Fundamental Forces Act at a Distance
by Ron Kurtus
There are several fundamental forces that affect the way that objects or particles of matter interact with each other at a distance. These forces do not require motion and direct contact, such as when a moving object collides with another. These forces apply to all matter from sub-atomic particles to galaxies of stars.
The fundamental forces are gravitational, electromagnetic and nuclear. Some classify the two nuclear forces—strong and weak—as individual fundamental forces. They vary in strength and distance at which they are effective.
Questions you may have include:
- What are the properties of the gravitational force?
- What are the properties of the electromagnetic force?
- What are the properties of the nuclear forces?
This lesson will answer those questions. Useful tool: Units Conversion
Gravitation is the force of attraction between particles or objects of matter. It has the greatest reach or range but is also the weakest of the fundamental forces. The gravitational strength is only 6*10−39 of the strength of the strongest nuclear forces.
Note: 10−39 equals 1/1039, where 1039 is 1 followed by 39 zeros. That is a very small number.
The strength of the gravitational force decreases as the square of the distance between two objects. This means that if you triple the distance, the gravitation will be reduced by 1/9.
The force of gravitation is most apparent in objects of large mass, such as planets and stars. Gravitation is what keeps the Earth and other planets in orbit around the Sun.
Note: Gravity is defined as gravitation near the surface of the Earth.
The Theory of General Relativity explains the force due to gravitation as a result of the curvature of space caused by matter. The newer Theory of Quantum Mechanics explains gravitation as caused by the exchange of graviton particles between the masses.
Note: Although the concept of explaining forces that act at a distance as the exchange of particles is generally accepted in Quantum Mechanics, I find it hard to believe. It seems counterintuitive.
Although gravitation is only an attractive force, some scientists speculate that there may be a sort of anti-gravitation that causes objects to repel away from each other. Perhaps it is related to what is called "dark matter".
(See Gravitation for more information.)
Electromagnetic force consists of the attraction and repulsion of materials consisting of electric charges, as well as magnetic materials.
Electric charges can be positive (+) or negative (−), where like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Protons have a positive (+) charge and electrons have a negative (−) charge. Electric forces are what hold atoms and molecules together.
The strength of an electric force and a magnetic force drops off as the square of the distance between the charged particles.
(See Basics of Electricity for more information.)
Magnetic poles can be north (or north-seeking) and south (or south-seeking). Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. Moving and spinning electrical charges create a magnetic field, depending on their direction o motion.
The strength of a magnetic force drops off as the square of the distance between the magnetic poles.
(See Magnetism for more information.)
Strength and cause
The relative strength of the electromagnetic force is 1/137 of the strong nuclear force.
At one time electromagnetic forces were explained as a property of space that consisted material called aether. The present explanation is the exchange of photon particles.
Nuclear forces are divided into what they call strong and weak forces.
The strong force is the attraction that holds the nucleus of an atom together, overcoming the repulsive electrical force of the positive (+) charged protons.
The relative strength of the strong force is designated as 1. The range of this force is small, approximately the diameter of a medium-sized nucleus (10−15 m). Apparently, this force does not decrease by the inverse square as do the gravitational and electromagnetic forces. Instead, it just stops at its given distance.
The Theory of Exchange Forces designates the gluon as the "glue" that holds the nucleus together, through some sort of exchange between nuclear particles. (This seems counterintuitive and is not accepted by all physicists.)
The weak force in a nucleus involves an exchange of W and Z vector boson particles. The strength of the weak force is 10−6 that of the strong force. Its range is only 10−18 m, which is about 0.1% of the diameter of a proton.
The purpose of the weak nuclear force apparently is to allow deuterium fusion to take place. This is necessary for our Sun and the stars to burn. Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope. It is also necessary for the creation of heavy nuclei and causes phenomena such as beta decay.
There are three fundamental forces that act at a distance. They are gravitational, electromagnetic and nuclear forces. Electromagnetic forces consist of electrical and magnetic forces. Nuclear forces consist of strong and weak forces.
Study all angles of a problem
Resources and references
Fundamental Forces - Hyperphysics
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Fundamental Forces Act at a Distance
Nguvu za msingi: Sheria ya umbali na Ron Kurtis Kuna nguvu kadhaa za msingi ambazo huathiri jinsi vitu au chembe za vitu vinavyoingiliana na kila mmoja kwa umbali. Nguvu hizo hazihitaji mwendo wala kugusana moja kwa moja, kama vile wakati kitu kinachoenda kinapogongana na kingine. Nguvu hizo hutumika kwa vitu vyote kuanzia chembe ndogo-ndogo hadi nyota nyingi. Nguvu za msingi ni za uvutano, umeme na nyuklia. Baadhi ya watu huorodhesha nguvu mbili za nyuklia - nguvu na udhaifu - kuwa nguvu za msingi za mtu binafsi. Hizo hutofautiana katika nguvu na umbali ambapo zinafanya kazi. Maulizo unayoweza kuwa nayo yanatia ndani: - Ni nini sifa za nguvu ya uvutano? - Sifa za nguvu ya sumaku-umeme ni zipi? - Sifa za nguvu za nyuklia ni zipi? Somo hili litajibu maswali hayo. Chombo muhimu: Vipimo Kubadilisha Gravitation ni nguvu ya kivutio kati ya chembe au vitu vya mambo. Ina upeo mkubwa zaidi au wigo lakini pia ni dhaifu zaidi ya nguvu za msingi. Nguvu ya mvuto ni 6 × 1039 ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nyuklia. "Kumbuka: ""1039"" ni sawa na ""1039"" ambapo ""1039"" ni 1 ikifuatiwa na sifuri 39." Hiyo ni idadi ndogo sana. Nguvu ya nguvu ya uvutano hupungua kadiri mraba wa umbali kati ya vitu viwili. Hii inamaanisha kwamba ikiwa utapunguza umbali mara tatu, nguvu ya uvutano itapungua kwa 1⁄9. Nguvu ya uvutano huonekana waziwazi zaidi katika vitu vyenye uzito mkubwa, kama vile sayari na nyota. Nguvu ya uvutano ndiyo inayofanya Dunia na sayari nyingine ziendelee kuzunguka Jua. Kumbuka: Mvuto hufafanuliwa kama mvuto karibu na uso wa Dunia. Nadharia ya Ulinganifu wa Kawaida inaelezea nguvu inayotokana na mvuto kama matokeo ya mwinuko wa nafasi inayosababishwa na jambo. Nadharia mpya ya Mechanics ya Quantum inaelezea mvuto kama unasababishwa na kubadilishana kwa chembe za graviton kati ya wingi. "Hata hivyo, ""maana ya kueleza nguvu zinazotenda kwa umbali kama kubadilishana kwa chembe"" ni jambo linalokubaliwa sana katika Mechanics ya Quantum, lakini ni vigumu kuamini." Inaonekana kuwa kinyume cha akili. Ingawa nguvu ya uvutano ni nguvu ya kuvutia tu, wanasayansi fulani wanadhani kwamba huenda ikawa kuna aina fulani ya nguvu ya kuvuta nguvu za uvutano inayosababisha vitu vikipindane. Labda inahusiana na kile kinachoitwa "vitu vyeusi". (Tazama Gravitation kwa habari zaidi.) Nguvu ya umeme ni nguvu ya kuvutia na kukataa ya vifaa vya umeme, pamoja na vifaa vya sumaku. Mashine za umeme zinaweza kuwa chanya (+) au hasi (−), ambapo mashine kama hizo hufukuza na mashine zisizo sawa huvutia. Protons wana positive (+) charge na electrons wana negative (−) charge. Nguvu za umeme ndizo zinazoshikilia atomu na molekuli pamoja. Nguvu ya umeme na nguvu ya sumaku hupungua kadiri mraba wa umbali kati ya chembe zenye nishati. (Tazama Misingi ya Umeme kwa habari zaidi.) Ncha za sumaku zaweza kuwa kaskazini (au kuelekea kaskazini) na kusini (au kuelekea kusini). Kama nguzo kukataa na tofauti na nguzo kuvutia. Kusonga na kugeuka malipo ya umeme kujenga uwanja wa sumaku, kulingana na mwelekeo wao o mwendo. Nguvu ya nguvu ya sumaku hupungua kadiri mraba wa umbali kati ya nguzo za sumaku. (Tazama Magnetism kwa habari zaidi.) Nguvu ya nguvu ya umeme ni sawa na nguvu ya nguvu ya nyuklia ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu ya nguvu. Wakati mmoja nguvu za sumaku za umeme zilielezwa kuwa sifa ya nafasi iliyofanyizwa na kitu kinachoitwa ether. Ufafanuzi wa sasa ni kubadilishana kwa chembechembe za fotoni. Nguvu za nyuklia zimegawanywa katika zile wanaziita nguvu kali na nguvu dhaifu. Nguvu ya nguvu ni nguvu ya kuvutia ambayo huunganisha nyuklia ya atomu pamoja, kushinda nguvu ya umeme ya repulsive ya protoni zenye malipo ya chanya (+). Nguvu ya jamaa ya nguvu kubwa ni maalum kama 1. Mzunguko wa nguvu hii ni ndogo, takriban kipenyo cha kiini cha ukubwa wa kati (10-15 m). Yaonekana, nguvu hiyo haipungukiwi kwa mraba wa kinyume kama vile nguvu za uvutano na za sumaku-umeme. Badala yake, inasimama tu katika umbali wake uliopewa. "Kutokana na nadharia ya nguvu za kubadilishana, gluon ni ""kamba"" ambayo huunganisha nyuklia pamoja kupitia aina fulani ya kubadilishana kati ya chembe za nyuklia." (Hilo laonekana kuwa kinyume cha akili na halikubaliwi na wanaafisa wote wa fizikia.) Nguvu dhaifu katika kiini inahusisha kubadilishana kwa chembechembe za W na Z vector boson. Nguvu ya nguvu dhaifu ni 10 - 6 ya nguvu ya nguvu. Kiasi cha protoni ni 10-18 m, ambayo ni 0.1% ya kipenyo cha protoni. Yaonekana kusudi la nguvu dhaifu ya nyuklia ni kuruhusu mchanganyiko wa deuteriamu kutokea. Hilo ni la lazima ili Jua letu na nyota ziweze kuwaka. Deuteriamu ni isotopu ya hidrojeni. Pia ni muhimu kwa ajili ya uundaji wa nyuklia nzito na husababisha matukio kama vile kuharibika kwa beta. Kuna nguvu tatu za msingi zinazotenda kwa umbali. Ni nguvu za uvutano, umeme na nyuklia. Nguvu za umeme na sumaku hufanyizwa na nguvu za umeme na sumaku. Nguvu za nyuklia zina nguvu zenye nguvu na zenye udhaifu. "Kuchunguza pande zote za tatizo Rasilimali na marejeo Nguvu za msingi - Hyperphysics (Kumbuka: Shule ya Mabingwa inaweza kupata tume kutoka kwa ununuzi wa vitabu) Wanafunzi na watafiti Anwani ya wavuti ya ukurasa huu ni: Tafadhali nijumuishe kama kiungo kwenye tovuti yako au kama marejeo katika ripoti yako, hati, au thesis.""" Wewe uko wapi sasa? Nguvu za Msingi Zinafanya Kazi kwa Umbali