This lesson details how to say that something is something. There is a lot more that can be said about the grammar involved here, and there are many other things to keep in mind which have been left out for now.
In Kashmiri, verbs have gender agreement, which is to say that the verb agrees with the subject in its gender, and sometimes with the object as well.
|You (sg.) are
|You (pl.) are
Deixis[edit | edit source]
This brings us to a very important concept in Kashmiri, that of deixis, specifically deictic pronouns. The concept is the same as in English. Think of the difference between this/these and that/those. The former pair is used to refer to something that is nearby to the speaker, or pertinent in some other way. The latter pair denotes a thing or two that are further away. Kashmiri has a similar phenomenon when it comes to pronouns, albeit with three tiers instead of two. Like in English, the deixis is restricted in the third person only.
Here are the three forms, with the masculine preceding the feminine form.
|Used when the referrent is not in viewing range.
|Used when the referrent is visible, albeit not necessarily audible. You may have to shout to be heard by this person.
|This pronoun is used the referrent is nearby and in audible range. There's no gender split in this case.
Somo hili linaeleza jinsi ya kusema kwamba kitu fulani ni kitu fulani. Kuna mengi zaidi ambayo yanaweza kusemwa kuhusu sarufi inayohusika hapa, na kuna mambo mengine mengi ya kukumbuka ambayo yameachwa nje kwa sasa. Katika lugha ya Kashmiri, vitenzi vina mkataba wa jinsia, ambayo ni kusema kwamba vitenzi vinakubaliana na somo katika jinsia yake, na wakati mwingine na kitu pia. [Ukurasa wa pili] [Kutoka kwa [pl]] Deixis [edit | edit chanzo] Hii inatuleta kwa dhana muhimu sana katika Kashmiri, kwamba ya deixis, hasa deictic pronouns. Dhana hiyo ni sawa na ile ya Kiingereza. Fikiria tofauti kati ya hii na hii na hiyo. Wawili wa kwanza hutumiwa kurejelea kitu kilicho karibu na msemaji, au kinachohusiana kwa njia nyingine. Viungo hivyo viwili vya mwisho vinaonyesha kitu au vitu viwili vilivyo mbali zaidi. Lugha ya Kashmiri ina jambo kama hilo linapohusu majina ya watu, ingawa ina ngazi tatu badala ya mbili. Kama ilivyo katika Kiingereza, deixis imepunguzwa katika mtu wa tatu tu. Hapa kuna aina tatu, na aina ya kiume inawakilisha aina ya kike. |Inatumiwa wakati referent si katika umbali wa kutazama. _Inatumiwa wakati referent ni inayoonekana, ingawa si lazima kusikika. Huenda ukalazimika kupiga kelele ili mtu huyo akusikie. <p>Hii ni pronoun kutumika referent ni karibu na katika mbalimbali ya kusikika. Hakuna mgawanyiko wa kijinsia katika kesi hii.