English Gothic architecture
English Gothic is the name of the architectural style that was very popular in England from about 1180 until about 1520. As with the gothic architecture of other parts of Europe, English Gothic is defined by its pointed arches, vaulted rooves, buttresses, large windows, and spires.
Features of the Gothic style change
- Pointed arches
- Very high towers, spires and rooves
- Clustered columns: tall columns that looked like a group of thin columns bundled together
- Ribbed vaults: arched ceilings made of stone. In the Gothic style they were held up by stone ribs.
- A skeleton of stonework with big glass windows in between.
- Tracery: carved stone lace in the windows and on the walls
- Stained glass: richly coloured glass in the windows, often with pictures telling stories
- Buttresses: narrow stone walls jutting out from the building to help hold it up
- Flying buttresses: buttresses that help to hold the vault up. They are made with an arch that jumps over a lower part of the building to reach the outside wall.
- Statues: of saints, prophets and kings around the doors
- Many sculptures, sometimes of animals and legendary creatures. Gargoyles spout water from the roof.
The various styles are seen at their best in the cathedrals, abbey churches and college buildings. It is a distinctive characteristic of the cathedrals of England that all but one of them show great stylistic diversity and have building dates that range over 400 years. The exception, Salisbury Cathedral, was built in 38 years.
- Early English (roughly 1170-1240)
- Decorated (roughly 1250−1350)
- Geometric (1250–90)
- Curvilinear (1290–1350)
- Perpendicular (roughly 1350−1520)
Early English change
The clearest sign of the Early English period was the pointed arch known as the lancet. Pointed arches were used for nave arcade, the doorways and lancet windows. The windows are narrow by comparison to their height and are without tracery. Lancet arches are a sign of the style.
The Lancet openings of windows and arcades are often grouped in twos or threes. This is seen throughout Salisbury Cathedral where there are groups of two lancet windows lining the nave and groups of three lining the clerestory. At York Minster there are, in the north transept, a cluster of five lancet windows known as the Five Sisters, each fifty feet high and still have their ancient glass.
Romanesque (Norman architecture) builders generally used round arches. Compared with the rounded Romanesque style, the pointed arch of the Early English Gothic looks more elegant and, more importantly, is better at distributing the weight of the stonework above it. This makes it possible to span higher and wider gaps using narrower columns.
Instead of being massive, solid pillars, the columns were often composed of clusters of slender, detached shafts surrounding a central pillar.
By using the pointed arch, walls could become less massive and window openings could be larger and grouped more closely together. This gave a more open, airy and graceful building. The high walls and vaulted stone roofs were often supported by flying buttresses: half arches which transmit the outward thrust of the superstructure to supports or buttresses, usually on the outside of the building.
At its purest the style was simple and austere, emphasizing the height of the building, as if aspiring heavenward.
Decorated gothic change
Decorated architecture has window tracery. Elaborate windows are subdivided by closely-spaced parallel mullions (vertical bars of stone). The mullions then branch out and cross, intersecting to fill the top part of the window with a mesh of elaborate patterns called tracery. The style was geometrical (more straight lines) at first and flowing (curves) in the later period. This evolution of decorated tracery is often used to subdivide the period into an earlier "geometric" and later "curvilinear" period.
Perpendicular gothic change
Some of the earliest examples of the "perpendicular period", from 1360, are found at Gloucester Cathedral. The masons of the cathedral seem to be far in advance of those in other towns; the fan-vaulting in the cloisters is particularly fine. Also noteworthy are the Quire and tower of York Minster (1389–1407); the nave and western transepts of Canterbury Cathedral (1378–1411). Bath Abbey, Eton College Chapel and King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1515) are also examples.
It is called perpendicular because of its emphasis on vertical lines. This is particularly obvious in the design of windows, which became very large, sometimes of immense size, with slimmer stone mullions than in earlier periods. This allowed more scope for stained glass craftsmen. Buttresses and wall surfaces are likewise divided up into vertical panels. Another major development of this period was fan vaulting.
Some of the finest features of this period are the magnificent timber rooves. Hammerbeam rooves, like those of Westminster Hall (1395), and Christ Church Hall, Oxford, appeared for the first time. In areas of southern England elaborate decoration in flint was used, especially in the wool churches of East Anglia.
Gothic ni mtindo wa usanifu wa Uingereza uliotumiwa na watu wa Uingereza kuanzia mwaka 1180 hadi 1520. Kama ilivyo na usanifu-ujenzi wa Gothic katika sehemu nyingine za Ulaya, usanifu-ujenzi wa Kiingereza wa Gothic hufafanuliwa na matao yake yenye ncha, paa zenye umbo la mviringo, nguzo, madirisha makubwa, na minara. Mabadiliko ya mtindo wa Gothic - Mifereji yenye ncha - Minara mirefu sana, minara na paa - Safu za safu: safu ndefu ambazo zilionekana kama kikundi cha safu nyembamba zilizokusanywa pamoja - Ribbed vaults: dari zenye ncha zilizotengenezwa kwa mawe. Katika mtindo wa Gothic zilikuwa zikitegemea mbavu za mawe. - Mfumo wa mawe wenye madirisha makubwa ya kioo katikati. - Tracery: lace mawe kuchongwa katika madirisha na kwenye kuta - Stained kioo: kioo richly rangi katika madirisha, mara nyingi na picha kuwaambia hadithi - Buttresses: nyembamba mawe kuta jumping nje ya jengo kusaidia kushikilia juu - Flying buttresses: buttresses kwamba kusaidia kushikilia juu ya vault. Zimetengenezwa kwa upinde unaoruka juu ya sehemu ya chini ya jengo ili kufikia ukuta wa nje. - Sanamu: za watakatifu, manabii na wafalme karibu na milango - Sanamu nyingi, wakati mwingine za wanyama na viumbe wa hadithi. Gargoyles hutokeza maji kutoka kwenye paa. Mitindo mbalimbali huonekana vizuri zaidi katika makanisa makuu, makanisa ya makao ya watawa, na majengo ya vyuo vikuu. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Katidra za Uingereza zina sifa ya pekee, kwamba zote isipokuwa moja zinaonyesha utofauti mkubwa wa mtindo na zina tarehe za ujenzi ambazo zina zaidi ya miaka 400.""" Kanisa kuu la Salisbury lilijengwa kwa miaka 38. Kiingereza cha mapema (karibu 1170-1404) - Kupambwa (karibu 1250-1350) - Geometric (1250-1350) - Curvilinear (1290-1350) - Perpendicular (karibu 1350-1520) - Mabadiliko ya Kiingereza cha mapema Alama ya wazi ya kipindi cha Kiingereza cha mapema ilikuwa arch pointed inayojulikana kama lancet. Vipande vyenye ncha vilitumiwa kwa ajili ya viwanja vya meli, milango na madirisha ya lancet. Madirisha ni nyembamba ikilinganishwa na urefu wao na hayana tracery. Vipande vya mviringo ni ishara ya mtindo. Mara nyingi milango ya madirisha na ya madirisha huunganishwa kwa vikundi viwili au vitatu. Hii inaonekana katika Kanisa Kuu la Salisbury ambapo kuna vikundi vya madirisha mawili ya lancet yanayopiga na meli na vikundi vya vitatu vinavyopiga clerestory. "Katika kanisa la York Minster, katika sehemu ya kaskazini ya mstari wa mbele, kuna madirisha matano ya ""Lancet"" yanayojulikana kama ""Madhabahu Watano,"" kila moja ikiwa na urefu wa futi 50 na bado ina kioo cha kale." Wajenzi wa Romanesque (ujenzi wa Norman) kwa ujumla walitumia matao ya mviringo. Ikilinganishwa na mtindo wa Romanesque, arch ya Gothic ya mapema ya Kiingereza inaonekana kuwa nzuri zaidi na, muhimu zaidi, ni bora katika kusambaza uzito wa mawe juu yake. Hii inafanya iwezekane kupanua mapengo ya juu na pana kwa kutumia safu nyembamba. Badala ya kuwa nguzo kubwa, thabiti, mara nyingi nguzo hizo zilikuwa na makundi ya nguzo nyembamba zilizojitenga zilizozunguka nguzo ya katikati. Kwa kutumia upinde wenye ncha, kuta zingeweza kuwa ndogo na madirisha yangeweza kuwa makubwa zaidi na kuunganishwa pamoja kwa ukaribu zaidi. Hilo lilitokeza jengo lililo wazi zaidi, lenye hewa na lenye kupendeza. Kuta za juu na paa za mawe zenye matumbawe mara nyingi ziliungwa mkono na mabamba ya kuruka: nusu ya upinde ambao hupeleka msukumo wa nje wa superstructure kwa msaada au mabamba, kwa kawaida nje ya jengo. Kwa njia safi zaidi, mtindo huo ulikuwa rahisi na wenye uthabiti, ukikazia urefu wa jengo hilo, kana kwamba lilitamani kwenda mbinguni. Decorated gothic mabadiliko Decorated usanifu ina dirisha tracery. Madirisha yenye umbo la kipekee hugawanywa kwa viunzi vya mawe vilivyowekwa kwa mstari ulio karibu. Kisha, viunzi hivyo hujipanua na kuvuka, vikipakana ili kujaza sehemu ya juu ya dirisha hilo kwa michoro iliyochorwa kwa njia ya mviringo. Mtindo huo ulikuwa wa kijiometri (mstari wa moja kwa moja zaidi) mwanzoni na uliingia (mzunguko) katika kipindi cha baadaye. Mageuzi haya ya tracery iliyopambwa mara nyingi hutumiwa kugawanya kipindi hicho katika kipindi cha mapema cha "geometric" na kipindi cha baadaye cha "curvilinear". "Mfano wa kwanza wa ""muda wa perpendicular"" ni katika Gloucester Cathedral." Wajenzi wa kanisa hilo la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa la kanisa. Pia ni muhimu ni Quire na mnara wa York Minster (1389-1407); nave na magharibi transepts ya Canterbury Cathedral (1378-1411). Bath Abbey, Eton College Chapel na King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446-1515) pia ni mifano. Inaitwa perpendicular kwa sababu inakazia mistari ya wima. Hii ni dhahiri hasa katika kubuni ya madirisha, ambayo akawa kubwa sana, wakati mwingine ya ukubwa mkubwa, na mullions mwamba nyembamba kuliko katika vipindi vya awali. Hilo liliwapa mafundi wa vioo vya rangi nafasi zaidi. Vituo vya kuunga mkono na nyuso za kuta pia hugawanywa katika paneli za wima. Maendeleo mengine makubwa ya kipindi hicho yalikuwa kuteleza kwa mashabiki. Baadhi ya mambo mazuri zaidi ya kipindi hicho ni paa zenye kupendeza za mbao. Kwa mfano, nyumba za Westminster Hall (1395-1395) na Christ Church Hall (Oxford) zilijengwa kwa mbao za mbao za nyundo. Katika maeneo ya kusini mwa Uingereza mapambo ya maridadi ya mawe ya mwamba yalitumiwa, hasa katika makanisa ya sufu ya Anglia Mashariki.