"Neither Slavery nor Involuntary Servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States..."
—Thirteenth Amendment, United States Constitution
History of Legalized Slavery
The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified by Congress by the required three-fourths of the States (27 of 36) on January 31, 1865, and declared an amendment December 18, 1865. To understand it in a prison setting, it is important to look at the history after it was ratified until today.
It was during the time of the enactment of the Thirteenth Amendment that "slaves", or better yet, the offspring of slaves had heightened their resistance to this torture and inhumane treatment that they inherited by bad luck. Slave leaders like Fredrick Douglas and Harriet Tubman started to educate themselves, assist in the escape of other slaves, and lobby for the rights that they felt they were due. Former slaves, escaped slaves, and others sympathetic to them led negotiations of the Thirteenth Amendment.
Once enacted, what was to be a victory for slaves, the Thirteenth Amendment later became nothing more than a smoke screen. When southern slave owners figured out that the second part to the amendment gave exception "as a punishment for crime" crafty southern lawmakers substituted various equivalents. One of these was "peonage." Peonage is a labor system in which the worker, who owes money to his or her employer, must "work off the debt." The term also can be defined, however, as virtual slavery or serfdom. Southern states enacted a series of laws that required, as punishment, high fines. Poor, now-"free" slaves were forced to borrow money to pay the fines and "work off" the debt, often times never paying off the interest. Some "crimes" included breaking curfews, and vagrancy.
The Freedman's Bureau, a government agency established to help former slaves assume responsibility as free citizens, attempted to replace "Peonage" with contracts. However, southern " Black Codes" prevented much progress. Vagrancy laws were abundant, and slavery was still existent, just under an alias.
In 1867, Congress enacted the Peonage Act in New Mexico, applying it to all of America. Now it was a felony to hold a person in Peonage or to seize or arrest a person to enforce Peonage. This same act outlawed any state law designed to enforce Peonage. In the 1900's the Peonage Act was accepted in full.
As we'll see below, modern laws and policies continue this legacy with many of the same oppressor nation motivations as in the 19th century.
Control those who can't be exploited
Every year, hundreds of thousands of mostly Black and Latino men from the 5 boroughs of NYC go thru the biggest county jail in the united $tates: Rikers Island in New York. After being convicted (which happens 70% of the time), private contractors bus them to state prisons upstate, more than 2/3rds of which are in rural areas with almost all white populations. Most of the officers, nurses, vocational instructors, etc. are from farming populations that lost their traditional economies largely to imperialist expansion into foreign markets in the Third World where they can exploit the people and buy food for excessively cheap prices.
Prisons are now the epicenter around which many towns have sprung up, reviving the dying rural communities. The local populations compete for these jobs, which are unique in their high wages and pension plans, while requiring minimal thinking ability.
No one can deny the stark increase in incarceration of Blacks within the past three decades. This increase is largely due to policies and harsh laws which are racially motivated. One notorious example is the federal guideline that sentences people to 10 years for possession of 5 grams of crack or 500 grams of cocaine, when whites are much more likely to be caught with cocaine. No study has ever proven that crack - cocaine in its coagulated form - is more harmful than its powder form. And though this law was modified recently, its purpose has already been served.
Since the end of slavery's role as a profitable enterprise by the u$ farming industry, the principal question for law officials has been, 'What is to be done about the fast growing population of restless young Black men?' - Prison has become the solution to this never ending problem. A population that is no longer a significant source of labor to be exploited, nor allowed to be junior partners to the imperialists, has no role to play in the modern imperialist economy. Hence, we have seen the growing lumpen class behind u$ prison walls.
Prison serves three valuable solutions, or better yet, prison has been the solution which can be explained in three forms.
- Prison is used as a social contraceptive to reduce and control population growth.
- Prison is a way to ebb the radical political consciousness of the people. To separate those radical elements among oppressed nations from influencing others to seek change rather than reform.
- Prison has been used as a way to deal with rising unemployment and stem entry into the already declining job market. (This is true despite the fact that after years of incarceration, most Blacks and Latinos are released to their communities with little hopes for employment, regardless of any participation in vocational programs.)
As we can see, the prison system is much more than an economic force exploiting labor. This is not to deny economic benefit that is reaped by the corporate elites and the amerikan so-called "worker" stooges. Prison, as a part of the capitalist system, has a further implication beyond jobs; it is also a way to repress other nations of people: the Black, Latino and indigenous nations, as well as migrants from the Third World.
Economics of NY Prisons
New York State Department of Correctional Services (DOCS), has approximately 60,000 inmates. In this system, "programs" are mandatory. Programs range from industry work, to maintenance, to pseudo-rehabilitative or educational programs. Most people work to keep the facility up and running. The five pay grades are as follows:
|16¢ per hour
|25¢ per hour
|32¢ per hour
|38¢ per hour
|42¢ per hour
Each facility is limited to a small number of people being paid grade five, so in all actuality Grade 4 is top pay. Grade 4 is reserved for foremen, who are a special class within themselves where the old rule of divide and conquer prevails. They have proven their loyalty to the system through years of hard work and often report other prisoners if something goes wrong - many of these positions are given to white prisoners.
There are "industries" in several facilities: Attica specializes in making lockers that you find in state office buildings; Great Meadow specializes in manufacturing various chemicals such as liquid soap to clean public transportation and soap that is given to inmates; Coxsackie manufactures bed sheets, pillow cases, clothing worn by doctors and nurses, as well as money bags used by banks. All of these items are manufactured under the name "CorCraft." CorCraft made over $40 million in 2005, while prisoners were paid pennies. CorCraft is a government industry so the $40 million all goes back into the state General Fund, essentially offsetting some of the cost of running prisons or other public "services."
A "bonus" is given based on the individual productivity of every prison. For example, at grade 2 my base pay for a 40 hour work week is $10.00 (all programs other than Industry work 25 hour work weeks). With a 50% bonus I would make $15.00. Unlike all other prison programs, Industry workers punch a time clock and are forced to punch out whenever they leave their shops, even for meals which are in most cases mandatory.
An inmate in DOCS, comes in with a substantial debt to pay automatically: $40.00 Gate Fees, $150.00 Surcharge, $50.00 DNA fee, $20.00 Victims Fee. Additional debts may include restitution, child support, appeals fees, legal fees, processing fees, disciplinary sanctions (if incurred), etc. Oftentimes these amounts run into the thousands of dollars, and higher.
The cost of Commissary staple items, hygiene supplies, stamps, etc., have increased so dramatically that, in proportion, the payment DOCS pays in exchange for hard work becomes virtually worthless. For example, at $0.13 an hour, after a three hour work day mowing lawns in 90-degree weather, an inmate still cannot afford even one $0.42 stamp. The pay deteriorates even more if a percentage of the inmate's earnings must go toward fees, surcharges, fines, or other obligations.
Where it leaves us
Previous challenges to DOCS Peonage system of pay have been unsuccessful because DOCS maintains that they are not "paying" but rather "compensating" inmates for their "program" participation. International Law, such as the Geneva Convention, is pretty clear that prisoners of war cannot be "forced to work" without compensation. However, it does not state what compensation is. The Japanese, for example, compensate their prisoners with food.
In fact, food is one of the greatest incentives for New York inmates to work inside of prison. The Mess Hall is one of prison's more unpredictable locations. While the Mess Hall is mandatory for all meals in some prisons, here in DOCS, attendance is elective. In order to avoid potential conflicts, when possible, many inmates choose to skip the Mess Hall meal and eat a quick sandwich with Commissary items. A positive account balance is required in order to purchase food from the Commissary.
Another great incentive for prisoners to do work is postage. Years of study have proven that inmates who work to maintain family ties strive to do well in general prison populations. Inmates who receive visits do even better, and those who do not maintain family ties are statistically more vulnerable to problems. The ability to correspond with family is usually essential to maintaining family ties. If a person cannot afford a stamp after three hours of hard labor, the incentive for that person to be positive for the remainder of the day greatly diminishes.
DOCS originally established a system to pay inmates, in order to prevent theft and encourage inmates to work. However, by not paying a meaningful wage, what DOCS actually creates is a mirror of the Peonage System. An inmate in prison for ten years, without the assistance of family, may leave prison, not only still in debt, but convinced that hard work is useless and that society is inherently unfair. This is one of the results of a system based on punishing individuals, rather than changing the system that created their bad behaviors. In contrast, a socialist prison system serves to turn those who commit crimes against the people into productive contributors to society.
If the DOCS simply raised the "compensation" from pennies to even just $1.50/hour, this financial outlay surely would pay for itself. An inmate who has no hope of meeting his needs through legitimate earnings is likely to attempt to get what he wants, i.e. stamps, food, cigarettes, etc., by illegitimate means: thievery, violence, extortion, gambling, etc. Such activity increases the likelihood of claims for property, of altercations and of injuries, which lead to civil actions brought against the State.
It is time for the State to increase "compensation" for inmates - compensation that will assist inmates in maintaining hope and in maintaining family ties while inside of prison, and compensation that will convince inmates that there truly is benefit in working hard to earn one's way toward productive life, once they get outside.
MIM(Prisons) supports the application of a global minimum wage under capitalism. Although it would have to be taken into consideration that prisoners are provided with most basic needs before being paid - as poor as they may be.
"Hakuna utumwa au utumwa wa kimakusudi, isipokuwa kama adhabu ya uhalifu ambao chama kitakuwa kimehukumiwa, kitatokea ndani ya Marekani. "" - Marekebisho ya kumi na tatu, Katiba ya Marekani Historia ya utumwa wa kisheria - Marekebisho ya kumi na tatu ilidhinishwa na Bunge na theluthi tatu ya majimbo (mwisho wa 27 ya 36) mnamo Januari 31, 1865 na kutangazwa kama marekebisho Desemba 18, 1865." Ili kuielewa katika mazingira ya gereza, ni muhimu kuangalia historia baada ya kuidhinishwa hadi leo. Wakati wa kuanzishwa kwa Marekebisho ya kumi na tatu, watumwa, au bora zaidi, wazao wa watumwa, walikuwa wameongeza upinzani wao kwa mateso na matibabu yasiyo ya kibinadamu ambayo walirithi kwa bahati mbaya. Viongozi wa watumwa kama Fredrick Douglas na Harriet Tubman walianza kujielimisha, kusaidia katika kutoroka kwa watumwa wengine, na kushawishi haki ambazo walihisi zilikuwa zinastahili. Watumwa wa zamani, watumwa waliotoroka, na wengine waliowahurumia waliongoza mazungumzo ya Marekebisho ya Kumi na Tatu. Baada ya kuidhinishwa, kile kilichokuwa ni ushindi kwa watumwa, Marekebisho ya Kumi na Tatu baadaye yakawa kitu zaidi ya kifuniko cha moshi. "Wamiliki wa watumwa wa kusini walipoelewa kwamba sehemu ya pili ya marekebisho hayo ilitoa msamaha ""kama adhabu ya uhalifu,"" wabunge wa kusini wenye ujanja walibadilisha maneno hayo na maneno mengine yanayofanana." Mojawapo ya hizo ilikuwa "pionage". Utumwa ni mfumo wa kazi ambapo mfanyakazi, ambaye anadaiwa pesa na mwajiri wake, lazima "afanye kazi ili kulipa deni hilo". Hata hivyo, neno hilo laweza pia kufafanuliwa kuwa utumwa halisi au utumwa wa kijeshi. Majimbo ya Kusini yalianzisha mfululizo wa sheria ambazo zilihitaji, kama adhabu, faini kubwa. Watumwa maskini, ambao sasa walikuwa "wenye uhuru", walilazimika kukopa pesa ili kulipa faini na "kufanya kazi" ili kulipa deni hilo, mara nyingi bila kulipa riba. Baadhi ya "uhalifu" ulitia ndani kuvunja saa za kurudi nyumbani, na kutangatanga. Ofisi ya Freedman, shirika la serikali lililoanzishwa ili kuwasaidia watumwa wa zamani kuchukua daraka kama raia huru, lilijaribu kuchukua mahali pa "Peonage" kwa mikataba. Hata hivyo, "Nambari Nyeusi" za kusini zilizuia maendeleo mengi. Sheria za kuondoa watu wasio na makao zilikuwa nyingi, na utumwa ulikuwa bado upo, lakini kwa jina bandia. Mwaka 1867 Marekani ilipitisha sheria ya Peonage Act, ambayo iliwawezesha watu wa New Mexico kuhamia nchi nyingine. Sasa ilikuwa uhalifu kumweka mtu katika Peonage au kumkamata au kumkamata mtu ili kutekeleza Peonage. Sheria hiyohiyo ilikataza sheria yoyote ya serikali iliyokusudiwa kutekeleza Peonage. Katika miaka ya 1900, Sheria ya Peonage ilipitishwa kikamilifu. Kama tutakavyoona hapa chini, sheria na sera za kisasa zinaendelea urithi huu na motisha nyingi za taifa la ukandamizaji kama vile katika karne ya 19. Kila mwaka, mamia ya maelfu ya wanaume weusi na Latinos kutoka wilaya tano za New York City hupita katika gereza kubwa zaidi la kaunti nchini Marekani, Rikers Island. Baada ya kuhukumiwa (ambayo hutokea 70% ya wakati), wakandarasi binafsi huwapeleka kwa basi kwenye magereza ya serikali kaskazini mwa jimbo, zaidi ya theluthi mbili ya ambayo ni katika maeneo ya vijijini na karibu watu wote weupe. Wengi wa maafisa, wauguzi, walimu wa ufundi, nk. "Watu wengi wa nchi hii wametengwa na wakulima ambao wamepoteza uchumi wao wa jadi kwa sababu ya upanuzi wa kifalme katika masoko ya kigeni katika ulimwengu wa tatu ambapo wanaweza kuwanyanyasa watu na kununua chakula kwa bei ya chini sana.""" Magereza sasa ni kitovu cha miji mingi ambayo imeibuka, ikifufua jamii za vijijini zinazokufa. Watu wa eneo hilo wanashindana kwa ajili ya kazi hizo, ambazo ni za kipekee kwa sababu ya mishahara yao ya juu na mipango ya pensheni, huku zikihitaji uwezo mdogo wa kufikiri. Hakuna mtu anayeweza kukataa ongezeko kubwa la wafungwa weusi katika miongo mitatu iliyopita. Ongezeko hili kwa kiasi kikubwa linatokana na sera na sheria kali ambazo zina msukumo wa kikabila. Sheria ya Marekani ya mwaka huu inaweka kifungo cha miaka 10 kwa mtu yeyote anayebeba gramu tano za crack au gramu 500 za cocaine, wakati watu weupe wana uwezekano mkubwa zaidi wa kukamatwa wakiwa na cocaine. Hakuna utafiti uliowahi kuthibitisha kwamba crack - kokeini katika namna yake iliyochanganywa - ni yenye kudhuru zaidi kuliko poda yake. Na ingawa sheria hiyo ilibadilishwa hivi karibuni, tayari imetimiza kusudi lake. Tangu mwisho wa utumwa kama biashara yenye faida kwa sekta ya kilimo ya Marekani, swali kuu kwa maafisa wa sheria limekuwa, 'Ni nini kinachopaswa kufanywa kuhusu idadi ya watu weusi vijana wanaokua haraka?' - Gereza limekuwa suluhisho la tatizo hili lisilo na mwisho. "Watu ambao si chanzo muhimu cha kazi ya kufanyizwa kazi, wala hawaruhusiwi kuwa washirika wadogo kwa wafalme, hawana jukumu la kucheza katika uchumi wa kisasa wa kifalme. """ Kwa hiyo, tumeona kuongezeka kwa darasa la lumpen nyuma ya kuta za gereza la u$. """Kufungwa ni njia tatu muhimu za kutatua matatizo, au bora zaidi, kufungwa ni njia ya kutatua matatizo ambayo inaweza kuelezwa katika njia tatu." - Gereza hutumiwa kama njia ya kuzuia mimba ili kupunguza na kudhibiti ongezeko la idadi ya watu. - Gereza ni njia ya kupunguza ufahamu wa kisiasa wa watu. """Kuwazuia watu wa aina hiyo kutoka katika mataifa yaliyoonewa na kuwaathiri wengine ili kutafuta mabadiliko badala ya mageuzi." - Gereza limetumiwa kama njia ya kukabiliana na ongezeko la ukosefu wa kazi na kuzuia kuingia katika soko la kazi ambalo tayari linapungua. (Hii ni kweli licha ya ukweli kwamba baada ya miaka ya kifungo, wengi weusi na Latinos ni iliyotolewa kwa jamii zao na matumaini kidogo kwa ajili ya ajira, bila kujali ushiriki wowote katika mipango ya ufundi.) Kama tunavyoona, mfumo wa magereza ni zaidi ya nguvu ya kiuchumi inayotumia kazi kwa faida. Hii si kukataa faida ya kiuchumi ambayo ni kuvuna na wasomi wa ushirika na Marekani iitwayo "kazi" stooges. Gereza, kama sehemu ya mfumo wa ubepari, lina athari zaidi ya kazi; pia ni njia ya kukandamiza mataifa mengine ya watu: watu weusi, Watanzania na wenyeji, pamoja na wahamiaji kutoka Ulimwengu wa Tatu. Idara ya Sheria ya New York (NYPD) na Idara ya Sheria ya New York (NYPD) na Idara ya Sheria ya New York (NYPD) na Idara ya Sheria ya New York (NYPD) na Idara ya Sheria ya New York (NYPD) na Idara ya Sheria ya New York (NYPD) na Idara ya Sheria ya New York (NYPD). Katika mfumo huu, "programu" ni za lazima. Programu mbalimbali kutoka kazi ya sekta, kwa matengenezo, kwa pseudo-kurejeshwa au mipango ya elimu. Watu wengi hufanya kazi ili kudumisha kituo hicho kiendeke. "Hizi ni ""vituo vya malipo"" vya kila saa, na kila saa ni ""vituo vya malipo"" vya kila saa, na kila saa ni ""vituo vya malipo"" vya kila saa, na kila saa ni ""vituo vya malipo"" vya kila saa, na kila saa ni ""vituo vya malipo"" vya kila saa." Daraja la nne ni kwa ajili ya foremen, ambao ni darasa maalum ndani yao wenyewe ambapo sheria ya zamani ya kugawanya na kushinda inatawala. Wameonyesha uaminifu wao kwa mfumo kupitia miaka ya kazi ngumu na mara nyingi wanaripoti wafungwa wengine ikiwa kitu kinakwenda vibaya - nafasi nyingi za kazi hizi hutolewa kwa wafungwa weupe. "Kuna ""viwanda"" katika vituo kadhaa: Attica ni maalumu katika kutengeneza locker kwamba unaweza kupata katika majengo ya ofisi ya serikali; Great Meadow ni maalumu katika utengenezaji wa kemikali mbalimbali kama vile sabuni kioevu kwa kusafisha usafiri wa umma na sabuni ambayo ni kupewa wafungwa; Coxsackie utengenezaji bedsheets, pillowcases, nguo kuvaa na madaktari na waugu, kama vile mifuko ya fedha kutumika na benki." Vitu hivi vyote hutengenezwa chini ya jina "CorCraft". Corcoran alipata zaidi ya dola milioni 40 mwaka wa 2005, wakati wafungwa walipokuwa wakipokea senti chache tu. "Kama kampuni ya serikali, Corcorp inapaswa kutoa $ 40 milioni kwa ajili ya ""mfuko wa jumla wa serikali,"" ambayo inapaswa kuondoa gharama za kuendesha magereza na huduma nyingine za umma." "Bonasi" hutolewa kulingana na uzalishaji wa kila gereza. Kwa mfano, katika darasa la pili, mshahara wangu wa msingi kwa wiki ya kazi ya saa 40 ni $ 10.00 (programu zote isipokuwa Viwanda hufanya kazi masaa 25 ya kazi ya wiki). Kwa kuongeza 50% ya ziada, unaweza kupata $ 15. Tofauti na programu nyingine za gereza, wafanyakazi wa viwanda wanafanya kazi kwa kutumia saa na wanalazimika kufanya kazi wakati wowote wanaondoka madukani, hata kwa ajili ya chakula ambacho katika visa vingi ni lazima. Mfungwa katika DOCS anakuja na deni kubwa ya kulipa moja kwa moja: $ 40.00 Gate Fee, $ 150.00 Surcharge, $ 50.00 DNA Fee, $ 20.00 Fee ya Waathirika. Madeni ya ziada yanaweza kujumuisha kurudishwa, msaada wa watoto, ada za rufaa, ada za kisheria, ada za usindikaji, adhabu za nidhamu (ikiwa zimetokea), nk. Mara nyingi kiasi hicho hufikia maelfu ya dola, na hata zaidi. Gharama za vitu vya msingi vya kamishna, vifaa vya usafi, stempu, na kadhalika, zimeongezeka sana hivi kwamba, kwa uwiano, malipo ya DOCS hulipa kwa kubadilishana na kazi ngumu inakuwa karibu haina thamani. Kwa mfano, kwa $ 0.13 kwa saa, baada ya saa tatu za kazi ya mchana kukata nyasi katika hali ya hewa ya digrii 90, mfungwa bado hawezi kumudu hata stempu moja ya $ 0.42. Mshahara huongezeka hata zaidi ikiwa asilimia fulani ya mapato ya mfungwa lazima itumiwe kwa ajili ya ada, malipo ya ziada, faini, au wajibu mwingine. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, DOCS imeshindwa kukabiliana na changamoto za awali za mfumo wa malipo ya ""peonage"" kwa sababu DOCS inadai kwamba hawa ""walipa"" lakini badala yake ""walipa fidia"" wafungwa kwa ushiriki wao katika ""programu.""" Sheria ya kimataifa, kama vile Mkataba wa Geneva, ni wazi kabisa kwamba wafungwa wa vita hawawezi "kulazimishwa kufanya kazi" bila fidia. Hata hivyo, haionyeshi ni nini kinachohitajiwa ili kulipwa fidia. Kwa mfano, Wajapani huwapa wafungwa wao chakula. Kwa kweli, chakula ni mojawapo ya vichocheo vikubwa zaidi kwa wafungwa wa New York kufanya kazi ndani ya gereza. Jumba la Chakula ni mojawapo ya maeneo yasiyoweza kutabiriwa zaidi gerezani. Wakati Meza ni lazima kwa ajili ya chakula wote katika baadhi ya magereza, hapa katika DOCS, kuhudhuria ni hiari. Ili kuepuka migogoro inayowezekana, wakati inapowezekana, wafungwa wengi huchagua kuruka mlo wa Mess Hall na kula sandwichi ya haraka na vitu vya Commissary. Saladi chanya ya akaunti inahitajika ili kununua chakula kutoka kwa Commissary. Kichocheo kingine kikubwa kwa wafungwa kufanya kazi ni malipo ya posta. Utafiti wa miaka mingi umethibitisha kwamba wafungwa wanaofanya kazi ya kudumisha mahusiano ya familia hujitahidi kufanya vizuri katika idadi ya wafungwa kwa ujumla. Wafungwa wanaopokea ziara hufanya vizuri zaidi, na wale ambao hawahifadhi uhusiano wa familia ni hatari zaidi kwa matatizo. Uwezo wa kuwasiliana na familia kwa kawaida ni muhimu ili kudumisha vifungo vya familia. Ikiwa mtu hawezi kununua stempu baada ya kufanya kazi kwa muda wa saa tatu, motisha ya mtu huyo kuwa na mtazamo mzuri kwa siku iliyobaki hupungua sana. DOCS ilianzisha mfumo wa kulipa wafungwa, ili kuzuia wizi na kuhamasisha wafungwa kufanya kazi. Hata hivyo, kwa kutolipa mshahara wenye maana, kile DOCS kwa kweli huunda ni kioo cha Mfumo wa Peonage. Mfungwa ambaye amefungwa jela kwa miaka kumi bila msaada wa familia yake anaweza kuondoka gerezani akiwa bado na madeni na akihisi kwamba kazi ngumu ni ya bure na kwamba jamii ni isiyo ya haki. Hii ni moja ya matokeo ya mfumo unaotegemea kuadhibu watu binafsi, badala ya kubadilisha mfumo uliounda tabia zao mbaya. Kwa kulinganisha, mfumo wa gereza la kisoshalisti hutumika kugeuza wale wanaofanya uhalifu dhidi ya watu kuwa wachangiaji wenye matokeo kwa jamii. "Kama DOCS ingepanda tu ""malipo"" kutoka senti hadi hata $ 1.50 kwa saa, gharama hii ya kifedha bila shaka ingelipa yenyewe." Mfungwa ambaye hana matumaini ya kukidhi mahitaji yake kupitia mapato halali ya kawaida, ni uwezekano wa kujaribu kupata kile anachotaka. Vitu kama vile vibali, bidhaa za chakula, sigara, na nyinginezo, kwa njia zisizo halali kama vile wizi, jeuri, udanganyifu, na kamari. Shughuli kama hiyo huongeza uwezekano wa madai ya mali, mapigano na majeraha, ambayo husababisha kesi za kiraia zilizowasilishwa dhidi ya Jimbo. Ni wakati kwa Serikali kuongeza "malipo" kwa wafungwa - malipo ambayo yatasaidia wafungwa kudumisha matumaini na kudumisha mahusiano ya familia wakati wa gerezani, na malipo ambayo yatawashawishi wafungwa kuwa kuna faida kweli kufanya kazi kwa bidii kupata njia ya maisha ya uzalishaji, mara wanapotoka. MIM (Prisons) inasaidia matumizi ya mshahara wa chini wa kimataifa chini ya ubepari. Ingawa ni lazima ichukuliwe kwa kuzingatia kwamba wafungwa wanapewa mahitaji ya msingi zaidi kabla ya kulipwa - hata wawe maskini kadiri gani.