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OHIO POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD
GEORGE H. PORTER
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 105
The Series was formerly known as Studies in History, Economics and Public Law.
Reprinted with the permission of Columbia University Press From the edition of 1911, New York First AMS EDITION published 1968 Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 76-76694
AMS PRESS, INC. N E W YORK, N . Y. 10003
PREFACE AN attempt has been made in the following pages to set forth the attitude of Ohio on the great political questions of the civil war period. Issues purely local and having nothing to do with the war have been omitted. The important rôle which the state played in national affairs during this period through the prominence of her political leaders has seemed to make such a study well worth while. Much use has necessarily been made of the newspapers. Owing to the personality of many of their editors, they reflected the opinion of the various political factions to a marked degree. While newspaper accounts are not always to be relied upon, they have been carefully sifted and fortified by information derived from other sources. The material for a study of the war period exists in a somewhat fragmentary condition. Many local newspapers have not been preserved, while a number of public reports and other documents have either been destroyed or are not accessible to the student. There is great need of a Public Archives Commission to undertake the work of preserving and arranging the historical material of the state. During the progress of my research, I have been greatly assisted by many persons who have manifested an interest in the subject. Mr. C. B. Galbreath, of the Ohio State Library, has rendered invaluable service both in aiding me to secure material and in making suggestions on the treatment of various topics. I am also greatly indebted to Mr. Daniel J. Ryan for permission to use the proof-sheets of his Civil War Literature of Ohio; to Col. Webb C. Hayes for 141] S
permission to e x a m i n e his f a t h e r ' s p a p e r s ; to M r . W . H . Cathcart f o r the use of material in the library of the W e s t ern Reserve Historical Society; to M r . A. D. W i l t and Mrs. W . D. Bickham, of D a y t o n , for assistance in obtaining material and f o r permission to use some unpublished letters; to Minnie E . P o r t e r f o r a critical r e a d i n g of the m a n u script; and to M r . C . N . V a l l a n d i g h a m , of Boston, for copies of unpublished letters of C. L. V a l l a n d i g h a m . The study was undertaken at the suggestion of P r o f e s s o r W . A. D u n n i n g , of C o l u m b i a University. T o him my thanks a r e d u e f o r m a n y suggestions made d u r i n g the progress of the work and for assistance in p r e p a r i n g the manuscript f o r the press. GEORGE N E W YORK C I T Y , A P R I L 2 4 ,
CONTENTS C H A P T E R
O H I O P O L I T I C S AT T H E O P E N I N G OF T H E
Review of Political Aßairs Prior to 1859 Wealth and population of the state Influence of population elements on politics State elections, 1832-1859 Legislation on the negro, 1802-1855 Personal Liberty laws Repeal of Personal Liberty laws Enactment of " Visible Admixture l a w " Interpretation of the word " w h i t e " by supreme court Relations with the Border States During 1859-1860 The Oberlin-Wellington rescue case Campaign of 1859 Analysis of the legislature elected in 1859 The John Brown raid Election of a U . S . Senator in i860 Visit of Kentucky and Tennessee legislatures Attempts to reênact Personal Liberty laws, i860 Attempts of the Democrats to restrict negro immigration Legislature on the John Brown raid Extradition of Brown and Merriam The Lago case The Kennedy case Party Conventions and the Campaign of 1860 Democratic convention, January 5, i860 Republican convention, March ist Republican nominating convention, June 13th Democratic convention, July 4th Breckinridge revolt Constitutional Unionists Campaign of i860 Election 143]
. . .
12 12 16 16 19 21 22 22 22 23 23 25 26 27 30 31 32 34 35 38 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 48 48
Attitude of Ohio on Secession and Compromise Opinions in the North on secession Opinions in Ohio on secession Democratic convention, January 23, i860 Legislature on questions of compromise Resolutions of January 12th Question of unconstitutional legislation • The extradition question in the legislature Selection of delegates to the Peace Conference Question of calling a national convention Attempt at ratifying proposals of Peace Conference The extradition question again Request for Ohio to guarantee U. S. bonds Election of Sherman to U . S. Senate Growth of the spirit of compromise in the state C H A P T E R T H E U N I O N P A R T Y IN O H I O :
4g 49 50 52 55 58 61 62 64 68 68 69 70 70 71
ORGANIZATION AND W O R K
Genesis of the Union Parly . Enthusiasm at the outbreak of the war Change of sentiment • Abandonment of party feeling The million-dollar appropriation. Protection of southern border of the state Other acts of the legislature for support of the war Difficulties in the way of union movement Call for Democratic state convention Plans for union movement Resolution of Republican state central committee Democratic sentiment on union movement Attitude of the Abolition element Democratic state convention, August 7, 1861 Jewett's letter of acceptance. . . Call for Union mass convention . Question of platform and candidate The Union convention. September 5, i86l Campaign of 1861 Election Work of the First Union Legislature Governor Tod's inaugural Lack of harmony among the Union members Retrenchment
73 73 74 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 90 90 91 92 93 95
Reapportionment of state for congressional purposes 96 Question of immigration of the negro . 96 Attempt to elect a U. S. Senator 98 The Political Campaign of 1862 100 Desire to revive the old party 100 Union state convention, August 21st 102 The Democratic ticket 102 Issues in the campaign 104 Election 108 Effect of the defeat on the Union party 108 Efforts to strengthen the Party after the Defeat of 1862 109 Meeting of the legislature, 1863 no Message of Governor Tod. . . . . 110 The Senatorial question • ill No legislative expression on Emancipation Proclamation . . . 112 Soldiers' voting law. 113 Resignation of state auditor Taylor 113 Low tide of the Union party. 115 Resolutions of Ohio regiments . . . . 115 Organization of Union Leagues . . . . 116 Question of a Union candidate in 1863 117 The Brough boom . . . 1 1 9 Union state convention 120 The Union Party in the Campaign of 1864 121 Result of the election of 1863 . 122 Rescinding oí ratification of Corwin Amendment 122 Action of the legislature on a Presidential candidate . . . 122 Ohio~n the Baltimore convention 125 Campaign of 1864. . 125 Union party continued after the war 126 C H A P T E R
VALLANDIGIIAM AND THE P E A C E
The Peace Democracy During the Early Part of the War The Peace Democrats defined Vallandigham as leader in the West . . . . . Other leaders in Ohio. Attitude of Democratic leaders toward the Union movement Revival oi the party after the election of 1861. Ohio Democrats in Congrees, 1861-1862 . . Effect of the Democratic Address on Ohio politics Democratic state convention, July 4, 1862 . . Campaign of 1862
128 128 128 133 134 136 137 138 139 142
Effect of the Election of 1862 on the Peace Democracy Jollification meetings Ohio Democrats in Congress, 1862-1863 Vallandigham's speech, January 14, 1863 Disposition of the Peace Democrats in Ohio Olds escorted to Columbus Jackson Day banquet, January 8, 1863 Attitude of the Democrats in the legislature Dresel resolutions on military arrests Modification of kidnapping act of 1835 Attempt to expel Dresel . . . Democratic agitation against negro immigration. · Democratic meetings during spring of 1863 Mobbing of Crisis office Arrest of Governor Tod. Arrest and Trial of Vallandigham Assignment of General Burnside to Department of Ohio General Order Number 38 The Mount Vernon meeting Arrest of Vallandigham Trial before a military commission Application for writ of habeas corpus Finding of the commission General opinion of the arrest The Campaign of 1863 . . Effect of the arrest of Vallandigham Protest of the New York Democrats The Democratic state convention, June IIth The state-sovereignty faction . Lincoln and the Ohio committee Arrival of Vallandigham in Canada The campaign Convention of War Democrats Election Democratic press on causes of defeat Effect of the defeat on Vallandigham Violence during the year 1863 Activity ot the Knights of the Golden Circle The dime fund . . New church movement The Democracy in the Campaign of 1864 Condition of the Democracy at the beginning of 1864 Attacks on Democratic newspaper offices
144 144 145 147 148 149 149 150 151 153 154 155 155 156 157 159 . . 159 160 . 161 162 162 162 165 165 167 167 168 170 173 174 177 178 181 183 184 185 185 187 188 189 190 190 191
Democratic state convention of 1864 Return of Vallandigham. . . . Campaign of 1864. Convention of state-rights Democrats The Democracy during reconstruction Conclusion . . . . CHAPTER
192 194 196 197 198 198 IV
T H E Q U E S T I O N OF N E G R O S U F F R A G E IN O H I O
Politics of the Year 1S65 jentiment on negro suffrage at the opening of the war Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment Repeal of " Visible Admixture law " . . . Support of President Johnson Attitude of the Democracy toward Johnson Call for Union state convention Question of suitable Union candidate for governor Union state convention, June 21st Nomination of General Cox Compromise platform adopted General Cox's Oberlin letter Reply of Judge Dickson. . . . John Stuart Mill's opinion on negro suffrage sought General Sherman boomed by the Democrats for governor Convention of state-sovereignty Democrats, August 17th . . . . Democratic state convention, August 24th General Morgan nominated Campaign of 1865 Election Negro suffrage postponed by legislature . . . . Election of U . S . Senator . . . Attitude of Ohio Toivard the Quarrel Between President Johnson and Congress. • • • · • Congressional legislation. 1865-1866 Legislature holds aloof from quarrel on reconstruction . . . Governor Cox's " Johnson letter " Democratiç state convention, May 24, 1866 Union state convention, June 20, 1866. . . . Endorsement of the congressional policy Call for national Union convention Response of Johnson Unionists Response of the Democrats
200 201 202 202 203 203 204 205 206 207 207 210 211 212 213 214 214 215 216 219 21g 220 220 221 221 222 223 226 226 227 227 228
Vallandigham left off the list of delegates . . 229 The Johnson state convention, August 7th 230 Ohio in the Philadelphia convention, September 3d . . . . . 231 The campaign of 1866 232 Election 234 Nezro Suffrage Defeated 235 Ratification of Fourteenth Amendment 235 Negro suffrage amendment proposed by the legislature 236 Democratic state convention, January 8. 1897 238 Activity of the state-sovereignty Democracy 240 Difficulty of securing a suitable Union candidate 240 The Union state convention, June 19th 242 The " Ohio Deserters' bill " 243 The campaign of 1867 . . . . 243 Election . . 248 Defeat of negro suffrage amendment 248 Rescinding of ratification of Fourteenth Amendment 248 Reènactment of " Visible Admixture law " 251 Election of Thurman as U . S. Senator 253 Rejection of Fifteenth Amendment 253 Ratification of Fifteenth Amendment 254 Bibliographical Note 255
O H I O P O L I T I C S AT T H E O P E N I N G OF T H E R E V I E W OF P O L I T I C A L A F F A I R S PRIOR TO
AT the opening of the period covered by this study Ohio occupied an important position in national a f f a i r s both industrially and politically. T h e state was situated midway between the agricultural West and the manufacturing East and thus formed a debatable ground between the political tendencies of these two sections, while as the gateway leading f r o m the South to the Northwest her commercial relations with the South through Cincinnati were such as to identify her interests with those of the border states. Her state elections assumed national importance from the fact that they were held in October, just a month before the presidential contests, and because a governor was chosen in the year preceding the national elections. This made the state a sort of " political weather-gauge " and led the two great political parties to concentrate their efforts upon the Ohio elections to an unusual degree. In wealth and population the state ranked third in i860. T h e value of her real estate and personal property amounted to over a billion and a half dollars. 1 Notwithstanding the financial depression of 1 8 5 7 , the taxable property doubled in value during the decade ending in i860, and on the basis of this valuation taxes f o r state and local purposes amounting to almost eleven million dollars were levied for the year 1 8 6 1 . This wealth arose f o r the most part from agriculture, manufacturing being then in its infancy. The population 1
Report of the Ohio Commissioner of Statistics, i860.
DURING THE CIVIL WAR
> 3 3 9 > 5 1 1 in i860. It was largely rural, only one-ninth of the whole number of people living in cities. Fourteen per cent of the inhabitants were foreign born, the German element largely predominating. 1 In forty-six counties over ten per cent of the population was foreign, while in eleven — f o r the most part those containing the larger cities—this was increased to twenty per cent. Internal migration also had a noticeable effect on the population. 1,529,560 persons who were residing in the state in i860 had been born within its borders. 593,043 who had been born in the state had removed, while 476,966 had come in from other states. Finally, there were included in the population of the state in i860, 36,673 colored people. While from 1800 to i860 the white population had increased fifty-one times, the colored had increased one hundred and eighty-seven times. There were very few colored people in the Reserve counties, Erie with one hundred and forty-nine and Geauga with seven being the two extremes. About three-fourths of the whole number of colored people lived south of the national road. 2 During the early immigration into the Northwest Territory, there were five chief centres of settlement within the boundaries of Ohio. There was, first, the Ohio Company's purchase, including approximately the present Washington, Athens, Meigs and Gallia counties, settled by New Englanders. Secondly, the Symmes purchase, embracing a tract of land in the southwestern part of the state between the two Miami rivers, was settled by immigrants from New Jersey, Pennsylvania and the South. Next, there was the tract be' O h i o ranked second among the states in German population, third in English, fifth in Irish and Scotch and tenth in British American. Of the cities, Cincinnati had a foreign population of forty-six per cent of her total, Cleveland, forty-five per cent, and Dayton, twenty-eight per cent with German and Irish predominating. ' T h e s e statistics of population have been taken from the U . S. Census of i860.
tween the Little Miami and the Scioto rivers, which Virginia had reserved to provide bounties for her Revolutionary soldiers, and which consequently was settled by people from Virginia and Kentucky. T h e Seven Ranges, comprising the first land surveyed by Congress in the Northwest Territory and including the border counties along the Ohio river north of the O h i o Company's purchase, formed a fourth district, which was settled largely by Germans and Scotch-Irish from Pennsylvania and Virginia. Lastly, there was the Western Reserve, including the twelve counties in the northeastern corner of the state beginning with Erie and H u r o n ; this had been withheld by Connecticut when she ceded her western land claims to the government, and was settled almost entirely by New Englanders. As the other sections of the state were opened to settlement by Congress, and with the construction of Zane's road and later the national road, settlers came into the Scioto valley from Pennsylvania, Virginia. Kentucky and the states farther south, the southern immigrants being made up for the most part of the non-slave-holding democratic element. Large numbers of these settlers were Scotch-Irish and Germans, the former locating mostly in the southern part of the state and the latter in the central and eastern counties. Considerable numbers of Quakers drifted in from the South, particularly f r o m Virginia and the Carolinas, settling in Greene and W a r r e n counties and other anti-slavery sections. The colored population of the state was being constantly recruited before the war, not only by the harboring of runaway slaves, but also by the settling of freed slaves on little farms purchased for them by their masters in anti-slavery sections of the southern part of the state. 1 'For a discussion of the sources of Ohio's population see Chaddock, Ohio Before 1850; in Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, vol. xxxi.
T h e political c o m p l e x i o n of O h i o w a s d e t e r m i n e d l a r g e l y by the location of these v a r i o u s p o p u l a t i o n elements. Reserve
M e d i n a , P o r t a g e . T r u m b u l l a n d E r i e c o u n t i e s went
c r a t i c a n d r e m a i n e d so until 1 8 5 4 . w h i l e L a k e , G e a u g a a n d A s h t a b u l a w e r e c a r r i e d by the F r e e S o i l e r s .
j o i n e d in the R e p u b l i c a n m o v e m e n t , a n d in i 8 6 0 this
the c e n t r e
section i n c l u d e d in the O h i o C o m p a n y ' s p u r c h a s e w a s s o m e times called p o l i t i c a l l y the " R e s e r v e of the S o u t h . "
m o d i f i e d s o m e w h a t b y s o u t h e r n i n f l u e n c e , it w a s , n e x t the n o r t h e r n R e s e r v e , the m o s t r a d i c a l a n t i s l a v e r y of the state.
I n the s o u t h w e s t e r n p a r t l a y a t h i r d section,
e x t e n d i n g f r o m M a r i o n c o u n t y on the n o r t h . F r a n k l i n the east. W a r r e n
a n d C l i n t o n on the south and the state
line on the w e s t , w h i c h w a s d o m i n a t e d bv the W h i g s
later b y the R e p u b l i c a n s , yet o w i n g t o the f a c t that it w a s settled l a r g e l y b y K e n t u c k y W h i g s w h o s e principal e x p o n e n t w a s T h o m a s C o r w i n , it w a s m u c h m o r e c o n s e r v a t i v e the t w o s e c t i o n s b e f o r e m e n t i o n e d . in the S e v e n
T h e counties
and those immediately
f o r m e d a d e b a t a b l e g r o u n d b e t w e e n the t w o parties.
t o the m i x t u r e of
the p o p u l a t i o n ,
T h e o t h e r s e c t i o n s o f the s t a t e , w i t h the e x c e p t i o n
of L u c a s c o u n t y , w e r e u s u a l l y D e m o c r a t i c , d u e to the l a r g e e l e m e n t of S c o t c h - I r i s h a n d G e r m a n s . In 1 8 3 2 J a c k s o n c a r r i e d the state b y 4 . 7 0 7 m a j o r i t y w h i l e four years
later H a r r i s o n ' s
the d e c a d e f r o m 1 8 3 4 to 1 8 4 4 the state elections a l t e r n a t e d b e t w e e n the W h i g s a n d D e m o c r a t s by m a j o r i t i e s from 2,000 to 16.000.
1 8 5 1 , w h e n , w i t h a f u l l F r e e S o i l ticket in the Democrats
T h e n the W h i g s held control until
w o n by a m a j o r i t y
w h i c h w a s 1 5 , 0 8 9 less than that of 1 8 4 9 .
in a total
T h e Free Soilers
AT THE OPENING
in that year polled
1 6 , 9 1 0 votes, nearly three-fourths of
which came f r o m the Reserve. state by a m a j o r i t y of over 3 1 , 6 8 2 votes.
OF THE WAR
In 1 8 5 2 Pierce carried the 1 6 , 0 0 0 , while H a l e received
In the next y e a r the D e m o c r a t s carried 6 9
counties, their total vote being 1 4 7 , 6 6 3 as against a W h i g vote of 8 5 , 8 5 7 and a F r e e Soil vote of 5 0 , 3 4 6 , the last named party c a r r y i n g A s h t a b u l a , L a k e . G e a u g a , Clinton,
and S u m m i t counties of the R e s e r v e and Clinton in the southwest. W i t h the organization of the Republican party, the state s h o w s a readjustment to the new political conditions. the election
g o m e r y , R o s s and S c i o t o of the old W h i g counties went over to the D e m o c r a t s , while C o l u m b i a n a , W i l l i a m s , H a r din,
ranks f o r the new party.
T h e Republican m a j o r i t y
the Democrats in that y e a r w a s 1 5 , 7 5 1 , while the K n o w K o t h i n g s polled 2 4 , 2 7 6 votes.
I n r e g a r d to this
N o t h i n g vote, the state could be divided by a line d r a w n f r o m the point on the east w h e r e the O h i o becomes the boundary across to the northern limit of D a r k e county.
the 4 1 counties north of this line, only six, M e r c e r , R i c h land, H u r o n , C u y a h o g a , S u m m i t and A s h t a b u l a , g a v e o v e r 1 0 0 votes, while of the 4 7 counties south of this line, only 8 did not g i v e that number while 1 7 g a v e over 3 0 0 .
largest numbers given by individual counties w e r e ; H a m i l ton 6 5 3 8 , Belmont 1 0 0 3 , Gallia 1 0 9 9 , and H i g h l a n d
T w o counties, M a d i s o n and Gallia, w e r e carried b y this party.
In the election of 1 8 5 6 , the K n o w - N o t h i n g s polled
2 8 , 1 2 6 votes, the greatest g a i n s being made in the northwestern quarter of the state and in the river counties f r o m Columbiana to Scioto.
B y 1 8 5 7 the movement had spent
itself, and V a n T r u m p , the candidate f o r g o v e r n o r , ceived only 1 0 , 2 7 2 votes.
In O h i o as in the other states,
I 5 4
this organization furnished a temporary home for some of the Whigs who were not especially hostile to slavery. In 1855 Salmon P. Chase was elected governor on the Republican ticket by a majority of 1 5 , 7 5 1 , and was reelected two years later by the narrow margin of 1,281 votes. In 1859 Dennison, the Republican candidate, was elected over Ranney, his Democratic opponent, by a majority of 13,236. Omitting the vote of 1857, which was not normal, the average majority of the Republicans in the state elections from 1855 to i860 was I7.000. 1 The questions uppermost in Ohio politics at the beginning of the war period were, of course, those concerning the negro. The state had occupied an important position throughout the whole slavery controversy, both through the activity of the " Underground Railroad," and by the prominence of her political leaders. Because of the various elements in the population all shades of opinion on the subject were represented among the people, from the radicalism of Wade, Chase and Giddings, through the conservatism of Corwin and E w i n g to the most extreme state rights doctrines of the Democracy. Not only were these questions of prime importance at the beginning of the period, but they were to continue to be such throughout the war, first in the matter of the immigration of negroes into the state, then as to the abolition of slavery as an incident of the war, and finally in regard to extending the franchise to the colored population of the state. The negro, in i860, was without political privileges in Ohio. Throughout the half century of the state's existence there had been a sentiment against granting such privileges, though at the time of the adoption of the first constitution in 1802 this was not very marked. A motion in the con•The above election statistics have been taken from a compilation made by the secretary of state and published in his report for 1875.
vention to strike out the word " white " from the report of the committee on electoral qualifications was lost by a vote of fourteen to nineteen, while a proviso was actually passed giving suffrage to all male negroes and mulattoes of voting age then residing in the state. This was rescinded later only by the deciding vote of the president of the convention.1 A s adopted, the constitution limited the franchise to " all white male inhabitants above the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the state one year next preceding the election, and who have paid or are charged with a State or county tax." 2 A proposition to allow limited slavery in the state was defeated by only one vote. During the next few years, however, a great increase in the immigration of free negroes occurred, and through the predominance of the southern element in the legislature, a law was passed, January 5, 1804, forbidding any black or mulatto person to settle in the state unless he could furnish a certificate from some court of the United States of his actual freedom, and requiring all such persons then resident in the state, to register with the county clerk. It was made a penal offense to employ a negro unless he could present a certificate of freedom, and to harbor a fugitive slave or aid in his escape from the state.4 In 1807 this law was strengthened by prohibiting any negro from settling in the state unless he could within twenty days give bond to the amount of five hundred dollars as a guarantee of his good behavior and support. The fine for harboring a fugitive was increased, and negroes were forbidden to give evidence in court in a case in which a white person was a party. 4 Further acts passed during the years from 1824 to 1831 prohibited the negro from jury service, deprived 1
Cf. Journal of the Convention.
* Laws of Ohio, vol. ii, p. 63.
* Article iv, sec. i. '/ind., vol. ν, p. 53.
him of poor maintenance and excluded him from the public schools. 1 It was these acts taken together which constituted the so-called " Black L a w s " of Ohio, and by them the colored people of the state were put in the position of residents by toleration. However, in the interpretation of these laws, and of the constitutional provision, the courts repeatedly held that the word " white " comprehended all persons having more white than colored blood. 2 In some of the counties, persons having even a preponderance of negro blood exercised the voting privilege, and the sentiment of the people was such as not to interfere. In 1849 F r e e Soilers held the balance of power in the legislature, and by a combination with the Democrats to elect Chase to the United States Senate, these " Black L a w s " were all repealed except those relating to the jury service and poor maintenance.' In the midst of the excitement over the Federal legislation of 1850, a convention assembled to draft a new constitution for the state. Notwithstanding the presentation of a number of petitions praying for the enfranchisement of the negro, the fundamental law was not changed in this respect, principally because of the feeling that any such change would prevent its ratification at the polls. T h e franchise was conferred on " every white male citizen of the United States of the age of twenty-one years " who possessed certain residence qualifications. 4 One concession was made to the negro in that he was to be included in determining the apportionment for the state legislature. In the election of 1855 the new Republican party ob1
Laws of Ohio, vol. xxvi, p. 43; vol. xxvii, pp. 35 and 72; vol. x x i x ,
P· 94· tOAio
Reports, vol. iv, p. 53; vol. xi, pp. 372 and 376; vol. xii, p. 237.
* Schuckers, Life of Chase, pp. 90 et seq. • A r t . ν, sec. i.
AT THE OPENING
tained a majority in both branches of the legislature, and proceeded to enact a series of Personal Liberty laws. The first of these forbade the confinement in any of the prisons or jails of the state, of " any person or persons charged with simply being a fugitive from slavery." 1 A second forbade the bringing into the state of any person with the intention of holding him as a slave, and declared that " every person coming within this State otherwise than as a person held to service in another State under the laws thereof and escaping into this State, shall be deemed and held in all courts as absolutely free." Any person seizing or arresting another upon pretense or claim that he was a fugitive from justice, was to be deemed guilty of false imprisonment, and if anyone attempted to remove a person out of the state for the purpose of holding him as a slave in some other state, he was to be held liable for the crime of kidnapping. Nothing in the law was to apply to any act done by any persons under authority of the Constitution of the United States or any law made in pursuance of it.* A third act provided that no person should attempt to arrest or kidnap any free black with the intention of carrying him out of the state, and that no negro claimed as a fugitive should be kidnapped or carried out of the state without being first taken before the proper court and the proof established according to the laws of the United States that he was property.' This legislation, while presuming not to interfere with the execution of the Federal laws, yet furnished an opportunity to hamper the return of fugitive slaves wherever possible. It was not permitted to remain long in operation, however, for in the election of 1857 the Democrats carried April 16, 1857. Laws of Ohio, vol. liv, p. 170. 'April 17, 1857. Ibid., p. 186. 'April 17, 1857. Laws of Ohio, vol. liv, p. 221. 1
both branches of the legislature, and at the first session of the new Assembly in 1858 the first two of these acts were promptly repealed.1 An 2ct known as the " Visible Admixture law " was passed which provided that the judges at any election should reject the vote of any person " whenever it shall appear to such judge or judges that the person so offering to vote has a distinct and visible admixture of African blood." It was made the duty of the judges of the courts of common pleas to give this act especially in charge to the grand jury at each term of court. 1 Throughout the period of the struggle over slavery the Democratic party stood on the sentiment expressed in this act. In the state platform of 1858 it was endorsed as " eminently wise and judicious and calculated to promote the best interests of the state and the prosperity of the people," and the party was placed on record as " opposed to negro suffrage and negro equality without reference to shade or proportion of African blood." This attempt of the legislative department to put an interpretation on a clause of the fundamental law of the state was not allowed to go unchallenged by the Republicans, who still retained control of the Supreme Court. In a case which went up to it from the Democratic county of Butler, where the election judges had rejected the vote of a man of one-eighth African blood in the presidential election of 1856, the court held, February 14, i860, that though the clauses concerning suffrage were worded differently in the two constitutions, there was no change in the meaning, and as the clause of the first constitution had been interpreted to include persons having a preponderance of white blood, it remained only for the judges to abide by these decisions and hence to declare the person entitled to vote. 1
Laws of Ohio, vol. lv, pp. 10 and 19.
* Ibid., p.
AT THE OPENING
OF THE WAR
A s to the " Visible Admixture law," the court held that it was not within the " scope of the legislative power to give to the courts an authoritative construction of a provision of the Constitution of the State." The simple question for the court to determine was, " in what sense the word ' white ' was used in the Constitution, and in that sense, when ascertained, we suppose it to be obligatory both upon us and the General Assembly of the State." 1 With the coming-on of the war, other questions came into prominence, but after the close of hostilities, negro suffrage became a vital political issue in the state.2 RELATIONS WITH T H E BORDER STATES DURING
i860 The campaign of 1859 was a notable one in the politics of the state, not only on account of the efforts of the Republicans to regain control of the legislature, but also because of the prominence given to the Fugitive Slave law of 1850. This act was brought conspicuously before the people in several of the northern states through the attempts of the slave owners to recapture their slaves under its provisions, but especially so in Ohio in connection with the OberlinWellington rescue case. The facts of this case were these. T w o slave catchers came to Oberlin in September, 1858, in search of an escaped slave. Discovering there a young negro who had escaped from a neighbor of theirs some two years before, they decoyed this negro some distance out of the village, where he was seized and hurried to Wellington, nine miles away, to be placed on a train bound for Columbus. A crowd, composed largely of students and professors from Oberlin college, pursued the party and rescued the captive. As a result, thirty-seven 'Anderson vs. Milliken, 9 Ohio State Reports, p. 568.
'Cf. chapter iv.
DURING THE CIVIL
citizens of Oberlin and Wellington were indicted in the United States District Court at Cleveland, for violation of the Fugitive Slave law. Two of these, one a colored man of unusual intellectual ability, were found guilty and sentenced to a fine and imprisonment. The case attracted wide notice throughout the North ; and while the other prisoners were still in jail awaiting trial, an immense mass meeting was held in Cleveland, May 24th, addressed by Governor Chase, Senator Wade and other prominent anti-slavery leaders. An application was made to the Supreme Court of the state for a writ of habeas corpus, directed to the District Court, ordering the release of the prisoners, and this threatened to produce a conflict of jurisdiction between the courts of the United States and the state. The Supreme Court was composed at the time entirely of Republicans, and it was confidently expected by the people of the Reserve that the writ would be allowed on the ground of the unconstitutionality of the law. In the face of this pressure, Chief Justice Swan delivered an able and courageous opinion which was concurred in by two of his associates, Judges Peck and Scott. He held that it was not in the province of the Supreme Court of Ohio to deny the right of Congress to legislate on a subject when its authority to do so had been well settled by the Supreme Court of the United States in several decisions. Although his personal feelings were not in accord with his judicial opinion, he was compelled under his oath to sustain the supremacy of the Constitution and the laws, and remand the prisoners.1 The other two members of the Court, Judges Brinkerhoff and Sutliff, delivered a dissenting opinion holding the Fugitive Slave law unconstitutional. 1
9 Ohio Slate Reports, p. 77.
AT THE OPENING
In the meantime, the slave catchers had been indicted in Lorain county under the act of 1857 for kidnapping a negro and attempting to carry him out of the state. The matter was finally closed by an agreement of the parties concerned for a mutual annulling of all indictments. The two persons convicted served out their sentences and returned home to be received as conquering heroes.1 The decision of the Supreme Court was handed down on May 30th, and four days later the Republicans held their state convention. Indignant at the refusal of the court to declare the law of 1850 unconstitutional, the radical element of the party refused to support Judge Swan, whose term was just expiring, for a renomination, and he was accordingly sacrificed. The platform demanded " that provision be made for reversing the decisions of the District and Circuit Courts of the United States, by appeal or writ of error, and for securing fair and impartial juries in prosecutions for alleged violations of the laws of the United States," and called for the " repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 as subversive of both the rights of the states and the liberties of the people, and as contrary to the plainest duties of humanity and justice, and as abhorrent to the moral sense of the civilized world." 2 William Dennison of Columbus, a representative of the strong anti-slavery element and one of the founders of the Republican party in Ohio, was nominated for governor. The Democrats went into the campaign with Rufus P. Ranney of Cleveland, one of the ablest lawyers of the state, and a former Judge of the Supreme Court, as their candidate 1 Shipherd, History of the Oberlin- Wellington Rescue. See also Rhodes, History of the United States, vol. ii, p. 362. ' The platforms as used in this study have been taken (rom a pamphlet entitled, "The Ohio Platforms of the Republican and Democratic Parties from 1SSS to 1881."
for governor. In their platform, in addition to opposing the granting of political rights to the negro, they expressed adherence to the doctrine of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, approved the Fugitive Slave law, and affirmed " the absolute sovereignty of the States of this Union in regard to their domestic institutions, and the perfect compatibility of the confederation of free and slave States to exist harmoniously together under the provisions of our Federal Constitution." The campaign was a memorable one. In a series of joint debates the two candidates for governor spoke in all sections of the state. Both Lincoln and Douglas visited Ohio, and took part in the canvass. The Democrats made much of the sacrificing of Judge Swan, and while the more conservative Republicans attempted to attribute his defeat to other reasons, the radicals boldly asserted that it was due solely to his decision.1 Dennison's majority over Ranney in the election was about the normal Republican majority, and the legislature as chosen stood: Senate, twenty-five Republicans and ten Democrats; House, fifty-eight Republicans, forty-six Democrats and one Independent. A s this was to be the first of the war legislatures, an analysis of its membership may be of some interest. Of the 1 A letter written by R. P. Spalding, who had been one of the attorneys for the defense in the trials at Cleveland, was reprinted widely in the press during the campaign. In it he asserted that Judge Swan was not dropped, as some said, because of his residence in Columbus. " He was dropped for the reason that he, as a judicial officer, recognized the Fugitive Slave enactment of 1850 to be of binding force in Ohio, and the two judges who were with him in opinion will be dropped in the same way so soon as they are reached in the order of time. We do not recognize men to be Republicans here in northern Ohio who will for a moment sustain this miserable enactment." For the importance of the campaign in general political affairs, see Rhodes, History of the U. S., vol. ii, p. 380.
; Huron', Hancock Crawfoid
.Mahoning' Columbiana1 I
Lorain •ι.; I'll! Uli ι ': ι t Medina | < P;
liiiuiiu I Harrison
[Union ;1¡J Delaware Mu5kirgum||;i|j Fairfield LPei
l l w Γ r Franklin
ELECTION f r GOVERNOR
1839 Republican Counties Shaded Democratic Counties Unshaded
POLITICS AT THE OPENING OF THE WAR
thirty-five members of the upper branch, twenty-four had never served in the Senate before, while only two were reelected from the preceding Senate. Only twenty of the one hundred and five members of the lower branch had served in the preceding House. As in this case, so throughout the period, very few members of the Assembly were reelected to second terms. As to nativity, one-third of the Senators were natives of the state; while Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia contributed four each, Massachusetts and Connecticut three each, and several states furnished one each. Of the members of the House, forty-five were natives of the state; twenty-one were from Pennsylvania; fourteen, from New York ; five, from Maryland ; four, from Virginia ; with several other states represented by smaller numbers. The large immigration into the state was thus reflected in the composition of the legislature, while the fact that so many of the members were connected with Pennsylvania, New York and the South by kindred ties, accounts in large measure for their conservative attitude on the great questions of the day prior to the outbreak of the war. This legislature was called upon to undo the work of its predecessor, and to voice the sentiment of the party which was in control. In addition to the issues raised in the campaign, another question was injected into the politics of the state during the latter part of the year by the raid of John Brown. It was felt in Virginia that this was only the forerunner of larger expeditions by bands organized in Ohio and other northern states, and that efforts would be made to rescue Brown and his associates, or in case they were executed, to make reprisals on Virginia citizens and hold them as hostages. Governor Wise addressed a letter to President Buchanan stating his apprehensions, and asserting that if another invasion should assail the state of Virginia, he would " pursue the invaders into any territory and
punish them wherever they could be reached by arms." A copy of this letter was sent to Governor Chase, with a repetition of the purpose to pursue invaders into the adjoining states. Chase replied under date of December ist expressing ignorance of any such military preparations, and adding : " Whenever it shall be made to appear that unlawful combinations are being formed in Ohio for the invasion of Virginia, it will become the duty of the Governor to break them up and that duty will be promptly performed." A s to the threatened invasion of Ohio, he said that the laws of the United States indicated the mode in which persons charged with crime in another state could be demanded, and assured the governor that the people of the state would require from her authorities the punctual fulfilment of every obligation to the other members of the Union. " T h e y cannot consent, however, to the invasion of her territory by armed bodies from other States, even for the purpose of pursuing and arresting fugitives from justice." 1 In his annual message, January 2, i860, Governor Chase recommended the repeal of the " Visible Admixture law ", and the reënactment of the Personal Liberty laws. In repeated instances, he asserted, the state had been clandestinely entered and peaceful inhabitants, guilty of no crime but color, have been cruelly kidnapped; the Fugitive Slave Act, necessarily repugnant to public sentiment, and believed by a large majority to be unconstitutional in some of its conspicuous provisions, if not in its origin, has been executed within her limits with circumstances of aggravation which could not fail to excite the deepest feeling. A s to the raid of John Brown he said : While we will not disavow just admiration of noble qualities, 1
Schuckers, Life of Chase, p. 191.
AT THE OPENING
by whomsoever displayed, we must not the less, but rather the more, earnestly condemn all inroads into States, not merely at peace with us but united to us by the bonds of political union, and all attempts to excite within their borders servile insurrection, necessarily to involve the country in the calamities of civil as well as servile war. Laying the correspondence of the governor of Virginia before the Assembly, he declared that while the people of Ohio would suffer no invasion of their own territory, they would countenance no invasion of other states. 1 While Chase's attack on the Fugitive Slave law was resented by the conservatives of the party, the inaugural address of Governor Dennison, delivered on January 9th, was even more bold. He attributed the increase of population and the development of the resources of the state almost entirely to the fact that slavery was prohibited by the Ordinance of 1787. The voice of the people of the state, he maintained, had been given against slavery. He denied the binding authority of the Dred Scott decision of the Supreme Court, and insisted that it was the duty of Congress to prohibit by express enactment the extension of slavery into any free territory. He would first check the aggressions of slavery and confine it within its existing boundaries; then he would have the government provide some means of promoting voluntary emigration of the free negroes to homesteads in a congenial climate. H e suggested for this purpose the acquisition of some rich region in Central or South America and its erection into a province for the colored people under national supervision. 1 This strong Republican doctrine voiced the true sentiment of the new governor. He was of the radical wing of the party, and in the acts of his administration he represented that element. 1
Executive Documents, 1859, pt. ii, p. 25.
* Ibid., p. 163.
The first matter of importance to be taken up by the Assembly was the selection of a United States Senator to succeed George E. Pugh, who had been chosen by a Democratic legislature in 1854. Chase was a prominent candidate for the place, and in the organization of the two branches his supporters were in the majority. Their candidate, Richard C. Parsons of Cleveland, was elected Speaker of the House. In the first caucus on the Senatorial question, held a few days after the organization, decided opposition was shown toward Chase among the conservative element, especially on account of the abolition sentiments expressed in his message. On February ist the Republican members met again, and the question was pushed to a vote in spite of the attempt of the conservatives to postpone action. Eleven of these were absent when the ballot was taken, and of the remaining seventy-one votes, Chase received fifty-one, Columbus Delano, for some years to be the opponent of Chase, received ten, and Thomas Corwin, eight, with one each for John Sherman and Valentine Horton, the Representative in Congress from the Meigs county district. In the Assembly a resolution of the Senate to proceed to joint convention for the election of a Senator passed the House by the narrow margin of two votes, six of the conservatives voting with the Democrats against it. On the final ballot, Chase received seventy-six votes, Pugh, fifty-three, while five conservatives cast their ballots for Corwin. 1 This division of the Republicans into radicals and conservatives appeared throughout the session on most of the important measures that came up. In the House six of the conservatives * usually voted with the Democrats on meas1
1860, p. 158.
' T h e s e were Collings of Scioto, Hamilton of Logan, Jolly of Highland, Nigh of Lawrence, Parrott of Montgomery and Wood of Ottawa.
POLITICS AT THE OPENING OF THE
ures proposed by the radicals and were able in this way to block legislation. In the Senate, Harrison of Madison, Jones of Delaware and Moore of Butler were the conservative leaders, while Professor Monroe of Oberlin, James A. Garfield of Cuyahoga and Jacob D. Cox of Trumbull, a son-in-law of the President of Oberlin College, championed the doctrines of the Reserve. During the latter part of January, the legislatures and state officials of Kentucky and Tennessee, who had assembled at Louisville to celebrate the completion of the Louisville and Nashville railroad, were invited to visit Columbus as guests of the state. In presenting the invitation at Louisville, Garfield, as chairman of the legislative committee, sounded a note which, when heard from the Peace Democrats later, was to be denounced as treasonable. He said : Brethren, we have too long heard of a North and a South. Their angry words have too long vexed the hearts of our fellow citizens. But there is a third voice to be heard ere long. I hope and believe the day is not far distant when the great West shall speak and her voice shall be heard from sea to sea. In that voice shall mingle no tones of doubt or uncertainty. In that utterance shall be heard no note of disunion. For while this mighty river bears on its bosom the. wealth of this great valley, so long must this circle of States be undivided and the bonds of union unbroken. Three days were spent by the guests within the state, and in the speech-making which formed an important part of the entertainment, much was said of the natural community of interests and feeling of the states of the Mississippi valley, and of the harmony which should exist among them. In responding to the toast, " Ohio and her Guests ", Governor Dennison said :
The people of Ohio ask no peculiar privileges under the Constitution. They cheerfully recognize as belonging to their brethren all the rights they claim for themselves. The exclusive right of the people of every State to establish and maintain undisturbed their domestic institutions, lies at the foundation of the National confederacy. 1 It w a s impossible to endure through months, but it is of of feeling existing before the war.
for the good fellowship of this occasion the political affairs of the succeeding importance in showing the community between Ohio and the border states
Following the recommendations of Governor Chase in his annual message, the program of the majority party in the legislature included the reënactment of the Personal Liberty laws and the repeal of the " Visible Admixture l a w , " while the Democrats labored to secure legislation prohibiting the immigration of negroes into the state and further to restrict the privileges of those already within her borders. W i t h the first of these ideas in view, bills were introduced in the House by Baldwin of Mahoning and in the Senate by Monroe of Lorain, to prevent slaveholding and kidnapping in Ohio. Monroe's bill was referred to a select committee of Republicans from which it w a s reported favorably and passed, against the opposition of the conservatives and Democrats. 2 T h e House bill was reported from a select committee with a section added repealing the acts of June 19, 1835, and April 17, 1857, which the committee held introduced the principle of class legislation. 3 It was 1 A complete account of this visit was published under the title ' ' Visit of the Legislatures of Ky. and Tenn." Cinn., i860.
* Senate Journal, i860, pp. 20 and 228. ' T h e report of the committee is printed in the House Journal for
tabled together with the Senate measure. Bills were also introduced to prohibit the use of the prisons and jails of the state for the confinement of persons charged merely with being fugitives from slavery, but in neither house did they get further than to select committees. The Senate passed a bill to repeal the " Visible Admixture law ", but the House tabled it. A similar bill, introduced in the House, was referred to the judiciary committee, which recommended that it be indefinitely postponed. T h e opinion of the majority was that the law was merely a legislative demand for a review by the courts of their earlier decisions which was not inconsistent with the rights or dignity of a judicial body, and that the law ought to stand until its constitutionality should be determined. T h e members of the committee from the Reserve presented a minority report, holding that the interpretation of any provision of the constitution was a judicial, not a legislative, act. " If the legislature has the power to give construction to any provision of the Constitution, that construction may so enlarge or restrict as to do away with the effect of the provision." 1 The bill with the reports was laid on the table, and was not taken up again during the session. These reports were made on February 7th, just a week before the decision of the court in the Butler county case was announced.' T h e opinion was delivered by Judge Gholson, the new member of the court who had been put on the ticket in place of Judge Swan. On this decision the Reserve was content to let the matter rest, without any legislative action, while the conservatives were much dissatisfied with it. The Democratic press commented on the fact that no dissenting i860, Appendix, p. 126. The act of 1835 referred only to the kidnapping of white persons, while that of 1857 referred to the kidnapping of free negroes. 1
House Journal, i860, App., p. 163.
Cf. supra, p. 22.
DURING THE CIVIL WAR
opinion w a s delivered, and concluded that Judges Peck and Scott had surrendered to the Oberlin faction through fear of the condemnation pronounced on them by Spalding. 1 T h e Democrats, backed by many petitions from the southern counties on the subject, kept up an agitation f o r the restriction of the immigration of negroes into the state. On the second day of the session a measure w a s introduced in the House providing that after the first of the following J u l y , it should be unlawful f o r any negro or mulatto person to come into the state, and requiring such as were already residents to be registered by the assessors and to obtain certificates of registration. 1 T h e bill went to the judiciary committee, which reported unfavorably to its passage. One of the members, the representative f r o m Greene county, annexed to the report the reasons f o r his decision. While admitting the magnitude of the evil and the social repugnance of the t w o races, he put his objection on constitutional grounds. B y the decision of the courts of the state, mulattoes w e r e held to be citizens of the United States and hence the law would deprive them of their privileges guaranteed by the national Constitution. H i s ultimate solution was that recommended by Governor Dennison. During the discussion of this measure, which continued from time to time throughout the session, the Democrats emphasized the idea that they did not wish to make the question a political one, and put their opposition to immigration purely on social and industrial grounds. B y a majority of five, however, the Republicans were able to have the bill indefinitely postponed, 8 and during the next session, when the author moved to take up the matter, his motion was lost by a tie vote. 4 1
Ohio Statesman, February 15th. ' Ibid., i860, p. 523.
' House Journal, i860, p. 21. ' Ibid., 1861, p. 60.
AT THE OPENING
In addition to these things, the question what attitude the state should take in regard to the raid of John Brown claimed much attention of the legislature. As soon as the House was organized, a set of resolutions on the subject was offered by Hutcheson of Madison, an extreme Democrat, while the matter was brought before the Senate by means of a bill introduced by Harrison. In the Hutcheson resolutions,1 the raid was characterized as an outrage not only against the commonwealth of Virginia but against the government of the United States, and the people of Virginia were congratulated on the suppression of the outbreak. The citizens of Ohio, they declared, " disavow, as they always have done, any right or wish to interfere in any manner with the domestic institutions of the other States of the Union." It was provided that a copy of the resolutions be sent to the governor of Virginia to be laid by him before the legislature of that state. As a substitute, the radicals offered a resolution asserting that the people of the state, looking upon slavery as an evil, " feel it to be their duty to use all power consistent with the National compact to prevent its increase, to mitigate and finally to eradicate the evil." 2 The conservatives proposed a second substitute which declared opposition to all interference with slavery as it existed, but also to its extension, and denounced all unlawful combinations against the peace and safety of other members of the Federal Union. The southern states were called upon to enact legislation which would protect the lives and property of northern citizens sojourning in the South.* This latter substitute was adopted by a combination of the radicals and conservatives, but on the question of incorporating it in the radical resolutions, fourteen Republicans voted with the Democrats, thus defeating it.4 1 3
House Journal, i860, p. 22. Ibid., p. 398.
' Ibid., i860, p. 397. * Ibid., p. 399-
DURING THE CIVIL WAR
T h e conservatives, holding the balance o f power, refused t o permit either the Hutcheson or the radical resolutions t o pass. T h e original resolutions were sent to the g o v e r n o r of V i r g i n i a by the Democrats, with an explanation of the action of the House, and an assurance that, though repudiated b y a Republican legislature, they reflected the sentiments o f at least one hundred and seventy-one thousand voters of Ohio.
legislature, s a i d : It is a source of infinite satisfaction to me to know that sentiments so natural and conservative as those . . . are entertained by the minority of the members of the House of Representatives of that State. . . . The patriotic spirit they have exhibited is, in times like these, when dangers threaten us on all sides, worthy of the highest commendation and should be appropriately responded to. T h e legislature acted at once by a resolution accepting the sympathy of the senders and rejoicing in their patriotic purpose " faithfully to observe and respect the rights and institutions of the slaveholding States guaranteed by the Federal compact, and to promote that comity between the States so essential to a longer continuance of the U n i o n . " The
Republicans in refusing to pass the resolutions,
w a s held, furnish additional proof of a settled purpose of hostility by their party to the institutions of the slave-holding States, of an utter insensibility to the fraternal relations which ought to exist between the citizens of a common government, and a reckless disregard of the sacred obligations of the Federal Constitution, which, if persisted in, must eventuate in a dissolution of the Union. 1 1 Copies of all the documents are printed in the Cleveland National Democrat, March 27th, and Cincinnati Enquirer, March 31st.
AT THE OPENING OF THE
T h e bill which was introduced in the Senate by Harrison, dubbed by the radicals the " Harrison Servility bill," made it a misdemeanor for any person t o set on foot or provide arms for any military enterprise or expedition against the territory or people of any other state, or to enable any persons forcibly to resist the execution of the laws of any state. 1
In g i v i n g his reasons f o r u r g i n g its passage, its
author held that Ohio's position on the slavery question had been greatly misunderstood, and that it was the duty of the Assembly to make it clear. The passage of this bill in a becoming spirit will be appreciated by all right-minded men as the olive branch of peace; and having done this act of preventive justice, we can with much more unanimity and moral power resist all attempted encroachments from any other quarter. 2 A f t e r some debate the measure was referred to a select committee consisting of t w o conservatives and one radical. By a report signed by the conservative members, its passage was recommended, while Monroe, the minority member, presented a report g i v i n g as reasons w h y the bill should not become a law : that it was unnecessary, since the offense was one which never had existed and never would exist in O h i o ; that it would do a positive injury, since its passage would create an inference in the slave states that there was a tendency among the citizens of O h i o to set on foot hostile expeditions against their territory; and that in view of the aggressions of slavery upon the rights of the people of Ohio and the other free states, it would be time enough to pass such laws when the legislatures of the southern states should manifest a disposition to repair the wrongs which were being inflicted daily upon the persons and prop1
Senate Journal, i860, p. 11.
'Ibid., App., p. 227.
erty of the people of Ohio. 1 A strenuous debate which brought out the wide difference of opinion between the Reserve and the southern portion of the state, occupied the time of the Senate for some days, but the conservatives combined with the Democrats were not quite strong enough to command a majority, and on February 8th the bill was postponed indefinitely by vote of eighteen to fifteen. A few days later it was introduced in the House, and after some discussion, action was postponed on the last day of the session until the following January. 1 When during the next session it was reached, the excitement had passed, and the bill was referred to the committee on Federal relations from which it was never reported.' A t the same time the legislature was wrestling with this problem, another matter came up. Owen Brown, a son of John Brown, and Francis Merriam were indicted at Charlestown, Virginia, for treason, murder and inciting slaves to insurrection, and both being in Ohio at the time, a requisition was made by Governor Letcher on the Ohio executive February 27th for their delivery. Dennison refused to issue warrants for their arrest and delivery on the ground that no sufficient case was presented against them. The reasons for his conclusion were set forth in an opinion of the attorney general of the state. They were, that since there was no state law on the subject of extradition the United States Constitution and the law of 1793 must be the guide, and in these were found three provisions which bore on the case: ( i ) t h e person must have been charged in another state by indictment or affidavit with the commission there of " tTeason, felony or other c r i m e " ; ( 2 ) he must have fled from that state to escape its justice; and ( 3 ) de1
Senate Journal, i860, App., p. 230.
Also Senate Journal, p. 147.
'House Journal, i860, pp. 263 and 560. •Ibid.,
1861, p. 33.
AT THE OPENING
mand for surrender accompanied by an authentic copy of the indictment or affidavit must have been made by the executive authority of the state from which the flight was made. The conclusion was, that since actual flight must be proved and no evidence of such had been furnished, this one barrier was sufficient to show that the case did not warrant extradition. 1 Governor Letcher, in presenting the matter to his legislature, March 14th, a few days before the Hutcheson resolutions were transmitted, ridiculed the reasons for refusal, and cited an instance of a requisition of the Ohio governor on him which was identical in form with his own. He concluded his comment on the matter by saying : If such is to be the policy of the non-slaveholding States, we must adopt such measures for protection against these gross outrages upon our rights as will be suited to the case. We must adopt retaliatory measures, and thus show them that we are determined to resist, with becoming spirit, every encroachment upon us and every refusal to comply with constitutional obligations and laws intended for our protection.2 Feeling in regard to the affair ran high in the state. The Democratic press rated Dennison as a tool of the Oberlin school of politicians. The Cincinnati Enquirer was especially denunciatory in its comments and held that in the governor's action, he had made a raid on the constitution and laws of the land less defensible and more dangerous than that of John Brown himself. 3 A " sympathy meeting ", attended by both Brown and Mcrriam, was held at Jefferson, the home of Giddings in the Reserve. In the legislature, •The correspondence between the governors is given in the Cincinnati Commercial for March 14, i860. Cf. also Ohio Statesman, March ι Ith. *Ohio Statesman, March 22, i860. 'Editorial, April 19th.
a resolution was introduced by Hutcheson calling on the governor to lay before that body the papers in the case, but no action was taken on it.1 A few days after this correspondence, a requisition came from Governor Magoffin of Kentucky for one Lago, charged with the crime of having enticed a slave away from her master and assisted her in an attempt to escape. Dennison, in this case also, refused to surrender the person, and sent an opinion of his attorney-general which held that all the proceedings were in due form if the alleged offense could be considered as either " treason, felony or other crime " ; 2 but maintained that it did not rank among those offenses upon which the constitutional provision was intended to operate. It was not a crime by the common law as it stood when the Constitution was adopted, nor was it regarded as a crime by the usages and laws of civilized nations. Hence the governor had no authority to comply with the requisition. In his reply, Governor Magoffin held that many things were now crimes which were not by the common law at the time the Constitution was adopted, and that since the offense of assisting a slave to escape was a crime in Kentucky if not in Ohio, by the reasoning of Governor Dennison the laws of one state might be annulled by another. As to the opinion of the attorney-general, Magoffin said that such ideas were not in vogue when Kentucky came up to help Ohio against the British invaders, and reminded the Ohio executive of his speech made on the occasion of the visit of the Tennessee and Kentucky legislatures, in which he said that Ohio wanted no special privileges under the Constitution. 3 1
U . S . Constitution, art. iv, sec. 2.
i860, p. 392. June 19th.
AT THE OPENING OF THE WAR
On this refusal to honor the requisition, Governor M a goffin, on behalf of his state, applied to the United States Supreme Court f o r a writ of mandamus to compel the surrender of the fugitive. In delivering the opinion of the court on this request, Chief Justice T a n e y held that the word " crime " was intended to include every offense made punishable by the laws of the state in which it w a s committed, and that the constitutional right to demand a f u g i tive implied the corresponding obligation to deliver without any reference to the character of the crime charged or to the policy o r laws of the state f r o m which the fugitive had fled. But since neither the Constitution, nor the law of 1 7 9 3 enacted to carry out its provisions, provided any means to compel a state executive to do .his duty in this regard or to inflict any punishment f o r his neglect or refusal, the duty must b'e considered only a moral one. Hence the conclusion was that " if the Governor of Ohio refuses to discharge this duty, there is no power delegated to the General Government either through the Judicial Department or any other Department to use any coercive means to compel him." 1 A third case arose in regard to one Kennedy, who stole some negroes in Tennessee, took them to Virginia, sold them, and then fled into Ohio. T h e governor again refused to honor a requisition, on the ground that as slaves were not recognized as property in Ohio, it could be no crime to steal them. 2 B y thus refusing to extradite a person f o r an offense which was not a crime in Ohio, Governor Dennison would not only protect those who, because of their belief in the " higher law " of freedom, were instrumental in aiding 1 U. S. Supreme Court Reports, 24 Howard, p. 66. not delivered until March, 1861. ¿7. infra, p. 69.
'Ohio Statesman, May 31st.
The opinion was
slaves to escape, but would also make Ohio the refuge of those who like Kennedy had only criminal motives. Party feeling, already high, was intensified by this action, and party lines were more sharply drawn not only between the two parties, but also between the radicals and conservatives of the Republican party. T h e radicals controlled the executive and judical departments and the upper branch of the legislature, while the conservatives held the balance of power in the lower branch. T h e Assembly had adjourned just about the time the first request for extradition was made, and hence took no action on the matter, but in the politics of the year the issue was joined on the radical doctrines. P A R T Y C O N V E N T I O N S A N D C A M P A I G N OF
T h e first convention of the year i860 w a s held by the Democrats on January 5th, to select delegates to the national convention. T h e resolutions as adopted expressed approval of the Cincinnati platform of 1856, endorsed Douglas for the Presidency, declared for the non-intervention of Congress in reference to slavery in the states and territories, and called for the execution of the laws for the suppression of the A f r i c a n slave trade and the rendition of fugitive slaves. T h e vote on the Douglas resolution was taken by counties and carried, t w o hundred and forty-two to ninety-four, the opposition coming mostly from the southern counties. In the committee on resolutions an attempt was made to insert
"Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya kwanza ya kitabu cha ""Mashambulizi ya Kijeshi"" cha mwaka wa 1928: ""Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya kwanza ya kitabu cha ""Mashambulizi ya Kijeshi"" cha mwaka wa 1928: ""Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya kwanza ya kitabu cha mwaka wa 1928: ""Mashambulizi ya Kijeshi"" ya mwaka wa 1928: ""Mashambulizi ya Kijeshi"" ya mwaka wa 1928." "Mwaka wa 1914 na mwaka wa 1914 familia ya Ewing ya Ohio ilijulikana kama ""Wafalme wa Ohio"" na kwa sababu ya kuunda ""Mashirika ya Kisiasa ya Ohio"" na ""Mashirika ya Kisiasa ya Ohio"" na ""Mashirika ya Kisiasa ya Ohio"" na ""Mashirika ya Kisiasa ya Ohio"" na ""Mashirika ya Kisiasa ya Ohio"" na ""Mashirika ya Kisiasa ya Ohio"" na ""Mashirika ya Kisiasa ya Ohio.""" "Kutoka kwa toleo la 1911 la New York First AMS Edition, kuchapishwa 1968 ""Manufactured katika Marekani Maktaba ya Congress"" (AMS Press, Inc., 76-76694)" Y. "Msemo wa kwanza wa kitabu hiki ni ""Nafsi ya Ohio juu ya Maswali Makubwa ya Siasa ya Kipindi cha Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe.""" Masuala ya ndani tu na yasiyo na uhusiano wowote na vita yameondolewa. """Jukumu muhimu ambalo serikali ilicheza katika masuala ya kitaifa katika kipindi hiki kupitia umaarufu wa viongozi wake wa kisiasa inaonekana kufanya utafiti kama huo kuwa na thamani." Ni lazima magazeti ya habari yatumiwe sana. Kwa sababu ya utu wa wengi wa wahariri wao, zilionyesha maoni ya vikundi mbalimbali vya kisiasa kwa kiwango kikubwa. Ingawa si mara zote masimulizi ya magazeti ya habari yanategemea, yamepimwa kwa uangalifu na kuimarishwa na habari kutoka vyanzo vingine. Vifaa vya kuchunguza kipindi cha vita vipo katika hali ya vipande-vipande. Magazeti mengi ya eneo hilo hayakuhifadhiwa, huku ripoti kadhaa za umma na nyaraka nyingine zikiwa zimeharibiwa au hazipatikani na mwanafunzi. Kuna haja kubwa ya Tume ya Hifadhi ya Umma kuchukua kazi ya kuhifadhi na kupanga vifaa vya kihistoria vya jimbo. Katika utafiti wangu, nimesaidiwa sana na watu wengi ambao wameonyesha kupendezwa na jambo hilo. C. B. Galbreath, wa Maktaba ya Jimbo la Ohio, ametoa huduma yenye thamani sana katika kunisaidia kupata habari na katika kutoa madokezo juu ya jinsi ya kushughulikia mada mbalimbali. "Nina dhamana kubwa pia kwa Daniel J. Ryan kwa ruhusa ya kutumia maandishi ya maandishi ya Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Ohio; kwa Kanali Webb C. Hayes kwa ruhusa ya ""examine his fate"" na ""examine his fate"" na kwa Mheshimiwa Ryan kwa ruhusa ya kutumia maandishi ya maandishi ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Ohio." W. H. Cathcart kwa ajili ya matumizi ya nyenzo katika maktaba ya W e s t ern Reserve Historical Society; kwa M r. A. D. W i l t na Bi. W. D. Bickham, wa D a y t o n, kwa msaada katika kupata nyenzo na kwa ruhusa ya kutumia baadhi ya barua unpublished; kwa Minnie E. Pt. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. C. N. V. L. V. L. H. H. M. (Boston) kwa nakala za barua zisizochapishwa za C. L. V. L. H. H. M. Utafiti huo ulifanywa kwa pendekezo la P o f e s s o r W. A. (Mwanzo wa Sura ya 2) D u n n i n g, wa Chuo Kikuu cha C o l u m b i a. """Nimemshukuru kwa mapendekezo aliyoyafanya kuhusu maendeleo ya kazi na kwa msaada katika kuandaa hati hiyo kwa ajili ya vyombo vya habari." "Kutoka kwa ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" (Uhuru wa Kibinafsi) na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru wa Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru ya Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru ya Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru ya Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru ya Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru ya Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru ya Kibinafsi"" na ""Uhuru ya Kibinafsi""" S. Mkutano wa Republican wa Kentucky na Tennessee wa mwaka 1860 ulijulikana kama Mkutano wa Republican wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi, Mkutano wa Machi. . . "Mapendekezo ya Ohio juu ya ""Uhuru wa Uhamiaji"" (Jarida la Democratic la Januari 23, 1860) na ""Uhuru wa Uhamiaji"" (Jarida la Democratic la Januari 23, 1860) ni mapendekezo ya Ohio kuhusu ""Uhamiaji wa Uhamiaji"" na ""Uhamiaji wa Uhamiaji"" na ""Uhamiaji wa Uhamiaji wa Uhamiaji"" na ""Uhamiaji wa Uhamiaji wa Uhamiaji.""" Uamuzi wa Bunge la Seneti wa Marekani wa kuanzisha chama cha siasa cha U.S.A.P. (U.S.A.P.R.T.E.R.T.E.U.N.I.O.N.P.R.T.Y. IN O.H.I.O.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.I.O.N.I.O.N.I.I.O.N.I.I.O.N.I.I.I.O.N.I.I.I.I.I.O.N Shauku wakati wa kuzuka kwa vita Mabadiliko ya hisia • Kuacha hisia za chama Ugawaji wa dola milioni. "Kutoka kwa ""Mafunzo ya Mkataba wa Jamhuri"" (JU) na ""Mafunzo ya Mkataba wa Jamhuri"" (JU) na ""Mafunzo ya Mkataba wa Jamhuri"" (JU) na ""Mafunzo ya Mkataba wa Jamhuri"" (JU) na ""Mafunzo ya Mkataba wa Jamhuri"" (JU) na ""Mafunzo ya Jamhuri"" (JU) na ""Mafunzo wa Jamhuri"" (JU) na ""Mafunzo wa Jamhuri"" (JU)." . . Wito wa Mkutano Mkuu wa Muungano. Swali la jukwaa na mgombea Mkutano wa Umoja. Mkutano wa kwanza wa Bunge la Marekani ulifanyika mnamo Septemba 5, 1861 na kuanzishwa kwa Bunge la Marekani la Kwanza la Marekani.Mkutano huo ulihusisha makundi ya watu wa asili ya Marekani, na pia makundi ya watu wa asili ya Marekani, na pia makundi ya watu wa asili ya Marekani. "Mapambano ya kisiasa ya mwaka 1862: ""Tamani ya kuamsha chama cha zamani"" (Union State Convention, 21 Agosti 1862); ""Mipango ya chama cha Democratic"" (Democratic ticket); ""Mipango ya kampeni"" (Election, 1863); ""Madhara ya kushindwa kwa chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha chama cha." . . . . "Sehemu ya 110 ya ""Sehemu ya 110"" ya Seneti ya Marekani: ""Hakuna maneno ya kisheria juu ya Utangazaji wa Uhuru.""" . . Sheria ya kupigia kura ya askari 112. Msimamo wa Mkurugenzi wa Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama ya Mahakama. Maamuzi ya 115 ya Ohio . . . 115 Shirika la Umoja wa Ligi . . . "Mfano wa ""Umoja wa Umoja"" katika mwaka wa 1863 ni ""Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja wa Umoja." . . Mkutano wa Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama cha Chama. "Mapendekezo ya sheria ya ""Corwin Amendment"" ya mwaka wa 2022 ya Marekani yaondoa sheria ya ""Corwin Amendment"" ya mwaka wa 2020 ya Marekani ya kuondoa sheria ya ""Corwin Amendment"" ya Marekani ya mwaka wa 2021 ya Marekani ya kuondoa sheria ya ""Corwin Amendment"" ya Marekani ya mwaka wa 2021." . . Ohio, 122, Mkutano wa Baltimore, 125, Kampeni ya 1864. "Wakati wa vita vya pili vya dunia, chama cha ""Union Party"" kilikuwa na msimamo wa ""Vallandigam na Peacekeeper"" (Vallandigam and Peacekeeper) na kilikuwa na msimamo wa ""Vallandigam na Peacekeeper"" (Vallandigam and Peacekeeper) na kilikuwa na msimamo wa ""Vallandigam and Peacekeeper.""" . . . . Viongozi wengine katika Ohio. Mtazamo wa viongozi wa Kidemokrasia kuelekea harakati ya Umoja wa Uamsho wa Chama baada ya uchaguzi wa 1861. Ohio Democrat Congress (1861-1862) . Mkutano wa Democratic State Congress uliofanyika Ohio, Julai 4, 1862 . "Mwaka wa 1862: ""Mwaka wa amani"" wa Ohio, wa kwanza wa kampeni ya kidemokrasia, ilifanyika katika jimbo la Ohio, Marekani, na ilifanyika katika jimbo la Ohio, Marekani, na ilifanyika katika jimbo la Ohio, Marekani, na ilifanyika katika jimbo la Ohio, Marekani, na ilifanyika katika jimbo la Ohio, Marekani, na Marekani." . . Uchochezi wa kidemokrasia dhidi ya uhamiaji wa weusi. Mkutano wa Kidemokrasia katika majira ya kuchipua 1863 Mkutano wa Kidemokrasia katika ofisi ya Mgogoro Kukamatwa kwa Gavana Tod "Kufungwa na kesi ya Vallandigham: Uteuzi wa Jenerali Burnside kwa Idara ya Ohio: Amri ya Jumla ya 38: Mkutano wa Mount Vernon: Kukamatwa kwa Vallandigham: Kesi ya Vallandigham mbele ya tume ya kijeshi: Maombi ya hati ya habeas corpus: Kupata kwa tume: Maoni ya jumla ya kukamatwa: Kampeni ya 1863.""" . Mkutano wa chama cha Democratic State Congress Juni 2 wa chama cha New York Democrats, uliofanyika katika mji wa New York, ulihusisha waandamanaji wa chama cha New York Democrats, na waandamanaji wa chama cha New York Democrats. Lincoln na Kamati ya Ohio Kuwasili kwa Vallandingham nchini Canada Kampeni ya Mkutano wa Vita Demokrasia Uchaguzi wa Waandishi wa Habari wa Kidemokrasia juu ya sababu za kushindwa Athari ya kushindwa kwa Vallandingham Ukatili wakati wa mwaka wa 1863 Shughuli ya Knights of the Golden Circle . "Mashambulizi ya ""Democracy in the Campaign of 1864"" dhidi ya ofisi za gazeti la Democratic Party (Democracy) ya mwaka 1864" . 160 - 159 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1616-167-167-167-167-167-117-117-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-119-119-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-119-119-119-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-119-119-119-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-119-119-119-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-119-119-119-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-119-119-119-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-118-119-119-118-118-118-119-119-118-118-118-118-118-118-119-118-118-118 . . . Kampeni ya mwaka 1864. Mkataba wa haki za serikali Wanademokrasia Demokrasia wakati wa ujenzi Mwisho. . . . "Mchoro wa 19 wa ""Uhuru wa Uamuzi"" wa Marekani wa mwaka 1965 ulihusu haki ya kupiga kura kwa watu weusi wakati wa vita vya kwanza vya dunia, na pia ilihusu marekebisho ya sheria ya Marekani ya kuondoa ""Visible Admixture Law.""" . . "Mapendekezo ya Rais Johnson: ""Mtazamo wa Demokrasia kwa Johnson: Wito kwa Mkutano wa Jimbo la Umoja: Swali la mgombea wa Muungano anayefaa kwa Gavana: Mkutano wa Jimbo la Umoja: Juni 21: Uteuzi wa Jenerali Cox: Jukwaa la Makubaliano: Imechukuliwa barua ya Jenerali Cox: ""Oberlin"" Jibu la Jaji Dickson." . . . "Mwanamke John Stuart Mill, ambaye alikuwa na umri wa miaka 17, alidai kuwa ""mwenyeji wa nchi"" wa Marekani waliamua kumchagua Sherman kuwa gavana wa jimbo hilo, na hivyo kuanzisha chama cha Democratic Congress, ambacho kilikuwa na msimamo mkali wa kutaka uhuru wa nchi." . . . Mwaka 1865 Jenerali Morgan aliteuliwa kuwa kiongozi wa chama cha Democratic State Convention, lakini uchaguzi wa mwaka 1865 ulipitishwa na bunge. . . . Uchaguzi wa U. S. Seneta. . . Mtazamo wa Ohio Toivard ugomvi kati ya Rais Johnson na Bunge. • • • • • Sheria ya Bunge. 1865-1866 Bunge linahifadhiwa mbali na ugomvi juu ya ujenzi. . . "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika barua ya Johnson, ""Mkutano wa Jimbo la Demokrasia, Mei 24, 1866; Mkutano wa Jimbo la Muungano, Juni 20, 1866.""" . . Mkutano wa chama cha Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) ulifanyika katika mji wa New York, Marekani, na ulifanyika katika mji wa New York, Marekani, na ulifanyika katika mji wa New York, Marekani. . Mkutano wa Jimbo la Johnson, Agosti 7, 2020 katika Ohio, Philadelphia, Ohio . . . . Mwaka wa 1866 alipiga kura ya wazungu na kuupinga sheria ya haki ya kupiga kura ya wazungu, na kuupinga sheria ya haki ya kupiga kura ya wazungu iliyopendekezwa na bunge la jimbo la Democratic State Convention. "Mapinduzi ya kidemokrasia ya Marekani ya mwaka wa 1867 na ya mwaka wa 1897 yalihusisha ""Ujumbe wa Jimbo la Ohio"" (June 19), ""Mkataba wa Ohio wa Waasi"" (June 19), na ""Mkutano wa Marekani wa Mwaka wa 1867.""" . . . 243 Uchaguzi . "Kutoka kwa sheria ya ""Visible Admixture"" na kuondolewa kwa sheria ya ""Visible Admixture"" na kuondolewa kwa sheria ya ""Visible Admixture"" na kuondolewa kwa sheria ya ""Visible Admixture"" na kuondolewa kwa sheria ya ""Visible Admixture"" na kuondolewa kwa sheria ya ""Visible Admixture"" na kuondolewa kwa sheria ya ""Visible Admixture"" na kuondolewa kwa sheria ya ""Visible Admixture"" na ""Visible Admixture"" na ""Visible Admixture"" na ""Visible Admixture"" na ""Visible Admixture""" "S. 253 ""Kukataa Marekebisho ya Kumi na Tano"" Ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, 253 ""Bibliographic Note"" O H I O P O L I T I C S T T T E N E N G T E R E V I E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G T E N G E N G E N G E N G E N G E N G E N G E N G E N G E N E N G E N E N G E N E N G E N E N E N G E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N E N Jimbo hilo lilikuwa katikati ya magharibi ya kilimo na mashariki ya viwanda na hivyo liliunda ardhi ya kujadiliwa kati ya mwelekeo wa kisiasa wa sehemu hizi mbili, wakati kama lango linaloongoza kutoka Kusini hadi Kaskazini Magharibi, mahusiano yake ya kibiashara na Kusini kupitia Cincinnati yalikuwa ya kutambulisha maslahi yake na yale ya majimbo ya mpaka. Uchaguzi wa jimbo hilo ulipata umuhimu wa kitaifa kutokana na ukweli kwamba ulifanyika Oktoba, mwezi mmoja tu kabla ya mashindano ya urais, na kwa sababu gavana alichaguliwa mwaka uliotangulia uchaguzi wa kitaifa. Hii ilifanya jimbo kuwa aina ya "kiwango cha hali ya hewa ya kisiasa" na kusababisha vyama viwili vikubwa vya kisiasa kukaza juhudi zao kwenye uchaguzi wa Ohio kwa kiwango kisicho cha kawaida. Kwa utajiri na idadi ya watu, jimbo hilo lilikuwa la tatu katika i860. Thamani ya mali yake ya mali isiyohamishika na mali yake binafsi ilifikia zaidi ya dola bilioni moja na nusu. Licha ya mvurugo wa kifedha wa 1857, mali ya kodi iliongezeka mara mbili katika thamani katika muongo uliomalizika katika 1860, na kwa msingi wa thamani hii, kodi za serikali na za mitaa zilipigwa kwa karibu dola milioni kumi na moja kwa mwaka wa 1861. Utajiri huo ulitokana hasa na kilimo, kwa kuwa wakati huo viwanda vilikuwa vimeanza tu. "Mfano wa ""Uchunguzi wa Idadi ya Watu"" wa Ohio, 1986" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ""Mashambulizi ya Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe"" (Kutoka 3: 9-11) na ""Mashambulizi ya Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe"" (Kutoka 3: 9-11) ni ""mashambulizi ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe.""" Kwa ujumla, ni watu wa mashambani tu, na ni asilimia 1 tu ya idadi ya watu wanaoishi katika miji. Asilimia kumi na nne ya wakazi walikuwa walizaliwa nje ya nchi, sehemu ya Kijerumani kwa kiasi kikubwa ikitawala. 1 Katika kaunti arobaini na sita zaidi ya asilimia kumi ya idadi ya watu walikuwa wageni, wakati katika kumi na moja - kwa sehemu kubwa wale ambao ni pamoja na miji mikubwa - hii iliongezeka hadi asilimia ishirini. Uhamiaji wa ndani pia ulikuwa na athari kubwa kwa idadi ya watu. Watu 1,259,560 waliokaa katika jimbo hilo mwaka wa 1860 walikuwa wamezaliwa ndani ya mipaka yake. Watu 593,043 waliozaliwa katika jimbo hilo walihamia, wakati 476,966 waliwasili kutoka jimbo jingine. Kwa mujibu wa takwimu za serikali, idadi ya watu wenye rangi ya rangi katika jimbo hilo ni 36,673. Kuanzia mwaka 1800 hadi 1860, idadi ya wazungu iliongezeka mara 51, na idadi ya watu wenye rangi iliongezeka mara 187. Kulikuwa na watu wa rangi wachache sana katika kaunti za Hifadhi, Erie na mia moja na arobaini na tisa na Geauga na saba kuwa pande mbili za juu. Karibu robo tatu ya idadi nzima ya watu wenye rangi waliishi kusini mwa barabara ya kitaifa. Wakati wa uhamiaji wa mapema katika Wilaya ya Kaskazini Magharibi, kulikuwa na vituo vitano vikuu vya makazi ndani ya mipaka ya Ohio. Kampuni ya Ohio ilianza kununua eneo la sasa la Washington, Athens, Meigs na Gallia, ambalo lilikuwa limekaliwa na watu wa New England. Kwa upande mwingine, ununuzi wa Symmes, unaofunika eneo la ardhi katika sehemu ya kusini magharibi ya jimbo kati ya mito miwili ya Miami, ulikamilishwa na wahamiaji kutoka New Jersey, Pennsylvania na Kusini. "Kisha, kulikuwa na trakti ya ""O'Hara"" iliyokuwa ya pili kati ya majimbo katika idadi ya watu wa Kijerumani, ya tatu katika Kiingereza, ya tano katika Ireland na Scotland na ya kumi katika Uingereza na Marekani." Cincinnati ilikuwa na idadi ya wageni ya asilimia 46 ya jumla, Cleveland asilimia 45 na Dayton asilimia 28 na Ujerumani na Ireland. Hizi takwimu za idadi ya watu zimetolewa kutoka U. S. Sensa ya i860. Mto Little Miami na Mto Scioto, ambao Virginia iliiweka kwa ajili ya zawadi kwa askari wake wa Mapinduzi, na ambao kwa sababu hiyo uliwekwa na watu kutoka Virginia na Kentucky. Eneo la Saba, ambalo lilikuwa eneo la kwanza kuchunguzwa na Congress katika Wilaya ya Kaskazini Magharibi na ikiwa ni pamoja na kaunti za mpaka kando ya Mto Ohio kaskazini mwa ununuzi wa Kampuni ya Ohio, liliunda wilaya ya nne, ambayo iliwekwa na Wajerumani na Scotch-Irish kutoka Pennsylvania na Virginia. Mwishowe, kulikuwa na Hifadhi ya Magharibi, ikiwa ni pamoja na kaunti kumi na mbili katika kona ya kaskazini mashariki ya jimbo kuanzia na Erie na Huron; hii ilikuwa imefungwa na Connecticut wakati alitoa madai yake ya ardhi ya magharibi kwa serikali, na ilikaa karibu kabisa na New Englanders. Wakati sehemu nyingine za jimbo zilifunguliwa kwa makazi na Bunge, na kwa ujenzi wa barabara ya Zane na baadaye barabara ya kitaifa, wahamiaji waliingia katika bonde la Scioto kutoka Pennsylvania, Virginia. Kentucky na majimbo ya kusini zaidi, wahamiaji wa kusini wakifanywa kwa sehemu kubwa ya kipengele cha kidemokrasia kisicho cha watumwa. Idadi kubwa ya wahamiaji hao walikuwa Scotch-Irish na Wajerumani, wa kwanza kugundua hasa katika sehemu ya kusini ya hali na wa pili katika kaunti ya kati na mashariki. Idadi kubwa ya Quakers walihamia kutoka Kusini, haswa kutoka Virginia na Carolinas, wakikaa katika kaunti za Greene na Warren na sehemu nyingine za kupambana na utumwa. Watu wa rangi walikuwa wakijengwa kabla ya vita, si kwa kuwakaribisha watumwa waliokimbia tu, bali pia kwa kuwaweka watumwa waliowekwa huru katika mashamba madogo yaliyonunuliwa kwa ajili yao na mabwana wao katika sehemu za kusini za jimbo. "Kwa maelezo zaidi kuhusu idadi ya watu wa Ohio, tazama ""Chaddock, Ohio Before 1850"" katika Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, vol." kumi na mbili. Miongoni mwao ni: O.K.O. (O.K.O. - Political Complacency) na O.K.O. (O.K.O. - Political Complacency) na O.K.O. (O.K.O. - Political Complacency) na O.K.O. (O.K.O. - Political Complacency) na O.K.O. (O.K.O. - Political Complacency). M e d i n a, P o r t a g e. T.I.M.E.N.G.A.T.E.N.G.A.T.E.N.G.A.T.E.N.G.A.T.E.N.G.A.T.E.N.G.A.T.E.N.G.A.T.E.N.G.A.T.E.N.G.A.T.E.N.G.A.T.T.E.N.T.T.E.N.T.T.E.N.T.T.T.E.N.T.T.T.T.A.T.A.T.A.T.A.T.A.T.T.A.T.A.T.T.A.T.A.T.T.A.T.T.A.T.A.T.T.A.T.A.T.T.A.T.A.T.T.A.T.A.T.T.A.T.A.T.A.T.T.A.T.A.T. L.A.M.A.R.E.N.G.A.A.R.E.N.G.A.R.E.N.G.A.R.E.N.G.A.R.E.N.G.A.R.E.N.G.A.R.E.N.G.A.R.E.N.G.A.R.E.N.G.A.R.A.R.R.E.N.G.A.R.S.A.R.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika sehemu ya 8 ya ""Mtazamo wa Usalama wa Wananchi wa Ulaya"" (RESULTATION OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESULTS) ambayo ni sehemu ya Mkataba wa RESULTATION." M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.A.M.A.M.A.M.A.A.M.A.A.M.A.A.M.A.A.A.M.A.A.A.M.A.A.A. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. F a n k l i n mashariki. Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto wa Mto. Katika mikoa ya Sevan T h e na wale mara moja for m e d a d e b a t a b l e g r o u n d b e t w e n t t t t wa vyama viwili. M.C.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S. Katika mwaka wa 2018 JRC ilitoa taarifa ya kwanza ya "Mwaka wa 2017 ulipofika, ""Hardline"" ilichukua nafasi ya kwanza katika orodha ya ""Mwaka wa 2018"" na ""Mwaka wa 2018"" na ""Mwaka wa 2018"" na ""Mwaka wa 2018"" na ""Mwaka wa 2018"" na ""Mwaka wa 2018"" na ""Mwaka wa 2018"" na ""Mwaka wa 2018"" na ""Mwaka wa 2018.""" "Mashabiki wa chama cha ""Freddie"" na ""Sofia"" walipiga kura ya kwanza katika uchaguzi wa chama cha ""Democrats"" na kuupiga kura ya pili katika uchaguzi wa chama cha ""Wall Street"" na kuupiga kura ya pili katika uchaguzi wa chama cha ""Democrats"" na kuupiga kura ya pili katika uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 2014." Kwa jumla, Free Soilers katika kufungua mwaka huo ilichukua kura 16,910, karibu robo tatu ya ambayo ilitoka kwa Hifadhi. Miongoni mwao ni M.A.J.R.I.T. (Mwenye kura zaidi ya 316,82) "Pierce alipata kura za 160, 0 na 0 katika uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 1985 na chama cha Democrat cha Alabama kilipata kura za 1, 4, 7, 6 na 3 katika uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 1985 na wa chama cha Republican cha Soil cha 5, 0, 3, 4 na 6.""" G e a u g a, Clinton, na S u m i t kaunti za R e s e r v e na Clinton kusini magharibi. Pamoja na shirika la chama cha Republican, serikali ilionyesha marekebisho kwa hali mpya za kisiasa. Miongoni mwao ni Goma, Rosia na Sardinia, ambazo zilikuwa na mikataba ya uchaguzi na kupewa nafasi ya kuunga mkono chama kipya cha DEMOCRATES, wakati Cologne, Vilnius na Harbin zilikuwa na mikataba ya uchaguzi. Chama cha Republican kilishinda chama cha Democrat kwa kura za 15 na 75, huku chama cha Knesset kikipata kura za 24 na 7. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali ya serikali ya Ohio, ""Jimbo la Ohio linaweza kugawanywa na mstari kutoka sehemu ya mashariki ambapo mto Ohio unakuwa mpaka wa mpaka wa kaskazini wa kaunti ya Arkansas.""" Katika wilaya nne za kaskazini mwa mstari huu, ni sita tu, Merseyside, Rhineland-Palatinate, Haryana, Cuyahoga, Sumatra na Aswan, ambazo zilipata kura za 1%, wakati katika wilaya nne za kusini mwa mstari huu, ni nane tu ambazo hazikutoa kura hizo. Miongoni mwa makundi ya kwanza ya nchi hiyo ni Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama, Hama Katika uchaguzi wa 1856, KNOW-NOTHINGS ilipata kura 281,126, na ushindi mkubwa zaidi ulifanywa katika robo ya kaskazini magharibi ya jimbo na katika kaunti za mto kutoka Columbiana hadi Scioto. Katika uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 2017, chama hicho kilikuwa kimeshindwa kupata kura nyingi, na V.N.T.Rumper, mgombea wa chama hicho, alipata kura 10,272 tu. Katika Ohio, kama ilivyo katika majimbo mengine, shirika hili lilitoa makao ya muda kwa baadhi ya Whigs ambao hawakuwa maadui hasa kwa utumwa. Mwaka 1855 Salmon P. Chase alichaguliwa kuwa gavana wa jimbo la Virginia kwa kura ya 15%, na alichaguliwa tena miaka miwili baadaye kwa kura ndogo ya 1,281. Mnamo mwaka wa 1859 Dennison, mgombea wa chama cha Republican, alichaguliwa dhidi ya Ranney, mpinzani wake wa chama cha Democratic, kwa kura 13,236. Kwa kuachilia mbali kura ya 1857, ambayo haikuwa ya kawaida, wastani wa wengi wa Republican katika uchaguzi wa jimbo kutoka 1855 hadi 1860 ulikuwa 17,000. "Swali la kwanza katika siasa za Ohio mwanzoni mwa kipindi cha vita lilikuwa, bila shaka, lile kuhusu ""Negro.""" Serikali ilikuwa imeshika nafasi muhimu katika mzozo wote wa utumwa, kwa njia ya shughuli za "Underground Railroad" na kwa umaarufu wa viongozi wake wa kisiasa. Kwa sababu ya mambo mbalimbali katika idadi ya watu, rangi zote za maoni juu ya suala hilo zilikuwa zimewakilishwa miongoni mwa watu, kutoka kwa ukatili wa Wade, Chase na Giddings, kupitia uhifadhi wa Corwin na E. W. W. G. hadi mafundisho ya haki za serikali ya Democracy. Swali hili halikuwa muhimu tu mwanzoni mwa kipindi hicho, lakini lilibidi liendelee kuwa muhimu wakati wote wa vita, kwanza katika suala la uhamiaji wa weusi katika jimbo hilo, kisha kwa suala la kuondolewa kwa utumwa kama tukio la vita, na hatimaye kuhusiana na kupanua haki ya kupiga kura kwa idadi ya watu wenye rangi ya jimbo hilo. Mwaka wa 1860, Wenyeji wa Nero hawakuwa na haki za kisiasa katika jimbo la Ohio. Katika kipindi cha nusu karne ya kuwepo kwa serikali hiyo, kulikuwa na hisia dhidi ya kutoa mapendeleo kama hayo, ingawa wakati wa kupitishwa kwa katiba ya kwanza mwaka 1802 hii haikuwa wazi sana. "Hata hivyo, katika taarifa ya kamati ya uchaguzi ya Marekani iliyotolewa mnamo Oktoba mwaka 1875 ilisema: ""Upendeleo wa kuondoa neno ""mweupe"" katika ripoti ya kamati ya sifa za uchaguzi ulishindwa kwa kura ya kumi na nne dhidi ya kumi na tisa, wakati masharti yalipitishwa kwa kutoa haki ya kupiga kura kwa wanaume wote weusi na mulatto wa umri wa kupiga kura ambao wakati huo waliishi katika jimbo hilo." "Hii ilifutwa baadaye tu kwa kura ya kuamua ya rais wa mkusanyiko. ""Kama ilipitishwa, katiba ilipunguza haki ya kupiga kura kwa ""wakazi wote weupe wa kiume juu ya umri wa miaka ishirini na moja, wakiwa wamekaa katika jimbo mwaka mmoja uliofuata kabla ya uchaguzi, na ambao wamelipa au wanatozwa kodi ya jimbo au kaunti.""" Mkataba wa kuhalalisha utumwa katika jimbo hilo ulishindwa kwa kura moja tu. Hata hivyo, katika miaka michache iliyofuata, ongezeko kubwa la uhamiaji wa weusi huru lilitokea, na kwa sababu ya utawala wa watu wa kusini katika bunge, sheria ilipitishwa Januari 5, 1804, ikikataza mtu yeyote mweusi au mulatto kuishi katika jimbo hilo isipokuwa kama angeweza kutoa cheti kutoka kwa mahakama fulani ya Marekani cha uhuru wake halisi, na kuwahimiza watu wote waliokaa katika jimbo hilo kujiandikisha kwa karani. "Ilikuwa ni kosa la jinai kuajiri Negro isipokuwa kama angeweza kutoa cheti cha uhuru, na kumtunza mtumwa mkimbizi au kumsaidia kutoroka kutoka jimbo hilo.""4 Sheria hiyo iliongezwa mwaka 1807 kwa kumkataza Negro yeyote kuishi jimbo hilo isipokuwa kama ndani ya siku ishirini angeweza kutoa dhamana ya dola mia tano kama dhamana ya tabia yake nzuri na msaada." Adhabu ya kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa kukwepa. Sheria nyingine zilizopitishwa kati ya mwaka wa 1824 na 1831 zilimkataza mweusi kutoka kwa huduma ya jury, akinyimwa 1 Cf. Jarida la Mkataba. * Sheria za Ohio, vol. ii, ukurasa wa 63. * Kifungu iv, sehemu. i. 'ind., vol. (Mdo.23:15) Kwa sababu ya hali hiyo, alikatazwa kuingia katika shule za umma. "Hiyo ilikuwa ni sheria hizi pamoja zilizotumiwa na ""Black LAWS"" ya Ohio, na kwa njia hiyo watu wa rangi wa jimbo waliwekwa katika nafasi ya wakazi kwa uvumilivu." Hata hivyo, katika tafsiri ya sheria hizi, na ya kifungu cha kikatiba, mahakama mara kwa mara aliona kwamba neno "nyeupe" kujumuisha watu wote kuwa na zaidi nyeupe kuliko rangi ya damu. Katika baadhi ya majimbo, watu wenye hata wingi wa damu ya Negro walitumia haki ya kupiga kura, na hisia za watu zilikuwa za kutoingilia. "Mwaka 1849 Soiler alishikilia usawa wa nguvu katika bunge, na kwa mchanganyiko na wanademokrasia kumchagua Chase katika Seneti ya Marekani, ""Black Law"" zote ziliondolewa isipokuwa zile zinazohusiana na huduma ya jury na matengenezo duni." Katika kipindi cha msukosuko wa sheria za shirikisho za mwaka 1850, mkutano ulikusanyika ili kuandaa katiba mpya ya jimbo. Licha ya kuwasilishwa kwa maombi kadhaa ya kuomba uhuru wa Negro, sheria ya msingi haikubadilishwa katika suala hili, hasa kwa sababu ya hisia kwamba mabadiliko yoyote kama hayo yangezuia kuridhishwa kwake kwenye kura. Haki ya kupiga kura ilitolewa kwa " kila raia mweupe wa kiume wa Marekani mwenye umri wa miaka ishirini na moja " ambaye alikuwa na sifa fulani za makazi. 4 Mkataba mmoja ulifanywa kwa Negro kwa kuwa alipaswa kuingizwa katika kuamua mgawanyiko kwa ajili ya bunge la jimbo. Katika uchaguzi wa 1855, chama kipya cha Republican kilishinda katika uchaguzi wa Marekani. xxvi, ukurasa wa 43; vol. xxvii, ukurasa wa 35 na 72; vol. (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) iv, ukurasa wa 53; vol. xi, ukurasa wa 372 na 376, vol. (xii) ukurasa wa 237. * Schuckers, Maisha ya Chase, ukurasa. 90 na ifuatavyo. • A r t. ν, sek. i. Wakati wa ufunguzi wa kura hiyo, wengi katika matawi yote mawili ya bunge waliamua kuanzisha sheria za uhuru wa kibinafsi. Sheria ya kwanza ilikataza kufungwa katika gereza lolote la jimbo hilo, "kwa mtu yeyote au watu wote walioshtakiwa kwa sababu tu ya kukimbia utumwa". "Katika sheria ya pili, ilikatazwa kuleta mtu yeyote katika jimbo hilo kwa nia ya kumfanya awe mtumwa, na ilitangaza kwamba ""kila mtu anayekuja katika jimbo hili kwa njia nyingine isipokuwa kama mtu aliyehamishwa katika jimbo jingine chini ya sheria zake na kutoroka katika jimbo hili, atachukuliwa na kushikiliwa katika mahakama zote kama huru kabisa.""" Mtu yeyote anayemkamata au kumkamata mtu mwingine kwa kudai au kudai kuwa ni mkimbizi wa haki, angehesabiwa kuwa na hatia ya kumfunga gerezani kwa uwongo, na mtu yeyote anayejaribu kumtoa mtu nje ya jimbo kwa kusudi la kumkamata kama mtumwa katika jimbo lingine, angehesabiwa kuwa na hatia ya uhalifu wa utekaji nyara. Hakuna kitu katika sheria hiyo ambacho kingeweza kutumika kwa tendo lolote lililofanywa na mtu yeyote chini ya mamlaka ya Katiba ya Marekani au sheria yoyote iliyofanywa kwa kufuata katiba hiyo. Sheria ya tatu ilisema kwamba hakuna mtu anayepaswa kujaribu kumkamata au kumteka nyara mtu yeyote mweusi huru kwa nia ya kumchukua nje ya jimbo, na kwamba hakuna mtu mweusi anayedaiwa kuwa mkimbizi anayepaswa kutekwa nyara au kuchukuliwa nje ya jimbo bila kwanza kupelekwa mbele ya mahakama sahihi na uthibitisho ulioanzishwa kulingana na sheria za Marekani kwamba alikuwa mali. Sheria hiyo, ingawa ilidhaniwa haingehusishi kutekelezwa kwa sheria za shirikisho, ilitoa fursa ya kuzuia kurudi kwa watumwa wakimbizi popote iwezekanavyo. Hata hivyo, hakuruhusiwa kuendelea kufanya kazi kwa muda mrefu, kwa sababu katika uchaguzi wa 1857 wanademokrasia walifanikiwa Aprili 16, 1857. Sheria za Ohio, vol. (Liv.170, p.170) 'Aprili 17, 1857. Ibid., ukurasa wa 186. 'Aprili 17, 1857. Sheria za Ohio, vol. (Liv.22:21) "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika sheria ya kwanza ya Bunge la Afrika, sheria ya ""Mchanganyiko unaoonekana"" ilitolewa mnamo 1858 na ilifanya iwezekane kwa majaji kukataa kura ya mtu yeyote wakati wowote ambapo itaonekana kwa jaji au majaji kwamba mtu anayetoa kura ana mchanganyiko wa wazi na unaoonekana wa damu ya Kiafrika." Ilikuwa ni wajibu wa mahakimu wa mahakama za pleas ya kawaida kutoa hatua hii hasa katika malipo kwa grand jury katika kila muhula wa mahakama. Katika kipindi chote cha mapambano dhidi ya utumwa, chama cha Democratic kiliendelea kusimama juu ya hisia zilizotajwa katika Sheria hii. "Katika jukwaa la serikali ya 1858 ilithibitishwa kama ""mwenye busara na busara na kuhesabiwa ili kukuza maslahi bora ya serikali na ustawi wa watu,"" na chama hicho kiliwekwa kwenye rekodi kama ""kinyume cha haki ya kupiga kura ya Negro na usawa wa Negro bila kurejelea kivuli au uwiano wa damu ya Kiafrika.""" Jaribio hili la idara ya sheria ya kuweka tafsiri ya kifungu cha sheria ya msingi ya jimbo halikuruhusiwa kwenda bila kupingwa na Republican, ambao bado walidumisha udhibiti wa Mahakama Kuu. Katika kesi iliyopelekwa kwake kutoka kaunti ya Kidemokrasia ya Butler, ambapo majaji wa uchaguzi walikuwa wamekataa kura ya mtu wa damu ya Afrika katika uchaguzi wa urais wa 1856, mahakama ilisema, Februari 14, 1886, kwamba ingawa vifungu vinavyohusu haki ya kupiga kura vilikuwa na maneno tofauti katika katiba mbili, hakukuwa na mabadiliko katika maana, na kama kifungu cha katiba ya kwanza kilikuwa kimetafsiriwa kujumuisha watu wenye damu nyeupe, ilibaki tu kwa majaji kufuata maamuzi haya. Sheria ya Ohio, vol. lv, ukurasa. 10 na 19. "Kutokana na sheria ya ""Visible Admixture Law,"" mahakama ilisema kwamba haikuwa ndani ya ""mpaka wa mamlaka ya sheria kutoa mahakama tafsiri ya mamlaka ya kifungu cha Katiba ya Jimbo.""" "Swali rahisi kwa mahakama kuamua ilikuwa, ""Kwa maana gani neno'mweupe' lilitumiwa katika Katiba, na kwa maana hiyo, wakati wa kuthibitishwa, tunadhani kuwa ni lazima juu yetu na Bunge la Jimbo.""" Baada ya vita, haki ya kupiga kura ya watu weusi ikawa suala muhimu la kisiasa katika jimbo hilo.Mapambano ya 1859 yalikuwa muhimu katika siasa za jimbo hilo, si tu kwa sababu ya juhudi za Republican za kupata tena udhibiti wa bunge, lakini pia kwa sababu ya umuhimu wa sheria ya Fugitive Slave ya 1850. Sheria hiyo ilitangazwa waziwazi mbele ya watu katika majimbo kadhaa ya kaskazini kupitia majaribio ya wamiliki wa watumwa kupata tena watumwa wao chini ya masharti yake, lakini haswa huko Ohio kuhusiana na kesi ya uokoaji wa Oberlin-Wellington. Mambo ya hakika ya kesi hii yalikuwa haya. Wavuvi wa watumwa walifika Oberlin mnamo Septemba 1858 wakimtafuta mtumwa aliyeokoka. Walipoona kijana mweusi aliyekuwa ameokoka kutoka kwa jirani yao miaka miwili hivi iliyopita, walimvuta yule mweusi mbali na kijiji, na kumkamata na kumpeleka Wellington, umbali wa maili tisa, ili apelekwe kwenye gari-moshi lililokuwa likienda Columbus. Umati, uliofanyizwa hasa na wanafunzi na maprofesa kutoka chuo cha Oberlin, uliwafuatilia hao watu na kumwokoa mfungwa huyo. "Kama matokeo, kesi ya 37 ""Anderson dhidi ya Milliken,"" 9 Ohio Ripoti ya Jimbo, ukurasa wa 568." "Kufanana na. Sura ya 4 "Wananchi wa Oberlin na Wellington walihukumiwa katika Mahakama ya Wilaya ya Marekani huko Cleveland, kwa kuvunja sheria ya ""Fugitive Slave.""" Wawili kati yao, mmoja akiwa mtu wa rangi na uwezo wa kiakili usio wa kawaida, walipatikana na hatia na kuhukumiwa faini na kifungo cha gereza. Kesi hiyo ilivutia tahadhari nyingi katika Kaskazini, na wakati wafungwa wengine walikuwa bado gerezani wakisubiri kesi, mkutano mkubwa ulifanyika Cleveland, Mei 24, uliozungumziwa na Gavana Chase, Seneta Wade na viongozi wengine mashuhuri wa kupambana na utumwa. Mahakama ya juu ya jimbo hilo ilitoa ombi kwa Mahakama ya Wilaya ili kuamuru wafungwa hao waachiliwe, na hilo lilitokeza mgogoro wa mamlaka kati ya mahakama za Marekani na za jimbo hilo. Mahakama ya juu ilikuwa imejumuisha wakati huo kabisa wa Republican, na ilikuwa na uhakika inatarajiwa na watu wa Hifadhi kwamba hati hiyo ingeidhinishwa kwa msingi wa kutokubaliana kwa sheria. Kwa sababu ya shinikizo hilo, Hakimu Mkuu Swan alitoa maoni yenye uwezo na ya ujasiri ambayo yaliungwa mkono na washirika wake wawili, Hakimu Peck na Scott. "Amesema kwamba haikuwa katika jimbo la Mahakama Kuu ya Ohio kukataa haki ya Congress ya kutunga sheria juu ya mada wakati mamlaka yake ya kufanya hivyo ilikuwa imewekwa vizuri na Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani katika maamuzi kadhaa. """ Ingawa hisia zake binafsi hazikuwa sawa na maoni yake ya kihukumu, alilazimika chini ya kiapo chake kudumisha utawala wa Katiba na sheria, na kuwaweka wafungwa.Wanachama wengine wawili wa Mahakama, Mahakimu Brinkerhoff na Sutliff, walitoa maoni tofauti wakisema sheria ya Fugitive Slave haikuwa ya kikatiba. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya Ohio Slate, ukurasa wa 77.""" Katika kipindi hicho, wavuvi wa watumwa walikuwa wameshtakiwa katika Kaunti ya Lorain chini ya Sheria ya 1857 kwa kumteka nyara mweusi na kujaribu kumchukua nje ya jimbo. Hatimaye jambo hilo lilikamilishwa kwa makubaliano ya pande zinazohusika kwa ajili ya kufuta kwa pamoja mashtaka yote. Wafungwa hao wawili walihudumu kifungo chao na kurudi nyumbani kukaribishwa kama mashujaa wa ushindi. uamuzi wa Mahakama Kuu ulitangazwa Mei 30, na siku nne baadaye Republican walifanya mkusanyiko wao wa jimbo. Kwa sababu ya kukataa kwa mahakama kutangaza sheria ya 1850 kuwa kinyume cha katiba, sehemu ya chama hicho ilikataa kumsaidia Jaji Swan, ambaye muhula wake ulikuwa unamalizika, kwa ajili ya uteuzi mpya, na kwa hiyo akachinjwa. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali, ""Mkataba wa Fugitive Slave Act wa 1850 ni ya kupindua haki za majimbo na uhuru wa watu, na ni kinyume na wajibu wa wazi wa ubinadamu na haki, na ni kinyume na hisia ya maadili ya ulimwengu wenye ustaarabu.""" William Dennison wa Columbus, mwakilishi wa chombo chenye nguvu cha kupinga utumwa na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa chama cha Republican huko Ohio, aliteuliwa kuwa gavana. Rufus P. Raney, mwanasheria wa Cleveland, na Jaji wa zamani wa Mahakama Kuu, alikuwa kiongozi wa chama hicho. Ona pia Rhodes, Historia ya Marekani, vol. ii, ukurasa wa 362. ' "Mapendekezo hayo yanapatikana katika kitabu cha ""The Ohio Platforms of the Republican and Democratic Parties from 1861 to 1881.""" kwa ajili ya gavana. "Wakati wa mkutano huo, pamoja na kupinga kutoa haki za kisiasa kwa Negro, walionyesha kushikamana na mafundisho ya muswada wa Kansas-Nebraska, waliidhinisha sheria ya Fugitive Slave, na kuthibitisha ""utawala kamili wa majimbo ya Muungano huu kuhusiana na taasisi zao za ndani, na utangamano kamili wa muungano wa majimbo huru na watumwa kuishi kwa upatano pamoja chini ya masharti ya Katiba yetu ya Shirikisho.""" Kampeni hiyo haikumbukwa kamwe. Katika mfululizo wa mijadala ya pamoja wagombea wawili wa gavana walizungumza katika sehemu zote za jimbo. Lincoln na Douglas wote wawili walitembelea Ohio, na kushiriki katika kampeni hiyo. "Wademokrasia walifanya mengi ya kutoa sadaka ya Jaji Swan, na wakati Republican zaidi ya kihafidhina walijaribu kuashiria kushindwa kwake kwa sababu nyingine, wakali walisisitiza kwamba ilikuwa kwa sababu tu ya uamuzi wake. ""Ukubwa wa Dennison juu ya Ranney katika uchaguzi ulikuwa juu ya wengi wa kawaida wa Republican, na bunge kama alichagua alisimama: Seneti, ishirini na tano Republican na kumi Democrats; Nyumba, hamsini na nane Republican, arobaini na sita Democrats na moja Independent." Kama hii ilikuwa kuwa ya kwanza ya bunge la vita, uchambuzi wa uanachama wake inaweza kuwa ya baadhi ya maslahi. Barua iliyoandikwa na R. P. Spalding, ambaye alikuwa mmoja wa mawakili wa ulinzi katika kesi za Cleveland, ilichapishwa tena sana katika vyombo vya habari wakati wa kampeni. Katika barua hiyo alidai kwamba Hakimu Swan hakupuuzwa, kama wengine walivyosema, kwa sababu ya kuishi kwake Columbus. " "Alichaguliwa kwa sababu yeye, kama afisa wa mahakama, alitambua sheria ya ""Fugitive Slave"" ya 1850 kuwa ya nguvu ya kisheria katika Ohio, na majaji wawili ambao walikuwa pamoja naye katika maoni wataachwa kwa njia hiyo hiyo mara tu watakapofikiwa katika utaratibu wa wakati." """Hatutambui watu kuwa Republican hapa kaskazini mwa Ohio ambao kwa muda mrefu watashikilia sheria hii ya bahati mbaya." Kwa umuhimu wa kampeni katika masuala ya kisiasa ya jumla, angalia Rhodes, Historia ya Marekani, vol. "Huron, Hancock, Crawfoyd, Mahoning, Columbiana, na Lorain.""" Mimi nitafanya hivyo! "Mapinduzi ya ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U.S. Congress"" na ""U. Congress." Ni ishirini tu kati ya washiriki mia moja na watano wa tawi la chini walikuwa wametumikia katika Baraza la awali. Kama ilivyo katika kesi hii, hivyo katika kipindi chote, wanachama wachache sana wa Bunge walichaguliwa tena kwa muhula wa pili. Kwa habari ya kuzaliwa, theluthi moja ya Seneta walikuwa wenyeji wa jimbo hilo; wakati Pennsylvania, New York na Virginia zilitoa nne kila moja, Massachusetts na Connecticut tatu kila moja, na majimbo kadhaa yalitoa moja kila moja. Kati ya wanachama wa Bunge, arobaini na watano walikuwa wenyeji wa jimbo hilo; ishirini na moja walikuwa kutoka Pennsylvania; kumi na nne, kutoka New York; tano, kutoka Maryland; nne, kutoka Virginia; na majimbo mengine kadhaa kuwakilishwa na idadi ndogo. Uhamiaji mkubwa katika jimbo hilo ulionekana katika muundo wa bunge, wakati ukweli kwamba wengi wa wanachama walikuwa na uhusiano na Pennsylvania, New York na Kusini na uhusiano wa jamaa, akaunti kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa mtazamo wao wa kihafidhina juu ya maswali makubwa ya siku kabla ya kuzuka kwa vita. Bunge hili liliitwa kufuta kazi ya mtangulizi wake, na kutoa sauti ya hisia ya chama ambacho kilikuwa kikidhibiti. Kwa kuongezea masuala yaliyoinuliwa katika kampeni, swali jingine liliingizwa katika siasa za jimbo wakati wa sehemu ya mwisho ya mwaka na uvamizi wa John Brown. "Watu wa Virginia walihisi kwamba hii ilikuwa tu mwendelezo wa safari kubwa zaidi zilizopangwa na vikundi katika Ohio na majimbo mengine ya kaskazini, na kwamba juhudi zingefanywa kuokoa Brown na washirika wake, au ikiwa wangetolewa, kufanya kulipiza kisasi kwa raia wa Virginia na kuwaweka kama mateka. """ Gavana Wise alimwandikia Rais Buchanan barua akisema kwamba kama uvamizi mwingine ungepiga jimbo la Virginia, angewafuatia wavamizi katika eneo lolote na kuwaadhibu popote walipoweza kufikiwa kwa silaha. Nakala ya barua hiyo ilitumwa kwa Gavana Chase, na kurudia kusudi la kuwafukuza wavamizi katika majimbo ya jirani. "Chase alijibu kwa tarehe ya Desemba, akionyesha kutokujua kwa maandalizi yoyote ya kijeshi, na kuongeza: ""Kila wakati itakapofanywa kuonekana kwamba mchanganyiko haramu unaundwa katika Ohio kwa uvamizi wa Virginia, itakuwa wajibu wa Gavana kuivunja na wajibu huo utafanywa mara moja.""" "Kuhusu tishio la uvamizi wa Ohio, alisema kwamba sheria za Marekani zinaonyesha jinsi watu walioshtakiwa kwa uhalifu katika jimbo lingine wanaweza kudaiwa, na kumhakikishia gavana kwamba watu wa jimbo hilo watahitaji kutoka kwa mamlaka yake kutimiza kwa wakati wa kila wajibu kwa wanachama wengine wa Umoja. """ Hata hivyo, nchi hiyo haiwezi kukubali kuvamia eneo lake na vikosi vya silaha kutoka nchi nyingine, hata kwa kusudi la kuwafuatilia na kuwafunga wakimbizi wa haki. Katika ujumbe wake wa kila mwaka wa Januari 2, 1886, Gavana Chase alipendekeza kuondolewa kwa sheria ya Visible Admixture na kuanzishwa tena kwa sheria za Uhuru wa Kibinafsi. """Katika visa vingi, serikali imehamia kwa siri na watu wenye amani, wasio na hatia ya uhalifu wowote ila rangi, wametekwa nyara kwa ukatili; Sheria ya Watumwa Wenye Kukimbia, ambayo ni kinyume cha hisia za umma, na ambayo wengi wanaamini ni kinyume cha katiba katika baadhi ya masharti yake, ikiwa sio katika asili yake, imetekelezwa ndani ya mipaka yake na hali ya kuzidisha ambayo haiwezi kukosa kuamsha hisia ya kina.""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu chake cha John Brown, ""Wakati sisi si kukataa tu admiration ya sifa ya heshima, ""Schuckers, Maisha ya Chase, p.191." """Hatuwezi kupungua, bali ni lazima tu zaidi, kukataza kwa dhati uvamizi wote katika nchi ambazo haziko katika amani na sisi tu, lakini zimeunganishwa nasi kwa vifungo vya muungano wa kisiasa, na majaribio yote ya kuamsha ndani ya mipaka yao uasi wa utumwa, lazima kuingiza nchi katika maafa ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na vile vile." "Alipokuwa akitoa barua ya gavana wa Virginia mbele ya Bunge, alitangaza kwamba wakati watu wa Ohio hawatavumilia uvamizi wa eneo lao, hawatakubali uvamizi wa majimbo mengine. """ Wakati mashambulizi ya Chase dhidi ya sheria ya watumwa waliokimbia yalipinga na watetezi wa chama, hotuba ya kuapishwa ya Gavana Dennison, iliyotolewa Januari 9, ilikuwa hata jasiri zaidi. "Alichangia ongezeko la idadi ya watu na maendeleo ya rasilimali za serikali karibu kabisa kwa ukweli kwamba utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na Amri ya 1787.""" Alisema kwamba watu wa jimbo hilo walikuwa wamepinga utumwa. Alipinga mamlaka ya kisheria ya uamuzi wa Dred Scott wa Mahakama Kuu, na kusisitiza kwamba ilikuwa ni wajibu wa Bunge kupiga marufuku kwa sheria ya wazi upanuzi wa utumwa katika eneo lolote huru. Kwanza angepinga uvamizi wa utumwa na kuufunga ndani ya mipaka yake iliyopo; kisha angefanya serikali itoe njia fulani za kukuza uhamiaji wa hiari wa weusi huru kwenda kwenye mashamba katika hali ya hewa ya kupendeza. Kwa kusudi hili, alipendekeza kununuliwa kwa eneo fulani lenye utajiri katika Amerika ya Kati au ya Kusini na kuijenga kuwa mkoa kwa ajili ya watu wenye rangi chini ya usimamizi wa kitaifa. Mafundisho hayo yenye nguvu ya Republican yalionyesha hisia za kweli za gavana mpya. Alikuwa wa mrengo mkali wa chama, na katika vitendo vya utawala wake aliwakilisha kipengele hicho. 1 Hati za Utekelezaji, 1859, p. ii, ukurasa wa 25. * Ibid., ukurasa wa 163. Katika mkutano huo, Seneta wa Marekani George E. Pugh alichaguliwa kuwa mrithi wa Seneta wa Marekani, ambaye alikuwa amechaguliwa na chama cha Democratic mwaka wa 1854. Chase alikuwa mgombea mashuhuri kwa ajili ya mahali, na katika shirika la matawi mawili wafuasi wake walikuwa katika wengi. Mgombea wao, Richard C. Parsons wa Cleveland, alichaguliwa kuwa Spika wa Bunge. Katika mkutano wa kwanza wa seneti kuhusu suala la Seneti, uliofanyika siku chache baada ya kuanzishwa kwa shirika hilo, upinzani mkubwa ulionyeshwa kwa Chase miongoni mwa wanaharakati, hasa kwa sababu ya hisia za kuondoa utumwa zilizotajwa katika ujumbe wake. Katika mkutano wa Februari, wajumbe wa chama cha Republican walikutana tena na suala hilo lilipelekwa kwenye kura licha ya majaribio ya wanadiplomasia ya kuahirisha hatua hiyo. Kati ya wale waliopiga kura, Chase alipokea 51 na Columbus Delano alipokea 10, na Thomas Corwin alipokea 8 na John Sherman na Valentine Horton walipata moja. Katika Bunge, azimio la Seneti la kuendelea na mkutano wa pamoja kwa ajili ya uchaguzi wa Seneta lilipitishwa na Bunge kwa upungufu mdogo wa kura mbili, sita ya waangalizi wakipiga kura na wanademokrasia dhidi yake. Katika kura ya mwisho, Chase alipokea kura sabini na sita, Pugh, hamsini na tatu, wakati watetezi watano walipiga kura zao kwa Corwin. Kugawanyika kwa Republican katika wanaharakati wa kihafidhina na wakali kulionekana katika kipindi chote cha kikao cha Bunge, katika hatua nyingi muhimu zilizozungumziwa. Katika Bunge sita ya kihafidhina * kawaida kura na Wanademokrasia juu ya hatua 1860, p. 158. ' Hizi zilikuwa Collings wa Scioto, Hamilton wa Logan, Jolly wa Highland, Nigh wa Lawrence, Parrott wa Montgomery na Wood wa Ottawa. Mtazamo wa kisiasa wa kuanzisha chama cha siasa cha Radical ulipigwa marufuku na kuondolewa. Harrison wa Madison, Jones wa Delaware, na Moore wa Butler walikuwa viongozi wa kihafidhina, wakati Profesa Monroe wa Oberlin, James A. Garfield wa Cuyahoga na Jacob D. Cox wa Trumbull, mwana-mkwe wa Rais wa Chuo cha Oberlin, waliunga mkono mafundisho ya Hifadhi. Katika sehemu ya mwisho ya Januari, bunge na maafisa wa jimbo la Kentucky na Tennessee, ambao walikuwa wamekusanyika huko Louisville kusherehekea kukamilika kwa reli ya Louisville na Nashville, walialikwa kutembelea Columbus kama wageni wa jimbo. Alipokuwa akitoa mwaliko huo huko Louisville, Garfield, akiwa mwenyekiti wa kamati ya sheria, alitoa wito ambao, uliposikilizwa kutoka kwa Wanademokrasia wa Amani baadaye, ulipaswa kukataliwa kama uhaini. Alisema: Ndugu, tumesikia kwa muda mrefu sana juu ya Kaskazini na Kusini. Maneno yao ya hasira yamewasumbua sana mioyo ya wananchi wenzetu. Lakini kuna sauti ya tatu ambayo itasikika muda mfupi baadaye. """Natumaini na kuamini siku haiko mbali, wakati Magharibi itakapozungumza na sauti yake itasikika kutoka bahari hadi bahari." Katika sauti hiyo hakutakuwa na sauti ya shaka au kutokuwa na uhakika. Katika usemi huo hakutakuwa na noti ya kutoungana. Kwa maana wakati huo huo mto huu wenye nguvu unao mto huu katika kifua chake. Utajiri wa bonde hili kubwa, kwa muda mrefu mzunguko huu wa majimbo lazima uwe haujagawanyika na vifungo vya muungano haivunjwi. Siku tatu zilitumiwa na wageni ndani ya jimbo, na katika hotuba ambayo ilifanyiza sehemu muhimu ya burudani, mengi yalisemwa juu ya jamii ya asili ya maslahi na hisia za majimbo ya bonde la Mississippi, na ya maelewano ambayo yanapaswa kuwepo kati yao. "Kutokana na wito wa Ohio na wageni wake, Gavana Dennison alisema: ""Watu wa Ohio hawaombi upendeleo wa kipekee chini ya Katiba." Kwa furaha wanatambua kuwa haki zote wanazodai kuwa zao ni za ndugu zao. Haki ya pekee ya watu wa kila jimbo kuanzisha na kudumisha bila kusumbuliwa taasisi zao za ndani, iko katika msingi wa muungano wa kitaifa. Ilikuwa vigumu kuvumilia kwa miezi, lakini ni ya hisia zilizopo kabla ya vita. "Kutokana na mapendekezo ya Gavana Chase katika ujumbe wake wa kila mwaka, mpango wa chama cha wengi katika bunge ulijumuisha ""kuanzisha upya sheria za uhuru wa kibinafsi na kufuta ""Mchanganyiko unaoonekana"" wakati wanademokrasia walifanya kazi ya kupata sheria ya kupiga marufuku uhamiaji wa Negroes katika jimbo na zaidi ya kuzuia mapendeleo ya wale tayari ndani ya mipaka yake." Katika mwaka wa 1920, sheria za kisheria zilianzishwa katika Bunge la Marekani na Baldwin wa Mahoning na katika Seneti na Monroe wa Lorain, ili kuzuia utumwa na utekaji nyara katika Ohio. Muswada wa Monroe ulipelekwa kwa kamati ya Republican ambayo ilitoa ripoti nzuri na kupitishwa, dhidi ya upinzani wa kihafidhina na wa Kidemokrasia. "Kulingana na ripoti ya Kamati ya Bunge, ""mkataba wa Kamati ya Bunge"" uliongezwa na sehemu ya kufuta sheria za Juni 19, 1835 na Aprili 17, 1857 ambazo kamati ilifanya kanuni ya sheria ya darasa." "Makala ya kwanza ya kitabu hicho, ""Ujumbe wa Bunge la Marekani la Kalifornia na Tennessee,"" ilichapishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1860." * Seneti Journal, i860, ukurasa. 20 na 228. ' Ripoti ya kamati hiyo huchapishwa katika Jarida la Bunge kwa ajili ya kuwasilishwa pamoja na hatua ya Seneti. Sheria zilitolewa pia kuzuia matumizi ya magereza ya jimbo kwa ajili ya kuwashikilia watu walioshtakiwa tu kwa kuwa wakimbizi kutoka utumwa, lakini katika nyumba zote mbili hawakupata zaidi ya kuchagua kamati. Seneti ilipitisha muswada wa kufuta "sheria ya mchanganyiko unaoonekana", lakini Baraza la Wawakilishi liliiwasilisha. Muswada kama huo, ulioletwa katika Bunge, ulipelekwa kwa kamati ya mahakama, ambayo ilipendekeza kwamba uahirishwe kwa muda usiojulikana. "Kwa maoni ya wengi, sheria hiyo ilikuwa tu ""madai ya kisheria ya marekebisho ya mahakama ya maamuzi yao ya awali ambayo hayakuwa kinyume na haki au heshima ya mwili wa mahakama"" na kwamba sheria hiyo inapaswa kusimama hadi utatuzi wa kikatiba." "Wanachama wa kamati kutoka hifadhi walitoa ripoti ya wachache, wakisema kwamba tafsiri ya kifungu chochote cha katiba ilikuwa ya mahakama, sio ya sheria. """ "Ikiwa Bunge lina mamlaka ya kutoa tafsiri kwa kifungu chochote cha Katiba, tafsiri hiyo inaweza kupanua au kupunguza kwa hivyo kuondoa athari ya kifungu hicho. """ 1 Muswada na ripoti iliwekwa juu ya meza, na haikuchukuliwa tena wakati wa kikao. Taarifa hizo zilitolewa Februari 7, wiki moja tu kabla ya uamuzi wa mahakama katika kesi ya kaunti ya Butler kutangazwa. Hukumu hiyo ilitolewa na Jaji Gholson, mwanachama mpya wa mahakama ambaye alikuwa amewekwa kwenye tiketi badala ya Jaji Swan. Kwa uamuzi huu, Reserve iliridhika kuacha jambo hilo likaa, bila hatua yoyote ya kisheria, wakati wahifadhi hawakufurahishwa sana nayo. "Makampuni ya habari ya Marekani yanaendelea kutoa maoni yao kuhusu suala hilo, na ""I'm not a dissident"" (i860, Appendix, p.126)." Sheria ya 1835 ilihusu tu utekaji nyara wa watu weupe, wakati ile ya 1857 ilihusu utekaji nyara wa weusi huru. 1 House Journal, i860, App., p. 163. Kumbuka. (Sura ya 22) Katika kesi hiyo, mahakama ilitoa uamuzi wa mahakama ya juu, na kuhitimisha kwamba majaji Peck na Scott walikuwa wamejiuzulu kwa kundi la Oberlin kwa hofu ya hukumu iliyotolewa juu yao na Spalding. Chama cha Democratic, kilichoungwa mkono na ombi la watu kutoka wilaya za kusini, kilikuwa kikifanya kampeni ya kuzuia uhamiaji wa weusi katika jimbo hilo. Siku ya pili ya kikao, hatua iliwasilishwa katika Bunge, ikitoa kwamba baada ya Julai ya kwanza ya mwaka uliofuata, inapaswa kuwa kinyume cha sheria kwa mtu yeyote mweusi au mulatto kuja katika jimbo, na kuhitaji kama tayari wakazi kuwa waliosajiliwa na wapimaji na kupata vyeti vya usajili. Sheria hiyo ilipelekwa kwa kamati ya mahakama, ambayo ilitoa ripoti isiyofaa kwa kupitishwa kwake. Mmoja wa wanachama, mwakilishi wa kaunti ya Greene, aliambatanisha ripoti hiyo na sababu za uamuzi wake. Wakati akikubali ukubwa wa uovu na kuchukizwa kijamii kwa jamii hizo mbili, aliweka pingamizi lake kwa misingi ya kikatiba. Kwa uamuzi wa mahakama za jimbo hilo, mulatto walichukuliwa kuwa raia wa Marekani na kwa hivyo sheria hiyo ingewaondoa mapendeleo yao yaliyoahidiwa na Katiba ya taifa. Suluhisho lake la mwisho lilikuwa lile lililopendekezwa na Gavana Dennison. Wakati wa majadiliano ya hatua hii, ambayo iliendelea mara kwa mara katika kikao, wanademokrasia walikazia wazo kwamba hawakutaka kufanya swali kuwa la kisiasa, na kuweka upinzani wao kwa uhamiaji kwa misingi ya kijamii na viwanda tu. Hata hivyo, kwa kura ya wengi wa tano, Republican waliweza kuahirisha muswada huo kwa muda usiojulikana, na wakati wa kikao kilichofuata, wakati mwandishi alipochukua suala hilo, pendekezo lake lilipotezwa kwa kura ya usawa. "Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 1914, gazeti la ""Ohio Statesman"" lilichapisha makala ya kwanza ya gazeti hilo, ""Fourth Ohio Statesman,"" iliyochapishwa Februari 15, 1945." Ibid., i860, p. 523. ' Jurnal ya House, i860, ukurasa wa 21. ' Ibid., 1861 p. 60. "Kulingana na taarifa zilizotolewa na waandishi wa habari, ""swali la jinsi serikali inapaswa kuchukua kwa suala la uvamizi wa John Brown lilidai umakini mkubwa wa bunge.""" Mara tu Bunge lilipopangwa, seti ya maazimio juu ya mada hiyo ilitolewa na Hutcheson wa Madison, Democrat mkali, wakati suala hilo lililetwa mbele ya Seneti kwa njia ya muswada ulioletwa na Harrison. Katika Azimio la Hutcheson, shambulio hilo lilionwa kama shambulio dhidi ya serikali ya Marekani na watu wa Virginia waliopongezwa kwa kukandamiza mlipuko huo. "Wananchi wa Ohio, walitangaza, ""wakikataa, kama walivyofanya daima, haki yoyote au wanataka kuingilia kwa njia yoyote na taasisi za ndani za majimbo mengine ya Umoja.""" Ilikuwa na mpango wa kutuma nakala ya maazimio hayo kwa gavana wa Virginia ili yawekwe mbele ya bunge la jimbo hilo. "Kama mbadala, wakali waliwasilisha azimio la kusema kwamba watu wa jimbo, wakiona utumwa kama uovu, ""wanaona ni wajibu wao kutumia nguvu zote zinazolingana na Mkataba wa Kitaifa kuzuia ongezeko lake, kupunguza na hatimaye kuondoa uovu.""" "Wanasayansi wa zamani walipendekeza mbadala wa pili ambao ulitangaza upinzani kwa uingiliaji wote wa utumwa kama ulivyokuwa, lakini pia kwa upanuzi wake, na kukataa mchanganyiko wote wa kinyume cha sheria dhidi ya amani na usalama wa wanachama wengine wa Muungano wa Shirikisho. """ Serikali za kusini zililazimika kuanzisha sheria ambazo zingelinda maisha na mali za raia wa kaskazini waliokaa kusini. "Kama ilivyopendekezwa na ""Mashirika ya Radical"" na ""Mashirika ya Conservative,"" 14 ya Republican walipiga kura na Democrats, hivyo kushindwa ""House Journal"" (I860), p.22." Ibid., ukurasa wa 398. ' Ibid., i860, p. 397. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu cha ""The Civil War,"" wanaharakati wa chama cha Conservative walipinga kupitishwa kwa katiba ya ""Hutchinson"" na ""Radical.""" "Kama ilivyotangulia, maazimio hayo yalipelekwa kwa serikali ya Virginia na wanademokrasia, na maelezo ya hatua ya Bunge, na uhakikisho kwamba, ingawa ilikataliwa na bunge la Republican, yalionyesha hisia za angalau wapiga kura mia moja na sabini na moja elfu ya Ohio. """ "Mwanamke huyo alisema: ""Ni chanzo cha kuridhika sana kwangu kujua kwamba hisia hizo ni za kawaida na za kihafidhina kama hizo." . . Hatua hiyo imepitishwa na idadi ndogo ya wabunge wa Bunge la Wawakilishi wa jimbo hilo. . . . """Ruhuma ya ujasiri waliyotoa ni, katika nyakati kama hizi, wakati hatari zinatutisha kutoka pande zote, inastahili pongezi kubwa na inapaswa kujibiwa kwa usahihi." "Bunge lilitenda mara moja kwa azimio la kukubali huruma ya watumaji na kufurahia nia yao ya kizalendo ""kuangalia kwa uaminifu na kuheshimu haki na taasisi za majimbo ya watumwa zilizohifadhiwa na Mkataba wa Shirikisho, na kukuza heshima hiyo kati ya majimbo ambayo ni muhimu kwa kuendelea kwa muda mrefu wa Umoja wa Mataifa.""" "Warubuni kwa kukataa kupitisha maazimio hayo, wanatoa ushahidi wa ziada wa nia ya uadui wa chama chao kwa taasisi za majimbo ya watumwa, ya kutojali kabisa kwa mahusiano ya udugu ambayo yanapaswa kuwepo kati ya raia wa serikali ya kawaida, na kupuuza kwa ujasiri wajibu mtakatifu wa Katiba ya Shirikisho, ambayo, ikiwa itaendelea, lazima ifikie mwisho wa kuondolewa kwa Muungano. """ Nakala ya hati hizo zote zimechapishwa katika Cleveland National Democrat, Machi 27, na Cincinnati Enquirer, Machi 31. "Hayo ni kwa sababu sheria iliyopitishwa na Harrison, iliyoitwa na wakali ""Harrison Servility Bill,"" ilifanya iwe kosa kwa mtu yeyote kuweka miguu au kutoa silaha kwa ajili ya mradi wowote wa kijeshi au safari dhidi ya eneo au watu wa jimbo lingine lolote, au kuwezesha watu wowote kwa nguvu kupinga utekelezaji wa sheria za jimbo lolote." Katika hoja yake ya sababu za kupitishwa kwa sheria hiyo, mwandishi wake alidai kwamba msimamo wa Ohio juu ya suala la utumwa ulikuwa umeleweka vibaya sana, na kwamba ilikuwa ni wajibu wa Bunge kuufanya wazi. Kupitishwa kwa muswada huu kwa roho inayofaa kutapendwa na watu wote wenye akili sawa kama tawi la mzeituni la amani; na baada ya kufanya kitendo hiki cha haki ya kuzuia, tunaweza kwa umoja zaidi na nguvu ya maadili kupinga majaribio yote ya uvamizi kutoka kwa sehemu nyingine yoyote. Baada ya mjadala fulani hatua hiyo ilipelekwa kwa kamati ndogo iliyoundwa na wahifadhi wawili na mmoja mkali. "Mwanamke wa kwanza wa Ohio, Monroe, aliandika katika ripoti yake ya kwanza ya mwaka wa 1968 kwamba ""katika hali ya utumwa, ni wakati wa kutosha kupitisha sheria kama hizo wakati wabunge wa majimbo ya kusini wanapaswa kuonyesha nia ya kurekebisha makosa ambayo yalikuwa yakisababishwa kwa watu na mali ya kila siku.""" "Ibid., App., p. 227. erty ya watu wa Ohio. Mjadala mkali ambao ulionyesha tofauti kubwa ya maoni kati ya Hifadhi na sehemu ya kusini ya jimbo, ulichukua wakati wa Baraza la Seneti kwa siku kadhaa, lakini watetezi pamoja na wanademokrasia hawakuwa na nguvu ya kutosha kuamuru wengi, na Februari 8 muswada ulicheleweshwa kwa muda usiojulikana kwa kura ya kumi na nane hadi kumi na tano. Siku chache baadaye ilitolewa katika Bunge, na baada ya majadiliano, hatua ilicheleweshwa siku ya mwisho ya kikao hadi Januari ijayo. Wakati wa kikao cha pili, msisimko ulikuwa umepita, na muswada ulipelekwa kwa kamati ya mahusiano ya shirikisho ambayo haikujulikana. Wakati huohuo wakati bunge lilipokuwa likipambana na tatizo hili, jambo jingine lilitokea. Owen Brown, mwana wa John Brown, na Francis Merriam walihukumiwa katika Charlestown, Virginia, kwa uhaini, mauaji na kuchochea watumwa kwa uasi, na wote wawili wakiwa katika Ohio wakati huo, ombi lilifanywa na Gavana Letcher juu ya mtendaji wa Ohio Februari 27 kwa ajili ya utoaji wao. Dennison alikataa kutoa amri za kukamatwa na kupelekwa kwa sababu hakuna kesi ya kutosha iliyowasilishwa dhidi yao. Sababu za hitimisho lake zilielezwa katika maoni ya mwanasheria mkuu wa jimbo hilo. "Kama hakuna sheria ya jimbo kuhusu suala la extradition, lazima Katiba ya Marekani na sheria ya 1793 kuwa mwongozo, na katika haya walikuwa na masharti matatu ambayo yalihusu kesi: (1) mtu lazima kuwa ameshtakiwa katika jimbo lingine kwa mashtaka au taarifa ya kiapo na utekelezaji wa ""mshtuko, uhalifu au uhalifu mwingine"" huko; (2) lazima awe amekimbia kutoka jimbo hilo ili kuepuka haki yake; na (3) de 1 Seneti Journal, i860, App." "Sehemu ya kwanza ya ""Sena ya Seneti"" inaonyesha kwamba ""Sena ya Seneti"" ni ""Sena ya Seneti"" na ""Sena ya Seneti"" ni ""Sena ya Seneti"" na ""Sena ya Seneti"" ni ""Sena ya Seneti.""" "House Journal, i860, ukurasa wa" 263 na 560. •Ibid., 1861, ukurasa wa 33. "Mali ya kuajiri, pamoja na nakala halisi ya hati ya mashtaka au taarifa ya kiapo, lazima iwe imetolewa na mamlaka ya mtendaji wa jimbo ambalo ndege ilitoka.""" "Mafikiro yalikuwa, kwa kuwa kukimbia halisi lazima kuthibitishwe na hakuna ushahidi wa hivyo ulikuwa umewekwa, kizuizi hiki kimoja kilikuwa cha kutosha kuonyesha kwamba kesi haikuhakikishia uhamisho. """ Gavana Letcher, katika kuwasilisha suala hilo kwa bunge lake, Machi 14, siku chache kabla ya azimio la Hutcheson kupelekwa, alidhihaki sababu za kukataa, na alitaja mfano wa ombi la Gavana wa Ohio juu yake ambalo lilikuwa sawa na fomu yake mwenyewe. "Alimalizia kwa kusema: ""Ikiwa hiyo ndiyo itakayokuwa sera ya nchi zisizo na utumwa, ni lazima tuchukue hatua za ulinzi dhidi ya ukatili huu mkubwa dhidi ya haki zetu, kama itakavyofaa kesi.""" Ni lazima tuchukue hatua za kulipiza kisasi, na hivyo kuwaonyesha kwamba tumeamua kupinga, kwa roho ya kuwa, kila uvamizi dhidi yetu na kila kukataa kufuata wajibu wa kikatiba na sheria zilizokusudiwa kutukinga. Vyombo vya habari vya chama cha Democratic vilimtaja Dennison kuwa chombo cha shule ya wanasiasa ya Oberlin. Cincinnati Enquirer ilisema kuwa kwa hatua ya gavana, alikuwa amefanya uvamizi juu ya katiba na sheria za nchi kuwa chini ya ulinzi na hatari zaidi kuliko ile ya John Brown mwenyewe. "Mkutano wa ""Sympathy"" ulifanyika katika nyumba ya Giddings huko Jefferson, Marekani." "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mapendekezo ya Serikali ya Marekani"" katika gazeti la Cincinnati Commercial, tarehe 14 Machi, 1886." Kumbuka. pia Ohio Statesman, Machi ι Ith. "Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 1980, gazeti la ""Ohio Statesman"" lilichapisha makala yenye kichwa ""Mungu Anafanya Nini?""" 'Editorial, Aprili 19. Hatchison alitoa azimio la kumwalika gavana kuwakilisha mbele ya baraza hilo hati za kesi hiyo, lakini hakuna hatua iliyopigwa juu yake. siku chache baada ya barua hii, ombi lilitoka kwa Gavana Magoffin wa Kentucky kwa ajili ya Lago, aliyeshtakiwa kwa uhalifu wa kumshawishi mtumwa kutoka kwa bwana wake na kumsaidia katika jaribio la kutoroka. "Dennis, katika kesi hii pia, alikataa kumkabidhi mtu huyo, na kutuma maoni ya Mwanasheria Mkuu wake ambayo alidai kwamba kesi zote zilikuwa katika fomu sahihi ikiwa kosa lililodaiwa linaweza kuchukuliwa kama "" uhaini, uhalifu au uhalifu mwingine "" lakini alisisitiza kwamba haikuwa kati ya makosa ambayo masharti ya kikatiba yalikusudiwa kufanya kazi." Haikuwa uhalifu kwa sheria ya kawaida kama ilivyokuwa wakati Katiba ilipopitishwa, wala haikuchukuliwa kama uhalifu na matumizi na sheria za mataifa ya ustaarabu. Kwa hiyo gavana hakuwa na mamlaka ya kutii ombi hilo. "Mtawala Magoffin alisema kuwa ""vitu vingi sasa ni uhalifu ambao haukuwa na sheria ya kawaida wakati Katiba ilipopitishwa, na kwamba kwa kuwa uhalifu wa kusaidia mtumwa kutoroka ulikuwa uhalifu huko Kentucky, ikiwa sio huko Ohio, kwa sababu ya sababu ya Gavana Dennison, sheria za jimbo moja zinaweza kufutwa na jingine.""" "Kuhusu maoni ya Mwanasheria Mkuu, Magoffin alisema kuwa mawazo kama hayo hayakuwa katika mtindo wakati Kentucky ilipokuja kusaidia Ohio dhidi ya wavamizi wa Uingereza, na kumkumbusha mtendaji wa Ohio juu ya hotuba yake iliyotolewa kwa sababu ya ziara ya Tennessee na Kentucky, ambapo alisema kwamba Ohio haikutaka mapendeleo maalum chini ya Katiba.""" 3 1 U. S. Katiba, Sanaa. iv, sehemu. (i) (i) (ii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) ( Juni 19. Baada ya kukataa kukubali ombi hilo, Gavana M. Goffin, kwa niaba ya jimbo lake, aliomba Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani kwa ajili ya hati ya mandamus kulazimisha kujisalimisha kwa mkimbizi. "Katika kutoa maoni ya mahakama juu ya ombi hili, Jaji Mkuu Taneya alidai kwamba neno ""uhalifu"" lilikuwa na lengo la kujumuisha kila kosa lililofanywa kuwa linahukumiwa na sheria za jimbo ambalo lilitendwa, na kwamba haki ya kikatiba ya kudai kukimbia ilimaanisha kutoa sawa bila kumbukumbu yoyote ya tabia ya uhalifu uliochukuliwa au wajibu wa sera au sheria za jimbo ambalo mkimbizi alikimbia." Lakini kwa kuwa wala Katiba wala sheria ya mwaka 1793 iliyotungwa kutekeleza masharti yake haikutoa njia yoyote ya kumlazimisha mtendaji wa serikali kufanya wajibu wake katika suala hili au kuteseka adhabu yoyote kwa sababu ya kutoangalia au kukataa kwake, wajibu huo lazima ufikie kuwa wa kimaadili tu. "Kwa hiyo, uamuzi huo ulikuwa kwamba ""kama Gavana wa Ohio anakataa kutimiza wajibu huu, hakuna mamlaka iliyopewa Serikali Kuu, ama kupitia Idara ya Mahakama au Idara nyingine yoyote, kutumia njia yoyote ya kulazimisha kumlazimisha.""" Kesi ya tatu ilitokea kuhusu mtu mmoja aitwaye Kennedy, ambaye aliwaiba weusi fulani huko Tennessee, akawachukua hadi Virginia, akawauza, kisha akakimbilia Ohio. Gavana wa Ohio alikataa tena kuidhinisha ombi hilo kwa sababu watumwa hawakuonwa kuwa mali ya Ohio, na hivyo kuiba kwao hakukuwa kosa la uhalifu. "Kwa hivyo, kwa kukataa kumtoa mtu kwa kosa ambalo halikuwa uhalifu katika Ohio, Gavana Dennison haingelinda tu wale ambao, kwa sababu ya imani yao katika ""sheria ya juu"" ya uhuru, walikuwa muhimu katika kusaidia "" (U.S. Supreme Court Reports, 24 Howard, p.66), ""aliyewasilishwa hadi Machi 1861." 7. (a) Kwa nini? (Infobox, ukurasa wa 69). Ohio State: Mei 31 "Kama vile ilivyokuwa kwa wakoloni, Ohio ilikuwa ""mahali pa kimbilio"" kwa wale ambao, kama Kennedy, walikuwa na nia ya uhalifu tu." Hisia za chama, ambazo tayari zilikuwa juu, ziliongezeka na hatua hii, na mistari ya chama ilichorwa kwa kasi zaidi sio tu kati ya vyama viwili, lakini pia kati ya wakali na waangalifu wa Chama cha Republican. Wenye msimamo mkali walitawala idara za utekelezaji na mahakama na tawi la juu la bunge, wakati wasimamizi wa kihafidhina waliweka usawa wa nguvu katika tawi la chini. Baraza la Bunge lilikuwa limesimamishwa wakati tu ombi la kwanza la extradition lilipotolewa, na kwa hivyo halikuchukua hatua yoyote juu ya jambo hilo, lakini katika siasa za mwaka huo suala hilo liliunganishwa kwenye mafundisho ya kikali. Mkutano wa kwanza wa chama cha Democratic wa mwaka wa 1960 ulifanyika Januari 5, ili kuchagua wajumbe wa mkusanyiko wa kitaifa. "Kama ilivyopitishwa, makubaliano hayo yalionyesha kukubaliana na ""Mkutano wa Cincinnati"" wa 1856, na kuunga mkono Douglas kwa urais, na kutangaza kwa Congress ""kutokuwa na uingiliaji katika suala la utumwa katika majimbo na maeneo,"" na wito wa kutekeleza sheria za kukomesha biashara ya watumwa wa Afrika na kutoa watumwa wakimbizi." Mkataba wa Douglas ulipitishwa na kaunti na kupitishwa na kura 142 dhidi ya 94, upinzani ukitoka hasa katika kaunti za kusini. Katika kamati ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo ya mapendekezo.