The physical constants are measurable properties of the physical universe that don’t change, everything else is relative to these constants.
Relativity refers to Einstein’s theories of general and special relativity, Galileo’s Galilean relativity, Sir Issac Newton’s Newtonian relativity, and the work of all the other physicists who helped complete these theories (like Maxwell and Lorentz).
Galileo and Newton (and many others) showed how physics applied to earth (an inertial frame), and Einstein (and many others) showed how it applied to the universe and at high speeds (an accelerated frame).
In a overly-simple nutshell, Galileo found that motion was relative, Newton found that force was relative, and Einstein showed how time and space were relative to speed and gravity (relative to the constant the nature of mass-energy, in which mass and acceleration result in “spacetime” curvature, which warps space and time, and thus needs to be accounted for when we calibrate instruments).
All types of relativity depend on frame of reference, or “point of view”. As from any point of view an observer will always measure the physical constants, including the speed of light, Planck’s constant, and Newtonian gravity, the same. This is why the phrase “relative to the observer’s reference frame” is used and also why the physical constants are important to physics.
See PBS’s SpaceTime series for a great video series on relativity (highly recommended and liberally featured on FactMyth.com), or simply check out our list of facts and myths on relativity below.
Viwango vya kimwili ni mali zinazopimwa za ulimwengu wa kimwili ambazo hazibadiliki, kila kitu kingine ni cha jamaa kwa viwango hivi. "Neno ""relativity"" linarejelea nadharia za Einstein za general relativity na special relativity, Galileo Galilei's Galilean relativity, Sir Isaac Newton's Newtonian relativity, na kazi ya wataalamu wengine wote wa fizikia waliosaidia kukamilisha nadharia hizi (kama vile Maxwell na Lorentz)." Galileo na Newton (na wengine wengi) walionyesha jinsi fizikia ilivyotumika kwa dunia (mfumo wa inertia), na Einstein (na wengine wengi) walionyesha jinsi ilivyotumika kwa ulimwengu na kwa kasi kubwa (mfumo wa kuharakisha). Galileo alipata kwamba mwendo ulikuwa wa jamaa, Newton alipata kwamba nguvu ilikuwa ya jamaa, na Einstein alionyesha jinsi wakati na nafasi zilivyokuwa za jamaa kwa kasi na mvuto (kwa jamaa kwa asili ya nguvu ya wingi, ambayo wingi na kasi husababisha <unk> space-time <unk> curvature, ambayo hujipinda nafasi na wakati, na hivyo inahitaji kuelezwa wakati tunapima vyombo). Aina zote za nadharia ya upendeleo hutegemea mfumo wa kumbukumbu, au "mtazamo". Kwa sababu ya hali hii, ni muhimu kujua kwamba kila kitu kinaweza kuonekana kwa njia tofauti, kama vile mwendo wa mwanga, mwendo wa Planck, na nguvu ya uvutano ya Newton. Hii ni kwa nini kifungu "kulingana na mtazamaji" frame rejea" ni kutumika na pia kwa nini constants kimwili ni muhimu kwa fizikia. Angalia PBS's SpaceTime mfululizo kwa ajili ya mfululizo mkubwa wa video juu ya upendeleo (kupendekezwa sana na liberally featured juu ya FactMyth.com), au tu kuangalia nje yetu orodha ya ukweli na hadithi juu ya upendeleo chini.