, Emma, Ananya Ganesh, na Andrew McCallum. "Kutumia NLP kwa ajili ya kujifunza kina, ""Mfano wa NLP, Juni 5, 2019." "Kutumia data kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi"" kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi"" kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi"" kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi"" kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi"" kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi"" kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi"" kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi"" kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi"" kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi"" kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi"" kwa njia ya ""kufanya kazi""" "Kuna nini kinachotokea kwa vifaa vya mitambo na umeme wakati wa kukomesha kituo cha data? "" - Data Center Dynamics, Machi 8, 2021." UNEP (Mipango ya Mazingira ya Umoja wa Mataifa). "Tarifa ya ""Mchoro wa Pato la Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko wa Mzunguko.""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ripoti ya UNEP ya Oktoba 26, 2021, ""Utoaji wa gesi kwa nchi za nje ni muhimu kwa nchi za nje, na kwa nchi za nje, kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa gesi katika nchi za nje.""" Velkova, Julia. "Utafiti wa ""Water Warm"" na ""Waste Heat"" na ""Infrastructure Convergence and Computing Traffic Commodity"" ni utafiti wa data na teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia." 2 (2016). "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali ya shirika la WHO, ""Hakuna sababu ya kuamua kuwa ni lazima kuondoa dawa za kulevya katika nchi za nje za EU.""" Vonderau, Asta. "Kuchukua data, kuunda mfumo wa hewa: Thermocultures ya Cloud"" - Culture Machine 18" 5 (2019). 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