Most agricultural research focuses on crops prior to harvest, despite the enormous economic value associated with the postharvest agricultural supply chain. One of the key sources of postharvest losses are caused by stored product insects, which globally result in $100 billion in losses each year. The main way to combat these insect pests in bulk storage of grain and related facilities is through calendar-based fumigations (typically) or fumigations timed with grain movement (e.g., deliveries, shipments, movement between silos). As such, one of the major challenges to fumigation is the increasing worldwide surge in resistance to phosphine in a range of important pest species. However, determining the best management approach is complicated by the fact that testing for phosphine tolerance or resistance is not commonly practiced at food facilities, thus stakeholders typically do not know the level of resistance in the populations with which they are dealing. Further, there are no set recommendations for resistance management tactics for a specific level of phosphine resistance at food facilities.Our overall goal of this project is to increase resilience in the postharvest supply chain at food facilities by training personnel of food facilities to implement new screening procedures for phosphine resistance, and where necessary, validating and recommending a suite of commercially available integrated pest management (IPM) tactics to manage phosphine resistance. Our specific objectives of this project are to: 1) optimize a rapid test for detecting and monitoring phosphine resistance on the Great Plains and compare the test to a commercial standard test, 2) apply the most effective rapid phosphine tolerance/resistance test to food facilities on Great Plains and screen for resistance among multiple stored product insects, 3) deploy a suite of tactics for phosphine resistance management to reduce effects of resistance in food facilities, and 4) transfer knowledge to and engage stakeholders in implementing effective solutions to overcome phosphine resistance.
Utafiti mwingi wa kilimo unazingatia mazao kabla ya kuvuna, licha ya thamani kubwa ya kiuchumi inayohusiana na mlolongo wa usambazaji wa kilimo baada ya kuvuna. Moja ya sababu kuu za hasara baada ya kuvuna ni wadudu wa bidhaa zilizowekwa, ambazo kwa ujumla husababisha hasara ya dola bilioni 100 kila mwaka. Njia kuu ya kupambana na wadudu hawa wadudu katika kuhifadhi kwa wingi wa nafaka na vifaa vinavyohusiana ni kupitia fumigations ya kalenda (kwa kawaida) au fumigations timed na harakati ya nafaka (kwa mfano, utoaji, usafirishaji, harakati kati ya silos). Kwa hivyo, moja ya changamoto kubwa kwa fumigation ni kuongezeka kwa ulimwengu katika upinzani wa phosphine katika aina kadhaa muhimu za wadudu. Hata hivyo, kuamua mbinu bora ya usimamizi ni ngumu na ukweli kwamba kupima kwa ajili ya uvumilivu phosphine au upinzani si kawaida mazoezi katika vifaa vya chakula, hivyo wadau kawaida hawajui kiwango cha upinzani katika idadi ya watu ambao wao ni kushughulika. "Hakuna mapendekezo ya kuweka kwa mbinu za usimamizi wa upinzani kwa kiwango maalum cha upinzani wa phosphine katika vituo vya chakula. ""Lengo letu la jumla la mradi huu ni kuongeza upinzani katika mlolongo wa usambazaji wa baada ya kuvuna katika vituo vya chakula kwa kufundisha wafanyakazi wa vituo vya chakula kutekeleza taratibu mpya za uchunguzi wa upinzani wa phosphine, na pale inahitajika, kuthibitisha na kupendekeza seti ya mbinu za usimamizi wa wadudu wa pamoja (IPM)." "Mfano: ""Utafiti wa haraka wa kugundua na kufuatilia upinzani wa phosphine kwenye Great Plains na kulinganisha mtihani na mtihani wa kiwango cha kibiashara; kutumia mtihani wa haraka wa uvumilivu wa phosphine kwa vifaa vya chakula kwenye Great Plains na kuchunguza upinzani kati ya wadudu wengi wa bidhaa zilizowekwa; kuanzisha seti ya mbinu za usimamizi wa upinzani wa phosphine ili kupunguza athari za upinzani katika vifaa vya chakula."""