Humans are experiencing decreased exposure to a range of microorganisms, which can explain the difference in disparity in allergic disorders between urban and rural communities and between developed and developing countries, the researchers wrote.
“It is crucial to closely monitor the changes in microbiome profiles and the reduction in biodiversity occurring in our environment because the entire microbiome represents the ‘true’ environment within which we live and coexist,” they explained. “Understanding and documenting the microbiome profiles in both humans and the environment are crucial to safeguard mutual beneficial microorganisms and mitigate the risk of potential global epidemics of common chronic inflammatory diseases.”
Examining allergic disorders in migrants
Allergic conditions are higher in developed/high resourced countries and lower in developing/low resourced countries, according to the review. This is exemplified by migrants who move from developing to developed countries and experience a gradual increase in asthmatic and allergic symptoms.
“Immigrants from low-risk asthma countries show significant shifts in their immune responses and distinct microbiome profiles, reinforcing the role of environmental microbial exposure in the development of asthma and allergies,” the reviewers noted.
For example, in Australian-Chinese immigrants, the scientists observed a significant shift in the innate and adaptive immune response, suggesting that the increase in allergy in immigrants may result from particular taxa. After documenting differences in oropharyngeal microbiota, they found that nasal Staphylococcus pneumoniae may play a role in developing allergic conditions in Chinese immigrants in a Western environment.
Additionally, Chinese immigrants in Australia exhibited a change in genome-wide methylation and gene expression. The researchers surmised that the interaction between western environments and genes has underlying epigenome-microbiome mechanisms.
“The gut microbiome’s influence on epigenetic modifications is a potential mechanism that may impact human health and disease and studying this relationship in new immigrants will shed light on the development of common western diseases, such as asthma,” they wrote.
Western societies may not have been designed for optimal human health. Humans were exposed and adapted to diverse microorganisms over 60 million years, a diversity that’s diminished with urbanization and industrialization.
The surge of western illnesses and the impact of conditions of the human microbiome has led experts to speculate about the role of the hygiene hypothesis, which states that early childhood exposure to specific microorganisms protects against allergies and strengthens the immune system.
“Human immune system, in the absence of the rich, complex, and regularly challenging microbial load it was developed for, misinterprets harmless substances (allergens), prompting a range of self-destructive diseases like autoimmune disorders and allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic eczema,” the researchers wrote. “This phenomenon is considered a major contributing factor to the high prevalence of these western diseases in developed countries as well as an increasing trend recently in developing countries.”
Prebiotics and postbiotics
When it comes to managing allergies, the review noted that clinical trials have shown that prebiotics and probiotics have limited effect but also acknowledged the intricate interplay among environmental microbial exposure, genetic predisposition and epigenetic factors in allergy development. The review concluded that more research is needed to determine whether biotics can aid in allergy prevention.
Additionally, fecal microbiota transplantation is considered a treatment for allergic disorders but has not shown great success in addressing them. According to the reviewers, there is still “a shortage of proven and reliable microbiome-based interventions that have been conclusively validated and incorporated into clinical practice to prevent allergic diseases.”
“Grasping the complex relationship between the microbiome and the Western environment in terms of human health is essential. Implementing findings on the use of prebiotics and probiotics for asthma and allergy prevention presents challenges,” the researchers concluded.
“A greater emphasis on extensive and synchronized clinical trials is needed to pinpoint protective prebiotics and probiotics that can aid in allergy prevention. Alterations in the microbiome attributed to contemporary living conditions might offer insights, potentially playing a central role in addressing the rising occurrence of allergic diseases. Continued research in this area is vital to shape effective interventions.”
Source: World Allergy Organization Journal
“The influence of modern living conditions on the human microbiome and potential therapeutic opportunities for allergy prevention”
Authors: Guicheng Zhang and Peter Le Souëf
"Wanasayansi hao wanasema kuwa ""watu wanakabiliwa na upungufu wa maambukizi ya viumbe wadogo, ambayo inaweza kuelezea tofauti katika matatizo ya mzio kati ya jamii za mijini na vijijini na kati ya nchi zilizoendelea na zinazoendelea.""" "Ni muhimu kufuatilia kwa karibu mabadiliko katika maelezo ya microbiome na kupunguzwa kwa utofauti wa kibiolojia unaotokea katika mazingira yetu kwa sababu microbiome nzima inawakilisha mazingira ya "kweli" ambayo tunaishi na kuishi pamoja", walieleza. "Kufahamu na kuorodhesha maelezo ya microbiome katika wanadamu na mazingira ni muhimu kulinda viumbe wadogo wanaofaa pamoja na kupunguza hatari ya janga la ulimwengu la magonjwa ya kawaida ya uchochezi wa muda mrefu. ""Kuchunguza matatizo ya mzio katika wahamiaji: ""Hali za mzio ni za juu katika nchi zilizoendelea na zenye rasilimali nyingi na za chini katika nchi zinazoendelea na zenye rasilimali chache." Hii ni mfano wa wahamiaji ambao kuhamia kutoka nchi zinazoendelea kwa nchi zilizoendelea na uzoefu kuongezeka hatua kwa hatua katika dalili za pumu na mzio. "Wahamiaji kutoka nchi zenye hatari ya chini ya pumu wanaonyesha mabadiliko makubwa katika majibu yao ya kinga na maelezo tofauti ya microbiome, ikiimarisha jukumu la mfiduo wa vijidudu vya mazingira katika maendeleo ya pumu na mzio, "wakaguzi walibainisha. Kwa mfano, katika wahamiaji wa Australia na China, wanasayansi waliona mabadiliko makubwa katika majibu ya kinga ya asili na ya kubadilika, ikidokeza kwamba ongezeko la mzio katika wahamiaji inaweza kuwa matokeo ya taxon maalum. Baada ya kugundua tofauti katika microbiota ya oropharyngeal, waligundua kuwa Staphylococcus pneumoniae ya pua inaweza kuwa na jukumu katika kuendeleza hali ya mzio kwa wahamiaji wa Kichina katika mazingira ya Magharibi. Kwa kuongezea, wahamiaji Wachina nchini Australia walionyesha mabadiliko katika methylation ya genome nzima na usemi wa jeni. Watafiti walidhani kwamba mwingiliano kati ya mazingira ya magharibi na jeni una utaratibu wa epigenome-microbiome. "Uathiri wa microbiome ya matumbo juu ya marekebisho ya epigenetic ni utaratibu wa uwezekano ambao unaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu na ugonjwa na kusoma uhusiano huu katika wahamiaji wapya kutangaza maendeleo ya magonjwa ya kawaida ya magharibi, kama vile pumu", waliandika. Huenda ikawa jamii za Magharibi hazikujengwa kwa ajili ya afya bora ya kibinadamu. Wanadamu walipatana na na kubadilika kwa viumbe mbalimbali zaidi ya miaka milioni 60, utofauti ambao umepungua na mijini na viwanda. "Uchunguzi wa utafiti wa magonjwa ya magharibi na athari za hali ya microbiome ya binadamu imewaongoza wataalamu kufikiria juu ya jukumu la nadharia ya usafi, ambayo inasema kwamba ""kufunuliwa kwa viumbe maalum vya utotoni huhifadhi dhidi ya mzio na kuimarisha mfumo wa kinga.""" "Mfumo wa kinga ya binadamu, kwa kukosekana kwa mzigo wa vimelea tajiri, tata, na mara kwa mara changamoto iliundwa kwa, misinterpret vitu haramu (allergens), kuchochea mbalimbali ya magonjwa ya kujiharibu kama vile magonjwa ya autoimmune na magonjwa ya mzio kama vile pumu na atopic eczema, ""waliyaandika watafiti." "Utafiti huo unaonyesha kuwa ""majaribio ya kliniki yameonyesha kuwa prebiotics na probiotics zina athari ndogo lakini pia zinakubali mwingiliano tata kati ya mfiduo wa mazingira wa vimelea, mwelekeo wa maumbile na sababu za epigenetic katika maendeleo ya mzio.""" Uchunguzi huo ulihitimisha kwamba utafiti zaidi unahitajika ili kuamua kama dawa za kibiolojia zinaweza kusaidia katika kuzuia mzio. Kwa kuongezea, upandikizaji wa microbiota ya matumbo inachukuliwa kuwa matibabu ya matatizo ya mzio lakini haijaonyesha mafanikio makubwa katika kuyashughulikia. Kulingana na wahakiki, bado kuna <unk>kidogo cha maingiliano ya microbiome-msingi ya kuthibitishwa na kuaminika ambayo yamethibitishwa kwa uhakika na kuingizwa katika mazoezi ya kliniki ili kuzuia magonjwa ya mzio.<unk> <unk>Kufahamu uhusiano tata kati ya microbiome na mazingira ya Magharibi katika suala la afya ya binadamu ni muhimu. Utekelezaji wa matokeo juu ya matumizi ya prebiotics na probiotics kwa pumu na kuzuia mzio hutoa changamoto, <unk> watafiti walimalizia. <unk>Muhimu zaidi juu ya majaribio makubwa na synchronized kliniki inahitajika kutambua kinga prebiotics na probiotics ambayo inaweza kusaidia katika kuzuia mzio. Mabadiliko katika microbiome inayohusishwa na hali ya maisha ya kisasa yanaweza kutoa ufahamu, uwezekano wa kucheza jukumu kuu katika kushughulikia kuongezeka kwa magonjwa ya mzio. "Utafiti wa utafiti wa kina unaendelea katika eneo hili ni muhimu kwa kuunda hatua za ufanisi. <unk> Chanzo: Jarida la Shirika la Allergy Ulimwenguni <unk> Uvutano wa hali ya maisha ya kisasa kwenye microbiome ya binadamu na fursa za matibabu ya uwezekano wa kuzuia mzio <unk> Waandishi: Guicheng Zhang na Peter Le Soue."