Views: 13 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2019-07-26 Origin: Site
Tungsten is a rare high melting point metal in nature with a melting point of up to 3,410 ° C. It has high density, high hardness, high wear resistance, high electrical conductivity and high temperature strength. According to the degree of smelting and processing, tungsten products mainly include ammonium paratungstate (APT), tungsten oxide, tungsten powder, tungsten carbide powder, tungsten carbide and other products. Among them, tungsten carbide has high hardness and excellent wear resistance. It is widely used in the fields of machining, mining, automobile manufacturing, oil drilling, electronic information, etc., and is known as "industrial teeth".
Worldwide, tungsten, as an important non-renewable scarce resource, has been listed as an important strategic metal by major countries.
The application of cemented carbide depends on its specific properties, mainly due to the size of the tungsten carbide powder (grain size) and the binder content. In the case where the binder phase content of the cemented carbide is constant, the finer the tungsten carbide grain is, the higher the hardness of the cemented carbide is, especially when the grain size of the tungsten carbide powder is less than 0.5 μm, the hardness of the cemented carbide The flexural strength will be greatly improved; the coarser the tungsten carbide grains, the higher the fracture toughness of the cemented carbide, especially when the grain size of the tungsten carbide powder is higher than 6.0 μm, the cemented carbide will have good fracture toughness. , resistance to thermal fatigue and impact toughness.
After decades of development, the competition in China's tungsten products industry has gradually matured and the market competition is relatively full. However, the current industrial concentration is still low, and the situation of “multiple, scattered and small” of tungsten products enterprises still exists. In terms of production capacity and product structure, there are many low-end products and low-end products. The pattern of exporting low-value-added primary and intermediate tungsten smelting products remains unchanged, especially for tungsten deep processing products and foreign large-scale tungsten products. There is still a certain gap, high-performance, high-precision high-grade cemented carbide still needs to be imported from abroad.
The main obstacles to entering the tungsten industry:
One is the barrier to entry. The access conditions for the tungsten products industry are relatively strict. The “Tungsten Industry Access Conditions” issued by the National Development and Reform Commission and the “Tungsten Industry Standard Conditions” issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the establishment and layout of production enterprises, production scale, resource recycling and utilization. Strict requirements have been put forward in terms of energy consumption, environmental protection, product quality, safe production and occupational disease prevention, supervision and management; the Ministry of Commerce has also established a very strict standard access system for the qualification of tungsten export suppliers, which is not satisfied. Enterprises with the above conditions will not be able to enter the tungsten products industry or engage in the direct export business of tungsten products.
The second is product quality barriers. As downstream customers pay attention to the production of raw materials, product quality has become one of the main barriers to entry into the industry. Major manufacturers of high-end hard alloys at home and abroad have clear requirements for their main raw materials, ultra-fine and ultra-thick tungsten carbide. For example, ultra-fine tungsten carbide powders are required to have small particle size, high purity and narrow particle size distribution. Some companies that fail to meet the relevant quality requirements will gradually be eliminated. In addition, downstream customers pay special attention to the stability of product quality, and cannot continue to provide existing or new-enterprise enterprises with stable quality products, and it is difficult to survive and develop in the market for a long time.
The third is technical barriers. With the improvement of China's tungsten technology level, tungsten products are developing to high performance, high precision and high added value. This trend puts forward higher technical requirements for enterprises entering the tungsten products industry. For example, the gradual application of nanomaterials, nanostructure coatings, coating coating technologies, etc. in cemented carbide tools and tools, puts forward higher technology for the powder morphology, chemical purity, and powder particle size of the main raw material tungsten carbide. Standards and requirements. New companies entering the industry need to constantly overcome technical barriers.
The fourth is the talent barrier. The tungsten products industry has higher requirements for professionals in all aspects. In the production process, the production personnel are required to precisely control the key control parameters in each process flow, and in the inspection process, the test personnel need to be proficient in the use of professional measuring instruments such as grating spectrograph, laser particle size analyzer and specific surface area analyzer. Therefore, the company is required to have a variety of professionals with many years of industry experience. The demand for talents in the industry is not only the requirement of professional knowledge, but also requires a certain amount of experience. At present, there are fewer professionals in the domestic tungsten product industry, and the period of training talents is long. Finding professional talents has become one of the difficulties faced by newcomers.
Tungsten ni chuma cha hali ya juu ya kuyeyuka katika asili na kiwango cha kuyeyuka cha hadi 3,410 ° C. Ina wiani wa juu, ugumu wa juu, upinzani wa kuvaa, conductivity ya juu ya umeme na nguvu ya joto la juu. Kulingana na kiwango cha kuyeyuka na usindikaji, bidhaa za tungsten hasa ni pamoja na ammonium paratungstate (APT), tungsten oxide, tungsten poda, tungsten carbide poda, tungsten carbide na bidhaa nyingine. Miongoni mwao, tungsten carbide ina ugumu wa juu na upinzani bora wa kuvaa. Ni sana kutumika katika nyanja ya machining, madini, utengenezaji wa magari, mafuta kuchimba visima, habari za elektroniki, nk, na inajulikana kama " meno ya viwanda ". Tungsten ni muhimu katika dunia ya nishati, na ni muhimu katika dunia ya nishati ya nishati ya nishati ya nishati ya nishati ya nishati ya nishati ya nishati ya nishati ya nishati ya nishati. Matumizi ya carbide cemented inategemea mali yake maalum, hasa kutokana na ukubwa wa unga wa carbide ya tungsten (ukubwa wa nafaka) na maudhui ya binder. Katika kesi ambapo kiwango cha muundo wa carbide ya saruji ni cha kawaida, bora zaidi nafaka ya carbide ya tungsten, ngumu zaidi ya carbide ya cemented, haswa wakati ukubwa wa unga wa carbide ya tungsten ni chini ya 0.5 μm, ugumu wa carbide ya cemented utaboreshwa sana; kwa sababu ya ukubwa wa unga wa carbide ya tungsten, ugumu wa kuvunjika kwa carbide ya cemented ni kubwa. , upinzani kwa uchovu wa joto na nguvu ya athari. Baada ya miongo kadhaa ya maendeleo, ushindani katika sekta ya bidhaa za tungsten ya China umekomaa hatua kwa hatua na ushindani wa soko ni kiasi kamili. Hata hivyo, mkusanyiko wa sasa wa viwanda bado ni chini, na hali ya <unk>multiple, kutawanyika na ndogo<unk> ya biashara ya bidhaa tungsten bado ipo. Kwa upande wa uwezo wa uzalishaji na muundo wa bidhaa, kuna bidhaa nyingi za chini na bidhaa za chini. Mfano wa kuuza nje ya bidhaa za msingi na za kati za kutengenezea tungsten zenye thamani ya chini haijabadilika, haswa kwa bidhaa za usindikaji wa kina wa tungsten na bidhaa za kigeni za tungsten za kiwango kikubwa. Kuna bado pengo fulani, utendaji wa juu, usahihi wa juu wa carbide ya saruji bado inahitaji kuingizwa kutoka nje ya nchi. Vizuizi vikuu vya kuingia katika sekta ya tungsten: Moja ni kizuizi cha kuingia. Masharti ya upatikanaji kwa ajili ya sekta ya bidhaa tungsten ni kiasi kali. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ""Masharti ya Ufikiaji wa Viwanda vya Tungsten"" iliyotolewa na Tume ya Kitaifa ya Maendeleo na Marekebisho na ""Masharti ya Kiwango cha Viwanda vya Tungsten"" iliyotolewa na Wizara ya Viwanda na Teknolojia ya Habari, kuanzishwa na mpangilio wa makampuni ya uzalishaji, kiwango cha uzalishaji, kuchakata rasilimali na matumizi." "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Mfumo wa Usimamizi wa Usalama wa Kazi, Usimamizi wa Usalama wa Kazi na Usimamizi wa Usalama wa Kazi, na Usimamizi wa Usalama wa Kazi, na Usimamizi wa Usalama wa Kazi, na Usimamizi wa Usalama wa Kazi, na Usimamizi wa Usalama wa Kazi, na Usimamizi wa Usalama wa Kazi, na Usimamizi wa Usalama wa Kazi, na Usimamizi wa Usalama wa Kazi.""" Kampuni zilizo na hali zilizo hapo juu hazitaweza kuingia katika tasnia ya bidhaa za tungsten au kushiriki katika biashara ya kuuza nje moja kwa moja ya bidhaa za tungsten. Ya pili ni vizuizi vya ubora wa bidhaa. Kama wateja wa chini ya mtiririko wa huduma wanahakikisha ubora wa bidhaa, ubora wa bidhaa umekuwa moja ya vizuizi vikuu vya kuingia katika sekta hiyo. Watengenezaji wakuu wa high-end ngumu alloys nyumbani na nje ya nchi na mahitaji ya wazi kwa ajili ya malighafi yao kuu, ultra-fine na ultra-thick tungsten carbide. Kwa mfano, ultra-fine tungsten carbide poda zinahitajika kuwa na ukubwa mdogo chembe, usafi wa juu na mpana chembe ukubwa usambazaji. Baadhi ya makampuni ambayo kushindwa kukidhi mahitaji husika ya ubora hatua kwa hatua kuondolewa. Kwa kuongezea, wateja wa chini wanastahili uangalifu maalum kwa utulivu wa ubora wa bidhaa, na hawawezi kuendelea kutoa biashara zilizopo au mpya na bidhaa zenye ubora thabiti, na ni ngumu kuishi na kuendeleza soko kwa muda mrefu. Jambo la tatu ni vizuizi vya kiufundi. Pamoja na maendeleo ya kiwango cha teknolojia ya tungsten ya China, bidhaa za tungsten zinaendelea kwa utendaji wa juu, usahihi wa juu na thamani ya juu iliyoongezwa. Mwelekeo huu inaweka mbele mahitaji ya juu ya kiufundi kwa ajili ya makampuni kuingia sekta ya bidhaa tungsten. Kwa mfano, matumizi ya hatua kwa hatua ya nanomaterials, nanostructure coatings, coating coating teknolojia, nk. Katika vifaa vya saruji carbide na vifaa, inatoa teknolojia ya juu kwa ajili ya poda morphology, usafi wa kemikali, na poda chembe ukubwa wa msingi malighafi tungsten carbide. Viwango na mahitaji. Kampuni mpya zinazoingia katika sekta hiyo zinahitaji kushinda vizuizi vya kiufundi daima. Ya nne ni kizuizi cha vipaji. Sekta ya bidhaa za tungsten ina mahitaji ya juu kwa wataalamu katika nyanja zote. Katika mchakato wa uzalishaji, wafanyakazi wa uzalishaji wanahitajika kudhibiti kwa usahihi vigezo muhimu vya udhibiti katika kila mtiririko wa mchakato, na katika mchakato wa ukaguzi, wafanyakazi wa mtihani wanahitaji kuwa na ujuzi katika matumizi ya vyombo vya kipimo vya kitaaluma kama vile grating spectrograph, laser particle size analyzer na specific surface area analyzer. Kwa hiyo, kampuni inahitajika kuwa na aina mbalimbali ya wataalamu na miaka mingi ya uzoefu wa sekta. Mahitaji ya vipaji katika sekta hiyo si tu mahitaji ya maarifa ya kitaaluma, lakini pia inahitaji kiasi fulani cha uzoefu. Kwa sasa, kuna wataalamu wachache katika sekta ya bidhaa za tungsten za ndani, na kipindi cha mafunzo ya vipaji ni muda mrefu. Kupata vipaji vya kitaaluma imekuwa moja ya matatizo yanayokabiliwa na wageni.