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The town of Lancaster, the territory of Nashaway
Mistress Mary Rowlandson in "the Place Between"Mary Rowlandson's town of Lancaster was located within the Nipmuc territory of Nashaway, at the fertile confluence of rivers. The name "Nashaway" referred to this "place between" rivers which connected Native territories. Mary had arrived at Nashaway, from Salem, with her parents, John and Joan White, but soon married the town minister, Joseph Rowlandson. She thus became the only woman in the town known as "Mistress," because of her husband's status.
Mary Rowlandson's house and pasture were at the very center of this confluence, where Nipmuc women had long cultivated corn, squash and bean mounds, intercropped with sunflowers and sunchokes, and gathered edible plants, including berries. Here, Rowlandson would have cultivated a small kitchen garden, as colonial men plowed the fields, and cattle took over the meadows. The rivers at the confluence also created a barrier, providing defense.
Monoco Reclaims the Place BetweenWhen the Nashaway leader Monoco led the February 1676 raid on Lancaster, he was reclaiming it as Native space, an area that had always been vital for planting, fishing and gathering medicinal plants. They may have targeted the Rowlandson house in particular because of its location and their status. Mary Rowlandson and her children, as well as other captives, also provided a form of defense. In the wake of the Great Swamp massacre in Narragansett territory, Native leaders began to take women and children captive, carrying them into their own communities. They may have believed it was less likely that English men would burn Native villages if they contained English women and children. A high status captive like Mistress Mary Rowlandson was valuable, both for protection and for the price that Massachusetts leaders might be willing to offer for her return. Native people also sought to incorporate captives into their own social networks and cultural practices, teaching them how to "be human" in this place, creating a bridge between cultures.
The Rowlandson LotA visit to the Rowlandson homesite today shows that many Native edible and medicinal plants, such as cattail and pickerelweed, and English plants, transported in cattle dung during the colonial period, grow in abundance due to the fertile soils and flowing water. Silky dogwood grows in the former Rowlandson lot. As part of the process of succession, raspberries are now reclaiming the meadow in the former Rowlandson pasture.
Englishman's FootprintOne of the English plants, plantain, was known as "Englishman's Footprint," as it appeared, along with cattle, as a sign of the arrival of English settlers in Native homelands. As cattle moved through the land, they deposited the seeds, along with fertilizer, and the plantain spread. An edible and medicinal plant, it is one of many English plants, including clover and dandelion (pictured with plantain below), that is uniquely adapted to cattle, and which Native people also adapted as useful food and medicine. Abenaki author Cheryl Savageau published a poem drawn from the story of Samuel Eames, a young captive who escaped, and found his way to a colonial settlement by following the "Englishmen's footprint." You can appreciate her sense of irony, a twist in the final line of the poem, that reflects Native people's experience of colonization.
Reading the Place Between Lancaster and NashawayThe raid on Lancaster and Mary Rowlandson's capture is remembered through memorials and the site is preserved, but the memory of Nashaway and the Native people who lived there lies beneath the surface, still readable on the land.
Click here to view these locations in the map of Mary Rowlandson's removes or in the interactive story map.
"Mara nyingi, ""Marais"" ni jina la jina la mji wa Lancaster, mji wa ""Mrs. Mary Rowland"" (Mrs. Mary Rowland) katika eneo la ""Mrs. Mary Rowland"" (Mrs. Mary Rowland) katika eneo la ""Mrs. Mary Rowland"" (Mrs. Mary Rowland) katika eneo la ""Mrs. Mary Rowland"" (Mrs. Mary Rowland) katika eneo la ""Mrs. Mary Rowland"" (Mrs. Mary Rowland)." Jina "Nashaway" lilirejelea "mahali kati" ya mito ambayo iliunganisha maeneo ya Wenyeji wa Asili. Mary alikuwa amefika Nashua kutoka Salem pamoja na wazazi wake, John na Joan White, lakini muda mfupi baadaye aliolewa na Joseph Rowlandson, mhudumu wa mji huo. Hivyo akawa mwanamke pekee katika mji huo anayejulikana kuwa "Mama", kwa sababu ya cheo cha mume wake. Nyumba ya Mary Rowlandson na malisho yake yalikuwa katikati kabisa ya mto huo, ambapo wanawake wa kabila la Nipmuc walikuwa wamekuwa wakilima mahindi, squash na maharagwe kwa muda mrefu, wakizalisha maua ya maua ya jua na sunflowers, na kukusanya mimea inayokula, ikiwa ni pamoja na matunda. Hapa, Rowlandson angekuwa amepanda bustani ndogo ya jikoni, wakati wanaume wa kikoloni walipokuwa wakipanda mashamba, na ng'ombe walichukua nyasi. Mito iliyokuwa kwenye makutano pia iliunda kizuizi, ikitoa ulinzi. Mnamo Februari 1676, kiongozi wa Nashua, Monoco, aliongoza shambulio la Lancaster, akileta tena eneo hilo kama nafasi ya asili, eneo ambalo daima lilikuwa muhimu kwa kupanda, kuvua samaki na kukusanya mimea ya dawa. Huenda walilenga hasa nyumba ya Rowlandson kwa sababu ya mahali ilipo na cheo chao. Mary Rowlandson na watoto wake, na pia mateka wengine, pia walitoa aina fulani ya ulinzi. Baada ya mauaji ya Great Swamp huko Narragansett, viongozi wa Wenyeji wa Asili walianza kuwachukua wanawake na watoto mateka, na kuwapeleka katika jamii zao. Huenda waliamini kwamba ni vigumu kwa Waingereza kuchoma vijiji vya Wenyeji wa Asili ikiwa vilikuwa na wanawake na watoto Waingereza. Mfungwa mwenye hadhi ya juu kama Mwalimu Mary Rowlandson alikuwa na thamani, kwa ulinzi na kwa bei ambayo viongozi wa Massachusetts wangeweza kuwa tayari kutoa kwa kurudi kwake. Wenyeji pia walijaribu kuingiza mateka katika mitandao yao ya kijamii na mazoea ya kitamaduni, kuwafundisha jinsi ya "kuwa binadamu" katika mahali hapa, kuunda daraja kati ya tamaduni. Kutembelea eneo la Rowlandson leo inaonyesha kwamba mimea mingi ya asili ya chakula na dawa, kama vile cattail na pickerel, na mimea ya Kiingereza, kusafirishwa katika mbolea ya ng'ombe wakati wa kipindi cha ukoloni, kukua kwa wingi kutokana na udongo wenye rutuba na maji yanayotiririka. Silky dogwood hukua katika uwanja wa zamani wa Rowlandson. Kama sehemu ya mchakato wa urithi, raspberries sasa ni kurudisha nyasi katika zamani Rowlandson malisho. "Mfano wa ""Mwanamume wa Kiingereza"" ni mimea ya Kiingereza, kama vile plantain, ambayo ilionekana kama ishara ya kuwasili kwa wahamiaji wa Kiingereza katika nchi za asili." Makundi ya ng'ombe walipokuwa wakisafiri katika eneo hilo, walitoa mbegu pamoja na mbolea, na mimea hiyo ikaenea. Mti huu ni mmoja wa mimea mingi ya Kiingereza, ikiwa ni pamoja na clover na dandelion, ambayo ni kipekee kwa mifugo, na ambayo watu wa asili pia walibadilisha kama chakula na dawa muhimu. Mwandishi wa Abenaki Cheryl Savageau alichapisha shairi lililochukuliwa kutoka kwa hadithi ya Samuel Eames, mfungwa mchanga ambaye alikimbia, na kupata njia ya makazi ya kikoloni kwa kufuata "nyayo za Waingereza". "Kama unavyoona, ni jambo la kushangaza kuona jinsi alivyopiga marufuku maneno ya mwisho ya shairi hilo, ambayo yanaonyesha jinsi watu wa asili walivyoishi wakati wa ukoloni.""" "Kutoka kwa ""The Place Between Lancaster and Nashuaway"" (Ushindi wa Lancaster na Mary Rowlandson) ni kumbukumbu ya kumbukumbu na tovuti imehifadhiwa, lakini kumbukumbu ya Nashuaway na Wenyeji wa Asili ambao waliishi huko iko chini ya uso, bado inaweza kusomwa kwenye ardhi." Bonyeza hapa ili kuona maeneo haya katika ramani ya Mary Rowlandson's huondoa au katika ramani ya hadithi ya maingiliano.