Russia, officially Russian Federation, Country, eastern Europe and northern Asia, formerly the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Area: 6,592,850 sq mi (17,075,400 sq km). Population: (2024 est.) 145,165,000. Capital: Moscow. The population is primarily Russian; minorities include Tatars and Ukrainians. Languages: Russian (official), various Turkic and Uralic languages. Religions: Christianity (mostly Eastern Orthodox, also Protestant); also Islam. However, about one-third of the people are nonreligious or atheist. Currency: ruble. The land and its environments are varied, including the Ural Mountains and ranges in eastern Siberia, the highest peaks being on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The Russian Plain contains the great Volga and Northern Dvina rivers, and in Siberia are the valleys of the Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Amur rivers. Tundra covers extensive portions in the north, and in the south there are forests, steppes, and fertile areas. The economy was industrialized from 1917 to 1945 but was in serious decline by the 1980s. In 1992 the government decreed radical reforms to convert the centrally planned economy into a market economy based on private enterprise. Russia is a federal multiparty republic with a bicameral legislative body; its head of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. What is now the territory of Russia was inhabited from ancient times by various peoples, including the Slavs. From the 8th century bce to the 6th century ce the area was overrun by successive nomadic peoples, including the Sythians, Sarmatians, Goths, Huns, and Avars. Kievan Rus, a confederation of principalities ruling from Kiev, emerged c. the 10th century; it lost supremacy in the 11th–12th century to independent principalities, including Novgorod and Vladimir. Novgorod ascended in the north and was the only Russian principality to escape the domination of the Mongol Golden Horde in the 13th century. In the 14th–15th century the princes of Moscow gradually overthrew the Mongols. Under Ivan IV (the Terrible), Russia began to expand. The Romanov dynasty arose in 1613. Expansion continued under Peter I (the Great) and Catherine II (the Great). The area was invaded by Napoleon in 1812; after his defeat, Russia received most of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (1815). Russia annexed Georgia, Armenia, and Caucasus territories in the 19th century. The Russian southward advance against the Ottoman Empire was of key importance to Europe (see Crimea). Russia was defeated in the Crimean War (1853–56). Chinese cession of the Amur River’s left bank in 1858 marked Russia’s expansion in East Asia. Russia sold Alaska to the U.S. in 1867 (see Alaska Purchase). Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War led to an unsuccessful uprising in 1905 (see Russian Revolution of 1905). In World War I Russia fought against the Central Powers. The popular overthrow of the tsarist regime in 1917 marked the beginning of a government of soviets (see Russian Revolution of 1917). The Bolsheviks brought the main part of the former empire under communist control and organized it as the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (coextensive with present-day Russia). The Russian S.F.S.R. joined other soviet republics in 1922 to form the U.S.S.R. Upon the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. in 1991, the Russian S.F.S.R. was renamed and became the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. It adopted a new constitution in 1993. During the 1990s and into the early 21st century, it struggled on several fronts, beset with economic difficulties, political corruption, and independence movements (see Chechnya). In 2014 Russian troops occupied the Ukrainian autonomous republic of Crimea prior to its declaration of independence from Ukraine and its annexation by Russia.
Urusi (au rasmi Shirikisho la Urusi) ni nchi ya Ulaya Mashariki na Asia Kaskazini, zamani Jamhuri ya Umoja wa Jamhuri za Kisoshalisti za Sovieti. Eneo: 6,592,850 sq mi (17,075,400 sq km). Idadi ya watu: (takriban 2024) 145,165,000 - ni kiasi gani cha pesa? Mji mkuu: Moscow. Idadi kubwa ya watu ni Warusi; watu wachache ni Watatari na Waukrainia. Lugha: Kirusi (rasmi), lugha mbalimbali za Kituruki na Uralic. Dini: Ukristo (kwa ujumla Orthodox ya Mashariki, pia Kiprotestanti); pia Uislamu. Hata hivyo, karibu thuluthi moja ya watu hao si wa kidini au hawaamini kuna Mungu. Sarafu: ruble. Mimea ya Siberia ni ya aina mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na Milima ya Ural na safu za milima katika Siberia ya mashariki, na vilele vya juu zaidi ni katika Peninsula ya Kamchatka. Eneo la Russia la tambarare lina mito mikubwa ya Volga na Dvina ya Kaskazini, na huko Siberia kuna mabonde ya mito ya Ob, Yenisei, Lena, na Amur. Sehemu kubwa ya kaskazini ina tundra, na kusini kuna misitu, nyanda, na maeneo yenye rutuba. Uchumi wa nchi hiyo ulijengwa kuanzia mwaka wa 1917 hadi 1945 lakini ulipungua sana kufikia miaka ya 1980. Mwaka 1992 serikali ilianzisha mageuzi makubwa ya kugeuza uchumi uliopangwa kwa njia ya serikali kuu kuwa uchumi wa soko unaotegemea biashara binafsi. Urusi ni jamhuri ya vyama vingi na bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge la bunge. Eneo ambalo sasa ni eneo la Urusi lilikaliwa tangu nyakati za kale na watu mbalimbali, kutia ndani Waslavonia. Kuanzia karne ya 8 KK hadi karne ya 6 KK, eneo hilo lilitawaliwa na watu wa msafara, kutia ndani Wasithi, Wasarmatia, Wagothi, Wahuni, na Waavari. Kievan Rus, muungano wa principalities utawala kutoka Kiev, ilitokea karibu karne ya 10, lakini walipoteza utawala wake katika karne ya 11 na 12 kwa principalities huru, ikiwa ni pamoja na Novgorod na Vladimir. Novgorod ilikuwa mji wa kwanza wa Urusi kuokoka utawala wa Mongol Golden Horde. Katika karne ya 14 na 15, wakuu wa Moscow waliwashinda Wamongolia. Wakati wa utawala wa Ivan wa Nne (Mwenye Kuogopesha), Urusi ilianza kupanuka. Utawala wa Romanov ulianza mwaka 1613. Upanuzi uliendelea chini ya Petro wa Kwanza (Mkuu) na Catherine wa Pili (Mkuu). Baada ya Napoleon kuvamia eneo hilo mwaka 1812, Urusi ilipata sehemu kubwa ya Duchy ya Warsaw. Urusi ilichukua Georgia, Armenia, na maeneo ya Caucasus katika karne ya 19. Maendeleo ya Urusi kuelekea kusini dhidi ya Milki ya Ottoman yalikuwa ya umuhimu mkubwa kwa Ulaya (tazama Crimea). Urusi ilishindwa katika Vita vya Crimea (1853-1856). Uhamisho wa China wa ukingo wa kushoto wa Mto Amur mnamo 1858 ulionyesha upanuzi wa Urusi katika Asia Mashariki. Urusi iliuza Alaska kwa Marekani mwaka 1867 (tazama Ununuzi wa Alaska). Mapinduzi ya Urusi na Japan yalianza mwaka 1905 na kuishia kuangamia mwaka 1905 na kuanzisha mapinduzi ya Urusi. Katika Vita vya Kwanza vya Ulimwengu Urusi ilipigana dhidi ya Nguvu za Kati. Kuanguka kwa utawala wa kifalme wa Urusi mwaka 1917 kulifundisha kwamba Urusi ilikuwa na serikali ya Sovieti. Bolshevik waliweka sehemu kubwa ya milki ya zamani chini ya udhibiti wa Kikomunisti na kuipanga kama Jamhuri ya Kisoshalisti ya Urusi ya Sovieti (iliyofanana na Urusi ya leo). Urusi SFSR Jamhuri ya Sovieti ya Sovieti ilijiunga na Jamhuri nyingine za Sovieti mnamo 1922 na kuunda USSR. Baada ya kuanguka kwa Muungano wa Sovieti mwaka 1991, Urusi ilijitenga na Urusi. Ujumbe huo ulibadilishwa jina na kuwa nchi ya kwanza katika Jumuiya ya Madola ya Jumuiya ya Madola. Mwaka 1993 alibadilisha katiba yake. Katika miaka ya 1990 na mapema karne ya 21, ilijitahidi katika pande kadhaa, ikikabiliwa na ugumu wa kiuchumi, ufisadi wa kisiasa, na harakati za uhuru (tazama Chechnya). Mwaka 2014, Urusi ilishambulia jimbo la Crimea la Ukraine kabla ya kutangaza uhuru wake na kuunganishwa na Urusi.