The Unjust Treatment of Japanese Americans
A series of unfortunate events would soon unfold on the Japanese American race. Terror and fear hung over individuals when they were not allowed to do the same things they have done in the past. It was time to start a new life, in a whole new place, with different people they have not yet met before. It was the beginning of a new age for the Japanese Americans, and it was also one they would have to seek through in order to make it to the end. Events started to turn on December of 1941 where the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. This struck terror on the United States and panic spread throughout the country. The deepened fear of the Americans caused the relocation of Japanese Americans to relocate to one of several internment camps. Taking away the Japanese Americans away from their home, especially when their documents were legalized stating they were citizens of the United States of America, was a violation of their rights here in the U.S. In a war where the U.S. bravely fought to preserve liberty, the Japanese American Internment stands out immeasurably, as a violation of the civil and human rights of tens of thousands of families.
Disaster first struck on February 19, 1942, where Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Executive Order 9066 which thereby gathered all the Japanese Americans and relocated them to one of the 10 internment camps (Gruenewald, p 48). A man by the title of General DeWitt, advised Franklin D. Roosevelt to gather
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While the attack on Pearl Harbor was a devastating time in United States history and the attack being conducted by the Japanese government, it didn’t not justify Japanese Americans being put into internment camps. The fear of a Japanese attack on mainland United States soil prompted the United States government to create these internment camps. Such fear lead to innocent Japanese Americans to live in a way that could be considered inhuman. Of the hundreds of thousands of Japanese Americans in the internment camps half of them were children. The conditions of the camps where no way of life and Japanese Americans were forced to live in an undignified life that
Japanese internment camps from 1942 to 1946 were an exemplification of discrimination, many Japanese Americans were no longer accepted in their communities after the Bombing of Pearl Harbor. They were perceived as traitors and faced humiliation due to anti-Japanese sentiment causing them to be forced to endure several hardships such as leaving behind their properties to go an imprisoned state, facing inadequate housing conditions, and encountering destitute institutions. The Bombing of Pearl Harbor occurred on December 7, 1941 (Why I Love a Country that Once Betrayed Me). This led president Roosevelt to sign the executive order 9066, which authorized the army to remove any individual that seemed as a potential threat to the nation (“Executive Order 9066”) This order allowed the military to exclude “‘any or all persons from designated areas, including the California coast.”’ (Fremon 31). Many Japanese opposed to leave the Pacific Coast on their own free will (Fremon 24) . Japanese Americans would not be accepted in other areas if they moved either.Idaho’s governor stated, Japanese would be welcomed “only if they were in concentration camps under guard”(Fremon 35). The camps were located in Arizona, Arkansas, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, and California where thousands of Japanese Americans eventually relocated. (“Japanese Americans at Manzanar”) The internment lasted for 3 years and the last camp did not close until 1946. (Lessons Learned: Japanese Internment During WW2)
Executive Order 9066 issued by President Roosevelt on February 19. 1942 was a result of this new racial hatred. This law forced 120,000 Japanese Americans to sell their property, leave their homes, and enter detention camps located around the United States. Many rights granted to citizens by the Constitution were blatantly overlooked during this entire procedure.
When Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942,1 thousands of Japanese-American families were relocated to internment camps in an attempt to suppress supposed espionage and sabotage attempts on the part of the Japanese government. Not only was this relocation based on false premises and shaky evidence, but it also violated the rights of Japanese-Americans through processes of institutional racism that were imposed following the events of Pearl Harbor. Targeting mostly Issei and Nisei citizens, first and second generation Japanese-Americans respectively,2 the policy of internment disrupted the lives of families, resulting in a loss of personal property, emotional distress,
After the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, many people were dubious towards many Japanese-Americans and believed they were working with Japan. With this, on February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed the Executive Order 9066, moving several Japanese-Americans into concentration camps, calling it a “military necessity” (Ewers 1). When this happened, many Japanese-Americans lost everything they had owned such as houses, farms, and their rights as American citizens.
Many Japanese Americans were actively being sent to the internment camps against their will by the government. This forced exile likely instilled feelings of fear, confusion and betrayal amongst the Japanese-American people.
Following the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan, racial tensions increased in the United States, especially on the West Coast (Divine 898). The anti-Japanese sentiment led to President Franklin Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066, which gave military officials the power to limit the civil rights of Japanese Americans (Danzer 802). The order also authorized the forced relocation of all Japanese Americans to concentration camps (Divine 898). These camps were located in desolate deserts and flatlands in the interior of the United States (Sato 67). Two thirds of the 120,000 Japanese Americans who were forced to relocate were “Nisei”, or native born American citizens (Divine 898).
Living in a camp with people only of your race, having to live in a by force and not being able to connect with the outside world. This was life for the Japanese Americans living on the west coast. The internment camps were set up for the Japanese because of the attack on pearl harbor. The government was worried about Japanese people being spies or terrorist undercover. The Government decided to move all Japanese Americans away from the west coast, so there would be no actual threat. The Japanese Americans were all put in internment camps and provided with all the necessities for living such as food and water. The internment of Japanese Americans was an action that was unjustified many of the Japanese Americans were not an actual
On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into World War II (Prange et al., 1981: p.174). On February 19, 1942, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 authorizing the Secretary of War and Military Commanders to prescribe areas of land as excludable military zones (Roosevelt, 1942). Effectively, this order sanctioned the identification, deportation, and internment of innocent Japanese Americans in War Relocation Camps across the western half of the United States. During the spring and summer of 1942, it is estimated that almost 120,000 Japanese Americans were relocated from their homes along the West Coast and in Hawaii and
Two months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Executive Order 9066. This forced all Japanese-Americans, regardless of loyalty or citizenship to evacuate to the West Coast. The relocation of Japanese-Americans into internment camps during World War II was one of the most flagrant violations of civil liberties in American history.
Humanity has seen great horrors throughout the course of history, one them being the Holocaust during World War II. As we look down upon the Germans of that time, the U.S. had their very own holocaust. President Roosevelt issued the Executive Order #9066 on February 19, 1942, which allowed the relocation of tens and thousands of Japanese Americans to internment camps, stripping them of their rights; the reason being that these U.S. citizens were of Japanese descent. There are other possible reasons Japanese were sent to these camps, such as being secure after the attack on Pearl Harbor; however, social and racial attitudes was most significant because Japan attacked, and there was a war going on, so what chances are there that more Japanese won’t follow, whereas the other two were formed from that discrimination and racism.
The relocation of Japanese Americans was an event that occurred within the United States during World War II. On February 19th, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which forced all Japanese Americans living in the West Coast to be evacuated from the area and relocated to internment camps all across the United States, where they would be imprisoned. Approximately 120,000 people were sent to the camps and the event lasted through the years 1942 and 1945. The main cause of the relocation and internment of these people was because of fear made among Japanese people after Japan had bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941. Citizens of the United States had been worrying about the possibility of Japanese residents of the country aiding Japan, and/or secretly trying to destroy American companies.
When Pearl Harbor was hit they removed 5,000 Japanese-Americans from the U.S. army on December, 19412. They army took away Japanese-American rights as citizens, by not allowing them to be apart of the United States Army. The selective services renamed them “enemy aliens” and stopped the draft of Japanese-American citizens. Military officials denied Japanese-Americans citizenships. December 7th, 19412, FBI arrested selected Japanese-American nationals on the West coast, they never returned home. They never got to say goodbye to their family until after six years, when the war was over.
The Japanese-American placement in internment camps was wrong and unconstitutional. The Japanese-American people had been living in the United States without question until the uprise of racial prejudice brought on by the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Many Japanese-Americans had been born in America and lived an American life, integrated into American schools, speaking with American accents, and enjoying American culture. But, after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Japanese were suddenly seen as threats that needed to be controlled. Without any consent, these Japanese-Americans were placed in internment camps with poor conditions and treated as if they were ticking time bombs themselves.
After the Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor, life in the U.S. had changed. It was the first time in a long time that America was attacked on its homeland. This national security threat was a big shock to the people. The Japanese had to suffer the consequences of their attack. Just as the Germans developed concentration camps for the Jewish during World War II, the Americans set up "relocation" programs better known as internment camps to keep all the Japanese. The reason the Japanese were moved into these camps was because they were suspected of being spies. They were forced to live there for up to four years and were not able to continue with their own lives as they were before while they were living in these camps.
Matumizi ya Uhalifu wa Kijapani Marekani Mfululizo wa matukio ya bahati mbaya hivi karibuni ungetokea kwa jamii ya Kijapani Marekani. Hofu na hofu ziliwaangukia watu waliopigwa marufuku kufanya mambo yale yale waliyokuwa wakifanya zamani. Wakati ulikuwa umefika wa kuanza maisha mapya, katika eneo jipya kabisa, pamoja na watu tofauti ambao hawakuwa wamekutana nao hapo awali. Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa enzi mpya kwa Wamarekani wa Japani, na pia ni enzi ambayo wangelazimika kuifuatilia ili kuifikia mwisho. Mauaji hayo yalianza Desemba 1941 wakati Wajapani walipoishambulia Pearl Harbor. Jambo hilo lilitokeza hofu nchini Marekani na hofu kubwa ikaenea kotekote nchini. Hofu kubwa ya Wamarekani ilisababisha kuhamishwa kwa Wamarekani wa Japani kuhamishwa kwenye moja ya kambi kadhaa za uhamisho. "Kuwaondoa Wamarekani wa Japani kutoka nyumbani kwao, hasa wakati nyaraka zao zilipokuwa zimehakikishwa kuwa raia wa Marekani, ilikuwa ni ukiukaji wa haki zao hapa Marekani.""" Katika vita ambapo Marekani ilipigana kwa ujasiri ili kuhifadhi uhuru, ukimya wa Wajapani wa Marekani unasimama kwa kiasi kikubwa, kama ukiukaji wa haki za kiraia na za kibinadamu za maelfu ya familia. "Katika Februari 19, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt alitia saini Amri ya Utekelezaji ya 9066, ambayo iliwakusanya Wamarekani wote wa Kijapani na kuwahamisha kwenye moja ya kambi kumi za mateso.""" "Mwanamume mmoja aliyeitwa ""Jenerali DeWitt"" alimsihi Franklin D. Roosevelt kukusanya ""Wamarekani wa Kijapani"" katika kambi za mateso, na ""Wamarekani wa Kijapani"" katika kambi za mateso." Hofu ya shambulio la Kijapani kwenye ardhi ya Marekani ilisababisha serikali ya Marekani kuunda kambi hizi za mateso. Hofu hiyo huongoza Wamarekani Wajapani wasio na hatia kuishi kwa njia ambayo yaweza kuonwa kuwa isiyo ya kibinadamu. Kati ya mamia ya maelfu ya Wamarekani Wajapani katika kambi za mateso nusu yao walikuwa watoto. "Kama vile walivyofanya Waamerika wa Japani katika kambi za mateso za 1942-1946, ""wawakilishi wa Japan"" waliwazuia Waamerika wa Japani kutoka kujihusisha na shughuli za kibiashara baada ya shambulio la Pearl Harbor." Walionwa kama waasi na kukabiliwa na aibu kwa sababu ya hisia za kupinga Kijapani, na kusababisha wao kulazimika kuvumilia magumu kadhaa kama vile kuacha nyuma mali zao kwenda hali ya kifungo, kukabiliwa na hali mbaya ya makazi, na kukutana na taasisi za maskini. "Mashambulizi ya Pearl Harbor yalifanyika Desemba 7, 1941 na ""Mimi upendo nchi ambayo mara moja alisaliti mimi.""" "Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 1960, Rais Roosevelt alitoa amri ya kiutawala ya ""kuondoa mtu yeyote ambaye anaonekana kuwa tishio kwa taifa"" (Executive Order 9066) na kuondoa watu wote kutoka maeneo ya California." Wajapani wengi walipinga kuondoka Pwani ya Pasifiki kwa hiari yao wenyewe (Fremon 24). "Wamarekani wa Kijapani hawangeweza kukubaliwa katika maeneo mengine ikiwa wangehamia, ""Mtawala wa Idaho alisema, ""Wajapani wangekaribishwa tu ikiwa wangekuwa katika kambi za mateso chini ya ulinzi"" (Fremon 35)." Kambi hizo zilikuwa katika Arizona, Arkansas, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, na California ambako maelfu ya Wamarekani wa Japani hatimaye walihamishwa. "Kama ""Mashabiki wa Kijapani wa Manzanara"" (JAPANESE AMERICANS AT MANZANAR) ""Kikosi cha Uhamisho cha Kijapani"" (JAPANESE AMERICANS AT MANZANAR) kilikuwa na makazi ya miaka mitatu, na kambi ya mwisho ilifungwa mwaka 1946." "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya kwanza ya kitabu cha ""Lessons Learned: Japanese Internment During WWII,"" amri ya kiutawala ya mwaka wa 1990 iliyotolewa na Rais Roosevelt ilitolewa Februari 19, 1966." Mwaka 1942 ilikuwa ni mwaka wa kuibuka kwa chuki ya rangi. Sheria hiyo ililazimisha Wajapani 120,000 wa Marekani kuuza mali zao, kuondoka nyumbani kwao, na kuingia katika kambi za mateso zilizokuwa kote Marekani. Haki nyingi zilizopewa raia na Katiba zilipuuzwa waziwazi wakati wa utaratibu huu wote. Franklin D. Roosevelt alitoa amri ya kiutawala ya mwaka wa 1942 iliyoweka sheria ya kupeleka maelfu ya watu wa asili ya Japani kwenye kambi za magereza ili kuzuia ujasusi na uharibifu wa serikali ya Japani. Uhamisho huo haukuwa tu kwa msingi wa ushahidi wa uwongo na ushahidi wa kutatanisha, lakini pia ulikiuka haki za Wamarekani wa asili ya Kijapani kupitia michakato ya ubaguzi wa rangi wa taasisi ambayo iliwekwa baada ya matukio ya Pearl Harbor. "Kama ilivyokuwa na raia wa Issei na Nisei, wa kizazi cha kwanza na cha pili cha Wajapani-Wamarekani, sera ya kuwekwa kizuizini ilivuruga maisha ya familia, ikisababisha hasara ya mali ya kibinafsi, shida ya kihisia, baada ya mabomu ya Pearl Harbor Desemba 7, 1941, watu wengi walikuwa na shaka juu ya Wajapani-Wamarekani wengi na waliamini walikuwa wakifanya kazi na Japani. """ "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, Rais Roosevelt alitia saini Amri ya Utekelezaji ya Februari 19, 1942, na kuhamisha Wajapani kadhaa wa Amerika kwenye kambi za mateso, akisema ""hitaji la kijeshi.""" Wakati wa vita hivyo, Wajapani wengi walipoteza mali zao, nyumba, mashamba na haki zao kama raia wa Marekani. Wamarekani wengi Wajapani walikuwa wakitumwa kwa bidii kwenye kambi za mateso dhidi ya mapenzi yao na serikali. Yaelekea uhamisho huo wa kulazimishwa ulisababisha hofu, kuchanganyikiwa, na uhaini miongoni mwa Wamarekani wenye asili ya Kijapani. Baada ya shambulio la Pearl Harbor mnamo Desemba 7, 1941, mvutano wa rangi uliongezeka nchini Marekani, hasa katika pwani ya Magharibi. "Mtazamo wa kupinga Japani ulisababisha Rais Franklin D. Roosevelt kutoa amri ya kiutawala ya ""9066"" ambayo iliwapa maafisa wa kijeshi nguvu ya kupunguza haki za kiraia za Wamarekani wa Kijapani." Amri hiyo pia iliruhusu kuhamishwa kwa nguvu kwa Wamarekani wote wa Japani kwenda kambi za mateso (Divine 898). Kambi hizo zilikuwa katika jangwa na nyanda za ndani za Marekani (Sato 67). Asilimia mbili ya Wajapani-Wamarekani 120,000 waliolazimika kuhamia nchi nyingine walikuwa <unk>Nisei<unk>, au raia wa asili wa Marekani (Divine 898). Kuishi katika kambi na watu wa jamii yako tu, kuwa na kuishi katika kambi kwa nguvu na kutokuwa na uwezo wa kuungana na ulimwengu wa nje. Huo ndio uliokuwa maisha ya Wajapani-Wamarekani walioishi kwenye pwani ya magharibi. Kambi za mateso zilianzishwa kwa ajili ya Wajapani kwa sababu ya shambulio la Pearl Harbor. Serikali ilikuwa na wasiwasi kuhusu Wajapani kuwa wapelelezi au magaidi wa siri. Serikali iliamua kuhamisha Wamarekani wote wa Japani mbali na pwani ya magharibi, ili isiwe na tisho halisi. Wamarekani wa Japani waliwekwa katika kambi za mateso na kupewa mahitaji yote ya maisha kama vile chakula na maji. "Mashambulizi ya Marekani ya mwaka 1941 yalimfanya Japani kuhamia Pearl Harbor, Marekani, na kuingiza Marekani katika Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia (Prange et al., 1981: p.174).""" "Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 1942, Rais Franklin D. Roosevelt alitoa amri ya kiutawala ya ""Executive Order 9066"" ambayo iliwapa mamlaka waziri wa vita na maafisa wa jeshi kuamua maeneo ya ardhi kama maeneo ya kijeshi ya kutengwa." Amri hiyo iliruhusu kuwakamata, kuhamisha, na kuwashika wafungwa Wajapani wasio na hatia katika kambi za War Relocation katika sehemu ya magharibi ya Marekani. Katika mwaka wa 1942, karibu watu 120,000 walihamishwa kutoka maeneo yao ya nyumbani katika pwani ya magharibi na Hawaii, na Rais Franklin D. Roosevelt alisaini amri ya 906 ya Marekani. Jambo hilo liliwalazimisha Wamarekani wote wa asili ya Kijapani, bila kujali uaminifu-mshikamanifu wao au uraia wao, wahamie Pwani ya Magharibi. Uhamisho wa Wajapani-Wamarekani katika kambi za mateso wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia ulikuwa moja ya ukiukaji mkubwa zaidi wa uhuru wa kiraia katika historia ya Marekani. Watu wengi wameona mauaji makubwa katika historia, mojawapo ya hayo ni yale ya Wayahudi wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Ulimwengu. Kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya Ujerumani, Marekani ilikuwa na mauaji ya kimbari ya wenyewe. Rais Roosevelt alitoa amri ya kiutawala ya # 9066 Februari 19, 1942, ambayo iliruhusu kuhamishwa kwa maelfu ya Wajapani-Wamarekani kwenye kambi za mateso, na kuwaondoa haki zao, kwa sababu raia hawa wa Marekani walikuwa wa asili ya Kijapani. Kuna sababu nyingine zinazowezekana za Wajapani kupelekwa kwenye kambi hizi, kama vile kuwa salama baada ya shambulio la Pearl Harbor; hata hivyo, mitazamo ya kijamii na ya kikabila ilikuwa muhimu zaidi kwa sababu Japani ilishambulia, na kulikuwa na vita, kwa hivyo kuna uwezekano gani kwamba Wajapani zaidi hawatakuwa na kufuata, wakati wale wengine wawili waliundwa kutoka kwa ubaguzi na ubaguzi wa rangi. Uhamisho wa Wajapani-Wamarekani ulikuwa tukio lililotokea ndani ya Marekani wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Ulimwengu. "Katika Februari 19, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt alitoa amri ya kiutawala ya 9066, ambayo iliamuru ""Wamarekani wote wa Japani wanaoishi katika Pwani ya Magharibi kuhamishwa kutoka eneo hilo na kuhamishwa kwenye kambi za mateso kote Marekani, ambapo wangefungwa.""" Watu 120,000 walipelekwa kwenye kambi za mateso, na tukio hilo liliendelea hadi mwaka wa 1942 na 1945. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""mfano wa kuhamishwa kwa watu hao ni hofu iliyoundwa miongoni mwa watu wa Japani baada ya Japani kubomeza Pearl Harbor mnamo 1941.""" Wamarekani walikuwa na wasiwasi juu ya uwezekano wa wakazi wa Japani wa nchi kusaidia Japan, na au kwa siri kujaribu kuharibu makampuni ya Marekani. Pearl Harbor ilipogongwa, Marekani iliondoa Wajapani 5,000 kutoka jeshi la Marekani mnamo Desemba 1941. Jeshi la Marekani liliondoa haki za raia wa Marekani wa Japani kwa kutowaruhusu kuwa sehemu ya Jeshi la Marekani. Huduma za kuchagua ziliwaita "wageni maadui" na kukomesha uandikishaji wa raia wa Japani-Wamarekani. Maofisa wa kijeshi waliwakataa Wamarekani wa asili ya Kijapani uraia. Desemba 7, 1941 - FBI kukamatwa Japan-Wamarekani raia katika pwani ya Magharibi, na kamwe akarudi nyumbani. Hawakupata nafasi ya kuaga familia zao mpaka baada ya miaka sita, wakati vita vilipokwisha. Kuwekwa kwa Wajapani-Wamarekani katika kambi za mateso kulikuwa kosa na kinyume cha katiba. Wamarekani wa asili ya Kijapani walikuwa wakiishi Marekani bila shaka mpaka kuibuka kwa ubaguzi wa rangi uliosababishwa na mabomu ya Pearl Harbor. Wamarekani wengi wa asili ya Kijapani walikuwa wamezaliwa Marekani na kuishi maisha ya Marekani, wakijiunga na shule za Marekani, wakizungumza kwa lafudhi ya Marekani, na kufurahia utamaduni wa Marekani. Baada ya shambulio la Pearl Harbor mnamo Desemba 7, 1941, Marekani iliona kuwa Japani ni hatari ya kutoweka. "Wanafunzi hao wa Marekani waliwekwa katika kambi za mateso bila idhini ya mtu yeyote, na kutendewa kama ""bomu la wakati"" lenye kusonga." Baada ya Japani kupiga bomu Pearl Harbor, maisha ya watu wa Marekani yalibadilika. Ilikuwa mara ya kwanza kwa muda mrefu kwamba Marekani ilishambuliwa katika nchi yake. Tisho hili la usalama wa kitaifa lilikuwa mshtuko mkubwa kwa watu. Wajapani walilazimika kuteseka kwa sababu ya shambulio lao. "Kama vile Wajerumani walipokuwa wakitengeneza kambi za mateso kwa ajili ya Wayahudi wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Ulimwengu, Wamarekani walianzisha programu za ""kuhamisha"" watu, ambazo zinajulikana zaidi kama kambi za mateso, ili kuwaweka Wajapani wote." Sababu ya Wajapani kuhamishwa katika kambi hizo ilikuwa kwa sababu walishukiwa kuwa wapelelezi. Walilazimishwa kuishi huko kwa miaka minne na hawakuweza kuendelea na maisha yao kama walivyokuwa kabla ya kuishi katika kambi hizi.