As one of the five key industries in the VOCs governance objectives, the printing industry is facing unprecedented environmental pressure for a time. From source, process control to end treatment, how to carry out VOCs treatment and how to select treatment equipment have become the focus of printing enterprises.
Reducing the use and emission of organic solvents from the source has great potential for emission reduction. In the long run, it is the fundamental way to realize the emission reduction of VOCs in the industry. However, at this stage, it is not possible to treat the waste gas completely from the source. For the production process links with VOCs as raw materials and the use process links of products containing VOCs, only waste gas collection measures can be taken to improve the waste gas collection efficiency and reduce the unorganized emission and escape of waste gas, which is the prerequisite for follow-up treatment. In the production process of products containing VOCs and the production process with VOCs as raw materials, VOCs emission is inevitable, and terminal treatment must be carried out according to the existing national laws, regulations and standards.
Generation of VOCs
Printing is a process technology that uses printing plate or other means to transfer the graphic information on the original to the substrate. According to classification, it mainly includes publication printing, packaging printing and other printed matter printing. According to the carrier, it is divided into paper and Paperboard Printing, metal printing, plastic printing, etc.
The printing process mainly includes lithography, relief printing (such as flexographic printing), gravure printing and hole printing. The sources and emission methods of VOCs in different printing processes are basically the same: VOCs come from the used ink and diluent (diluent needs to be added to the airtight substrate for printing, such as metal printing and plastic printing), composite adhesive (only limited to some printing enterprises with composite process) and equipment cleaning agent. The possible emission ways include solvent volatilization in the ink mixing process, ink solvent volatilization in the printing process, drying stage Compound process and equipment cleaning process, etc.
The printing production process and main VOCs generation links are shown in the figure.
1. Lithographic printing process and VOCs emission
Lithography (lithography), also known as offset printing (offset printing), is characterized by the fact that the inked part and the blank part of the printing plate are almost on the same plane. The inks used by lithographic printing enterprises include solvent based inks, plant soybean inks, UV curing inks and water-based inks. Solvent based inks have a high content of volatile organic compounds and are the main VOCs emission source of lithographic printing enterprises. In addition, the organic solvent car wash water and fountain solution used in the production process of lithography are also one of the VOCs emission sources.
2. Relief printing process and VOCs emission
The graphic part of relief printing (embossing) is in a plane, which is significantly higher than the blank part. When the printing plate is inked, the ink is attached to the convex part of the printing plate and transferred to the substrate under pressure. The traditional relief printing adopts copper zinc plate. At present, it is gradually replaced by flexographic printing (flexographic printing), using soft resin plate.
Flexographic printing is usually used for product packaging and printing. For corrugated box products with low color requirements, water-based ink is generally used, and there is almost no VOCs emission; For brightly colored film products, alcohol soluble ink is generally used, and VOCs Pollution is produced in the printing process.
3. Gravure printing process and VOCs emission
The blank part on the plate cylinder of gravure printing (gravure printing) is higher than the printed picture and text part, and the height is very different. The blank part is on the same plane or the same curved surface. The concave graphic part on the printing plate forms a net hole to accommodate the ink, and the graphic imprint on the printing plate cylinder is transferred to the surface of the substrate through roller imprinting.
Gravure printing is widely used in the field of packaging and special product printing. It is suitable for film, composite materials, paper and other media. Ink with low viscosity and high VOCs content is usually used. A large number of VOCs are produced in the printing process, and the composition is complex.
4. Hole printing process and VOCs emission
Hole printing (also known as screen printing and silk screen printing) is to weave real silk, nylon or metal wire into a net, tighten it on the net frame, and make a screen by manual film engraving or photochemical plate making. The non graphic part of the screen is sealed by the coated photosensitive coating, leaving only the mesh of the graphic part to pass through the ink. When printing, first apply ink on the screen, and then gently scrape it with a rubber scraper. The ink passes through the screen and is transferred to the printing material placed under the screen.
VOCs in hole printing mainly come from ink and cleaning agent. When solvent ink is used, the emission concentration of VOCs is relatively high.
5. Composite process and VOCs emission
Composite process refers to a post press processing method in which different substrates are bonded by adhesive to form a combination of two or more materials, including dry composite, wet composite, extrusion composite, hot melt composite and other processes. The dry composite process requires a large amount of adhesive and diluent, with large VOCs emission and single composition. The printing process, raw and auxiliary materials containing VOCs and VOCs emission characteristics are shown in the table.
Due to the complexity of VOCs waste gas composition and properties and the limitations of a single treatment technology, it is often difficult to meet the treatment requirements by using a single technology in most cases. Using the advantages of different treatment technologies, the combined process of two or more single purification technologies has received great attention. The combined treatment process can not only meet the emission requirements, but also reduce the operation cost of purification equipment.
Combined with the characteristics of the industry and the analysis of raw and auxiliary materials, we found that the VOCs waste gas of printing industry contains toluene, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone and isopropanol (ethanol), with high emission intensity, while the emission intensity of general paper printing is low, but the composition is more complex. Combined with the most common VOCs treatment technology at present and the requirements of local governments that gas-related enterprises should not choose a single process when choosing treatment technology and process, enterprises are basically required to achieve more than 80% of the end treatment efficiency. The traditional treatment process can not meet this requirement at all, so they can only adopt combustion method for treatment. However, in the process of waste gas treatment by direct combustion method, there are problems such as high energy consumption, and it is basically impossible to burn when the waste gas concentration is not high. It is necessary to change the waste gas concentration through early technology and increase the waste gas concentration through physical means.
After the investigation of printing enterprises and the actual situation of VOCs Pollution in printing enterprises, this paper focuses on the activated carbon concentration catalytic combustion technology.
The essence of activated carbon adsorption is to use the characteristics of activated carbon adsorption to adsorb and concentrate the organic solvent in low concentration and large air volume waste gas into activated carbon, and the gas purified by activated carbon adsorption is directly evacuated. Its essence is a process of adsorption and concentration without removing the organic solvent. This is a physical process.
The essence of catalytic combustion desorption is to use the hot air of catalytic combustion to heat the adsorbed organic solvent in the activated carbon to reach the boiling point of the solvent, desorb the organic solvent from the activated carbon, and introduce the high concentration waste gas into the catalytic combustion reactor. At the catalytic ignition temperature of 250 ℃, the oxidation reaction is carried out through the action of catalyst, which is transformed into harmless water and carbon dioxide and discharged into the atmosphere. This is a secondary combustion process, which can not be completely solved by chemical desorption.
Activated carbon adsorption catalytic combustion desorption is an effective combination of the above two advantages. That is, first use activated carbon for adsorption and concentration. When the activated carbon adsorption reaches saturation, use electric heating to start the catalytic combustion equipment, and use hot air to locally heat the activated carbon adsorption bed. When the catalytic combustion reaction bed is heated to 250 ℃ and the activated carbon adsorption bed locally reaches 60 ~ 110 ℃, the high concentration waste gas desorbed from the adsorption bed can undergo oxidation reaction in the catalytic reaction bed. The high-temperature gas after reaction is heat exchanged by the heat exchanger. Part of the gas after heat exchange is reused and sent to the activated carbon adsorption bed for desorption, and the other part is discharged into the atmosphere. The temperature of the desorbed waste gas increases rapidly after heat exchange by the heat exchanger, so that the catalytic combustion device and desorption can operate at low power or no power.
Most printing enterprises have the characteristics of large exhaust air volume and low concentration in the collection process due to large equipment, large workshop space and other reasons. The activated carbon concentration catalytic combustion technology is a better treatment method. Its main features are:
1) The biggest feature of catalytic combustion is that high, low and medium exhaust gases can be used. When the exhaust gas concentration is high, the adsorption and desorption time is short, and it can become high concentration exhaust gas; When the concentration of waste gas is low, the adsorption and desorption time is longer, and it is also collected. When it reaches a certain concentration, the desorption treatment becomes high concentration waste gas, and then it is burned. Due to the rapid transformation of raw and auxiliary materials, enterprises can gradually replace them from the source and continuously reduce the VOCs concentration of raw and auxiliary materials. However, the treatment effect of waste gas treatment equipment will not change, but the operation cost is reduced, and the equipment does not need to be replaced.
2) It is more in line with the carbon neutralization mentioned in the 14th five year plan. Through the combustion device (start when in use and stop when not in use), it not only meets the governance objectives, but also helps enterprises achieve energy conservation and consumption reduction.
3) The activated carbon concentration catalytic combustion technology is mature and stable. It has been operated in the market for more than 4 years since 2017, with good stability. Through the promotion and use in previous years, the market price is relatively transparent and the overall cost is low.
4) The operation cost of the technology in the operation process is relatively simple, mainly including adsorbent (activated carbon), catalyst, collection of wind turbine energy and combustion of wind tower power. In these aspects, enterprises can adjust in time according to VOCs concentration and production orders without professionals. At the same time, activated carbon is cheap and there are many manufacturers. Enterprises can choose independent operation and maintenance or third-party operation and maintenance.
There are various VOCs waste gas treatment technologies. Enterprises need to choose after comprehensive analysis in technology and economy (technical feasibility and economic rationality). Through the detailed detection and analysis of pollutant components, and according to the necessary on-site tests, they need to carry out expert "consultation" on the recovery value of organic matter, the boiling point of pollutants, the level of water solubility, biodegradability and the emission mode of waste gas, and pass the technical scheme review, Choose the most appropriate way of governance.
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Kama moja ya viwanda vitano muhimu katika malengo ya usimamizi wa VOCs, sekta ya uchapishaji inakabiliwa na shinikizo la mazingira lisilo na kifani kwa muda. Kutoka chanzo, mchakato wa kudhibiti hadi mwisho wa matibabu, jinsi ya kufanya matibabu ya VOCs na jinsi ya kuchagua vifaa vya matibabu vimekuwa lengo la makampuni ya uchapishaji. Kupunguza matumizi na uzalishaji wa vimumunyifu vya kikaboni kutoka kwa chanzo ina uwezo mkubwa wa kupunguza uzalishaji. Kwa muda mrefu, ni njia ya msingi ya kutambua kupunguza uzalishaji wa VOCs katika sekta hiyo. Hata hivyo, katika hatua hii, si inawezekana kutibu gesi taka kabisa kutoka chanzo. Kwa viungo vya mchakato wa uzalishaji na VOCs kama malighafi na viungo vya mchakato wa matumizi ya bidhaa zenye VOCs, hatua za kukusanya gesi za taka zinaweza kuchukuliwa tu ili kuboresha ufanisi wa kukusanya gesi za taka na kupunguza uzalishaji usio na utaratibu na kutoroka kwa gesi za taka, ambayo ni sharti la matibabu ya kufuatilia. Katika mchakato wa uzalishaji wa bidhaa zenye VOCs na mchakato wa uzalishaji na VOCs kama malighafi, uzalishaji wa VOCs ni lazima, na matibabu ya mwisho lazima kufanyika kulingana na sheria zilizopo za kitaifa, kanuni na viwango. Uchapishaji wa VOC ni teknolojia ya mchakato ambayo hutumia sahani ya uchapishaji au njia nyingine kuhamisha habari ya picha kwenye asili kwenye substrate. Kulingana na uainishaji, ni hasa ni pamoja na uchapishaji wa machapisho, uchapishaji wa ufungaji na uchapishaji mwingine wa vifaa vya kuchapishwa. Kulingana na mtoa huduma, imegawanywa katika karatasi na Karatasi ya uchapishaji, uchapishaji wa chuma, uchapishaji wa plastiki, nk. Utaratibu wa uchapishaji hasa ni pamoja na lithography, kuchapisha relief (kama vile uchapishaji flexographic), uchapishaji gravure na uchapishaji shimo. VOCs hutoka kwa wino na diluent (diluent inahitaji kuongezwa kwa substrate ya hewa ya kuchapisha, kama vile uchapishaji wa chuma na uchapishaji wa plastiki), adhesive ya mchanganyiko (tu mdogo kwa baadhi ya makampuni ya uchapishaji na mchakato wa mchanganyiko) na wakala wa kusafisha vifaa. Njia zinazowezekana za uzalishaji ni pamoja na kutoweka kwa kioevu katika mchakato wa kuchanganya wino, kutoweka kwa kioevu cha kioevu katika mchakato wa uchapishaji, hatua ya kukausha mchakato wa mchanganyiko na mchakato wa kusafisha vifaa, nk. Utaratibu wa uzalishaji wa uchapishaji na viungo kuu vya uzalishaji wa VOCs vinaonyeshwa katika mchoro. 1. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Lithography (au lithography) ni uchapishaji wa offset, ambayo ni sehemu ya kuchapisha ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi. Inks kutumika na lithographic makampuni ya uchapishaji ni pamoja na solvent msingi inks, mimea soya inks, UV curing inks na maji-msingi inks. Inks solvent-msingi na maudhui ya juu ya kemikali za kikaboni volatile na ni chanzo kikuu cha uzalishaji VOCs ya makampuni ya uchapishaji lithographic. Kwa kuongezea, maji ya kuosha magari ya solvent ya kikaboni na suluhisho la chemchemi inayotumiwa katika mchakato wa uzalishaji wa lithography pia ni moja ya vyanzo vya uzalishaji wa VOCs. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Relief uchapishaji mchakato na VOCs uzalishaji: sehemu ya picha ya kuchapisha relief (embossing) ni katika ndege, ambayo ni kwa kiasi kikubwa juu kuliko sehemu tupu. Wakati sahani ya uchapishaji ni inked, wino ni kushikamana na sehemu convex ya sahani ya uchapishaji na kuhamishwa kwa substrate chini ya shinikizo. Uchapishaji wa jadi wa misaada huchukua sahani ya shaba ya zinki. Kwa sasa, ni hatua kwa hatua kubadilishwa na flexographic uchapishaji (flexographic uchapishaji), kutumia laini resin sahani. Flexographic uchapishaji ni kawaida kutumika kwa ajili ya bidhaa ufungaji na uchapishaji. Kwa bidhaa za sanduku la corrugated zenye mahitaji ya rangi ya chini, wino wa maji hutumiwa kwa ujumla, na hakuna uzalishaji wa VOC; Kwa bidhaa za filamu zenye rangi nyangavu, wino wa kuyeyushwa kwa pombe hutumiwa kwa ujumla, na uchafuzi wa VOC hutengenezwa katika mchakato wa uchapishaji. 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Gravure uchapishaji mchakato na uzalishaji wa VOCs: Sehemu tupu kwenye silinda ya sahani ya uchapishaji wa gravure (uchapishaji wa gravure) ni ya juu kuliko sehemu ya picha na maandishi yaliyochapishwa, na urefu ni tofauti sana. Sehemu tupu ni juu ya ndege hiyo hiyo au uso huo curved. Concave graphic sehemu kwenye bamba la uchapishaji huunda shimo la wavu ili kukaribisha wino, na alama ya picha kwenye silinda ya bamba la uchapishaji inahamishwa kwenye uso wa substrate kupitia roller imprinting. Gravure uchapishaji ni sana kutumika katika uwanja wa ufungaji na maalum ya bidhaa uchapishaji. Ni yanafaa kwa ajili ya filamu, vifaa composite, karatasi na vyombo vingine vya habari. Kwa kawaida, wino wenye viscosity ya chini na maudhui ya juu ya VOC hutumiwa. Idadi kubwa ya VOCs hutengenezwa katika mchakato wa uchapishaji, na muundo ni tata. 4. Uwe na uhakika Hole uchapishaji (pia inajulikana kama screen uchapishaji na silk screen uchapishaji) ni weave silk halisi, nylon au waya chuma katika wavu, tightening juu ya frame wavu, na kufanya screen kwa mwongozo filamu engraving au photochemical sahani kufanya. Sehemu isiyo ya picha ya skrini imefungwa na kifuniko cha photosensitive kilichofunikwa, ikiacha tu mesh ya sehemu ya picha kupita kupitia wino. Unapochapisha, kwanza tumia wino kwenye kiwambo, kisha uchukue kwa upole kwa kipaza-chembe cha mpira. Wino hupita kwenye kioo na kuhamishwa kwenye vifaa vya kuchapisha vilivyowekwa chini ya kioo. VOCs katika uchapishaji wa shimo hasa hutoka kwa wino na wakala wa kusafisha. Wakati wino solvent ni kutumika, mkusanyiko wa uzalishaji wa VOCs ni ya juu kwa kulinganisha. 5. Uwe na mtazamo mzuri. Utaratibu wa mchanganyiko na uzalishaji wa VOCs: Utaratibu wa mchanganyiko ni njia ya usindikaji baada ya kuchapisha ambayo substrate tofauti huunganishwa na adhesive kuunda mchanganyiko wa vifaa viwili au zaidi, pamoja na mchanganyiko wa kavu, mchanganyiko wa mvua, mchanganyiko wa extrusion, mchanganyiko wa kuyeyuka moto na michakato mingine. Kwa mfano, kwa ajili ya mchakato wa dry composite, inahitajika kiasi kikubwa cha adhesive na diluent, na uzalishaji mkubwa wa VOCs na muundo mmoja. Vifaa vya kuchapisha, vifaa vya msingi na vya kusaidia vyenye VOCs na sifa za uzalishaji wa VOCs zinaonyeshwa katika jedwali. Kwa sababu ya utata wa muundo wa gesi ya taka ya VOC na sifa na mapungufu ya teknolojia moja ya matibabu, mara nyingi ni vigumu kukidhi mahitaji ya matibabu kwa kutumia teknolojia moja katika kesi nyingi. Kutumia faida ya teknolojia tofauti za matibabu, mchakato wa pamoja wa teknolojia mbili au zaidi za kusafisha moja umepokea umakini mkubwa. Mchakato wa matibabu ya pamoja hauwezi tu kukidhi mahitaji ya uzalishaji, lakini pia kupunguza gharama ya uendeshaji wa vifaa vya kusafisha. Kwa kuzingatia sifa za sekta na uchambuzi wa malighafi na vifaa vya kusaidia, tumeona kwamba gesi ya taka ya VOC ya viwanda vya uchapishaji ina tolueni, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone na isopropanol (ethanol), na nguvu ya uzalishaji wa juu, wakati nguvu ya uzalishaji wa uchapishaji wa karatasi ya jumla ni chini, lakini muundo ni ngumu zaidi. Pamoja na teknolojia ya kawaida ya matibabu ya VOCs kwa sasa na mahitaji ya serikali za mitaa kwamba biashara zinazohusiana na gesi hazipaswi kuchagua mchakato mmoja wakati wa kuchagua teknolojia ya matibabu na mchakato, biashara zinahitajika kufikia zaidi ya 80% ya ufanisi wa matibabu ya mwisho. Utaratibu wa matibabu ya jadi hauwezi kukidhi mahitaji haya kabisa, kwa hivyo wanaweza tu kupitisha njia ya kuchoma kwa matibabu. Hata hivyo, katika mchakato wa matibabu ya gesi taka kwa njia ya moja kwa moja kuchoma, kuna matatizo kama vile matumizi ya juu ya nishati, na ni kimsingi haiwezekani kuchoma wakati mkusanyiko wa gesi taka si juu. Ni muhimu kubadilisha mkusanyiko wa gesi taka kupitia teknolojia ya mapema na kuongeza mkusanyiko wa gesi taka kupitia njia za kimwili. Baada ya uchunguzi wa makampuni ya uchapishaji na hali halisi ya VOCs uchafuzi katika makampuni ya uchapishaji, karatasi hii inazingatia teknolojia ya mwako catalytic mkusanyiko kaboni hai. Adsortion ya kaboni ya kazi ni ya kuunganisha na kuunganisha mchanganyiko wa kikaboni katika kiwango cha chini cha hewa na kiasi kikubwa cha gesi ya taka katika kaboni ya kazi, na gesi iliyo safi na adsorption ya kaboni ya kazi ni moja kwa moja kuondolewa. Kiini chake ni mchakato wa adsorption na mkusanyiko bila kuondoa kioevu kikaboni. Hii ni mchakato wa kimwili. Desorption ya mwako wa catalytic ni kutumia hewa ya moto ya mwako wa catalytic kupasha joto suluhisho la kikaboni lililopigwa katika kaboni iliyoamilishwa ili kufikia hatua ya kuchemka ya suluhisho, desorb suluhisho la kikaboni kutoka kwa kaboni iliyoamilishwa, na kuingiza gesi ya taka ya mkusanyiko wa juu katika kichocheo cha mwako wa catalytic. Katika joto la moto wa catalytic ya 250 ° C, athari ya oxidation hufanywa kupitia hatua ya kichocheo, ambayo hubadilishwa kuwa maji yasiyo na madhara na kaboni dioksidi na kutolewa katika anga. Hii ni mchakato wa mwako wa sekondari, ambayo haiwezi kutatuliwa kabisa na desorption ya kemikali. Activated kaboni adsorption catalytic combustion desorption ni mchanganyiko ufanisi wa faida mbili hapo juu. Yaani, kwanza kutumia kaboni hai kwa ajili ya adsorption na mkusanyiko. Wakati adsorption ya kaboni hai inafikia saturation, kutumia joto umeme kuanza vifaa catalytic mwako, na kutumia hewa moto kwa joto ndani ya kitanda cha adsorption ya kaboni hai. Wakati catalytic moto reaction kitanda ni joto hadi 250 °C na activated kaboni adsorption kitanda locally kufikia 60 °C hadi 110 °C, juu ya mkusanyiko taka gesi desorbed kutoka adsorbed kitanda inaweza kupitia oxidation athari katika catalytic reaction kitanda. Gesi ya joto la juu baada ya athari ni joto kubadilishana na exchanger joto. Sehemu ya gesi baada ya kubadilishana joto ni kutumika tena na kutumwa kwa activated kaboni adsorption kitanda kwa desorption, na sehemu nyingine ni discharged katika anga. Joto la gesi ya taka ya desorbed huongezeka haraka baada ya kubadilishana joto na exchanger joto, hivyo kwamba kifaa cha kuchoma catalytic na desorption inaweza kufanya kazi kwa nguvu ya chini au hakuna nguvu. Kampuni nyingi za uchapishaji zina sifa za kiasi kikubwa cha hewa ya kutolea nje na mkusanyiko mdogo katika mchakato wa ukusanyaji kwa sababu ya vifaa vikubwa, nafasi kubwa ya warsha na sababu zingine. Teknolojia ya mwako wa catalytic ya mkusanyiko wa kaboni iliyoamilishwa ni njia bora ya matibabu. Katika hali hii, ni muhimu kutambua kwamba, kwa mfano, katika hali ya moto ya catalytic, gesi ya kutolea nje ya hali ya juu, ya chini na ya kati inaweza kutumika. Wakati mkusanyiko wa gesi ya kutolea nje ni kubwa, wakati wa adsorption na desorption ni mfupi, na inaweza kuwa gesi ya kutolea nje ya mkusanyiko wa juu; wakati mkusanyiko wa gesi ya taka ni chini, wakati wa adsorption na desorption ni mrefu, na pia hukusanywa. Wakati inafikia mkusanyiko fulani, matibabu ya desorption inakuwa gesi ya taka ya mkusanyiko wa juu, na kisha huchomwa. Kwa sababu ya mabadiliko ya haraka ya malighafi na vifaa vya kusaidia, biashara zinaweza hatua kwa hatua kuchukua nafasi yao kutoka kwa chanzo na kuendelea kupunguza mkusanyiko wa VOCs ya malighafi na vifaa vya kusaidia. Hata hivyo, athari ya matibabu ya vifaa vya matibabu ya gesi taka haitabadilika, lakini gharama ya uendeshaji hupunguzwa, na vifaa havihitaji kubadilishwa. "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""kuondoa kaboni"" kama ilivyoelezwa katika Mpango wa 14 wa Miaka Mitano." Kupitia kifaa cha kuchoma (kuanza wakati wa matumizi na kuacha wakati hautumiki), haifai tu malengo ya utawala, lakini pia husaidia biashara kufikia uhifadhi wa nishati na kupunguza matumizi. 3) teknolojia ya mwako catalytic mkusanyiko wa kaboni hai ni kukomaa na imara. Kampuni hiyo imekuwa ikifanya kazi kwa zaidi ya miaka minne tangu mwaka 2017, na imekuwa na utulivu mzuri. Kupitia kukuza na matumizi katika miaka ya awali, bei ya soko ni kiasi uwazi na gharama ya jumla ni ya chini. Uendeshaji wa teknolojia ya turbine ya upepo ni rahisi, hasa ikiwa ni pamoja na adsorbent (mashamba ya activated), catalyst, mkusanyiko wa nishati ya turbine ya upepo na kuchoma nguvu ya mnara wa upepo. Katika mambo haya, makampuni inaweza kurekebisha kwa wakati kulingana na VOCs mkusanyiko na maagizo ya uzalishaji bila wataalamu. Wakati huohuo, makaa ya mawe yenye nguvu ni ya bei nafuu na kuna watengenezaji wengi. Biashara zinaweza kuchagua uendeshaji wa kujitegemea na matengenezo au uendeshaji wa tatu na matengenezo. Kuna teknolojia mbalimbali za matibabu ya gesi ya taka ya VOCs. Biashara zinahitaji kuchagua baada ya uchambuzi wa kina katika teknolojia na uchumi (uwezo wa kiufundi na busara ya kiuchumi). Kupitia uchunguzi wa kina na uchambuzi wa vipengele vya uchafuzi, na kulingana na vipimo vya mahali pa lazima, wanahitaji kufanya "mashauriano" ya wataalamu juu ya thamani ya urejeshaji wa vitu vya kikaboni, kiwango cha kuchemsha cha uchafuzi, kiwango cha mumunyifu wa maji, biodegradability na hali ya uzalishaji wa gesi ya taka, na kupitisha ukaguzi wa mpango wa kiufundi. Maelezo ya makala hii yanapatikana katika makala ya VOCs Management in the Printing Industry. Ikiwa Beijing Xinhua Printing Co., Ltd. ina ukiukaji, tafadhali wasiliana ili kufuta