As well as reducing waste and use of virgin materials, the EU wants to see the packaging sector achieve climate neutrality by 2050 in its Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) proposals.
Reduce and reuse
On average, each European generates almost 180kg of packaging waste per year. It is one of the main users of virgin materials as 40% of plastics and 50% of paper used in the EU is destined for packaging.
Without action, the EU estimates it will see a further 19% increase in packaging waste by 2030, and for plastic packaging waste even a 46% increase.
The proposed revision of the EU legislation on Packaging and Packaging Waste aim to stop this trend with three main objectives: reducing packaging waste (through restricting unnecessary packaging and promoting reusable and refillable packaging); boosting ‘closed loop’ recycling (making all packaging recyclable ‘in an economically viable way’) and increasing the use of recycled plastics with mandatory targets.
But furthermore, the EU wants to do this in a way that is economically attractive and creates new business opportunities. It acknowledges that single-use packaging industries will have to invest in the transition but says ‘the overall economic and job creation impact in the EU is positive’. Boosting reuse alone will lead to more than 600,000 jobs in this sector, it estimates, while each individual European could save around €100 / $105 a year if businesses translate savings to consumers.
- The headline target is to reduce packaging waste by 15% by 2040 per Member State per capita, compared to 2018. This would lead to an overall waste reduction in the EU of some 37% compared to a scenario without changing the legislation.
- To foster reuse or refill of packaging - 'which has declined steeply in the last 20 years' - companies will have to offer a certain percentage of their products to consumers in reusable or refillable packaging, for example takeaway drinks and meals or e-commerce deliveries. There will also be some standardisation of packaging formats and clear labelling of reusable packaging.
- To address 'clearly unnecessary' packaging, certain forms of packaging will be banned (i. e.: single-use packaging for food and beverages when consumed inside restaurants and cafes, single-use packaging for fruits and vegetables, miniature shampoo bottles in hotels)
- Many measures aim to make packaging fully recyclable by 2030. This includes setting design criteria for packaging; creating mandatory deposit return systems for plastic bottles and aluminium cans; and making it clear which very limited types of packaging must be compostable so that consumers can throw these to biowaste.
There will also be mandatory rates of recycled content that producers have to include in new plastic packaging. This will help turn recycled plastic into a valuable raw material – as already shown by the example of PET bottles in the context of the Single-Use Plastics Directive.
Glass: ‘New packaging waste reduction targets must be by material’
The European Container Glass Federation welcomes the ambitions to promote recyclability and reuse of packaging – but says it is concerned that the proposed measures are not underpinned by material-specific reduction targets to ensure all packaging materials contribute ‘individually, equally and fairly to waste reduction’.
“Reduction targets should be by material, otherwise there are significant risks of shifting the market from heavier but circular, to lighter but difficult to recycle or reuse packaging materials.” says Adeline Farrelly, Secretary General of FEVE.
Furthermore, it is concerned that the proposed rules make no distinction between materials that can be recycled infinitely without loss of quality; and those which are downcycled to lower quality products.
It is also concerned on the design front: saying proposed rules will no longer permit ‘marketing’ and ‘consumer acceptance’ as legitimate packaging performance criteria if they add weight and this will drastically impact possibilities in terms of packaging design.
“Product presentation is key to brand identity and instant recognition by consumers. Primary packaging is an integral part of the product and plays a major role in consumer expectations. The overly restrictive approach to the branding role of packaging will lead to the standardisation of packaging, with far-reaching negative consequences on consumer-choice, product value, and brand identity” adds Farrelly.
But it is happy to see the idea of reuse take center stage, with the proposal introducing a reuse target for the first time. But again, it highlights that this will depend on each material.
“Refillable glass is a reality since years in Europe and it is the leading sales packaging option for a number of products in some countries. Reusable packaging can be an efficient and sustainable solution to maintain products in a short supply chain, and an important waste prevention measure, but it is not always suitable – or the optimal solution – for all product categories. It is paramount to ensure that reuse can be implemented in a safe, economically viable and environmentally sustainable way that would bring tangible benefits compared to recyclable one-way packaging.”
spiritsEUROPE: Industry needs freedom to innovate
An industry heavily dependent on glass packaging, spirits industry representative spiritsEUROPE offers its take on the proposals.
Ulrich Adam, Director General of spiritsEUROPE, said: “We welcome the choice of the Commission to opt for a Regulation rather than a Directive. It is of vital importance to us, our suppliers and the many other sectors we work with that there is consistency and a level-playing field in the application of these proposals across the EU, in particular since we have recently seen the threat of a fragmentation of the Single Market by the implementation of some country-specific measures on packaging.
“The spirits producers welcome the recognition that mandatory re-use targets for spirits are not the most suitable way forward. The sector already implements and tests new waste management models, including packaging reuse models, to deliver the best environmental outcomes. With many of the sector’s companies producing to export, with long supply chains and GI regulations and rules governing bottling in third countries, there is no “one size fits all” model from a carbon footprint /consumer safety perspective for spirits. Freedom to innovate must be given to industry to continue to invest in breakthrough packaging innovation and R&D."
But, like FEVE, spiritsEUROPE raises concerns over plans to remove “marketing” and “consumer acceptance” from the performance criteria for packaging. “We are concerned by this decision which could drastically reduce brand differentiation and product presentation which is key for our sector, a sector that does not produce ‘fast consumed’ products. As we strive to make our packaging more sustainable, the diversity of different and unique packaging designs should not be undermined by the new rules. “
spiritsEUROPE adds it welcomes and encourage the proposed use of QR codes and other digital innovations as an effective and user-friendly means of providing information to the consumer on recycled content, reuse information, etc. via digital means.
UNESDA Soft Drinks Europe: focus on food-grade materials
Non-alcoholic beverages trade association UNESDA Soft Drinks Europe says the EU’s proposal is ‘ambitious and contains several important enablers for Europe’s journey towards increased collection and recycling and the integration of more reuse.’
But it adds that further improvements are necessary to support full circularity and integrating more reuse.
“Particularly, the proposal needs to urgently address the issue of downcycling of food-grade materials into non-food-grade applications. It currently fails to include a priority access mechanism or right of first refusal that grants fairer access to the necessary amount of recycled content to those sectors that are required to use food-grade materials to comply with EU food safety requirements. This is a key enabler for further promoting closed-loop recycling, while preventing downcycling of food-grade recycled materials. Sectors that are not required to use food-grade materials must also be incentivised to invest in efficient collection and recycling systems that can achieve true circularity for their own products.
“In addition, the proposal places reuse targets only on the beverage sector and on each of its manufacturers, distributors, and in each Member State. The PPWR needs to take into account the huge diversity of economic operators in the beverage sector, the different sizes of the companies and the different types of consumption experiences of Europeans. Indeed, many businesses may become unsustainable due to an ineffective use of recycling technology investments, which will be made redundant with the necessary additional reuse investments in each country.
“There is also lack of evidence that the proposed approach for reuse targets will lead to the intended environmental outcomes. That’s why we reaffirm the need for the targets to be based on a thorough environmental and cost impact assessment to ensure that reusable beverage systems are only put in place when and where they make the most sense for our environment and are cost-efficient.”
Brewers of Europe: Methodology for measuring will be important
The Brewers of Europe says it supports the objective to minimise packaging’s impact on the environment. It highlights its ambitions for the final regulation, saying it should be:
- Proportionate: “Overly prescriptive rules or governance should not provoke the dismantling of well-functioning existing collection systems, be they well-established reuse systems set up by the brewers in many countries or efficient recycling collection systems set up in others;
- Well-targeted: “Recalling the objectives set out in the EU Circular Economy Action Plan to make “all packaging reusable or recyclable in an economically viable way”, setting reuse targets at EU level can address the reality that different countries are at varying starting points with regard to the balance between reuse and recycling;
- Non-discriminatory: “The brewing sector should not be discriminated against and it would be neither legally nor environmentally justified to a priori grant an EU-mandated exemption, from reuse targets or mandatory DRS, for other alcoholic beverages;
- Coherent: “Whilst there remain uncertainties as a number of important decisions will be defined through secondary legislation, it will be important that issues such as the methodology for measuring progress recognise that, for example, a 50l beer keg cannot be treated as a comparable unit to a bottle or can.”
Plastics Europe: Proposal could serve as ‘catalyst to transform the plastics packaging industry’ (if the investment is there…)
Plastics Europe says the proposal ‘contains many positive elements and could serve as a catalyst to transform the plastics packaging industry.’
Virginia Janssens, MD of Plastics Europe, said: “EU policy and regulation must incentivise the billions of euros of public and private investments needed to develop a circular plastics economy in Europe. This proposal could ensure the recyclability of all plastics packaging, kick-start reuse in many applications, and increase recycled content, delivering on a truly circular economy for plastics packaging in Europe.”
Plastics Europe believes that the development of Design for Recycling Guidelines, and regulation that is science-based, fully material and technology neutral is the best way to allow the market to create the required new business models, and recycling, collection and sorting technologies.
It says it is ‘open-minded’ regarding the Commission’s proposed reuse targets and needs to further assess their achievability: noting some will require a transformation of business models. “It is key that in developing these reuse targets, they are applied equally to all materials and a clear environmental benefit is demonstrated,” it says.
When it comes to recycled content, it notes that the 10% minimum recycled content is well below its own 30% target; but says that any target should be an average rather than fixed for every individual item of packaging.
And it when it comes to bio-based plastic, it voices its disappointment over the path the European Commission is taking.
“We also fear the PPWR proposal is a missed opportunity for the Commission to boost the potential of bio-based plastics in contributing to circular feedstock targets while reducing emissions.”
Pamoja na kupunguza taka na matumizi ya vifaa vya bikira, EU inataka kuona sekta ya ufungaji kufikia hali ya hewa ya usawa ifikapo mwaka 2050 katika mapendekezo yake ya Ufungaji na Ufungaji wa Matoleo (PPWR). Kwa wastani, kila Mwingereza hutengeneza karibu kilo 180 za taka za ufungaji kwa mwaka. Ni moja ya watumiaji wakuu wa vifaa vya bikira, kwani 40% ya plastiki na 50% ya karatasi inayotumiwa katika EU inakusudiwa kwa ufungaji. Kwa hivyo, ikiwa hakuna hatua, EU inakadiria kuongezeka kwa taka za ufungaji kwa 19% hadi 2030, na kwa taka za ufungaji wa plastiki hata 46%! Mabadiliko yaliyopendekezwa ya sheria ya EU juu ya vifurushi na taka za vifurushi yana lengo la kuzuia mwenendo huu na malengo matatu kuu: kupunguza taka za vifurushi (kwa kupunguza vifurushi visivyo muhimu na kukuza vifurushi vinavyoweza kutumiwa tena na kujazwa tena); kukuza "kuzunguka kwa mzunguko uliofungwa" (kufanya vifurushi vyote viweze kuyarudishwa "kwa njia ya kiuchumi" na kuongeza matumizi ya plastiki zilizorudishwa. Lakini zaidi ya hayo, EU inataka kufanya hivyo kwa njia ambayo ni ya kuvutia kiuchumi na inaunda fursa mpya za biashara. "Imeelezwa kuwa viwanda vya ufungaji wa matumizi moja vinapaswa kuwekeza katika mabadiliko, lakini inasema ""athari ya jumla ya kiuchumi na uundaji wa kazi katika EU ni chanya.""" "Kupunguza matumizi ya vifaa vya kipekee kwa kuimarisha matumizi ya vifaa vya kipekee kwa kuongeza kazi kwa zaidi ya 600,000 katika sekta hii, na kila Mwingereza binafsi anaweza kuokoa karibu € 100 kwa mwaka ikiwa biashara itafafanua kuokoa kwa watumiaji. """ Lengo kuu ni kupunguza taka za ufungaji kwa asilimia 15 hadi 2040 kwa kila mtu katika nchi wanachama, ikilinganishwa na 2018. Hii itasababisha kupunguza jumla ya taka katika EU ya 37% ikilinganishwa na hali bila kubadilisha sheria. Ili kuendeleza matumizi ya mara kwa mara au kujaza tena vifurushi - ambavyo vimepungua sana katika miaka 20 iliyopita - makampuni yatalazimika kutoa asilimia fulani ya bidhaa zao kwa watumiaji katika vifurushi vinavyoweza kutumiwa tena au kujazwa tena, kwa mfano vinywaji na chakula au utoaji wa e-biashara. Pia kutakuwa na baadhi ya standardization ya umbizo formats na vitambulisho wazi ya vifurushi reusable. "Kutokana na hali hii, ""vifurushi vya matumizi moja kwa chakula na vinywaji vinavyotumiwa katika mikahawa na mikahawa, vifurushi vya matumizi moja kwa matunda na mboga, chupa ndogo za shampoo katika hoteli, na vifurushi vingine vya matumizi moja kwa moja, vitatumika katika matumizi ya dawa za kulevya.""" Hii inajumuisha kuweka vigezo vya kubuni kwa ajili ya vifurushi, kuunda mifumo ya lazima ya kurudi kwa vifurushi vya plastiki na makopo ya alumini, na kueleza wazi aina ndogo ya vifurushi vinavyopaswa kuwa na compostable ili watumiaji waweze kutupa biowaste. Pia kutakuwa na viwango vya lazima vya maudhui yaliyotengenezwa upya ambayo wazalishaji lazima wajumuishe katika ufungaji mpya wa plastiki. Hii itasaidia kugeuza plastiki iliyorudishwa kuwa malighafi yenye thamani - kama tayari imeonyeshwa na mfano wa chupa za PET katika muktadha wa Sera ya Plastiki ya Matumizi Moja. "Mfumo wa Ulaya wa Kioo cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa cha Kifaa.""" "Lengo la kupunguza linapaswa kuwa kwa vifaa, vinginevyo kuna hatari kubwa ya kuhamisha soko kutoka kwa vifaa vya ufungaji nzito lakini mviringo, kwa vifaa vya ufungaji nyepesi lakini vigumu kuchakata au kutumia tena. """ Kwa kuongezea, inahofia kwamba sheria zilizopendekezwa hazitofautishi kati ya vifaa ambavyo vinaweza kurejeshwa bila kupoteza ubora; na zile ambazo zinapunguzwa kuwa bidhaa za ubora wa chini. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, sheria zilizopendekezwa hazitaruhusu ""kuuza"" na ""kukubaliwa na watumiaji"" kama vigezo halali vya utendaji wa ufungaji ikiwa zinaongeza uzito, na hii itaathiri uwezekano kwa njia kubwa katika suala la muundo wa ufungaji." <unk>Uwasilishaji wa bidhaa ni muhimu kwa utambulisho wa chapa na utambuzi wa papo hapo na watumiaji. Kifurushi cha msingi ni sehemu muhimu ya bidhaa na ina jukumu kubwa katika matarajio ya watumiaji. Mbinu ya kupita kiasi ya kuzuia jukumu la chapa ya ufungaji itasababisha kiwango cha ufungaji, na matokeo mabaya ya mbali juu ya uchaguzi wa watumiaji, thamani ya bidhaa, na utambulisho wa chapa <unk> anaongeza Farrelly. Lakini ni furaha kuona wazo la matumizi ya tena kuchukua hatua kuu, na pendekezo kuanzisha lengo la matumizi ya tena kwa mara ya kwanza. Lakini tena, inasisitiza kwamba hii itategemea kila nyenzo. <unk> Kioo cha kujaza tena ni ukweli tangu miaka katika Ulaya na ni chaguo la kuongoza la ufungaji wa mauzo kwa bidhaa kadhaa katika nchi fulani. Vifaa vya kuunganisha vinaweza kuwa suluhisho la ufanisi na endelevu la kudumisha bidhaa katika mlolongo mfupi wa usambazaji, na hatua muhimu ya kuzuia taka, lakini sio kila wakati inafaa <unk> au suluhisho bora <unk> kwa makundi yote ya bidhaa. "Kutumia vifurushi vya kioo kwa njia ya ""safe, viable kiuchumi na mazingira endelevu"" ni muhimu sana, na inatoa faida halisi ikilinganishwa na vifurushi vya moja kwa moja vinavyoweza kurejeshwa, ""Al-Spirit Europe inatoa maoni yake juu ya mapendekezo." Ulrich Adam, Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa spiritsEUROPE, alisema: "Tunakaribisha uchaguzi wa Tume wa kuchagua Kanuni badala ya Maagizo. """Ni muhimu sana kwetu, wauzaji wetu na sekta nyingine nyingi tunazofanya kazi na kwamba kuna uthabiti na uwanja wa kucheza sawa katika matumizi ya mapendekezo haya katika EU nzima, hasa tangu hivi karibuni tumeona tishio la kugawanyika kwa soko la ndani kwa utekelezaji wa hatua za nchi maalum juu ya ufungaji." <unk>Wazalishaji wa pombe wanakaribisha utambuzi kwamba malengo ya lazima ya matumizi ya tena kwa pombe si njia inayofaa zaidi ya kuendelea. Sekta tayari inatekeleza na majaribio ya mifano mpya ya usimamizi wa taka, ikiwa ni pamoja na mifano ya matumizi ya vifurushi, kutoa matokeo bora ya mazingira. Kwa kuwa kampuni nyingi za sekta hiyo zinazozalisha kwa ajili ya kuuza nje, na minyororo mirefu ya usambazaji na kanuni za GI na sheria zinazosimamia mafuriko katika nchi za tatu, hakuna mfano wa "ukubwa mmoja unaofaa wote" kutoka kwa mtazamo wa alama ya kaboni au usalama wa watumiaji kwa pombe. Uhuru wa kubuni lazima utolewe kwa viwanda ili kuendelea kuwekeza katika uvumbuzi wa ufungaji wa ubunifu na R&D. Lakini, kama FEVE, spiritsEUROPE inaongeza wasiwasi juu ya mipango ya kuondoa "kuuza" na "kukubaliwa na watumiaji" kutoka kwa vigezo vya utendaji kwa ufungaji. <unk>Tuna wasiwasi na uamuzi huu ambao unaweza kupunguza sana tofauti ya chapa na uwasilishaji wa bidhaa ambayo ni muhimu kwa sekta yetu, sekta ambayo haizalishi bidhaa za <unk>matumizi ya haraka<unk>. """Kama tunajitahidi kufanya vifurushi vyetu kuwa vya kudumu zaidi, utofauti wa miundo tofauti na ya kipekee ya vifurushi haipaswi kudhibitiwa na sheria mpya." "SpiritsEUROPE pia inakaribisha na kuhamasisha matumizi yaliyopendekezwa ya nambari za QR na uvumbuzi mwingine wa dijiti kama njia bora na ya kirafiki ya watumiaji ya kutoa habari kwa watumiaji juu ya maudhui ya kuchakata, habari ya matumizi ya tena, nk. """ kupitia njia za dijiti. "UNESDA Soft Drinks Ulaya: kuzingatia vifaa vya kiwango cha chakula: Chama cha biashara cha vinywaji visivyo na pombe cha UNESDA Soft Drinks Ulaya anasema pendekezo la EU ni ""la kutamani na lina vifaa kadhaa muhimu kwa safari ya Ulaya kuelekea kuongeza ukusanyaji na kuchakata na kuunganisha matumizi zaidi.""" <unk>Hasa, pendekezo linahitaji kushughulikia haraka suala la downcycling ya vifaa vya kiwango cha chakula katika matumizi yasiyo ya kiwango cha chakula. Kwa sasa, haijumuishi utaratibu wa upendeleo wa upatikanaji au haki ya kukataa kwanza ambayo inatoa upatikanaji wa haki kwa kiasi cha vifaa vya kusindika vinavyohitajika kwa sekta ambazo zinahitajika kutumia vifaa vya kiwango cha chakula ili kufuata mahitaji ya usalama wa chakula ya EU. Hii ni kiungo muhimu kwa ajili ya kukuza zaidi kufungwa mzunguko wa kuchakata, wakati kuzuia downcycling ya chakula-grade vifaa recycled. Sekta ambazo hazihitaji kutumia vifaa vya kiwango cha chakula lazima pia zichochewe kuwekeza katika mifumo ya ukusanyaji na kuchakata inayoweza kufikia mviringo wa kweli kwa bidhaa zao. <unk>Zaidi ya hayo, pendekezo huweka malengo ya matumizi tena tu kwa sekta ya vinywaji na kwa kila mmoja wa wazalishaji wake, wauzaji, na katika kila Jimbo la Mshiriki. "Pawati ya ""Public Health Policy"" inapaswa kuzingatia utofauti mkubwa wa waendeshaji wa kiuchumi katika sekta ya vinywaji, ukubwa tofauti wa makampuni na aina tofauti za uzoefu wa matumizi ya Wazungu." Kwa kweli, biashara nyingi zinaweza kuwa zisizo na uendelevu kwa sababu ya matumizi yasiyofaa ya uwekezaji wa teknolojia ya kuchakata, ambayo itafanywa kuwa ya ziada na uwekezaji wa ziada wa matumizi katika kila nchi. Hakuna pia ushahidi kwamba mbinu iliyopendekezwa kwa malengo ya matumizi ya tena itasababisha matokeo ya mazingira yaliyokusudiwa. "Kwa hivyo, tunathibitisha tena haja ya malengo ya msingi ya tathmini ya kina ya athari za mazingira na gharama ili kuhakikisha kuwa mifumo ya vinywaji inayoweza kutumiwa tena huwekwa tu wakati na mahali ambapo zina maana zaidi kwa mazingira yetu na zina ufanisi wa gharama. "" - Brewery of Europe, ""Methodology for Measurement Will Be Important""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika sheria ya EU ya ""Utekelezaji wa Mipango ya Uchumi wa Mzunguko"" (EU Circular Economy Action Plan), lengo la ""Utekelezaji wa Mipango ya Mzunguko"" ni ""kuweka lengo muhimu la kuweka lengo la ""Utekelezaji wa Mipango ya Mzunguko"" (EU Circular Economy Action Plan) ili kufanya ""kuweka malengo muhimu ya ""kuweka malengo ya"" kwa ajili ya ""kuweka malengo ya"" kwa ajili ya ""kuweka malengo ya"" kwa ajili ya ""kuweka malengo ya"" kwa ajili ya ""kuweka malengo ya"" kwa ajili ya ""kuweka malengo ya"" kwa ajili ya ""kuweka malengo ya"" kwa ajili ya ""kuweka malengo ya"" kwa ajili ya ""kuweka malengo ya"" kwa ajili ya ""kuweka malengo ya"" kwa ajili ya ""kuweka malengo."""" "Upendeleo huu unaweza kuhakikisha kurudishwa kwa vifurushi vyote vya plastiki, kuanza tena matumizi katika matumizi mengi, na kuongeza maudhui ya plastiki, kutoa uchumi wa mviringo wa kweli kwa vifurushi vya plastiki huko Ulaya. ""Plastics Europe inaamini kwamba maendeleo ya Miongozo ya Kubuni kwa ajili ya Kurudishwa, na kanuni ambayo ni ya kisayansi, vifaa kamili na teknolojia ya neutral, ni njia bora ya kuruhusu soko kuunda mifano mpya ya biashara inayohitajika, na teknolojia ya kurudisha, kukusanya na kuchagua." "Imeelezwa kuwa ""ina mtazamo wa wazi"" kuhusu malengo ya matumizi ya tena yaliyopendekezwa na Tume na inahitaji kuchunguza zaidi ufikiaji wao, ikisema baadhi ya malengo hayo yatahitaji mabadiliko ya mifano ya biashara." "Ni muhimu kwamba katika kuendeleza malengo haya ya matumizi tena, zinatumiwa sawa kwa vifaa vyote na faida ya wazi ya mazingira inaonyeshwa", inasema. Kwa upande wa bidhaa zilizochukuliwa, kiwango cha chini cha 10% cha bidhaa zilizochukuliwa ni chini ya lengo lake la 30% lakini inasema lengo lolote linapaswa kuwa wastani badala ya kuweka kwa kila bidhaa ya kifurushi. Kwa upande wake, kuhusu plastiki inayotokana na viumbe hai, amesema kuwa ameshindwa na uamuzi wa Tume ya Ulaya. "Tunahofu pia pendekezo la PPWR ni fursa iliyopotea kwa Tume kuongeza uwezo wa plastiki ya msingi wa kibiolojia katika kuchangia malengo ya malighafi ya mviringo wakati wa kupunguza uzalishaji. """