Human-powered emptying and transport refers to the different ways in which people can manually empty and/or transport sludge and solid products generated in on-site sanitation facilities.
Faecal Sludge, Faeces, Excreta, Organic Solid Waste, Compost/Biosolids
Human-powered emptying of pits, vaults and tanks can be done in one of two ways:
- using buckets and shovels, or
- using a portable, manually operated pump specially designed for sludge (e.g., the Gulper, the Rammer, the MDHP or the MAPET).
Some sanitation technologies can only be emptied manually, for example, the fossa alternaor dehydration vaults. These technologies must be emptied with a shovel because the material is solid and cannot be removed with a vacuum or a pump (e.g. the fossa alterna, aroborloo, composting toilets or UDDTs).
When sludge is viscous or watery it should be emptied with a hand pump, a MAPET or a vacuum truck, and not with buckets because of the high risk of collapsing pits, toxic fumes, and exposure to unsanitised sludge.
Manual sludge pumps are relatively new inventions and have shown promise as being low-cost, effective solutions for sludge emptying where, because of access, safety or economics, other emptying techniques are not possible.
Sludge hand pumps work on the same concept as water hand pumps: the bottom of the pipe is lowered into the pit/tank while the operator remains at the surface. As the operator pushes and pulls the handle, the sludge is pumped up and is then discharged through the discharge spout. The sludge can be collected in barrels, bags or carts, and removed from the site with little danger to the operator. Hand pumps can be locally made with steel rods and valves in a PVC casing.
A MAPET (MAnual Pit Emptying Technology) consists of a manually operated pump connected to a vacuum tank mounted on a pushcart. A hose is connected to the tank and is used to suck sludge from the pit. When the hand pump is turned, air is sucked out of the vacuum tank and sludge is sucked up into the tank. Depending on the consistency of the sludge, the MAPET can pump up to a height of 3 m.
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Depending on cultural factors and political support, workers dealing with manual emptying may be viewed as providing an important service to the community. Government-run programmes should strive to legitimize the work of the labourer and provide an enabling environment by providing permits and licences, as well as helping to legalize the practice of emptying latrines manually.
The most important aspect of manual emptying is ensuring that workers are adequately protected with gloves, boots, overalls and facemasks. Regular medical exams and vaccinations should be required for everyone working with sludge.
Operation & maintenance
It is a common practice to add chemicals or oil during the pit emptying process to avoid odours. This is not recommended, however, because it causes difficulties in the subsequent treatment units, as well as additional health threats to the workers.
If manual access to the contents of a pit requires demolishing the slab, it may be more cost-effective to use a manual sludge pump to empty the latrine. However, hand pumps cannot empty the entire pit and, therefore, emptying may be required more frequently (once a year).
Manually operated sludge pumps require daily maintenance (cleaning, repairing and disinfection). Workers who manually empty latrines should clean and maintain their protective clothing and tools to prevent contact with the sludge.
Hand pumps can be used for liquid and, to a certain degree, viscous sludge. Domestic refuse in the pit makes emptying much more difficult. The pumping of sludge, which contains coarse solid wastes or grease, can lead to clogging of the device, and chemical additives can corrode pipes, pumps and tanks. The hand pump is a significant improvement over the bucket method and could prove to be a sustainable business opportunity in some regions.
Manually operated sludge pumps are appropriate for areas that are not served or not accessible by vacuum trucks, or where vacuum truck emptying i too costly. They are well suited to dense, urban and informal settlements, although the type and size of transport vehicle determines the feasible distance to the discharge point. Large vehicles may not be able to manoeuvre within narrow streets and alleys, while smaller vehicles may not be able to travel long distances. These technologies are more feasible when there is a transfer station nearby.
This paper is one of a series that look sanitation partnerships in poor urban communities, that questions when and why partnership may be appropriate or inappropriate to the delivery of on-site sanitation services. It is a comparison of two manual emptying projects.EALES, K. (2005): Bringing pit emptying out of the darkness. A comparison of approaches in Durban, South Africa, and Kibera, Kenya. United Kingdom: Building Partnerships for Development in Water and Sanitation URL [Accessed: 21.10.2013]
MAPET. A neighbourhood based pit emptying service with locally manufactured hand pump equipment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
This document is the final report of the MAPET project in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Project objectives were to contribute to the improvement of environmental sanitation in unplanned areas by facilitating an effective and hygienic pit emptying services, and to improve the informal traditional pit emptying method by making it more efficient and hygienic.MULLER, M.S. RIJNSBURGER J. (1992): MAPET. A neighbourhood based pit emptying service with locally manufactured hand pump equipment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Gouda: WASTE advisers on urban environment and development URL [Accessed: 28.05.2019]
This technical brief describes several possibilities of emptying pit latrines and helps to find the most suitable method.PICKFORD, J. SHAW, R. (1997): Emptying Pit Latrines. (= Technical Briefs, No. 54 ). Loughborough: Water and Environmental health at London and Loughborough (WELL) URL [Accessed: 28.05.2019]
Utoaji na usafirishaji wa nguvu za binadamu unahusu njia tofauti ambazo watu wanaweza kuondoa na kusafirisha matope na bidhaa thabiti zinazozalishwa katika vifaa vya usafi wa mazingira. Mvuke wa matope, matope, taka ngumu za kikaboni, mbolea, na viumbe hai vinavyoweza kutolewa kwa kutumia mashine ya binadamu, kwa kutumia ndoo na shovels, au kwa kutumia pampu ya mkono iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya matope (kwa mfano, Gulper, Rammer, MDHP, MAPET). Baadhi ya teknolojia za usafi wa mazingira zinaweza tu kutolewa kwa mkono, kwa mfano, fossa alternaor vaults dehydration. Vifaa hivyo vinapaswa kutolewa kwa kutumia shovel, kwa sababu vifaa hivyo ni vyenye nguvu na haviwezi kuondolewa kwa kutumia vacuum au pampu. Fossil, Arbor, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil, Fossil Wakati matope ni viscous au maji, ni lazima kuondolewa kwa bomba la mkono, MAPET au gari la utupu, na si kwa ndoo kwa sababu ya hatari kubwa ya kuanguka kwa mashimo, moshi wa sumu, na kuambukizwa kwa matope yasiyo na usafi. Pumzi za maji ya mchuzi ni uvumbuzi mpya na umeonyesha ahadi kama kuwa na gharama ya chini, ufumbuzi mzuri wa maji ya mchuzi ambapo, kwa sababu ya upatikanaji, usalama au uchumi, mbinu nyingine za maji ya mchuzi haziwezekani. Pampu za mkono za matope hufanya kazi kwa dhana sawa na pampu za mkono za maji: sehemu ya chini ya bomba hupunguzwa ndani ya shimo au tangi wakati mwendeshaji anabaki juu ya uso. Kama operator kushinikiza na kuvuta kushughulikia, matope ni pampu juu na kisha ni kutolewa kwa njia ya kutolewa spout. Matope yanaweza kukusanywa katika mapipa, mifuko au magari, na kuondolewa kutoka kwenye tovuti na hatari kidogo kwa mwendeshaji. Pumzi za mkono zinaweza kutengenezwa mahali hapo na vijiti vya chuma na valves katika casing ya PVC. AAPET (Manual Pit Emptying Technology) ni bomba linaloendeshwa kwa mkono linalounganishwa na tangi la utupu lililowekwa kwenye gari la kusukuma. Mfumo unaunganishwa na tangi na hutumiwa kunyonya matope kutoka kwenye shimo. Wakati pampu ya mkono ni akageuka, hewa ni sucked nje ya tank utupu na matope ni sucked juu katika tank. Kutegemea uthabiti wa matope, MAPET inaweza kusukuma hadi urefu wa mita 3 (Fomu ya Uandikishaji wa MailChimp: SSWM Subscribe) Kutegemea mambo ya kitamaduni na msaada wa kisiasa, wafanyakazi wanaoshughulikia kutolea nje kwa mkono wanaweza kuonekana kama kutoa huduma muhimu kwa jamii. Programu za serikali zinapaswa kujitahidi kuhalalisha kazi ya wafanyakazi na kutoa mazingira ya kuwezesha kwa kutoa vibali na leseni, na pia kusaidia kuhalalisha mazoezi ya kutolea maji vyoo kwa mikono. Sehemu muhimu zaidi ya emptying mkono ni kuhakikisha kwamba wafanyakazi ni kutosha kulindwa na kinga, buti, overalls na masks uso. Uchunguzi wa kawaida wa kitiba na chanjo zinapaswa kuhitajika kwa kila mtu anayefanya kazi na matope. Uendeshaji na matengenezo Ni mazoea ya kawaida kuongeza kemikali au mafuta wakati wa mchakato wa kutolea nje shimo ili kuepuka harufu. Hii haipendekezi, hata hivyo, kwa sababu husababisha matatizo katika vitengo vya matibabu ya baadaye, pamoja na vitisho vya ziada vya afya kwa wafanyakazi. Kama upatikanaji wa mkono kwa maudhui ya shimo inahitaji kuharibu slab, inaweza kuwa na ufanisi zaidi wa gharama ya kutumia pampu ya matope ya mkono kwa empty choo. Hata hivyo, pampu za mkono haziwezi kutolea nje shimo lote na, kwa hiyo, kutolea nje huenda kukawa lazima mara nyingi zaidi (mara moja kwa mwaka). Pumzi za matope zinazotumiwa kwa mkono zinahitaji matengenezo ya kila siku (usafi, ukarabati na disinfection). Wafanyakazi wanaotupa maji ya choo kwa mikono wanapaswa kusafisha na kudumisha mavazi yao ya kinga na vifaa ili kuzuia kugusa matope. Pampu za mkono zinaweza kutumiwa kwa ajili ya kioevu na, kwa kiwango fulani, matope viscous. Takwimu za nyumbani katika shimo hilo hufanya iwe vigumu zaidi kuondoa takwimu hizo. Pumping ya matope, ambayo ina taka ngumu au mafuta, inaweza kusababisha clogging ya kifaa, na additives kemikali inaweza kuharibika mabomba, pampu na matangi. Pampu ya mkono ni uboreshaji mkubwa juu ya njia ya ndoo na inaweza kuthibitisha kuwa fursa ya biashara endelevu katika baadhi ya mikoa. Pumzi za matope zinazotumiwa kwa mikono zinafaa kwa maeneo ambayo hayajafanyiwa kazi au hayawezi kufikiwa na malori ya utupu, au ambapo kutolewa kwa malori ya utupu ni ghali sana. Ni vizuri inafaa kwa makazi dense, mijini na informal, ingawa aina na ukubwa wa gari usafiri huamua umbali feasible kwa uhakika wa kutokwa. Magari makubwa hayawezi kusafiri katika barabara nyembamba na vijia, wakati magari madogo hayawezi kusafiri umbali mrefu. Teknolojia hizi ni zaidi ya uwezekano wakati kuna kituo cha uhamisho karibu. Makala hii ni moja ya mfululizo wa kuangalia ushirikiano wa usafi wa mazingira katika jamii maskini za mijini, ambayo inauliza ni lini na kwa nini ushirikiano unaweza kuwa sahihi au isiyofaa kwa utoaji wa huduma za usafi wa mazingira. "Kama mfano, ""Mafunzo ya handload"" ni mfano wa ""Mafunzo ya handload"" (E. L. L. L. 2005) na ""Mafunzo ya handload"" ni mfano wa ""Mafunzo ya handload"" (E. L. 2005)." Ulinganisho wa mbinu katika Durban, Afrika Kusini, na Kibera, Kenya. Ujenzi wa ushirikiano wa maendeleo katika maji na usafi wa mazingira (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) (UPA) Msaada wa kuondoa maji ya pampu ya mkono katika Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Lengo la mradi huo ni kusaidia kuboresha mazingira katika maeneo yasiyo na mpango kwa kuwezesha huduma za ufanisi na usafi wa kuchimba visima, na kuboresha njia ya kawaida ya kuchimba visima kwa kuifanya iwe na ufanisi zaidi na usafi. RINSBURGER J. 1992: Mapet Huduma ya kusafisha shimo inayotegemea ujirani na vifaa vya pampu ya mkono vilivyotengenezwa ndani ya nchi huko Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. "Kama ""Waste Management and Urban Development"" (WMDA) ni mfumo wa utunzaji wa mazingira na maendeleo ya mijini, unaoundwa na kampuni ya WMDA, ni muhimu kuandaa na kuandaa vifaa vya utunzaji wa mazingira na mazingira ya mijini (WMDA) katika maeneo ya chini ya ardhi." ((Maelezo ya kiufundi, No. 54) Maji na Afya ya Mazingira katika London na Loughborough (WELL)