Videotaped oral testimony of Holocaust survivors documents the extended (disjointed) memories of individuals who suffered through the industrial cruelty of the Third Reich. This testimony is studied cognitively in an effort to understand memory for atrocity and to characterize the enduring influences of such memory on the lives of the survivors. Unlike the topographic summaries of trauma in large correlational studies or the distant approximations in the laboratory, qualitative analysis of Holocaust testimony discloses what lies underneath—or inside: the phenomenology of the tormented. Drawing on close observation of this testimony, this article examines how atrocity is remembered and how it is communicated to others. Most notably, the testimony reveals two levels of representation: core memory and narrative memory. Core memory consists of representations of the original phenomenal experience—vivid perceptual images, deeply felt emotions, and bodily sensations—which are then integrated into episodic narratives, creating memory's second level. The core memories of atrocity are extraordinarily persistent—recent memories do not weaken or conceal them, and time does not diminish their potency. To convey Holocaust memory now, some survivors call upon narrative conventions, applying archetypal images or referring to Holocaust stories already told. Other survivors avoid specifics, partly out of concern for the listener. Still others translate their private memories of horror into the public domain. In such cases, narrating the traumatic events ascribes meaning not to the past suffering and not to the memories themselves but to the function of memory. No longer meant to be hidden, memory is then meant to be communicated: to educate others and to document the lives of those who were murdered.
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Robert N. Kraft; Archival Memory: Representations of the Holocaust in Oral Testimony. Poetics Today 1 June 2006; 27 (2): 311–330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-2005-006
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Video ya ushuhuda wa mdomo wa waokokaji wa Holocaust inaonyesha kumbukumbu za watu walioteseka kutokana na ukatili wa viwanda wa Reich ya Tatu. Ushuhuda huu unachunguzwa kwa njia ya utambuzi katika juhudi ya kuelewa kumbukumbu ya ukatili na kuelezea ushawishi wa kudumu wa kumbukumbu kama hiyo kwenye maisha ya waokokaji. Tofauti na muhtasari wa topographic ya majeraha katika masomo makubwa ya uhusiano au makadirio ya mbali katika maabara, uchambuzi wa ubora wa ushuhuda wa Holocaust unafunua kile kilicho chini au ndani: phenomenology ya mateso. Kwa kuzingatia kwa karibu ushuhuda huu, makala hii inachunguza jinsi ukatili unavyokumbukwa na jinsi unavyowasiliana na wengine. Hasa, ushuhuda unafunua ngazi mbili za uwakilishi: kumbukumbu ya msingi na kumbukumbu ya hadithi. Kumbukumbu ya msingi inajumuisha uwakilishi wa uzoefu wa asili wa hali ya juu - picha za utambuzi zilizo wazi, hisia zilizo na hisia za kina, na hisia za mwili - ambazo kisha huunganishwa katika hadithi za vipindi, kuunda kiwango cha pili cha kumbukumbu. Kumbukumbu za msingi za ukatili ni za kudumu sana - kumbukumbu za hivi karibuni hazidhoofishi au kuzificha, na wakati haupunguzi nguvu zao. Ili kuelezea kumbukumbu ya Holocaust sasa, baadhi ya waokokaji wanahitaji mikataba ya hadithi, kutumia picha za archetypal au kurejelea hadithi za Holocaust zilizokuwa zimesemwa tayari. Waokokaji wengine huepuka mambo hususa, kwa sababu ya kuwahangaikia wasikilizaji. Bado wengine hutafsiri kumbukumbu zao za kibinafsi za hofu kuwa mambo ya umma. Katika visa kama hivyo, kusimulia matukio ya kiwewe cha kuumiza hakupi maana kwa mateso ya zamani na sio kwa kumbukumbu zenyewe, lakini kwa kazi ya kumbukumbu. "Hakuna maana ya kufichwa tena, kumbukumbu sasa inamaanisha kuwasiliana: kuelimisha wengine na kurekodi maisha ya wale waliouawa. """ Skip Nav Destination Robert N. Kraft; Kumbukumbu ya Hifadhi: Maonyesho ya Holocaust katika Ushuhuda wa mdomo. Poetics Today 1 Juni 2006; 27 (2): 311<unk>330. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa 10 wa ""Mfumo wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi wa Usimamizi."""