Aging is a natural biological process in living organisms characterized by receding bioenergetics. Mitochondria are crucial for cellular bioenergetics and thus an important contributor to age-related energetics deterioration. In addition, mitochondria play a major role in calcium signaling, redox homeostasis, and thermogenesis making this organelle a major cellular component that dictates the fate of a cell. To maintain its quantity and quality, mitochondria undergo multiple processes such as fission, fusion, and mitophagy to eliminate or replace damaged mitochondria. While this bioenergetics machinery is properly protected, the functional decline associated with age and age-related metabolic diseases is mostly a result of failure in such protective mechanisms. In addition, metabolic by-products like reactive oxygen species also aid in this destructive pathway. Mitochondrial dysfunction has always been thought to be associated with diseases. Moreover, studies in recent years have pointed out that aging contributes to the decay of mitochondrial health by promoting imbalances in key mitochondrial-regulated pathways. Hence, it is crucial to understand the nexus of mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related diseases. This review focuses on various aspects of basic mitochondrial biology and its status in aging and age-related metabolic diseases.
Keywords: aging; diabetes; metabolic diseases; mitochondrial calcium uniporter; mitochondrial dysfunction; mitophagy; obesity.
© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Kuzeeka ni mchakato wa asili wa kibiolojia katika viumbe hai unaojulikana kwa bioenergetics ya kurudi nyuma. Mitochondria ni muhimu kwa bioenergetics ya seli na hivyo mchangiaji muhimu kwa uharibifu wa nishati unaohusiana na umri. Mitochondria huchangia ishara za kalsiamu, homeostasis ya redox, na thermogenesis, na hivyo kufanya organelle hii kuwa sehemu kuu ya seli ambayo huamua hatima ya seli. Ili kudumisha wingi na ubora wake, mitochondria hupitia michakato mingi kama vile fission, fusion, na mitophagy ili kuondoa au kubadilisha mitochondria zilizoharibiwa. Ingawa mashine hii ya bioenergetics inalindwa vizuri, kupungua kwa utendaji unaohusiana na umri na magonjwa ya kimetaboliki yanayohusiana na umri ni matokeo ya kushindwa kwa utaratibu huo wa ulinzi. Kwa kuongezea, bidhaa za kimetaboliki kama spishi za oksijeni zinazofanya kazi pia husaidia katika njia hii ya uharibifu. Sikuzote imedhaniwa kwamba kasoro za utendaji wa mitochondria zinahusiana na magonjwa. Zaidi ya hayo, utafiti uliofanywa katika miaka ya hivi karibuni umeonyesha kwamba kuzeeka huchangia kuharibika kwa afya ya mitochondria kwa kuendeleza kutofautiana katika njia muhimu za mitochondrial. Kwa hiyo, ni muhimu kuelewa uhusiano wa kasoro ya mitochondrial katika magonjwa yanayohusiana na umri. Utafiti huu unazingatia mambo mbalimbali ya msingi mitochondrial biolojia na hali yake katika kuzeeka na umri kuhusiana na magonjwa metabolic. Maneno muhimu: kuzeeka; kisukari; magonjwa ya kimetaboliki; uniporter ya kalsiamu ya mitochondrial; dysfunction ya mitochondrial; mitophagy; obesity. 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.