HomeTin tứcA BRIEF LIST OF PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI
A BRIEF LIST OF PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI
February 3, 2020
at 12:41 am
by lovetadmin / Comments Off on A BRIEF LIST OF PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI
Fungi are responsible for approximately two-third of the infectious plant diseases. There are many plant diseases caused by fungi, like mildew, smuts, rusts, etc. Know more about them through this article.
Fungi belong to a large and diverse group of microorganisms. They are actually cells that consist of a membrane-bound nucleus and are devoid of chlorophyll. They also have rigid cell walls. These fungi have a vegetative body, of which some parts extend into the air and others penetrate the substrate of the organisms that it grows on.
Fungi propagate through sexual as well as asexual methods and spread through spores that are produced in abundance. These spores are transmitted on plants through wind, water, soil, birds, and insects. Once one of your plants is infected by a fungus, it is important that you protect your other plants from the fungal infection.
Plant diseases that are caused by fungi reduce the crops, create markings, affect the flowers and fruits, finally causing death of the plant. Majority of the plant diseases, about 8,000, are caused by fungi. Let’s have a look at the major ones below.
Fungal Diseases of Plants
BROWN PATCH– It is a turfgrass disease caused by different species of the Rhizoctonia fungus. Patches of brown and yellow color appear on the lawn in irregular shapes. It does not affect the roots and crown of the grass, so it is also known as Foliar disease.
CANKER – There are some fungal infections that affect the roots and barks of the plants. One such fungi is canker fungi. It is found on woody trees and is notorious for causing localized damage to the barks of trees.
CLEMATIS WILT – It is caused by a fungus (Phoma clematidina), which makes an entry into the plant body through cuts and wounds created by insects. Generally, it appears on large-flowered hybrid plants in brown- and black-colored patches.
DOWNY MILDEW – This disease is caused by Peronosporaceae which affects a number of plants. It can be identified when discolored blotches appear on the leaves; a mold-like growth also develops on the plants. It affects the growth and strength of the plant.
CLUB ROOT – This infection is found in cabbages, turnips, and radishes which is caused by the Plasmodiophora brassicae fungus. The color of the leaves changes to bluish-green, and the roots if pulled out appear clubbed and are easily broken.
BLACK SPOT – Diplocarpon rosae is the fungus that causes the black spot disease on a rose plant. Blackish spots that appear on the leaves gradually spread upwards and weaken the plant. It is mostly observed in humid climate.
DAMPING OFF– This is a disease caused by different fungi — Pythium and Phytophthora being some of them. It infects the seed and decays it, thus affecting the growth and vigor of the whole plant.
ANTHRACNOSE – It is a disease caused by Colletotrichum or Gloeosporium fungi which occur in warm and humid areas. In this, shrunken kind of spots of different colors are observed on the fruits, flowers, stems, and leaves. These spots gradually expand and cause the plant to die.
BOTTOM ROT – This is a fungal disease found on lettuce plants. The characteristic of this fungus is that it first affects the leaves on the lower part of the plant and then moves upward to affect the upper part. It is caused by Rhizoctonia solani fungus.
DOLLAR SPOT – This is a lawn disease which is a result of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. Small and yellow-colored spots can be observed on the turf. It occurs generally in between early spring and late fall.
CROWN WART – This disease is caused by a fungus of Physoderma species that attacks the stem of the alfalfa plants. It forms white protrusions at the base of the stem of the plant.
DECAY – Decomposition of leaves and wood that is caused by fungi is called decay. It attacks living plant tissue and kills the plants. Decay is caused by many species of fungi — Pythium, Aphanomyces and Phytophthora being some of them.
RED THREAD – This is a common disease that affects lawns that occurs generally in autumn and summers, caused by Laetisaria fuciformis fungus. Red-colored patches appear on the grass in the start and gradually kill the whole grass if no action is taken.
DRY ROT – It is caused by Serpula lacrymans, also known as true dry rot fungus. This disease in plants causes the drying and crumbling of timber, bulbs, potatoes, or fruits and is commonly found all over the world.
POTATO WART – Caused by Synchytrium endobioticum, it is a fungal disease that causes dark, warty, spongy excrescences in the eyes of potato tubers, similar to the crown wart in alfalfa plants.
RHIZOCTONIA DISEASE – Rhizoctonia solani is the fungus that infects potato plants, underground stems, and tubers as well. It generally occurs in the lesion form, or as sclerotia on tubers. This infection can kill the plant as it does not allow the plant to grow further.
DUTCH ELM DISEASE – This is a fungal disease affecting Elms. It spreads from one plant to another through root grafts, or by the elm leaf beetles that feed on small twigs. It is caused by Ascomycota — a member of the sac fungi. Leaves on the upper branches of this tree begin to wither and turn yellow in summer. Eventually, the entire tree gets affected, the roots die, and the tree is starved of nutrients.
Dutch Elm Disease
LATE BLIGHT – Late blight or blight is caused by Phytophthora infestans, which again attacks potatoes and tomatoes. Gray spots and white-colored molds start appearing on the leaves as well as the fruits, eventually killing the whole plant.
EARLY BLIGHT – Alternaria solani is the fungal pathogen that causes early blight disease in potatoes and tomatoes. It destroys the fruit of the plant and affects the life as well. The leaves and fruits turn yellow or brown and then drop off from the plant.
PLANT WILTING – This fungal disease gets its name because it causes the plant (it infects) to wilt. The fungal invasion starts in the roots and then slowly makes its way into the stem and plugs of the vascular system of the plant. Fusarium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporum) and Verticillium wilt (caused by Verticillium longisporum) are the types of plant wilting that affect many plants, like cotton, potato, tomatoes, tobacco, and so on.
LEAF CURL – It is a disease caused by Taphrina deformans in which the leaves appear distorted, crumpled, and thickened. It reduces the production of leaves and fruits.
GRAY MOLD – This infection is caused by Botrytis, which forms a white-colored growth on plants that gradually turns into gray color. The fruits and leaves of the infected plant fall while the stems break down.
BLACK ROT – It is a disease of cultivated plants, which occurs due to humid and damp weather conditions. This disease is characterized by the darkening and decaying of leaves of fruit and vegetable plants. It is commonly found on grape vines, cabbage, orchids, and many more. Grape black rot is a disease caused by Guignardia bidwellii that specifically affects grape vines.
APPLE SCAB – It is caused by Venturia inaequalis, an air-borne fungus. Olive green-colored patches appear on the leaves, black- or gray-colored patches develop on the fruits eventually destroying it.
WHITE ROT – Pleurotus ostreatus causes the lignin and cellulose present in the wood to break down, affecting the color and the vitality of the tree.
SCLEROTIUM ROT – It is a result of Sclerotium rolfsii which is a soil-inhabiting fungus. This disease infects the seed and it turns into blue and black patches.
BROWN ROT – This is a wood disease which is caused by Fibroporia vaillantii in which the infection decays the wood, causing it to crack into small cubical pieces. Hence, it is also known as cubical brown rot. It shows brown discoloration as well.
POWDERY MILDEW – The characteristic of this fungal infection is that it is often specific to the host that it invades. It is normally seen on roses, lilac, English oak, zinnias, etc.
PINK ROOT – This infection is mostly found in onions caused by Phoma terrestris, a soil-borne fungus. It can be identified by light pink to yellowish brown discoloration of the roots of onion. It affects the growth of the plant to quite an extent.
RUST – This disease affects the stems, leaves, seeds, and fruits of the plant. It can be identified if spots of brown, yellow, red, or orange colors are seen. It may reduce the vigor of the plant. It is caused by pathogenic fungi.
COTTON BALL – It is a disease of cranberry plant which is caused by Monilinia oxycocci fungus. Cotton-like fungus appears inside the berries, infects them, and spoils the whole fruit.
SMUT – Ustilago maydis is a fungus that affects corn and sugarcane plants. Blisters develop on the affected parts of the plant and it gets discolored as well. The kernels become huge, they swell up, and the whole plant and fruit are slowly destroyed.
ROOT ROT – Like leaves, barks, and stems, the roots can also be infected with fungal infections. Root rot disease causes root decay, eventually causing the plant to die. It is mostly a result of Phytophthora fungus.
WET ROT – This type is generally seen in the rainy or damp areas, mostly affecting timber. It is caused by Coniophora puteana or Poria vaillantii. Wet rot mostly results in decaying of the plant.
SOFT ROT – Chaetomium or Ceratocystis fungi are the reason for soft rot disease that breaks the cellulose, creating cavities inside the wood. The wood normally appears in a cracked pattern and it gets discolored.
YELLOW SPOTS – These spots are caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis fungus. Yellow-colored spots develop on the leaves and the stem, and if not taken care it dries up or infects the whole plant.
Along with fungi, even bacteria and viruses affect plants. At the same time, some plant diseases are caused by adverse environmental and climatic conditions. There are some plants that have a natural resistance to certain diseases, especially if these diseases and the plants have evolved together. Research is being carried out to check if this resistance via genetics can be transferred to other susceptible plants.
"Kama ilivyoelezwa katika orodha ya ""Ugonjwa wa Mimea inayosababishwa na Fungi"" (A Brief List of Plant Diseases Caused by Fungi) iliyochapishwa na Lovetadmin, ""Ugonjwa wa Mimea inayosababishwa na Fungi"" ni moja ya magonjwa ya mimea ambayo huambukiza watu." Kuna magonjwa mengi ya mimea yanayosababishwa na kuvu, kama vile kuvu, uchafu, kutu, nk. Jifunze zaidi juu yao kupitia makala hii. Kuvu ni sehemu ya kikundi kikubwa na chenye tofauti-tofauti cha viumbe wadogo. Kwa kweli ni chembe zilizo na kiini kilichounganishwa na utando na zisizo na klorofili. Pia zina kuta ngumu za chembe. Fungi hizi zina mwili wa mimea, ambayo sehemu zake zinaenea hewani na nyingine huingia kwenye substrate ya viumbe vinavyoishi. Uyoga huenezwa kupitia njia za kingono na zisizo za kingono na huenea kupitia spora zinazozalishwa kwa wingi. Spora hizo husambazwa kwenye mimea kupitia upepo, maji, udongo, ndege, na wadudu. Mara tu mimea yako ikiambukizwa na kuvu, ni muhimu kulinda mimea mingine dhidi ya kuambukizwa na kuvu. Magonjwa ya mimea yanayosababishwa na kuvu hupunguza mazao, huunda alama, huathiri maua na matunda, na hatimaye husababisha kifo cha mmea. Kwa mfano, magonjwa ya mimea ya asili, ambayo ni zaidi ya 8,000, hutokana na kuvu. Hebu tuangalie zile kuu hapa chini. Magonjwa ya Fungi ya Mimea PATCH KEKEMA <unk> Ni ugonjwa wa nyasi ya nyasi unaosababishwa na spishi tofauti za kuvu wa Rhizoctonia. Maeneo yenye rangi ya kahawia na manjano huonekana kwenye nyasi kwa maumbo yasiyo ya kawaida. Kwa sababu haathiri mizizi na matawi ya nyasi, ugonjwa huo huitwa ugonjwa wa majani. CANKER  Kuna maambukizo fulani ya kuvu yanayoathiri mizizi na magamba ya mimea. Mojawapo ya kuvu hizo ni kuvu za kansa. Inapatikana kwenye miti yenye miti na inajulikana sana kwa kusababisha uharibifu wa mahali fulani kwenye magamba ya miti. Ugonjwa wa clematis unaosababishwa na kuvu (Phoma clematis) ambao huingia kwenye mwili wa mmea kupitia makovu na majeraha yanayotokana na wadudu. Kwa kawaida, huonekana kwenye mimea mikubwa yenye maua yenye rangi ya kahawia na nyeusi. DOWNY MILDEW <unk> Ugonjwa huu husababishwa na Peronosporaceae ambayo huathiri mimea kadhaa. Inaweza kutambuliwa wakati madoa yenye rangi tofauti yanapoonekana kwenye majani; ukuzi unaofanana na kuvu pia huonekana kwenye mimea. Inaathiri ukuzi na nguvu ya mmea. CLUB ROOT <unk> Maambukizi haya hupatikana katika kabichi, turnips, na radishes ambayo husababishwa na kuvu ya Plasmodiophora brassicae. Rangi ya majani hubadilika kuwa ya rangi ya bluu-kijani, na mizizi ikivutwa nje huonekana kuwa imepigwa na kuvunjika kwa urahisi. DIPLOCARPON ROSE ni aina ya kuvu inayosababisha ugonjwa wa madoa meusi kwenye mimea ya waridi. Madoa meusi yanayoonekana kwenye majani huenea hatua kwa hatua kuelekea juu na kudhoofisha mmea huo. Kwa kawaida huonekana katika maeneo yenye unyevunyevu. DAMPING OFF <unk> Hii ni ugonjwa unasababishwa na kuvu tofauti <unk> Pythium na Phytophthora kuwa baadhi yao. Inaambukiza mbegu na kuiharibu, hivyo kuathiri ukuzi na nguvu ya mmea mzima. Anthracinosis ni ugonjwa unaosababishwa na Colletotrichum au Gloeosporium fungi ambayo hutokea katika maeneo ya joto na unyevu. Katika aina hii, madoa ya rangi tofauti-tofauti huonekana kwenye matunda, maua, shina, na majani. Hatua kwa hatua, madoa hayo huongezeka na kusababisha mmea huo ufe. MAGONI YA KWAMBU <unk> Hili ni ugonjwa wa kuvu unaopatikana kwenye mimea ya saladi. Ugonjwa huu unaathiri majani ya chini ya mmea na kisha huelekea juu. Huo husababishwa na kuvu Rhizoctonia solani. DOLLAR SPOT <unk> Hii ni ugonjwa wa nyasi ambayo ni matokeo ya Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. Vipande vidogo vyenye rangi ya manjano vinaweza kuonekana kwenye nyasi. Kwa kawaida hutokea kati ya mapema katika majira ya kuchipua na mwishoni mwa vuli. Ugonjwa huu husababishwa na kuvu wa aina ya Physoderma ambao huishambulia shina la mimea ya alfalfa. Inafanyiza sehemu nyeupe zilizoinuka kwenye msingi wa shina la mmea huo. KUVUNJIKANA <unk> Uharibifu wa majani na mbao unaosababishwa na kuvu huitwa uharibifu. Inashambulia tishu za mimea iliyo hai na kuua mimea hiyo. Uharibifu husababishwa na spishi nyingi za kuvu <unk> Pythium, Aphanomyces na Phytophthora kuwa baadhi yao. Ugonjwa huu ni wa kawaida katika nyasi na hutokea katika majira ya kupukutika kwa majani na majira ya joto, na husababishwa na Laetisseria fuciformis. Mwanzoni, nyasi huonekana na madoa mekundu na hatua kwa hatua huangamiza nyasi nzima ikiwa hakuna hatua inayochukuliwa. KUKUTA KUKUTA <unk> Husababishwa na Serpula lacrymans, inayojulikana pia kama kuvu halisi la kuoza kavu. Ugonjwa huu katika mimea husababisha kukauka na kuporomoka kwa mbao, matunguu, viazi, au matunda na hupatikana kwa kawaida ulimwenguni pote. PATATO WART: Inasababishwa na Synchytrium endobioticum, ni ugonjwa wa kuvu ambao husababisha giza, warts, spongy excrescences katika macho ya mbegu za viazi, sawa na warts taji katika mimea ya alfalfa. RHIZOCTONIA DISEASE <unk> Rhizoctonia solani ni kuvu ambayo huambukiza mimea ya viazi, shina la chini ya ardhi, na pia magugu. Kwa kawaida hutokea katika fomu ya uharibifu, au kama sclerotia kwenye tubers. Maambukizo hayo yanaweza kuua mmea huo kwa sababu hayaruhusu ukuzi zaidi. Ugonjwa wa Elms wa Uholanzi <unk> Huo ni ugonjwa wa kuvu unaoathiri Elms. Inaenea kutoka mmea mmoja hadi mwingine kupitia magonjwa ya mizizi, au kupitia mbawakawa wa majani ya elm ambao hula matawi madogo. Ni unasababishwa na Ascomycota <unk> mwanachama wa kuvu sac. Majani kwenye matawi ya juu ya mti huo huanza kufifia na kuwa manjano wakati wa kiangazi. Hatimaye, mti wote huathiriwa, mizizi hufa, na mti hupoteza virutubisho. Ugonjwa wa Elm wa Uholanzi Uharibifu wa Baadaye au uharibifu wa Baadaye unasababishwa na Phytophthora infestans, ambayo tena inashambulia viazi na nyanya. Matundu ya kijivu na kuvu zenye rangi nyeupe huanza kuonekana kwenye majani na matunda, na hatimaye huua mmea wote. EARLY BLIGHT  Alternaria solani ni vimelea vinavyosababisha ugonjwa wa mapema wa viazi na nyanya. Inaharibu matunda ya mmea na huathiri maisha pia. Majani na matunda huwa na rangi ya manjano au kahawia na kisha huanguka kutoka kwenye mmea. Ugonjwa huu wa kuvu unapata jina lake kwa sababu husababisha mmea (unaoambukizwa) kuharibika. Uvamizi wa kuvu huanza katika mizizi na kisha polepole huingia kwenye shina na vifungo vya mfumo wa mishipa ya mimea. Fusarium wilt (kuasishwa na Fusarium oxysporum) na Verticillium wilt (kuasishwa na Verticillium longisporum) ni aina ya wilting ya mimea ambayo huathiri mimea mingi, kama pamba, viazi, nyanya, tumbaku, na kadhalika. MAGONJA YA MALAYA <unk> Ni ugonjwa unaosababishwa na Taphrina deformans ambao majani huonekana kuwa yamepotoshwa, yamepotoshwa, na kuwa nene. Inapunguza uzalishaji wa majani na matunda. Ugonjwa huu husababishwa na Botrytis, ambayo hufanyiza ukuzi wa rangi nyeupe kwenye mimea ambayo hatua kwa hatua hubadilika kuwa rangi ya kijivu. Matunda na majani ya mmea ulioambukizwa huanguka huku shina likivunjika. ROT BLACK  Ni ugonjwa wa mimea inayokuzwa, ambayo hutokea kutokana na hali ya hewa yenye unyevunyevu na unyevu. Ugonjwa huo huonyesha kwamba majani ya mimea ya matunda na mboga huwa meusi na kuharibika. Kwa kawaida hupatikana kwenye mizabibu, kabichi, okidi, na mengine mengi. Uharibifu mweusi wa zabibu ni ugonjwa unaosababishwa na Guignardia bidwellii ambao huathiri hasa mizabibu. APPLE SCAB  Husababishwa na Venturia inaequalis, uyoga unaosambazwa hewani. Vipande vya rangi ya kijani-kibichi huonekana kwenye majani, na vipande vya rangi nyeusi au kijivu huonekana kwenye matunda na hatimaye kuharibu matunda hayo. PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS husababisha lignin na cellulose zilizopo katika mbao kuvunjika, ikiathiri rangi na nguvu ya mti. SCLEROTIUM ROT  Ni matokeo ya Sclerotium rolfsii ambayo ni uyoga wanaoishi udongo. Ugonjwa huo huambukiza mbegu na kugeuka kuwa madoa ya bluu na nyeusi. Mti wa kahawia ni ugonjwa wa mbao unaosababishwa na Fibroporia vaillanti, ambao husababisha uharibifu wa mbao na kuifanya ipasuke kuwa vipande vidogo. Kwa hiyo, inajulikana pia kama kuoza kwa rangi ya kahawia. Inaonyesha mabadiliko ya rangi ya kahawia pia. Ugonjwa huu wa kuambukizwa kwa kuvu mara nyingi huathiri hasa yule anayeugua. Kwa kawaida huonekana kwenye maua ya waridi, lilac, mwaloni wa Kiingereza, zinnias, na kadhalika. ROOT PINK <unk> Maambukizo haya hupatikana hasa katika vitunguu vinavyosababishwa na Phoma terrestris, uyoga unaosambazwa na udongo. Inaweza kutambuliwa kwa rangi ya waridi hadi kahawia-kijivu ya mizizi ya vitunguu. Inaathiri ukuzi wa mmea kwa kiasi kikubwa. RUST <unk> Ugonjwa huu huathiri shina, majani, mbegu, na matunda ya mmea huo. Inaweza kutambuliwa ikiwa madoa ya rangi ya kahawia, manjano, nyekundu, au machungwa yanaonekana. Inaweza kupunguza nguvu za mmea huo. Huo husababishwa na kuvu zenye kuambukiza. Cotton BALL <unk> Ni ugonjwa wa mmea wa cranberry ambao husababishwa na kuvu la Monilinia oxycocci. Uyoga unaofanana na pamba huonekana ndani ya matunda, na kuambukiza matunda hayo, na kuharibu matunda yote. Ustilago maydis ni aina ya kuvu inayoharibu mahindi na miwa. Vipande vya mmea vinavunjika na kuharibika rangi. Chembe hizo huwa kubwa sana, zinavimba, na mimea yote na matunda huharibiwa polepole. MAGUNI <unk> Kama vile majani, magamba, na shina, mizizi yaweza pia kuambukizwa maambukizi ya kuvu. Ugonjwa wa kuoza kwa mizizi husababisha kuoza kwa mizizi, na hatimaye kusababisha mmea huo kufa. Kwa kawaida ni matokeo ya kuvu Phytophthora. WET ROT  Aina hii kwa ujumla huonekana katika maeneo ya mvua au unyevu, hasa kuathiri mbao. Inasababishwa na Coniophora puteana au Poria vaillantii. Uharibifu wa mimea hufanywa hasa na umajimaji. Chaetomium au Ceratocystis fungi ni sababu ya ugonjwa laini kuoza kwamba huvunja cellulose, kujenga cavities ndani ya mbao. Kwa kawaida mbao hiyo huonekana ikiwa na miundo iliyochongoka na hufifia rangi. MAGUNI YA KIAZI <unk> Maagizo hayo husababishwa na kuvu la Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Matofali ya rangi ya manjano hutokea kwenye majani na shina, na ikiwa hayatafutwa, huuka au kuambukiza mmea wote. Pamoja na kuvu, hata bakteria na virusi huathiri mimea. Wakati huohuo, magonjwa fulani ya mimea husababishwa na hali mbaya za mazingira na hali ya hewa. Mimea ina uwezo wa kukabiliana na magonjwa, hasa ikiwa magonjwa hayo yametokea pamoja. Utafiti unafanywa ili kuchunguza kama upinzani huu kupitia maumbile unaweza kuhamishwa kwa mimea mingine inayoathiriwa.