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Absorbtance: The proportion of incident heat radiation that enters a body and raises its temperature, expressed as a decimal fraction of one.
Absorption cycle: A heat pump process in which the hygroscopic property of a concentrated salt solution is used to evaporate liquid from a vessel and thereby to cool the liquid.
Abutment joint: A joint that allows for relative movement between dissimilar materials that meet at the joint.
AC: See Alternating current.
Acoustical privacy: A state in which intelligible sound is not transmitted between users of a building.
Acoustic tiles: Small units of ceiling finish material that absorb a major %age of incident sound.
Activated charcoal filtration: The cleansing of air or water by passing it through a volume of charcoal that is specially produced to have a large ratio of surface area to volume.
Active: Adjective for any system that requires the application of energy from an external source for its function, as contrasted with a passive system, which uses only ambient flows of energy.
Adiabatic: Changing volume without the loss or gain of heat.
Aerobic: Taking place in the presence of oxygen.
Air barrier: A sheet material or coating that is designed to pre vent the passage of air through the enclosure of a building.
Air chamber: A short, capped extension of a plumbing supply line that contains air that acts as a cushion to absorb the shocks that would otherwise cause water hammer.
Air, combustion: Air whose oxygen content is used to sustain a flame.
Air-inflated structure: A structure made up of one or more tubes of thin, airtight material which are stiffened against buckling by being inflated with air.
Air-supported structure: A structure made up of a thin, airtight material that is supported by a slight air pressure in the inhabited space that it shelters.
Allowable stress: See Stress, allowable.
Alternating current (AC): Electricity delivered in the form of current that reverses polarity at rapid, regular intervals, usually 50 or 6o times per second.
Ambient: Occurring naturally in the environment.
Anaerobic: Taking place without the presence of oxygen.
Anticlastic: Saddle-shaped, curved positively along one principle axis and negatively along the other.
Aqueduct: A large pipe or channel that transports water from a distant source to a city.
Arc fault circuit interrupter: A device that shuts off electricity to any circuit on which a spark or arc is being generated.
Arch: A structural device, usually concave on its underside, that translates applied loads, usually vertical, into inclined forces that flow along the axis of the device.
Area of refuge: An area within a building that is securely protected against heat, smoke, and flames in case of fire.
Artesian well: A vertical hole in the ground, dug or drilled, that fills with water because of subterranean pressure.
Artificial lighting: Lighting other than day lighting, usually electric lighting.
Atmospheric inversion: A stagnant layer of cold air near the ground.
Atrium: An interior courtyard in a building, often covered with a skylight.
Automatic sprinkler system: See Sprinkler system, automatic.
Autumnal equinox: The day in late September when the north-south axis of the earth lies perpendicular to the sun’s rays. Day and night have the same length on the autumnal and vernal equinoxes.
Awning: A sloping, roof-like cover projecting outward over a window or door.
Awning window: An operating window whose sash is hinged along a horizontal axis on or near its top edge.
Backer rod: A ropelike cylinder of soft plastic foam that is pressed into a joint to limit the depth to which a mastic sealant material will penetrate.
Ballast, fluorescent: An electrical assembly in a fluorescent light fixture that serves both to provide the high voltage necessary to start the lamp and to limit the current to the lamp once it's started.
Base plate: A steel slab that serves to spread the heavy load from a steel column over an area of concrete large enough that the allowable stress of the concrete is not exceeded.
Beam: A solid structural member that resists transverse bending forces by means of a latticelike pattern of internal forces of tension and compression.
Bearing wall: A vertical, planar building element that supports superimposed gravity loads.
Bioremediation: Using life processes in plants to purify sewage and other toxic wastes.
Brittle: Having little tensile strength and a tendency to break without warning.
Builder, custom: A person or company that builds buildings to order.
Builder, speculative: A person or company that builds buildings before their buyers are known.
Bus bar: A rectangular strip of highly conductive metal, usually copper or aluminum, used to carry large quantities of electricity to points of distribution in a building.
Buttress: A structural device made of concrete, brickwork, or stonework in which the dead weight of the material com bines with the angular thrusts of vaults or arches to produce a resultant force whose line of action falls safely within the foundations of a building.
Buttress, engaged: A buttress that is integral with the walls of the building.
Buttress, Hying: A buttress that uses inclined arches to reach across an intervening space such as a church aisle to brace the central portion of the building.
Building separation joint: A planar discontinuity through a building to divide the building into smaller buildings that are able to move without distress.
Caisson: A vertical, columnar foundation element made of concrete cast into a hole drilled in the ground so that it rests on a firm layer of soil or rock at some distance below the surface. Also the cylindrical steel shell used to prevent the drilled hole from collapsing.
Camber: An upward curvature built into a beam so that the beam will be flat when it's fully loaded.
Cant strip: A beveled piece of material that prevents a sharp, 90-degree crease in a roofing membrane where it goes from a horizontal roof deck to a vertical parapet wall or perimeter curb.
Cantilever: The portion of a beam or truss that projects beyond its nearest point of support.
Capillary action: The drawing of water through a fine crack or small hole by the combined forces of cohesion in water and adhesion between water and the material through which it's drawn.
Capillary break: An intentional widening of a crack or hole so that a drop of water can't bridge across it and pass through by capillary action.
Casement window: An opening window that is hinged on a vertical axis at or near a side jamb.
Catchment area: An area of ground or roof used to collect rainwater.
Catenary: The curve of a cable or chain that hangs freely under its own weight.
CAV: See Constant air volume system.
Cavity wall: A masonry wall that contains a vertical, planar airspace that is intended to eliminate water leakage through the wall and , incidentally, to reduce heat flow through the wall.
Cement, portland: A dry, gray powder that is mixed with water to form a binder for concrete. Not to be confused with concrete—there is no such thing as a cement sidewalk or a cement slab.
Centering: A structure used temporarily to support an arch, dome, or vault during its construction.
Cesspool: A pit in the ground used to disperse sewage into the ground without first digesting it; generally illegal.
Chair: A device used to support steel reinforcing bars until concrete has been poured around them and cured.
Chase: A hollow space provided in a building to house a run of pipes, wires, and /or ducts.
Chiller: A machine that produces cold water for cooling a building.
Chimney: A vertical tube to conduct smoke out of a building.
Chord: The top or bottom elements in a truss.
Circuit: A single run of electrical wiring that serves a limited number of fixtures and /or receptacles.
Circuit breaker: A device that shuts off electrical flow automatically if the capacity of an electrical circuit is exceeded, thus preventing damage to the circuit and building.
Cistern: A vessel for the storage of water.
Clerestory: A vertical window placed at the junction of two roof planes that meet at different levels.
Cloud gel: An extremely low-density, transparent solid that can be used as an insulating material between panes of glass in a multiple glazing assembly.
Column: A vertical, linear element of structure that supports primarily vertical loads.
Combustion air: See Air, combustion.
Compartmentation: The partitioning of a building into smaller units by means of fire-resistant walls and floors to restrict the spread of fire.
Compensated foundation: See Foundation, floating.
Composite: Made of two or more materials that work together.
Compost: The product of fermentation of organic waste materials, used to modify soil to increase its agricultural productivity.
Compression: A squeezing together.
Compression cycle: A heat pump process in which a working fluid is compressed and cooled, then allowed to expand and absorb heat.
Compressive stress: The intensity of a squeezing action, expressed in units of force per unit area.
Concrete: A rocklike material made by mixing together gravel or crushed stone, sand, and a binder of portland cement and water.
Concrete, air-entrained: Concrete that contains microscopic air bubbles. Air-entrained concrete flows more freely when freshly mixed and is much more resistant to freeze-thaw damage than ordinary concrete.
Condensate: A liquid created by condensing a gas, such as the liquid water produced when moist air contacts a cold surface.
Condensation: The changing of a material from a gaseous state to a liquid state.
Condenser: A component of a steam-driven power plant in which spent steam is cooled to return it to a liquid state.
Conduction: The passage of heat or electricity through a solid material.
Conduit: A plastic or metal tube through which electric wires pass.
Constant air volume system (CAV): A heating and /or cooling system in which the rate of air circulation is constant, but the temperature of the air varies.
Continuity: In a structure, the property of having structural elements joined rigidly together so that they act as a single unit.
Control joint: An intentional, usually straight-line crack in a surface of material that tends to shrink, used to avoid random cracking in the material.
Convection: Circulation that is powered by the difference in density between warm and cool air or water.
Convective: Using convection as a mode of heat transfer. Convector: A device for heating air by means of steam or hot water that circulates through metal tubing that is exposed to the air. A convector usually has many metallic fins attached to the tubing to increase its surface area. The fin-tube assembly is usually housed in a sheet-metal enclosure with openings for the circulation of air.
Cooling, radiational: The cooling of the earth at night by direct radiation of terrestrial heat into the blackness of space.
Corbel: A masonry structural device in which each brick or stone projects slightly over the one below it.
Crawl space: A continuous access area, not tall enough to stand in, beneath the ground floor of a building.
Creep: The long-term shortening of concrete under compressive stress.
Cross connection: A faulty plumbing installation that allows sewage or contaminated water to be drawn into water supply pipes if water pressure in the pipes should fail.
Crown: A slight upward curvature in the paving of a road; a curvature in a piece of lumber.
Curtain board: A noncombustible sheet material that hangs from the ceiling of an industrial building to help restrict the spread of fire through the building.
"Kichwa cha habari: ""Kichwa cha habari"" ni sehemu ya joto la joto linaloingia kwenye mwili na kuongeza joto lake, lililoonyeshwa kama sehemu ya kumi ya moja." Mzunguko wa kunyonya: Mchakato wa pampu ya joto ambapo mali ya hygroscopic ya suluhisho la chumvi iliyojikita hutumiwa kuharibu kioevu kutoka kwa chombo na hivyo kupoza kioevu. Abutment pamoja: Pamoja kwamba inaruhusu kwa harakati ya jamaa kati ya vifaa tofauti kwamba kukutana katika pamoja. AC: Angalia umeme wa kubadilishana. Usiri wa sauti: Hali ambayo sauti inayoeleweka haipitwi kati ya watumiaji wa jengo. Acoustic tiles: vitengo vidogo vya dari kumaliza nyenzo ambayo kunyonya kubwa %age ya sauti ya tukio. Uchafuzi wa makaa ya mawe: Uchafuzi wa hewa au maji kwa kuipitisha kupitia kiasi cha makaa ya mawe ambayo hutengenezwa kwa ajili ya kuwa na uwiano mkubwa wa eneo la uso kwa kiasi. Active: Adjective kwa ajili ya mfumo wowote ambayo inahitaji matumizi ya nishati kutoka chanzo cha nje kwa ajili ya kazi yake, kama tofauti na mfumo wa passive, ambayo inatumia tu mazingira mtiririko wa nishati. Adiabatic: Kubadilisha kiasi bila hasara au faida ya joto. Aerobic: Kufanyika katika uwepo wa oksijeni. Air barrier: karatasi nyenzo au mipako ambayo ni iliyoundwa kuzuia kupita kwa hewa kupitia enclosure ya jengo. Chumba cha hewa: Upanuzi mfupi, uliofungwa wa mstari wa usambazaji wa mabomba ambayo ina hewa ambayo hufanya kazi kama mto ili kunyonya mshtuko ambao vinginevyo utasababisha nyundo ya maji. Hewa, mwako: Hewa ambayo maudhui ya oksijeni hutumiwa kudumisha moto. Ujenzi wa hewa: Muundo ulioundwa na bomba moja au zaidi ya nyembamba, nyembamba ya hewa ambayo ni stiffened dhidi ya buckling na kuwa inflated na hewa. Ujenzi wa hewa: Ujenzi ulioundwa na nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba, nyembamba. Mkazo unaoruhusiwa: Ona Mkazo, unaoruhusiwa. Mzunguko wa umeme wa kubadilisha (AC) ni umeme unaotolewa katika fomu ya sasa ambayo hubadilisha polarity kwa vipindi vya haraka, vya kawaida mara 50 au 6o kwa sekunde. Mazingira: Inatokea kwa asili katika mazingira. Anaerobic: Kufanyika bila uwepo wa oksijeni. Anticlastic: Saddle-umbo, curved chanya kando moja ya mhimili kanuni na hasi kando ya nyingine. Mfereji wa maji: Bomba kubwa au mfereji unaosafirisha maji kutoka chanzo cha mbali hadi jijini. Arc fault circuit interrupter: Kifaa ambacho hufuta umeme kwa mzunguko wowote ambao cheche au arc inazalishwa. Arch: Kifaa cha muundo, kawaida concave juu ya upande wake wa chini, ambayo hutafsiri applied mizigo, kawaida wima, katika nguvu inclined kwamba mtiririko kando ya mhimili wa kifaa. Eneo la kimbilio: Eneo ndani ya jengo ambalo limehifadhiwa kwa usalama dhidi ya joto, moshi, na moto iwapo kuna moto. Kisima cha Artesian: Shimo la wima katika ardhi, lililochimbwa au kuchimbwa, ambalo hujazwa maji kwa sababu ya shinikizo la chini ya ardhi. Taa bandia: Taa nyingine isipokuwa taa ya mchana, kawaida taa ya umeme. Mabadiliko ya angahewa: Safu ya hewa baridi iliyohifadhiwa karibu na ardhi. Atrium: Uwanja wa ndani wa jengo, ambao mara nyingi hufunikwa kwa dirisha la juu. Automatic Sprinkler System: Angalia mfumo wa Sprinkler, moja kwa moja. Siku ya equinox ya vuli: Siku ya mwishoni mwa Septemba wakati mhimili wa kaskazini-kusini wa dunia uko perpendicular kwa miale ya jua. Siku na usiku huwa na urefu uleule wakati wa equinox ya vuli na ya majira ya kuchipua. Ufuniko: Kifuniko chenye mteremko, kinachofanana na paa, kinachoinuka nje juu ya dirisha au mlango. Awning dirisha: Dirisha uendeshaji ambayo sash ni hinged kando ya mhimili usawa juu au karibu na makali yake ya juu. Mstari wa nyuma: Mstari wa kamba ya plastiki laini ambayo hufinyangwa kwenye kiungo ili kupunguza kina ambacho nyenzo ya kufungia ya mastic itaingia. Ballast: Ni umeme kusanyiko katika taa fluorescent kwamba hutumika wote kutoa voltage ya juu muhimu kuanza taa na kupunguza sasa kwa taa mara moja ni kuanza. Picha ya msingi: Picha ya chuma ambayo hutumika kueneza mzigo mzito kutoka safu ya chuma juu ya eneo la saruji kubwa vya kutosha kwamba mkazo unaoruhusiwa wa saruji hauwezi kuzidi. Beam: Kipengele imara ya muundo ambayo hupinga transverse bending nguvu kwa njia ya gridlike muundo wa nguvu za ndani ya mvutano na compression. Ukuta wa kubeba: Sehemu ya ujenzi ya wima, ya gorofa ambayo inasaidia mizigo ya mvuto iliyowekwa juu. Bioremediation: Kutumia michakato ya maisha katika mimea kusafisha maji machafu na taka nyingine zenye sumu. Uharibifu: Kuwa na nguvu kidogo ya kuvuta na mwelekeo wa kuvunjika bila onyo. Mjenzi, desturi: Mtu au kampuni ambayo hujenga majengo kwa agizo. Mjenzi, mhasibu: Mtu au kampuni ambayo hujenga majengo kabla ya wanunuzi wao kujulikana. Bar ya bus: Mstari wa mstatili wa chuma cha conductive sana, kawaida shaba au alumini, kutumika kubeba kiasi kikubwa cha umeme kwa pointi ya usambazaji katika jengo. Buttress: Kifaa cha muundo wa saruji, matofali, au mawe ambayo uzito wa mawe ya vifaa huungana na msukumo wa pembe ya vaults au archs ili kuzalisha nguvu ya matokeo ambayo mstari wa hatua huanguka salama ndani ya misingi ya jengo. Buttress, kushiriki: Buttress ambayo ni integral na kuta za jengo. Buttress: Mti wa kuimarisha ambao hutumia matao yaliyoinuka kufikia nafasi ya kati kama vile aisle ya kanisa ili kuimarisha sehemu ya kati ya jengo. Jengo kutenganisha pamoja: A discontinuity planar kupitia jengo kugawanya jengo katika majengo madogo ambayo ni uwezo wa kusonga bila shida. Caisson: Nguzo ya msingi ya mstari wa juu iliyoundwa kwa saruji iliyopigwa ndani ya shimo lililochimbwa katika ardhi ili iweze kuegemea juu ya safu thabiti ya udongo au mwamba kwa umbali fulani chini ya uso. Pia ganda la chuma lenye umbo la silinda lilitumiwa kuzuia shimo lililochimbwa lisivunjike. Camber: Up curvature kujengwa katika beam hivyo beam itakuwa gorofa wakati ni kamili kubeba. "Cant strip: ""Kipande cha nyuso"" cha nyuso, ambayo inazuia folding kali ya digrii 90 katika membrane ya paa ambapo inakwenda kutoka kwa deck ya paa ya usawa hadi ukuta wa parapet ya wima au curb ya perimeter." Cantilever: Sehemu ya beam au truss ambayo inasimama zaidi ya hatua yake ya karibu ya msaada. Utendaji wa capillary: Kuchota maji kupitia ufa mdogo au shimo dogo kwa nguvu za pamoja za mshikamano katika maji na kushikamana kati ya maji na nyenzo ambayo inachukuliwa. Kapilari kuvunja: Upanuaji wa makusudi ya ufa au shimo ili tone la maji lisingeweza kuuvuka na kupita kupitia hatua ya kapilari. Casement dirisha: dirisha kufungua kwamba ni hinged juu ya mhimili wima katika au karibu jamb upande. Eneo la kuchota maji: Eneo la ardhi au paa linalotumiwa kukusanya maji ya mvua. Catenary: Mzunguko wa kebo au mnyororo ambao unalingana kwa uhuru chini ya uzito wake mwenyewe. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Mfumo wa kiasi cha hewa cha mara kwa mara"" ni mfumo wa kawaida wa hewa." Ukuta wa cavity: Ukuta wa masonry ambao una nafasi ya hewa ya wima, ya gorofa ambayo inakusudiwa kuondoa uvujaji wa maji kupitia ukuta na, kwa bahati mbaya, kupunguza mtiririko wa joto kupitia ukuta. Cement (Portland) - poda kavu, ya kijivu iliyochanganywa na maji ili kutengeneza kamba ya saruji. Si kuchanganyikiwa na saruji <unk> hakuna kitu kama sidewalk saruji au slab saruji. Kituo: Muundo unaotumiwa kwa muda kutegemeza upinde, mnara, au chumba wakati wa ujenzi wake. Cesspool: Shimo katika ardhi kutumika kutawanya maji machafu katika ardhi bila kwanza digesting ni; kwa ujumla kinyume cha sheria. Kiti: Kifaa kinachotumiwa kutegemeza nguzo za chuma hadi wakati ambapo saruji imemwagika kuzunguka na kuyeyushwa. Chase: Nafasi tupu iliyotolewa katika jengo ili kuwa na mabomba, waya, na mifereji ya hewa. Chiller: Mashine inayotokeza maji baridi kwa ajili ya kupoza jengo. Chumbani: Bomba la wima la kuongoza moshi nje ya jengo. Chord: Sehemu ya juu au ya chini katika truss. Mzunguko: Mzunguko mmoja wa nyaya za umeme ambazo hutumikia idadi ndogo ya vifaa na receptacles. Mvunjiko wa mzunguko: Kifaa cha kuzima umeme moja kwa moja ikiwa uwezo wa mzunguko wa umeme umezidi, hivyo kuzuia uharibifu wa mzunguko na jengo. Bwawa: Chombo cha kuhifadhi maji. Clerestory: Dirisha wima kuwekwa katika makutano ya ndege mbili paa kwamba kukutana katika ngazi tofauti. Cloud gel ni nyenzo ngumu ya chini sana, iliyo wazi ambayo inaweza kutumika kama nyenzo ya kutenganisha kati ya panes za glasi katika mkusanyiko wa glasi nyingi. Safu: Mstari wima, linear kipengele cha muundo kwamba inasaidia hasa mizigo wima. Combustion hewa: Angalia hewa, combustion. Kugawanya: Kugawanya jengo katika vitengo vidogo kwa kutumia kuta na sakafu zisizoweza kuwaka moto ili kuzuia kuenea kwa moto. Msingi compensated: Angalia Msingi, kuelea. Mchanganyiko: Umetengenezwa na vifaa viwili au zaidi vinavyofanya kazi pamoja. Mbolea: Bidhaa ya uchemchemi wa vifaa vya taka za kikaboni, kutumika kurekebisha udongo ili kuongeza uzalishaji wake wa kilimo. Kufyatua: Kufyatua pamoja. Mzunguko wa compression: Mchakato wa pampu ya joto ambapo kioevu cha kazi hufinyangwa na baridi, kisha huruhusiwa kupanua na kunyonya joto. Mkazo compressive: Ukali wa hatua squeezing, alionyesha katika vitengo vya nguvu kwa kitengo cha eneo. Zege: Ni kitu kinachofanana na mwamba ambacho hutengenezwa kwa kuchanganya mchanga au mawe yaliyopondwa, mchanga, na mchanganyiko wa saruji ya Portland na maji. Zege, hewa-entrained: Zege ambayo ina Bubbles hewa microscopic. Zege lenye hewa hutiririka kwa uhuru zaidi linapochanganywa upya na ni sugu zaidi kwa uharibifu wa kufungia-kuyeyusha kuliko saruji ya kawaida. Condensate: Kioevu kilichoundwa kwa condensing gesi, kama vile maji kioevu zinazozalishwa wakati hewa unyevu kugusa uso baridi. Condensation: Mabadiliko ya nyenzo kutoka hali ya gesi hadi hali ya kioevu. Condenser: Sehemu ya mmea wa umeme unaotumiwa na mvuke ambao mvuke uliotumiwa hupunguzwa ili urudishwe katika hali ya kioevu. Uendeshaji: Kupita kwa joto au umeme kupitia nyenzo ngumu. Mfereji: Bomba la plastiki au la chuma ambalo waya za umeme hupita. Mfumo wa kiasi cha hewa cha mara kwa mara (CAV) ni mfumo wa joto na baridi ambapo kiwango cha mzunguko wa hewa ni mara kwa mara, lakini joto la hewa inatofautiana. Utaratibu: Katika muundo, mali ya kuwa na vipengele vya muundo vinavyounganishwa kwa nguvu pamoja ili vitende kama kitengo kimoja. Control pamoja: makusudi, kawaida moja kwa moja-line ufa katika uso wa nyenzo ambayo huwa shrink, kutumika ili kuepuka random cracking katika nyenzo. Convection: Mzunguko ambao ni powered na tofauti katika wiani kati ya hewa ya joto na baridi au maji. Convective: Kutumia convection kama njia ya uhamisho wa joto. Convector: Kifaa cha kupasha hewa joto kwa kutumia mvuke au maji moto ambayo huzunguka kupitia bomba la chuma ambalo hufunuliwa na hewa. Kwa kawaida convector huwa na mabawa mengi ya chuma yaliyounganishwa na bomba ili kuongeza eneo lake la uso. Mkusanyiko wa bomba la fin kwa kawaida huwekwa katika kifuniko cha chuma cha karatasi chenye milango kwa ajili ya mzunguko wa hewa. Radiation: Ni hali ya baridi ya dunia wakati wa usiku kwa radiation ya moja kwa moja ya joto la dunia katika giza la nafasi. Corbel: Kifaa cha ujenzi cha mawe ambapo kila matofali au jiwe huinuka kidogo juu ya lile lililo chini yake. Crawl nafasi: Mzunguko wa upatikanaji wa kuendelea, si mrefu wa kutosha kusimama katika, chini ya ghorofa ya chini ya jengo. Creep: Kufupisha kwa muda mrefu kwa saruji chini ya mkazo wa kukandamiza. Mvutano wa msalaba: Mfumo wa mabomba usiofaa ambao huruhusu maji machafu au maji machafu kuingizwa kwenye mabomba ya usambazaji wa maji ikiwa shinikizo la maji katika mabomba linashindwa. Taji: Mzunguko mdogo wa juu katika lami ya barabara; mzunguko katika kipande cha mbao. "Kuna ""bodi ya pazia"" ambayo ni kitambaa cha chuma ambacho hutegemea dari la jengo la viwanda ili kuzuia moto usipate kuenea."