- This article needs to have better references
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), also known, for short, as the Soviet Union, was the first socialist country in the modern era. It resulted from the 1917 revolution in Russia which turned that country into the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, or RSFSR. When in the RSFSR joined with neighbouring Byelorussia, Ukraine, and Transcaucasia, they became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Union. The Soviet Union lasted until 1991, when its constituent territories splintered and their economies became capitalist.
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- `Soviet Union' = Советский Союз, transliteration: Sovietsky Soyuz.
- `Union of Soviet Socialist Republics' (`USSR') = Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, transliteration: Soyuz Sovietskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik. (СССР, SSSR.)
The Soviet Union was socialist in the sense that the major means of production (factories, infrastructure, natural resources, etc.) were publicly rather than privately held. Its leaders claimed to be committed to advancing it toward becoming a highly egalitarian Marxist communist society.
Geographically, the Soviet Union stretched across most of Northern Eurasia, and was, at 22 million square kilometers, the world's largest country in terms of land area. In terms of population it was one of the largest. The territories of the Soviet Union were economically underdeveloped at the time of the revolution; but over the next three or four decades the Soviet Union became the world's second-most economically and militarily powerful country, next to the United States.
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It provided its entire population with high-quality free education and free health care, and had less wealth inequality and less class stratification than did the United States and other capitalist countries.
From its inception, the Soviet Union was regarded as an enemy by the leaders of the major capitalist powers such as the United States, Britain, Germany, and France. It was invaded by the United States and several other capitalist countries from to 1924, and by Germany from to 1945. It was forced into a nuclear arms race by the United States beginning in the late 1940s, which at times threatened to engulf the world in a technological holocaust. The rivalry between the two `superpowers', the Soviet Union and the United States, dominated much of world affairs for half a century.
Because it was the weaker of the two powers, and had to industrialise very quickly to defend itself, the Soviet Union could not offer its people consumer luxuries comparable to those in capitalist Western Europe and North America. It also experienced internal strains associated with the revolutionary transformation it was attempting. These strains notably included the conflict in the 1930s between the rich peasants, or `kulaks', and the central government, during which many kulaks were imprisoned or killed. Also, around the same time, the central government, fearing or alleging some combination of corruption, foreign espionage, and/or an internal plot to seize power - it is hard to sort this out - imprisoned a large number of people on political charges (although the rate of incarceration may never have been as high as it is in the present-day United States). Soviet citizens regarded the ideological output of their government with attitudes ranging from enthusiasm to resentment to bemusement.
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The Soviet Union was formally structured as a federation of different territories, or Republics. Each had the right to leave the union if it chose. The Russian Republic, being the largest, tended to dominate decision-making. There were three official sources of power: the Communist Party, and the legeslative and executive branches of government. The Commmunist Party (CPSU - Communist Party of the Soviet Union) was, as laid out in the country's Constitution, supposed to be `the leading and guiding force of the Soviet society', and `determines the general perspectives of the development of society and the course of the home and foreign policy of the USSR....' It maintained its control largely through its ability to appoint bureacrats and (along with trade unions, work collectives and some other public organisations) to nominate candidates for elections.
The legislative bodies were the Soviets of People's Deputies. The highest of these was the Supreme Soviet. It was elected every five years by universal adult secret-ballot vote. Its functions included enacting laws, amending the constitution, approving the economic and social plans, and approving the budget. The executive body changed its name over time; in the later years it was called the Council of Ministers. It was appointed by the Supreme Soviet, and was responsible for drafting the economic `five year plans', as well as directing social and foreign policy and performing the other duties normal to the ministers of a modern state.
After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Vladimir Lenin etablished a democratic system in Russia. A lot of reforms were gained, and he was supported by most of the population. The state was known as the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic. Soviets were councils where ordinary workers discussed how Russia should be ruled. The countries Finland, Poland and Ukraine were made independent from Russia, though Ukraine merged with Russia already in 1919. In December 1922, the Soviet Union was created after the Russian, Byelorussian, Ukrainian and Transcausian Soviet Republics merged. Under Stalin, it was extended.
The Soviet Union had free education and healthcare, and had very low unemployment. The Soviet Union became one of the most powerful nations as a result of the five year plans instituted by Josef Stalin, and became a major industrial power. During the Second World War the Soviet Union played a major role and was responsible for most of the German defeats in the Wehrmacht and S.S on the Eastern Front, liberating many countries from nazi tyranny and saved many Jews from concentration camps.
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In 1924, Lenin died. This resulted in disagreements between different people. Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin was the strongest of them. Stalin became General Secretary in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union already in 1922, and Lenin tried to remove him from this. Lenin failed and in 1927, Trotsky had to escape from the USSR after he had to admit that Stalin had won this fight.
Though some label Stalin's rule as authoritarian, he also industrialized the country and played an important role in The Allies victory in the Second World War, etablished socialist governments in Eastern Europe and several other things. Because of the victory in the World War, the industrialization of the USSR, the stablishment of socialist governments in Eastern Europe and the expanding of the Soviet Union, he's still popular among the population.
After the Second World War the U.S.S.R became a major superpower and then had the Cold War with the U.S. The Soviet influence became powerful which resulted in successful revolutions like China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam and others, which the U.S tried to turn back to Capitalism, but failed in most of them. The Soviet Union prospered during the 1970's which the economy was bigger than the U.S and people had a higher life expectancy.
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After Stalin's death in 1953, the new leaders started a "de-Stalinization" campaign, and Nikita Khrushchev is famous for his "secret speech" in the United Nations in 1956, where he critisized Stalin for democide. Though it was meant to be a secret speech, it was soon revealed. Though Khrushchev became very popular in the USSR, he was unclever in agricultural politics. Of that reason, he was replaced with Leonid Brezhnev in 1964. Though Brezhnev was often described to be authoritarian in the West, he was a strong man and was much better than Khrushchev in agricultural policies. Under Brezhnev, the USSR had less scandals in foreign policies. He died in 1982.
During the late 70's and the 80's the Soviet Union stagnated, and coupled with an costly gurellia war in Afghanistan began to decline.
In the early 1990's Gorbachev attempted to reform the U.S.S.R in a attempt to make it "more democratic"[CPOV issue]. This resulted in economic collapse, high mortality rates, and macrocapitalism. He's often critsized for destroying the USSR.
Many Western Propaganda criticized communism by making people in the West think that the Soviet Union was a horrible country, even today many people still think that way about it.Belarus and especially Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have become brutal capitalist dictatorships under the new regimes.
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Leaders of the Soviet Union
List of the de facto leaders of the USSR:
- Vladimir Lenin (1922-1924) (in Russia since 1917)
- Joseph Stalin (1924/1927-1953)
- Georgy Malenkov (1953)
- Nikita Khrushchev (1953-1964)
- Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982)
- Yuri Andropov (1982-1984)
- Konstantin Chernenko (1984-1985)
- Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)
The Soviet Union achieved very strong growth in economic output. For example, as the graph below shows, over the period of the Soviet Union's existence, 1917-1991, her gdp per capita grew faster than did that of the United States. This is despite the fact that twice during that period, the USSR endured episodes of horrendous wartime destruction. The first of these was the Foreign Intervention and Civil War (and foreign economic embargo), which began in late and for the most part ended in 1922, although there was still some minor conflict after that. It resulted in famine and great economic destruction, reflected in a 40 percent drop in per capita GDP from 1917-22. The second cataclysm was the Nazi invasion of the early 1940s during which the Western part of the country was razed. If one omits these periods of economic loss, which can not reasonably be blamed on her socialist mode of production, the USSR's rate of per capita GDP growth is even more impressive. Indeed, few if any large countries have ever had sustained economic growth rates as high as the USSR's during her peacetime periods.
On a less cheerful note, the graph also shows the slowdown of the USSR's GDP growth during the 1980s, which was one of the main things that prompted the Soviet leadership to undertake the risky process of reform which got out of their control and led to the debacle. Given the present environmental situation, in which homo sapiens' ecological footprint is now one and a half times as large as the entire bioproductive area of planet Earth, low GDP growth rates may not be a bad thing. But being in miltary, ideological, and economic competitiion with the large, expansive, capitalist powers of the West, the USSR could probably not have afforded to take a low-growth route, even if her leaders had understood its desirability. After the restoration of capitalism in 1991, the territories of the former USSR entered serious economic decline, the first few years of which can be seen in the graph, which ends in 1994.
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The following graph is similar to the one above but shows more countries and a somewhat longer period. Sorry if it is a bit cluttered.
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- Northern Star
- Constitution of the U.S.S.R. (1977), Chapter 8, Article 70.
- Constitution of the U.S.S.R. (1977), Chapter 8, Article 72.
- Chapter 1, Article 6
- Constitution of the U.S.S.R. (1977), Chapter 13, Article 100: `The following shall have the right to nominate candidates: branches and organisations of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, trade unions, and the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League; co-operatives and other public organisations; work collectives, and meetings of servicemen in their military units.'
- Constitution of the U.S.S.R. (1977), Chapters 12-15.
- Constitution of the U.S.S.R. (1977), Chapter 16.
- Lenin's Testament#Contents of Lenin's Last Testaments Lenin's Testament - Wikipedia;
Stalin Removes Zinoviev: 1926;
NY Times book review, louriet: Toward the end of his life, Lenin sought Stalin's removal as General Secretary of the Communist Party, ...
- Russia: Economic Conditions in Mid-1996. Library of Congress. URL accessed on 4 March.
- Global Footprinting Network, Atlas
- Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Adopted at the Seventh (Special) Session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Ninth Convocation, on October 7, 1977. Novosti Press Publishing House, Moscow, 1985. da:Sovjetunionen
"Mashirika ya Sovieti ya Kisoshalisti (USSR) - ""Umoja wa Jamhuri za Kisoshalisti za Sovieti"" (USSR) - ni nchi ya kwanza ya kisoshalisti katika enzi ya kisasa." Mapinduzi ya 1917 nchini Urusi yalifanya nchi hiyo kuwa Jamhuri ya Urusi ya Kisoshalisti ya Muungano wa Sovieti, au RSFSR. Baada ya kuungana na nchi jirani za Urusi, Belarus, Ukraine na Transcaucasia, Urusi ikawa Jumuiya ya Jamhuri za Kisoshalisti za Sovieti (USSR). Muungano wa Sovieti ulidumu hadi mwaka 1991 wakati maeneo yake yalipogawanyika na uchumi wao ukawa wa kibepari. "Kificho cha ""Soviet Union"" ni ""Soviet Union"" (Soviet Union) na ""Soviet Union"" (Soviet Union) ni ""Soviet Union"" (Soviet Union)." - 'Union of Soviet Socialist Republics' (USSR) = Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, transliteration: Soyuz Sovietskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik. (Soviet Union, USSR) Muungano wa Sovieti ulikuwa wa kisoshalisti kwa maana kwamba njia kuu za uzalishaji (viwanda, miundombinu, rasilimali za asili, nk.) Ilikuwa ni ya umma badala ya binafsi. Viongozi wake walidai kuwa wamejitolea kuendeleza jamii hiyo ili iwe jamii ya kikomunisti ya Marxist yenye usawa sana. Kwa ujumla, Urusi ilikuwa na eneo la kilomita 22 milioni za mraba, na ilikuwa nchi kubwa zaidi duniani kwa eneo la ardhi. Kwa habari ya idadi ya watu, ilikuwa mojawapo ya miji mikubwa zaidi. Wakati wa mapinduzi, nchi za Muungano wa Sovieti hazikuwa na maendeleo ya kiuchumi, lakini katika miongo mitatu au minne iliyofuata, Muungano wa Sovieti ukawa nchi ya pili kwa nguvu za kiuchumi na kijeshi duniani, baada ya Marekani. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, nchi hiyo ilitoa elimu ya bure ya hali ya juu na huduma za afya kwa watu wote, na ilikuwa na usawa mdogo wa utajiri na mgawanyiko mdogo wa tabaka kuliko Marekani na nchi nyingine za ubepari. """ Tangu kuanzishwa kwake, Muungano wa Sovieti ulionwa kuwa adui na viongozi wa mataifa makubwa ya ubepari kama vile Marekani, Uingereza, Ujerumani, na Ufaransa. Uturuki ilivamiwa na Marekani na nchi nyingine kadhaa za ubepari kuanzia mwaka 1924 hadi 1945 na Ujerumani kuanzia mwaka 1945 hadi 1945. Marekani ililazimishwa kuingia katika mbio za silaha za nyuklia kuanzia mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1940 na wakati mwingine kutishia kuingiza dunia katika maangamizi ya kiteknolojia. Ushindani kati ya "madaraka makubwa" mawili, Muungano wa Sovieti na Marekani, ulitawala mambo mengi ya ulimwengu kwa nusu karne. Kwa kuwa ilikuwa nchi dhaifu zaidi kati ya mataifa mawili, na ililazimika kuendeleza viwanda haraka ili kujilinda, Muungano wa Sovieti haukuweza kuwapa watu wake vitu vya anasa vya matumizi vinavyoweza kulinganishwa na vile vilivyokuwa katika Ulaya Magharibi na Amerika Kaskazini. Pia ilipata matatizo ya ndani yanayohusiana na badiliko la mapinduzi ambalo ilikuwa ikijaribu kufanya. Katika miaka ya 1930 na 1920, kulikuwa na vita kati ya wakulima matajiri na serikali kuu, na kulaks wengi walifungwa au kuuawa. Pia, karibu wakati huo huo, serikali kuu, ikitisha au kudai mchanganyiko wa ufisadi, ujasusi wa kigeni, na au njama ya ndani ya kuchukua mamlaka - ni vigumu kutatua hii - ilifunga idadi kubwa ya watu kwa mashtaka ya kisiasa (ingawa kiwango cha kifungo hakikuwa na juu kama ilivyo katika Marekani ya leo). Raia wa Sovieti waliona matokeo ya kiitikadi ya serikali yao kwa mitazamo inayotoka kwa shauku hadi chuki hadi kuchanganyikiwa. "Kifungu cha 127, ""Umoja wa Sovieti"" ni muungano wa jamhuri mbalimbali." Kila mmoja alikuwa na haki ya kuondoka katika muungano huo ikiwa angependa. Jamhuri ya Urusi, ikiwa kubwa zaidi, ilikuwa na mwelekeo wa kutawala utoaji wa maamuzi. Kulikuwa na vyanzo vitatu rasmi vya mamlaka: Chama cha Kikomunisti, na matawi ya kisheria na ya utekelezaji ya serikali. Chama cha Kikomunisti (CPSU - Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Muungano wa Sovieti) kilikuwa, kama ilivyoelezwa katika Katiba ya nchi, inapaswa kuwa 'nguvu inayoongoza na inayoongoza ya jamii ya Sovieti', na 'huamua matarajio ya jumla ya maendeleo ya jamii na mwelekeo wa sera ya ndani na nje ya USSR...' Ilihifadhi udhibiti wake kwa kiasi kikubwa kupitia uwezo wake wa kuteua bureaucrats na (pamoja na vyama vya wafanyakazi, makundi ya kazi na mashirika mengine ya umma). Majeshi ya kisheria yalikuwa Soviets of People's Deputies. Baraza la Juu la Sovieti lilikuwa la juu zaidi kati ya hayo. Ilichaguliwa kila baada ya miaka mitano kwa kura ya siri ya watu wazima. Kazi zake zilitia ndani kutunga sheria, kurekebisha katiba, kuidhinisha mipango ya kiuchumi na kijamii, na kuidhinisha bajeti. Mwili wa mtendaji ulibadilisha jina lake kwa muda; katika miaka ya baadaye uliitwa Baraza la Mawaziri. Baraza hilo liliteuliwa na Baraza Kuu la Sovieti na lilikuwa na jukumu la kuandaa mipango ya kiuchumi ya miaka mitano, kuongoza sera za kijamii na za kigeni na kutekeleza majukumu mengine ya kawaida kwa mawaziri wa serikali ya kisasa. Baada ya mapinduzi ya Urusi ya mwaka 1917, Vladimir Lenin alianzisha mfumo wa kidemokrasia nchini Urusi. Marekebisho mengi yalipatikana, na aliungwa mkono na idadi kubwa ya watu. Jimbo hilo liliitwa Jamhuri ya Sovieti ya Urusi. Soviets zilikuwa halmashauri ambapo wafanyakazi wa kawaida walijadili jinsi Urusi inapaswa kutawaliwa. Finland, Poland na Ukraine zilijitenga na Urusi mwaka 1919. Muungano wa Sovieti ulianzishwa mnamo Desemba 1922 baada ya Urusi, Belarus, Ukraine na Transcaucasia kuungana. Chini ya utawala wa Stalin, ilipanuliwa. Muungano wa Sovieti ulikuwa na elimu na huduma za afya za bure, na ulikuwa na ukosefu wa kazi ya kuajiriwa wa chini sana. Muungano wa Sovieti ulikuwa mojawapo ya mataifa yenye nguvu zaidi kwa sababu ya mipango ya miaka mitano iliyoanzishwa na Josef Stalin, na ukawa nguvu kubwa ya viwanda. Wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia, Muungano wa Sovieti ulicheza jukumu kubwa na ulihusika na kushindwa kwa Ujerumani katika Wehrmacht na SS katika Mstari wa Mashariki, ukikomboa nchi nyingi kutoka kwa udhalimu wa Nazi na kuokoa Wayahudi wengi kutoka kambi za mateso. "Kificho cha ""Kosa"" ni kwamba Lenin alikufa mwaka 1924." Hilo lilisababisha kutoelewana kati ya watu mbalimbali. Leo Trotsky na Joseph Stalin walikuwa wenye nguvu zaidi kati yao. Stalin alikuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Sovieti tangu mwaka 1922 na Lenin alijaribu kumfukuza. Lenin alishindwa na Trotsky alilazimika kutoroka Urusi mwaka 1927 baada ya kukubali kwamba Stalin alikuwa ameshinda vita hivyo. Ingawa baadhi ya watu wanamtaja Stalin kama mtawala, pia alisababisha maendeleo ya viwanda nchini humo na alicheza jukumu muhimu katika ushindi wa Muungano katika Vita vya Pili vya Ulimwengu, kuanzisha serikali za kisoshalisti katika Ulaya Mashariki na mambo mengine kadhaa. Baada ya ushindi wa Vita Kuu ya Dunia, maendeleo ya viwanda katika Urusi, kuanzishwa kwa serikali za kisoshalisti katika Ulaya ya Mashariki na kupanuka kwa Muungano wa Sovieti, bado ni maarufu miongoni mwa watu. Baada ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia, Urusi ilikuwa na nguvu kubwa ya kijeshi, na baadaye ilikuwa na Vita Baridi na Marekani. Uongozi wa Urusi ulisababisha mapinduzi makubwa kama vile yale ya China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam na mengineyo ambayo Marekani ilijaribu kuirudisha kwenye Ubepari lakini ilishindwa katika mapinduzi hayo. Muungano wa Sovieti ulijitokeza katika miaka ya 1970, wakati uchumi wake ulikuwa mkubwa kuliko wa Marekani na watu walikuwa na muda mrefu wa kuishi. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, baada ya kifo cha Stalin, kiongozi wa zamani wa Urusi, Nikita Khrushchev, alishutumu Stalin kwa ""kuua demokrasia.""" Ingawa ilikusudiwa kuwa hotuba ya siri, upesi ilifunuliwa. Ingawa Khrushchev alipata umaarufu mkubwa katika Muungano wa Sovieti, hakuwa na ustadi katika siasa za kilimo. Mwaka 1964 alibadilishwa na Leonid Brezhnev. Ingawa Brezhnev aliitwa mara nyingi kuwa mwenye mamlaka katika Magharibi, alikuwa mtu mwenye nguvu na alikuwa bora zaidi kuliko Khrushchev katika sera za kilimo. Chini ya utawala wa Brezhnev, USSR ilikuwa na kashfa chache katika sera za kigeni. Alikufa mwaka wa 1982. Katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980, Urusi ilishindwa na vita vya kuruka kwa ndege vya Marekani na Afghanistan. Gorbachev aliamua kuanzisha chama cha siasa cha U.S.S.R. ili kuifanya nchi hiyo iwe na demokrasia zaidi. Hilo lilisababisha kuanguka kwa uchumi, viwango vya juu vya vifo, na ubepari mkubwa. Mara nyingi anakosolewa kwa kuharibu USSR. "Kama propaganda ya Magharibi ilivyosema, ""Ukomunisti ni wa kikatili"" na ""Umoja wa Sovieti ni nchi mbaya,"" watu wengi bado wanafikiria hivyo, na Belarus na hasa Turkmenistan na Uzbekistan zimekuwa dikteta za kibabe chini ya utawala mpya." "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika orodha ya viongozi wa Sovieti, Vladimir Lenin (1922-1927), Joseph Stalin (1924-1927-1953) na Nikolai Khrushchev (1924-1924), na Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1922), na Konstantin Chernenko (1984-1985) na Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991) walikuwa viongozi wa Sovieti.""" Kwa mfano, kama grafu iliyo hapa chini inavyoonyesha, katika kipindi cha kuwepo kwa Muungano wa Sovieti, 1917-1991, Pato la Taifa kwa Kila Mtu lilikua kwa kasi kuliko la Marekani. Hii ni licha ya ukweli kwamba mara mbili katika kipindi hicho, USSR ilivumilia vipindi vya uharibifu wa vita vya kutisha. Vita vya kwanza kati ya nchi hizo mbili vilikuwa Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe (Foreign Intervention and Civil War) na Vita vya Uhamiaji (Foreign Economic Embargo) vilivyoanza mwishoni mwa mwaka wa 1922 na kumalizika mwaka wa 1922, ingawa kulikuwa na mapigano madogo baada ya hapo. Mshuko huo ulisababisha njaa na uharibifu mkubwa wa kiuchumi, ulioonyeshwa katika kupungua kwa asilimia 40 ya Pato la Taifa kwa kila mtu kutoka 1917 hadi 1922. Mshtuko wa pili ulikuwa uvamizi wa Nazi wa mapema miaka ya 1940 wakati ambao sehemu ya magharibi ya nchi iliharibiwa. Ikiwa mtu atapuuza vipindi hivi vya hasara za kiuchumi, ambavyo kwa sababu nzuri haviwezi kupewa hatia kwa njia yake ya uzalishaji wa kisoshalisti, kiwango cha USSR cha ukuaji wa Pato la Taifa kwa kila mtu ni hata zaidi ya kuvutia. Kwa kweli, ni nchi chache kubwa ambazo zimewahi kuwa na viwango vya ukuaji wa kiuchumi vya juu kama vile vya USSR wakati wa nyakati zake za amani. Kwa upande mwingine, grafu hiyo inaonyesha pia kupungua kwa ukuaji wa Pato la Taifa la USSR wakati wa miaka ya 1980, ambayo ilikuwa moja ya mambo makuu ambayo yalichochea uongozi wa Sovieti kufanya mchakato hatari wa mageuzi ambayo iliondoka nje ya udhibiti wao na kusababisha debacle. Kwa kuzingatia hali ya sasa ya mazingira, ambapo alama ya ikolojia ya Homo Sapiens sasa ni mara moja na nusu kubwa kuliko eneo lote la uzalishaji wa kibiolojia la sayari ya Dunia, viwango vya chini vya ukuaji wa Pato la Taifa vinaweza kuwa sio kitu kibaya. Lakini kwa kuwa katika ushindani wa kijeshi, kiitikadi, na kiuchumi na nguvu kubwa, za kupanua, za ubepari za Magharibi, Urusi ya Sovieti labda haingeweza kuchukua njia ya ukuaji wa chini, hata kama viongozi wake wangelielewa kutamaniwa kwake. Baada ya kurudishwa kwa ubepari mwaka 1991, maeneo ya zamani ya USSR yaliingia katika kushuka kwa uchumi, miaka michache ya kwanza ambayo inaweza kuonekana katika grafu, ambayo inaisha mwaka 1994. "Kodi ya makosa: 127 ""Grafu ifuatayo ni sawa na ile ya juu lakini inaonyesha nchi zaidi na kipindi kirefu zaidi." Samahani kama ni kidogo cluttered. "Kifungu cha 7 cha ""Nyota ya Kaskazini"" cha Katiba ya USSR (1977), sura ya 8 na kifungu cha 70" - Katiba ya USSR (1977), Sura ya 8, Kifungu cha 72. "Katika Katiba ya USSR ya mwaka 1977 (chapisho la 13), kifungu cha 100 kinasema: ""Wana haki ya kuteua wagombea: matawi na mashirika ya Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Umoja wa Sovieti, vyama vya wafanyakazi, na Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Vijana cha Lenin; vyama vya ushirika na mashirika mengine ya umma; makundi ya kazi, na mikutano ya askari katika vitengo vyao vya kijeshi.""" - Katiba ya USSR (1977), Sura ya 12-15. - Katiba ya USSR (1977), Sura ya 16. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu chake cha ""Lenin's Last Testament"" (Kutoka kwa Lenin: ""Tafsiri ya Lenin: Stalin Aondoa Zinoviev: 1926,"" na ""Kutoka kwa Stalin: Mtazamo wa Kiuchumi wa Urusi katika Miaka ya Kati ya 1960"")." Maktaba ya Bunge. URL ya ukurasa wa 4 ya Machi - Mtandao wa Global Footprinting, Atlas - Katiba (Sheria ya Msingi) ya Muungano wa Jamhuri za Kisoshalisti za Sovieti. Mkataba huo ulikubaliwa na Baraza Kuu la Sovieti ya Urusi (Sovieti ya Juu ya USSR) katika kikao cha saba cha Oktoba 7, 1977. Novosti Press Publishing House, Moscow, 1985. da:Sovjetunionen