The Domino Effect
Domino is a game in which players arrange a set of dominoes on the table. The first player then places a tile on the end of a row, causing it to tip over and start a chain reaction that eventually ends in the whole line toppling over. Complex designs can be made by arranging the tiles in a variety of ways.
The game has a long history, dating back to the late 1700s when it was introduced in England. It soon spread to other countries and there are now many variants. The rules of the game vary slightly, but they always involve placing tiles on the end of a row and then stacking additional tiles on top of them in a pattern that connects the adjacent pieces. There are also several different types of dominoes available.
During her childhood, Lily Hevesh spent time playing with her grandparents’ classic 28-pack of dominoes. She loved setting them up in straight or curved lines and then flicking the first one to watch it fall. Then the rest of the dominoes would tumble according to the laws of physics, creating a mesmerizing display.
Hevesh is now a professional domino artist who creates incredible displays for movies, television shows, and even events like album launches. She’s worked on projects involving 300,000 dominoes and holds the Guinness record for the most dominoes toppled in a circle: 76,017. Hevesh says that one physical phenomenon in particular is key to her mind-blowing setups: gravity. She explains that as the first domino falls, much of its potential energy converts to kinetic energy and is transferred to the next domino. This energy is then transmitted to the next domino, and so on.
In addition to the classic blocking and scoring games, there are a number of other domino games that have been created. Some of these are solitaire games that have been used to circumvent religious proscriptions against the use of cards, while others are adaptations of other games such as bridge or chess.
There are a number of methods to analyze the domino effect, including Bayesian network technology and Monte Carlo simulation. However, due to limited data and complex models, uncertainties are common in the analysis of the domino effect. This article aims to introduce some of these uncertainties and discuss how they can be handled using these advanced modeling techniques.
Domino ni mchezo ambapo wachezaji kupanga seti ya dominoes juu ya meza. Mchezaji wa kwanza huweka tile kwenye mwisho wa safu, na kuifanya kuanguka na kuanza mfululizo wa athari ambayo hatimaye inaishia katika mstari mzima kuanguka. Michoro tata yaweza kutengenezwa kwa kupanga vigae hivyo kwa njia mbalimbali. Mchezo huo una historia ndefu, kuanzia mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1700 wakati ulipoanzishwa nchini Uingereza. Punde si punde, ilipanuka na kuenea katika nchi nyingine na sasa kuna aina nyingi. Sheria za mchezo hutofautiana kidogo, lakini daima zinahusisha kuweka vigae kwenye mwisho wa safu na kisha kuweka vigae vya ziada juu yao katika muundo ambao unaunganisha vipande vya karibu. Pia kuna aina kadhaa tofauti za domino zinazopatikana. Alipokuwa mtoto, Lily Hevesh alitumia wakati wake kucheza na babu na nyanya yake ya kawaida ya 28 ya dominoes. Alipenda kuziweka katika mistari iliyo sawa au yenye umbo la mviringo na kisha kuipiga ile ya kwanza ili kuiona ikishuka. Kisha vipande vingine vya domino vingeanguka kulingana na sheria za fizikia, vikitokeza maonyesho yenye kuvutia. Heshy ni msanii wa domino ambaye huunda maonyesho ya ajabu kwa ajili ya filamu, vipindi vya televisheni, na hata matukio kama vile uzinduzi wa albamu. Amefanya kazi kwenye miradi inayohusisha domino 300,000 na anashikilia rekodi ya Guinness kwa domino nyingi zilizopinduliwa katika mduara: 76,017. Hevesh anasema kwamba jambo moja hasa la kimwili ndilo muhimu kwa kuanzisha kwake kwa njia ya kushangaza: uvutano. "Kama domino ya kwanza inapoanguka, sehemu kubwa ya nishati yake ya uwezekano hubadilika kuwa nishati ya kinetic na kuhamishwa kwa domino inayofuata.""" Kisha nishati hiyo hupelekwa kwa domino inayofuata, na kadhalika. Mbali na mchezo wa kawaida wa kuzuia na kupata alama, kuna michezo mingine kadhaa ya domino ambayo imeundwa. Baadhi ya michezo hii ni solitaire ambayo imekuwa kutumika kuepuka marufuku ya kidini dhidi ya matumizi ya kadi, wakati wengine ni marekebisho ya michezo mingine kama vile daraja au chess. Kuna idadi ya mbinu ya kuchambua athari domino, ikiwa ni pamoja na teknolojia ya mtandao Bayesian na Monte Carlo simulation. Hata hivyo, kwa sababu ya data ndogo na mifano tata, kutokuwa na uhakika ni kawaida katika uchambuzi wa athari ya domino. Makala hii ina lengo la kuanzisha baadhi ya ukosefu huu na kujadili jinsi wanaweza kushughulikiwa kwa kutumia mbinu hizi za hali ya juu za modeling.