Herbicide resistance could confer an advantage on plants in the wild.
Weedy rice may absorb transgenes derived from genetically modified crops by cross-pollinating. Credit: Xiao Yang
A common method of genetic modification used to make crops more resistant to herbicides was shown to be superior over weedy forms of rice. This finding suggests that the modifications could have an impact on the environment beyond farms.
A variety of crop varieties have been modified genetically to make them immune to Roundup herbicide glyphosate. This glyphosate resistance enables farmers to eradicate the majority of weeds from the fields without causing damage to their crop.
Glyphosate may hinder the growth of plants by blocking EPSP synase which is an enzyme involved in the production of amino acids, as well as other chemical compounds that comprise about 35% of plant mass. Genetic modification, such as the Roundup Ready crops manufactured by Monsanto in St. Louis, Missouri, involves inserting genes into the genetic code in order to increase EPSP production. The genes are often derived from bacteria that have caused the infection of plants.
This additional EPSP synthase permits plants to counteract the effects of glyphosate. ラウンドアップ Biotechnology labs also have tried to create EPSP synthase with more plant-based components than bacteria using genes taken from plants. https://search.rakuten.co.jp/search/mall/ラウンドアップ+マックスロード/ This was partially done to exploit the loophole in US law that allows regulatory approval for species which aren’t the result of bacteria.
Few studies have examined whether transgenes like those that confer resistance to glyphosate make plants more competitive in reproductive success and longevity once they are introduced to wild or weedy relatives by cross-pollination. ラウンドアップ Norman Ellstrand of the University of California, Riverside, stated that the conventional expectation was that any transgene would be detrimental to nature if there is no selection pressure. This is due to the fact that any additional machinery would lower the performance of the.
ラウンドアップ Lu Baorong of Fudan University in Shanghai is now challenging that view. The study demonstrates that glyphosate resistance even when applied to a weedy variety of the rice crop can give a significant health boost.
Lu and his associates modified cultivars of rice to make more EPSP synthase. They also crossed the modified rice with a weedy-related. Their findings were published in NewPhytologist 1.
The researchers then allowed the hybrid offspring of crossbreds to reproduce with one another, resulting in second-generation hybrids genetically identical except in the number of copies of the gene that encodes EPSP synthase. Like one might expect, more copies produced higher levels of enzyme, and also more tryptophan, than their unmodified counterparts.
Researchers also found that transgenic hybrids are more photogenic, produced more plants per plant and had 48-125% higher yields of seeds than non-transgenic varieties.
Making the weedy rice more competitive may increase the issues it creates for farmers around the world whose plots are invaded by the pest, Lu says.
Brian Ford Lloyd, a UK plant scientist, has said that the EPSP Synthase gene may be introduced into wild rice species. This would erode their genetic diversity, which is extremely important. This is among the most clear examples of plausible negative effects [of GM crop] on the environment.”
https://www.komeri.com/search/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97/?dispNo=&codeSearch=0&searchFirst=1 The public belief that genetically-modified crops with additional copies their genes are more secure is questioned by this study. Lu states that his study does not support this view.
According to some researchers this finding suggests that any future regulation for genetically engineered plants should be reconsidered. Ellstrand believes that some believe biosafety regulations can be relaxed because we’ve had two years of genetic engineering. “But the study demonstrates that the new technologies require careful evaluation.”
Uvumilivu wa dawa za kuua magugu ungeweza kuwa na manufaa kwa mimea iliyo porini. Mchele wenye magugu unaweza kunyonya transgenes zinazotokana na mazao yaliyobadilishwa chembe za urithi kwa kupandikiza. Xiao Yang, Mtaalamu wa Ujenzi wa Msitu wa Kimataifa, alisema kuwa mbinu ya kawaida ya mabadiliko ya maumbile inayotumiwa kufanya mazao ya mimea kuwa sugu zaidi kwa dawa za kuua magugu imeonyeshwa kuwa bora kuliko aina za mchele zenye magugu. Ugunduzi huu unaonyesha kwamba marekebisho yanaweza kuwa na athari kwa mazingira zaidi ya mashamba. Aina mbalimbali za mazao zimebadilishwa chembe za urithi ili ziwe na kinga dhidi ya dawa ya kuua magugu ya Roundup, glyphosate. Kwa sababu ya upinzani wake kwa glyphosate, wakulima wanaweza kuondoa magugu mengi bila kuharibu mazao yao. Glyphosate inaweza kuzuia ukuaji wa mimea kwa kuzuia EPSP-synase, ambayo ni enzyme inayohusika katika uzalishaji wa amino asidi, pamoja na misombo mingine ya kemikali ambayo hujumuisha karibu 35% ya wingi wa mimea. Mabadiliko ya maumbile, kama vile mazao ya Roundup Ready yaliyotengenezwa na Monsanto huko St. Louis, Missouri, yanahusisha kuingiza jeni katika nambari ya maumbile ili kuongeza uzalishaji wa EPSP. Mara nyingi chembe hizo za urithi hutokana na bakteria ambazo zimesababisha maambukizo ya mimea. EPSP synthase ya ziada inasaidia mimea kukabiliana na athari za glyphosate. Maabara ya Biotechnology pia wamejaribu kuunda EPSP synthase na vipengele zaidi vya mimea kuliko bakteria kwa kutumia jeni zilizochukuliwa kutoka kwa mimea. "Hii ilifanywa kwa sehemu ili kutumia ""shimo"" katika sheria ya Marekani ambayo inaruhusu idhini ya udhibiti kwa spishi ambazo si matokeo ya bakteria." Utafiti mdogo umechunguza ikiwa transgenes kama zile zinazotoa upinzani kwa glyphosate hufanya mimea kuwa na ushindani zaidi katika mafanikio ya uzazi na maisha marefu mara tu wanapowasilishwa kwa jamaa wa mwituni au magugu kwa kupandikiza. Norman Ellstrand, Mtaalamu wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti. Hii ni kwa sababu ya ukweli kwamba mashine yoyote ya ziada ingepunguza utendaji wa. Lu Baorong, mwanasayansi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Fudan huko Shanghai, anasema: Utafiti huo unaonyesha kwamba upinzani wa glyphosate hata wakati unatumiwa kwa aina ya magugu ya mazao ya mchele unaweza kutoa kuongeza afya kwa kiasi kikubwa. Lu na washirika wake walibadilisha aina za mchele ili kutengeneza EPSP zaidi. Pia walichanganya mchele uliobadilishwa na mchele unaohusiana na magugu. Matokeo ya utafiti huo yamechapishwa katika jarida la NewPhytologist. Watafiti waliwawezesha watoto wa mchanganyiko wa watoto wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko wa mchanganyiko. Kama vile mtu angeweza kutarajia, nakala nyingi zilitokeza viwango vya juu zaidi vya enzyme, na pia tryptophan zaidi, kuliko wenzao wasiotabiriwa. Watafiti pia waligundua kwamba mbegu za transgenic ni photogenic zaidi, zilitoa mimea zaidi kwa mmea na zilikuwa na mazao ya mbegu ya juu ya 48-125% kuliko aina zisizo za transgenic. "Kufanya mchele wenye magugu kuwa na ushindani zaidi kunaweza kuongeza matatizo ambayo huunda kwa wakulima duniani kote ambao mashamba yao yanavamwa na wadudu, ""alisema Lu." Brian Ford-Lloyd, mwanasayansi wa mimea wa Uingereza, alisema kwamba jeni la EPSP Synthase linaweza kuingizwa katika aina za mchele wa mwituni. Hilo lingeharibu utofauti wao wa maumbile, ambao ni wa maana sana. "Hii ni moja ya mifano ya wazi ya athari mbaya ya uwezekano wa mazao ya GM kwenye mazingira. "" https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com https: www.comerys.com " Lu anasema kwamba utafiti wake haupingi maoni hayo. Kulingana na watafiti fulani, matokeo hayo yanaonyesha kwamba sheria yoyote ya wakati ujao kwa ajili ya mimea iliyobadilishwa chembe za urithi inapaswa kutafakariwa tena. Ellstrand anaamini kwamba baadhi ya kuamini kanuni biosafety inaweza kupumzika kwa sababu tumekuwa na miaka miwili ya uhandisi wa maumbile. <unk>Lakini utafiti unaonyesha kwamba teknolojia mpya zinahitaji tathmini ya uangalifu.<unk>