The Science of Epigenetics
Epigenetics is changing our understanding of biology and emerges as a response to many unexplained consequences of disease development. This new science demonstrates that our environment and lifestyle influence the behavior of our genes and explores why the information in our genes is not sufficient to explain the complex patterns linked to health issues.
As scientists, evidence is at the core of our work, therefore we approach the epigenetic revolution based on existing data and we are excited to participate in new potential advances in this field.
We are happy to offer a short insight on expanding scientific literature in the fastest-growing research areas in biology:
WHAT IS EPIGENETICS?
The epigenome (literally “above the genome”) represents every heritable modification added on top of the genome without affecting the sequence of letters (A; T; C or G) that make up our DNA. More precisely, the addition or removal of methylated groups (-CH3) at specific sites in the genome modulates the expression of our genes. Appropriate regulation of gene expression is essential to the proper functioning of the human body. As an example all our cells have the same DNA sequence but each cell has a different shape and function, modulated by epigenetics.
Misregulation can lead to diseases. Regulation of epigenetic mechanisms is very complex and relies on genetic and environmental factors. While DNA is almost immutable, the epigenome is modulable through specific actions.
Advances in epigenetics link genetics to the environment and disease.
Review on the evolving field of epigenetics and its recent advances
Cavalli & Co – Nature – 2019
DNA methylation dynamics in health and disease
Dynamics of DNA methylation during development and abnormal methylation changes that occurs in cancer
Bergman & Co – Nature Structural & Mol. Biol. – 2013
EPIGENETICS & AGEING
Ageing is the gradual deterioration of physiological function. The causes of ageing, induced by complex mechanisms, are largely debated. As most biological processes, aging has both internal genetic components (different species have a similar lifespan and rare genetic diseases can trigger premature aging) and external components (e.g. calorie restriction can extend lifespan in several species).
Though it is widely believed that long life runs in families for genetic reasons, estimates of the genetic part of ageing are consistently well below 20%. There is indeed a strong environmental component in aging. For example, sun exposure may accelerate skin aging due to the accumulation of damages over time.
While ageing is a multifactorial process, accumulating evidence links aging to epigenetic alterations. Given the reversible nature of epigenetic mechanisms, these pathways provide promising avenues for therapeutics against age-related decline and disease.
For more information:
The genetics of human ageing
A review of large-scale genome-wide association studies that identified many loci that influence key human ageing traits, including lifespan.
Melzer & Co – Nature reviews Genetics – 2020
BIOLOGICAL AGE, A MEANINGFUL MEASURE
Recent research sheds light on how aging can be impacted by external factors, including diet, exercise, stress, environment and smoking. Many gerontologists believe chronological age to be an incomplete figure because it doesn’t take these external factors into consideration.
Interestingly, organisms of the same species age at different rates, demonstrating the reality of biological ageing as opposed to chronological ageing.
Biological age or Epigenetic age is a measurement of your age based on the combination of various methylation biomarkers. In other words, Biological age is a scientific estimate of the physiological state of individuals. It encompasses longevity and the ability to function (healthy aging) and takes many factors into consideration, time, genetics, but also lifestyle including diet, exercise and sleeping habits, to name a few.
For more information:
Patterns of DNA methylation as an indicator of biological aging: State of the science and future directions in precision health promotion
A literature review surrounding epigenetic age estimated by DNA methylation.
Shannon & Co – Nursing Outlook – 2019
An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan
A new epigenetic biomarker of aging, that strongly outperforms previous measures in regard to predictions for a variety of aging outcomes.
Levine & Co – Aging (Albany NY) – 2018
DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan
A composite biomarker based on epigenetic markers to predict lifespan and health span of humans.
Lu and Co – Aging (Albany NY) – 2019
Genome-wide Methylation Profiles Reveal Quantitative Views of Human Aging Rates
A quantitative model of the aging methylome that demonstrates high accuracy and ability to discriminate relevant factors in aging, including gender and genetic variants.
Gregory Hannum & Co – Molecular cell – 2013
DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types
DNA methylation age measures the cumulative effect of an epigenetic maintenance system.
Steve Horvath – Genome Biology – 2013
DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing
“Epigenetic clocks” link the processes of development and maintenance to biological aging and give birth to a unified theory of the course of life.
Steve Horvath & Co – Nature Reviews Genetics – 2018
Biological Versus Chronological Aging
Current knowledge on biological age biomarkers, factors influencing it, and antiaging interventions, with a focus on vascular aspects and its cardiovascular disease related manifestations.
Horvath & Co – Nature Review Genetics 2018
LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IMPACT OUR EPIGENETIC
We are constantly exposed to a multitude of stresses, compounds and to diverse environments. In the last few years, an increasing number of studies have examined the relation between epigenetic markers and lifestyle factors, including nutrition, behavior, stress, physical activity, working habits, smoking or alcohol consumption. As our body faces its environment, we react by fine-tuning the expression of our genes, for example as we expose ourselves to sunlight, we produce more melanin, which is triggered by an activation of several genes. This genetic modulation is controlled by epigenetic mechanisms.
At genknowme, we can measure those mechanisms and quantify the impacts of lifestyle choices. We cannot change our genome or stop the passage of time. However we can influence our genes by making better life choices and follow the impact of those changes by measuring our epigenetic.
For more information, here are some scientific articles:
Epigenetics and lifestyle
Evidence indicating that lifestyle factors might affect human health via epigenetic mechanisms.
Alegria-Torres & Co – Epigenetics – 2013
And more specifically per lifestyle factors:
A DNA methylation biomarker of alcohol consumption
A robust alcohol related methylation signature useful to detect heavy alcohol consumption.
Liu & Co – Molecular Psychiatry – 2018
DNA methylation age is accelerated in alcohol dependence
Epigenetic aging differs in blood and liver tissue of individuals with alcohol dependance compared to healthy volunteers.
Rosen & Co – Translational psychiatry – 2018
Current and Future Prospects for Epigenetic Biomarkers of Substance Use Disorders
Recent progress in assessment of substance abuse through epigenetics.
Andersen & Co – Genes – 2015
Epigenetic Signatures of Cigarette Smoking
New sites differentially methylated in relation to smoking habits that persist long after smoking cessation.
Joehanes & Co – Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet. – 2017
Cigarette smoking reduces DNA methylation levels at multiple genomic loci but the effect is partially reversible upon cessation
Dynamic of epigenetic changes in response to cigarette smoking and cessation.
Tsaprouni & Co- Epigenetics – 2014
Fruit and Juice Epigenetic Signatures Are Associated with Independent Immunoregulatory Pathways
Fruit and juice consumption influence different immune cell populations and different aspects of immune function.
Nicodemus-Johnson & Co – Nutrients- 2017
The role of epigenetics in cardiovascular health and ageing: A focus on physical activity and nutrition
An investigation on the impacts of exercise and nutrition on cardiovascular health.
Wallace & Co- Mech. Of Ageing and Dev. – 2018
Physical Activity, Television Viewing Time, and DNA Methylation in Peripheral Blood
DNA methylation may be a biological mechanism linking physical activity and sedentary behavior to chronic disease development.
Roekel & Co – Epidemiology – 2019
Physical Activity and Genome-wide DNA Methylation: The REgistre GIroní del COR Study
Two new CpGs of interests associated with moderate vigorous activity.
Fernandez-Sanlés & Co – Med Sci Sports Exerc. – 2020
Precision Physical Therapy: Exercise, the Epigenome, and the Heritability of Environmentally Modified Traits
Emerging knowledge supporting epigenetic adaptation to exercise in human.
Woelfel & Co – Physical Therapy – 2018
Accelerometer-measured Physical Activity, Reproductive Hormones, and DNA Methylation
Physical activity lowered the methylation of growth-related gene in teenage boys.
Wu & Co – Med Sci Sports Exerc. – 2020
BIOLOGICAL AGE IS LINKED TO ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY
Only a small number of studies investigated the association between DNA methylation and age-related disease and longevity. However, even though there is a need for more research, the scientific literature seems to acknowledge that epigenetic markers of ageing can predict the incidence of common disease and all-cause mortality.
For more information:
Longitudinal trajectories, correlations and mortality associations of nine biological ages across 20-years follow-up
Biological Age has the potential to provide mortality-relevant information independently of Chronological Age.
Liu & Co, eLife – 2020
The Epigenetic Clock as a Predictor of Disease and Mortality Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic review to identify and synthesize the evidence for an association between DNAmAge and longevity, age-related disease, and mortality risk.
Fransquet & Co – Clin Epigenetics – 2019
Epigenetic clocks predict prevalence and incidence of leading causes of death and disease burden
Epigenetic markers of ageing predict incidence of common disease.
Hillary & Co – BioRxiv – 2020
DNA Methylation-Based Measures of Biological Age: Meta-Analysis Predicting Time to Death
Gene methylation are like other complex traits: influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and associated with major health-related outcomes.
Marioni & Co – Genome Biol – 2015
Association of DNA Methylation-Based Biological Age With Health Risk Factors and Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality
Age acceleration measures are associated with several established health risk factors and with mortality.
Dugué & Co – American J. of Epidemiology – 2018
More scientific papers on the subject:
EPIGENETIC’S OPPORTUNITIES AND APPLIED POTENTIALS
Over the past five years, several groundbreaking scientific publications have demonstrated a link between epigenetic markers and environmental factors, lifestyle and disease. To name just a few: stress, smoking, diet, mental health, physical activity, immune response and various diseases such as cancer have shown an epigenetic component. This list highlights the enormous potential of epigenetics and although research in this field still needs to be expanded to obtain more validations, the applications seem extremely broad. It includes not only diagnostic opportunities but also high prognosis opportunities that could potentially change preventive medicine.
Here is a selection of publications illustrating the enormous field of application of epigenetic:
First hint that body’s ‘biological age’ can be reversed
Body’s epigenetic clock reversed for 9 volunteers who took a cocktail of three common drugs during one year.
Abott – Nature – 2019
Reversal of epigenetic aging and immunosenescence trends in humans
Regression of epigenetic age after a treatment intended to regenerate the thymus
Fahy & Co – Aging Cell – 2019
Effects of Vitamin D 3 Supplementation on Epigenetic Aging in Overweight and Obese African Americans With Suboptimal Vitamin D Status
Vitamin D supplementation may slow down Horvath epigenetic aging
CHen & Co – J. of Gerontology – 2019
Dietary Intervention Modifies DNA Methylation Age Assessed by the Epig. Clock
Supplementation with folic acid + vit B12 modulate global DNA methylation profiles.
Sae-Lee & Co – Molecular Nutrition – 2019
The Impact of Caloric Restriction on the Epigenetic Signatures of Aging
Review on the current knowledge on the impact of caloric restriction on the epigenetic signatures of aging.
Gensous & Co- Int. J. of Molecular Science – 2019
Cancer is generally explained by a dysfunction of cellular internal regulation (ie. proliferation), which are mechanisms that can be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. There is plenty of evidence that genetic signatures can be linked to cancer development prediction.
Epigenetics ni mabadiliko ya uelewa wetu wa biolojia na inaibuka kama majibu ya matokeo mengi unexplained ya maendeleo ya ugonjwa. Sayansi hii mpya inaonyesha kwamba mazingira yetu na mtindo wetu wa maisha huathiri tabia ya jeni zetu na inachunguza kwa nini habari katika jeni zetu haitoshi kuelezea mifumo tata inayohusiana na masuala ya afya. Kama wanasayansi, ushahidi ni kiini cha kazi yetu, kwa hivyo tunakaribia mapinduzi ya epigenetic kulingana na data zilizopo na tunafurahi kushiriki katika maendeleo mapya ya uwezekano katika uwanja huu. "Kama sehemu ya utafiti wa utafiti wa kisayansi, utafiti wa epigenetics unaendelea kwa kasi zaidi katika sayansi ya biolojia, na kwa hivyo ""kujifunza"" kwa njia ya epigenetics." Epigenome (kihalisi <unk> juu ya genome<unk>) inawakilisha kila marekebisho ya urithi yaliyoongezwa juu ya genome bila kuathiri mfululizo wa herufi (A; T; C au G) ambazo huunda DNA yetu. Kwa usahihi zaidi, kuongeza au kuondoa vikundi vya methylated (CH3) katika maeneo maalum katika genome huongeza usemi wa jeni zetu. Udhibiti unaofaa wa maonyesho ya chembe za urithi ni muhimu kwa utendaji mzuri wa mwili wa binadamu. Kwa mfano, chembe zetu zote zina mfululizo sawa wa DNA, lakini kila chembe ina umbo na kazi tofauti, iliyobadilishwa na epigenetics. Usimamizi usiofaa waweza kusababisha magonjwa. Udhibiti wa taratibu epigenetic ni tata sana na hutegemea genetic na mambo ya mazingira. Ingawa DNA ni karibu isiyobadilika, epigenome inaweza kubadilishwa kupitia vitendo maalum. Maendeleo katika epigenetics huunganisha chembe za urithi na mazingira na magonjwa. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Kufanya utafiti wa epigenetics na maendeleo yake ya hivi karibuni"" na ""Cavalli & Co: Nature: 2019 DNA methylation dynamics in health and disease: Dynamics of DNA methylation during development and abnormal methylation changes that occur in cancer"" na ""Mwili: Mfumo wa DNA katika afya na ugonjwa: Dynamics of DNA methylation during development and abnormal methylation changes that occur in cancer"" na ""Mwili: Mfumo wa DNA katika ugonjwa""" Biol. Epigenetics na kuzeeka ni kuharibika kwa hatua kwa hatua kwa utendaji wa kisaikolojia. Sababu za kuzeeka, zinazosababishwa na utaratibu tata, zinajadiliwa sana. Kama mchakato wa kibiolojia, kuzeeka kuna vipengele vya ndani (spishi tofauti zina maisha sawa na magonjwa ya kawaida ya urithi yanaweza kusababisha kuzeeka mapema) na vipengele vya nje (kwa mfano, umri wa miaka). Kupunguza kalori inaweza kuongeza maisha katika spishi kadhaa. Ingawa watu wengi wanaamini kwamba maisha marefu hutegemea chembe za urithi, makadirio ya sehemu ya urithi ya kuzeeka ni chini ya asilimia 20. Kwa kweli kuna sehemu kubwa ya mazingira katika kuzeeka. Kwa mfano, jua laweza kuharakisha kuzeeka kwa ngozi kwa sababu ya kuimarika kwa madhara kwa muda. Ingawa kuzeeka ni mchakato wa mambo mengi, uthibitisho unaozidi kuongezeka unaunganisha kuzeeka na mabadiliko ya epigenetic. Kwa kuzingatia asili ya kubadilika ya taratibu za epigenetic, njia hizi hutoa njia za kuahidi kwa matibabu dhidi ya kupungua na ugonjwa unaohusiana na umri. Kwa habari zaidi, Genetics of Human Ageing ni utafiti wa utafiti wa kina wa genome-wide association, ambao umegundua loci nyingi ambazo zinaathiri sifa muhimu za kuzeeka kwa binadamu, ikiwa ni pamoja na maisha. "Mwanamke huyo, ambaye ni mwanafunzi wa chuo kikuu cha Melzer, alisema: ""Utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha jinsi uzee unavyoweza kuathiriwa na mambo ya nje, ikiwa ni pamoja na lishe, mazoezi, mkazo, mazingira na kuvuta sigara." Wataalamu wengi wa gerontolojia wanaamini umri wa kronolojia kuwa takwimu isiyo kamili kwa sababu haichukui mambo haya ya nje kwa kuzingatia. Kwa kushangaza, viumbe wa aina moja huzeeka kwa kasi tofauti, ikionyesha ukweli wa kuzeeka kwa kibiolojia kinyume na kuzeeka kwa muda. Umri wa epigenetic ni kipimo cha umri wa binadamu kulingana na mchanganyiko wa biomarkers mbalimbali. Kwa maneno mengine, umri wa kibiolojia ni makadirio ya kisayansi ya hali ya kisaikolojia ya watu. Inajumuisha urefu wa maisha na uwezo wa kufanya kazi (kuzeeka kwa afya) na inachukua mambo mengi kwa kuzingatia, wakati, urithi, lakini pia mtindo wa maisha ikiwa ni pamoja na lishe, mazoezi na tabia za kulala, kwa jina la chache. Kwa maelezo zaidi, Mfano wa DNA methylation kama kiashiria cha kuzeeka kibiolojia: Hali ya sayansi na mwelekeo wa baadaye katika kukuza afya ya usahihi: Mapitio ya fasihi inayozunguka umri wa epigenetic unaokadiriwa na DNA methylation. "Shannon & Co. ""Nursing Outlook 2019: Biomarker ya epigenetic ya kuzeeka kwa maisha na afya: Biomarker mpya ya epigenetic ya kuzeeka, ambayo inazidi kwa nguvu vipimo vya awali kwa habari ya utabiri wa matokeo mbalimbali ya kuzeeka." "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""GrimAge inabashiri kwa nguvu maisha na afya ya binadamu"" ni alama ya biomarkers ya mchanganyiko kulingana na alama za epigenetic kutabiri maisha na afya ya binadamu." "Mfano wa ""Genesis-Wide Methylation Profiles Reveal Quantitative Views of Human Aging Rates"" ni mfano wa idadi ya methylome ya kuzeeka ambayo inaonyesha usahihi wa juu na uwezo wa kutofautisha mambo muhimu katika kuzeeka, ikiwa ni pamoja na jinsia na tofauti za maumbile." "Gregory Hunnum na Co. ""Molecular Cell"" - ""DNA Methylation Age of Human Tissues and Cell Types"" - ""Methylation Age of Human Tissues and Cell Types"" - ""Methylation Age of Human Tissues and Cell Types"" - ""Methylation Age of Human Tissues and Cell Types"" - ""Methylation Age of Human Tissues and Cell Types"" - ""Methylation Age of Human Tissues and Cell Types"" - ""Methylation Age of Epigenetic Maintenance System"" - ""Methylation Age of Human Tissues and Cell Types"" - ""Methylation Age of Human Tissues and Cell Types"" - ""Methylation of DNA"" - ""Methylation of DNA"" - ""Methylation of DNA"" - ""Methylation of the system" "Steve Horvath, ""Biolojia ya Genome"" - Biomarkers ya msingi wa DNA methylation na nadharia ya saa ya epigenetic ya kuzeeka - inaunganisha michakato ya maendeleo na matengenezo ya kuzeeka kwa kibiolojia na kuzaa nadharia ya umoja wa maisha." Steve Horvath & Co. (Nature Reviews, 2018) Biological vs Chronological Aging: Ujuzi wa sasa juu ya viashiria vya umri wa kibiolojia, sababu zinazoathiri, na uingiliaji wa kupambana na kuzeeka, na kuzingatia mambo ya mishipa na dalili zake zinazohusiana na ugonjwa wa moyo. "Horvath & Co. Nature Review Genetics 2018: ""Lifestyle na mazingira: athari zetu epigenetic"" - ""Tunaendelea kuathiriwa na idadi kubwa ya shinikizo, misombo na mazingira mbalimbali.""" Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, idadi ya utafiti imeongezeka ambayo imehusu uhusiano kati ya alama za epigenetic na mambo ya maisha, ikiwa ni pamoja na lishe, tabia, mkazo, shughuli za mwili, tabia za kazi, uvutaji sigara au matumizi ya pombe. Mwili wetu unapoishi na mazingira, tunashughulikia kwa kurekebisha maonyesho ya jeni zetu, kwa mfano, tunapojitokeza kwenye jua, tunazalisha melanin zaidi, ambayo huchochewa na uanzishaji wa jeni kadhaa. Mabadiliko haya ya maumbile husimamiwa na utaratibu wa epigenetic. Katika genknowme, tunaweza kupima taratibu hizo na kuhesabu athari za chaguzi za mtindo wa maisha. Hatuwezi kubadilisha chembe zetu za urithi au kuzuia wakati usipite. Hata hivyo, tunaweza kuathiri jeni zetu kwa kufanya chaguzi bora za maisha na kufuata athari za mabadiliko hayo kwa kupima epigenetic yetu. Kwa habari zaidi, hapa ni baadhi ya makala za kisayansi: Epigenetics na mtindo wa maisha Uthibitisho unaoonyesha kwamba mambo ya mtindo wa maisha yanaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu kupitia taratibu za epigenetic. Allegra Torres & Co, Epigenetics, 2013: Biomarker ya DNA ya Methylation ya Matumizi ya Pombe "Mchunguzi wa Kimatibabu wa Kimatibabu wa Kimatibabu wa Kimatibabu wa Kimatibabu wa Kimatibabu wa Kimatibabu wa Kimatibabu wa Kimatibabu wa Kimatibabu wa Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu ya Kimatibabu. """ "Rosen & Co, ""Translational Psychiatry: Maoni ya sasa na ya baadaye kwa Biomarkers Epigenetic ya Matatizo ya Matumizi ya Dutu"" - 2018" Andersen & Co. 2015 Epigenetic Signatures of Cigarette Smoking: maeneo mapya tofauti methylated kuhusiana na tabia ya kuvuta sigara ambayo kuendelea muda mrefu baada ya kuacha kuvuta sigara. Joehanes & Co <unk> Circ. Mwili wa moyo. Genet. Kuvuta sigara hupunguza viwango vya DNA methylation katika loci nyingi za genome lakini athari ni sehemu ya kubadilika baada ya kuacha Dynamic ya mabadiliko ya epigenetic katika kujibu kuvuta sigara na kuacha. "Tsavouri & Co, Epigenetics, 2014: ""Fruit na Juice Epigenetic Signatures ni kuhusishwa na Independent Immunoregulatory Pathways"" - Utoaji wa matunda na juisi kuathiri idadi tofauti ya seli kinga na mambo tofauti ya kazi kinga." Nicodemus-Johnson & Co. (Nutrients, 2017) - Jukumu la epigenetics katika afya ya moyo na kuzeeka: Mtazamo juu ya shughuli za mwili na lishe Uchunguzi juu ya athari za mazoezi na lishe kwenye afya ya moyo na mishipa. Wallace na Co- Mech. Ya kuzeeka na Dev. Utendaji wa kimwili, wakati wa kutazama televisheni, na DNA methylation katika damu ya peripheral DNA methylation inaweza kuwa utaratibu wa kibiolojia unaohusisha shughuli za kimwili na tabia ya kukaa na maendeleo ya ugonjwa wa muda mrefu. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika utafiti wa Rogelio & Co. (Epidemiology, 2019) ""Mwili Activity and Genome-wide DNA Methylation: The Registering of the REGRONITY of REGRONITY Study"" (Utafiti wa REGRONITY of REGRONITY of REGRONITY of REGRONITY) ""CpG mpya mbili za masl..." Fernandez-Sanlés & Co <unk> Med Sci Michezo Exerc. 2020 Precision Physiotherapy: Mazoezi, Epigenome, na Urithi wa Sifa zilizobadilishwa na Mazingira Maarifa yanayotokea yanayounga mkono marekebisho ya epigenetic kwa mazoezi katika binadamu. Woelfel & Co, 2018 - Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity, Reproductive Hormones, and DNA Methylation - Utendaji wa kimwili ulipunguza methylation ya jeni inayohusiana na ukuaji kwa wavulana wa ujana. Wu & Co <unk> Med Sci Michezo Exerc. "Utafiti wa ""Biological Age: All Cause Mortality"" unaonyesha kuwa kuna uhusiano kati ya DNA methylation na ugonjwa unaohusiana na umri." Hata hivyo, ingawa kuna haja ya utafiti zaidi, fasihi ya kisayansi inaonekana kukubali kwamba alama epigenetic ya kuzeeka inaweza kutabiri matukio ya magonjwa ya kawaida na vifo vya sababu zote. Kwa maelezo zaidi, Longitudinal trajectories, correlations and mortality associations of nine biological ages across 20-year follow-up, Biological Age has the potential to provide mortality-relevant information independently of Chronological Age. "Liu & Co, eLife: ""The Epigenetic Clock as a Predictor of Disease and Mortality Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Mapitio ya Mfumo wa Kutambua na Kuunganisha Ushahidi wa Ushirikiano kati ya DNA na Umri na Urefu, Ugonjwa Unaohusiana na Umri na Hatari ya Kifo.""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika utafiti wa Fransquet & Co, "" Epigenetics: saa za epigenetic kutabiri kuenea na matukio ya sababu kuu za kifo na mzigo wa ugonjwa "" na "" epigenetic markers of aging predict incidence of common disease ""." "Hillary & Co. (BioRxiv) ""Methination-Based Measures of Biological Age: Meta-Analysis Predicting Time to Death"" - ""Methination ya jeni ni kama sifa nyingine ngumu: inaathiriwa na sababu za maumbile na mazingira na kuhusishwa na matokeo makubwa yanayohusiana na afya." "Mariano & Co, Genome Biologics, 2015: ""Uhusiano wa umri wa kibiolojia wa DNA na sababu za hatari za afya na jumla na sababu maalum za vifo: hatua za kuharakisha umri zinahusishwa na sababu kadhaa za hatari za afya na vifo.""" Katika miaka mitano iliyopita, machapisho kadhaa ya kisayansi ya kuvutia yameonyesha uhusiano kati ya alama za epigenetic na sababu za mazingira, mtindo wa maisha na ugonjwa. Kwa kutaja tu chache: mkazo, uvutaji sigara, lishe, afya ya akili, shughuli za kimwili, majibu ya kinga na magonjwa mbalimbali kama vile kansa yameonyesha kipengele cha epigenetic. Orodha hii inaangazia uwezo mkubwa wa epigenetics na ingawa utafiti katika uwanja huu bado unahitaji kupanuliwa ili kupata uthibitisho zaidi, maombi yanaonekana kuwa pana sana. Haijumuishi tu fursa za utambuzi lakini pia fursa za utabiri wa juu ambao unaweza kubadilisha dawa ya kuzuia. "Hii ni orodha ya vichapo vinavyoonyesha uwanja mkubwa wa matumizi ya epigenetics: ""Uzee wa kibiolojia wa mwili unaweza kugeuzwa: saa ya epigenetic ya mwili iligeuzwa kwa wajitoleaji tisa ambao walichukua cocktail ya dawa tatu za kawaida kwa mwaka mmoja." "Mfano: ""Kupunguza umri wa epigenetic baada ya matibabu yaliyokusudiwa kurekebisha thymus"" (Fahey & Co, 2019) ""Madhara ya vitamini D3 ya kuongeza juu ya epigenetic kuzeeka katika overweight na obesity "" (African Americans with suboptimal vitamin D status) "" (J. Horvath, 2019) ""Uchunguzi wa epigenetic unaweza kupunguza umri wa epigenetic"" (Chen & Co, 2019) ""Uingiliaji wa chakula hubadilisha DNA methylation." Kwa sababu ya matumizi ya asidi ya folic na vit B12, inaweza kuathiri viwango vya methylation ya DNA. "Sayid Lee & Co, ""Molecular Nutrition: Athari ya Caloric Restriction juu ya Epigenetic Signatures of Aging: Mapitio ya Ujuzi wa Sasa juu ya Athari ya Caloric Restriction juu ya Epigenetic Signatures of Aging.""" Gensous & Co- Int. J. ya Sayansi ya Molekuli <unk> 2019 Saratani kwa ujumla inaelezwa na dysfunction ya udhibiti wa ndani ya seli (yaani. Utaratibu wa kuzalisha na kuzalisha ni moja ya njia za epigenetic. Kuna uthibitisho mwingi kwamba ishara za maumbile zaweza kuhusishwa na utabiri wa maendeleo ya kansa.