What is inflation risk and how do you mitigate it?
Inflation is a growing concern worldwide. Learn what inflation risk is and how inflation affects investments. Discover ways to hedge against inflation and how to invest and trade it with the UK’s No.1 CFD provider.1
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What is inflation?
Inflation is the lessening of money’s purchasing power in an economy. Through inflation, the cost of consumer items and services rises – meaning your money is worth less than it used to be. This weakens a currency as each pound buys you fewer things than before the rise in inflation.
Inflation is usually measured within a country – the term for this is ‘headline inflation’. Two acronyms are associated with headline inflation: CPI (Consumer Price Index) and RPI (Retail Price Index). CPI refers to the current price of consumable goods in shops, while RPI is slightly broader and also refers to other costs of living you won’t find in stores, such as property prices, mortgage interest rates and more.
CPI and RPI are by far the most commonly used terms when speaking about headline inflation, although other inflationary indices exist.
Because inflation makes money worth less, it’s problematic for any non-inflation linked investment as it lowers the real value (ie the purchasing power) of those returns.
What is inflation risk?
Inflation risk is the possibility that unexpected inflation will significantly erode the real value of the returns you’d get from an investment.
With higher inflation, you may still get future income from an investment, but what that money can actually buy is diminished because the cost of living has risen – even if the monetary amount hasn’t changed.
This is especially worrying for investors in fixed-income assets like bonds, where coupon amounts remain consistent but their real value declines.
Inflation risk: an example
Let’s say you buy a bond with a coupon rate of 3%, which is a normal, nominal amount when you invest in the bond. However, if the inflation rate is 2% at the time, your purchasing power is only really increasing by 1%. This is your real return.
In its most basic form, the formula for calculating your real return is:
Real return = nominal return − inflation
Because bonds are fixed-income assets, your coupon rate won’t change with time, even if the inflation rate does. So, if the inflation rate climbs above 2%, it’ll erode the value of your bond even further. In a worst-case scenario, your real returns could even become negative. Say, for instance, the nominal return is 3% but inflation is sitting at 5%:
3% nominal − 5% inflation = −2% real return
Here, your investment is actually losing you money, even though your nominal return (3%) hasn’t changed.
What is an inflation risk premium?
An inflation risk premium is the amount a lender will pay to the investor to compensate them for taking on inflation risk. This premium increases the returns an investor might see on fixed-income assets in a time of inflation hikes, making them more attractive.
Inflation risk vs interest rate risk
Inflation risk and interest rate risk are sometimes confused, as they’re closely related in the bond market.
- Inflation risk is the chance that your return from an investment (eg bond coupons) can lose value in real terms due to a rapid inflation rate
- Interest rate risk is the chance that the value of an asset (like bonds) can decrease due to increasing interest rates and a hawkish environment
Rises in inflation are often followed by increases in interest rates. That’s because central banks like the Bank of England (BoE) often hike interest rates to discourage cash-strapped consumers from spending too much on credit when inflation makes prices increase.
Due to this, bond prices and interest rates are inversely related – when interest rates rise, bond prices fall, and vice versa.
If you decided to sell a bond on the secondary market at a time when the rate of interest had risen significantly, you’d receive a price lower than the bond’s face value if its coupon is lower than the current interest rate.
On the other hand, an increase in the inflation rate would mean that each coupon payment made by the bond would be increasingly less valuable to a bond holder. That’s because the bond’s real interest rate would have been lessened.
How does inflation affect investments?
Inflation doesn’t affect all investments the same way. Asset classes that don’t adjust their returns in line with inflation are exposed to inflation risk. These include fixed-income bonds, stocks and even savings deposits.
There are also assets that’ve historically protected against the negative effects of inflation. These include commodities, index-linked bonds, REITs (real estate investment trusts) and also, over the longer term, a well-balanced and diversified shares portfolio.
Let’s have a look at how inflation hikes tend to affect some of the most popular markets.
Bonds and inflation risk
As we’ve discussed earlier, coupon payments are a fixed amount, and so become worth less as inflation increases. The more rapid the rise of inflation, the faster those coupon payments lose value in real terms for investors, even if they don’t technically have a diminished rate of return.
Stocks and inflation risk
There’s no hard and fast rule regarding how inflation may affect a share’s price, because there are a wide range of industries and companies out there, which will react to the same environment in diverse and different ways. Each stock should be judged on its individual merits. However, a few guidelines are worth knowing:
- Growth stocks tend to decline in price during high inflation periods and their promise of future appreciation becomes less attractive when inflation lessens the value of those potential returns
- Income stocks pay regular and stable dividends, which may not keep up with inflation in the short run, so their price could decline in a high inflation environment until dividends rise
- International stocks may experience a falling share price, if competing in global markets or against foreign companies in local markets, during periods of high inflation. Yet, if the company raises prices too much, it runs the risk of becoming uncompetitive
- Value stocks are often preferred by investors when inflation is high. That’s because they have a higher intrinsic worth than their current trading price and are frequently usually well-established, mature companies characterised by strong cash flow
- Defensive stocks usually retain their value during periods of high inflation, as consumers will still buy from them when times are tight. They are often used as a hedge against weak macroeconomic conditions, but could underperform in positive markets
Savings deposits and other cash investments
During periods when investors are feeling squeezed, cash investments like savings deposit accounts and other cash deposits tend to be popular. So, do they do well during higher inflation periods?
Cash-based investments, like cash deposits or savings deposit accounts, are very liquid. They aren’t vulnerable to many of the other risks, like excess volatility, that other asset classes face during times of financial upheaval. As the saying goes, a pound is a pound no matter what the market’s doing.
However, they are very much exposed to inflation risk – in fact, cash is one of the most affected markets when inflation rises, because it erodes the very value that that pound has. If inflation increases significantly or unexpectedly, the real value of your deposits decreases if it isn’t earning above-inflation interest. This would result in a negative real return.
Plus, this inflation risk also applies to other, less liquid cash investments like certificates of deposit and money accounts.
How to hedge against inflation risk
UK index-linked gilts
- Issued by the government, a UK index-linked gilt is a bond specifically designed to combat inflation
- Index-linked gilts are supposed to have coupon payment amounts that rise when inflation rises, ensuring that an investor’s final settlement repayment matches the accrued inflation amount over the years that bond has been held
- This means that investments generally do better in a higher inflation environment, so they can be used to hedge against other asset classes more vulnerable to inflation
Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS)
- Similar to UK index-linked gilts, TIPS are the American equivalent, issued by the United States Treasury
- TIPS are benchmarked against the US Consumer Price Index (CPI), so when the cost of living rises due to inflation, so does the value of a TIPS bond
- This means these, too, can provide protection against rising inflation
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
- Because the price of property and mortgages almost always go up when inflation does, REITs perform well during times of higher inflation
- Gaining exposure to REITs can provide a natural hedge against inflation in this way
- With us, you can buy shares in popular REIT ETFs, like British Land. This means you’ll be able to invest in an ETF that gives you broad exposure to the REIT market with a single position
- Traditionally, gold is viewed as a hedge against inflation and tends to do well during times of aggressive hikes
- The fact that many view gold as such will, more often than not, boost its prices during any period of uncertainty, making it a valuable hedge
- Owning gold outright can be a complex process, but with us you can trade on gold as a commodity, as well as on gold-exposed companies such as miners. This means you won’t take possession of any physical gold but can instead make a profit or a loss by predicting the movement of the underlying gold market you’re trading on
Long-run stock portfolio
- Over time, stock prices, dividends and earnings stabilise at a new, higher level
- This will conserve the real value – ie the purchasing power – of a stock over the long term
- This means that, while stocks may depreciate during higher inflation times temporarily, they can also be a valuable hedge against it in the longer term
How to trade or hedge inflation with us
With us, you can speculate on or hedge against inflation in two ways: investing and trading.
Follow these steps to take a position:
- Research your preferred market
- Decide whether to invest or trade
- Open a live account or practise on a demo
- Take steps to manage your risk
- Select ‘place deal’ and monitor your position
Investing for inflation risk
You can invest with us via a share dealing account. You’ll take ownership of shares or ETFs that are resistant to the negative effects of inflation – for example defensive stocks, REITs ETFs or commodity ETFs. You’ll also make a profit if what you’ve purchased appreciates in price.
Trading for inflation risk
When trading, you won’t own any shares or ETFs outright, but will instead speculate on the price of stocks, bonds, commodities or any other market you think will do well against inflation.
As a trader, you’ll take a position on the performance of the underlying market during inflation – such as government bonds, futures, gold and more – going long if you think the market’s price will rise and going short if you think it’ll fall. You’ll make a profit if you predict this correctly, and a loss if you don’t.
To trade inflation, you can also take a position using the inflation index. This allows for hedging against losses on current bond and shareholdings, and can be used by traders to take a view on inflationary movements.
Inflation risk summed up
- Inflation is the decreasing of money’s purchasing power
- Inflation risk is the chance that inflation will lessen the purchasing power of your investments over time
- Different types of assets react differently to inflation. For example, REITs tend to appreciate in value when inflation rises, while cash is vulnerable to inflation risk
- With us you can trade on inflation, as well as hedge against inflation via investing or trading
- You can invest in inflation-exposed markets using a share dealing account or trade inflation using spread bets or CFDs
1 Based on revenue (published financial statements, 2022).
This information has been prepared by IG, a trading name of IG Markets Limited. In addition to the disclaimer below, the material on this page does not contain a record of our trading prices, or an offer of, or solicitation for, a transaction in any financial instrument. IG accepts no responsibility for any use that may be made of these comments and for any consequences that result. No representation or warranty is given as to the accuracy or completeness of this information. Consequently any person acting on it does so entirely at their own risk. Any research provided does not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and needs of any specific person who may receive it. It has not been prepared in accordance with legal requirements designed to promote the independence of investment research and as such is considered to be a marketing communication. Although we are not specifically constrained from dealing ahead of our recommendations we do not seek to take advantage of them before they are provided to our clients. See full non-independent research disclaimer and quarterly summary.
Ni nini hatari ya mfumuko wa bei na jinsi ya kupunguza? Mfumuko wa bei ni jambo linalodhuru ulimwenguni pote. Jifunze nini hatari ya mfumuko wa bei na jinsi mfumuko wa bei unavyoathiri uwekezaji. Kujifunza jinsi ya kuhifadhi dhidi ya mfumuko wa bei na jinsi ya kuwekeza na biashara na Uingereza No. 1 mtoa CFD. Mfumuko wa bei ni nini? Mfumuko wa bei ni kupungua kwa nguvu ya ununuzi wa pesa katika uchumi. Kupitia mfumuko wa bei, gharama ya bidhaa na huduma za watumiaji huongezeka - ikimaanisha pesa zako zina thamani ndogo kuliko ilivyokuwa. Hii hupunguza thamani ya sarafu kwa kuwa kila pauni inakuwezesha kununua vitu vichache kuliko kabla ya kuongezeka kwa mfumuko wa bei. Mfumuko wa bei kwa kawaida hupimwa ndani ya nchi <unk> neno kwa ajili ya hii ni <unk>mfumuko wa bei mkuu<unk>. "Kuna vifupisho viwili vinavyohusishwa na mfumuko wa bei: ""CPI"" (Consumer Price Index) na ""RPI"" (Retail Price Index)." CPI inahusu bei ya sasa ya bidhaa zinazotumiwa katika maduka, wakati RPI ni pana kidogo na pia inahusu gharama nyingine za maisha ambazo huwezi kupata katika maduka, kama vile bei ya mali, viwango vya riba ya mkopo wa nyumba na zaidi. CPI na RPI ni maneno ya kawaida kutumika wakati wa kuzungumza juu ya mfumuko wa bei, ingawa indices nyingine inflationary zipo. Kwa sababu mfumuko wa bei hufanya pesa iwe na thamani kidogo, ni shida kwa uwekezaji wowote usio na mfumuko wa bei kwani hupunguza thamani halisi (yaani nguvu ya ununuzi) ya mapato hayo. Hatari ya mfumuko wa bei ni nini? Hatari ya mfumuko wa bei ni uwezekano kwamba mfumuko wa bei usiotazamiwa utaharibu kwa kiasi kikubwa thamani halisi ya mapato unayopata kutoka kwa uwekezaji. Kwa mfumuko wa bei, unaweza kupata mapato ya baadaye kutoka kwa uwekezaji, lakini kile pesa hizo zinaweza kununua hupungua kwa sababu gharama za maisha zimeongezeka - hata ikiwa kiasi cha pesa hakijabadilika. Hii ni hasa ya wasiwasi kwa wawekezaji katika mali ya mapato ya kudumu kama vile dhamana, ambapo kiasi cha coupon hubaki thabiti lakini thamani yao halisi hupungua. Uwezekano wa kuanguka kwa bei: Kwa mfano, unaweza kununua dhamana ya boni ya 3%, ambayo ni kiwango cha kawaida cha thamani ya thamani ya thamani ya thamani ya thamani ya thamani ya thamani ya thamani ya thamani ya thamani ya thamani ya thamani ya thamani ya thamani. Kwa mfano, ikiwa kiwango cha mfumuko wa bei ni 2% kwa wakati huo, nguvu yako ya ununuzi inaongezeka kwa asilimia 1 tu. Hii ni kurudi kwako kwa kweli. Katika fomu yake ya msingi, formula ya kuhesabu faida yako halisi ni: Real kurudi = nominal kurudi - mfumuko wa bei Kwa sababu dhamana ni mali ya mapato ya kudumu, kiwango chako cha kuponi hakitabadilika kwa muda, hata kama kiwango cha mfumuko wa bei hufanya. Kwa hiyo, ikiwa kiwango cha mfumuko wa bei kitaongezeka zaidi ya 2%, itapunguza thamani ya dhamana yako zaidi. Katika hali mbaya zaidi, mapato yako halisi yanaweza hata kuwa hasi. Kwa mfano, kama kiwango cha nominal ni 3%, lakini inflation ni 5% - 5% nominal - 5% inflation = 2% real return, basi ni kweli kwamba uwekezaji wako unapoteza pesa, hata kama nominal return yako (3%) haijabadilika. Ni nini malipo ya hatari ya mfumuko wa bei? Inflation hatari premium ni kiasi cha mkopeshaji kulipa kwa wawekezaji ili kulipia yao kwa kuchukua juu ya hatari ya mfumuko wa bei. Hii premium huongeza mapato ya mwekezaji anaweza kuona juu ya mali ya mapato ya kudumu katika wakati wa inflation kuongezeka, na kufanya yao kuvutia zaidi. Hatari ya mfumuko wa bei dhidi ya hatari ya kiwango cha riba Hatari ya mfumuko wa bei na hatari ya kiwango cha riba wakati mwingine huchanganyikiwa, kwani zinahusiana sana katika soko la dhamana. Hatari ya mfumuko wa bei ni uwezekano wa kwamba mapato yako kutoka kwa uwekezaji (kwa mfano, kuponi za dhamana) yanaweza kupoteza thamani katika maneno halisi kwa sababu ya kiwango cha mfumuko wa bei. hatari ya kiwango cha riba ni uwezekano wa thamani ya mali (kama dhamana) kupungua kwa sababu ya viwango vya riba vinavyoongezeka na mazingira ya hawkish. Hiyo ni kwa sababu benki kuu kama Benki ya Uingereza (BoE) mara nyingi huongeza viwango vya riba ili kuwazuia watumiaji wenye shida ya fedha kutoka kwa kutumia sana mkopo wakati mfumuko wa bei unapofanya bei kuongezeka. Kwa sababu hii, bei za dhamana na viwango vya riba vinahusiana kinyume <unk> wakati viwango vya riba vinaongezeka, bei za dhamana hupungua, na kinyume chake. Kama wewe kuamua kuuza dhamana katika soko la sekondari katika wakati ambapo kiwango cha riba alikuwa aliongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa, wewe kupokea bei ya chini kuliko dhamana ya thamani ya uso kama coupon yake ni chini ya kiwango cha riba ya sasa. Kwa upande mwingine, ongezeko la kiwango cha mfumuko wa bei ingemaanisha kwamba kila malipo ya kuponi yaliyotolewa na dhamana ingekuwa na thamani kidogo kwa mmiliki wa dhamana. Hiyo ni kwa sababu dhamana ya kiwango cha riba halisi ingekuwa kupunguzwa. Mfumuko wa bei huathirije uwekezaji? Mfumuko wa bei hauathiri uwekezaji wote kwa njia ileile. Madarasa ya mali ambayo si kurekebisha mapato yao sambamba na mfumuko wa bei ni wazi kwa hatari ya mfumuko wa bei. Hizi zinatia ndani dhamana za mapato ya kudumu, hisa na hata amana za akiba. Pia kuna mali ambayo <unk>ve kihistoria kulindwa dhidi ya athari hasi ya mfumuko wa bei. Hizi ni pamoja na bidhaa, vifungo index-kuunganishwa, REITs (real estate uwekezaji amana) na pia, kwa muda mrefu, vizuri imeboreshwa na mbalimbali hisa mfuko. Hebu tuangalie jinsi inflation huongezeka huwa na kuathiri baadhi ya masoko maarufu zaidi. Vifungo na hatari ya mfumuko wa bei Kama tulivyojadili hapo awali, malipo ya coupon ni kiasi fasta, na hivyo kuwa na thamani kidogo kama mfumuko wa bei huongezeka. Kadiri ongezeko la mfumuko wa bei inavyozidi kuongezeka, ndivyo malipo hayo ya kuponi yanavyopoteza thamani kwa maneno halisi kwa wawekezaji, hata ikiwa kwa kiufundi hawana kiwango cha kupungua kwa mapato. Kuna hakuna sheria ngumu na ya haraka kuhusu jinsi mfumuko wa bei unaweza kuathiri bei ya hisa, kwa sababu kuna aina mbalimbali za viwanda na makampuni huko nje, ambayo itakabiliana na mazingira sawa kwa njia mbalimbali na tofauti. Kila hisa inapaswa kuhukumiwa kulingana na sifa zake za kibinafsi. Hata hivyo, miongozo michache ni thamani ya kujua: - Mimea ya ukuaji huwa na kushuka kwa bei wakati wa inflation ya juu na ahadi yao ya thamani ya baadaye inakuwa chini ya kuvutia wakati inflation hupunguza thamani ya mapato hayo ya uwezekano - Mimea ya mapato hulipa gawio la kawaida na thabiti, ambayo inaweza kushikilia na inflation katika muda mfupi, hivyo bei yao inaweza kushuka katika mazingira ya inflation ya juu hadi gawio la kuongezeka. Hata hivyo, ikiwa kampuni huongeza bei sana, ina hatari ya kuwa isiyo ya ushindani - Hisa za Thamani mara nyingi hupendekezwa na wawekezaji wakati mfumuko wa bei ni wa juu. Hiyo ni kwa sababu wana thamani ya ndani ya juu kuliko bei yao ya sasa ya biashara na mara nyingi huwa na kampuni zilizojengwa vizuri, zilizokomaa zinazojulikana na mtiririko mkubwa wa fedha - Hisa za ulinzi kwa kawaida huhifadhi thamani yao wakati wa mfumuko wa bei, kama watumiaji bado kununua kutoka kwao wakati nyakati ni ngumu. Kwa sababu ya hali mbaya ya uchumi wa jumla, uwekezaji wa fedha za mkopo na amana zingine za fedha za mkopo huonekana kuwa maarufu. Kwa hiyo, je, wao hufanya vizuri wakati wa vipindi vya mfumuko wa bei wa juu? Uwekezaji wa fedha, kama vile amana za fedha au akaunti za amana za akiba, ni umajimaji sana. Wao si dhaifu kwa hatari nyingine nyingi, kama vile kutofautiana kupita kiasi, kwamba madarasa mengine ya mali inakabiliwa wakati wa wakati wa msukosuko wa kifedha. Kama msemo unavyosema, pauni ni pauni haijalishi soko linafanya nini. Hata hivyo, wao ni sana wazi kwa hatari ya mfumuko wa bei <unk> kwa kweli, fedha taslimu ni moja ya masoko zaidi walioathirika wakati mfumuko wa bei, kwa sababu ni erodes thamani sana kwamba pauni ina. Kama mfumuko wa bei huongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa au bila kutarajia, thamani halisi ya amana yako hupungua kama si kupata juu ya mfumuko wa bei ya riba. Hii ingesababisha faida halisi hasi. Kwa kuongezea, hatari hii ya mfumuko wa bei pia inatumika kwa uwekezaji mwingine wa fedha zisizo na umajimaji kama vyeti vya amana na akaunti za pesa. Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Uwekezaji wa Hii inamaanisha utaweza kuwekeza katika ETF ambayo inakupa mfiduo mkubwa kwa soko la REIT na nafasi moja - Kwa kawaida, dhahabu inaonekana kama hedge dhidi ya mfumuko wa bei na huwa na kufanya vizuri wakati wa kuongezeka kwa nguvu - Ukweli kwamba wengi huona dhahabu kama vile, mara nyingi zaidi kuliko sio, kuongeza bei yake wakati wa kipindi chochote cha kutokuwa na uhakika, na kuifanya kuwa hedge yenye thamani - Kumiliki dhahabu moja kwa moja inaweza kuwa mchakato tata, lakini na sisi unaweza biashara juu ya dhahabu kama bidhaa. Hii inamaanisha kwamba hutachukua mali ya dhahabu yoyote ya kimwili lakini badala yake unaweza kupata faida au hasara kwa kutabiri harakati ya soko la dhahabu la msingi unaloufanya biashara kwenye mkoba wa hisa za muda mrefu. - Kwa muda, bei za hisa, gawio na mapato huimarika katika kiwango kipya, cha juu zaidi. - Hii inamaanisha kwamba, wakati hisa zinaweza kupungua wakati wa inflation ya juu kwa muda mfupi, zinaweza pia kuwa kinga muhimu dhidi yake kwa muda mrefu. Fanya utafiti wa soko lako la upendeleo, kuamua kama uwekezaji au biashara, fungua akaunti ya kuishi au mazoezi kwenye demo, chukua hatua za kusimamia hatari yako, chagua 'kufanya mpango' na ufuatiliaji wa nafasi yako, uwekezaji kwa hatari ya mfumuko wa bei, unaweza kuwekeza na sisi kupitia akaunti ya biashara ya hisa. Utachukua umiliki wa hisa au ETFs ambayo ni sugu kwa athari hasi za mfumuko wa bei - kwa mfano hisa za ulinzi, REITs ETFs au ETFs bidhaa. Pia utapata faida ikiwa kile ulichonunua kitathaminiwa kwa bei. Wakati wa biashara, wewe si kumiliki hisa yoyote au ETFs moja kwa moja, lakini badala yake itabidi kufikiri juu ya bei ya hisa, dhamana, bidhaa au soko nyingine yoyote unafikiri itafanya vizuri dhidi ya mfumuko wa bei. Kama mfanyabiashara, utachukua msimamo juu ya utendaji wa soko la msingi wakati wa mfumuko wa bei kama vile dhamana za serikali, siku zijazo, dhahabu na zaidi kwenda kwa muda mrefu ikiwa unafikiri bei ya soko itaongezeka na kwenda fupi ikiwa unafikiri itashuka. Utapata faida ikiwa utatabiri hii kwa usahihi, na hasara ikiwa hautaki. Ili kufanya biashara ya mfumuko wa bei, unaweza pia kuchukua nafasi kwa kutumia index ya mfumuko wa bei. Hii inaruhusu hedging dhidi ya hasara juu ya dhamana ya sasa na hisa, na inaweza kutumika na wafanyabiashara kuchukua mtazamo juu ya harakati inflationary. Uwezekano wa kuanguka kwa bei ya fedha - Uwezekano wa kuanguka kwa bei ya fedha - Uwezekano wa kuanguka kwa bei ya fedha - Uwezekano wa kuanguka kwa bei ya fedha - Uwezekano wa kuanguka kwa bei ya fedha - Uwezekano wa kuanguka kwa bei ya fedha - Uwezekano wa kuanguka kwa bei ya fedha - Uwezekano wa kuanguka kwa bei ya fedha. Kwa mfano, REITs huwa na thamani wakati mfumuko wa bei unapozidi, wakati fedha ni dhaifu kwa hatari ya mfumuko wa bei - Pamoja nasi unaweza biashara juu ya mfumuko wa bei, pamoja na hedge dhidi ya mfumuko wa bei kupitia uwekezaji au biashara - Unaweza kuwekeza katika masoko ya mfumuko wa bei kwa kutumia akaunti ya biashara ya hisa au biashara ya mfumuko wa bei kwa kutumia bets au CFDs. Taarifa hii imepangwa na IG, jina la biashara la IG Markets Limited. Kwa kuongezea, nyaraka zilizo kwenye ukurasa huu hazina rekodi ya bei zetu za biashara, au ofa ya, au ombi la, shughuli katika chombo chochote cha kifedha. IG haikubaliwa kuwajibika kwa matumizi yoyote ambayo yanaweza kufanywa ya maoni haya na kwa matokeo yoyote yanayotokana nayo. Hakuna uwakilishi au dhamana hutolewa kama kwa usahihi au ukamilifu wa habari hii. Kwa hiyo mtu yeyote anayefanya kazi juu yake hufanya hivyo kabisa kwa hatari yake mwenyewe. Utafiti wowote unaotolewa hauhusishi malengo maalum ya uwekezaji, hali ya kifedha na mahitaji ya mtu yeyote maalum ambaye anaweza kuipokea. Haijaandaliwa kulingana na mahitaji ya kisheria yaliyokusudiwa kukuza uhuru wa utafiti wa uwekezaji na kama vile inachukuliwa kuwa mawasiliano ya uuzaji. Ingawa hatuna vikwazo maalum kutoka kwa kushughulika kabla ya mapendekezo yetu, hatutafuti kuitumia kabla ya kupewa kwa wateja wetu. Angalia full non-independent utafiti disclaimer na muhtasari wa kila robo mwaka.