No matter what kind of assignment you are working on you must always document who you cite, which literature you use and where you have your information from. In your assignment you insert references that refer to your bibliography continuously. How to do this correctly depends on how you choose to set up your references. It depends on which standard or output style you use.
There are many different output styles or formats for correctly citing your sources. Some degree programmes at the university will ask students to use a specific output style for their written projects and exams. Examples could be the standard APA 7th for students of Psychology or the refererence style Chicago full note for students of History. Medicine students often use the reference style Nature.
See following example of the output style APA7th:
Make sure to check the academic regulations for your programme, the AU course catalogue concerning your programme page or the subject portal to ensure whether or not there are specific expectations for which output style to use in your program. If there are not formal requirements, we recommend that you contact your advisor or professor.
Regardless of which output style you use it is essential that you are consistent and that your references are precise. Therefore, we recommend that you use a reference tool, e.g. EndNote or Zotero.
If you learn how to use reference management software early in your studies you can optimize your writing process and save time. Likewise, you ensure that your references are formatted correctly and you can co-work and share references easily with your fellow students.
Both students and faculty at Aarhus University can download the software Endnote for free. Endnote is the primary reference management tool at AU. At AU Library we support and organize courses on how to use Endnote.
If you have specific needs that make other programs a better fit for you you can use JabRef or Paperpile for example. Read more about the different reference management tools.
Depending on which reference style you choose you can either refer to and sort your references numerically or alphabetically in the bibliography.
The APA 7th reference style, which is used in several social science programs, is an example of an alphabetical reference style. The reference consists of author name(s) and publication year in parentheses, e.g. (Oshima & Hogue, 2006) in the assignment text and the references are listed alphabetically in the bibliography. See an example of a book:
The Vancouver reference style, which is used in several health science programs, is an example of a numerical reference style. The reference is created with a number in parentheses, e.g., (1) in the assignment text. The references are listed numerically in the bibliography.
See an example of a book:
Regardless of which output style you choose we recommend that you use a reference management program, such as EndNote or Zotero, which automatically generates your references. Read more about reference management tools.
EndNote 20 is a reference management tool that can be downloaded for free by students and employees at Aarhus University. EndNote can be used on Windows, Mac, and Linux and can be used as an add-in to Microsoft Word. EndNote has been developed with a high degree of customization options, making it a valuable tool across disciplines.
If you have questions or need help, you can always contact the library.
The key benefits of EndNote include:
Zotero is an open source reference management tool that is compatible with Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox. It can be used on both PCs and Apple computers. Zotero can also run on Linux. The Zotero plugin can be used with Google Documents and Microsoft Word. Zotero is specifically developed for students and researchers in the humanities and aesthetics, Zotero is particularly suitable for students enrolled in programs at AU Arts. You can download Zotero from the official Zotero website.
AU Library supports Zotero in a limited capacity.
The key benefits of Zotero include:
JabRef is a free reference management tool that can be used on Windows, Mac and Linux. The tool is developed to work with BibTeX files and is suitable for LaTeX users. JabRef is therefore a great tool for working with references in systems such as TeX/LaTeX and Markdown. JabRef can be used as an add-on to external programs such as Emacs, Kile, LyX, Texmaker, TeXstudio, Vim and WinEdt.
The key benefits of JabRef include:
Paperpile is a web-based reference management tool that can be used with Windows and Mac with a subscription. Paperpile can be used as an add-on to Chrome, Google Docs, Microsoft Word, and Overleaf. Since Paperpile is web-based, references and associated PDF files are always available across devices on both Android and iOS.
The key benefits of Paperpile include:
Haijalishi ni aina gani ya kazi unayofanya, lazima daima uandike ni nani unayetaja, ni fasihi gani unayotumia na ni wapi unapata habari yako. Katika mgawo wako unaingiza marejeo ambayo yanarejelea orodha yako ya vitabu kwa kuendelea. Jinsi ya kufanya hivyo kwa usahihi inategemea jinsi unachagua kuanzisha marejeo yako. Inategemea ambayo kiwango au mtindo wa pato unatumia. Kuna mitindo mingi tofauti ya pato au muundo kwa ajili ya sahihi kutaja vyanzo yako. Baadhi ya mipango ya digrii katika chuo kikuu itawaomba wanafunzi kutumia mtindo maalum wa pato kwa miradi yao ya maandishi na mitihani. Mifano inaweza kuwa kiwango cha APA 7 kwa wanafunzi wa Saikolojia au mtindo wa kumbukumbu ya Chicago kwa wanafunzi wa Historia. Wanafunzi wa dawa mara nyingi hutumia mtindo wa kumbukumbu ya Asili. "Kama mfano wa ""APA7"" (Output Style) - ""Hakikisha kuangalia kanuni za kitaaluma kwa ajili ya programu yako, AU kozi orodha kuhusu ukurasa wako wa programu au somo portal kuhakikisha kama kuna matarajio maalum kwa ajili ya ambayo style ya pato kutumia katika programu yako.""" Kama hakuna mahitaji rasmi, tunapendekeza kwamba kuwasiliana na mshauri wako au profesa. Bila kujali ambayo mtindo wa pato wewe kutumia ni muhimu kwamba wewe ni thabiti na kwamba marejeo yako ni sahihi. Kwa hiyo, tunapendekeza kwamba utumie chombo cha kumbukumbu, kwa mfano EndNote au Zotero. Kama wewe kujifunza jinsi ya kutumia referensi usimamizi wa programu mapema katika masomo yako unaweza kuboresha mchakato wako wa kuandika na kuokoa muda. Kwa hiyo, kuhakikisha kwamba kumbukumbu yako ni formated kwa usahihi na unaweza kushirikiana na kushiriki kumbukumbu kwa urahisi na wanafunzi wenzako. Wanafunzi na walimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Aarhus wanaweza kupakua programu ya Endnote bila malipo. Endnote ni chombo cha msingi cha usimamizi wa kumbukumbu katika AU. Katika AU Library tunasaidia na kuandaa kozi juu ya jinsi ya kutumia Endnote. Kama una mahitaji maalum ambayo kufanya programu nyingine bora fit kwa ajili yenu unaweza kutumia JabRef au Paperpile kwa mfano. Soma zaidi kuhusu zana tofauti za usimamizi wa kumbukumbu. Kulingana na mtindo wa kumbukumbu unaochagua unaweza kutaja na kupanga kumbukumbu zako kwa tarakimu au alfabeti katika orodha ya vitabu. Aina ya 7 ya marejeo ya APA, ambayo hutumiwa katika programu kadhaa za sayansi ya kijamii, ni mfano wa mtindo wa marejeo ya alfabeti. Marejeo inajumuisha jina la mwandishi (s) na mwaka wa uchapishaji katika mabano, kwa mfano (Oshima & Hogue, 2006) katika maandishi ya kazi na marejeo yameorodheshwa kwa herufi katika orodha ya vitabu. Mfano wa mfano wa Vancouver Reference Style ni mfano wa mfano wa mfano wa mfano wa mfano wa mfano wa mfano. Marejeo ni kuundwa na idadi katika mabano, kwa mfano, (1) katika maandishi ya mgawo. Marejeo yameorodheshwa kwa nambari katika orodha ya vitabu. Kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano. Soma zaidi kuhusu zana za usimamizi wa kumbukumbu. EndNote 20 ni chombo cha usimamizi wa kumbukumbu ambayo inaweza kupakuliwa bila malipo na wanafunzi na wafanyakazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Aarhus. EndNote inaweza kutumika kwenye Windows, Mac, na Linux na inaweza kutumika kama kuongeza-katika Microsoft Word. EndNote imekuwa maendeleo na kiwango cha juu cha chaguzi customization, na kuifanya chombo muhimu katika taaluma. Kama una maswali au unahitaji msaada, unaweza daima kuwasiliana na maktaba. Zotero ni chanzo wazi kumbukumbu usimamizi chombo kwamba ni sambamba na Google Chrome na Mozilla Firefox. Inaweza kutumika kwenye PC na kompyuta za Apple. Zotero pia inaweza kukimbia kwenye Linux. Plugin ya Zotero inaweza kutumika na Hati za Google na Microsoft Word. Zotero ni programu ya utafiti wa kisayansi na ya kisayansi iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya wanafunzi wa masomo ya sanaa na sanaa. Unaweza kuondoa Zotero kutoka kwa tovuti rasmi ya Zotero. Maktaba ya AU inasaidia Zotero kwa uwezo mdogo. JabRef ni bure kumbukumbu usimamizi chombo ambayo inaweza kutumika juu ya Windows, Mac na Linux. Chombo ni maendeleo ya kufanya kazi na faili BibTeX na ni yanafaa kwa watumiaji LaTeX. JabRef ni kwa hiyo chombo kubwa kwa ajili ya kufanya kazi na marejeleo katika mifumo kama vile TeX / LaTeX na Markdown. JabRef inaweza kutumika kama add-on kwa programu za nje kama vile Emacs, Kile, LyX, Texmaker, TeXstudio, Vim na WinEdt. JabRef ni chombo cha usimamizi wa kumbukumbu ya wavuti ambayo inaweza kutumika na Windows na Mac na usajili. Paperpile inaweza kutumika kama kuongeza-juu ya Chrome, Google Docs, Microsoft Word, na Overleaf. Kwa kuwa PaperPile ni mtandao-msingi, marejeo na faili zinazohusiana PDF ni daima inapatikana katika vifaa juu ya wote Android na iOS. Faida kuu za Paperpile ni pamoja na: