Prostatitis Technically, the term prostatitis implies inflammation (‘itis’) of the prostate. Even so, inflammation isn’t always present. Neither is infection, even though most patients and many of their physicians assume that prostatitis is caused by a bacterial infection. Unfortunately, the term prostatitis has become a wastebasket term that physicians use to explain any undiagnosed symptom or condition that might possibly emanate from the prostate. Translated, this means that men are often told that they have prostatitis, when they don’t.
How common is prostatitis?Prostatitis affects millions of men. It is the most common reason that men under the age of fifty, and the third most common reason that men over the age of fifty, see a urologist.
What are the different types of prostatitis?
In an effort to standardize terminology, the National Institutes of Health proposes dividing prostatitis into four main categories: Acute bacterial prostatitis (category I); chronic bacterial prostatitis (category II); chronic abacterial (nonbacterial) prostatitis (category III), which is subdivided into inflammatory (IIIA) and non inflammatory (IIIB) prostatitis (collectively known as ‘chronic pelvic pain syndrome’); and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (category IV, detected in the absence of symptoms when prostate tissue is removed for another reason; for instance, an elevated PSA). Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland.
Acute (severe) infectious prostatitis: This may be caused by a bacteria or virus. The symptoms come on suddenly and may be severe. They include fever and chills, low back pain, frequent and painful urination, decreasing or less forceful urinary stream and urinary retention (the bladder does not empty urine completely).
Chronic (long-lasting) infectious prostatitis: This also may be caused by a bacteria. Stress, caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol may worsen the condition. Symptoms may include repeat bladder infections, frequent urination, and pain in the lower abdomen or low back.
Noninfectious prostatitis: This form of prostatitis is not caused by a bacteria and therefore antibiotics are not helpful. This is the most common type of prostatitis. It may be exacerbated by stress and/or irregular sexual activity. Stress may cause the pelvis muscles to tighten and cause pain. Increased pressure during voiding may cause urine to back up into the ducts resulting in a form of chemical prostatitis. The prostate gland produces fluid for semen and infrequent ejaculation may cause the ducts to become clogged with secretions.
Prostatitis is not contagious to your sexual partner. The symptoms of prostatitis are similar to those of benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlargement of the prostate) or urethritis (inflammation of urethra). It is important to see your physician for a prostate examination so that the proper treatment may be initiated.
Benign enlargement of the prostate gland, also known as Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), is a common but incompletely understood consequence of aging. The clinical symptoms of frequency, urgency and decreased force of urinary stream, also known as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are also associated with advancing age.
That an enlarging prostate and the development of LUTS are both age dependent is indisputable. Autopsy studies have demonstrated that up to 80% of 80-year-old men will have historic evidence of BPH. Approximately 40% of those same men will demonstrate an enlarged prostate on physical examination; however, only 25-30% of 80 year old men will have symptomatic BPH and pursue treatment.
Two conditions are necessary for the development of BPH; namely, aging and the presence of testes. It is well known that human males who are castrated prior to the time of puberty never develop BPH. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common but incompletely understood consequence of aging.
That an enlarging prostate and the development of LUTS (lower urinary tract symptoms) are both age dependent is indisputable. Autopsy studies have demonstrated that up to 80% of 80-year-old men will have historic evidence of BPH. Approximately 40% of those same men will demonstrate an enlarged prostate on physical examination; however, only 25-30% of 80 year old men will have symptomatic BPH and pursue treatment.
The development of BPH requires the presence of testosterone. The cascade of hormonal events leading to this phenomenon begins with the release of luteinizing-releasing hormone (LHRH) by the hypothalamus. LHRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the production of luteinizing hormone (LH). LH circulates in the bloodstream and induces the testicular Leydig cells to produce testosterone. Testosterone, in turn, acts on individual prostatic epithelial cells where it binds at the cell membrane with a surface receptor and is a substrate for the enzyme 5a -reductase. The primary product of 5a -reductase activity on testosterone is the metabolite, 5a -dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT binds with a receptor in the cytosol and becomes a hormone-receptor complex which is then transported to the nucleus. It is DHT which seems to be critical for the development of BPH.
Bladder Outlet Obstruction
The static component of bladder outlet obstruction may be attributed to the physical enlargement of the prostate as it encroaches on the prostatic urethra and bladder outlet. The dynamic portion of the obstruction is more likely related to the relative tension of prostatic and bladder neck smooth muscle. It is particularly useful when formulating a strategy for the treatment of bladder outlet obstruction to consider whether the detrusor itself is intact. A variety of conditions, most notably diabetes mellitus, may result in a detrusor muscle that is ineffective in generating pressures high enough to overcome even normal resistance at the bladder outlet.
The most common cause of a bladder outlet obstruction is an enlarged prostate. Additional causes include can include prostate cancer, narrowing of the urethra or bladder outlet scarring from infection, injury or surgery or bladder stones. Bladder outlet obstruction may also occur as a side effect of certain medications, such as antihistamines and decongestants.
Once bladder outlet obstruction has been confidently diagnosed it is helpful to think of this concept as being attributable to both static and dynamic factors. The static component of bladder outlet obstruction may be attributed to the physical enlargement of the prostate as it encroaches on the prostatic urethra and bladder outlet. The dynamic portion of the obstruction is more likely related to the relative tension of prostatic and bladder neck smooth muscle. It is particularly useful when formulating a strategy for the treatment of bladder outlet obstruction to consider whether the detrusor itself is intact. A variety of conditions, most notably diabetes mellitus, may result in a detrusor muscle that is ineffective in generating pressures high enough to overcome even normal resistance at the bladder outlet.
In 2009, it was estimated that 27,360 men would die from prostate cancer and 192,280 men would be diagnosed with it (American Cancer Society Facts & Figures 2009). The incidence of prostate cancer increases with age, with nearly two out of three prostate cancer cases being diagnosed in men over the age of 65.
Prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the prostate.
The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system located just below the bladder (the organ that collects and empties urine) and in front of the rectum (the lower part of the intestine). It is about the size of a walnut and surrounds part of the urethra (the tube that empties urine from the bladder). The prostate gland produces fluid that makes up part of the semen.
Prostate cancer is found mainly in older men. As men age, the prostate may get bigger and block the urethra or bladder. This may cause difficulty in urination or can interfere with sexual function. The condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and although it is not cancer, surgery may be needed to correct it. The symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia or of other problems in the prostate may be similar to symptoms for prostate cancer.
A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:
- Weak or interrupted flow of urine.
- Frequent urination (especially at night).
- Difficulty urinating.
- Pain or burning during urination.
- Blood in the urine or semen.
- Nagging pain in the back, hips, or pelvis.
- Painful ejaculation.
Age – The most common risk factor for prostate cancer is age. The incidence of prostate cancer increases greatly after age 50. Nearly 2 out of 3 prostate cancers are found in men over the age of 65.
Race – Prostate cancer is most prevalent in African-American men. Additionally, advanced stage prostate cancer diagnosis is more likely for African-American men and because of this they are more than twice as likely to die of prostate cancer as white men. Non-Hispanic whites are more likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer than Asian-American and Hispanic/Latino men. The reasons are unclear for these racial and ethnic differences.
Genetic – Prostate cancer appears to run in some families, which suggests there may be an inherited or genetic factor. A man whose father or brother has prostate cancer is more than twice as likely to develop the disease. The risk is much higher for men with several relatives affected by prostate cancer, especially if their relatives were young at the time the cancer was found.
Diet – While the role of diet in prostate cancer has been studied, the exact correlation is unclear. A number of studies have shown that men who consume a lot of calcium (through food or supplements) may have a higher risk of developing advanced prostate cancer. The majority of studies have not found such a link with the calcium levels found in the average diet, and it’s important to remember that calcium is known to have other important health benefits.
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Prostatitis Kihalisi, neno prostatitis linamaanisha uvimbe (‘itis) wa tezi-kibofu. Hata hivyo, si mara zote kwamba uvimbe huwapo. Pia, ugonjwa wa prostatitis ni hatari kwa wagonjwa wengi, na hata madaktari wengi wanadhani kwamba ugonjwa huo unatokana na bakteria. "Kwa bahati mbaya, neno ""prostatitis"" limekuwa neno la kawaida ambalo madaktari hutumia kuelezea dalili yoyote au hali ambayo haijagunduliwa ambayo inaweza kutokea kwa prostate." Ilitafsiriwa, hii inamaanisha kwamba wanaume mara nyingi huambiwa kwamba wana prostatitis, wakati hawana. Ugonjwa wa prostatitis ni wa kawaida sana, na huathiri mamilioni ya wanaume. Hii ni sababu ya kawaida ya wanaume chini ya miaka 50 kwenda kwa daktari wa mkojo. Kuna aina gani tofauti za prostatitis? "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika utafiti wa Utafiti wa Ugonjwa wa Prostate, ""prostitis ya bakteria ya acute (katika aina ya I), bakteria ya bakteria ya muda mrefu (katika aina ya II), na bakteria ya muda mrefu (katika aina ya III), ambayo imegawanywa katika prostatitis ya uchochezi (katika aina ya II) na prostatitis isiyo ya uchochezi (katika aina ya IIIB), pamoja na asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (katika aina ya IV).""" Prostatitis ni uvimbe wa tezi-kibofu. Ugonjwa wa prostatitis wa kuambukiza: Hii inaweza kusababishwa na bakteria au virusi. Dalili hizo huonekana ghafula na zinaweza kuwa kali. Matokeo ya matibabu ni kama vile homa, maumivu ya mgongo, kukohoa mara kwa mara na kwa uchungu, kupungua kwa mkondo wa mkojo na kukosa kwa mkojo (kibofu cha mkojo hakifanyi mkojo kabisa). Ugonjwa wa prostatitis unaosababishwa na maambukizi: Hii pia inaweza kusababishwa na bakteria. Mkazo, kafeini, nikotini, au kileo vyaweza kuharibu hali hiyo. Dalili zaweza kutia ndani maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo mara kwa mara, kukohoa mara kwa mara, na maumivu katika sehemu ya chini ya tumbo au sehemu ya chini ya mgongo. Prostatitis isiyo na maambukizi: Aina hii ya prostatitis haisababishwi na bakteria na kwa hiyo dawa za kuua viini hazisaidii. Hii ni aina ya kawaida ya prostatitis. Huenda ikawa mbaya zaidi kwa sababu ya mkazo na/ au utendaji wa kingono usio wa kawaida. Mkazo waweza kusababisha misuli ya paji la uso kukaza na kusababisha maumivu. Mkazo wa juu wakati wa kuhamisha damu unaweza kusababisha mkojo kurudi nyuma kwenye mifereji na kusababisha aina ya prostatitis ya kemikali. Kibofu cha kibofu cha kibofu hutokeza umajimaji kwa ajili ya umajimaji na kutokwa kwa umajimaji mara kwa mara kwaweza kusababisha mifereji ya damu kufungwa kwa umajimaji. Ugonjwa wa prostatitis hauwezi kuambukizwa kwa mwenzi wako wa ngono. Dalili za prostatitis ni sawa na zile za hyperplasia ya kibofu cha mkojo (kuongezeka kwa kibofu cha mkojo) au urethritis (uchochezi wa kibofu cha mkojo). Ni muhimu kumwona daktari wako kwa uchunguzi wa kibofu cha mkojo ili matibabu sahihi yaweze kuanzishwa. Kuongezeka kwa prostate, pia inajulikana kama Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), ni athari ya kawaida lakini haijulikani kabisa ya kuzeeka. Dalili za kliniki za mzunguko, dharura na nguvu iliyopungua ya mtiririko wa mkojo, pia inajulikana kama dalili za njia ya chini ya mkojo (LUTS), pia zinahusishwa na umri wa kukua. Uwezekano wa kuongezeka kwa prostate na ugonjwa wa LUTS ni sawa na umri. Uchunguzi wa maiti unaonyesha kwamba asilimia 80 ya wanaume wenye umri wa miaka 80 wana dalili za BPH. Karibu asilimia 40 ya wanaume hao wataonyesha upanuzi wa prostate wakati wa uchunguzi wa mwili, lakini tu 25-30% ya wanaume wenye umri wa miaka 80 watakuwa na dalili za BPH na kuendelea na matibabu. Kuna hali mbili muhimu kwa maendeleo ya BPH: uzee na uwepo wa testicles. Wanaume ambao wamehamishwa kabla ya kufikia umri wa kubalehe hawawezi kupata ugonjwa wa BPH. Hyperplasia ya kibofu cha kibofu (BPH) ni ugonjwa wa kawaida wa wazee ambao unajulikana sana. Uwezekano wa kuongezeka kwa prostate na dalili za mfumo wa chini wa mkojo (LUMTS) ni sawa na umri. Uchunguzi wa maiti unaonyesha kwamba asilimia 80 ya wanaume wenye umri wa miaka 80 wana dalili za BPH. Karibu asilimia 40 ya wanaume hao wataonyesha upanuzi wa prostate wakati wa uchunguzi wa mwili, lakini tu 25-30% ya wanaume wenye umri wa miaka 80 watakuwa na dalili za BPH na kuendelea na matibabu. Uendelezaji wa BPH unahitaji uwepo wa testosterone. Mzunguko wa matukio ya homoni inayoongoza kwa jambo hili huanza na kutolewa kwa homoni ya kutolewa kwa luteinizing (LHRH) na hypothalamus. LHRH huathiri kibofu cha pituitary ili kuchochea uzalishaji wa homoni ya luteinizing (LH). LH inazunguka katika mtiririko wa damu na kusababisha seli za Leydig za testicular kutengeneza testosterone. Testosterone, kwa upande wake, huathiri chembe za epithelial za prostate, ambapo huunganisha kwenye utando wa seli na receptor ya uso na ni substrate kwa enzyme 5A-reductase. 5A-reduktase ni metabolite ya testosterone, 5A-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT huunganishwa na receptor katika cytosol na inakuwa complex ya hormone-receptor ambayo kisha husafirishwa kwa kiini. DHT ni muhimu kwa maendeleo ya BPH. Kuzuia utupu wa kibofu cha mkojo: Kizuizi cha kibofu cha mkojo ni sehemu ya kibofu cha mkojo ambayo huathiri utupu wa kibofu cha mkojo na utupu wa kibofu cha mkojo. Sehemu ya nguvu ya kizuizi ni uwezekano zaidi kuhusiana na mvutano wa jamaa ya prostate na kibofu cha mkojo shingo la smooth misuli. Ni muhimu hasa wakati wa kutunga mkakati wa matibabu ya kizuizi cha mlango wa kibofu cha mkojo kuzingatia kama detrusor yenyewe ni intact. Kwa sababu ya hali mbalimbali, hasa ugonjwa wa kisukari, misuli ya detrusor inaweza kuwa na uwezo wa kutokeza shinikizo la kutosha kushinda hata upinzani wa kawaida kwenye mlango wa kibofu cha mkojo. Kisababishi cha kawaida cha kizuizi cha utupu wa kibofu cha mkojo ni upanuzi wa tezi-kibofu. Vinginevyo, kuna uwezekano wa kuambukizwa kansa ya tezi-kibofu, kufinya kwa kibofu cha mkojo, au kuvuja kwa vidonda kutokana na maambukizi, majeraha au upasuaji, au mawe ya kibofu cha mkojo. Kuzuia utoaji wa mkojo wa mkojo waweza pia kutokea kama athari ya upande wa dawa fulani, kama vile antihistamines na decongestants. Mara baada ya kizuizi cha utupu wa kibofu cha mkojo kumtambuliwa kwa uhakika ni muhimu kufikiria dhana hii kama inayotokana na sababu za static na dynamic. Sehemu ya static ya kizuizi cha utupu wa kibofu cha mkojo inaweza kuhusishwa na upanuzi wa kimwili wa prostate wakati inashambulia urethra ya prostate na utupu wa kibofu cha mkojo. Sehemu ya nguvu ya kizuizi ni uwezekano zaidi kuhusiana na mvutano wa jamaa ya prostate na kibofu cha mkojo shingo la smooth misuli. Ni muhimu hasa wakati wa kutunga mkakati wa matibabu ya kizuizi cha mlango wa kibofu cha mkojo kuzingatia kama detrusor yenyewe ni intact. Kwa sababu ya hali mbalimbali, hasa ugonjwa wa kisukari, misuli ya detrusor inaweza kuwa na uwezo wa kutokeza shinikizo la kutosha kushinda hata upinzani wa kawaida kwenye mlango wa kibofu cha mkojo. Katika mwaka wa 2009, takwimu za utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti. Ugonjwa wa kansa ya tezi-kibofu huongezeka kadiri mtu anavyozeeka, na karibu watu wawili kati ya watatu wanaogunduliwa kuwa na kansa ya tezi-kibofu ni wanaume wenye umri wa miaka 65 na zaidi. Saratani ya tezi-kibofu ni ugonjwa ambao chembe mbaya (kansa) hufanyizwa katika tishu za tezi-kibofu. Prostate ni kibofu cha mwili cha kiume kilicho chini ya kibofu cha mkojo (kiungo kinachokusanya na kutolea mkojo) na mbele ya utumbo wa chini (sehemu ya chini ya matumbo). Ina ukubwa wa karanga na huzunguka sehemu ya mkojo (bomba linalotupa mkojo kutoka kwenye kibofu cha mkojo). Chembe ya prostate hutokeza umajimaji ambao hufanyiza sehemu ya umajimaji. Saratani ya tezi-kibofu hupatikana hasa kwa wanaume wazee. Kadiri wanaume wanavyozeeka, prostate inaweza kuongezeka na kuzuia mkojo au kibofu cha mkojo. Hii inaweza kusababisha ugumu wa kukojoa au inaweza kuingilia kazi ya kingono. Ugonjwa huo unaitwa benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) na ingawa si kansa, huenda ukahitaji kufanyiwa upasuaji ili kurekebisha hali hiyo. Dalili za hyperplasia ya kibofu cha mkojo au matatizo mengine ya kibofu cha mkojo yanaweza kuwa sawa na dalili za kansa ya kibofu cha mkojo. Daktari anapaswa kushauriwa ikiwa yoyote ya matatizo yafuatayo hutokea: - Mtiririko dhaifu au uliokatizwa wa mkojo. - Kutoza mkojo mara nyingi (hasa usiku). - Ugumu wa kukojoa. - maumivu au kuchoma wakati wa kuoga. - Damu katika mkojo au umajimaji. - Maumivu ya kuumiza mgongo, viuno, au paji la uso. - Kutokwa na damu kwa njia yenye maumivu. Umri <unk> Sababu ya kawaida ya hatari ya kansa ya tezi-kibofu ni umri. Ugonjwa wa kansa ya tezi-kibofu huongezeka sana baada ya umri wa miaka 50. Karibu asilimia mbili ya saratani ya tezi-kibofu huambukizwa na wanaume wenye umri wa miaka 65 na zaidi. Jamii <unk> Kansa ya tezi-kibofu huenea zaidi kwa wanaume Waafrika-Wamarekani. Kwa kuongezea, ugonjwa wa saratani ya tezi-kibofu unaoendelea ni uwezekano mkubwa kwa wanaume wa Kiafrika-Wamarekani na kwa sababu hii wana uwezekano zaidi ya mara mbili wa kufa kutokana na saratani ya tezi-kibofu kuliko wanaume weupe. Wazungu wasio Wahispania wana uwezekano mkubwa zaidi wa kugunduliwa kuwa na kansa ya tezi-kibofu kuliko wanaume wa Asia-Amerika na Wahispania/Watalatini. Sababu za tofauti hizo za rangi na kabila hazijulikani wazi. Urithi <unk> Inaonekana kwamba kansa ya tezi-kibofu hutokea katika familia fulani, jambo linalodokeza kwamba huenda ikawa ni ya urithi au ya urithi. Kwa mfano, mtu ambaye baba yake au ndugu yake ana kansa ya tezi-kibofu ana uwezekano mkubwa zaidi ya mara mbili wa kupatwa na ugonjwa huo. Hatari ni kubwa zaidi kwa wanaume ambao wana jamaa kadhaa walioathiriwa na kansa ya tezi ya mbele, hasa ikiwa jamaa zao walikuwa wachanga wakati kansa ilipopatikana. <unk> Ingawa jukumu la chakula katika kansa ya tezi-kibofu limechunguzwa, uhusiano halisi haujulikani. Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba wanaume wanaotumia kalsiamu nyingi (kwa njia ya chakula au virutubisho) wanaweza kuwa na hatari kubwa ya kuendeleza kansa ya tezi ya prostate. Utafiti wa utafiti haujapata uhusiano wowote na kiwango cha kalsiamu katika chakula cha kawaida, na ni muhimu kukumbuka kwamba kalsiamu ina faida nyingine muhimu kwa afya. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya ""Bonita"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani, ""Pomona"" ya Marekani."