Russia has many cities since Kievan Rus. Kiev, Novgorod, Puskov, Chernigov, Polotsk, Smolensk, Vladimir, etc., are the oldest cities in Russia. They were in the 10th-11th centuries. Has reached a considerable scale.
With the development of industry and technology, since the second half of the 19th century, there have been more and more multi-storey buildings with metal structures. At this time, the trend of integrating various styles occupied a major position in architecture. The Russian-Byzantine style initiated by Katorn is an eclectic style. He received official support and designed the Moscow Kremlin (18391849), the Kremlin’s Armory (18441851) and other buildings. At the same time, there has also been a trend of building houses in cities and towns imitating ancient Russian folk architecture. Many wooden private villas have been built in towns. Most of them are small in size, but there are also large buildings, such as the Marfino Manor in the suburbs of Moscow. The group (architect Bekowski), the monastery on the island of Varam in Lake Ladoga (architect Gornostaev). Some architects (such as Galtman) decorate buildings with folk embroidery and woodcut patterns, which are more Russian than ancient Russian architecture. At the beginning of the 19th century and the early 20th century, modernist architectural styles began to appear in Russia. They used reinforced cement technology to design the building shapes, balconies, ladders, cornices, etc. in strange shapes, different styles of windows, paintings on the glass, and interior wall panels. Painted with colorful paintings, the whole design gives the impression of highlighting individuality and freedom. Shekhtyli is a representative of Russian modernist architecture. He reconstructed the Moscow Art Theatre (1902) in this style, designed and built the original Ryabszynsky Mansion and Yaroslavsky on Kachalov Street in Moscow. Railway station (1902).
Russian style design Russian style design Russian style design is mostly based on concise colors and calm keynotes. While emphasizing rationality and calmness, it also adds a little surprising creativity to configure it, which is described by the movie “This Killer Is Not So Cold” Its style is most suitable. The overall characteristics are lightness, gorgeousness, exquisiteness and delicateness. The interior decoration is tall, slender, and asymmetrical. It uses frequently changing shapes and directions, such as C or volute-shaped curves and arcs, and often uses large mirrors for decoration, using garlands, bouquets, bows and arrows, and shell patterns. Make good use of gold and ivory, the colors are bright, soft, light but luxurious and rich. The interior decoration is elegant in shape, and the craftsmanship, structure, and lines are tactful and soft to create a relaxed, bright and friendly space environment. Russian style design is based on light beige, and the ground and large masses are divided into a strong contrast between dark walnut and dark colors. Dark suede sofas and walnut furniture are selected to highlight the texture. The decorations are matched with natural post-modern natural furnishings to set off the humane and elegant atmosphere of the space. The overall space feels calm and elegant. Because of being in the Northland and rich in wood resources, the Russians have a special liking for wood, even in restaurants. The birch floor and solid wood dining room tables and chairs all feel so close and gentle. The overall feeling is concise and there is a touch of warmth. Although it does not look much different from the Chinese style, it feels like this is Russian style.
According to historical records, the Russian people lived around the forest for the first time. Their ancestors used materials for generations to build their homes. The wood resources are inexhaustible, forming a traditional wooden-based structural architectural style. After accepting Christianity at the end of the 10th century, stone buildings began to appear under the influence of religion, but they were mostly used in public buildings. The main purpose of this form of stone construction is to rely on gods to create a solemn, elegant, great and noble atmosphere, and to give believers a sense of reverence. The appearance is elegant and generous, tall and wide, and the top is matched with a number of semicircular top covers standing upright. In that era of polytheism, for ordinary people, there was indeed a certain feeling that God surpassed everything. However, people have discovered several characteristics of traditional Russian architecture: architectural techniques developed from wooden structures, such as hierarchical stacked structures and large inclined tent-style spires, as well as derived folk-relief on the outer walls; independent tower-shaped structure The tall and magnificent style is still carried forward in stone buildings. The Spsky Clock Tower of the Mlin Palace was built in the 14th century and is a masterpiece of this style. It is 67.3 meters high, square in plan, and stone-built. Originally used for defense, it was changed to a gun tower in 1491. The first clock was installed in the 16th century, reporting the time every 15 minutes; the spire was built in the 17th century, and a 6-meter-diameter red crystal stone and agate stone five-pointed star were installed on the spire in 1937, each weighing 1 ton. Since each star is mounted on a bearing, when the wind blows, the five-pointed star rotates with the wind. During the day, the five-pointed star is shining with gold on all sides under the brilliant sun; at night, the electric light in the five-pointed star illuminates the ruby, like a dazzling night pearl. For many years, it was often regarded as a symbol of Moscow. The style must be sharp at rallies. The style was the peak in the 1950s of the former Soviet Union. There are many explanations for the slender golden spires and five-pointed stars formed during the Stalin era. One is that this architectural style fully demonstrates the idea of centralization and the revitalization of the country at that time; the second is that it makes people feel the spirit of the times of a socialist industrial power; the third is that the tower-shaped structure has a solid foundation and the outer wall is attached to the marble foyer. The chandeliers are magnificent. The side buildings on the sides or four corners are relatively short. The main building in the center is tall and the top is a thin spire. It is the typical style of Russian architecture. St. Basil’s Cathedral is contrary to the custom in the past that traditional cathedrals were built in the castles of grand dukes or emperors. Instead, it is close to the outer wall of the Kremlin so that every Russian can approach it. In terms of expression style, the church has become a symbol of Russia’s strict class system and centralized rule with Moscow as the center. The most attractive part of St. Basil’s Cathedral is the nine onion-shaped domes on the top. This dome is very similar in shape to Islam and shows the influence of Oriental Byzantine architectural style. It is now a branch of the National Museum of History, as an architectural artifact for people to visit.
Russia has many cities since Kievan Rus. Kiev, Novgorod, Puskov, Chernigov, Polotsk, Smolensk, Vladimir, etc., are the oldest cities in Russia. They were in the 10th-11th centuries. Has reached a considerable scale. At that time, Kiev had 8 markets and many churches; Novgorod had wooden streets and wooden water pipes. With the development of the economy and the increase in contacts with Byzantium, more and more Russian buildings, mainly large buildings, are built of stone. The grandfather of Kievan Rus Olga built for herself a huge two-story stone palace, decorated with marble, colored slate and paintings on the inside and outside, and remains in ruins. An official residence built in the 12th century on the outskirts of Vladimir City (owned by Duke Andrei Bogorius), with white stone and marble buildings inside.
Urusi ina miji mingi tangu Kievan Rus. Kiev, Novgorod, Puskov, Chernigov, Polotsk, Smolensk, Vladimir, na kadhalika, ni miji ya kale zaidi nchini Urusi. Zilizaliwa katika karne ya 10 na 11. Imefikia kiwango kikubwa. Pamoja na maendeleo ya viwanda na teknolojia, tangu nusu ya pili ya karne ya 19, kumekuwa na majengo zaidi na zaidi ya ghorofa nyingi na miundo ya chuma. Wakati huo, mwelekeo wa kuunganisha mitindo mbalimbali ulikuwa na umaarufu mkubwa katika usanifu-ujenzi. Mtindo wa Kirusi-Byzantium ulioanzishwa na Katorn ni mtindo wa eclectic. Alijenga Kremlin ya Moscow (1839-1849) na Kremlin's Armory (1844-1851). Wakati huohuo, kumekuwa na mwelekeo wa kujenga nyumba katika majiji na miji kwa kuiga usanifu-ujenzi wa kale wa watu wa Urusi. Nyumba nyingi za kibinafsi za mbao zimejengwa katika miji. Majengo hayo mengi ni madogo, lakini pia kuna majengo makubwa, kama vile Jumba la Marfino katika vitongoji vya Moscow. Kikundi (mjenzi Bekowski), makao ya watawa katika kisiwa cha Varam katika Ziwa Ladoga (mjenzi Gornostaev). Wasanifu-ujenzi fulani (kama vile Galtman) hupamba majengo kwa mapambo ya kitamaduni na michoro ya kuchonga mbao, ambayo ni ya Kirusi zaidi kuliko usanifu-ujenzi wa kale wa Kirusi. Katika karne ya 19 na mapema karne ya 20, mitindo ya usanifu wa kisasa ilianza kuonekana nchini Urusi. Walitumia teknolojia ya saruji iliyoimarishwa kubuni maumbo ya majengo, balcony, ngazi, cornices, nk. Kwa mfano, kuna aina ya mawe ya kioo, picha kwenye glasi, na paneli za ukuta. Kwa kuwa imepakwa rangi nyingi, muundo huo wote unatoa hisia ya kuonyesha utu na uhuru. Shekhtyli ni mwakilishi wa usanifu wa kisasa wa Urusi. Alijenga upya Moscow Art Theatre (1902) katika mtindo huu, iliyoundwa na kujengwa awali Ryabzhinsky Mansion na Yaroslavsky juu ya Kachalov Street katika Moscow. Kituo cha reli (1902). Kwa mfano, mtindo wa Urusi wa kuunda ni wa kawaida, na kwa sababu ya rangi ya rangi, rangi ya rangi na rangi ya rangi, ni rahisi sana. Wakati akisisitiza busara na utulivu, pia anaongeza ubunifu kidogo wa kushangaza kuubadilisha, ambao umeelezwa na filamu <unk>Hii Killer Si So Cold<unk> Mtindo wake ni sahihi zaidi. Sifa za jumla ni mwanga, gorgeousness, exquisiteness na delicateness. Mapambo ya ndani ni marefu, mepesi, na yasiyo sawa. Inatumia maumbo na mwelekeo unaobadilika mara kwa mara, kama vile C au curves na upinde wa volute, na mara nyingi hutumia vioo vikubwa kwa mapambo, kwa kutumia garlands, bouquets, upinde na mishale, na mifumo ya shell. Tumia dhahabu na pembe za tembo kwa njia nzuri, rangi ni mkali, laini, nyepesi lakini ya kifahari na tajiri. Mapambo ya ndani ni ya kifahari katika umbo, na ufundi, muundo, na mistari ni tactful na laini kuunda mazingira ya nafasi ya kupumzika, mwanga na kirafiki. Mtindo wa Urusi ni msingi wa rangi nyepesi ya beige, na ardhi na wingi mkubwa umegawanywa katika tofauti kali kati ya walnut nyeusi na rangi nyeusi. Sofa za suede nyeusi na fanicha za walnut huchaguliwa ili kuonyesha muundo huo. Mapambo ni sambamba na asili baada ya kisasa ya asili fanicha kuanzisha binadamu na kifahari anga ya nafasi. Kwa ujumla, eneo hilo linaonekana kuwa lenye utulivu na lenye kupendeza. Kwa kuwa nchi ya Urusi iko kaskazini mwa nchi hiyo na ina misitu mingi, watu wa nchi hiyo hupenda sana mbao, hata katika mikahawa. Sakafu ya mti wa birch na meza na viti vya meza ya mti thabiti wote huhisi karibu sana na laini. Hisia ya jumla ni fupi na kuna hisia ya uchangamfu. Ingawa inaonekana si tofauti sana na mtindo wa Kichina, inahisi kama hii ni mtindo wa Kirusi. Kulingana na rekodi za kihistoria, watu wa Urusi waliishi karibu na msitu kwa mara ya kwanza. Mababu zao walitumia vifaa kwa vizazi vingi kujenga nyumba zao. Rasilimali za mbao hazina kikomo, zikifanyiza mtindo wa jadi wa usanifu wa muundo wa mbao. Baada ya kuamini Ukristo mwishoni mwa karne ya 10, majengo ya mawe yalianza kuonekana chini ya ushawishi wa dini, lakini yalitumiwa hasa katika majengo ya umma. Lengo kuu la aina hii ya ujenzi wa mawe ni kutegemea miungu kuunda hali ya heshima, ya kifahari, ya hali ya juu na ya kifahari, na kuwapa waumini hisia ya heshima. Muonekano ni kifahari na ukarimu, mrefu na pana, na juu ni mechi na idadi ya semicircular juu inashughulikia kusimama wima. Katika enzi hiyo ya kuabudu miungu mingi, kwa watu wa kawaida, kulikuwa na hisia fulani kwamba Mungu alishinda kila kitu. Hata hivyo, watu wamegundua sifa kadhaa za usanifu wa jadi wa Urusi: mbinu za usanifu zilizotengenezwa kutoka kwa miundo ya mbao, kama vile miundo ya juu ya juu na minara mikubwa ya mtindo wa hema, na vile vile relifu za watu kwenye kuta za nje; muundo wa kujitegemea wa mnara. Mnara wa saa wa Mlin ulijengwa katika karne ya 14 na ni kipaji cha mtindo huu. Ina urefu wa mita 67.3, ina umbo la mraba, na imejengwa kwa mawe. Mwanzoni ilitumiwa kama ngome ya ulinzi, lakini mwaka wa 1491 ilibadilishwa kuwa mnara wa silaha. Saa ya kwanza iliwekwa katika karne ya 16, ikitoa taarifa ya wakati kila dakika ya 15; mnara ulijengwa katika karne ya 17, na jiwe la kioo nyekundu lenye kipenyo cha mita 6 na nyota ya miamba mitano ya agate iliwekwa kwenye mnara huo mnamo 1937. Kwa kuwa kila nyota imewekwa kwenye kiunzi, wakati upepo unapovuma, nyota yenye ncha tano huzunguka pamoja na upepo. Wakati wa mchana, nyota hiyo yenye ncha tano huangaza kwa dhahabu pande zote chini ya jua lenye kung'aa; wakati wa usiku, nuru ya umeme katika nyota hiyo yenye ncha tano huangaza rubini hiyo, kama lulu yenye kung'aa ya usiku. Kwa miaka mingi, mara nyingi lilionwa kuwa ishara ya Moscow. Mtindo lazima uwe mkali kwenye mikusanyiko. Mtindo huo ulikuwa na upeo katika miaka ya 1950 ya Muungano wa Sovieti wa zamani. Kuna maelezo mengi kuhusu minara mirefu ya dhahabu na nyota zenye ncha tano zilizojengwa wakati wa enzi ya Stalin. Moja ni kwamba mtindo huu wa usanifu unaonyesha kabisa wazo la kuunganisha na uamsho wa nchi wakati huo; pili ni kwamba inafanya watu kuhisi roho ya nyakati za nguvu ya viwanda vya kisoshalisti; ya tatu ni kwamba muundo wa umbo la mnara una msingi thabiti na ukuta wa nje umeunganishwa na foyer ya marumaru. Taa hizo ni zenye kupendeza sana. Majengo ya upande kwenye pande au pembe nne ni mafupi kwa kulinganisha. Jengo kuu lililo katikati ni refu na juu yake kuna mnara mwembamba. Ni mtindo wa kawaida wa usanifu-ujenzi wa Urusi. Kanisa Kuu la St. Basil ni kinyume na desturi katika siku za nyuma kwamba makanisa makuu ya jadi yalijengwa katika majumba ya duques kubwa au maliki. Badala yake, iko karibu na ukuta wa nje wa Kremlin ili kila Mrusho aweze kuukaribia. Kwa habari ya mtindo wa kujieleza, kanisa hilo limekuwa ishara ya mfumo mkali wa tabaka wa Urusi na utawala wa kati na Moscow kuwa kitovu. Sehemu yenye kuvutia zaidi ya Kanisa Kuu la St. Basil ni zile vibao tisa vyenye umbo la vitunguu vilivyo juu. Mnara huo una umbo linalofanana sana na ule wa Uislamu na unaonyesha uvutano wa mtindo wa usanifu wa Byzantium wa Mashariki. Sasa ni tawi la Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia, kama kiumbe cha usanifu-ujenzi kwa watu kutembelea. Urusi ina miji mingi tangu Kievan Rus. Kiev, Novgorod, Puskov, Chernigov, Polotsk, Smolensk, Vladimir, na kadhalika, ni miji ya kale zaidi nchini Urusi. Zilizaliwa katika karne ya 10 na 11. Imefikia kiwango kikubwa. Wakati huo, Kiev ilikuwa na masoko manane na makanisa mengi; Novgorod ilikuwa na barabara za mbao na mabomba ya maji ya mbao. Pamoja na maendeleo ya uchumi na ongezeko la mawasiliano na Byzantium, majengo zaidi na zaidi ya Urusi, hasa majengo makubwa, ni kujengwa kwa mawe. Mzee wa Kiarusi Olga alijijengea jumba kubwa la mawe lenye orofa mbili, lililopambwa kwa marumaru, mbao za rangi na michoro ndani na nje, na bado ni magofu. Jumba la kifalme lililojengwa katika karne ya 12 katika vitongoji vya mji wa Vladimir (iliyomilikiwa na Duke Andrei Bogorys), na mawe meupe na majengo ya marumaru ndani.