WHEEL OF SCIENCE LECTURE/VIDEO ATTACHED
Students will be required to address all of these key issues when analyzing the research papers that they have been assigned.
o Research may start at any point in the wheel
o Conceptualization and Operationalization
Validity and Reliability Issues
o Deductive vs. Inductive Approaches
Micro vs Macro Perspectives(See Nomothetic vs. Idiographic)
Grounded vs. Theoretically linked
o Theory – Hypotheses – Data Collection Stages
Research begins at ANY stage
May be generated from hypotheses from other research
Intentional vs Impulsive crimes
The Comfort Hypothesis
o Methods and Stats determined by nature of research
How to Measure REALITY
I. The building blocks of Science
Research can either test established theory(ies)(DEDUCTIVE)
or research that starts from the empirical realm or from concepts to
hypothesis to generalizations to theories (INDUCTIVE)
Research can be micro or macro level(symbolic interactionism or
Conceptualization & Operationalization Process of Transforming the
abstract into the concrete
o Restating concepts as variables
o VARIABLES are empirical representations of concepts
Education = No of years of school completed
Social Bonds/ Intensity of Bonds
Outlining the Stages
Stage ONE: Deductive or Inductive Beginnings (Conceptualization)
o Conflict/Marxist Theory? Functionalist Theory?
o Patterns of Religiosity? Alienation? Perception of Soc Degree?
o Definition of primary concept(s) including population to be studied
Religiosity (i.e.Differences between men & women)
Stage TWO: Complexity of concepts requires further differentiation
Which are identified as NOMINAL Definitions(Conceptualization)
o Religiosity involves multiple dimensions
Core beliefs of adherents(Define: Ideological Dimension)
Knowledgeability (Define: Scriptures, Core Writings)
Ritualistic (Define: Practices required of believers)
Experiential dimension( Revelational component)
Stage THREE: Operationalization level. Putting measurement
Techniques to the concepts provided above. Transforming definitions into
VARIABLES. Your MI is to Identify the levels of Measurement below?
Ideological Dimension of Religiosity
o Survey of students
o Closed Ended Questions (Operational Definitions)
o (i.e. “I Have NO doubt that………”
Likert Scale Measurement
Q for Students( Level of Measurement?)
o Open Ended Survey questions
o Questions ask (Operational Definitions)
Recite the 23rd Psalm
o Survey or Participant Observation
o Pastors or Parishioners or Student Observers
o Church Attendance; Participation in Communion
o Survey or Participant Observation or Focus Group
o Nominal Definitions here also
Answer the following questions:
1) Knowing the flaws and issues with good definitions of concepts and research design is often critical to avoid being manipulated by “fake news and Data” … after reading the article on the study of immigration – what were the problems associated with the analysis of immigrants on welfare?
2) What is meant by the term triangulation in the reading on positivism? Make sure you address the issue of External Validity.
3) What are the primary differences between documentary films and social science researchers?
4) Where does science begin the process of research?
5) Which area of the wheel of science is best suited to develop and test hypothesis?
6) What is the difference between a primary and a nominal conceptual definition?
7) How can one’s religious spirituality be measured? Give examples
8) What is the difference between explanatory versus exploratory research? Where are they most likely found on the Wheel of Science?
9) Does the Comfort Hypothesis begin from a theoretical orientation or from a data collection starting point? I am looking for you to google up the Comfort Hypothesis – write what the hypothesis is…. and what does it predict. Since the example provided on the PowerPoint focused on Religiosity – which is linked to the Comfort Hypothesis(both focus on religion) – what patterns do you see as regards to who is more likely to seek comfort in religion? Men or Women? Older or Younger? Richer or Poorer? Dominant or Subordinate (Majority vs Minority groups)?
Mtaalamu wa Sayansi na Utafiti wa Sayansi (WILD) anawajibika kuwa na uwezo wa kuelezea mambo yote muhimu ya utafiti wakati wa kuchambua karatasi za utafiti ambazo wamewekwa. Utafiti unaweza kuanza katika hatua yoyote ya gurudumu: uhalali na uendeshaji: masuala ya uaminifu: uhalali na uaminifu: uhalali na uaminifu: masuala ya uhalali na uaminifu: masuala ya uhalali na uaminifu: masuala ya uhalali na uaminifu: masuala ya uhalali na uaminifu: masuala ya uhalali na uaminifu: masuala ya uhalali na uaminifu: masuala ya uhalali na uaminifu: masuala ya uhalali: masuala ya uhalali na uhalali: masuala ya uhalali. Utafiti wa sayansi unaweza kuwa wa kiwango cha micro au macro (symbolic interactionism au conceptualization & operationalization) mchakato wa kubadilisha abstract kuwa halisi (o resting concepts as variables) elimu = idadi ya miaka ya shule kumaliza, uhusiano wa kijamii, nguvu ya uhusiano, na hatua moja: mwanzo (conceptualization) Nadharia ya Utendaji? o Mifumo ya Dini? Kujitenga na wengine? Maoni ya Shahada ya Soc? "Kutokana na hali ya ""mtazamo"" wa watu, na ""maono"" ya watu, na ""maono"" ya watu, na ""maono"" ya watu, na ""maono"" ya watu, na ""maono"" ya watu, na ""maono"" ya watu, na ""maono"" ya watu, na ""maono"" ya watu, na ""maono"" ya watu, na ""maono"" ya watu." Kuweka vipimo mbinu kwa dhana zinazotolewa hapo juu. Kubadilisha ufafanuzi katika VARIABLES. MI yako ni kutambua ngazi ya kipimo chini? Maoni ya kidini ya dini: Uchunguzi wa wanafunzi: Maswali ya mwisho yaliyofungwa (Ufafanuzi wa uendeshaji): <unk>Sina shaka kwamba.........<unk> Likert Scale Upimaji Q kwa Wanafunzi ((Level ya Upimaji?) "Kama ""Mafunzo ya Maelezo"" ya utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti." 2) Nini maana ya neno triangulation katika kusoma juu ya positivism? Hakikisha wewe kushughulikia suala la Uhalali wa nje. Ni nini tofauti kati ya filamu za maandishi na filamu za sayansi ya kijamii? 4) Utafiti wa kisayansi unaanza wapi? 5) Ni eneo gani la gurudumu la sayansi linalofaa zaidi kuendeleza na kupima nadharia? 6) Ni nini tofauti kati ya msingi na jina ufafanuzi wa dhana? 7) Utu wa kiroho wa kidini wa mtu waweza kupimwaje? (Methali 8-11) Ni nini tofauti kati ya utafiti wa kueleza na utafiti wa kuchunguza? Yaelekea wanapatikana wapi kwenye Mzunguko wa Sayansi? Je, nadharia ya faraja huanza kutoka kwa mwelekeo wa nadharia au kutoka kwa hatua ya kuanza ya ukusanyaji wa data? Mimi nina kuangalia kwa ajili ya wewe google juu ya Hypothesis faraja <unk> kuandika nini nadharia ni.... na ni nini kinachotabiri. Tangu mfano uliotolewa kwenye PowerPoint ililenga Dini <unk> ambayo ni kushikamana na faraja nadharia (wote kuzingatia dini) <unk> nini mifumo unaweza kuona kuhusiana na ambaye ni zaidi ya uwezekano wa kutafuta faraja katika dini? Wanaume au Wanawake? Je, Ni Mzee au Mvulana? Kuwa Tajiri au Kuwa Masikini Zaidi? Dominant au Subordinate (Majority vs Minority groups)?