A Linux System Administrator manages the operations such as maintaining proper software, observing them, and even taking care of backup and hardware systems. It is recommended that before reading this article please go through the article What is Linux System Administration. Here we have some basics of Linux System Administration.
Some Basic Configurations
Set the Hostname: Open terminal and enter the following command in order to change the hostname.
sudo hostname your_hostname
Replace “your_hostname” with the hostname that you want to keep.
Setting up the time zone: Move to /usr/share/zoneinfo/your_zone and then link the zone file with /etc/localtime to set the time zone.
sudo ln -sf Kolkata /etc/localtime
File System and Management
Managing files is the most important task in Linux as all devices, directories, and packages are just a type of file in Linux.
1. To know about File system read the article File System in Linux.
2. To learn more about Linux file hierarchy structure you can read the article Linux File System Hierarchy
3. To get the difference between Linux and Windows File System read the article Windows vs Linux
Below is the list of some file management commands in Linux:
|Used to change the current directory
|Used to list the directories and files in a directory
|A good text editor to edit files
|Used to create new files
|A good text editor to edit files
|Used to copy files and directories.
|Used to move files and directories.
|Used to remove files and directories.
|Used to partition disks and to work with file systems
|Used to mount a file system or a device
You can also read the file management in Linux from the article https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/file-management-in-linux/
Networking commands play an important role in system Administration and a good system Administrator must have good hands-on networking commands. Here is a list of such commands that are mostly used for networking in Linux.
|used to view and manipulate ip routing tables.
|Used to send some packets to a server and receive them back in case of a good network connection.
|Used to trace the path taken by the traffic.
|Used for querying the Domain Name System to obtain domain name or IP address mapping, or other DNS records.
|Used to view and change the configuration of the network interfaces on your system
|Used to traces path to destination discovering MTU along this path
|Provides a secure encrypted connection between two hosts over an insecure network
|Used to test if a port is open and even to work with telnet protocol.
|Used to transfer data to or from a server, using any of the supported protocols.
|Used to securely copy files and directories between two locations over a network.
|Provides a quick summary of every user logged into a computer
|used for performing any operation in Linux related to TCP, UDP, or UNIX-domain sockets
|Used for network exploration and security auditing
|Used for monitoring network connections both incoming and outgoing as well as viewing routing tables, interface statistics, etc
|Used to assign an address to a network interface and/or configure network interface parameters on Linux operating systems
To learn more about Linux networking commands then read the article Linux Networking Tools
Managing Users and Group in Linux
A system administrator has to manage the users working on the system. Users are the accounts which are logged in to your system or may log in to the system. Each user in Linux has a unique UID to identify the user. All information of the users is stored in /etc/passwd file and all hashed passwords are stored in /etc/shadow file. There are basically 2 types of user in Linux on the basis of their rights to access.
- Superuser or Administrator
- General users
Each user may or may not be a part of a group which is a collection of users. To learn more about users in Linux go through the article Users in Linux System Administration. Here is a list of commands that are used to manage users.
|Used to modify users and their respective settings
|Used to add a new user
|su and sudo
|Used to change the user and work with root
|Used to change the user’s aging/expiry information
|Used to delete a group
|Used to change password of group
|Used to modify group and its settings
|Used to add a new group
To learn more about how to manage users read the article User Management in Linux
To learn more about how to manage groups read the article Group Management in Linux
System Diagnostics/Monitor Performance
A System Administrator should be able to diagnose problems in a system and even to monitor the performance of the system so that it may be improved. Here is the list of some useful commands for the same.
|Used to display the running processes.
|Used to get information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, disk, and CPU scheduling
|Used to check list of open files.
|Used to determine the cause of load of each process
|Used to monitor IO devices loading
|It displays performance about the CPU, MEMORY, NETWORK, DISKS, FILE SYSTEM, NFS, TOP PROCESSES, RESOURCES, AND POWER MICRO-PARTITION
Reading and Analysing Logs
A good system Administrator must have an idea of how to read and manage logs as they give a lot of crucial and required information.
|Used to print the message buffer of the kernel
|Used to print details from the log files located in the folder /var/log
|Used to read systemd logs
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Msimamizi wa Mfumo wa Linux husimamia shughuli kama vile kudumisha programu sahihi, kuzitazama, na hata kutunza mifumo ya kuhifadhi na vifaa. Inashauriwa kwamba kabla ya kusoma makala hii tafadhali kwenda kupitia makala Nini ni Linux System Administration. Hapa tuna baadhi ya misingi ya Linux System Administration. Baadhi ya Configurations Msingi Weka Hostname: Fungua terminal na kuingia amri ifuatayo ili kubadilisha hostname. sudo hostname your_hostname Badilisha <unk>your_hostname<unk> na jina la mwenyeji kwamba unataka kuweka. Kuanzisha eneo la muda: Hifadhi eneo la muda kwa kutumia eneo la habari na kisha unganisha faili ya eneo na eneo la muda ili kuweka eneo la muda. "Sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo.sudo." 1. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Kujua kuhusu mfumo wa faili kusoma makala ya mfumo wa faili katika Linux. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Ili kujifunza zaidi kuhusu muundo wa faili ya Linux, unaweza kusoma makala ya Linux File System Hierarchy 3. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Windows vs Linux"" ni orodha ya amri za usimamizi wa faili katika Linux: ""Kutumia kubadilisha directory ya sasa, kutumia orodha ya directory na faili katika directory, mhariri mzuri wa maandishi kuhariri faili, kutumia kuunda faili mpya, mhariri mzuri wa maandishi kuhariri faili, kutumia nakala ya faili na directory." _Inatumiwa kuhamisha faili na folda. _Inatumiwa kuondoa faili na folda. "Kutumia ""File Management"" katika Linux, unaweza kusoma kuhusu ""File Management in Linux"" katika makala ya ""File Management in Linux"" na ""File Management in Linux"" katika makala ya ""File Management in Linux"" na ""File Management in Linux"" katika makala ya ""File Management in Linux"" na ""File Management in Linux"" katika makala ya ""File Management in Linux"" na ""File Management in Linux"" katika makala ya ""File Management in Linux"" na ""File Management in Linux"" katika makala ya ""File Management in Linux.""" Hapa ni orodha ya amri kama kwamba ni zaidi kutumika kwa ajili ya mitandao katika Linux. _ kutumika kwa kuangalia na kudhibiti ip routing meza. _Alitumika kutuma baadhi ya pakiti kwa server na kupokea yao nyuma katika kesi ya uhusiano mzuri wa mtandao. <p>Kutumia njia ya kufuatilia trafiki. "Kutumia ""Domain Name System"" kwa ajili ya kupata jina la kikoa au IP anwani ramani, au rekodi nyingine DNS." Inatumiwa kugundua na kubadilisha muundo wa muunganisho wa mtandao kwenye mfumo wako, kufuatilia njia ya kwenda kwa malengo, kugundua MTU kwenye njia hii, hutoa uhusiano salama wa encrypted kati ya majeshi mawili juu ya mtandao usio salama, na hata kufanya kazi na itifaki ya telnet. _Alitumiwa kuhamisha data kwa au kutoka kwa seva, kwa kutumia yoyote ya itifaki mkono. _Alitumiwa kwa usalama nakala faili na directory kati ya maeneo mawili juu ya mtandao. "Kama ""mfano"" wa mtandao wa Linux, unaweza kutumia programu ya uendeshaji ya Linux, kama vile TCP, UDP, na Unix, na unaweza kutumia programu ya uendeshaji ya Linux, kama vile Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux." Watumiaji ni akaunti ambazo ni logged katika mfumo wako au inaweza kuingia katika mfumo. Kila mtumiaji katika Linux ina UID ya kipekee kutambua mtumiaji. Kwa mfano, faili ya data ya watumiaji imehifadhiwa katika faili ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing ya hashing. Kuna aina mbili za watumiaji katika Linux kulingana na haki zao za ufikiaji. - Superuser au Msimamizi - Watumiaji wa jumla Kila mtumiaji anaweza au hawezi kuwa sehemu ya kundi ambalo ni mkusanyiko wa watumiaji. Ili kujifunza zaidi kuhusu watumiaji katika Linux kwenda kupitia makala Watumiaji katika Linux System Administration. Hapa ni orodha ya amri ambayo ni kutumika kusimamia watumiaji. "Kama ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, unaweza kuamua kuunda ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux, ""mwenyeji"" wa Linux." Hapa ni orodha ya baadhi ya amri muhimu kwa ajili ya sawa. _Inatumiwa kuonyesha michakato inayoendeshwa. "Kutumia ""Makumbusho"" kwa ajili ya mchakato, kumbukumbu, paging, block IO, disk, na CPU ratiba, na ""Makumbusho"" kwa ajili ya orodha ya faili wazi." "Kutumia ""Mafunzo ya Mfumo"" kwa ajili ya kuamua sababu ya mzigo wa kila mchakato, inaonyesha utendaji kuhusu CPU, kumbukumbu, mtandao, disks, mfumo wa faili, NFS, juu ya taratibu, rasilimali, na nguvu micro-simu, kusoma na kuchambua logs, na pia kuandaa maelezo ya kina kuhusu jinsi ya kusoma na kusimamia logs." "Kutumia ""Kubadilisha"" kwa ajili ya kuchapisha ujumbe buffer ya kernel, kuchapisha maelezo kutoka faili ya kumbukumbu ziko katika folda ""VAR"" na ""Kusoma"" kwa ajili ya kumbukumbu ya mfumo, kushiriki mawazo yako katika maoni, tafadhali kuingia kwa maoni."