By Col. Carlos Eduardo Porto Alegre Rosa (Brazilian Army)
World War I alerted strategists around the globe and also in Brazil of the importance that airplanes would have in the coming decades. In order to face this emerging threat, in 1933, the Brazilian armed forces went through a reorganization of its Military Aviation branch and its defense against airplanes. With this background, in 1939, the Brazilian Army created the Center for Instruction of Air Defense (Centro de Instrução de Defesa Antiaérea - CIDAAe), as part of its Aviation School.
Within today’s Brazilian Army, the educational facility responsible for specializing Officers and NCOs in Air Defense Artillery and Coastal Defense is the Coastal Artillery and Air Defense School (Escola de Artilharia de Costa e Antiaérea - EsACosAAe). It was created in 1965, with the fusion of the Air Defense School and the Coastal Anti-aircraft School.
Painting of the Coastal Artillery and Air Defense School in Rio de Janeiro
EsACosAAe is the only military educational establishment that develops and trains Brazilian Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel, as well as military from partner nations, in the fields of air defense and coastal defense. It is known in Brazil as the “Cradle of Coastal and Air Defense Artillery.”
The school offers various courses, post-graduate studies, and internships, including the Air Defense Artillery Course for Officers, the Air Defense Artillery Course for NCOs, the Aerial Target Operator Course, Radar Operator and Fire Direction Course, Air Defense Commander Internship, and many more. In addition, the school functions as the primary consultant for all doctrinal aspects in regard to air defense and is engaged with the Army Projects Office in carrying out research and development of innovative technology such as hypersonic weapons, directed energy etc.
Students at the Coastal Artillery and Air Defense School
In Brazil’s armed forces, ground-based air defense consists of specialized units in the Army and the Marine Corps, as well as in the Navy and in the Air Force. In the Brazilian Army, Infantry and Cavalry Brigades have an organic Air Defense Artillery Battery. All Air Defense Artillery Battalions in the Brazilian Army fall under the 1st Air Defense Artillery Brigade. When air defense elements are utilized in a domestic homeland defense role, in Brazil's so-called Zone of Interior, they are integrated into the Brazilian Aerospace Defense System (Sistema de Defesa Aeroespacial Brasileiro - SISDABRA), which is managed by the Brazilian Air Force. In the case of a deployment into another Theater of Operations, the air defense element coordinates their operations with the Air Force Component Commander of that Theater.
Regardless if within the Zone of Interior or in any Theater of Operations, the Air Defense Artillery of the Brazilian Army has the capacity to defend strategic structures and troops, ranging from armored formations to airborne parachutist units, thereby covering some of the most varied and extreme operational environments in the fifth largest country of the world, consisting of approximately 8,500,000 Km².
The national territory of Brazil is divided into four different Aerospace Defense Regions (Regiões de Defesa Aeroespacial - RDA) to ensure the successful execution of aerospace defense operations, as well as the control of operational assets in each respective region. By doctrine, the Brazilian Army is responsible for the planning of operations for an Air Defense Artillery Brigade in each RDA.
Brazil’s Aerospace Defense Regions
The execution of ground-based air defense within Brazilian aerospace operations falls under the authority of the 1st Air Defense Artillery Brigade (1ªBda AAAe). It is commanded by a Brigadier General and consists of a General Staff, a Headquarters Battery, an Air Defense Artillery Maintenance and Supply Battalion, and six Air Defense Artillery Battalions with the task of providing air defense for strategic structures of Brazil’s national territory. In addition, Brazil is planning to establish more Air Defense Artillery Battalions in the coming years.
Brazilian short-range air defense
The organic Air Defense Artillery Batteries of the Infantry and Cavalry Brigades are technically not subordinated to the 1st Air Defense Artillery Brigade, but instead to their respective maneuver brigades. However, they still have close bonds and a doctrinal connection with the 1st Air Defense Artillery Brigade. This allows full integration and doctrinal exchange between all elements of the Air Defense Artillery of the Brazilian Land Component.
In 2011, Brazil created the Army Strategic Program “Anti-aircraft Defense” (Programa Estratégico do Exército “Defesa Antiaérea” - PEE DA Ae) with the aim of modernizing air defense on a national level, as well as equipping anti-aircraft artillery units with the best equipment in the defense segment. The program’s ultimate goal is to recover and optimize short-range air defense functions, as well as for Brazil to obtain medium-range air defense capability. This program is managed by the 1st Air Defense Artillery Brigade Commander and depends on the doctrinal advice of the Coastal Artillery and Air Defense School (EsACosAAe), to enable Brazilian industry, in partnership with the Brazilian Army, to develop varied defense products.
The Brazilian Coastal Artillery and Air Defense School (Escola de Artilharia de Costa e Antiaérea - EsACosAAe) in Rio de Janeiro
Learn more about the Brazilian Coastal Artillery and Air Defense School at its website: http://www.esacosaae.eb.mil.br/
The author, Col. Carlos Eduardo Porto Alegre Rosa is the Commandant of the Brazilian Coastal Artillery and Air Defense School (EsACosAAe) and lead advisor for air defense doctrine in Brazil.
"Kulingana na Carlos Eduardo Porto Alegre Rosa, ""Vita vya Kwanza vya Ulimwengu vilikuwa na athari kubwa kwa Brazili na nchi nyingine kwa sababu ya matumizi ya ndege." Ili kukabiliana na tishio hilo, mwaka 1933 jeshi la Brazil lilipanga upya jeshi lake la anga na ulinzi wake dhidi ya ndege. Mwaka 1939 jeshi la Brazil lilianzisha kituo cha mafunzo ya ulinzi wa angani (Centro de Instrução de Defesa Antiaérea - CIDAA) kama sehemu ya shule yake ya anga. Ndani ya jeshi la leo la Brazil, kituo cha elimu kinachohusika na wataalamu wa maafisa na maofisa wa chini katika Artillery ya Ulinzi wa Hewa na Ulinzi wa Pwani ni Shule ya Artillery ya Pwani na Ulinzi wa Hewa (Escola de Artilharia de Costa e Antiaérea - EsACosAAe). Shule hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka 1965 baada ya kuunganishwa kwa Shule ya Ulinzi wa Anga na Shule ya Ulinzi wa Anga ya Pwani. Shule ya Ulinzi wa Anga na Ulinzi wa Anga ya Rio de Janeiro (ESACOS) ni taasisi pekee ya elimu ya kijeshi ambayo huendeleza na kufundisha Jeshi la Brazili, Jeshi la Wanamaji, na Jeshi la Anga, pamoja na wanajeshi kutoka mataifa washirika, katika nyanja za ulinzi wa hewa na ulinzi wa pwani. Shule ya Ulinzi wa Anga ya Brazili ina mafunzo ya juu ya ulinzi wa anga, pamoja na mafunzo ya Ulinzi wa Anga ya Anga ya Ulinzi wa Anga, mafunzo ya Ulinzi wa Anga ya Ulinzi wa Anga, mafunzo ya Ulinzi wa Anga ya Anga, mafunzo ya Ulinzi wa Anga ya Anga na mafunzo ya Ulinzi wa Anga. Shule hiyo pia ni mshauri wa msingi kwa masuala yote ya mafundisho kuhusu ulinzi wa angani na inashirikiana na Ofisi ya Mradi wa Jeshi katika kufanya utafiti na maendeleo ya teknolojia ya ubunifu kama vile silaha za hypersonic, nishati iliyoelekezwa, na mengineyo. Shule ya Jeshi la Brazili ya Jeshi la Brazili, Jeshi la Brazili la Jeshi la Brazili, Jeshi la Brazili la Brazili, Jeshi la Brazili la Brazili, Jeshi la Brazili la Brazili, Jeshi la Brazili la Brazili, Jeshi la Brazili la Brazili, Jeshi la Brazili. Katika Jeshi la Brazili, Infantry na Cavalry Brigades kuwa na kikaboni Air Defense Artillery Battery. Kikosi cha kwanza cha jeshi la Brazili, ambacho kinajumuisha kikosi cha kwanza cha jeshi la Brazili, kinaitwa 1st Air Defense Artillery Brigade. Vifaa vya ulinzi wa anga vinavyotumika katika eneo la ndani la nchi, vinavyoitwa eneo la ndani, vinaunganishwa na mfumo wa ulinzi wa anga wa Brazil (Sistema de Defesa Aéreoespacial Brasileiro - SISDRAB), ambao unasimamiwa na Jeshi la Anga la Brazil. Katika kesi ya kupelekwa katika ukumbi mwingine wa operesheni, sehemu ya ulinzi wa hewa inaratibu shughuli zao na Kamanda wa Kikosi cha Jeshi la Anga la ukumbi huo. Bila kujali ikiwa ndani ya eneo la ndani au katika eneo lolote la operesheni, Jeshi la Brazili la Air Defense Artillery lina uwezo wa kulinda miundo ya kimkakati na vikosi, kuanzia vikosi vya kivita hadi vikosi vya parachutists, na hivyo kufunika baadhi ya mazingira ya shughuli tofauti na kali katika nchi ya tano kwa ukubwa duniani, inayojumuisha karibu kilomita 8,500,000 za mraba. Nchi ya Brazil imegawanywa katika mikoa minne tofauti ya ulinzi wa anga (RDA) ili kuhakikisha utekelezaji wa mafanikio wa shughuli za ulinzi wa anga, na kudhibiti mali za uendeshaji katika kila mkoa. Kwa kanuni, Jeshi la Brazil linawajibika kwa mipango ya shughuli za Kikosi cha Ulinzi wa Anga cha Anga katika kila RDA. Brazili Air Defense Regions: Utekelezaji wa ulinzi wa anga ya ardhi ndani ya shughuli za anga ya Brazil iko chini ya mamlaka ya 1st Air Defense Artillery Brigade (1aBda AAAe). Kikosi hicho kina kikosi cha jeshi, kikosi cha jeshi, kikosi cha jeshi, kikosi cha jeshi la ulinzi wa angani, kikosi cha ulinzi wa angani, na kikosi cha jeshi la ulinzi wa angani, ambacho kina jukumu la kulinda majengo ya kijeshi ya Brazil. Kwa kuongezea, Brazil inapanga kuanzisha vikosi zaidi vya silaha za ulinzi wa hewa katika miaka ijayo. Brazili: Majeshi ya ulinzi wa angani ya muda mfupi (BRAD) - Bateria za ulinzi wa angani za kijeshi za jeshi la miguu na jeshi la wapanda farasi hazitegemei kikosi cha kwanza cha ulinzi wa angani, lakini badala yake kwa vikosi vya maneuver. Hata hivyo, bado wana uhusiano wa karibu na uhusiano wa mafundisho na 1st Air Defense Artillery Brigade. Hii inaruhusu ushirikiano kamili na kubadilishana mafundisho kati ya vipengele vyote vya Air Defense Artillery ya Brazilian Land Component. Mwaka 2011, Brazil ilianzisha mpango wa kijeshi wa ulinzi wa kupambana na ndege (Programa Estratégico do Exército - PEADA) kwa lengo la kuboresha ulinzi wa hewa katika ngazi ya kitaifa, na pia kuandaa vitengo vya makombora ya kupambana na ndege na vifaa bora katika sehemu ya ulinzi. Lengo la mwisho la programu hiyo ni kurejesha na kuboresha kazi za ulinzi wa hewa wa umbali mfupi, na pia kwa Brazil kupata uwezo wa ulinzi wa hewa wa umbali wa kati. Programu hii inasimamiwa na Kamanda wa Kikosi cha Kwanza cha Ulinzi wa Anga na inategemea ushauri wa mafundisho ya Shule ya Ulinzi wa Pwani na Ulinzi wa Anga (ESACOSA), kuwezesha viwanda vya Brazil, kwa kushirikiana na Jeshi la Brazil, kuendeleza bidhaa mbalimbali za ulinzi. Shule ya Ulinzi wa Anga na Ulinzi wa Anga ya Pwani ya Brazil (ESCADA) ni shule ya ulinzi wa anga ya pwani ya Brazil (ESCADA) na inaongozwa na Carlos Eduardo Porto Alegre Rosa, kamanda wa shule ya ulinzi wa anga ya pwani ya Brazil (ESCADA).