Why You Need to Know About Epitalon
Unless you have a scientific background, it's unlikely you would have heard of epitalon, sometimes referred to as epithalon, epithalone, epithalamin, or epithalamine. If the promise indicated by certain studies on its anti-aging properties prove to be true, however, this synthetic peptide may become a household name.
Research indicates that epitalon is a telomerase activator, meaning it can stimulate telomere elongation. Much of what we know about epitalon comes from the work of Dr. Vladimir Khavinson and other researchers at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology in Russia where it's being developed as an anti-aging drug.
In this article, we'll define what epitalon is and explore what scientists have discovered about its potential anti-aging benefits. But before delving into why scientists are so excited about the effect of epitalon on telomeres, let's cover some basics about telomeres themselves.
The Link Between Telomeres and Aging
Telomeres cap the ends of our chromosomes and protect our genetic code during cell division. Each chromosome contains the genetic information necessary to keep all the cells in our body healthy and functioning at peak capacity. During cell division, those genes must be copied exactly so that the newly created cells have that same essential information. However, the process of replication always leaves off a small section from the ends of the DNA strands. That's where telomeres come in. They're placed at the ends to ensure no vital data gets left behind. Therefore, each time a cell divides, the telomeres capping its chromosomes get shorter. This makes telomere length the limiting factor for cellular division: when they become too short, the cell they're attached to ceases to divide and enters senescence.
Studies indicate shortened telomeres may cause several adverse consequences of aging and age-related diseases, including increased oxidative stress, cancer, and overall mortality. Some experts have gone so far as to hypothesize that the shortening of telomeres may drive the entire aging process.
Understandably, this has drawn attention to telomere elongation as a possible method for preserving good health as we grow older. Stem cells—a subset of cells within the body with the ability to develop into different cell types (and in some instances, to repair injured tissues)—contain an enzyme called telomerase that keeps telomeres long, allowing those cells to replicate an infinite number of times.
Research indicates that providing the body with supplemental telomerase can indeed be an effective anti-aging treatment, however, it may have seriously deleterious side effects. That's because cancer cells, like stem cells, rely on telomerase to maintain a ceaseless rate of replication. Experts in the field of gerontology, the multidisciplinary study of aging and the problems that can accompany it, have raised concerns that the use of exogenous telomerase could spur the development of cancer.
Epitalon may offer a way to lengthen telomeres without the same risks associated with the use of supplemental telomerase.
What Is Epitalon?
The discovery of epitalon, a tetrapeptide with the amino acid sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, was a direct result of efforts to develop safe and effective methods for offsetting adverse effects of aging.
Scientists know that gene expression varies significantly with age, though there are numerous and conflicting explanations for why that might be. A simple and persuasive one goes like this: gene expression acts as a timer for the human life cycle. During our youth, we express genes that allow us to grow. During middle age, we express genes meant to keep us healthy. And when we reach old age, we begin to express genes that cause our cells to shut down.
Gene expression, on a cellular level, describes the translation of our DNA into proteins, the signaling mechanisms of the body. In the 1970s, Dr. Vladimir Anisimov, of the Department of Carcinogenesis and Oncogerontology, N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology in St. Petersburg, and a frequent collaborator of Dr. Khavinson, began investigating the role of short peptides, which he ultimately learned function as epigenetic signals that both promote and repress the expression of whole categories of genes.
These short peptides, strings of fewer than 10 amino acids, can regulate the chemistry of the entire body. This capacity comes in part from the fact that their small size allows them to pass through the skin as well as through the blood-brain barrier. And unlike larger proteins, they tend to pass through the digestive tract intact.
In a review that synthesized a few decades of data, Anisimov shared the results of his investigation of the roles of small peptides isolated from different organs and tissues, such as the thymus gland and the pineal gland, on the mechanisms of aging. As part of his research, Anisimov also developed analogues of those peptide bioregulators, such as synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon.
The terms "epithalamin" and "epithalamine" typically refer to extracted peptide preparations, while "epitalon," "epithalon," and "epithalone" refer to synthetic peptide preparations. As epitalon has been shown to reproduce the effects of epithalamin, we will use that term throughout unless further specificity is required for clarity.
The long-term use of certain peptide preparations led to significantly increased longevity (mean lifespan increases between 20% and 40%) as well as a slower rate of age-associated alterations to biomarkers linked to physical and mental decline. Anisimov's work also showed lower rates of spontaneous tumor incidence in subjects who received epitalon treatment, indicating that it has anti-carcinogenic effects.
We'll dig into the specifics of some pioneering animal and human studies on epitalon in the following section, but first, let's discuss why Anismov focused on the thymus and pineal gland.
How the Thymus and Pineal Gland Affect Your Health
The main function of the thymus, a gland in the upper region of the chest, is to teach the immune cells to differentiate between invading pathogens and the cells of the body. As we age, the size of the thymus decreases, which some have suggested could be the root cause of age-related decreases to immune function, resulting in higher incidences of infections and autoimmune diseases.
In the 1980s, the Slavic researchers whom we have to thank for the bulk of our knowledge about short peptides were focused on the possibilities of a thymic peptide bioregulator called thymalin which they found could spur the thymus to re-grow, thus enhancing immune function. The use of thymalin also resulted in other desirable anti-aging benefits, such as:
- Decreased rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease
- Better management of metabolism and body weight
- Improved endocrine health
- Reduced incidence of acute respiratory disease
- Lower rates of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis
- Rehabilitation of nervous system activity
Studies consistently linked thymalin treatment to decreased mortality rates too.
However, the heyday of thymalin was short-lived. In the early 1990s, researchers began focusing on the role the pineal gland plays in the aging process, specifically, its ability to modulate functions of the neuroendocrine and immune systems, which have been shown to decease with age.
Located in a region of the brain called the epithalamus, the pineal gland regulates the body's sleep/wake cycle, a crucial task that involves the secretion of a hormone called melatonin. A significant moment in the progression of research in this field occurred when researchers used syngeneic transplantation to place pineal glands from young mice into the thymus of older mice, resulting in a prolonged lifespan. Concurrently, researchers were examining the effects of various pineal peptides. One such compound, epithalamin, was found to be a complex peptide bioregulator that could reduce the rate of cellular aging, leading to increased longevity.
Epithalamin, like thymalin, is a short peptide composed of a string of four amino acids. However, studies showed that it could increase longevity more consistently than thymalin, that it suppressed cancer growth, and that it even had a more pronounced effect on thymic growth.
In the early 2000s, excitement about epitalon increased even more when scientists found it could activate telomerase, leading to the regrowth of telomeres. It has now become the most-studied short peptide.
Important Findings About the Benefits of Epitalon
The effects of epitalon have been examined in a variety of contexts: in vitro studies, animal studies, and human studies. Findings in all three realms have clearly and consistently indicated pronounced anti-aging benefits.
In Vitro Studies
The most significant work being done in vitro has to do with the effect of epitalon on telomerase activity. According to a 2003 study with Khavinson as the lead author, the addition of epitalon to a human somatic cell that did not naturally produce telomerase induced enzymatic telomerase activity, resulting in telomere elongation. They concluded that these findings indicate "the possibility of prolonging life span of a cell population and of the whole organism."
In 2016, a St. Petersburg-based research team found that epitalon produced telomere elongation significant enough to allow cells to exceed the Hayflick limit, which describes the typical lifespan for a human cell.
In 1998, Anisimov and Khavinson collaborated on a study that, as described in an article published by the The Longevity Research Institute (LRI), examined the effect of epithalamin, a pineal peptide preparation, on the lifespan of fruit flies, mice, and rats. They found that epithalamin led to a median lifespan extension of between 14% and 32% longer than control subjects. Interestingly, they also found indications that epithalamin decreased cancer risk.
The LRI article cited above shares further key findings from other studies on epithalamin. Female rats between the ages of 16 and 18 months receiving daily doses of 0.1 milligrams of pineal peptide extract had a 10% longer lifespan than control subjects per a study published in Experimentelle Pathologie. When the dose was increased to 0.5 milligrams, the rats lived 25% longer than controls. Female mice given a 0.5-milligram dose of epithalamin daily lived 31% longer than controls and had 50% fewer tumors, according to another study Anisimov and Khavinson worked on.
In 2002, a team from the Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, I. P. Pavlov St. Petersburg State Medical University collaborated with Anisimov and Khavinson to examine the effects of epitalon on chromosome aberrations related to aging. They found that the incidence of such aberrations decreased by between 17.9% and 30% compared to age-matched controls. The team concluded that these results point to an "antimutagenic effect," which they hypothesize could be the source of epitalon's geroprotective abilities. It's worth noting, too, that the changes observed were consistent with increased telomere length.
Some skeptics have suggested that the lifespan extension benefits associated with various anti-aging treatments, such as epithalamin and epitalon, can more accurately be attributed to incidental food intake changes related to the way such treatments affect appetite. And indeed, fasting has been shown to have an impressive effect on lifespan.
In the case of epitalon specifically, studies with standardized food consumption have yielded the same findings related to longevity.
Take, for example a study published in Biogerontology in 2003. Anisimov, Khavinson, and a team of seven other researchers from the Department of Carcinogenesis and Oncogerontology at the NN Petrov Research Institute of Oncology in St. Petersburg looked at the effects of epitalon on body weight, food consumption, and lifespan in female Swiss SHR mice. The researchers subcutaneously injected the mice in the treatment group with 1.0 microgram/mouse of epitalon on 5 consecutive days each month. The control group received saline injections on the same schedule. The results showed a 12.3% extension of maximum lifespan in comparison to the control group with no changes to food consumption or body weight.
Epitalon has been linked to benefits that, while relevant to those interested in remaining healthy and vital while they age, can be quite valuable for individuals of all ages.
A study published in the Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics in 2007 looked at the antioxidant properties of epitalon. The authors (Khavinson and two other Russian researchers) found that epitalon produced impressive antioxidant effects, and perhaps even more crucially, simultaneously stimulated the expression of additional antioxidant enzymes such as ceruloplasmin, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). All in all, this translates to a major fortification of the body's antioxidant defense system.
Anisimov joined forces with a team of scientists from the Koret School of Veterinary Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Rehovot, Israel to examine the effect of epitalon on cancer growth. To do so, they injected 0.1-microgram doses of epitalon 5 times each week. They found this treatment decreased the number of malignant tumors and prevented the development of metastases. The long-term exposure to epitalon involved in the treatment protocol produced no adverse side effects.
Human studies have also yielded promising results. A randomized, controlled trial co-authored by Khavinson and a researcher named Vyacheslav G. Morozov and published in Neuroendocrinology Letters enrolled 94 women between the ages of 66 and 94, all of whom lived at the War Veterans Home in St. Petersburg. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: the first received a placebo, the second a thymus extract called thymalin, the third epithalamin, and the fourth both thymalin and epithalamin.
Over the course of the 6-year study, 81.8% of the patients in the control group died, while only 41.7% of patients in the thymalin group and 45.8% of those in the epithalamin group, both of which received treatment for 2 years, died. And only a stunningly slight 20.0% of those in the group who received both epithalamin and thymalin for the full 6 years had died by the study's conclusion. Further, the authors noted that participants who received epithalamin had lower rates of ischemic heart disease as well as improved levels of key biomarkers such as cortisol and insulin.
In 2006, Khavinson collaborated with lead author O.V. Korkushko of the Institute of Gerontology at the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine in Kiev on a randomized clinical study done with human subjects. They set out to examine the effect of "pineal gland peptide preparation"—epithalamin—on elderly patients with accelerated aging of the cardiovascular system, and found that long-term treatment with 50-milligram injections of epithalamin every 6 months for a duration of 12 years lead to decreased cardiovascular aging as well as decreased overall functional age. Epithalamin also improved participants' exercise tolerance. Furthermore, mortality in the group that received epithalamin was 28% lower than in the control group.
In a review titled "Peptides, Genome, and Aging," Khavinson states that treatment with both epitalon and epithalamin resulted in increased telomere lengths in the blood cells of patients between 60 and 65 years of age as well as 75 and 80 years of age. The efficacy of the two treatments proved to be equal.
As was the case for research done with animal subjects, human trials pointed to epitalon benefits desirable for individuals of all ages.
A 2011 collaboration between Korkushko, Khavinson, and two other researchers examined the effects of epitalon on elderly coronary patients. The team found that long-term treatment—meaning six courses over 3 years—resulted in numerous benefits, including:
- Slowed rate of cardiovascular aging
- Prevention of age-related declines to physical endurance
- Rebalanced melatonin production and circadian rhythm
- Normalized carbohydrate and fat metabolism
Patients also had lower rates of mortality than those in the control group who received basic therapy but no epitalon.
A 2013 study looked at the influence of epitalon on chromosome aberrations in pulmonary tuberculosis patients, as this disease is classified as one stemming from a genetic predisposition. Genome stability, or rather, instability, is one marker that can assist with the early detection of pulmonary tuberculosis. The researchers hoped that epitalon would have a corrective effect on the genome variability linked to the disease. Epitalon proved to have a potent protective effect—it reduced the frequency of aberrant cells for all subjects. However, it did not have a significant effect on chromosomal fragility that was already present.
The work of Dr. Vladimir Khavinson and other researchers, primarily based in Russia and Ukraine, indicate that epitalon has immense promise as an anti-aging drug. This promise has to do with epitalon's ability to influence gene expression, extend telomere length, and other exciting physiological effects that have what experts call "geroprotective" results.
Little research has yet been conducted on epitalon by researchers without ties to Russian institutions, so it may be too soon to make definitive statements about epitalon, but the findings so far certainly give a justification for further investigation.
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Epitalon ni dawa ya kawaida ya matibabu ya ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa ugonjwa. Hata hivyo, ikiwa ahadi iliyoonyeshwa na uchunguzi fulani kuhusu uwezo wake wa kuzuia kuzeeka inathibitika kuwa kweli, peptidi hii ya synthetic inaweza kuwa jina la kawaida. Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba epitalon ni kichocheo cha telomerase, ikimaanisha kwamba inaweza kuchochea urefu wa telomere. Epitalon ni dawa ya anti-aging iliyotengenezwa na Vladimir Khavinson, Mtaalamu wa Biolojia na Biolojia wa St. Petersburg, Urusi. Katika makala hii, tutaelezea nini epitalon ni na kuchunguza nini wanasayansi wamegundua kuhusu faida zake uwezekano wa kupambana na kuzeeka. Kabla ya kuelezea kwa nini wanasayansi wanavutiwa na athari za epitalon kwenye telomere, hebu tuangalie mambo ya msingi kuhusu telomere wenyewe. "Telomere ya ""Mkono"" ni sehemu ya mwisho ya kromosomu na huhifadhi chembe zetu za urithi wakati wa kugawanyika kwa chembe." Kila kromosomu ina habari ya urithi inayohitajika ili kuweka chembe zote katika mwili wetu zikiwa na afya na kufanya kazi kwa uwezo wa juu. Wakati wa kugawanyika kwa chembe, jeni hizo lazima zinakopwe kwa usahihi ili chembe zinazotokezwa upya ziwe na habari hiyohiyo muhimu. Hata hivyo, utaratibu wa kuiga daima huacha sehemu ndogo kutoka mwisho wa nyuzi za DNA. Hapa ndipo telomere zinapoingia. Wao ni kuwekwa katika mwisho ili kuhakikisha hakuna data muhimu anapata kushoto nyuma. Kwa hiyo, kila wakati chembe inapojigawanya, telomeri zinazofunika kromosomu zake hupungua. Kwa hivyo, urefu wa telomere ni sababu ya kupanuka kwa seli, na wakati telomere zinapokuwa fupi sana, seli inayohusiana nayo inaacha kugawanyika na kuingia katika uzee. Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba telomere zilizopunguzwa zinaweza kusababisha athari kadhaa mbaya za kuzeeka na magonjwa yanayohusiana na umri, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuongezeka kwa mkazo wa oxidative, saratani, na vifo kwa ujumla. Wataalamu fulani wamedokeza kwamba kupunguzwa kwa telomere kunaweza kuchochea mchakato wote wa kuzeeka. Kwa sababu hiyo, watu wengi wanaamini kwamba kupanua telomere ni njia ya kudumisha afya nzuri tunapozeeka. Chembe za msingi - sehemu ya chembe ndani ya mwili na uwezo wa kuendeleza katika aina tofauti za chembe (na katika baadhi ya kesi, kurekebisha tishu kuharibiwa) - zina enzyme aitwaye telomerase ambayo anaendelea telomeres muda mrefu, kuruhusu seli hizo kuiga idadi isiyo na mwisho ya mara. Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba kutoa mwili na telomerase ya ziada inaweza kuwa matibabu ya ufanisi ya kupambana na kuzeeka, hata hivyo, inaweza kuwa na athari mbaya sana. Kwa sababu seli za saratani, kama vile seli za msingi, hutegemea telomerase kudumisha kiwango cha kuendelea cha kuzaana. Wataalamu wa gerontology, utafiti wa madai mbalimbali kuhusu uzee na matatizo yanayoweza kuambatana nayo, wametoa wasiwasi kwamba matumizi ya telomerase ya nje ya mwili yanaweza kuchochea maendeleo ya kansa. Epitalon inaweza kutoa njia ya kupanua telomeres bila hatari sawa zinazohusiana na matumizi ya telomerase ya ziada. Epitalon ni nini? Epitalon ni tetrapeptide ya amino asidi ya Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, ambayo ilitengenezwa kwa njia ya kuzuia uzee. Wanasayansi wanajua kwamba maonyesho ya chembe za urithi hutofautiana sana kulingana na umri, ingawa kuna maelezo mengi yanayopingana kuhusu sababu ya hali hiyo. Moja rahisi na yenye kusadikisha inaendelea kama hii: usemi wa jeni hufanya kazi kama timer kwa mzunguko wa maisha ya binadamu. Katika ujana wetu, tunatumia chembe za urithi zinazotuwezesha kukua. Katika umri wa kati, sisi huonyesha chembe za urithi zinazotufanya tuwe na afya. Tunapofikia umri wa miaka mingi, tunaanza kueleza chembe za urithi zinazosababisha seli zetu kuzimia. Katika kiwango cha seli, maonyesho ya jeni yanaelezea tafsiri ya DNA yetu katika protini, utaratibu wa ishara ya mwili. Vladimir Anisimov, Mtaalamu wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, na mshirika wa mara kwa mara wa Dk Khavinson, alianza kuchunguza jukumu la peptides fupi, ambayo hatimaye alijifunza kazi kama ishara epigenetic kwamba wote kukuza na kuzuia usemi wa makundi yote ya jeni. Peptidi hizi fupi, ambazo zina amino asidi chini ya kumi, zinaweza kudhibiti kemikali ya mwili wote. Uwezo huo unatokana na ukubwa wao mdogo ambao huwawezesha kupita kwenye ngozi na pia kwenye kizuizi cha damu na ubongo. Na tofauti na protini kubwa zaidi, zinapita katika mfumo wa kumeng'enya chakula bila kuharibiwa. Katika utafiti wake wa miaka kumi iliyopita, Anisimov alishiriki matokeo ya uchunguzi wake wa majukumu ya peptidi ndogo zilizotengwa kutoka kwa viungo na tishu tofauti, kama vile thymus gland na pineal gland, kwenye utaratibu wa kuzeeka. Kama sehemu ya utafiti wake, Anisimov pia aliendeleza analogues ya wale peptide bioregulators, kama vile synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon. Maneno "epithalamin" na "epithalamine" kwa kawaida hurejelea maandalizi ya peptide iliyotolewa, wakati "epitalon", "epithalon", na "epithalone" hurejelea maandalizi ya peptide ya synthetic. Kama epitalon imeonyeshwa kuzalisha athari za epithalamin, tutatumia neno hilo katika sehemu zote isipokuwa maalum zaidi inahitajika kwa uwazi. Matumizi ya muda mrefu ya dawa fulani za peptidi ilisababisha ongezeko kubwa la maisha (kiwango cha wastani cha maisha huongezeka kati ya 20% na 40%), na kiwango cha chini cha mabadiliko yanayohusiana na umri kwa viashiria vya mwili vinavyohusiana na kupungua kwa mwili na akili. Utafiti wa Anisimov pia ulionyesha viwango vya chini vya maambukizi ya uvimbe wa moja kwa moja kwa watu waliopokea matibabu ya epitalon, ikionyesha kuwa ina athari za kupambana na kansa. Kwa hivyo, kwa sababu ya kuonekana kwa epithelial, kwa nini Anisimov alizingatia thymus na pineal? Thymus na Pineal Gland: Thymus ni gland ya juu ya kifua ambayo hufundisha chembe za kinga kutofautisha kati ya vimelea vya kuambukiza na chembe za mwili. Kadiri tunavyozeeka, ukubwa wa thymus hupungua, na baadhi ya wataalamu wanasema kuwa hii inaweza kuwa sababu ya kuharibika kwa mfumo wa kinga, na kusababisha maambukizi na magonjwa ya autoimmune. Katika miaka ya 1980, watafiti wa Kislavonia, ambao tunapaswa kuwashukuru kwa sehemu kubwa ya maarifa yetu juu ya peptidi fupi, walijishughulisha na uwezekano wa kichocheo cha thymic cha thymalini, ambacho walipata kinaweza kuchochea thymus kukua tena, na hivyo kuboresha kazi ya kinga. Matumizi ya thymol pia yalisababisha faida nyingine za kupambana na kuzeeka, kama vile: Kupungua kwa viwango vya shinikizo la damu na ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa; Usimamizi bora wa kimetaboliki na uzito wa mwili; Uboreshaji wa afya ya endocrine; Kupungua kwa maambukizi ya ugonjwa wa kupumua mkali; Viwango vya chini vya osteoarthritis na osteoporosis; Urekebishaji wa shughuli za mfumo wa neva. Hata hivyo, thymalin haikuishi kwa muda mrefu. Katika miaka ya 1990, watafiti walianza kuzingatia jukumu la tezi ya pineal katika mchakato wa kuzeeka, haswa, uwezo wake wa kurekebisha kazi za mfumo wa neuroendocrine na mfumo wa kinga, ambao umeonyeshwa kupotea na umri. Katika sehemu ya ubongo inayoitwa epithalamus, tezi ya pineal huongoza mzunguko wa usingizi na wa kuamka, kazi ambayo inahusisha kutokwa kwa homoni inayoitwa melatonin. Katika utafiti wa utafiti wa kisayansi, utafiti wa kisayansi ulifanyika wakati wa kuingiza nyuzinyuzi za pineal kutoka kwa panya wadogo kwenye thymus ya panya wazee, na hivyo kuongeza muda wa maisha. Wakati huohuo, watafiti walikuwa wakichunguza athari za peptidi mbalimbali za pineal. Epithalamine ni kiungo cha kipekee cha kipekee cha kipekee ambacho kinaweza kupunguza kiwango cha kuzeeka kwa seli na kuongeza maisha ya watu. Epithalamin, kama thymalin, ni peptide fupi iliyofanyizwa na kamba ya asidi nne za amino. Hata hivyo, utafiti ulionyesha kwamba inaweza kuongeza maisha ya muda mrefu zaidi kuliko thymalin, kwamba inazuia ukuaji wa kansa, na kwamba hata ilikuwa na athari kubwa zaidi juu ya ukuaji wa thymic. Katika miaka ya 2000, epitalon iliongezeka zaidi wakati wanasayansi walipata kwamba inaweza kuamsha telomerase, na kusababisha ukuaji wa telomere. Sasa imekuwa peptidi fupi iliyochunguzwa zaidi. Matokeo muhimu kuhusu faida za Epitalon Athari za Epitalon zimechunguzwa katika mazingira mbalimbali: masomo ya in vitro, masomo ya wanyama, na masomo ya binadamu. Matokeo katika nyanja zote tatu wazi na mfululizo wameonyesha wazi faida za kupambana na kuzeeka. In vitro masomo kazi muhimu zaidi kufanyika katika vitro ina kufanya na athari ya epitalon juu ya shughuli telomerase. Kulingana na utafiti wa 2003 na Khavinson kama mwandishi mkuu, kuongeza epitalon kwa seli ya somatic ya binadamu ambayo haikuzalisha telomerase kwa asili ilisababisha shughuli ya telomerase ya enzyme, na kusababisha urefu wa telomere. Walifikia mkataa kwamba uvumbuzi huo unaonyesha "uwezekano wa kupanua muda wa maisha ya chembe fulani na ya kiumbe chote". Katika 2016, timu ya utafiti ya St. Petersburg iligundua kwamba epitalon ilisababisha urefu wa telomere muhimu vya kutosha kuruhusu seli kupita kikomo cha Hayflick, ambacho kinaelezea maisha ya kawaida ya seli ya binadamu. Anisimov na Khavinson walifanya utafiti wa kwanza wa epithalamine, ambayo ni dawa ya kuua nondo, ambayo ilifanya kazi kwa muda mrefu katika mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea ya mimea. Epithalamine ilifanya maisha ya watu wengi yawe marefu kwa asilimia 14 hadi 32 kuliko wale wa kawaida. Jambo la kupendeza ni kwamba, pia walipata dalili kwamba epithalamin ilipunguza hatari ya kansa. Makala ya LRI iliyotajwa hapo juu inashiriki matokeo mengine muhimu kutoka kwa masomo mengine juu ya epithalamin. Panya wa kike wenye umri wa kati ya miezi 16 na 18 waliopokea kipimo cha kila siku cha miligram 0.1 ya dondoo ya peptide ya pineal walikuwa na maisha ya muda mrefu zaidi ya 10% kuliko masomo ya kudhibiti kulingana na utafiti uliochapishwa katika Experimental Pathology. Wakati kipimo kilipozidi kwa miligramu 0.5, panya waliishi kwa muda mrefu zaidi ya asilimia 25 kuliko wale waliochunguzwa. Panya wa kike waliopewa kipimo cha 0.5-mg ya epithalamine kila siku waliishi kwa muda mrefu zaidi ya 31% kuliko udhibiti na walikuwa na uvimbe wa chini ya 50% kulingana na utafiti mwingine Anisimov na Khavinson waliofanya. Katika mwaka wa 2002, timu kutoka Idara ya Biolojia ya Matibabu na Genetics, I.P. Pavlov St. Petersburg State Medical University, ilishirikiana na Anisimov na Khavinson kuchunguza athari za epitalon juu ya chromosome aberrations kuhusiana na kuzeeka. Ugonjwa huo ulipungua kwa asilimia 17.9 hadi 30 ikilinganishwa na wale wenye umri sawa. Timu hiyo ilihitimisha kwamba matokeo haya yanaonyesha "athari ya kupambana na mutageni", ambayo wanadhani inaweza kuwa chanzo cha uwezo wa epitalon wa kulinda uzazi. Ni muhimu pia kutambua kwamba mabadiliko yaliyoonekana yalipatana na kuongezeka kwa urefu wa telomere. Baadhi ya watu wenye kutilia shaka wamedokeza kwamba faida za kuongeza maisha zinazohusiana na matibabu mbalimbali ya kupambana na kuzeeka, kama vile epithalamine na epitalon, zinaweza kuhusishwa kwa usahihi zaidi na mabadiliko ya chakula yanayohusiana na jinsi matibabu hayo yanavyoathiri hamu ya kula. Kwa kweli, imethibitika kwamba kufunga kunaweza kuboresha maisha ya watu wengi. Katika kesi ya epitalon hasa, masomo na matumizi ya chakula standardized wametoa matokeo sawa kuhusiana na maisha marefu. Kwa mfano, utafiti uliochapishwa katika Biogerontology mnamo 2003. Anisimov, Khavinson na timu ya watafiti wengine saba kutoka Idara ya Carcinogenesis na Oncogenerology katika Taasisi ya Utafiti ya N.N. Petrov ya Oncology huko St. Petersburg walitazama athari za epitalone kwenye uzito wa mwili, matumizi ya chakula, na maisha katika panya wa kike wa Uswisi. Watafiti waliwaingiza panya katika kundi la matibabu kwa 1.0 microgram ya epitalon kwa siku tano mfululizo kila mwezi. Kikundi cha kudhibiti kilipokea sindano za saline kulingana na ratiba ileile. Matokeo yalionyesha upanuzi wa 12.3% wa maisha ya juu ikilinganishwa na kikundi cha kudhibiti bila mabadiliko ya matumizi ya chakula au uzito wa mwili. Epitalon imehusishwa na faida ambazo, wakati zinafaa kwa wale wanaopendezwa na kubaki na afya na nguvu wakati wa uzee, zinaweza kuwa na thamani sana kwa watu wa umri wote. Uchunguzi uliochapishwa katika Archives of Gerontology na Geriatrics mnamo 2007 ulichunguza mali ya antioxidant ya epitalon. Epitalon pia ina athari ya antioxidant, na kwa hivyo huchochea uonyesho wa enzymes za ziada za antioxidant kama vile ceruloplasmin, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, na superoxide dismutase. Kwa ujumla, hii inamaanisha kuimarisha sana mfumo wa kinga ya antioxidant ya mwili. Anisimov alijiunga na timu ya wanasayansi kutoka Shule ya Koret ya Dawa za Wanyama katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kiebrania cha Yerusalemu huko Rehovot, Israeli, kuchunguza athari za epitalon kwenye ukuaji wa kansa. Kwa hivyo, waliingiza vipimo vya epitalon vya 0.1 microgram mara tano kila wiki. Walipata kwamba matibabu hayo yalipunguza idadi ya uvimbe mbaya na kuzuia kuenea kwa uvimbe huo. Mtazamo wa muda mrefu kwa epitalon kuhusika katika itifaki ya matibabu ilitokeza hakuna athari mbaya upande. Uchunguzi uliofanywa kwa wanadamu pia umetoa matokeo yenye kuahidi. Utafiti wa randomized, uliofanywa na Khavinson na Vyacheslav G. Morozov, ulijumuisha wanawake 94 wenye umri wa miaka 66 na 94 ambao wote waliishi katika Nyumba ya Wazee wa Vita huko St. Petersburg. Washiriki waligawanywa katika vikundi vinne: kikundi cha kwanza kilipokea dawa ya kulevya, kikundi cha pili kilipokea dawa ya thymol, kikundi cha tatu kilipokea epithalamine, na kikundi cha nne kilipokea thymol na epithalamine. Katika kipindi cha miaka sita, asilimia 81.8 ya wagonjwa katika kundi la kudhibiti walikufa, wakati asilimia 41.7 tu ya wagonjwa katika kundi la thymol na asilimia 45.8 ya wagonjwa katika kundi la epithalamine, wote walipokea matibabu kwa miaka miwili. Kwa kweli, asilimia 20 tu ya watu waliopokea epithalamine na thymalin kwa miaka sita walikuwa wamekufa. Kwa kuongezea, watafiti walipata kwamba washiriki waliopokea epithalamine walikuwa na viwango vya chini vya ugonjwa wa moyo wa ischemic na viwango vya biomarkers muhimu kama vile cortisol na insulin. Mwaka 2006, Khavinson alishirikiana na mwandishi mkuu O.V. Korkushko wa Taasisi ya Gerontology katika Chuo cha Sayansi ya Matibabu ya Ukraine huko Kiev juu ya utafiti wa kliniki wa nasibu uliofanywa na masomo ya binadamu. Utafiti wa utafiti wa Epithalamine, ambayo ni dawa ya kukandamiza ya gland ya pineal, uligundua kuwa matibabu ya muda mrefu ya 50 mg ya epithalamine kila baada ya miezi sita kwa muda wa miaka 12 hupunguza uzee wa moyo na damu. Epithalamin pia iliboresha uvumilivu wa mazoezi ya washiriki. Kwa kuongezea, vifo katika kikundi kilichopokea epithalamine vilikuwa chini ya 28% kuliko katika kikundi cha kudhibiti. Katika utafiti wake wa hivi karibuni, Khavinson alisema kwamba matibabu ya epitalone na epithalamine yaliongeza urefu wa telomere katika seli za damu za wagonjwa wenye umri wa miaka 60 hadi 65. Ufanisi wa matibabu hayo mawili ulithibitika kuwa sawa. Kama ilivyokuwa na utafiti uliofanywa kwa wanyama, majaribio ya binadamu yalionyesha faida za epitalon zinazotakiwa kwa watu wa umri wote. Katika utafiti uliofanywa na Korkushko, Khavinson na watafiti wengine wawili, athari za epitalon kwa wazee wa moyo zilipimwa. Tiba ya muda mrefu, ambayo ilifanya matibabu ya miaka sita kwa muda wa miaka mitatu, ilisababisha faida nyingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na: kupunguza kasi ya kuzeeka kwa moyo, kuzuia kupungua kwa uvumilivu wa mwili unaohusiana na umri, kuzalisha melatonin na mzunguko wa circadian, na kupunguza kiwango cha kawaida cha wanga na mafuta. Utafiti wa 2013 ulichunguza athari za epitalon kwenye kutofautiana kwa kromosomu kwa wagonjwa wa kifua kikuu, kwani ugonjwa huu umeainishwa kama moja inayotokana na mwelekeo wa maumbile. Uimarishaji wa genome, au badala yake, kutoimarika, ni alama moja ambayo inaweza kusaidia katika kugundua mapema kifua kikuu cha mapafu. Watafiti walitumaini kwamba epitalon ingekuwa na athari ya kurekebisha juu ya kutofautiana kwa genome inayohusiana na ugonjwa huo. Epitalon ilithibitika kuwa na athari kali ya kinga - ilipunguza mzunguko wa seli za kutofautiana kwa masomo yote. Hata hivyo, haikuwa na athari kubwa juu ya udhaifu wa chromosomal ambao ulikuwa tayari upo. Utafiti wa Vladimir Khavinson na watafiti wengine, hasa kutoka Urusi na Ukraine, unaonyesha kwamba epitalon ina ahadi kubwa kama dawa ya kupambana na kuzeeka. "Kama matokeo, epitalon inaweza kuathiri utendaji wa jeni, kupanua urefu wa telomere, na athari nyingine za kisaikolojia ambazo wataalamu wanaziita ""jeroprotective.""" Utafiti mdogo umefanywa juu ya epitalon na watafiti wasio na uhusiano na taasisi za Urusi, kwa hivyo inaweza kuwa mapema sana kutoa taarifa za mwisho juu ya epitalon, lakini matokeo hadi sasa hakika hutoa haki ya uchunguzi zaidi. Kuna formula ya kupambana na kuzeeka ambayo imeonyesha athari zilizothibitishwa, na unaweza kuipata hapa leo. Maisha huongeza utendaji wa kimwili na nguvu ya misuli, huboresha viwango vya lipidi katika damu, na kutegemeza afya ya moyo na mishipa ya damu.