Game Changer in Soil Science. The Anthropocene in soil science and pedology.
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© 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim The venerable science of pedology, initiated in the 19th century as the study of the natural factors of soil formation, is adapting to the demands of the Anthropocene, the geologic time during which planet Earth and its soils are transitioning from natural to human-natural systems. With vast areas of soils intensively managed, the future of pedology lies with a renewed science that can be called anthropedology that builds on the pedology of the past but proceeds from “human as outsider” to “human as insider.” In other words, the human in pedology must shift from being a soil-disturbing to soil-forming agent. Pedology is well prepared to respond to the challenges of the Anthropocene, given the decades of research on human-soil relations throughout human history and throughout the period of the Great Acceleration (Steffen et al., ). However, quantitative understanding of soil responses to the diversity of human forcings remains elementary and needs remedy.
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Richter, DD (2020). Game Changer in Soil Science. The Anthropocene in soil science and pedology. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 183(1). pp. 5–11. 10.1002/jpln.201900320 Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10161/21224.
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Richter’s research and teaching links soils with ecosystems and the wider environment, most recently Earth scientists’ Critical Zone. He focuses on how humanity is transforming Earth’s soils from natural to human-natural systems, specifically how land-uses alter soil processes and properties on time scales of decades, centuries, and millennia. Richter's book, Understanding Soil Change (Cambridge University Press), co-authored with his former PhD student Daniel Markewitz (Professor at University of Georgia), explores a legacy of soil change across the Southern Piedmont of North America, from the acidic soils of primary hardwood forests that covered the region until 1800, through the marked transformations affected by long-cultivated cotton, to contemporary soils of rapidly growing and intensively managed pine forests. Richter and colleagues work to expand the concept of soil as the full biogeochemical weathering system of the Earth’s crust, ie, the Earth’s belowground Critical Zone, which can be tens of meters deep. The research examines decadal to millennial changes in the chemistry and cycling of soil C, N, P, Ca, K, Mg, and trace elements B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Be, Zr, and Zn across full soil profiles as deep at 30-m. Since 1988, Richter has worked at and directed the Long-Term Calhoun Soil-Ecosystem Experiment (LTSE) in the Piedmont of South Carolina, a collaborative study with the USDA Forest Service that quantifies how soils form as natural bodies and are transformed by human action, and a study that has grown to become an international model for such long-term soil and ecosystem studies. In 2005, Richter and students initiated the first comprehensive international inventory project of the world’s LTSEs, using an advanced-format website that has networked metadata from 250 LTSEs. The LTSEs project has held three workshops at Duke University, NCSU's Center for Environmental Farming Systems, and the USDA Forest Service's Calhoun Experimental Forest and Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, hosting representatives from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and the Americas. Richter's 60-year old Long Term Calhoun Soil and Ecosystem Experiment is linked to similar experiments and platforms around the world via the ‘Long-Term Soil-Ecosystem Experiments Global Inventory’, assembled by Dan Richter, Pete Smith, and Mike Hofmockel."He is an active member of the International Commission on Stratigraphy’s Working Group on the Anthropocene. Richter has written in the peer-reviewed literature about all of these projects, and in November 2014 his soils research at the Calhoun and his soils teaching were featured in Science magazine.
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Mabadiliko ya Mchezo katika Sayansi ya Udongo. Anthropocene katika sayansi ya udongo na pedology. Wiley-V.C. Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Weinheim, Ujerumani, mwaka wa 2019 - Sayansi ya pedology, iliyoanzishwa katika karne ya 19 kama utafiti wa mambo ya asili ya malezi ya udongo, inabadilika kwa mahitaji ya Anthropocene, wakati wa kijiolojia ambapo sayari ya Dunia na udongo wake unabadilika kutoka kwa mifumo ya asili hadi ya binadamu. Kwa maeneo makubwa ya udongo, wakati ujao wa pedology unategemea sayansi mpya ambayo inaweza kuitwa anthropodology ambayo inajenga juu ya pedology ya zamani lakini inapita kutoka kwa binadamu kama mgeni hadi binadamu kama ndani. Pedology ni tayari vizuri kujibu changamoto ya Anthropocene, kutokana na miongo ya utafiti juu ya uhusiano wa binadamu-ardhi katika historia ya binadamu na katika kipindi chote cha kasi kubwa. Hata hivyo, uelewa wa kiasi cha majibu ya udongo kwa utofauti wa nguvu za binadamu bado ni ya msingi na inahitaji kurekebishwa. Toleo la kuchapishwa (Tafadhali taja toleo hili) Richter, (2020 DD). Mabadiliko ya Mchezo katika Sayansi ya Udongo. Anthropocene katika sayansi ya udongo na pedology. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 183 (1) (Jarida la Lishe ya Mimea na Sayansi ya Udongo, 183 (1)). Ukurasa wa 5 <unk> 11. "1010 ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" - ""JPG"" -JPG" Hii ni kujengwa kutoka data ndogo inapatikana na inaweza kuwa si sahihi. Ili kunukuu makala hii, tafadhali angalia na kutumia nukuu rasmi iliyotolewa na jarida. Utafiti na ufundishaji wa Richter unaunganisha udongo na mifumo ya ikolojia na mazingira pana, hivi karibuni wanasayansi wa Dunia 'Kati muhimu. Alizungumzia jinsi wanadamu wanavyobadilisha udongo wa dunia kutoka kwa asili hadi kwa mifumo ya asili ya binadamu, haswa jinsi matumizi ya ardhi yanabadilisha michakato na mali za udongo kwa vipimo vya muda vya miongo, karne, na milenia. Kitabu cha Richter, Understanding Soil Change (Cambridge University Press), kilichoandikwa na mwanafunzi wake wa zamani wa PhD Daniel Markewitz (Professor katika Chuo Kikuu cha Georgia), kinachunguza urithi wa mabadiliko ya udongo katika Piedmont Kusini mwa Amerika ya Kaskazini, kutoka udongo wa asidi wa misitu ya msingi ya kuni ambayo ilifunika mkoa hadi 1800, kupitia mabadiliko ya alama ya pamba ya muda mrefu, hadi udongo wa kisasa wa misitu ya pine. Richter na wenzake wanafanya kazi kupanua dhana ya udongo kama mfumo kamili wa hali ya hewa ya biogeochemical ya ganda la Dunia, yaani, Eneo la muhimu la chini ya ardhi la Dunia, ambalo linaweza kuwa na kina cha mita kadhaa. Utafiti huo unachunguza mabadiliko ya miaka kumi hadi elfu katika kemia na mzunguko wa udongo C, N, P, Ca, K, Mg, na elementi za alama B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Be, Zr, na Zn katika maelezo kamili ya udongo kama kina cha mita 30. Tangu 1988, Richter amefanya kazi na kuongoza Long Term Calhoun Soil-Ecosystem Experiment (LTSE) katika Piedmont, South Carolina, utafiti wa ushirikiano na Huduma ya Misitu ya USDA, ambayo inahesabu jinsi udongo unavyoundwa kama miili ya asili na kubadilishwa na hatua ya binadamu. Mwaka 2005, Richter na wanafunzi wake walianzisha mradi wa kwanza wa kimataifa wa orodha ya LTSE za ulimwengu, kwa kutumia tovuti ya hali ya juu ambayo ina metadata ya mtandao kutoka LTSE 250. LTSE imefanya semina tatu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Duke, Kituo cha NCSU cha Mifumo ya Kilimo cha Mazingira, na Kituo cha Majaribio cha USDA cha Calhoun Experimental Forest na Maabara ya Hydrolojia ya Coahuila, ikiwakaribisha wawakilishi kutoka Afrika, Asia, Australia, Ulaya na Amerika. "Kipimo cha muda mrefu cha udongo na mazingira cha Richter kinaunganishwa na majaribio na majukwaa kama hayo ulimwenguni kote kupitia ""Utafiti wa muda mrefu wa udongo na mazingira"" wa Global Inventory, ulioundwa na Dan Richter, Pete Smith na Mike Hofmockel." "Yeye ni mwanachama hai wa Tume ya Kimataifa ya Stratigraphy's Working Group on the Anthropocene. Richter ameandika katika fasihi ya ukaguzi wa rika kuhusu miradi hii yote, na mnamo Novemba 2014, utafiti wake wa udongo huko Calhoun na mafundisho yake ya udongo yalionyeshwa katika jarida la Sayansi. Ikiwa haijulikani vinginevyo, makala za kitaaluma zilizochapishwa na wanachama wa kitivo cha Duke zinapatikana hapa na leseni ya CC BY-NC (Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial), kama inavyowezesha Sera ya Ufikiaji wa Wazi la Duke. Ikiwa unataka kutumia vifaa kwa njia ambazo haziruhusiwi tayari chini ya CC BY-NC, tafadhali wasiliana na mmiliki wa hakimiliki. Vifaa vingine vinapatikana hapa kupitia utoaji wa mwandishi wa leseni isiyo ya kipekee ili kufanya kazi yao ipatikane wazi.