Baltic Sea: A Recovering Future From Decades of Eutrophication
Authors: Anna-Stiina Heiskanen, Erik Bonsdorff, MarkoJoas
Type of publication: Book chapter
The eutrophication development of the Baltic Sea since early 20th century has been driven by human activities causing increasing nutrient loading, impaired ecosystem status, negative impacts on human welfare, and changing responses in governance. Both the Baltic Sea ecosystem and the surrounding countries have gone through major changes during the last 100 years. The social and ecological regime shifts have been driven by political change and economic development of the region, from the landscape divided by the ‘Iron Curtain’ into the environmentally advanced governance system of the European Union. Thanks to the policies and action plans coordinated by the environmental protection convention, HELCOM, nutrient loading trends have been curbed, but with little impact on environmental status. Future climate change projections imply that an improvement of the Baltic Sea ecosystem status will need even stronger measures. A transition to adaptive governance and the circular economy could provide sustainable solutions.
Heiskanen, A-S, Bonsdorff, E. and Joas, M. 2019. Baltic Sea: A Recovering Future From Decades of Eutrophication. In: Coasts and Estuaries, Chapter 20, page: 343-362. Elsevier BV.
Bahari ya Baltic: Uokoaji wa Baadaye kutoka kwa Miongo ya Eutrophication - Anna-Stiena Heiskensen, Erik Bonsdorf, Marko Joas, Mhariri wa Bahari ya Baltic: Maendeleo ya Eutrophication ya Bahari ya Baltic tangu mwanzo wa karne ya 20 imesukumwa na shughuli za binadamu zinazosababisha kuongezeka kwa mzigo wa virutubisho, hali ya mazingira iliyoharibiwa, athari mbaya kwa ustawi wa binadamu, na mabadiliko ya majibu katika utawala. Ecosystem ya Bahari ya Baltic na nchi zinazozunguka imepitia mabadiliko makubwa katika miaka 100 iliyopita. Mabadiliko ya kijamii na ikolojia ya utawala yameendeshwa na mabadiliko ya kisiasa na maendeleo ya kiuchumi ya mkoa huo, kutoka mazingira yaliyogawanywa na "Iron Curtain" hadi mfumo wa utawala wa mazingira wa Umoja wa Ulaya. Kwa sababu ya sera na mipango ya hatua iliyoandaliwa na Mkataba wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira (HELCOM), mwenendo wa mzigo wa virutubisho umepunguzwa, lakini kwa athari ndogo kwa hali ya mazingira. Matarajio ya mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa ya baadaye yanamaanisha kwamba kuboresha hali ya mazingira ya Bahari ya Baltic itahitaji hatua kali zaidi. Mabadiliko ya utawala wa kubadilika na uchumi wa mviringo yanaweza kutoa suluhisho endelevu. Heisenberg, A.S., Bonsdorf, E. na Joas, M. Bahari ya Baltiki: Wakati Ujao wa Kupata Upya Baada ya Miongo Mengi ya Eutrophication. "Kutoka kwa ""Kusanyiko la Mifereji ya Mto,"" sura ya 20, ukurasa wa 343-362." Elsevier BV