Question by not so straight chick: Sputnik Two?
How many people have gone into space and repaired such satellites?
Photo Credit: Laika ac/Flickr
Answers and Views:
Answer by Smokey
Sputnik 2 (Russian: Спутник-2, Satellite 2) was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on November 3, 1957, and the first to carry a living animal – a dog. It was a 4 meter high cone-shaped capsule with a base diameter of 2 meters. It contained several compartments for radio transmitters, a telemetry system, a programming unit, a regeneration and temperature control system for the cabin, and scientific instruments. A separate sealed cabin contained the experimental dog Laika.
Engineering and biological data were transmitted using the Tral D telemetry system, which would transmit data to Earth for 15 minutes of each orbit. Two photometers were on board for measuring solar radiation (ultraviolet and x-ray emissions) and cosmic rays. Sputnik 2 did not contain a television camera (TV images of dogs on Sputnik 5 are commonly misidentified as Laika).
Sputnik 2 was launched on an essentially unmodified ICBM R-7, similar to that used for Sputnik 1, to a 212 x 1660 km orbit with a period of 103.7 minutes. After reaching orbit the nose cone was jettisoned successfully but the Blok A core did not separate as planned. This inhibited the operation of the thermal control system. Additionally some of the thermal insulation tore loose so the interior temperatures reached 40 °C. It is believed Laika survived for only a few hours instead of the planned ten days because of the heat. The orbit of Sputnik 2 decayed and it reentered Earth’s atmosphere on 14 April 1958 after 162 days in orbit.
Main Article: Laika
The first being to enter orbit was a female part-Samoyed terrier originally named Kudryavka (Little Curly) but later renamed Laika (“Barker”). She weighed about 6 kg. The pressurized cabin on Sputnik 2 allowed enough room for her to lie down or stand and was padded. An air regeneration system provided oxygen; food and water were dispensed in a gelatinized form. Laika was fitted with a harness, a bag to collect waste, and electrodes to monitor vital signs. The early telemetry indicated Laika was agitated but eating her food. There was no capability of returning a payload safely to Earth at this time, so it was planned that Laika would be euthanized with a poisoned serving of food after about 10 days of orbiting the Earth. However, in October 2002 it was revealed by Russian sources that Laika had already died after a few hours from overheating and stress. The mission provided scientists with the first data on the behavior of a living organism in the space environment.
Sputnik 2 and the Van Allen radiation belt
Sputnik 2 was not able to detect the Van Allen radiation belts as it traveled far enough to the north such that it was under most of the radiation belt while it was monitorable from the USSR. It carried no tape recorder. The Geiger counters did report an increase from 400-700 km but this was not interpreted as anything unusual. In Australia, Professor Harry Messel intercepted the signals but the Soviets would not provide the code and the Australians would not send the data. In 1958, with Sputnik 3, they began to cooperate and confirmed the findings of Explorers 1, 3, and 4.
Answer by campbelp2002
As of November 2004, 439 individuals have flown on spaceflights: Russia/Soviet Union (96), USA (277), others (66). Very few of them have repaired satellites. A small number of US Shuttle flights have done satellite repairs, especially the Hubble Space Telescope which was designed from the start to be repaired in space, but otherwise satellites are usually not repaired in flight.
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Swali kutoka kwa chick si hivyo moja kwa moja: Sputnik Mbili? Ni watu wangapi wamekwenda angani na kurekebisha satelaiti kama hizo? Sputnik 2 (Russian: Спутник-2) ilikuwa ndege ya pili ya angani iliyopelekwa kwenye mzunguko wa dunia mnamo Novemba 3, 1957, na ya kwanza kubeba mnyama aliye hai - mbwa. Kapsuli hiyo ilikuwa na urefu wa mita nne na kipenyo cha mita mbili. Ilikuwa na sehemu kadhaa za vipeperushi vya redio, mfumo wa kupima umbali, kitengo cha programu, mfumo wa kurudisha na kudhibiti joto kwa ajili ya chumba, na vyombo vya kisayansi. Gari-moshi lililokuwa na kufuli lililokuwa tofauti lilikuwa na mbwa wa majaribio anayeitwa Laika. "Kutumia mfumo wa ""Trail D"" wa telemetry, data za uhandisi na za kibiolojia zilipelekwa duniani kwa dakika 15 za kila mzunguko." Vipimo viwili vya mwangaza vilikuwa ndani ya meli hiyo ili kupima mnururisho wa jua (mionzi ya miale ya ultraviolet na x-ray) na miale ya angani. Sputnik 2 haikuwa na kamera ya televisheni (picha za televisheni za mbwa kwenye Sputnik 5 kwa kawaida hutambuliwa vibaya kama Laika). Sputnik 2 ilizinduliwa kwa ICBM R-7 iliyobadilishwa, sawa na ile iliyotumiwa kwa Sputnik 1, kwa mzunguko wa kilomita 212 x 160 na kipindi cha dakika 103.7. Baada ya kufikia mzunguko koni ya pua ilitolewa kwa mafanikio lakini kiini cha Blok A hakikutenganishwa kama ilivyopangwa. Jambo hilo lilizuia mfumo wa kudhibiti joto usifanye kazi. Kwa kuongezea, sehemu ya insulation ya joto ilivunjika, na joto la ndani lilifikia 40 ° C. Inaaminika kwamba Laika aliishi kwa saa chache tu badala ya siku kumi zilizopangwa kwa sababu ya joto. Sputnik 2 ilifungwa na kuingia tena katika anga ya dunia tarehe 14 Aprili 1958 baada ya kukaa katika mzunguko wa dunia kwa siku 162. Makala kuu: Laika Kiumbe wa kwanza kuingia mzunguko alikuwa mwanamke sehemu-Samoyed terrier awali aitwaye Kudryavka (Little Curly) lakini baadaye jina Laika (<unk>Barker<unk>). Alikuwa na uzito wa karibu kilo sita. Kabini ya Sputnik 2 ilikuwa na nafasi ya kutosha kwa ajili ya kulala au kusimama. Mfumo wa kurudisha hewa ulitoa oksijeni; chakula na maji vilitolewa katika umbo la gelatinized. Laika alikuwa amefungwa kitambaa, mfuko wa kukusanya taka, na elektroni za kudhibiti dalili za uhai. Telemetry ya mapema ilionyesha Laika alikuwa na msisimko lakini akila chakula chake. Kwa kuwa wakati huo hakukuwa na uwezo wa kurudisha mzigo salama duniani, ilipangwa kwamba Laika angekufa kwa chakula kilichokuwa na sumu baada ya siku kumi hivi za kuzunguka dunia. Hata hivyo, mwezi Oktoba mwaka 2002 ilifunuliwa na vyanzo vya Urusi kwamba Laika alikuwa tayari amekufa baada ya saa chache kutokana na joto la juu na mkazo. Kazi hiyo iliwapa wanasayansi data za kwanza kuhusu tabia ya viumbe hai katika mazingira ya angani. Sputnik 2 na ukanda wa mnururisho wa Van Allen ni sehemu ya ukanda wa mnururisho wa Van Allen, na kwa hivyo, Sputnik 2 haikuweza kugundua ukanda wa mnururisho wa Van Allen, kwani ilisafiri kaskazini vya kutosha, na ilikuwa chini ya ukanda wa mnururisho wa Van Allen. Haikuwa na rekodi ya mkanda. Kwa mujibu wa kipimo cha Geiger, kilele cha mlipuko huo kilikuwa karibu kilomita 400 hadi 700, lakini hakikuonekana kuwa kitu cha ajabu. Katika Australia, Profesa Harry Messel alipiga ishara lakini Sovieti haikutoa nambari na Waustralia haikutuma data. Mwaka 1958 Sputnik 3 ilifuatana na ndege nyingine za kwanza, na baadaye Sputnik 4 na Sputnik 4. "Kuanzia Novemba 2004, watu 439 wamesafiri katika anga za angani: Urusi na Muungano wa Sovieti (96), Marekani (277), na wengine (66).""" Ni wachache sana kati yao ambao wamerekebisha satelaiti. Ndege za Shuttle za Marekani zimetumia vifaa vya kutengeneza satelaiti, hasa darubini ya Hubble, ambayo ilibuniwa ili itengenezwe katika anga, lakini kwa kawaida satelaiti hazitengenezwi wakati wa kuruka. Soma majibu yote katika maoni. Unajua vizuri zaidi? Acha jibu lako mwenyewe!