Insights Daily Current Events, 28 June 2016
Paper 2 Topic: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
Union Home Minister chairs 22nd meeting of Eastern Zonal Council at Ranchi
The Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh recently chaired the 22nd meeting of the Eastern Zonal Council held at Ranchi, Jharkhand.
- The Council discussed the issues like modernisation of State Police Forces, measures to curb communal tension and Left Wing Extremism (LWE), curbing of drug trafficking, measures for bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India, issues relating to fisheries, productivity of livestock and poultry to usher Blue Revolution.
- The issues of sharing of water of major rivers, development of Railways, construction of Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) and Multi –Sectoral Development Programme in the Eastern Zone were also discussed in detail.
- The Zonal Council also reviewed the progress of the implementation of the recommendations made at the previous meeting of the Council held at Patna last year.
Zonal councils have been established by the Parliament to promote interstate cooperation and coordination. They are statutory bodies established under the States Reorganisation Act 1956 and not constitutional bodies. They are only deliberative and advisory bodies.
There are 5 five Zonal councils namely:
- The Northern Zonal Council, comprising the States of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, National Capital Territory of Delhi and Union Territory of Chandigarh.
- The Central Zonal Council, comprising the States of Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
- The Eastern Zonal Council, comprising the States of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, and West Bengal.
- The Western Zonal Council, comprising the States of Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra and the Union Territories of Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli.
- The Southern Zonal Council, comprising the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry.
The North Eastern States i.e. (i) Assam (ii) Arunachal Pradesh (iii) Manipur (iv) Tripura (v) Mizoram (vi) Meghalaya (vii) Sikkim and (viii) Nagaland are not included in the Zonal Councils and their special problems are looked after by the North Eastern Council, set up under the North Eastern Council Act, 1972.
- Chairman – The Union Home Minister is the Chairman of each of these Councils.
- Vice Chairman – The Chief Ministers of the States included in each zone act as Vice-Chairman of the Zonal Council for that zone by rotation, each holding office for a period of one year at a time.
- Members- Chief Minister and two other Ministers as nominated by the Governor from each of the States and two members from Union Territories included in the zone.
- Advisers- One person nominated by the Planning Commission (which has been replaced by NITI Ayog now) for each of the Zonal Councils, Chief Secretaries and another officer/Development Commissioner nominated by each of the States included in the Zone.
- Union Ministers are also invited to participate in the meetings of Zonal Councils depending upon necessity.
The main objectives of setting up of Zonal Councils are:
- Bringing out national integration.
- Arresting the growth of acute State consciousness, regionalism, linguism and particularistic tendencies.
- Enabling the Centre and the States to co-operate and exchange ideas and experiences.
- Establishing a climate of co-operation amongst the States for successful and speedy execution of development projects.
Paper 2 Topic: Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.
Centre notifies amended RBI Act to usher in MPC
The government has moved to give statutory backing to the monetary policy committee (MPC). In this regard, the centre has notified the changes made to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act.
- This paves the way for a resetting of the monetary policy framework that will shift the responsibility of maintaining inflation targets on a six-member panel, with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governor getting a casting vote in case of a tie.
- According to the monetary policy framework, agreed by RBI and the government last year, the central bank will look to contain inflation within a band of 4% plus/minus 2 percentage points from next year.
The idea of setting up an MPC was mooted by an RBI-appointed committee led by deputy governor Urjit Patel in February 2014 though that committee had recommended a five-member committee where three members would be from RBI and two external members would be appointed by the RBI governor and the deputy governor in-charge.
It is a six member panel which will have the responsibility of maintaining inflation targets. The MPC will set interest rates to keep retail inflation within targets. Inflation targets will be set once every five years.
- The Committee is to meet four times a year and make public its decisions following each meeting.
- The committee will have six members. Of the six members, the government will nominate three. The RBI Governor will chair the committee. The governor, however, will not enjoy a veto power to overrule the other panel members, but will have a casting vote in case of a tie. No government official will be nominated to the MPC.
- The other three members would be from the RBI with the governor being the ex-officio chairperson. Deputy governor of RBI in charge of the monetary policy will be a member, as also an executive director of the central bank. Decisions will be taken by majority vote with each member having a vote.
- The government nominees to the MPC will be selected by a Search-cum-Selection Committee under Cabinet Secretary with RBI Governor and Economic Affairs Secretary and three experts in the field of economics or banking or finance or monetary policy as its members.
- Members of the MPC will be appointed for a period of four years and shall not be eligible for reappointment.
As per rules, no member of MPC should have any financial or other interest that prejudicially affects his functions as a member. Also, it will be considered that the panel failed in achieving the inflation target if the lower or the upper range of the target is breached for three consecutive quarters.
Paper 2 Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
U.S. wants progress in investment pact talks with India: Envoy
Expressing concern over ‘on-again, off-again’ progress in Bilateral Investment Treaty with India, the US has said “things have become a bit more difficult” after the model draft proposed by the Indian side.
- The US has expressed concerns over departures from the high standards in the recent model draft BIT which India negotiated with countries like South Korea and Japan.
- As alleged by the US, the new model substantially narrows the scope of investments covered by the treaty as it requires that disputes be exhausted in local Indian jurisdictions before alternative investor-state dispute mechanisms can be initiated.
- The objective of BITs is protection of the interests of investors but in the process these pacts aim to balance the obligations of the respective governments and the rights of investors.
The first round negotiations on the India-U.S. BIT was held in August 2009. However, the negotiations were initially delayed as India and the U.S. had undertaken a review of their respective model BIT texts.
Investors from developed countries including the U.S. have been citing ‘judicial delays’ in India to demand that they be granted the flexibility in the BITs to take disputes to international arbitration tribunals without waiting to exhaust remedies available in India.
The Union Cabinet, in December 2015, gave its approval for the revised Model Text for the Indian Bilateral Investment Treaty. The revised Indian model text for Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) will replace the existing Indian Model BIT.
Revised Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) text:
- It will be used for re-negotiation of existing BITs and negotiation of future BITs and investment chapters in Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreements (CECAs)/ Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements (CEPAs) / Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).
- It will provide appropriate protection to foreign investors in India and Indian investors in the foreign country, in the light of relevant international precedents and practices, while maintaining a balance between the investor’s rights and the Government obligations.
Significance of Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT):
- A BIT increases the comfort level and boosts the confidence of investors by assuring a level playing field and non-discrimination in all matters while providing for an independent forum for dispute settlement by arbitration.
- BITs help project India as a preferred foreign direct investment (FDI) destination as well as protect outbound Indian FDI.
Features of BIT:
The essential features of the model BIT include an “enterprise” based definition of investment, non-discriminatory treatment through due process, national treatment, protections against expropriation, a refined Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) provision requiring investors to exhaust local remedies before commencing international arbitration, and limiting the power of the tribunal to awarding monetary compensation alone. The model excludes matters such as government procurement, taxation, subsidies, compulsory licenses and national security to preserve the regulatory authority for the Government.
The first BIT was signed by India on March 14, 1994. Since then, till date, the Government of India has signed BITs with 83 countries. These BITs were largely negotiated on the basis of the Indian Model BIT of 1993.
Sources: the hindu.
Paper 2 Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources, issues relating to poverty and hunger.
Prices of 45 essential drugs slashed
The National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority has fixed the prices of 45 drug formulations, including three insulin formulations. NPPA has fixed/revised ceiling prices of 45 scheduled formulations of Schedule-I under Drugs (Price Control) Amendment Order, 2016, and retail price of 12 formulations under DPCO, 2013.
- NPPA has also directed all manufacturers to comply with the ceiling prices of the medicines and reduce prices, if the retail prices were higher than the revised amount, and maintain the prices, if they are lower than the set standard.
- The manufacturers not complying with the ceiling price and notes specified hereinabove shall be liable to deposit the overcharged amount along with interest thereon under the provisions of the Drugs (Price Control) Order, 2013, read with Essential Commodities Act, 1955.
The NPPA periodically revises prices of essential medicines under the Drug (Pricing Control) Order (DPCO) that has about 650 formulations under it. These prices can be increased by companies by a maximum of 10% depending on inflation.
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)
NPPA is an organization of the Government of India which was established, inter alia, to fix/ revise the prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations and to enforce prices and availability of the medicines in the country, under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 1995.
- The organization is also entrusted with the task of recovering amounts overcharged by manufacturers for the controlled drugs from the consumers. It also monitors the prices of decontrolled drugs in order to keep them at reasonable levels.
Functions of National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority:
- To implement and enforce the provisions of the Drugs (Prices Control) Order in accordance with the powers delegated to it.
- To deal with all legal matters arising out of the decisions of the Authority.
- To monitor the availability of drugs, identify shortages, if any, and to take remedial steps.
- To collect/ maintain data on production, exports and imports, market share of individual companies, profitability of companies etc, for bulk drugs and formulations.
- To undertake and/ or sponsor relevant studies in respect of pricing of drugs/ pharmaceuticals.
- To recruit/ appoint the officers and other staff members of the Authority, as per rules and procedures laid down by the Government.
- To render advice to the Central Government on changes/ revisions in the drug policy.
- To render assistance to the Central Government in the parliamentary matters relating to the drug pricing.
Sources: the hindu.
"Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Siku za sasa: 28 Juni 2016"" na ""Sura ya 2: Muundo, Shirika na Utendaji na Wizara na Idara za Sheria za Serikali; Vikundi vya Ushawishi na Mashirika ya rasmi na yasiyo rasmi na jukumu lao katika siasa.""" Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani wa India, Raj Nath Singh, ameshiriki katika mkutano wa 22 wa Baraza la Mashariki la Mashariki la Jharkhand, uliofanyika katika mji wa Ranchi, Jharkhand. Mkutano huo ulizungumzia masuala kama vile kuboresha polisi, kuzuia ghasia za kijamii na upinzani wa upinzani wa upinzani, kuzuia biashara ya dawa za kulevya, hatua za kuleta mapinduzi ya kijani katika India ya Mashariki, masuala yanayohusiana na uvuvi, uzalishaji wa mifugo na kuku ili kuanzisha mapinduzi ya bluu. Masuala ya kushiriki maji ya mito mikubwa, maendeleo ya reli, ujenzi wa Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) na Multi-Sectoral Development Program katika Eneo la Mashariki pia yalijadiliwa kwa undani. Baraza la Zonal pia lilikagua maendeleo ya utekelezaji wa mapendekezo yaliyotolewa katika mkutano wa awali wa Baraza uliofanyika Patna mwaka jana. Halmashauri za mikoa zimeanzishwa na Bunge ili kukuza ushirikiano na uratibu kati ya majimbo. Serikali za nchi hizo zimeundwa kwa mujibu wa sheria ya States Reorganisation Act 1956 na si kwa mujibu wa katiba. Wao ni tu vyombo vya kushauriana na ushauri. Mipango ya mkoa wa Kaskazini ni pamoja na: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu na Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi na Chandigarh. - Baraza la Kati la Eneo, linalojumuisha Majimbo ya Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh na Madhya Pradesh. - Baraza la Eneo la Mashariki, linalojumuisha Majimbo ya Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, na West Bengal. Baraza la Zoni la Magharibi, linalojumuisha majimbo ya Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra na maeneo ya Umoja wa Daman na Diu na Dadra na Nagar Haveli. - Baraza la Kusini la Zonal, linalojumuisha Majimbo ya Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu na Eneo la Union la Puducherry. Majimbo ya Kaskazini Mashariki yaani. (i) Assam (ii) Arunachal Pradesh (iii) Manipur (iv) Tripura (v) Mizoram (vi) Meghalaya (vii) Sikkim na Nagaland (viii) hazijumuishiwi katika Halmashauri za Kanda na matatizo yao maalum yanaangaliwa na Halmashauri ya Kaskazini Mashariki, iliyoanzishwa chini ya Sheria ya Halmashauri ya Kaskazini Mashariki, 1972. - Mwenyekiti <unk> Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani wa Umoja ni Mwenyekiti wa kila moja ya Halmashauri hizi. - Makamu Mwenyekiti <unk> Makamu wa Waziri Mkuu wa Jimbo lililojumuishwa katika kila eneo hufanya kazi kama Makamu wa Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Eneo kwa eneo hilo kwa mzunguko, kila mmoja akishikilia ofisi kwa kipindi cha mwaka mmoja kwa wakati. - Wanachama-Mkuu na Mawaziri wengine wawili kama walioteuliwa na Gavana kutoka kila moja ya Jimbo na wanachama wawili kutoka maeneo ya Umoja ni pamoja na katika eneo hilo. - Washauri - Mtu mmoja aliyechaguliwa na Tume ya Mipango (ambayo imebadilishwa na NITI Aayog sasa) kwa kila moja ya Halmashauri za Eneo, Katibu Mkuu na afisa mwingine / Kamishna wa Maendeleo aliyechaguliwa na kila moja ya Jimbo lililojumuishwa katika Eneo. - Mawaziri wa Umoja pia hualikwa kushiriki katika mikutano ya Halmashauri za Zonal kulingana na uhitaji. Malengo makuu ya kuanzisha Halmashauri za Zonal ni: - Kuleta ushirikiano wa kitaifa. - Kukomesha ukuaji wa ufahamu mkali wa Jimbo, mkoa, lugha na mwelekeo wa kipekee. - Kuwezesha Kituo na Majimbo kushirikiana na kubadilishana mawazo na uzoefu. - Kuanzisha hali ya ushirikiano kati ya majimbo kwa ajili ya mafanikio na utekelezaji wa haraka wa miradi ya maendeleo. 2 (b) Mifumo ya kisheria, ya kisheria, ya kisheria, ya kisheria, ya kisheria, ya kisheria, ya kisheria, ya kisheria, ya kisheria, ya kisheria, ya kisheria, ya kisheria. Serikali ya India imetoa taarifa ya marekebisho ya sheria ya RBI ili kuanzisha Kamati ya Sera ya Fedha (MPC). Katika suala hili, kituo hicho kimetoa taarifa ya mabadiliko yaliyofanywa kwa Sheria ya Benki ya Hifadhi ya India (RBI). Hii inaandaa njia ya kuweka upya mfumo wa sera ya fedha ambayo itabadilisha jukumu la kudumisha malengo ya mfumuko wa bei kwenye jopo la wanachama sita, na gavana wa Benki ya Hifadhi ya India (RBI) kupata kura ya kutupa katika kesi ya sare. Kulingana na mfumo wa sera za fedha, iliyokubaliwa na RBI na serikali mwaka jana, benki kuu itatafuta kuzuia mfumuko wa bei ndani ya bendi ya 4% + - 2 pointi za asilimia kutoka mwaka ujao. Mkataba huo ulikubaliwa na kamati iliyoteuliwa na RBI iliyoongozwa na Naibu Gavana Urjit Patel mnamo Februari 2014, ingawa kamati hiyo ilipendekeza kamati ya wanachama watano ambapo wanachama watatu watakuwa kutoka RBI na wanachama wawili wa nje watachaguliwa na Gavana wa RBI na Naibu Gavana wa malipo. Ni jopo la wanachama sita ambalo litakuwa na jukumu la kudumisha malengo ya mfumuko wa bei. Serikali ya Marekani imeweka viwango vya riba ili kuhifadhi mfumuko wa bei wa rejareja ndani ya lengo. Malengo ya mfumuko wa bei yatatolewa mara moja kila baada ya miaka mitano. - Kamati inapaswa kukutana mara nne kwa mwaka na kutoa maamuzi yake baada ya kila mkutano. - Halmashauri hiyo itakuwa na washiriki sita. Kati ya wanachama sita, serikali itachagua watatu. Gavana wa RBI ataongoza kamati hiyo. Gavana, hata hivyo, hatakuwa na nguvu ya kupiga kura ya kupinga kuondoa wanachama wengine wa jopo, lakini atakuwa na kura ya kutupa katika kesi ya sare. Hakuna afisa wa serikali atakayeteuliwa katika MPC. - Wanachama wengine watatu watakuwa kutoka RBI na gavana kuwa mwenyekiti wa ex-officio. Naibu Gavana wa RBI anayehusika na sera za fedha atakuwa mwanachama, na pia mkurugenzi mtendaji wa benki kuu. Maamuzi yatachukuliwa kwa kura ya wengi na kila mwanachama atakuwa na kura. Mteule wa serikali kwa MPC atachaguliwa na Kamati ya Utafutaji na Uchaguzi chini ya Katibu wa Baraza la Mawaziri na Gavana wa RBI na Katibu wa Mambo ya Kiuchumi na wataalam watatu katika uwanja wa uchumi au benki au fedha au sera ya fedha kama wanachama wake. - Wanachama wa MPC watachaguliwa kwa kipindi cha miaka minne na hawatakuwa na haki ya kuteuliwa tena. Kwa mujibu wa sheria, hakuna mwanachama wa MPC anayepaswa kuwa na maslahi yoyote ya kifedha au mengine ambayo yanaathiri kazi zake kama mwanachama. Pia, itachukuliwa kuwa jopo hilo limeshindwa kufikia lengo la mfumuko wa bei ikiwa kiwango cha chini au cha juu cha lengo limevunjwa kwa robo tatu mfululizo. Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba wa Mkataba. "Mjumbe wa Marekani amesema Marekani inataka maendeleo katika mazungumzo ya mkataba wa uwekezaji na India, akizungumzia ""mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" katika mkataba wa uwekezaji na India, amesema ""mambo yamekuwa magumu zaidi"" baada ya rasimu iliyopendekezwa na India." Marekani imeelezea wasiwasi wake juu ya kutofuata viwango vya juu katika rasimu ya hivi karibuni ya BIT ambayo India ilizungumza na nchi kama vile Korea Kusini na Japan. """Mfano mpya unafupisha sana wigo wa uwekezaji unaofunikwa na mkataba, kwani inahitaji mabishano ya India kutumiwa kabla ya utaratibu mbadala wa mabishano kati ya wawekezaji na serikali kuanza." Lengo la BITs ni ulinzi wa maslahi ya wawekezaji lakini katika mchakato huu mikataba lengo la kusawazisha wajibu wa serikali husika na haki za wawekezaji. Mzunguko wa kwanza wa mazungumzo kati ya India na Marekani BIT ilifanyika mnamo Agosti 2009. Hata hivyo, mazungumzo hayo yalicheleweshwa kwa sababu India na Marekani zilikuwa zimekagua maandishi yao ya mfano wa BIT. Wawekezaji kutoka nchi zilizoendelea, ikiwa ni pamoja na Marekani, wamekuwa wakitaja "ucheleweshaji wa mahakama" nchini India kudai kwamba wapewe kubadilika katika BITs kuchukua mabishano kwa mahakama za kimataifa za upendeleo bila kusubiri kumaliza suluhisho zinazopatikana nchini India. Mkutano wa Baraza la Mawaziri wa India mnamo Desemba 2015 ulitoa idhini yake kwa Nakala ya Mfano iliyobadilishwa kwa Mkataba wa Uwekezaji wa India. Mkataba wa Uwekezaji wa India (BIT) ni mkataba wa uwekezaji wa India wa mfano uliofanywa na India. Mkataba wa Uwekezaji wa Bilatari (BIT) - Mkataba wa Uwekezaji wa Bilatari (BIT) - Mkataba wa Uwekezaji wa Bilatari (BIT) - Mkataba wa Uwekezaji wa Bilatari (BIT) - Mkataba wa Uwekezaji wa Bilatari (BIT) - Mkataba wa Uwekezaji wa Bilatari (BIT) - Mkataba wa Uwekezaji wa Bilatari (BIT) - Mkataba wa Uwekezaji wa Kiuchumi (CEPA) - Mkataba wa Biashara ya Bure (FTA). - Itatoa ulinzi sahihi kwa wawekezaji wa kigeni nchini India na wawekezaji wa India katika nchi ya kigeni, kwa kuzingatia matukio na mazoea ya kimataifa yanayohusiana, wakati wa kudumisha usawa kati ya haki za mwekezaji na majukumu ya serikali. Mkataba wa Uwekezaji wa Bilatari (BIT) huongeza kiwango cha faraja na huongeza imani ya wawekezaji kwa kuhakikisha uwanja wa kucheza sawa na kutobaguzi katika mambo yote wakati wa kutoa jukwaa huru la utatuzi wa mzozo kwa njia ya upatanishi. Mkataba wa BIT unasaidia kuonesha India kama marudio ya upendeleo wa uwekezaji wa moja kwa moja wa kigeni (FDI) na pia kulinda uwekezaji wa moja kwa moja wa India unaotoka nje. "Mfano wa BIT ni ""biashara"" msingi ufafanuzi wa uwekezaji, ""mtazamo wa kutokuwa na ubaguzi kupitia utaratibu sahihi, matibabu ya kitaifa, ulinzi dhidi ya ukombozi, ""mfumo wa refined wa mgombea-dola mgombea-dola-mgombea-mgombea-mgombea-mgombea-mgombea-mgombea-mgombea-mgombea-mgombea-mgombea-gombea-gombea-gombea-gombea-gombea-gombea-gombea-gombea-gombea-gombea-gombea-gombea.""" Mfano huo unazuia masuala kama vile ununuzi wa serikali, ushuru, ruzuku, leseni za lazima na usalama wa kitaifa ili kuhifadhi mamlaka ya udhibiti kwa Serikali. Mkataba wa kwanza wa BIT ulisainiwa na India mnamo 14 Machi 1994. Tangu wakati huo, hadi sasa, Serikali ya India imesaini BITs na nchi 83. Mkataba huo wa kimataifa wa kibiashara ulifanyika kwa msingi wa Mkataba wa India wa Mfano wa 1993. Vyanzo: Kihindu. 2 (b) Masuala yanayohusiana na maendeleo na usimamizi wa sekta ya kijamii (huduma zinazohusiana na afya, elimu, rasilimali za binadamu, masuala yanayohusiana na umaskini na njaa). Kwa mujibu wa sheria za nchi, serikali ya Marekani imepunguza bei ya dawa 45 za msingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na dawa tatu za insulini. NCPP imeweka bei ya juu ya dawa 45 zilizoorodheshwa katika orodha ya I chini ya Amri ya Marekebisho ya Dawa (Udhibiti wa Bei), 2016 na bei ya rejareja ya dawa 12 chini ya DPCO. Serikali imewaagiza wazalishaji wote kufuata viwango vya juu vya bei ya dawa na kupunguza bei ikiwa bei ya rejareja ni ya juu kuliko kiwango kilichobadilishwa, na kudumisha bei ikiwa ni ya chini kuliko kiwango kilichowekwa. - Watengenezaji ambao hawafuati bei ya juu na maelezo yaliyotajwa hapo juu watakuwa na wajibu wa kuweka kiasi cha ziada pamoja na riba juu yake chini ya masharti ya Dawa (Udhibiti wa Bei) Amri ya 2013, kusoma na Sheria ya Bidhaa muhimu, 1955. Serikali ya Marekani imepanga kurekebisha bei ya dawa za msingi chini ya agizo la udhibiti wa bei ya dawa (DPCO) ambalo lina viungo vya dawa 650. Bei hii inaweza kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha juu cha 10% kulingana na mfumuko wa bei. Mamlaka ya Taifa ya Bei ya Dawa (NPPA) ni shirika la Serikali ya India ambalo lilianzishwa, kati ya mambo mengine, ili kuweka au kurekebisha bei za dawa na muundo wa dawa na kutekeleza bei na upatikanaji wa dawa nchini, chini ya Amri ya Dawa (Udhibiti wa Bei), 1995. - Shirika hilo pia limepewa kazi ya kuokoa kiasi cha pesa kilichotozwa na watengenezaji kwa dawa zinazodhibitiwa kutoka kwa watumiaji. Pia hufuatilia bei za dawa zisizodhibitiwa ili kuziweka katika viwango vya busara. Kazi za Mamlaka ya Taifa ya Bei ya Dawa: - Kutekeleza na kutekeleza masharti ya Dawa (Udhibiti wa Bei) Amri kulingana na mamlaka iliyopewa. - Kushughulikia masuala yote ya kisheria yanayotokana na maamuzi ya Mamlaka. - Kufuatilia upatikanaji wa dawa, kutambua upungufu, kama kuna, na kuchukua hatua za kurekebisha. - Kukusanya / kudumisha data juu ya uzalishaji, mauzo ya nje na mauzo ya nje, sehemu ya soko ya makampuni ya mtu binafsi, faida ya makampuni nk, kwa dawa nyingi na formulations. - Kufanya na/au kudhamini masomo husika kuhusiana na bei ya dawa/dawa. - Kuajiri / kuteua maafisa na wafanyakazi wengine wa Mamlaka, kulingana na sheria na taratibu zilizowekwa na Serikali. - Kutoa ushauri kwa Serikali ya Kati juu ya mabadiliko / marekebisho katika sera ya madawa ya kulevya. - Kutoa msaada kwa Serikali ya Kati katika masuala ya bunge yanayohusiana na bei ya dawa. Vyanzo: Kihindu.