Review on Organic Farming vs. Convectional Farming System (Published)
Organic farming is a type of agriculture or farming which avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, and livestock feed additives. Organic standards are designed to allow the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substance. Organic farming is an important topic for society, so this paper shows some results arisen from a wider research on economic and environmental sustainability of organic farming. It focuses on organic and conventional farming comparison through different information and review. In this review, we examine the debate surrounding the role for organic agriculture in future food production systems. Typically represented as a binary organic and conventional question, this debate perpetuates an either/or mentality. We question this framing and examine the organic and conventional cropping systems comparisons. The review assesses current knowledge about how these cropping systems compare across a range of metrics related to for sustainability goals: productivity, environmental health, economic viability, and quality of life. We conclude by arguing for reframing the debate, recognizing that farming systems fall along gradients between three philosophical poles industrial, agrarian, and ecological and that different systems will be appropriate in different contexts. Regardless of evidence for lower yields in organic crop systems, we found considerable evidence for environmental and social benefits. Given these advantages, and the potential for improving organic systems, we come back calls for increased investment in organic and ecologically based farming systems research and extension.
Determinants of Agricultural Sustainability in Southeast Nigeria -The Climate Change Debacle (Published)
The renewed quest for sustainable economic development which is synonymous with sustainable agricultural development and hence agricultural sustainability impelled this study titled “Determinants of Agricultural Sustainability in Southeast Nigeria”. Southeast Nigeria is located within latitudes 5oN to 6o N of the equator and longitudes 6oE and 8oE of the Greenwich (prime) meridian (M.S corporation, 2009). Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a sample of 312 cassava based food crop farmers from whom data were collected using structured and validated questionnaire. Data bothering on the respondents’ socio-economic characteristics, the type, quantity, and sources of inputs used and output produced were collected. These were analysed with the use of descriptive statistical tools and ordinary least square multiple regression analytical tools. Result showed that factors such as farm size, annual income, household size, level of education, and climate change are significantly and inversely proportional to sustainability level of farmers, while labour cost was significantly but directly proportional to agricultural sustainability. It was concluded that, efforts should be made at both micro and macro levels of government to improve on the mitigation and adaptive strategies of climate change available to farmers by making such more affordable, available and user friendly through extension education on the appropriate uses of such technologies in a more sustainable manner.
Mazoezi ya kikaboni (Organic Farming vs Convectional Farming System) ni aina ya kilimo au kilimo ambacho kinaacha matumizi ya mbolea za synthetic, dawa za kuua wadudu, wafugaji wa ukuaji, na nyongeza za chakula cha mifugo. Viwango vya kikaboni vimeundwa kuruhusu matumizi ya vitu vya asili wakati wa kupiga marufuku au kupunguza sana vitu vya synthetic. Kwa kuwa kilimo cha kikaboni ni suala muhimu kwa jamii, karatasi hii inaonyesha matokeo fulani yaliyotokana na utafiti mkubwa juu ya uendelevu wa kiuchumi na mazingira wa kilimo cha kikaboni. Inazingatia kulinganisha kilimo cha kikaboni na cha kawaida kupitia habari tofauti na ukaguzi. Katika ukaguzi huu, tunachunguza mjadala unaozunguka jukumu la kilimo cha kikaboni katika mifumo ya baadaye ya uzalishaji wa chakula. Kwa kawaida kuwakilishwa kama swali binary kikaboni na kawaida, mjadala huu perpetuates ama-au akili. Tunashuku muundo huu na kuchunguza kulinganisha mifumo ya kilimo cha kikaboni na ya kawaida. Utafiti huo unachunguza maarifa ya sasa juu ya jinsi mifumo hii ya kilimo inavyolinganishwa katika safu ya vipimo vinavyohusiana na malengo ya uendelevu: uzalishaji, afya ya mazingira, ufanisi wa kiuchumi, na ubora wa maisha. "Tunahitimisha kwa kujadili kwa ajili ya kuunda upya mjadala, kutambua kwamba mifumo ya kilimo kuanguka pamoja gradients kati ya tatu falsafa makali: viwanda, kilimo, na ikolojia, na kwamba mifumo tofauti itakuwa sahihi katika muktadha tofauti. """ Kwa sababu ya matokeo ya chini ya mazao ya kikaboni, kuna ushahidi mkubwa wa faida za mazingira na kijamii. Kwa sababu ya faida hizi, na uwezekano wa kuboresha mifumo ya kikaboni, tunarudi kwa wito wa kuongezeka kwa uwekezaji katika utafiti na upanuzi wa mifumo ya kilimo ya kikaboni na ya ikolojia. "Kutokana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, ""Determinants of Agricultural Sustainability in Southeast Nigeria"" ni utafiti wa utafiti wa kilimo wa kusitawi na maendeleo ya kilimo ya kusitawi." Nigeria ya Kusini-Mashariki iko katika latitudes 5 ° N na 6 ° N ya ikweta na longitudes 6 ° E na 8 ° E ya Greenwich (prime) meridian (MS Corporation, 2009). Mfano wa hatua nyingi ulitumika kuchagua sampuli ya wakulima wa mazao ya chakula ya 312 ya cassava, ambao data zilikusanywa kwa kutumia maswali ya muundo na kuthibitishwa. Takwimu zinazosumbua juu ya sifa za kijamii na kiuchumi za waliohojiwa, aina, wingi, na vyanzo vya viingilio vilivyotumiwa na pato lililotengenezwa zilikusanywa. Hizi zilichambuliwa kwa kutumia zana za takwimu za ufafanuzi na zana za kawaida za uchambuzi wa kurudi nyuma kwa mraba mdogo zaidi. Matokeo ya utafiti huo yanaonyesha kuwa idadi ya wakulima, kipato cha kila mwaka, ukubwa wa familia, kiwango cha elimu na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa ni sawa na kiwango cha uendelevu wa wakulima, wakati gharama ya kazi ni sawa na uendelevu wa kilimo. """Ni muhimu kufanya juhudi katika ngazi zote mbili za serikali, ndogo na kubwa, kuboresha mikakati ya kupunguza na kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa kwa wakulima kwa kuifanya iwe rahisi zaidi, inapatikana na rahisi kwa watumiaji kupitia elimu ya upanuzi juu ya matumizi sahihi ya teknolojia hizo kwa njia ya kudumu."