How is vitamin B3 deficiency linked to aggression, cannibalism, pellagra, and schizophrenia?
Vitamin B3 (niacin) is important for our nervous system and mental balance. Epidemiological studies have shown that vitamin B3-deficient diets are linked to aggression, and increased prevalence of homicide and suicide among people and cannibalism among animals. More than 60 years ago, Dr. Abram Hoffer observed that high doses of vitamin B3 had a positive effect on schizophrenia, and later studies have shown similar results. Lack of vitamin B3 may be caused by genetic, dietary, or environmental factors that are easy to correct.
Vitamin B3 is water-soluble, and because it is not stored in the body, we need to consume it regularly. Vitamin is also called niacin, which is a common term for nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Pellagra is the classic deficiency disease and is characterized by the four Ds: Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death. Pellagra turned into an epidemic after the industrial refinement of corn and wheat, two major dietary staples in our diet. Later on, research has shown that schizophrenia is also one of the symptoms of pellagra
Cannibalism and aggressive behavior
Hamsters that are fed a corn-based diet devoid of vitamin B3 have been seen to kill their siblings and offspring. This was observed in a recent study carried out by researchers from the University of Strasbourg. Hamster mothers who ate a corn-only diet placed their offspring together with the corn as part of their meal. Only 5 percent of the baby animals survived when their mothers were given corn alone. In another groups of hamsters where the mothers got a balanced diet, 80% of the baby animals survived. It turned out later that vitamin B3 supplements completely eliminated the aggressive and cannibalistic behavior among the hamsters.
The researcher Gerhard Baumgard says, and several epidemiological studies show that insufficient corn-based diets are associated with a higher prevalence of aggression, homicide, and suicide in humans.
Pellagra, increased violence, and necessary vitamin B3-enrichment of foods
After the 1880s, it became common practice to grind and refine flour and corn in steel mills. The corn lost even more nutrition because of the industrial processing but it was much cheaper, it kept longer, and it was more available to the public. The refinement process took its toll, however. In the United States alone, more than 100,000 people died of pellagra. When scientists discovered that the disease was a result of getting too little vitamin B3, the Americans introduced mandatory vitamin B3-enrichment of food as a way of preventing it.
Within a few years, the enrichment had reduced pellagra-related mortality to a tenth in some states, and even though this is just the tip of the iceberg, this story plus several studies confirm how important this vitamin is for humans and animals.
Pellagra and schizophrenia – where is the link?
Approximately 10 years after the vitamin B3 enrichment program had been started, Dr. Abram Hoffer (1917-2009) observed certain similarities between patients he treated for pellagra and schizophrenia. He therefore assumed that schizophrenics also had an increased need for vitamin B3. Beginning in the 1950s, Hoffer treated more than 10,000 schizophrenia patients with high doses of vitamin B3 and noted that many of the patients improved substantially.
According to Hoffer, schizophrenia may be caused by oxidized adrenalin derivates, also known as a toxin called adrenochrome. He claimed that vitamin B3 is able to reduce adrenochrome, and the vitamin also regulates dopamine and other neurotransmitters. Other studies show that vitamin B3 can even repair damaged nerve cell DNA.
In his book “Psychiatry yesterday and today”, Hoffer describes how schizophrenia is an element of the deficiency disease called pellagra. He also explains that, unless the patient gets the right amount of vitamin B3, schizophrenia is untreatable, no matter what other vitamins and minerals are administered. Hoffer and other practicing doctors have observed that large doses of vitamin B3 can counteract acute schizophrenia, but the large doses are not as effective when the condition is chronic.
Why does lack of vitamin B3 cause aggression and cannibalism?
According to Dr. William Todd, a researcher, a single nutrient like vitamin B3 may counteract aggression and cannibalism when given in the right amounts. Roughly speaking, this is because vitamin B3 is involved in a multitude of biochemical reactions and because some humans appear to need more of the nutrient than others, for some reason.
In the liver, vitamin B3 (niacin) is converted into the coenzyme NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which is involved in over 400 biochemical reactions. Consequently, lack of vitamin B3 may affect our energy turnover, nervous system, mental balance, cardiovascular system, vision and many other functions that depend on the living conditions, genes, and dispositions of each individual.
Vitamin B3 deficiency and the need for higher intake levels
Lack of vitamin B3 may be a result of poor dietary habits, high blood sugar, alcohol abuse, liver ailments, diuretics, ionizing radiation, and environmental toxins. However, according to leading scientists, the main cause is DNA variations that make it difficult for cells to bind NAD. Therefore, people with these variations are naturally prone to having an increased need for vitamin B3 compared with others. This increased need serves to help them get enough vitamin B3 to support the more than 400 biochemical reactions that are necessary for preventing or treating other diseases.
Hoffer observed that schizophrenics have an increased need for vitamin B3. Historical experience coupled with hamster studies indicate that people who lack empathy and have aggressive and violent behavior may have an increased need for vitamin B3.
When you consider the problems, which we experience today with aggressive and violent behavior, and the human and economic costs it entails, it is ironic, researcher and PhD William Todd finds, that large doses of vitamin B3 are not tested as part of a therapy to help these people attain a positive approach to life.
Vitamin B3 is important for
Therapeutic use of vitamin B3/niacin
The reference intake level (RI) for vitamin B3 is 16 mg, a dosage that effectively prevents the deficiency disease called pellagra. As mentioned earlier, some people may have an increased need for the nutrient for various reasons. They need so-called therapeutic doses. In his research, Abram Hoffer gave 1 gram (1,000 mg) of vitamin B3 (in the form of nicotinic acid) three times daily. These high doses are claimed to be safe, and Hoffer used his therapy for more than 60 years without observing any serious side effects.
It is important to use a niacin form that is released rapidly, as other form that are released slowly may cause liver poisoning. Regular vitamin B3 (niacin) is inexpensive and available and is not a slow-release form. It is also important to begin with a low dose because the vitamin can trigger a “niacin flush” with transient blushing that is a result of the blood vessel dilation. The best way to get used to this blushing is by starting with a 100 mg niacin dose (nicotinic acid) and gradually increasing the dose until it is possible to take 1,000 mg without any signs of blushing.
Pregnant women should avoid taking larger doses of niacin, as it may cause damage to the unborn child.
Conclusion and orthomolecular medicine
Several vitamin B3 researchers assume that many people with psychological disorders may feel better if doctors changed their strategies. Instead of systematically using chemical drugs that do not treat the underlying cause, the doctors should pay attention to the fact that some patients may have genetic variations that increase their need for vitamin B3. This theory has already been confirmed by a number of genetic conditions that respond well to vitamin B3.
The concept orthomolecular medicine was developed and introduced by Nobel Prize-winner, Dr. Linus Pauling, who was inspired by Abram Hoffer. In the case of pathological conditions, the body requires higher doses of vitamins and minerals because it has difficulty with absorbing and utilizing the nutrients or because they are broken down and excreted at an increased rate due to various stress factors.
High doses of vitamin B3 and vitamin C were originally used to treat psychological disorders and cancer. The list of high therapeutic vitamin and mineral doses is ever increasing, depending on the individual patient’s symptoms and needs. Unlike chemical drugs that are associated with a number of side effects, orthomolecular medicine corrects the body’s deficiencies and imbalances in a natural way, simply because the administered substances are essential, in the first place.
Vitamin B3 sources
Vitamin B3 is mainly found in foods like meat, fish, poultry, nuts, kernels, and seeds. There is also vitamin B3 in eggs, whole-grain, vegetables, and fruit
Useful information about supplements
Label declarations often write NE or niacin equivalents instead of mg (milligrams). This is because the amino acid tryptophan is also converted to niacin in the body. The tryptophan content in any consumer good is therefore calculated in such a way that 60 mg of tryptophan equals 1 mg of niacin. NE represents the sum of niacin and converted tryptophan.
Supplements should normally be taken together with other B vitamins and not together with antacids.
Penberthy. WT. Niacin rescues cannibalistic hamsters. The historical significance of 1940s mandatory niacin enrichment. OMS 2017
Mawson A, Jacobs K. Corn consumption, tryptophan, and cross-national homicide rates. Orthomolecular Psychiatry 1978
Hoffer A. Psychiatry yesterday (1950) and today (2007). From despair to hope with orthomolecular therapy. Victoria, BC, Canada: Trafford Publishing 2009
Guyton JR, Bays HE. Safety consideration with niacin therapy. American Journal of Cardiology 2007
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Ukosefu wa vitamini B3 huchangiaje uhasama, ulaji wa binadamu, pellagra, na ugonjwa wa akili? Vitamini B3 (niacin) ni muhimu kwa mfumo wetu wa neva na usawa wa akili. Utafiti wa magonjwa ya kuambukiza umeonyesha kuwa vyakula vyenye upungufu wa vitamini B3 vina uhusiano na uhasama, na kuongezeka kwa mauaji na kujiua miongoni mwa watu na cannibalism miongoni mwa wanyama. "Hata hivyo, baada ya miaka 60 hivi, daktari mmoja wa Marekani, Abrams Hoffer, alionyesha kwamba vitamini B3 vinaweza ""kuathiri sana ugonjwa wa akili,"" na uchunguzi uliofanywa baadaye ulionyesha kwamba vitamini B3 vinaweza pia kuathiri ugonjwa huo." Ukosefu wa vitamini B3 unaweza kusababishwa na chembe za urithi, lishe, au mambo ya mazingira ambayo ni rahisi kurekebisha. Vitamini B3 huyeyuka katika maji na kwa sababu haifanyi kazi katika mwili, inapaswa kutolewa mara kwa mara. Vitamini pia huitwa niacin, ambayo ni neno la kawaida kwa asidi ya nikotini na nikotinamidi. Pellagra ni ugonjwa wa kawaida wa upungufu na una sifa nne: kuhara, ugonjwa wa ngozi, ugonjwa wa akili, na kifo. Pellagra ilibadilika kuwa janga baada ya viwanda kusafisha mahindi na ngano, vyakula viwili vikuu katika mlo wetu. Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba schizophrenia ni moja ya dalili za pellagra, na kwamba hamsters zinazolishwa chakula cha mahindi bila vitamini B3 huua ndugu zao na watoto wao. Hii ilionekana katika utafiti wa hivi karibuni uliofanywa na watafiti kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Strasbourg. Hamster mama ambaye alikula mahindi tu kuweka watoto wao pamoja na mahindi kama sehemu ya chakula chao. Ni asilimia 5 tu ya watoto waliokoka wakati mama zao walipokuacha kula mahindi. Katika kundi jingine la hamsters ambapo mama walipata chakula cha usawa, 80% ya wanyama wachanga waliokoka. Kwa mfano, katika utafiti wa kwanza, vitamini B3 iliondolewa kwa kiasi kikubwa kutoka kwa tabia ya kukandamiza na ya kula nyama ya binadamu ya hamsters. "Mtaalamu Gerhard Baumgartner anasema: ""Utafiti wa kuambukiza na utafiti wa kuambukiza unaonyesha kwamba vyakula visivyo na mahindi vimehusishwa na kuongezeka kwa unyanyasaji, mauaji na kujiua kwa wanadamu." Pellagra, ongezeko la vurugu, na vitamini B3 muhimu katika vyakula Baada ya miaka ya 1880, ikawa kawaida kusaga na kusafisha unga na mahindi katika viwanda vya chuma. Kwa sababu ya matumizi ya mahindi katika viwanda, mahindi hayo hayakuwa na lishe nzuri, lakini kwa sababu ya matumizi yake, hayakuwa na lishe nzuri, na kwa sababu ya matumizi yake, watu wengi walianza kuitumia. Hata hivyo, mchakato wa kusafisha ulihatarisha maisha ya watu. Katika Marekani pekee, watu zaidi ya 100,000 walikufa kutokana na ugonjwa huo. Wakati wanasayansi waligundua kwamba ugonjwa huo ulikuwa matokeo ya kupata vitamini B3 kidogo sana, Wamarekani walianzisha vitamini B3 ya lazima ya chakula kama njia ya kuzuia. Katika miaka michache, utajiri huo ulipunguza vifo vinavyohusiana na pellagra hadi kumi katika baadhi ya majimbo, na ingawa hii ni ncha tu ya barafu, hadithi hii pamoja na masomo kadhaa yanathibitisha jinsi vitamini hii ilivyo muhimu kwa wanadamu na wanyama. Pellagra na schizophrenia - kuna uhusiano gani kati yao? Miaka kumi hivi baada ya kuanza programu ya kuongeza vitamini B3, Dk Abram Hoffer (1917-2009) aliona kufanana fulani kati ya wagonjwa aliowatunza kwa pellagra na schizophrenia. Kwa hiyo, alidhani kwamba wagonjwa wa ugonjwa wa akili pia wanahitaji vitamini B3 zaidi. Kuanzia miaka ya 1950, Hoffer alitibu wagonjwa zaidi ya 10,000 wa schizophrenia kwa kipimo cha juu cha vitamini B3 na alibainisha kuwa wagonjwa wengi walipona sana. Kulingana na Hoffer, ugonjwa wa schizophrenia waweza kusababishwa na derivatives za adrenaline zilizochomwa, ambazo pia huitwa toxin iitwayo adrenochrome. Vitamini B3 inaweza kupunguza adrenocromate na pia kudhibiti dopamine na neurotransmitters nyingine. Utafiti mwingine unaonyesha kwamba vitamini B3 inaweza hata kurekebisha DNA ya chembe za neva zilizoharibiwa. Katika kitabu chake <unk>Psychiatry jana na leo<unk>, Hoffer anaelezea jinsi schizophrenia ni kipengele cha ugonjwa wa upungufu unaoitwa pellagra. "Mwanamke huyo alisema: ""Kama mtu hawezi kupata vitamini B3 kwa kiasi kinachostahili, ugonjwa wa schizophrenia hauwezi kutibiwa, hata vitamini na madini mengine ya kutosha yatoke." Hoffer na madaktari wengine wameona kwamba vitamini B3 nyingi zinaweza kuzuia ugonjwa wa akili, lakini vitamini hivyo havina matokeo wakati ugonjwa huo ni wa kudumu. Kwa nini ukosefu wa vitamini B3 husababisha uhasama na ulaji wa binadamu? "Mtaalamu wa afya William Todd anasema, ""Vitamini B3 inaweza kuzuia uhasama na kula nyama za binadamu ikiwa inatolewa kwa kiasi sahihi.""" Kwa ujumla, hii ni kwa sababu vitamini B3 inahusika katika athari nyingi za biokemia na kwa sababu baadhi ya watu wanaonekana kuhitaji zaidi ya virutubisho kuliko wengine, kwa sababu fulani. Katika ini, vitamini B3 (niacin) hubadilishwa kuwa coenzyme NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), ambayo inahusika katika athari zaidi ya 400 za biokemia. Kwa hivyo, ukosefu wa vitamini B3 unaweza kuathiri mzunguko wetu wa nishati, mfumo wa neva, usawa wa akili, mfumo wa moyo na mishipa, maono na kazi zingine nyingi ambazo hutegemea hali za maisha, jeni, na tabia za kila mtu. Ukosefu wa vitamini B3 unaweza kuwa matokeo ya tabia mbaya za chakula, sukari ya juu ya damu, unywaji pombe, magonjwa ya ini, diuretics, mionzi ya ionizing, na sumu za mazingira. Hata hivyo, kulingana na wanasayansi mashuhuri, kisababishi kikuu ni tofauti za DNA ambazo hufanya iwe vigumu kwa chembe kuunganisha NAD +. Kwa hivyo, watu wenye tofauti hizi ni asili ya kuwa na mahitaji ya juu ya vitamini B3 ikilinganishwa na wengine. Kwa sababu ya mahitaji yao ya vitamini B3, kuna vitamini 400 vinavyotumiwa katika matibabu ya magonjwa. Hoffer aliona kwamba wagonjwa wa ugonjwa wa akili wanahitaji vitamini B3 zaidi. Utafiti wa kimatibabu unaonyesha kwamba watu ambao hawana hisia-mwenzi na wana tabia ya jeuri na jeuri wanaweza kuwa na mahitaji ya juu ya vitamini B3. "Wakati unafikiria matatizo ambayo tunakabiliwa nayo leo na tabia ya jeuri na jeuri, na gharama za kibinadamu na kiuchumi zinazohusishwa, ni jambo la kushangaza, ""mtafiti na PhD William Todd anahisi, kwamba vipimo vikubwa vya vitamini B3 havijapimwa kama sehemu ya matibabu kusaidia watu hawa kufikia mtazamo mzuri wa maisha." Vitamini B3 ni muhimu kwa matumizi ya matibabu ya vitamini B3 na niacin. kiwango cha uingizaji wa kumbukumbu (RI) kwa vitamini B3 ni 16 mg, kipimo ambacho huzuia kwa ufanisi ugonjwa wa upungufu unaoitwa pellagra. Kama ilivyotajwa hapo awali, huenda watu fulani wakawa na uhitaji mkubwa wa virutubisho hivyo kwa sababu mbalimbali. Wanahitaji kile kinachoitwa dozi za tiba. Katika utafiti wake, Abram Hoffer alitoa gramu 1 (mg 1,000) ya vitamini B3 (katika fomu ya asidi ya nikotini) mara tatu kwa siku. Dawa hizo za dawa za kulevya zilikuwa salama na Hoffer alitumia dawa hiyo kwa miaka 60 bila kuona athari zozote mbaya. Ni muhimu kutumia aina ya niacin ambayo hutolewa haraka, kwa kuwa aina nyingine ambayo hutolewa polepole yaweza kusababisha sumu ya ini. Vitamini B3 (niacin) ni ya bei nafuu na inapatikana kwa urahisi. Pia ni muhimu kuanza na kipimo cha chini kwa sababu vitamini inaweza kusababisha "niacin flush" na kuchachua kwa muda mfupi ambayo ni matokeo ya upanuzi wa mishipa ya damu. Njia bora ya kupata kawaida na hii ni kwa kuanza na kipimo cha 100 mg cha niacin (asidi ya nikotini) na hatua kwa hatua kuongeza kipimo hadi iwezekanavyo kuchukua 1000 mg bila dalili yoyote ya nyekundu. Wanawake wajawazito wanapaswa kuepuka kutumia dozi kubwa za niacin, kwa kuwa inaweza kusababisha madhara kwa mtoto ambaye hajazaliwa. Utafiti wa orthomolecular na dawa ya orthomolecular unaonyesha kuwa watu wengi wanaosumbuliwa na ugonjwa wa akili wanaweza kujisikia vizuri zaidi ikiwa madaktari watabadilisha mbinu zao. Badala ya kutumia dawa za kemikali ambazo hazitashughulikia sababu ya ugonjwa huo, madaktari wanapaswa kuzingatia ukweli kwamba baadhi ya wagonjwa wanaweza kuwa na tofauti za maumbile ambazo huongeza uhitaji wao wa vitamini B3. Kwa kweli, kuna uwezekano mkubwa kwamba kuna baadhi ya hali za urithi ambazo huitikia vizuri vitamini B3. "Mafunzo ya ""Orthomolecular Medicine"" yalianzishwa na Dr. Linus Pauling, mshindi wa tuzo ya Nobel, na kuanzishwa na Abraham Hoffer." Katika hali ya ugonjwa, mwili unahitaji kiasi kikubwa cha vitamini na madini kwa sababu ina shida ya kunyonya na kutumia virutubisho au kwa sababu huvunjwa na kutolewa kwa kiwango cha juu kwa sababu ya mambo mbalimbali ya mkazo. Vitamini B3 na C zilitumiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kutibu magonjwa ya akili na kansa. Orodha ya vitamini na madini ya matibabu ya kiwango cha juu inaongezeka, ikitegemea dalili na mahitaji ya mgonjwa mmoja-mmoja. Tofauti na dawa za kemikali ambazo zinahusishwa na athari kadhaa za upande, dawa ya orthomolecular hurekebisha upungufu na usawa wa mwili kwa njia ya asili, kwa sababu tu vitu vinavyotumiwa ni muhimu, kwanza kabisa. Vitamini B3 inapatikana hasa katika vyakula kama vile nyama, samaki, kuku, karanga, kernels, na mbegu. Vitamini B3 pia hupatikana katika mayai, nafaka nzima, mboga, na matunda. Hii ni kwa sababu asidi ya amino tryptophan pia hubadilishwa kuwa niacin mwilini. Kwa hiyo, kipimo cha kipimo cha tryptophan katika bidhaa yoyote ya watumiaji ni sawa na kipimo cha kipimo cha niacin. Ni pamoja na niacin na tryptophan. Kwa kawaida virutubisho vinapaswa kuchukuliwa pamoja na vitamini vingine vya B na si pamoja na dawa za kuzuia asidi. Penberthy. WT. Niacin huokoa hamsters wanaokula nyama ya binadamu. Uwezo wa kihistoria wa kuimarisha niacin "Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 2017, Mawson, A. Jacobs, K. alitoa ripoti ya ""Utumwa wa mahindi, Tryptophan, na Viwango vya Uuaji wa Kitaifa.""" Orthomolecular Psychiatry (OMP) - Hoffer A. Hoffer, Mtaalamu wa Psychiatry, 1978 Kutoka kukata tamaa hadi matumaini kwa tiba ya orthomolecular. Victoria, BC, Canada: Trafford Publishing 2009 Guyton JR, Bays HE. Usalama wa matibabu ya niacin American Journal of Cardiology 2007: Utafiti wa habari zaidi...