Table of Contents Hide
- Overview of Fractional Reserve Banking
- Process of Fractional Reserve Banking
- History of the Fractional Reserve Banking System
- Fractional Reserve vs. Other Types of Banking
- The Benefits and Drawbacks of Fractional Reserve Banking
- Arguments Against Fractional Reserve Banking
- What Is the Difference Between Fractional Reserve and 100% Reserve Banking?
- Is Fractional Reserve Banking Legal?
- Where Did Fractional Reserve Banking Originate?
- Is UK Fractional Reserve Banking?
- How much do banks have to keep in reserves UK?
- What are the Fractional Reserve Requirements in UK?
- In Conclusion
A fractional reserve banking system is one in which only a portion of bank deposits must be available for withdrawal. Banks only need a certain amount of cash on hand and can make loans using the money you deposit. By releasing cash for lending, fractional reserves help to boost the economy. Today, the majority of economies’ financial systems employ fractional reserve banking.
Overview of Fractional Reserve Banking
When you open an account with a bank, you agree in the contract to enable the bank to lend a percentage of your deposits to other bank customers. This doesn’t mean you can’t withdraw the money you deposited; it just means that if you want to withdraw more than the proportion a bank has on hand, such as the full balance, the bank will need to access funds from somewhere else to give you your balance.
When you deposit funds in your savings account, your bank may take a portion of the funds as capital to support loans and compensate you for utilizing your funds. Assume you deposited $2,000 in a savings account. Savings accounts pay interest—usually between 0.5% and 2%—so you get interest on your money, and the bank can use some of it to make a loan. As a result, the bank may wish to access 80% of your funds to make loans to other clients.
You get interest as a reward for holding money in an account that the bank can use to make loans.
The Federal Reserve sets interest rates. They are determined by economic circumstances and how the government determines how best to accomplish its twin goals of maximum employment and price stability. If a bank needs cash to support loans, withdrawals, debt payments, or other commitments, it can borrow and pay interest to other banks. As a last option, the Federal Reserve operates the discount window, where it lends money to banks at a greater interest rate than they charge each other. This encourages banks to seek funds from one another instead of the Fed.
Process of Fractional Reserve Banking
The process of fractional reserve banking generates money, which is then injected into the economy. When you deposit $2,000, your bank may lend 90% of it to other customers, along with 90% from the accounts of five other clients. This generates sufficient capital to fund $9,000 in loans.
Your balance is still $2,000, and the balances of the consumers from whom the bank borrowed are also unaltered. If all five customers have $2,000 account balances, it will appear like this:
- You and four other customers each have $2,000 in savings accounts that pay 1% per year.
- If the bank can lend out 90% of its deposits, its available capital is $9,000 (90% of $10,000).
- A sixth customer requests a $1,000 loan.
- The bank borrows 10% of the total amount of $1,000 from each of the five accounts.
- Each account still has a $2,000 balance ($10,000 total among the five accounts).
- The bank simply generated $1,000 and gave it to the customer at a 5% annual interest rate.
- You receive 1% annual interest payments on your $2,000, and the bank keeps the difference of 4% as profit.
History of the Fractional Reserve Banking System
The emergence of the fractional reserve banking system began in Europe in the 17th century with the practice of goldsmiths providing safekeeping depository services. In exchange for a storage fee, goldsmiths of the time assisted wealthy people in storing precious metals such as gold in their vaults. Goldsmiths sent notes or receipts to the depositor to acknowledge the deposit.
They realized that depositors were essentially using these notes as a means of exchange. Furthermore, based on previous experience, they determined that the prospect of simultaneous redemption of receipts by all depositors is small. This predicament inspired goldsmiths to create receipts without comparable precious metals in their vaults and begin lending out, heralding the beginning of contemporary banking procedures.
Let us look at an example to see how the fractional reserve system works.
You go to a bank and make a $2000 demand deposit.
The central bank enables banks to invest up to 90% of their deposits while keeping 10% as a reserve. This indicates that the bank may effectively utilize $1,800 to make loans.
The bank then loaned $1,800 to another customer using the reserve from your deposit. Banks pay interest on deposits from customers and earn interest on loans.
When you check your account balance, you’ll see the amount you deposited—$2,000—even if 90% of it has been lent out. Surprisingly, this means that $3,800 might be circulating in the economy at the same time, despite the fact that only $2,000 exists in the first place. However, in theory, that second person would return the money, bringing the numbers back into balance.
Fractional Reserve vs. Other Types of Banking
Because 100% reserve banking is impractical in most nations today, fractional reserve banking is used. Furthermore, a system that compels banks to keep 100% of deposits cannot produce additional money without depreciating the currency. As a result, banks would need to keep a considerable amount of capital in order to provide loans.
This would have a significant impact on growth in both developing and established economies since banks would be unable to issue debt to businesses and people who rely on it for substantial purchases and investments.
This difficulty is also present in a system backed by precious metals, like gold. If a given quantity of a country’s currency must be represented by a specific amount of gold, the country limits its growth potential because gold is limited. To fulfill the rising demand for capital, the currency’s value would be steadily lowered. To address the demand for growth, a country can use fractional reserve banking to increase its money supply.
The Benefits and Drawbacks of Fractional Reserve Banking
- Banks do not require large sums of capital: Because banks employ deposits left in clients’ accounts, fractional reserve banking frees up money for the economy. This promotes economic progress by keeping funds flowing.
- Banks boost the economy through lending: Capital is required for the economy to grow. Banks supply this need by lending to businesses and individuals using money held in reserve. Mortgages, vehicle loans, and other loans, for example, are all made possible by fractional reserve banking. Without it, most consumers would be unable to buy housing and other contemporary essentials.
- Regulation is possible: Reserve ratios can be used by central banks to regulate the economy as a macroeconomic instrument. Increasing reserve requirements limits lending, causing the economy to cool. Reduced reserve requirements boost lending, which expands the economy. The Federal Reserve rarely uses this instrument, but other central banks, most notably the People’s Bank of China, do.
- Consumer panic can result in mass withdrawals and a lack of capital: When consumers, investors, and businesses are concerned about the economy, they tend to rush to their banks to withdraw whatever they can to avoid additional losses. This is known as a bank run, and a fractional reserve system prevents banks from withdrawing capital because they do not physically have it.
- Excessive lending can lead to economic overheating: When the economy expands, it expands. During moments of expansion, consumers tend to spend more and banks lend more. When more money is created through loans, demand rises, causing prices to rise. Producers increase output to fulfill demand. This can lead to the economy overheating and growing too quickly.
Arguments Against Fractional Reserve Banking
The biggest argument leveled against fractional reserve banking is that there isn’t enough money for everyone to withdraw all at once. However, this is often not an issue because most people will not need to withdraw all of their capital.
Prior to the establishment of the Fed in the early twentieth century, the National Bank Act of 1863 imposed 25% reserve requirements on U.S. banks under its supervision.
This can be seen by looking at the Greek financial crisis, which began in 2009. In the midst of a worldwide financial crisis, Greece defaulted on its payments to the International Monetary Fund in 2015. As a result, citizens went to banks to withdraw their savings, forcing banks to seal their doors in order to prevent a total outflow of capital from a faltering system.
Earlier, at the outset of the Great Depression in the United States, people raced to banks to withdraw all of their funds, resulting in the failure of New York’s Bank of the United States.
What Is the Difference Between Fractional Reserve and 100% Reserve Banking?
Banks can utilize cash (i.e., the majority of deposits) that would otherwise be unused and idle to create returns in the form of interest rates on new loans—and therefore make more money available to build the economy. As a result, capital can be better allocated to where it is most needed. 100% reserves necessitate banks holding all deposited funds.
Is Fractional Reserve Banking Legal?
Yes. The majority of countries adopt fractional reserve banking because it is the only financial system model that permits banks to earn a consistent profit. Banks would have to fund their operations by collecting exorbitant deposit fees if they couldn’t earn money on their assets.
Where Did Fractional Reserve Banking Originate?
Nobody knows when fractional reserve banking began, although it is not a recent development. Goldsmiths in the Middle Ages created demand receipts for gold on hand that exceeded the amount of physical gold under custody, knowing that only a minuscule portion of that gold would be needed on any given day.
Is UK Fractional Reserve Banking?
In the United Kingdom, there is no longer a fractional reserve system. This means that there is no limit to the amount of money that banks can lend – it has no bearing on the amount of money they have in reserve.
How much do banks have to keep in reserves UK?
For starters, the required reserve ratio in the UK is zero, not 10%. But, more essentially, the reserve ratio would only limit the quantity of money that banks may generate if the’reserve’ money was removed from circulation and placed in a safe deposit box or an electronic equivalent.
What are the Fractional Reserve Requirements in UK?
All UK banks have agreed to maintain minimum reserve ratios of 12% and finance houses at least 10%.
Today, the banking system employed around the world is fractional reserve banking. Banks make loans to businesses and consumers using fractional reserves. Without this capability, an economy’s growth is stifled, causing it to struggle while those in need of funds for significant purchases and investments rely on a bank’s substantial assets.
Because the alternatives limit the amount of money that may be created or controlled in an economy to support or discourage growth, fractional reserve banking is vital for modern economies.
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Mfano wa Fractional Reserve Banking: Mfano wa Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional Reserve Banking - Je, Benki ya Hifadhi ya Sehemu ni Halali? - Benki ya Hifadhi ya Sehemu ilitoka wapi? - Je, Uingereza Fractional Reserve Banking? Ni kiasi gani cha fedha benki lazima kuweka katika akiba? - Nini ni mahitaji ya akiba ya sehemu katika Uingereza? - Katika hitimisho mfumo wa benki ya akiba ya sehemu ni moja ambayo tu sehemu ya amana za benki lazima kuwa inapatikana kwa ajili ya uondoaji. Benki zinahitaji tu kiasi fulani cha fedha mkononi na zinaweza kutoa mikopo kwa kutumia pesa unazoweka. Kwa kutoa pesa kwa ajili ya kukopesha, akiba ndogo-ndogo husaidia kuchochea uchumi. Leo, wengi wa uchumi'mifumo ya kifedha kutumia sehemu ya akiba benki. Fractional Reserve Banking: Wakati wa kufungua akaunti na benki, unakubali katika mkataba kuwezesha benki kukopa asilimia ya amana yako kwa wateja wengine wa benki. Hii haimaanishi huwezi kutoa fedha ulizoweka; inamaanisha tu kwamba ikiwa unataka kutoa zaidi ya uwiano ambao benki ina mkononi, kama vile usawa kamili, benki itahitaji kupata fedha kutoka mahali pengine kukupa usawa wako. Wakati wa kuweka fedha katika akaunti yako ya akiba, benki yako inaweza kuchukua sehemu ya fedha kama mtaji ili kusaidia mikopo na kukupatia fidia kwa kutumia fedha zako. Kwa mfano, fikiria kwamba umeweka pesa za dola 2,000 kwenye akaunti yako ya akiba. Akaunti za akiba hulipa riba - kwa kawaida kati ya 0.5% na 2% - kwa hivyo unapata riba kwenye pesa zako, na benki inaweza kutumia baadhi yake kutoa mkopo. Kwa hivyo, benki inaweza kutumia 80% ya fedha zako kutoa mikopo kwa wateja wengine. Unapata riba kama thawabu kwa kuweka pesa katika akaunti ambayo benki inaweza kutumia kutoa mikopo. Benki ya Mfuko wa Shirikisho huweka viwango vya riba. "Hiyo ni kwa sababu ya hali ya kiuchumi na jinsi serikali inavyoamua jinsi ya kufikia malengo yake mawili ya ""kuongeza ajira na kudumisha bei.""" Benki inahitaji fedha ili kuunga mkono mikopo, uondoaji, malipo ya madeni, au ahadi nyingine, inaweza kukopa na kulipa riba kwa benki nyingine. Kama chaguo la mwisho, Fedha inafanya kazi dirisha la punguzo, ambapo inatoa mkopo wa fedha kwa benki kwa kiwango cha riba cha juu kuliko wanavyoshtakiwa. Hii inahimiza benki kutafuta fedha kutoka kwa kila mmoja badala ya Fed. Mfumo wa benki ya akiba ya sehemu (Fractional Reserve Banking) ni mfumo wa benki ya akiba ya sehemu (Fractional Reserve Banking) ambayo hutengeneza fedha ambazo huingizwa katika uchumi. Wakati wa kuweka $ 2,000, benki yako inaweza kukopa 90% ya fedha kwa wateja wengine, pamoja na 90% kutoka kwa akaunti za wateja wengine watano. Hii inazalisha mtaji wa kutosha kufadhili $ 9,000 katika mikopo. Bado kuna $2,000 na mabaki ya wateja ambao benki imekopa pia hayabadilika. Ikiwa wateja wote watano wana $ 2,000 katika akaunti zao, itakuwa kama ifuatavyo: Wewe na wateja wengine wanne kila mmoja ana $ 2,000 katika akaunti za akiba ambazo hulipa 1% kwa mwaka. Benki inaweza kukopa 90% ya amana zake, basi mtaji wake ni $ 9,000. Mteja wa sita anaomba mkopo wa dola 1,000 Benki hiyo inatoa mkopo wa asilimia 10 ya jumla ya dola 1,000 kutoka kwa kila akaunti. Kwa mfano, kila akaunti ina $ 2,000 ya usawa (yaani jumla ya $ 10,000 kati ya akaunti tano). Benki hiyo ilitoa dola 1,000 kwa mteja kwa kiwango cha riba cha asilimia 5 kila mwaka. Unapata asilimia moja ya riba ya kila mwaka kwa $2,000 na benki inaweka tofauti ya asilimia nne kama faida. Historia ya mfumo wa benki ya akiba ya sehemu Kuibuka kwa mfumo wa benki ya akiba ya sehemu ilianza Ulaya katika karne ya 17 na mazoezi ya madini ya dhahabu kutoa huduma za kuhifadhi salama. Kwa kulipa ada ya kuhifadhi, wasanii wa dhahabu wa wakati huo waliwasaidia watu matajiri kuhifadhi metali zenye thamani kama vile dhahabu katika hazina zao. Wasanii wa dhahabu walituma noti au risiti kwa mhifadhi ili kuthibitisha amana hiyo. Waligundua kwamba wawekezaji walikuwa hasa kutumia noti hizi kama njia ya kubadilishana. Zaidi ya hayo, kwa msingi wa uzoefu wa awali, wao aliamua kwamba matarajio ya wakati huo huo kukomboa ya risiti na amana wote ni ndogo. Hali hiyo ilisababisha wasanii wa dhahabu wafanye risiti bila madini ya thamani katika hazina zao na kuanza kutoa mikopo, ikitangaza mwanzo wa utaratibu wa benki wa kisasa. Hebu tuangalie mfano ili kuona jinsi mfumo wa akiba ya sehemu unavyofanya kazi. Ukienda benki, fanya amana ya $ 2000 ya mahitaji. Benki kuu ya Marekani inawapa benki uwezo wa kuwekeza hadi asilimia 90 ya amana zao, na kuweka asilimia 10 kama akiba. Hii inaonyesha kwamba benki inaweza kutumia $ 1,800 kwa ufanisi kutoa mikopo. Benki hiyo ilikopesha mteja mwingine $ 1,800 kwa kutumia akiba kutoka kwa amana yako. Benki hulipa riba juu ya amana kutoka kwa wateja na kupata riba juu ya mikopo. Wakati wewe kuangalia usawa wa akaunti yako, utaona kiasi wewe kuhifadhiwa - $ 2,000 - hata kama 90% ya imekuwa mikopo nje. Hii inamaanisha kuwa $ 3,800 inaweza kuzunguka katika uchumi wakati huo huo, licha ya ukweli kwamba $ 2,000 tu ipo. Hata hivyo, kwa nadharia, mtu huyo wa pili angerudisha pesa hizo, na hivyo kurudisha hesabu hizo katika usawaziko. Kwa sababu ya kuwa benki ya akiba ya 100% haifanyi kazi katika mataifa mengi leo, benki ya akiba ya sehemu hutumiwa. Kwa kuongezea, mfumo ambao unalazimisha benki kuweka 100% ya amana haziwezi kuzalisha pesa za ziada bila kupungua kwa thamani ya sarafu. Matokeo yake, benki zingehitaji kuweka kiasi kikubwa cha mtaji ili kutoa mikopo. Hii itakuwa na athari kubwa kwa ukuaji katika uchumi wote unaoendelea na uliopo, kwani benki hazitaweza kutoa deni kwa wafanyabiashara na watu ambao hutegemea kwa ununuzi mkubwa na uwekezaji. Ugumu huu pia upo katika mfumo unaotegemezwa na metali zenye thamani, kama dhahabu. Ikiwa kiasi fulani cha sarafu ya nchi lazima kiwakilishwe na kiasi maalum cha dhahabu, nchi hupunguza uwezo wake wa ukuaji kwa sababu dhahabu ni mdogo. Ili kukidhi ongezeko la mahitaji ya mtaji, thamani ya sarafu ingepunguzwa kwa kasi. Ili kukabiliana na mahitaji ya ukuaji, nchi inaweza kutumia benki ya akiba ya sehemu ili kuongeza usambazaji wake wa pesa. Faida na hasara za Fractional Reserve Banking - Benki hazihitaji kiasi kikubwa cha mtaji: Kwa sababu benki hutumia amana zilizobaki katika akaunti za wateja, benki ya akiba ya sehemu inatoa pesa kwa uchumi. Hilo huendeleza maendeleo ya kiuchumi kwa kudumisha mtiririko wa fedha. - Benki huchochea uchumi kupitia mikopo: Mji mkuu unahitajika ili uchumi ukue. Benki hutimiza uhitaji huo kwa kutoa mikopo kwa biashara na watu binafsi kwa kutumia pesa zilizohifadhiwa. Kwa mfano, mikopo ya nyumba, mikopo ya magari, na mikopo mingine yote huwezekana kwa kutumia benki ya akiba ndogo. Bila hiyo, watumiaji wengi hawangekuwa na uwezo wa kununua nyumba na vitu vingine vya lazima vya kisasa. - Udhibiti inawezekana: Viwango vya akiba inaweza kutumika na benki kuu kudhibiti uchumi kama chombo cha uchumi wa jumla. Kuongeza mahitaji ya akiba hupunguza mikopo, na kusababisha uchumi kupungua. Kupunguzwa kwa mahitaji ya akiba huongeza mikopo, ambayo huongeza uchumi. Fedha ya Shirikisho mara chache hutumia chombo hiki, lakini benki kuu nyingine, hasa Benki ya Watu wa China, hufanya hivyo. Wasiwasi wa watumiaji unaweza kusababisha uondoaji wa wingi na ukosefu wa mtaji: Wakati watumiaji, wawekezaji, na wafanyabiashara wana wasiwasi juu ya uchumi, huwa na haraka kwenda benki zao kuondoa chochote wanachoweza ili kuepuka hasara za ziada. Hii inajulikana kama bank run, na mfumo wa akiba ya sehemu huzuia benki kutoka kuondoa mtaji kwa sababu hawana kimwili. - Mkopo wa kupita kiasi unaweza kusababisha kuongezeka kwa joto la kiuchumi: Wakati uchumi unapanuka, unapanuka. Wakati wa kipindi cha ukuzi, watumiaji huwa na mwelekeo wa kutumia pesa zaidi na benki kutoa mikopo zaidi. Wakati pesa zaidi zinapoundwa kupitia mikopo, mahitaji huongezeka, na kusababisha bei kuongezeka. Watayarishaji huongeza uzalishaji ili kukidhi mahitaji. Hii inaweza kusababisha uchumi overheating na kukua kwa kasi sana. Hoja dhidi ya Fractional Reserve Banking Hoja kubwa leveled dhidi ya fractional reserve banking ni kwamba hakuna fedha za kutosha kwa kila mtu kuondoa wote kwa mara moja. Hata hivyo, mara nyingi hii si suala kwa sababu watu wengi hawatahitaji kuondoa mtaji wao wote. Kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa Fed katika karne ya ishirini, Sheria ya Benki ya Taifa ya 1863 iliweka mahitaji ya akiba ya 25% kwa benki za Marekani chini ya usimamizi wake. Hii inaweza kuonekana kwa kuangalia mgogoro wa kifedha wa Ugiriki, ambao ulianza mnamo 2009. Wakati wa mgogoro wa kifedha wa kimataifa, Ugiriki ilikosa kulipa malipo yake kwa Mfuko wa Fedha wa Kimataifa mnamo 2015. "Tokeo likawa kwamba wananchi walienda benki kuchukua akiba zao, na hivyo kulazimisha benki kufunga milango yao ili kuzuia uhamisho wa jumla wa mtaji kutoka kwa mfumo uliokuwa ukipungua.""" Wakati wa ule Mshuko Mkubwa wa Kiuchumi, watu walienda kwenye benki na kuondoa fedha zao, na Benki ya Marekani ilifilisika. Ni nini tofauti kati ya Fractional Reserve na 100% Reserve Banking? Benki zinaweza kutumia fedha (yaani, idadi kubwa ya amana) ambazo vinginevyo hazitumiki na hazitumiwi ili kuunda mapato katika fomu ya viwango vya riba kwenye mikopo mipya - na kwa hivyo kufanya pesa zaidi kupatikana kujenga uchumi. Matokeo yake, mtaji unaweza kugawanywa vizuri zaidi mahali ambapo unahitajika zaidi. 100% ya akiba ya benki inahitajika kwa benki zote ambazo zinashikilia fedha zilizowekwa. Je, Uwekezaji wa Benki ya Hifadhi ya Sehemu Ni Halali? Ndio, nina hakika. Mfumo wa benki ya akiba ya sehemu ni mfumo pekee wa kifedha ambao unaruhusu benki kupata faida ya kudumu. Benki ingekuwa na kufadhili shughuli zao kwa kukusanya ada ya amana ya juu sana ikiwa hawawezi kupata pesa kwenye mali zao. Benki za Hifadhi ya Sehemu-sehemu Zalitoka wapi? Hakuna anayejua wakati benki ya akiba ya sehemu ilianza, ingawa si maendeleo ya hivi karibuni. Katika enzi za kati, wasanii wa dhahabu walifanya makaratasi ya kuagiza dhahabu iliyokuwa mikononi mwao, ambayo yalizidi kiasi cha dhahabu iliyokuwa chini ya ulinzi wao, wakijua kwamba sehemu ndogo tu ya dhahabu hiyo ingehitajika siku yoyote ile. Je, Uingereza Fractional Reserve Banking? Katika Uingereza, hakuna tena mfumo wa akiba ya sehemu. Hii inamaanisha kwamba hakuna kikomo kwa kiasi cha fedha kwamba benki inaweza kukopa - haina athari kwa kiasi cha fedha wana katika akiba. Ni kiasi gani cha fedha benki lazima kuweka katika akiba? Kwa mfano, kiwango cha dhamana ya Uingereza ni sifuri, sio 10%. Lakini, kwa msingi zaidi, kiwango cha akiba kingeweza tu kupunguza kiasi cha pesa ambavyo benki zinaweza kuzalisha ikiwa pesa za "akiba" zingeondolewa kutoka kwa mzunguko na kuwekwa katika sanduku la amana au sawa na elektroniki. Je, ni nini mahitaji ya akiba ya sehemu nchini Uingereza? Benki zote nchini Uingereza zimekubali kuweka kiwango cha chini cha akiba ya 12% na nyumba za fedha angalau 10%. Leo, mfumo wa benki unaotumiwa ulimwenguni pote ni mfumo wa benki wenye akiba ndogo. Benki kutoa mikopo kwa biashara na watumiaji kwa kutumia akiba fractional. Bila uwezo huu, ukuaji wa uchumi unazuiwa, na kusababisha mapambano wakati wale wanaohitaji fedha kwa ununuzi mkubwa na uwekezaji hutegemea mali kubwa ya benki. Kwa sababu mbadala zinapunguza kiasi cha fedha ambacho kinaweza kuundwa au kudhibitiwa katika uchumi ili kuunga mkono au kukatisha ukuaji, benki ya akiba ya sehemu ni muhimu kwa uchumi wa kisasa. - Taarifa ya Benki Ni Nini? Kwa nini Unahitaji Kujua: Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada