Angles, Danes and Norse in the District of Huddersfield (1929) - Chapter 1
Angles, Danes and Norse in the District of Huddersfield (1929) by W.G. Collingwood (2nd edition)
- Preface (page 3)
- Chapter 1 : The Anglian Occupation of Yorkshire (page 7)
- Chapter 2 : British Loidis and Elmet (page 9)
- Chapter 3 : The Anglian and British Map of the Huddersfield District (page 13)
- Chapter 4 : The Anglian Abbeys (page 17)
- Chapter 5 : Anglian Monuments (page 19)
- Chapter 6 : Dewsbury (page 24)
- Chapter 7 : Thornhill (page 33)
- Chapter 8 : Walton and Rastrick Cross-bases (page 37)
- Chapter 9 : Kirkburton and Kirkheaton — the Danish Settlers (page 40)
- Chapter 10 : High Hoyland and the Norse Settlers (page 46)
- Chapter 11 : Domesday Book an the Norman Conquest (page 50)
- Chapter 12 : Mirfield, Cawthrone, Penistone and Skelmanthorpe (page 55)
- Summary (page 60)
- Bibliography (page 61)
THE ANGLICAN OCCUPATION OF YORKSHIRE
When the Romans abandoned Britain they left a country already in distress. It went from bad to worse as soon as their governors and garrisons were withdrawn for the last time. Saxon pirates from over the North Sea, Picts from beyond Hadrian's Wall, Scots from Ireland (Ireland being then the home of the Scots), attacked the Britains, for the wealth of the country was worth plundering. During part of the Roman administration, that is to say, in the third and fourth centuries A.D., agriculture flourished, towns and villages prospered, Christianity was established, and the imperial rule gave as much security as was possible, together with the kind of government best suited to the times. But the Celtic Britons, however Romanized, never learnt to unite and to protect their own interests. Latterly, whenever they were left for a while undefended by Roman generals, they had been raided by the barbarians. These attacks from outside became more serious and widespread; internally there were dissensions; the whole country, but especially the North, fell into a lamentable condition.
Yorkshire suffered most, for it had been shielded by the forts between York and the Wall and along the coast; and it was wealthier than the lands to the north and west. In less than a hundred years the whole of the Roman-British civilization was destroyed, and the country north of the Trent was nearly depopulated. We gather this from the fact that traces of the population belonging to that period are extremely scanty. Here and there among the hills are ruins of the so called British settlements, in which scraps of pottery and other relics of the time are found; but the places that had been populous contain nothing to indicate that they were still inhabited. In the area covered by our map the Roman forts had been abandoned much earlier; all these will be found discussed in the Museum handbook on the Roman period; but they were of no avail in the age we are now describing. There are various legends, more or less ancient, from which some writers have tried to reconstruct a history of continuous Christian churches and Romanized organization at York and elsewhere, but they are misleading. By about A.D. 500 Yorkshire had relapsed into wilderness, with no more than a comparatively few Britons, broken men and degenerate, haunting the forests and the moors, and living a rude life such as was lived by the Highlanders of the middle ages.
It was about A.D. 500 that the Angles first appeared in Yorkshire. This is known from the remains found in graves of their pagan period, which also show the area of their earliest settlements. They came from the south of Denmark – some antiquaries think that on their way they stayed in South Norway – and pushed in small groups up the country from Saltburn and Robin Hood's Bay, Scarborough and Flamborough, and especially from the Humber. They occupied the slopes along the edges of the Cleveland Hills, the North and South Wolds, and the main Vale of York, for they were emigrant farmers looking for land between the bleak fells and the swampy flats where they could rear cattle and grow corn. They did not come with great armies to conquer kings and cities, for in Yorkshire at that time there were none to be subdued. Stories of battles have been attached to their immigration, but many of these stories can be shown to refer to later battles, chiefly of the Viking Age, from which Welsh bards of the eleventh and twelfth centuries constructed the details of the Arthurian legend. Nor did indications which showed that Britons continued to live among the Angles and that the two races often intermarried. Indeed, it was from this intermingling that the people of Yorkshire derived a new and superior character, and rapidly became a civilized and cultured race, capable of art and literature and of rising to the position of dominant power in Briton.
These Angles were of a different stock from the Saxons, whose home on the continent had been to the south of the original Anglia. But the Saxons had come first and were well known to both Romans and Britons, who continued to call every adventurer from over the North Sea by the name of Saxon. The name still clings in popular use. The new-comers in Wessex, Essex, Sussex and Middlesex, were Saxons; but those of the Midlands of East Anglia, and especially of Northumbria – all the land north of Humber – were Angles. As the North took the lead in early times, the whole combined race adopted the name of Anglish or English, in preference to Saxon. As for Yorkshire in particular, to call it Saxon is incorrect; to call it English, when speaking of these early days, suggests a later period. We cannot do otherwise than call the people Angles and their culture Anglian.
They were, at first, Pagans and barbarians. They built no stone houses, castles or towns. They made no roads, and after settling here they gave up seafaring. They talked a dialect related to that of the Saxons, but differing from it in pronunciation; and without lord or master for their first half-century in Yorkshire. But in Northumberland – then known as Bernicia – a new group of Angles fixed themselves under a king named Ida, and this may have roused the Angles of Yorkshire – then called Deira – to a sense of nationality and the need of organization. In 560, the Deirans elected Elle as their king, and for some time there was strife between the two rival kingdoms. Ida's son Ethelric, conquered Deira in 588 and left it at his death in 593 to his son, Ethelfrith, who married a daughter of Elle. But Anglian inheritance went to the son, and the rightful heirs to Elle's kingdom were the brothers of the Queen. On of them Eadwine, conquered Ethelfrith and reigned until he was slain by the Welsh and the Midland Angles at a great invasion. A little later, Oswald, Ethelfrith's son and Eadwine's nephew, reconquered both Bernicia and Deira; and his family and kindred, combining both original dynasties, held Northumbria for nearly two and a half centuries until the Danish invasion of 867.
Angles, Danes na Norse katika Wilaya ya Huddersfield (1929) - Sura ya 1 Angles, Danes na Norse katika Wilaya ya Huddersfield (1929) na W.G. "Kutoka kwa ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 1) hadi ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 2) hadi ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 3) hadi ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 3) hadi ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 4) hadi ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 4) hadi ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 4) hadi ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 4) hadi ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 4) hadi ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 4) hadi ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 4) hadi ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 4) na ""The British Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 4) na ""The Irish Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 4) na ""The Irish Occupation of Yorkshire"" (chapter 6)." Hali ikawa mbaya zaidi mara tu magavana na askari-jeshi wao walipoondolewa kwa mara ya mwisho. Wamarekani walipigana na maharamia wa Saxon kutoka Bahari ya Kaskazini, Pict kutoka nje ya ukuta wa Hadrian, na Scotland kutoka Ireland (bado Ireland ilikuwa nyumbani kwa Waskoti), kwa sababu utajiri wa nchi hiyo ulikuwa na thamani ya kuporwa. Wakati wa utawala wa Waroma, yaani, katika karne ya tatu na ya nne baada ya Kristo, kilimo kilikua, miji na vijiji vilifanikiwa, Ukristo ulianzishwa, na utawala wa kifalme ulitoa usalama mwingi iwezekanavyo, pamoja na aina ya serikali iliyofaa zaidi kwa nyakati hizo. Lakini Waingereza wa Kiselti, hata kama walikuwa wamerumi, hawakuwahi kujifunza kuungana na kulinda maslahi yao wenyewe. Wakati huo, mara nyingi walipokuwa wamebaki bila ulinzi wa majenerali Waroma, walipigwa na waasi. Mashambulizi hayo kutoka nje yakawa makubwa na kuenea; ndani kulikuwa na mabishano; nchi nzima, lakini hasa Kaskazini, ilianguka katika hali ya kusikitisha. Yorkshire ilipatwa na madhara makubwa zaidi, kwa kuwa ilikuwa imefungwa na ngome kati ya York na ukuta na kando ya pwani; na ilikuwa tajiri kuliko nchi za kaskazini na magharibi. Katika muda usiozidi miaka mia moja, ustaarabu wote wa Kiroma na Uingereza uliharibiwa, na nchi iliyokuwa kaskazini mwa Mto Trent ikawa karibu na watu wasio na makao. Tunajifunza jambo hilo kutokana na ukweli kwamba kuna vitu vichache sana vinavyoonyesha kwamba kulikuwa na watu katika kipindi hicho. Hapa na huko kati ya vilima ni magofu ya makazi ya Uingereza, ambayo vipande vya vyombo vya udongo na vitu vingine vya wakati huo hupatikana, lakini maeneo ambayo yalikuwa na watu wengi hayana kitu cha kuonyesha kwamba bado walikuwa wanaishi. Katika eneo lililofunikwa na ramani yetu ngome za Kirumi zilikuwa zimetelekezwa mapema sana; zote hizi zitapatikana kuzungumziwa katika kitabu cha Museum Handbook juu ya kipindi cha Kirumi; lakini hazikuwa na faida katika enzi ambayo sasa tunaelezea. Kuna hadithi mbalimbali, za kale zaidi au chini, ambazo baadhi ya waandishi wamejaribu kuunda upya historia ya makanisa ya Kikristo ya kuendelea na shirika la Kirumi huko York na kwingineko, lakini ni za kupotosha. Kufikia mwaka wa 500 KK, Yorkshire ilikuwa imerudi katika jangwa, na kulikuwa na watu wachache tu wa Uingereza, watu waliovunjika na walioharibika, wakizunguka misitu na nyanda, na kuishi maisha ya ukatili kama yale ya watu wa milimani wa enzi za kati. Karibu mwaka wa 500 W.K.W.W.W. walikuja Uingereza. Hii inajulikana kutokana na mabaki yaliyopatikana katika makaburi ya kipindi chao cha kipagani, ambayo pia yanaonyesha eneo la makazi yao ya mapema. Walitoka kusini mwa Denmark - baadhi ya wataalamu wa vitu vya kale wanafikiri kwamba njiani walikaa kusini mwa Norway - na walipanda nchi kwa vikundi vidogo kutoka Saltburn na Robin Hood's Bay, Scarborough na Flamborough, na hasa kutoka Humber. Walikuwa wakikaa kwenye mteremko wa milima ya Cleveland, North Wolds na South Wolds, na kwenye bonde kuu la York, kwa kuwa walikuwa wakulima wahamiaji wakitafuta ardhi kati ya vilima vyenye ukame na mabonde yenye mabwawa ambapo wangeweza kulima ng'ombe na mahindi. Hawakujitokeza na majeshi makubwa ili kuwashinda wafalme na miji, kwa sababu wakati huo huko Yorkshire hakukuwa na majiji yoyote ya kuwashinda. Hadithi za vita zimeunganishwa na uhamiaji wao, lakini hadithi nyingi zinaweza kuonyeshwa kurejelea vita vya baadaye, haswa ya Enzi ya Viking, ambayo Welsh bards ya karne ya kumi na moja na kumi na mbili ilijenga maelezo ya hadithi ya Arthur. Wala hakukuwa na dalili zilizoonyesha kwamba Waingereza waliendelea kuishi miongoni mwa Waangereza na kwamba mara nyingi jamii hizo mbili zilifunga ndoa pamoja. Kwa kweli, ni kutokana na mchanganyiko huu kwamba watu wa Yorkshire walipata tabia mpya na bora, na haraka wakawa jamii ya ustaarabu na wenye utamaduni, wenye uwezo wa sanaa na fasihi na kuongezeka kwa nafasi ya nguvu kuu katika Uingereza. Angles walikuwa wa jamii tofauti na Wasaksoni, ambao makao yao katika bara hilo yalikuwa kusini mwa Anglia ya awali. "Wasaxon walikuwa wa kwanza na walijulikana sana na Waroma na Waingereza, ambao waliendelea kuwaita kila msafiri kutoka Bahari ya Kaskazini kwa jina la ""Saxon.""" Jina hilo bado linatumiwa sana. Wahamiaji wapya katika Wessex, Essex, Sussex na Middlesex, walikuwa Saxons; lakini wale wa Midlands ya East Anglia, na hasa wa Northumbria - ardhi yote kaskazini mwa Humber - walikuwa Angles. "Kama vile Kaskazini ilivyosimamia katika nyakati za mapema, jamii nzima iliyounganishwa ilichukua jina la ""Wangereza"" au ""Wangereza,"" badala ya ""Wasaxon.""" "Kuhusu Yorkshire hasa, kuiita Saxon ni makosa; kuiita Kiingereza, wakati wa kuzungumza juu ya siku hizi za mapema, inaonyesha kipindi cha baadaye. """ Hatuwezi kufanya vinginevyo kuliko kuwaita watu hao Waingereza na utamaduni wao Waingereza. Mwanzoni, walikuwa wapagani na wageni. Hawakujenga nyumba za mawe, majumba, au miji. Hawakujenga barabara, na baada ya kuishi hapa waliacha kusafiri baharini. Waliongea lahaja inayohusiana na ile ya Wasaksoni, lakini tofauti na hiyo katika matamshi; na bila bwana au bwana kwa nusu karne yao ya kwanza huko Yorkshire. Lakini katika Northumberland - wakati huo ilijulikana kama Bernicia - kikundi kipya cha Waangereza walijifanyia chini ya mfalme aitwaye Ida, na hii inaweza kuwa iliwaamsha Waangereza wa Yorkshire - wakati huo aitwaye Deira - kwa hisia ya utaifa na haja ya shirika. Mwaka 560 B.K., Wa-Deirani walimchagua Eliya kuwa mfalme wao, na kwa muda fulani kulikuwa na ugomvi kati ya falme hizo mbili. Ethelric, mwana wa Ida, alishinda Deira mnamo 588 na kuiacha kwa mwanawe Ethelfrith, ambaye aliolewa na binti ya Elle. Lakini urithi wa Uingereza ulienda kwa mwanawe, na warithi halali wa ufalme wa Elle walikuwa ndugu za Malkia. Eadwyn alishinda Ethelfrith na kutawala mpaka alipouawa na Welsh na Midland Angles katika uvamizi mkubwa. Oswald, mwana wa Ethelfrid na mpwa wa Edwine, alirudisha Bernicia na Deira, na familia yake na jamaa, wakichanganya nasaba zote mbili za awali, walishikilia Northumbria kwa karibu karne mbili na nusu hadi uvamizi wa Denmark wa 867.