A notable number of groundbreaking artificial intelligence (AI)-related technology announcements and/or demonstrations took place in 2016:
AI defeated the reigning world champion in the game of Go, a game that is so much more “complex” than chess that, prior to this event, most AI experts believed that it could not be done for another 15-20 years.
AI learned on its own where to find the information it needs to accomplish a specific task.
AI predicted the immediate future (by generating a short video clip) by examining a single photograph (and is also able to predict the future from studying video frames).
AI automatically inferred the rules that govern the behavior of individual robots within a robotic swarm simply by watching.
AI learned to navigate the London Underground by itself (by consulting its own acquired memories and experiences, much like a human brain).
AI speech recognition reached human parity in conversational speech.
An AI communication system invented its own encryption scheme, without being taught specific cryptographic algorithms (and without revealing to researchers how its method works)
An AI translation algorithm invented its own “interlingua” language to more effectively translate between any two languages (without being taught to do so by humans).
An AI system interacted with its environment (via virtual actuators) to learn and solve problems in the same way that a human child does.
An AI-based medical diagnosis system at the Houston Methodist Research Institute in Texas achieved 99% accuracy in reviewing millions of mammograms (at a rate 30x faster than humans).
These and other recent similar breakthroughs (e.g., IBM’s Watson’s defeat of the two highest ranked Jeopardy! players of all time in 2011), are notable for several reasons. First, they collectively provide evidence that we, as a species, have already crossed over into an era in which seeing AI outperform humans at least for specific tasks is almost routine (perhaps in the same way that landing on the moon was “almost” routine after the first few Apollo missions). Second, they offer a glimpse of how different AI is from human intelligence, and how inaccessible its “thinking” is to outside probes. And third, they demonstrate the power of AI to surprise us (including AI system developers, who nowadays are closer in spirit to “data collectors” and “trainers” than to traditional programmers)—i.e., AI, at its core, is fundamentally unpredictable.Download full report
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- Publication Date: 1/1/2017
"Mwaka 2016, AI ilishinda bingwa wa ulimwengu wa Go, mchezo ambao ni ""mchanganyiko"" zaidi kuliko chess, ambayo, kabla ya tukio hili, wataalamu wengi wa AI waliamini kwamba haiwezi kufanywa kwa miaka mingine 15-20." AI ilijifunza yenyewe mahali pa kupata habari inayohitaji ili kutimiza kazi fulani. AI ilitabiri siku zijazo za karibu (kwa kutengeneza video fupi) kwa kuchunguza picha moja (na pia ina uwezo wa kutabiri siku zijazo kutoka kwa kusoma fremu za video). AI ilifahamu sheria zinazodhibiti tabia ya roboti ndani ya kundi la roboti kwa kutazama tu. AI ilijifunza kuendesha gari-moshi la chini ya ardhi la London yenyewe (kwa kushauriana na kumbukumbu na uzoefu wake mwenyewe uliopatikana, kama ubongo wa binadamu). Ugunduzi wa hotuba ya AI umefikia usawa wa kibinadamu katika hotuba ya mazungumzo. "Algorithm ya AI ilibuni lugha yake mwenyewe ya ""interlingua"" ili kutafsiri kwa ufanisi zaidi kati ya lugha mbili zozote (bila kufundishwa kufanya hivyo na wanadamu)." Mfumo wa AI ulishirikiana na mazingira yake (kupitia watendaji wa kawaida) kujifunza na kutatua matatizo kwa njia ile ile ambayo mtoto wa binadamu hufanya. Mfumo wa utambuzi wa matibabu unaotegemea AI katika Taasisi ya Utafiti ya Houston Methodist huko Texas ulifikia usahihi wa 99% katika kukagua mamilioni ya mammograms (kwa kiwango cha haraka mara 30 kuliko wanadamu). Hizi na nyingine ya hivi karibuni sawa mafanikio (kwa mfano, IBM Watson's kushindwa ya mbili ya juu ya cheo Jeopardy! mashabiki wanachagua: All Time High 2011 kwa sababu kadhaa Kwanza, kwa pamoja hutoa ushahidi kwamba sisi, kama spishi, tayari tumeingia katika enzi ambayo kuona AI kufanya kazi bora kuliko wanadamu angalau kwa kazi maalum ni karibu ya kawaida (labda kwa njia ile ile ya kutua kwenye mwezi ilikuwa <unk>karibu<unk> kawaida baada ya misheni chache za kwanza za Apollo). Pili, wao kutoa glimpse ya jinsi tofauti AI ni kutoka akili ya binadamu, na jinsi inaccessible yake "kufikiri" ni kwa uchunguzi wa nje. "Na tatu, zinaonyesha nguvu ya AI kutushangaza (ikiwa ni pamoja na watengenezaji wa mfumo wa AI, ambao siku hizi ni karibu zaidi katika roho kwa ""wakusanyaji wa data"" na ""wafundishaji"" kuliko kwa waandaaji wa jadi) yaani, AI, katika kiini chake, ni kimsingi unpredictable. - Download full report - Document Number: - Uchapishaji Tarehe: 1 Januari 2017."