Moravian Church Settlements (Germany)
Permanent Delegation of Germany to UNESCO
Free State of Saxony
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
United States of America
Moravian Church Settlements
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Moravian Church Settlements is a proposed transnational extension of Christiansfeld, a Moravian Church Settlement (Denmark) founded in southern Jutland 1773 as a colony of the Moravian Church, a Protestant denomination in the free church tradition centred in Herrnhut, Saxony. The serial extension comprises three component parts: Herrnhut (Germany), the ‘mother’ or ‘founding town’ of the Renewed Moravian Church, established in 1722 in Saxony and which emerged in step with the evolution of Moravian theology and societal ideals, defining the principles of all Moravian Church settlements; Historic Moravian Bethlehem (USA) founded in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1741, highlighting the most prolific settlement building decade and its early transatlantic dimension, and adding the cultural dimension of the Moravians’ outreach to Native Americans; and Gracehill (UK) founded in Northern Ireland in 1759, representing the importance of the Moravian Church in the UK and representative of a series of ‘ideal’ urban plans, and one which illustrates a remarkable axis of gender symmetry.
The series brings with it additional attributes of the phenomenon of eighteenth-century Moravian cultural tradition and its spiritual ideals and social order expressed in urban planning and architecture. This includes the layout and characteristics of the original Moravian Church settlement where the Renewed Moravian Church began, representative variations in urban plans, additional buildings that are representative of the development of specific building types and functions, together with the temporal sequence of transnational settlement building, and the distinctiveness of geographical and cultural reach reflected in regional contributions in architectural style and local construction materials. Additional intangible values include organisational attributes and linkages with other settlements and mission stations which also highlight the remarkable mobility of Church members and reinforce the concept of network. The series represents the unprecedented international network of ideal settlements that were planned and constructed in Europe and North America by the Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum). No other denomination built in such a systematic and comprehensive fashion.
The systematically developed settlements and their urban plan reflect the Moravian Church’s communal organisational structure, economic practice, educational and cultural activities. Attributes are manifest in original urban layouts, including open and green spaces, and distinctive architecture including essential elements such as the Gemeinhaus (congregation building), Saal (sanctuary), God’s Acre (Gottesacker, cemetery), Choir Houses (houses for communal living according to age, gender, and marital status), industrial and other buildings that were planned as part of such characteristic settlements, worldwide.
Each settlement presents a significant group of buildings oriented along streets, based on a grid-pattern and commonly involving a central square. Varied urban layouts of the prototypical Moravian Church settlement model are represented, together with a range of innovative and architecturally cohesive buildings and spaces developed to serve religious and social practices of the Renewed Moravian Church.
Moravian Church Settlements express Moravian Church theology and practice, where great emphasis was placed on the unity of spiritual matters and secular life. Although some Moravian Church values and traditions have changed over the past 300 years, underlying cultural values continue to be sustained by the presence of local living congregations and the worldwide network of the Moravian Unity.
Name(s) of the component part(s)
Free State of Saxony
N51 58 E14 44
Description of the component part(s)
Herrnhut is located in Upper Lusatia, in the Free State of Saxony, around 70 km east of Dresden, Germany. Herrnhut was the ‘founding town’ of the Renewed Moravian Church in 1722 and emerged in step with the evolution of Moravian Church theology and societal ideals which defined the principles of Moravian Church settlements. Sited strategically on a long-distance road in the 1720s, the historic town centre is oriented in a characteristic grid that is parallel to this road and centred on an elongated square. This is connected by a perpendicular avenue (Berthelsdorf Allée) running 1.5 km to the northeast to the former manorial estate of Berthelsdorf. The prototype Moravian God’s Acre lies on the southern slope of the Hutberg hill, offset to the north between Herrnhut and Berthelsdorf, and forms the third sector of this single component part.
Berthelsdorf Manor is in the northeast and was the country seat of Count Zinzendorf, progenitor of the Renewed Moravian Church, and from where he and his closest followers organised and administered the process of establishment of the Moravian Church, and of building Herrnhut as the first settlement. Berthelsdorf illustrates the prototype of Zinzendorf’s eighteenth-century Moravian Church Civic Baroque and comprises a quadrangular ensemble of manor house and economic buildings, together with adjacent brewery and distillery. Successive Moravian administrative buildings date from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and highlight the historic administrative role of Berthelsdorf.
An oblique but straight allée links the town centre via Comenius Street with the rectilinear but correspondingly laid out plot of God’s Acre (1730). It is characterised by rows of simple flat gravestones in chronological order, with separate fields for men and women, manifesting the principles of equality and gender symmetry. This was a profoundly influential design, as all subsequent Moravian Church cemeteries are constructed on the same principle.
In the town centre, key substantial buildings cluster near the main road and central elongated square (Zinzendorf Square), their long facades facing streets and their plan forms dominated by rectilinearity and right-angled wings. Key buildings include: the Saal (1756/57), which provided a model for other settlements including Gracehill and Christiansfeld; Widow’s House, an example of choir houses which were first developed in Herrnhut; several administration buildings including the ‘Vogtshof’, the Zinzendorf House, and the Unity Archives; the Boys’ School building, highlighting the significance of Moravian education, first introduced in Herrnhut in 1724; and industrial buildings such as the Dürninger manufacturing and wholesale complex. Most display a predominantly rendered and pastel-painted ‘Moravian Church Civic Baroque’ style with red-tiled mansard roofs. They are richly accompanied by park-like green spaces, formal and informal gardens, with woodland in the south. Herrnhut has a stock of garden houses and pavilions, a tradition that was transferred to other settlements such as Christiansfeld.
Herrnhut is the historic and spiritual source of the Renewed Moravian Church and is unique in the series as it manifests the primal community organisational structure of the Church that was developed first in Herrnhut. With the international expansion of the Moravian Church, the model of the Herrnhut settlement was transferred and replicated throughout Europe and North America in no less than 27 additional Moravian Church settlements founded between 1738 and 1807. Systematically planned developments were supported by the church leadership’s centralised and sophisticated administration in architectural design and construction, unique in a global context at that time. Herrnhut remained pivotal in the organisation, coordination, and centralised leadership of the worldwide Moravian Church, well into the second half of the nineteenth century. Herrnhut retains an active congregation and a number of the original intangibles such as liturgical forms, music, and the Unity Archive.
Historic Moravian Bethlehem
Historic Moravian Bethlehem is located in Northampton County in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, around 100 km north of Philadelphia, USA. It lies at the confluence of the Lehigh River and Monocacy Creek and dates from the early 1740s, the joint second oldest permanent Moravian Church settlement (along with Niesky) after Herrnhut. Urban layout is not like the ideal plans of European continental congregational settlements laid out on relatively flat land, as in Christiansfeld. Instead, it is an example of a plan modified and adapted to suit the constraints of local topography and resources, a common characteristic of Moravian Church settlements. Bethlehem illustrates special attention to functional differentiation: communal residential buildings are located on an east-west limestone bluff overlooking the river to the south, God’s Acre is set apart to the north, and an industrial quarter nestles in the valley of the Monocacy Creek to the west. Historic Moravian Bethlehem contains one of the most important ensembles of early Moravian Church buildings, including the only settlement in the series with an extant Gemeinhaus.
The settlement is centred on an east-west closely linked ensemble of key Moravian Church buildings which face West Church Street that runs along the bluff parallel to the Lehigh River in the south. Central to these is the oldest building in Bethlehem, the log built Gemeinhaus, constructed 1741-43 as a multi-functional Moravian Church community house. It is the oldest surviving, anywhere, of this highly significant building type. It is also one of the largest log buildings remaining in the US from that period, a rare construction that is representative of what was initially a common construction form in Moravian Bethlehem, soon succeeded by stone. Its associated buildings in exposed rubble limestone with mansard roofs and double attics, include all types of choir houses (brethren’s, sisters’, and widows’ houses) built 1744-72, and the Bell House built 1745-46 as a refectory and living quarters for married couples (enlarged 1748-49). The Second Single Brethren’s House, built in 1748 at the end of West Church Street on the axis of Main Street, is the most impressive example of eighteenth-century Moravian Church Civic Baroque in the US (today it is part of Moravian University). Bethlehem’s God’s Acre (1742, consecrated by Zinzendorf) is very well preserved as the oldest perpetually maintained cemetery in the US and covers three acres with over 2,700 burials. Its gravestones, placed in the traditional manner in simple rows, document the diversity of the early Bethlehem congregation, including members of Native American peoples and individuals from mission stations around the world.
In terms of architectural style, Moravian Church Civic Baroque is apparent in most eighteenth-century buildings. They are distinguished by symmetrical façades and gables, multiple floors including basements and upper and lower attics, rows of small windows with shutters, gambrel roofs with dormers, and a range of fittings from herringbone doors to Moravian Church-style wooden staircases. Building materials are overwhelmingly characterised by grey-coloured field limestone, now rare log and brick (walls), brick window arches, clay-brick tiles, slate shingles and tiles, and cedar shakes (roofing).
Bethlehem is also significant in highlighting the importance of Moravian Church technology and manufacturing, its industrial quarter including a pioneering water-pumping station (1762, the first pumped municipal water system in North America), and the tannery (1761, in classic Moravian Church architecture) which represents the most important industry of the frontier community.
Bethlehem was the first permanent Moravian Church settlement in the North American continent and became the preeminent religious and administrative centre of Moravian Church activity in North America. Bethlehem exerted a profound influence on the subsequent development and expansion of the Moravian Church in North America and mission stations in the Caribbean. The buildings ensemble on West Church Street, the cemetery and the Industrial Quarter together form an exceptional example of early urban planning in North America. Historic Moravian Bethlehem is the most complete Moravian Church Settlement in the US and contains the largest concentration of vernacular German architecture in the country.
Bethlehem is part of the Moravian Unity’s Northern Province of North America and retains an active congregation. Moravian Church heritage is further reflected in continued property ownership by the Bethlehem Area Moravians together with the Moravian University which has its roots in 1742.
Gracehill is located 3km from Ballymena in Mid-County Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK. This planned Moravian Church Settlement was founded in 1759 and as one of the four larger settlements in the British Isles is the only one in the British Moravian Province designed on a traditional continental model grid plan with central square. Gracehill is part of a series of geometrically similar ‘ideal’ urban plans which include Herrnhaag (1738, Hesse, Germany), Gnadenberg (1743, Lower Silesia, Poland), Gnadau (1767, Saxony, Germany), Christiansfeld (1773, Denmark) and ultimately Königsfeld 1807, Baden-Württemberg, Germany).
The principal ensemble of key Moravian buildings is clustered around the central green square. A distinctive long-axis of the settlement is oriented northeast-southwest on the topography of a gentle slope towards the River Maine. The corresponding grid axis forming the square is principally a two-road design of Church Road and Cennick Road, together with the principal right-angled internal links of Academy Street and Montgomery Street. God’s Acre (1761) is notably integrated into the overall design as a long and narrow western section on the summit of the rising ground of a low hill behind the church (‘Long Mountain’). The church dominates the ensemble and overlooks the park-like square and an exceptional designed vista to the River Maine via the open eastern side of the square, a key view still appreciated today.
The main axis of the settlement significantly scribes a perfect straight line which forms a gender axis of symmetry in the urban plan: from the centre of the western end of God’s Acre, bisecting the male and female sides of the burial ground and the Brothers’ and Sisters’ walks, bisecting the church (1765) lying longways in the centre of one side of the square and its opposing choirs of brothers and sisters, and by their flanking choir houses (Sisters’ House, 1765, and Brothers’ House, 1767), through the central pond in the square, and ultimately in alignment with an ancient Irish fort and the Jacobean Galgorm Castle, a total distance of around 1 km.
An exceptional ensemble of original buildings is preserved, mostly directly fronting the streets in characteristic Moravian Church style, with space for work yards, gardens, or orchards behind. One and two-storey buildings, some with attics and dormers, reflect an influence of Moravian Church Civic Baroque, while the Church is modelled after the Herrnhut Saal. The church, however, exhibits local differences between British and continental interiors in that it has a ‘Tulip’ pulpit with stairs. Later buildings are characterised by an ‘Irish Georgian’ architectural style. Distinctive building materials and construction methods visually comprise two main types: large hand-dressed local basalt set with lime mortar and which commonly features decorative ‘galleting’ in the form of lines of small basalt spalls pressed into wet mortar joints between courses, some buildings with brick window jambs and heads; the second type comprises stone-built constructions covered with a later lime-washed stucco, the Church being a prominent example, with lines scribed into it to give the ordered finish of cut stone. Other stuccoed buildings are distributed throughout the settlement.
Gracehill is characterised by historical universal religious and political tolerance and support, notably neutrality and reconciliation first evidenced in the ‘United Irishmen Rebellion’ in 1798, and significant missionary activity in the Caribbean. Gracehill retains an active congregation.
Justification of Outstanding Universal Value
Moravian Church Settlements is a serial nomination of three towns founded in the eighteenth century and based on the Moravian concept of an ideal city: Herrnhut (Saxony/Germany), Historic Moravian Bethlehem (USA), and Gracehill (Northern Ireland/UK). It is a proposed extension of the World Heritage Site of Christiansfeld, a Moravian Church Settlement (Denmark).
Each of these settlements exemplifies the Moravian Church’s spiritual, societal, and ethical ideals that aimed at the creation of an intentional religious community and found expression in a distinctive style of town planning and architecture. While Christiansfeld is the best-preserved Moravian Church settlement in the world, and illustrates a number of representative aspects, Herrnhut as the mother settlement is testimony to original Moravian urban design principles as well as introducing key attributes of the Moravian Church’s spiritual, societal and ethical ideals, Historic Moravian Bethlehem is the first and best-preserved colony settlement in North America, and Gracehill is the best-preserved in the UK planned around a central church square.
The development of the settlements is characterised by overarching urban planning principles guided by ideals of the Moravian Church that have distinct buildings including the particular type of congregation building (Gemeinhaus), central church building (Saal), several large structures designed as communal dwellings for unmarried men, unmarried women and widows (Choir Houses), and the distinctive God’s Acre cemetery (Gottesacker) placed nearby. Based on their similarities they together represent the transnational scope and consistency of the international Moravian community as a global network, built from the eighteenth century through the founding of settlements and mission stations which continue to characterise the Moravian Church today.
Moravian Church Settlements are testimony to the temporal sequence of establishment and distinctive geographical and geocultural reach of an unparalleled international network of ideal settlements planned and constructed by the Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum) in Europe and North America, substantially during its formative phase in the eighteenth century.
Criterion (iii): The transnational series of Moravian Church Settlements bears exceptional testimony to Moravian Church principles, the community’s faith, way of life and distinct religious and social ideals which are expressed in the towns’ layouts, architecture, and craftsmanship, as well as the fact that numerous buildings are still used for their original function or the continuation of Moravian Church activities and traditions. An exceptional range of essential tangible and intangible attributes allow these settlements to be recognised as the most significant examples of Moravian Church settlements, part of a unique and vibrant worldwide network in which none existed in isolation. The continuing presence of vibrant Moravian Church communities in each settlement ties the historic structures to the ongoing life of the larger Moravian Church community.
Criterion (iv): The transnational series of Moravian Church Settlements is an outstanding example of intentional religious town planning within the Protestant tradition, combining both spiritual aspects and practical considerations of community life. Each settlement bears witness to the Moravian Church vision of a unified and coherent urban design, based on ancient concepts of the ‘ideal city’ and anticipating Enlightenment ideals of equality and social improvement that became a reality for many Europeans only much later. Transforming patterns of civic architecture of the late Baroque period, Moravian Church Settlements stand for the movement towards democratisation, offering the same standard of living to all its members. Open public space, shared gardens, provisions for schools and medical facilities, as well as thoughtful arrangements for agriculture and industry served to advance the common welfare. Each settlement possesses distinctive functions and illustrates unity through homogenous groups of buildings with shared styles, materials, and proportions (each with local variation), together with a consistent high quality of Moravian Church craftsmanship.
Statements of authenticity and/or integrity
The property overall meets the conditions of authenticity. The structure and characteristics of original urban plans remain largely intact. Most buildings, especially those of the early Moravian Church period (eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries), retain substantial authenticity through their original material, design, substance, workmanship, and many of them remain in continued use by the Moravian Church. The continuity of the Moravian Church community contributes to safeguarding authenticity in spirit and feeling as well as atmosphere of the property. Most of the residential units have been modernised in their interiors to be in line with contemporary living standards.
Documentation and objects underpinning authenticity include expansive archival collections, which include settlement plans, administrative documents, letters and reports, diaries, and thousands of autobiographical memoirs, as well as paintings, photographs, and commemorative objects. Herrnhut hosts the Unity Archives (Unitätsarchiv) founded in 1764 and managed in Herrnhut since 1820 as the official repository for the central institutions of the worldwide Moravian Church. It also holds the archive for the European Continental Province. Bethlehem hosts the Moravian Archives of the Northern Province of the Moravian Church in North America, and Gracehill hosts the archives of much of the Moravian work in Ireland. There are also ethnographic objects collected during worldwide missions and sent back to each settlement. Collectively such material reflects not only administrative order but also a memory bank that is characteristic of Moravian Church cultural tradition.
The transnational serial nominated property comprises three component parts which, together with Christiansfeld, illustrate sufficiently the origins, evolution, and global spread of Moravian Church Settlements during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. They represent the continuing religious heritage and the spiritual investment of many generations, each sharing a common set of attributes while making a discrete contribution to the series, including distinctive geographical and cultural reach, representative variations in urban plans, exemplars of specific building types, regional contributions in architectural style and local construction materials, temporal sequence of establishment, and linkages with other settlements and mission stations. Boundaries are determined to include all key attributes, mindful of the integrity of the whole transnational property. Urban plans remain widely legible and are largely intact. Visual relations between different parts of the settlements, including the cemeteries and in part with surrounding landscapes, are still largely extant and readable. None of the settlements suffer from neglect and none are threatened in any way.
Justification of the selection of the component part(s) in relation to the future nomination as a whole
The Moravian Church built a total of 28 congregational settlements in Europe and North America in the period 1722 to 1807 (17 on the European mainland, four in the UK, and seven in the British colonies in North America). Most were established within 50 years from 1736.
Component parts have been selected in each country with careful consideration of the categories of principal attributes for which Christiansfeld was inscribed, broadly grouped under (1) town planning values, (2) architectural values, and (3) cultural values. In comparative analysis, nationally and internationally, special attention was given to the contribution that each component part was able to make to the series as a whole and thus the overall integrity of Moravian Church Settlements – a single World Heritage Site as an extension of Christiansfeld.
Attributes of the Moravian Church phenomenon contributed by the nominated component parts comprise:
Temporal sequence of transnational settlement-building: Christiansfeld was a relative latecomer (1773, therefore has benefitted from decades of development of Moravian Church settlements, being closest to the ideal Moravian Church Settlement) compared to the first Moravian Church settlement founded in 1722 and 58% of settlements being constructed in the 1740s/50s. Herrnhut (1722, Germany) is essential to the series as the founding settlement, while Historic Moravian Bethlehem (1742, USA) brings in the most prolific settlement building decade, and Gracehill (1759, Northern Ireland/UK) the new 1760s era of post-Zinzendorf urban planning and architecture.
Geographical and cultural reach: The greatest concentration of Moravian Church settlements is in east-central Europe (Germany-Poland), with around a third of the overall total in Germany. Settlements have active congregations except in Poland. Herrnhut is representative of this geography, and a further aspect of early concentration in Upper Lusatia. The important North American Moravian province – the Atlantic dimension of the Moravian phenomenon – is included through Historic Moravian Bethlehem (USA), a site that was evaluated in comparison with other settlements (including all in the USA) for the United States Tentative List, adding the site in 2017. Bethlehem was subsequently reconfirmed in this latest study, additionally bringing the cultural dimension of the Moravians’ outreach to Native Americans. The important British Moravian Province is represented by Gracehill, further testimony to the historic importance of Moravians in the UK.
Variations in urban plans and buildings of the original Moravian Church settlements: Herrnhut’s pioneering evolution was a result of planned expansions which are profoundly influential and reflect the development of Moravian theology and social organisation and the way this is manifest in urban planning and architecture - in all subsequent settlements. Apart from layout, the architecturally influential Saal (sanctuary) and the prototype God’s Acre (Gottesacker, cemetery) are exceptional elements, so too are the Berthelsdorf Manor, the administrative buildings, and the gardens and garden houses, industrial/manufacturing complexes, and general housing in the historic town centre. The Widows’ House is symbolically important for the Choir House typology which originated in Herrnhut. Historic Moravian Bethlehem introduces a settlement that is strongly influenced by topography and does not illustrate the classic continental European plan. It demonstrates clear functional differentiation between residential and industrial, with an exceptional group of early classic Moravian Church buildings (including the only extant Gemeinhaus in the series, and all choir buildings represented) and a clearly zoned industrial quarter with important buildings. Gracehill represents the only UK settlement to illustrate the classic continental European plan that evolved mid-century and features the church and key buildings clustered around a square. Gracehill also exhibits precise gender axial symmetry and shows how this clearly reflects Moravian Church social organisation in the placement of its buildings and key spaces. In the Christiansfeld comparative study, Gracehill was ranked almost alongside Christiansfeld in terms of urban design and buildings of the original Moravian Church settlements.
Regional contributions in architectural style and local construction materials: Moravian Church architectural style, distinguishable in all Moravian Church Settlements, is demonstrated at source in Herrnhut. Here, Saxon High Civic Baroque, which came with Zinzendorf from his involvement in the Saxon Court in Dresden, is fused with Pietist simplicity to originate ‘Moravian Church style’. This was first demonstrated in Berthelsdorf Manor (1722) and the Herrnhut Gemeinhaus (1724/25, destroyed 1945), also a prototype building form which incorporated an assembly hall and did not resemble the later apparent church forms of ‘Kirchensaal’ or ‘Betsaal’. This appeared from 1756 onwards and is exemplified in Herrnhut. Commonly rendered and pastel-painted buildings contrast with the yellow brick of Christiansfeld, the black basalt stone in ‘Irish Georgian’ style in Gracehill, and the exposed massive rubble walls of grey limestone with segmental red brick arches of eighteenth-century Moravian Church choir buildings (and tannery) in Historic Moravian Bethlehem.
Organisational values, linkages with other settlements and with mission stations, and other intangibles: From the early eighteenth century the Moravian Church has always understood itself as an international network with shared rituals and worship, music practice, educational ideals, the rotation of ministers, teachers, and other leaders, synodal government, the circulation of reports and memoirs, coordinated administrative and financial matters, and shared mission endeavours. Herrnhut represents not only the source of the Renewed Moravian Church, but also its founding settlement where eighteenth-century Moravian Church religious and social beliefs, practices and cultural tradition developed. It was also the place from where subsequent settlements were planned or their plans approved and served as the longstanding administrative head settlement of a connected global network of settlements and mission stations. Herrnhut also hosted the central archive where not only building plans were deposited but also all the various documentary evidence of the memory of daily life that reflects a significant and discrete theological aspect of Moravian Church faith. Bethlehem highlights its role as the administrative centre for North America and for mission work especially in the Caribbean. Gracehill was one of the most important Moravian Church settlements in the UK and was also significant in missionary work in the British West Indies.
Comparison with other similar properties
The inscription of Christiansfeld confirmed its exceptionality as the best-preserved European colony settlement of the Moravian Church, but that the World Heritage Committee in 2015 recommended that further Moravian Church settlements might have the potential to make additional contributions to integrity. The evaluation of Christiansfeld confirmed that other Moravian Church settlements illustrate specific approaches to planned urban design which merit recognition on the World Heritage List. Therefore, as a basis, the ‘internal’ comparative analysis already approved in the inscription of Christiansfeld was used. This was confined to settlements (as differentiated from mission stations) which are deemed to best qualify for potential World Heritage listing based on their town plans, key principles implemented, state of preservation as well as the architectural details of individual key buildings and spaces. However, the Christiansfeld comparative study was performed for a single settlement, not for a serial listing of an international network of settlements. So, a new comparative study included additional selection criteria and consequently a re-evaluation. As part of the nomination process for the newly proposed series, a full site inventory was undertaken during 2018-21 of all 22 extant Moravian Church settlements in Europe and North America. The selected component parts: Herrnhut, Historic Moravian Bethlehem, and Gracehill were considered the best representatives of Moravian Church settlements, alongside the existing WHS of Christiansfeld. The justification of component parts (3.c.1) conveys some of the distinctiveness of each nominated settlement as revealed in comparative analysis.
"Marafiki wa Ujerumani wa Ujerumani katika Umoja wa Mataifa, Mkoa wa Saxony, Uingereza na Ireland ya Kaskazini, na Umoja wa Mataifa ya Ulaya, ""Marafiki wa Ujerumani wa Ujerumani katika Umoja wa Mataifa"" ni orodha ya makundi ya nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Ulaya, ambayo ni pamoja na orodha ya nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Ulaya, na orodha ya nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Ulaya." Wajibu pekee kwa maudhui ya kila Orodha ya Kipimo ni wa Jimbo la Chama husika. Uchapishaji wa orodha za awali haimaanishi kuelezea maoni yoyote ya Kamati ya Urithi wa Ulimwengu, Kituo cha Urithi wa Ulimwengu au Katibu wa UNESCO kuhusu hadhi ya kisheria ya nchi yoyote, eneo, mji au eneo au mipaka yake. "Jiji la ""Moravian Church Settlements"" ni eneo la kimataifa la ""Christiansfeld,"" eneo la ""Moravian Church Settlement"" lililoanzishwa katika kusini mwa Jutland mwaka 1773 kama koloni la Kanisa la Moravian, madhehebu ya Kiprotestanti katika utamaduni wa kanisa huru, yenye makao yake makuu huko Herrnhut, Saxony." "Hitilafu ya ""Mother"" au ""Mji wa Mwanzilishi"" wa Kanisa la Moravian lililobadilishwa, lililoanzishwa mnamo 1722 huko Saxony, na ambalo lilitokea kwa hatua na mageuzi ya theolojia ya Moravian na dhana za kijamii, na kuelezea kanuni za makazi yote ya Kanisa la Moravian; Bethlehem ya kihistoria, Pennsylvania, iliyoanzishwa katika Jumuiya ya Madola ya Amerika mnamo 1741, ikionyesha muongo wa ujenzi wa makazi na mwelekeo wake wa mapema wa kuvuka Atlantiki, na kuongeza mwelekeo wa kitamaduni wa Uhamisho wa Moravians kwa Native." Mfululizo huo huleta sifa za ziada za jambo la karne ya kumi na nane Moravia utamaduni wa kitamaduni na maadili yake ya kiroho na utaratibu wa kijamii alionyesha katika mipango ya mijini na usanifu. Hii inajumuisha mpangilio na sifa za makazi ya asili ya Kanisa la Moravian, ambapo Kanisa la Moravian lilizaliwa, tofauti za uwakilishi katika mipango ya mijini, majengo ya ziada ambayo ni wawakilishi wa maendeleo ya aina maalum za majengo na kazi, pamoja na mfululizo wa muda wa ujenzi wa makazi ya kimataifa, na tofauti ya kijiografia na utamaduni unaoonekana katika michango ya kikanda katika mtindo wa usanifu na vifaa vya ujenzi. Thamani za ziada zisizo za kimwili ni pamoja na sifa za shirika na viungo na makazi mengine na vituo vya utume ambavyo pia vinasisitiza uhamaji wa ajabu wa wanachama wa Kanisa na kuimarisha dhana ya mtandao. Mfululizo huo unawakilisha mtandao wa kimataifa usio na kifani wa makazi bora ambayo yalipangwa na kujengwa huko Ulaya na Amerika Kaskazini na Kanisa la Moravian (Unitas Fratrum). Hakuna madhehebu mengine yaliyojengwa kwa njia hiyo ya utaratibu na ya kina. Makazi yaliyobuniwa kwa utaratibu na mpango wao wa mijini huonyesha muundo wa shirika la jumuiya ya Kanisa la Moravian, mazoezi ya kiuchumi, shughuli za elimu na kitamaduni. Vipengele ni dhahiri katika mpangilio wa awali wa mijini, ikiwa ni pamoja na nafasi wazi na kijani, na usanifu wa kipekee ikiwa ni pamoja na vipengele muhimu kama vile Gemeinhaus (jengo la kutaniko), Saal (patakatifu), God's Acre (Gottesacker, makaburi), Nyumba za Choral (nyumba za kuishi kwa pamoja kulingana na umri, jinsia, na hali ya ndoa), majengo ya viwanda na mengine ambayo yalipangwa kama sehemu ya makazi kama hayo. Kila makazi inatoa kundi kubwa la majengo oriented kando ya barabara, kulingana na gridi-muundo na kawaida kuhusisha mraba wa kati. Mipangilio mbalimbali ya mijini ya mfano wa makazi ya Kanisa la Moravian inawakilishwa, pamoja na safu ya majengo na nafasi za ubunifu na usanifu zilizotengenezwa ili kuhudumia mazoea ya kidini na kijamii ya Kanisa la Moravian lililobadilishwa. Makazi ya Kanisa la Moravia yanaonyesha theolojia na mazoezi ya Kanisa la Moravia, ambapo msisitizo mkubwa uliwekwa juu ya umoja wa mambo ya kiroho na maisha ya kilimwengu. Ingawa baadhi ya maadili na desturi za Kanisa la Moravia zimebadilika katika miaka 300 iliyopita, maadili ya kitamaduni ya msingi yanaendelea kuhifadhiwa na uwepo wa makutaniko ya kuishi ya ndani na mtandao wa ulimwengu wa Umoja wa Moravia. Sehemu ya chini ya mji wa Hernhut, katika Jimbo la Saxony, iko karibu na mji wa Dresden. Herrnhut ilikuwa'mji wa kuanzisha' wa Kanisa la Moravian lililobadilishwa mnamo 1722 na ilitokea kwa hatua na mageuzi ya theolojia ya Kanisa la Moravian na dhana za kijamii ambazo zilifafanua kanuni za makazi ya Kanisa la Moravian. Mji huo uliwekwa katika njia ya umbali mrefu katika miaka ya 1720, na kituo cha mji wa kihistoria ni oriented katika gridi ya tabia ambayo ni sambamba na barabara hii na katikati ya mraba elongated. Hii ni kushikamana na perpendicular barabara (Berthelsdorf Allée) mbio 1.5 km kaskazini mashariki ya zamani manorial mali ya Berthelsdorf. Mfano wa Moravia Mungu Acre iko juu ya mteremko wa kusini wa kilima Hutberg, offset kaskazini kati ya Herrnhut na Berthelsdorf, na fomu sekta ya tatu ya sehemu hii moja ya sehemu. Berthelsdorf Manor ilikuwa makao makuu ya Count Zinzendorf, mzaliwa wa Kanisa la Moravian, na kutoka hapo yeye na wafuasi wake wa karibu walipanga na kusimamia mchakato wa kuanzishwa kwa Kanisa la Moravian na kujenga Herrnhut kama makazi ya kwanza. Berthelsdorf inaonyesha mfano wa karne ya kumi na nane Zinzendorf's Moravian Kanisa Civic Baroque na inajumuisha quadrangular ensemble ya nyumba ya manor na majengo ya kiuchumi, pamoja na jirani brewery na distillery. Majengo ya utawala ya Moravia ya mfululizo yanatokana na karne ya kumi na nane na kumi na tisa na kuangazia jukumu la kihistoria la utawala wa Berthelsdorf. Mtaa wa mteremko lakini wa moja kwa moja unaunganisha kituo cha mji kupitia Barabara ya Comenius na njama ya moja kwa moja lakini kulingana na God's Acre (1730). Ina sifa ya safu za mawe ya maiti rahisi ya gorofa katika utaratibu wa muda, na mashamba tofauti kwa wanaume na wanawake, kuonyesha kanuni za usawa na usawa wa jinsia. Hii ilikuwa muundo wenye ushawishi mkubwa, kwa kuwa makaburi yote ya Kanisa la Moravian yaliyofuata yalijengwa kwa kanuni ileile. Katika kituo cha mji, muhimu majengo kubwa kundi karibu barabara kuu na katikati ya mraba elongated (Zinzendorf Square), facades yao ya muda mrefu inakabiliwa mitaani na fomu zao mpango kutawaliwa na rectilinearity na mabawa ya pembe moja. Saal (1756-57) ni mfano wa makazi mengine, ikiwa ni pamoja na Gracehill na Christiansfeld; Nyumba ya Mjane, mfano wa nyumba za kwaya ambazo zilitengenezwa kwanza huko Herrnhut; majengo kadhaa ya utawala ikiwa ni pamoja na Vogtshof, Nyumba ya Zinzendorf, na Hifadhi ya Umoja; Jengo la Shule ya Wavulana, ikionyesha umuhimu wa elimu ya Moravia, ilianzishwa kwa mara ya kwanza huko Herrnhut mnamo 1724. Wengi kuonyesha hasa rendered na pastel-kupakwa rangi 'Moravian Kanisa Civic Baroque' style na nyekundu-tiled mansard paa. Wao ni tajiri ikifuatana na bustani-kama nafasi ya kijani, bustani rasmi na isiyo rasmi, na misitu katika kusini. Herrnhut ina hifadhi ya nyumba za bustani na pavilions, utamaduni ambao ulihamishwa kwa makazi mengine kama vile Christiansfeld. Herrnhut ni chanzo cha kihistoria na kiroho cha Kanisa la Moravia lililobadilishwa na ni ya kipekee katika mfululizo huo kwani inaonyesha muundo wa shirika la jamii ya Kanisa la asili ambalo lilitengenezwa kwanza huko Herrnhut. Kwa sababu ya kuenea kwa Kanisa la Moravia, mfano wa makazi ya Herrnhut ulihamishwa na kuiga katika Ulaya na Amerika ya Kaskazini katika makazi mengine 27 ya Kanisa la Moravia yaliyoanzishwa kati ya 1738 na 1807. Maendeleo yaliyopangwa kwa utaratibu yaliungwa mkono na usimamizi wa uongozi wa kanisa ulioelekezwa na wa hali ya juu katika kubuni na ujenzi wa usanifu, wa kipekee katika muktadha wa kimataifa wakati huo. Herrnhut alibaki muhimu katika shirika, uratibu, na uongozi wa kati wa Kanisa la Moravia ulimwenguni kote, hadi nusu ya pili ya karne ya kumi na tisa. Herrnhut anaendelea na kutaniko lenye shughuli nyingi na vitu kadhaa vya awali visivyoonekana kama vile aina za ibada, muziki, na Hifadhi ya Umoja. Bethlehemu ya Kihistoria ya Moravia iko katika Kaunti ya Northampton katika Jumuiya ya Madola ya Pennsylvania, karibu kilomita 100 kaskazini mwa Philadelphia, USA. Ni katika confluence ya Mto Lehigh na Monocacy Creek na tarehe kutoka mapema 1740s, pamoja ya pili ya zamani ya kudumu Moravian Kanisa makazi (pamoja na Niesky) baada ya Herrnhut. Mpangilio wa jiji haufanani na mipango bora ya makazi ya makutaniko ya bara la Ulaya yaliyowekwa kwenye ardhi tambarare, kama ilivyo katika Christiansfeld. Badala yake, ni mfano wa mpango uliobadilishwa na kubadilishwa ili kukidhi vikwazo vya topografia na rasilimali za mahali hapo, sifa ya kawaida ya makazi ya Kanisa la Moravian. Bethlehemu inaonyesha uangalifu maalum kwa tofauti ya kazi: majengo ya makazi ya jamii iko kwenye bluff ya mawe ya chokaa ya mashariki-magharibi inayoangalia mto kusini, Acre ya Mungu imewekwa mbali kaskazini, na kitongoji cha viwanda kiko katika bonde la Mto Monocacy magharibi. Bethlehemu ya kihistoria ya Moravia ina moja ya makundi muhimu zaidi ya majengo ya Kanisa la mapema la Moravia, pamoja na makazi pekee katika mfululizo na Gemeinhaus iliyopo. Makazi ni katikati ya mashariki-magharibi karibu kushikamana ensemble ya muhimu Moravian Kanisa majengo ambayo inakabiliwa Magharibi Church Street ambayo anaendesha kando ya bluff sambamba na Mto Lehigh kusini. Jengo la kwanza la kanisa la Kimaora ni Jumba la Gemeinhaus, lililojengwa mwaka 1741 na kuanzishwa mwaka 1743 kama jumba la kanisa la Moravia. Ni jengo la kale zaidi lililobaki, mahali popote, la aina hii muhimu sana ya jengo. Ni moja ya majengo makubwa zaidi ya mbao yaliyobaki nchini Marekani kutoka kipindi hicho, ujenzi wa nadra ambao ni mwakilishi wa kile ambacho awali kilikuwa aina ya ujenzi wa kawaida katika Moravia Bethlehem, hivi karibuni ilifuatwa na jiwe. Majengo yake ya mchanga na ya mawe ya chokaa yaliyo wazi na paa za mansard na ghorofa mbili za juu, ni pamoja na aina zote za nyumba za kwaya (nyumba za ndugu, dada, na wajane) zilizojengwa 1744-1772, na Bell House iliyojengwa 1745-1746 kama chumba cha kulia chakula na makazi kwa wanandoa waliooa (kuongezwa 1748-1749). Nyumba ya Ndugu ya Pili, iliyojengwa mnamo 1748 mwishoni mwa West Church Street kwenye mhimili wa Main Street, ni mfano mzuri zaidi wa karne ya kumi na nane Moravian Church Civic Baroque nchini Marekani. Bethlehem's God's Acre (Zinzendorf, 1742) ni makaburi ya zamani zaidi nchini Marekani na ina eneo la ekari tatu na makaburi zaidi ya 2700. Mawe yake ya kaburi, yaliyowekwa kwa njia ya kitamaduni katika safu rahisi, yanaonyesha utofauti wa kutaniko la Bethlehemu la mapema, ikiwa ni pamoja na washiriki wa watu wa asili wa Amerika na watu kutoka vituo vya misheni ulimwenguni kote. Kwa habari ya mtindo wa usanifu, Moravian Kanisa Civic Baroque ni dhahiri katika majengo mengi ya karne ya kumi na nane. Nyumba hizo zina majengo ya juu na ya chini, na pia kuna madirisha madogo yenye madirisha madogo, na madirisha madogo yenye madirisha madogo, na madirisha madogo yenye madirisha madogo. Vifaa vya ujenzi ni overwhelmingly sifa na kijivu-rangi shamba chokaa, sasa nadra log na matofali (mazingira), matofali dirisha arch, udongo- matofali tiles, slate shingles na tiles, na miamba ya mwerezi ( paa). Bethlehemu pia ni muhimu katika kuangazia umuhimu wa teknolojia ya Kanisa la Moravian na utengenezaji, kitongoji chake cha viwanda ikiwa ni pamoja na kituo cha kuchochea maji cha upainia (1762, mfumo wa kwanza wa maji ya manispaa katika Amerika ya Kaskazini), na tannery (1761, katika usanifu wa Kanisa la Moravian la kawaida) ambayo inawakilisha tasnia muhimu zaidi ya jamii ya mpaka. Bethlehemu ilikuwa makazi ya kwanza ya kudumu ya Kanisa la Moravian katika bara la Amerika Kaskazini na ikawa kituo kikuu cha kidini na kiutawala cha shughuli za Kanisa la Moravian katika Amerika Kaskazini. Bethlehemu ilichangia sana maendeleo na upanuzi wa Kanisa la Moravia katika Amerika Kaskazini na vituo vya misheni katika Karibea. Jengo la West Church Street, makaburi na Industrial Quarter pamoja huunda mfano wa kipekee wa mipango ya mapema ya mijini katika Amerika ya Kaskazini. Bethlehemu ya Kihistoria ya Moravian ni makazi kamili zaidi ya Kanisa la Moravian nchini Marekani na ina mkusanyiko mkubwa wa usanifu wa asili wa Ujerumani nchini. Bethlehemu ni sehemu ya Moravia Umoja wa Kaskazini Mkoa wa Amerika ya Kaskazini na inaendelea kusanyiko hai. Urithi wa Kanisa la Moravian unaonyeshwa zaidi katika umiliki wa mali uliendelea na Moravians wa Eneo la Bethlehem pamoja na Chuo Kikuu cha Moravian ambacho kina mizizi yake katika 1742. Gracehill iko 3km kutoka Ballymena katika Mid-County Antrim, Ireland ya Kaskazini, Uingereza. Mji huu wa Kanisa la Moravian ulianzishwa mnamo 1759 na kama moja ya makazi manne makubwa katika Visiwa vya Uingereza, ni moja tu katika Mkoa wa Moravian wa Uingereza iliyoundwa kwenye mpango wa jadi wa bara na mraba wa kati. Gracehill ni sehemu ya mfululizo wa geometrically sawa'sawa' mipango ya mijini ambayo ni pamoja na Herrnhaag (1738, Hesse, Ujerumani), Gnadenberg (1743, Lower Silesia, Poland), Gnadau (1767, Saxony, Ujerumani), Christiansfeld (1773, Denmark) na hatimaye Königsfeld (1807, Baden-Württemberg, Ujerumani). Jengo kuu la Moravia linapatikana karibu na mraba wa katikati wenye kijani kibichi. A kipekee muda mrefu-mhimili wa makazi ni oriented kaskazini-mashariki-kusini-magharibi juu ya topography ya mteremko laini kuelekea Mto Maine. Mhimili wa gridi inayolingana inayounda mraba ni kimsingi muundo wa barabara mbili za Church Road na Cennick Road, pamoja na viungo vikuu vya ndani vya pembe ya kulia ya Academy Street na Montgomery Street. Mungu Acre (1761) ni hasa jumuishi katika muundo wa jumla kama sehemu ndefu na nyembamba magharibi juu ya kilele cha ardhi kuongezeka ya kilima cha chini nyuma ya kanisa (‘Mlimani Long). Kanisa linatawala ensemble na inaangalia mraba wa bustani na mtazamo wa kipekee wa Mto Maine kupitia upande wa mashariki wa mraba, mtazamo muhimu ambao bado unathaminiwa leo. Mstari wa msingi wa makazi kwa kiasi kikubwa huandika mstari wa moja kwa moja kamili ambayo huunda mstari wa jinsia ya ulinganifu katika mpango wa mijini: kutoka katikati ya mwisho wa magharibi wa Acre ya Mungu, kugawanya pande za kiume na za kike za makaburi na Brothers & Sisters, kutembea, kugawanya kanisa (1765) iliyoko katikati ya upande mmoja wa mraba na kwaya zake za ndugu na dada, na kwa nyumba zao za kwaya (Nyumba ya Dada, 1765 na Nyumba ya Ndugu, 1767), kupitia dimbwi kuu katika mraba, na mwishowe katika usawa na ngome ya kale na Ngome ya Galgorm. Jengo hilo limehifadhiwa kwa njia ya kipekee, na sehemu kubwa ya majengo hayo yanaelekea moja kwa moja kwenye barabara katika mtindo wa Kanisa la Moravia, na kuna mahali pa kufanya kazi, bustani, au bustani za matunda nyuma. Majengo ya ghorofa moja na mbili, baadhi na attics na dormers, kuonyesha ushawishi wa Moravian Kanisa Civic Baroque, wakati Kanisa ni modeled baada ya Herrnhut Saal. Hata hivyo, kanisa hilo lina tofauti za ndani kati ya Uingereza na bara kwa kuwa lina mimbari ya "Tulip" yenye ngazi. Majengo ya baadaye yana sifa ya mtindo wa usanifu wa "Georgian ya Ireland". Vifaa vya ujenzi na mbinu za ujenzi hujumuisha aina mbili kuu: kubwa ya basalt ya ndani iliyofungwa kwa mkono na chokaa ya chokaa na ambayo kwa kawaida ina 'galleting' ya mapambo katika fomu ya mistari ya spalls ndogo za basalt zilizofunikwa katika viungo vya chokaa vya mvua kati ya kozi, baadhi ya majengo na jambs za dirisha za matofali na vichwa; aina ya pili inajumuisha ujenzi wa mawe uliofunikwa na stucco ya baadaye, Kanisa kuwa mfano maarufu. Majengo mengine yaliyofunikwa kwa stucco yamesambazwa kotekote katika kijiji hicho. Gracehill ina sifa ya kihistoria ya kidini na kisiasa uvumilivu na msaada, hasa neutrality na upatanisho kwanza alionyesha katika 'United Irishmen Uasi' katika 1798, na shughuli kubwa ya mishonari katika Caribbean. Gracehill ina kutaniko lenye shughuli nyingi. "Justification of Outstanding Universal Value: Moravian Church Settlements ni orodha ya miji mitatu iliyoanzishwa katika karne ya kumi na nane na kulingana na dhana ya mji bora wa Moravian: ""Herrnhut"" (Saxony), ""Historic Moravian Bethlehem"" (Ujerumani) na ""Gracehill"" (Ireland ya Kaskazini)." Ni upanuzi uliopendekezwa wa Tovuti ya Urithi wa Ulimwengu ya Christiansfeld, Makazi ya Kanisa la Moravian (Denmark). Kila moja ya makazi haya ni mfano wa mawazo ya kiroho, kijamii, na maadili ya Kanisa la Moravian ambayo ililenga uundaji wa jamii ya kidini ya makusudi na kupatikana katika mtindo wa kipekee wa mipango ya mji na usanifu. "Kama ""Christiansfeld"" ni bora kuhifadhiwa Moravia Kanisa makazi katika dunia, na inaonyesha idadi ya mambo ya uwakilishi, ""Herrnhut"" kama mama makazi ni ushahidi wa awali Moravia mijini kanuni, pamoja na kuanzisha sifa muhimu ya Moravia Kanisa la kiroho, kijamii na maadili, ""History Moravia Bethlehem"" ni ya kwanza na bora kuhifadhiwa koloni makazi katika Amerika ya Kaskazini, na ""Grace Hill"" ni bora kuhifadhiwa katika Uingereza." Maendeleo ya makazi ni sifa na kufunika kanuni za mipango ya mijini kuongozwa na maadili ya Kanisa Moravian kwamba kuwa na majengo tofauti ikiwa ni pamoja na aina maalum ya jengo la kutaniko (Gemeinhaus), jengo la kanisa kuu (Saal), miundo kadhaa kubwa iliyoundwa kama makazi ya pamoja kwa ajili ya wanaume wasioolewa, wanawake wasioolewa na wajane (Choir Houses), na tofauti Mungu's Acre makaburi (Gottesacker) kuweka karibu. Kwa sababu ya kufanana kwao, pamoja wanawakilisha wigo wa kimataifa na uthabiti wa jamii ya kimataifa ya Moravia kama mtandao wa kimataifa, uliojengwa kutoka karne ya kumi na nane kupitia kuanzishwa kwa makazi na vituo vya misheni ambavyo vinaendelea kuelezea Kanisa la Moravia leo. Makazi ya Kanisa la Moravian ni ushuhuda wa mfululizo wa muda wa kuanzishwa na kufikia tofauti ya kijiografia na kijiografia ya mtandao wa kimataifa wa makazi bora iliyopangwa na kujengwa na Kanisa la Moravian (Unitas Fratrum) huko Ulaya na Amerika ya Kaskazini, hasa wakati wa awamu yake ya kuunda katika karne ya kumi na nane. "Kifungu cha tatu: ""Mfululizo wa kimataifa wa makazi ya kanisa la Moravian una ushahidi wa kipekee wa kanuni za kanisa la Moravian, imani ya jamii, njia ya maisha na mawazo tofauti ya kidini na kijamii ambayo yanaonyeshwa katika mpangilio wa miji, usanifu, na ufundi, na pia ukweli kwamba majengo mengi bado yanatumiwa kwa kazi yao ya awali au kuendelea na shughuli na mila za kanisa la Moravian.""" Mfululizo wa kipekee wa sifa muhimu, halisi na zisizo za kawaida huruhusu makazi haya kutambuliwa kama mifano muhimu zaidi ya makazi ya Kanisa la Moravian, sehemu ya mtandao wa kipekee na wenye nguvu ulimwenguni ambapo hakuna iliyokuwepo kwa kujitenga. Uwepo wa jamii ya Kanisa la Moravian katika kila makazi huunganisha miundo ya kihistoria na maisha ya sasa ya jamii kubwa ya Kanisa la Moravian. Mfululizo wa kimataifa wa Makazi ya Kanisa la Moravian ni mfano bora wa mipango ya makusudi ya kidini ya mji ndani ya utamaduni wa Kiprotestanti, ikiunganisha pande zote mbili za kiroho na kuzingatia vitendo vya maisha ya jamii. Kila makazi ni ushahidi wa maono ya Kanisa la Moravia ya muundo wa mji wa umoja na thabiti, kulingana na dhana za kale za "mji bora" na kutabiri maadili ya Uangaishaji ya usawa na uboreshaji wa kijamii ambayo ikawa ukweli kwa Wazungu wengi tu baadaye. Mabadiliko ya mifumo ya usanifu wa umma wa kipindi cha mwisho cha Baroque, Makazi ya Kanisa la Moravian yanasimama kwa harakati kuelekea demokrasia, ikitoa kiwango sawa cha maisha kwa wanachama wake wote. Maeneo ya umma, bustani za pamoja, vifaa vya shule na vituo vya matibabu, na vilevile mipango ya ufundi na kilimo ilisaidia kuendeleza ustawi wa wote. Kila makazi ina kazi tofauti na inaonyesha umoja kupitia makundi ya majengo yenye mitindo, vifaa, na uwiano (kila moja na tofauti za ndani), pamoja na ubora wa juu wa ufundi wa Kanisa la Moravian. Taarifa ya uhalisi na/au uadilifu Mali kwa ujumla inakidhi masharti ya uhalisi. Muundo na sifa za mipango ya awali ya mijini bado kwa kiasi kikubwa intact. Majengo mengi, hasa yale ya kipindi cha mapema cha Kanisa la Moravian (karne ya kumi na nane na mapema ya kumi na tisa), huhifadhi uhalisi mkubwa kupitia vifaa vyao vya awali, muundo, dutu, kazi, na mengi yao bado yanatumiwa na Kanisa la Moravian. Uendelevu wa jamii ya Kanisa la Moravian inachangia kulinda uhalisi katika roho na hisia pamoja na hali ya mali. Sehemu nyingi za makazi zimeboreshwa ndani yao ili zifanane na viwango vya maisha vya kisasa. Hati na vitu vinavyothibitisha uhalisi ni pamoja na makusanyo makubwa ya kumbukumbu, ambayo ni pamoja na mipango ya makazi, nyaraka za kiutawala, barua na ripoti, daftari, na maelfu ya kumbukumbu za maisha, pamoja na michoro, picha, na vitu vya ukumbusho. Jumba la kumbukumbu la Umoja (Unitätsarchiv) lilianzishwa mnamo 1764 na kusimamiwa huko Herrnhut tangu 1820 kama hifadhi rasmi kwa taasisi kuu za Kanisa la Moravia ulimwenguni. Pia ina kumbukumbu kwa ajili ya Mkoa wa Bara la Ulaya. Bethlehemu ni makao makuu ya kumbukumbu ya Moravia ya Mkoa wa Kaskazini wa Kanisa la Moravia huko Amerika Kaskazini, na Gracehill ni makao makuu ya kumbukumbu ya kazi nyingi za Moravia nchini Ireland. Pia kuna vitu vya kitamaduni vilivyokusanywa wakati wa misheni ulimwenguni pote na kurudishwa kwa kila makazi. Kwa ujumla, vifaa hivyo huonyesha si utaratibu wa kiutawala tu bali pia hifadhi ya kumbukumbu ambayo ni ya kipekee kwa utamaduni wa kitamaduni wa Kanisa la Moravian. Mali ya kimataifa iliyochaguliwa kwa mfululizo ina sehemu tatu ambazo, pamoja na Christiansfeld, zinaonyesha vya kutosha asili, mageuzi, na kuenea kwa ulimwengu wa Makazi ya Kanisa la Moravian wakati wa karne ya kumi na nane na mapema ya kumi na tisa. "Hizi zinawakilisha urithi wa kidini unaoendelea na uwekezaji wa kiroho wa vizazi vingi, kila mmoja akishiriki seti ya sifa za kawaida wakati akitoa mchango tofauti kwa mfululizo, ikiwa ni pamoja na ufikiaji wa kipekee wa kijiografia na kitamaduni, tofauti za uwakilishi katika mipango ya mijini, mifano ya aina maalum ya majengo, michango ya kikanda katika mtindo wa usanifu na vifaa vya ujenzi vya ndani, mfululizo wa muda wa kuanzishwa, na viungo na makazi mengine. """ Mipaka ni kuamua kujumuisha sifa zote muhimu, akizingatia uadilifu wa mali nzima transnational. Mipango ya mijini bado inaeleweka kwa wingi na kwa kiasi kikubwa haijaharibiwa. Mahusiano ya kuona kati ya sehemu tofauti za makazi, ikiwa ni pamoja na makaburi na kwa sehemu na mandhari ya karibu, bado ni kubwa iliyopo na inayoweza kusomwa. Hakuna makazi yoyote yanayokumbwa na kupuuzwa na hakuna yoyote yanayotishwa kwa njia yoyote. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya kwanza ya kitabu cha ""Maravansky"" ya mwaka wa 1722 na ""Maravansky"" ya mwaka wa 1717 na ""Maravansky"" ya mwaka wa 1718 na ""Maravansky"" ya mwaka wa 1718 na ""Maravansky"" ya mwaka wa 1718 na ""Maravansky"" ya mwaka wa 1718." Miongoni mwao ni wale waliojengwa katika miaka ya 1736 na 1719. Sehemu za sehemu zimechaguliwa katika kila nchi kwa kuzingatia kwa uangalifu makundi ya sifa kuu ambazo Christiansfeld iliandikwa, kwa ujumla imegawanywa chini ya (1) maadili ya mipango ya mji, (2) maadili ya usanifu, na (3) maadili ya kitamaduni. Katika uchambuzi wa kulinganisha, kitaifa na kimataifa, umakini maalum ulitolewa kwa mchango ambao kila sehemu ya sehemu iliweza kufanya kwa mfululizo kwa ujumla na kwa hivyo uadilifu wa jumla wa Makazi ya Kanisa la Moravian - Tovuti moja ya Urithi wa Ulimwengu kama upanuzi wa Christiansfeld. Miongoni mwa mambo ya msingi ya kanisa la Moravia ni: Mfuatano wa muda wa ujenzi wa makazi ya kimataifa: Christiansfeld ilikuwa ya mwisho (1773 - 50), kwa hivyo imefaidika na miongo kadhaa ya maendeleo ya makazi ya kanisa la Moravia, ikiwa karibu na makazi ya kanisa la Moravia ya bora (kulinganishwa na makazi ya kwanza ya kanisa la Moravia iliyoanzishwa mnamo 1722 na 58% ya makazi yaliyojengwa katika miaka ya 1740). "Herrnhut (1722) ni muhimu kwa mfululizo kama makazi ya mwanzilishi, wakati ""Historic Moravia Bethlehem"" (1742) huleta katika miongo ya ujenzi wa makazi ya uzalishaji, na ""Gracehill"" (1759) ni ya miaka ya 1760 ya mipango ya mijini ya baada ya Zinzendorf." Ufikiaji wa kijiografia na kitamaduni: Mkusanyiko mkubwa wa makazi ya Kanisa la Moravian uko katika Ulaya ya mashariki-kati (Ujerumani-Poland), na karibu theluthi ya jumla ya jumla nchini Ujerumani. Makazi yana makutaniko yenye utendaji isipokuwa katika Poland. Herrnhut ni mwakilishi wa jiografia hii, na kipengele kingine cha mkusanyiko wa mapema katika Upper Lusatia. Mkoa muhimu wa Amerika Kaskazini wa Moravia - mwelekeo wa Atlantiki wa hali ya Moravia - umejumuishwa kupitia Bethlehemu ya Kihistoria ya Moravia (USA), tovuti ambayo ilitathminiwa ikilinganishwa na makazi mengine (ikiwa ni pamoja na yote nchini USA) kwa Orodha ya Hatua ya Marekani, ikiongeza tovuti hiyo mnamo 2017. Bethlehemu baadaye ilithibitishwa tena katika utafiti huu wa hivi karibuni, kwa kuongezea kuleta mwelekeo wa kitamaduni wa ufikiaji wa Moravians kwa Wamarekani wa Asili. Mkoa wa Moravia wa Uingereza unawakilishwa na Gracehill, ushahidi zaidi wa umuhimu wa kihistoria wa Moravia nchini Uingereza. Mabadiliko katika mipango ya mijini na majengo ya makazi ya awali ya Kanisa la Moravian: Mageuzi ya upainia ya Herrnhut yalikuwa matokeo ya upanuzi uliopangwa ambao una ushawishi mkubwa na unaonyesha maendeleo ya theolojia ya Moravian na shirika la kijamii na jinsi hii inaonekana katika mipango ya mijini na usanifu - katika makazi yote ya baadaye. Mbali na mpangilio, Saal (mahali patakatifu) na mfano wa Mungu (Gottesacker, makaburi) ni vipengele vya kipekee, hivyo pia ni Berthelsdorf Manor, majengo ya kiutawala, na bustani na nyumba za bustani, viwanda vya viwanda, na makazi ya jumla katika kituo cha mji wa kihistoria. Nyumba ya Wajane ni muhimu kwa mfano kwa ajili ya aina ya Nyumba ya Choral ambayo ilitokana na Herrnhut. Bethlehemu ya kihistoria ya Moravia inaonyesha makazi ambayo yameathiriwa sana na topografia na hayaonyeshi mpango wa kawaida wa bara la Ulaya. Inaonyesha tofauti ya wazi ya kazi kati ya makazi na viwanda, na kundi la kipekee la majengo ya mapema ya Kanisa la Moravian (ikiwa ni pamoja na Gemeinhaus pekee iliyopo katika mfululizo, na majengo yote ya kwaya yaliyowakilishwa) na kitongoji cha viwanda kilichogawanywa wazi na majengo muhimu. Gracehill ni makazi pekee ya Uingereza kuonyesha mpango wa kawaida wa bara la Ulaya ambao ulibadilika katikati ya karne na ina kanisa na majengo muhimu yaliyojikusanya kuzunguka mraba. Gracehill pia inaonyesha usahihi wa jinsia axial symmetry na inaonyesha jinsi hii inaonyesha wazi Moravia Kanisa shirika la kijamii katika uwekaji wa majengo yake na nafasi muhimu. Katika utafiti wa kulinganisha wa Christiansfeld, Gracehill iliorodheshwa karibu na Christiansfeld katika suala la muundo wa mijini na majengo ya makazi ya asili ya Kanisa la Moravian. Msaada wa kikanda katika mtindo wa usanifu na vifaa vya ujenzi vya ndani: Mtindo wa usanifu wa Kanisa la Moravian, unaofautishwa katika makazi yote ya Kanisa la Moravian, unaonyeshwa kwenye chanzo huko Herrnhut. Hapa, Saxon High Civic Baroque, ambayo ilikuja na Zinzendorf kutoka kwa ushiriki wake katika Mahakama ya Saxon huko Dresden, imeunganishwa na unyenyekevu wa Pietist ili kuanzisha "mtindo wa Kanisa la Moravia". Hii ilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika Berthelsdorf Manor (1722) na Herrnhut Gemeinhaus (1724-25), pia mfano wa ujenzi ambao ulijumuisha ukumbi wa mkutano na haukufanana na maumbo ya baadaye ya kanisa la <unk>Kirchensaal<unk> au <unk>Betsaal<unk>. Hii ilionekana kuanzia 1756 na kuendelea na inaonyeshwa katika Herrnhut. Majengo ya kawaida na ya rangi ya pastel yanatofautiana na matofali ya manjano ya Christiansfeld, jiwe nyeusi la basalt katika mtindo wa "Irish Georgian" huko Gracehill, na kuta kubwa za magofu ya mawe ya chokaa ya kijivu na matao ya matofali mekundu ya karne ya kumi na nane ya Moravia Kanisa la kwaya (na tannery) katika Bethlehem ya Kihistoria ya Moravia. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, Kanisa la Moravia limekuwa likijifahamu kama mtandao wa kimataifa na ibada ya kawaida, mazoezi ya muziki, mawazo ya elimu, mzunguko wa mawaziri, walimu, na viongozi wengine, serikali ya sinodi, mzunguko wa ripoti na kumbukumbu, masuala ya usimamizi na kifedha, na juhudi za utume zilizoshirikiwa.""" Herrnhut ni chanzo cha Kanisa la Moravia la upya, lakini pia ni makazi yake ya kuanzisha ambapo imani za kidini na kijamii za Kanisa la Moravia la karne ya kumi na nane, mazoea na utamaduni wa kitamaduni ulikua. Pia ilikuwa mahali ambapo makazi ya baadaye yalipangwa au mipango yao ilipitishwa na kutumika kama makazi ya muda mrefu ya utawala wa mtandao wa kimataifa wa makazi na vituo vya utume. Herrnhut pia mwenyeji wa kumbukumbu kuu ambapo si tu ujenzi mipango walikuwa kuhifadhiwa lakini pia ushahidi wote mbalimbali nyaraka ya kumbukumbu ya maisha ya kila siku ambayo inaonyesha muhimu na tofauti theolojia kipengele cha imani Moravian Kanisa. Bethlehemu inakazia fungu lake kama kituo cha kiutawala cha Amerika Kaskazini na kwa ajili ya kazi ya mishonari hasa katika Karibea. Gracehill ilikuwa moja ya makazi muhimu zaidi ya Kanisa la Moravian nchini Uingereza na pia ilikuwa muhimu katika kazi ya wamishonari katika West Indies ya Uingereza. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya kwanza ya kitabu cha ""Moravian Church,"" eneo la Christiansfeld ni mojawapo ya maeneo ya kihistoria ya Ulaya yaliyohifadhiwa vizuri zaidi na ni mojawapo ya maeneo ya kihistoria ya Ulaya yaliyohifadhiwa vizuri zaidi." Tathmini ya Christiansfeld ilithibitisha kwamba makazi mengine ya Kanisa la Moravian yanaonyesha mbinu maalum za kubuni mijini iliyopangwa ambayo inastahili kutambuliwa kwenye Orodha ya Urithi wa Ulimwengu. Kwa hiyo, kama msingi, "ndani" uchambuzi wa kulinganisha tayari kupitishwa katika maandishi ya Christiansfeld ilitumiwa. Hii ilifungwa kwa makazi (kama tofauti na vituo vya utume) ambayo yanachukuliwa kuwa yanafaa zaidi kwa orodha ya Urithi wa Ulimwengu kulingana na mipango yao ya mji, kanuni muhimu zilizotumika, hali ya uhifadhi, na maelezo ya usanifu wa majengo na nafasi za msingi. Hata hivyo, utafiti wa kulinganisha wa Christiansfeld ulifanywa kwa makazi moja, si kwa orodha ya mfululizo wa mtandao wa kimataifa wa makazi. Kwa hiyo, utafiti mpya wa kulinganisha ulijumuisha vigezo vya ziada vya uteuzi na kwa hivyo tathmini mpya. Katika mchakato wa uteuzi wa mfululizo huo mpya, orodha kamili ya maeneo ilifanywa wakati wa 2018-2021 ya makazi yote 22 ya Kanisa la Moravian huko Ulaya na Amerika Kaskazini. Sehemu zilizochaguliwa: Herrnhut, Bethlehem ya Kihistoria ya Moravia, na Gracehill zilionwa kuwa wawakilishi bora wa makazi ya Kanisa la Moravia, pamoja na WHS iliyopo ya Christiansfeld. Uhalali wa sehemu za sehemu (3.c.1) hutoa baadhi ya utambulisho wa kila makazi yaliyopendekezwa kama ilivyofunuliwa katika uchambuzi wa kulinganisha.