A heterogeneous catalyst is present in a different phase from the reactants. Such catalysts are usually solids, and often function by furnishing an active surface upon which one or more steps in the reaction can occur.
A heterogeneous catalytic reaction has at least four steps in its reaction mechanism:
- Adsorption of the reactant(s) onto the surface of the catalyst
- Activation of the adsorbed reactant(s)
- Reaction of the adsorbed reactant(s)
- Diffusion of the product(s) from the surface into the gas or liquid phase (desorption)
Any one of these steps may be slow and thus may serve as the rate determining step. But the overall rate of the reaction is still faster than it would be without the catalyst. The figure below illustrates the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen on a nickel catalyst.
The uncatalyzed C2H4(g) + H2(g) ⟶ C2H6(g) reaction would necessitate a transition state where the C=C π bond and the H-H σ bond are breaking while the two C-H σ bonds form. Such a transition state is so high in energy that without a catalyst, H2 is considered as being unreactive towards alkenes under most conditions.
Nickel is a catalyst often used in the hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fats and oils to produce saturated fats and oils. Other significant industrial processes that involve the use of heterogeneous catalysts include the preparation of sulfuric acid, the preparation of ammonia, the oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid, and the synthesis of methanol. Heterogeneous catalysts are also used in the catalytic converters found on most gasoline-powered automobiles.
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heterogeneous catalyst ni sasa katika awamu tofauti kutoka reactants. Vichangiaji hivyo kwa kawaida ni vitu imara, na mara nyingi hufanya kazi kwa kutoa uso hai ambao hatua moja au zaidi katika athari inaweza kutokea. Heterogeneous catalytic reaction ina angalau hatua nne katika utaratibu wake wa athari: adsorption ya reactant (s) juu ya uso wa catalyst, uanzishaji wa reactant (s) adsorbent, athari ya reactant (s) adsorbent, kuenea kwa bidhaa kutoka uso wa gesi au hali ya kioevu (desorption). Lakini kiwango cha jumla cha athari bado ni haraka kuliko ingekuwa bila kichocheo. Mchoro hapa chini unaonyesha athari ya alkenes na hidrojeni kwenye kichocheo cha nikeli. Mmenyuko wa C2H4 + H2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H6 + C2H7 + C2H7 + C2H7 + C2H7 + C2H7 + C2H7 + C2H7 + C2H7 + C2 + C2H7 + C2 + C2H7 + C2 + C2H7 + C2 + C2 H2 + C2 + C2 + C2 + C2 + C2 + C2 + C2 Hali hii ya mpito ni ya juu sana katika nishati kwamba bila kichocheo, H2 inachukuliwa kuwa haiwezi kuingiliana na alkenes chini ya hali nyingi. Nikeli ni kichocheo mara nyingi kutumika katika hydrogenation ya mafuta polyunsaturated na mafuta ya kuzalisha mafuta saturated na mafuta. Mchakato mwingine muhimu wa viwanda unaohusisha matumizi ya catalysts heterogeneous ni pamoja na maandalizi ya asidi sulfuric, maandalizi ya amonia, oxidation ya amonia kwa asidi nitric, na synthesis ya methanol. Vichokozo tofauti-tofauti hutumiwa pia katika vigeuzi vya kichocheo vinavyopatikana kwenye magari mengi yanayoendeshwa kwa petroli. Tafadhali tumia fomu hii kuripoti yoyote kutopatana, makosa, au mambo mengine ungependa kubadilisha kuhusu ukurasa huu. Tunathamini maoni yenu. ️