09 Aug New article: Sustainability and innovation in staple crop production in the US Midwest
New article out titled “Sustainability and innovation in staple crop production in the US Midwest”.
Read it here: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14735903.2013.806408
ABSTRACT: An agroecosystem is constrained by environmental possibility and social choices, mainly in the form of government policies. To be sustainable, an agroecosystem requires production systems that are resilient to natural stressors such as disease, pests, drought, wind and salinity, and to human constructed stressors such as economic cycles and trade barriers. The world is becoming increasingly reliant on concentrated exporting agroecosystems for staple crops, and vulnerable to national and local decisions that affect resilience of these production systems. We chronicle the history of the United States staple crop agroecosystem of the Midwest region to determine whether sustainability is part of its design, or could be a likely outcome of existing policies particularly on innovation and intellectual property. Relative to other food secure and exporting countries (e.g. Western Europe), the US agroecosystem is not exceptional in yields or conservative on environmental impact. This has not been a trade-off for sustainability, as annual ﬂuctuations in maize yield alone dwarf the loss of caloric energy from extreme historic blights. We suggest strategies for innovation that are responsive to more stakeholders and build resilience into industrialized staple crop production.
Keywords: agrobiodiversity; biotic and abiotic stress; genetic modiﬁcation; intellectual property; market concentration
"Mwanzoni mwa mwaka huu, ""Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji.""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mtazamo wa Utamaduni wa Kilimo"" ya Tandfonline, ""Mtazamo wa Kilimo"" ni ""Mtazamo wa Kilimo"" ambao unahusu mazingira na mazingira ya kilimo, na ""Mtazamo wa Kilimo"" ni ""Mtazamo wa Kilimo.""" Ili kuwa endelevu, mfumo wa kilimo unahitaji mifumo ya uzalishaji ambayo ni sugu kwa sababu za kiasili kama magonjwa, wadudu, ukame, upepo na chumvi, na kwa sababu za binadamu kama vile mzunguko wa kiuchumi na vizuizi vya biashara. Ulimwengu unazidi kutegemea mifumo ya kilimo ya nje ya mazao ya msingi, na unaathiriwa na maamuzi ya kitaifa na ya ndani ambayo huathiri nguvu za mifumo hii ya uzalishaji. "Tunaandika historia ya kilimo cha Marekani cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo.""" Kwa mujibu wa nchi nyingine za usalama wa chakula na nchi za kuuza nje (kwa mfano Katika nchi za Ulaya Magharibi, mfumo wa kilimo wa Marekani si wa kipekee katika mavuno au wa kihafidhina katika athari za mazingira. Hii haikuwa biashara kwa ajili ya uendelevu, kama fluctuations ya kila mwaka katika mazao ya mahindi peke yake dwarf hasara ya nishati ya kalori kutoka kwa blights kali ya kihistoria. "Tunapendekeza mikakati ya uvumbuzi ambayo inahusika na wadau zaidi na kujenga uthabiti katika uzalishaji wa mazao ya viwanda. """ Maneno muhimu: agrobiodiversity; biotic na abiotic mkazo; mabadiliko ya maumbile; mali ya akili; mkusanyiko wa soko