Dietary patterns in infancy and cognitive and neuropsychological function in childhood.
Gale CR., Martyn CN., Marriott LD., Limond J., Crozier S., Inskip HM., Godfrey KM., Law CM., Cooper C., Robinson SM., Southampton Women's Survey Study Group None.
BACKGROUND: Trials in developing countries suggest that improving young children's diet may benefit cognitive development. Whether dietary composition influences young children's cognition in developed countries is unclear. Although many studies have examined the relation between type of milk received in infancy and subsequent cognition, there has been no investigation of the possible effect of variations in the weaning diet. METHODS: We studied 241 children aged 4 years, whose diet had been assessed at age 6 and 12 months. We measured IQ with the Wechsler Pre-School and Primary Scale of Intelligence, visual attention, visuomotor precision, sentence repetition and verbal fluency with the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY), and visual form-constancy with the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills. RESULTS: In sex-adjusted analyses, children whose diet in infancy was characterised by high consumption of fruit, vegetables and home-prepared foods ('infant guidelines' dietary pattern) had higher full-scale and verbal IQ and better memory performance at age 4 years. Further adjustment for maternal education, intelligence, social class, quality of the home environment and other potential confounding factors attenuated these associations but the relations between higher 'infant guidelines' diet score and full-scale and verbal IQ remained significant. For a standard deviation increase in 'infant guidelines' diet score at 6 or 12 months full-scale IQ rose by .18 (95% CI .04 to .31) of a standard deviation. For a standard deviation increase in 'infant guidelines' diet score at 6 months verbal IQ rose by .14 (.01 to .27) of a standard deviation. There were no associations between dietary patterns in infancy and 4-year performance on the other tests. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that dietary patterns in early life may have some effect on cognitive development. It is also possible that they reflect the influence of unmeasured confounding factors.
Mifumo ya lishe katika utotoni na kazi ya utambuzi na neuropsychological katika utotoni. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya kwanza ya makala hii, ""Mariott L.D., Limond J., Crozier S., Inskip H.M., Godfrey K.M., Law C.M., Cooper C., Robinson S.M., Southampton Women's Survey Study Group"" (Mapendekezo ya Mtaalamu wa Utafiti wa Wanawake, 2001)." Majaribio yaliyofanywa katika nchi zinazoendelea yanaonyesha kwamba kuboresha lishe ya watoto wadogo kunaweza kusaidia ukuzi wa akili. Haijulikani wazi kama chakula kinaweza kuathiri uwezo wa watoto wadogo wa kutambua mambo katika nchi zilizoendelea. Ingawa utafiti umefanyika juu ya uhusiano kati ya aina ya maziwa ya mtoto na utambuzi wa baadaye, hakuna utafiti uliofanywa juu ya athari ya mabadiliko ya chakula cha kulea. Katika utafiti huo, watoto 241 waliochukuliwa kuwa na umri wa miaka 4 walipewa chakula cha kutosha wakati wa miezi 6 na 12. Kwa mfano, IQ ilichunguzwa kwa kutumia Wechsler Pre-School na Primary Scale of Intelligence, na uwezo wa kuona, usahihi wa visuomotor, kurudia sentensi, na ufasaha wa maneno ulichunguzwa kwa kutumia Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY). Katika uchambuzi wa kijinsia, watoto ambao chakula chao katika utotoni kilikuwa na matumizi ya juu ya matunda, mboga na vyakula vilivyotengenezwa nyumbani (mfano wa chakula cha watoto wachanga) walikuwa na IQ ya jumla na ya maneno na utendaji bora wa kumbukumbu katika umri wa miaka minne. Utaratibu zaidi kwa elimu ya mama, akili, darasa la kijamii, ubora wa mazingira ya nyumbani na sababu nyingine za uwezekano wa kuchanganyikiwa zilipunguza ushirika huu, lakini mahusiano kati ya alama ya juu ya miongozo ya chakula cha mtoto na IQ ya jumla na ya maneno yalibaki muhimu. Kwa kuongezeka kwa kupotoka kwa kawaida katika alama ya chakula cha'mwongozo wa mtoto mchanga' katika miezi 6 au 12, IQ ya kiwango kamili iliongezeka kwa 0.18 (95% CI 0.04 hadi 0.31 ya kupotoka kwa kawaida). Kwa kuongezeka kwa kupotoka kwa kawaida katika alama ya chakula cha'miongozo ya mtoto mchanga' katika miezi sita IQ ya maneno iliongezeka kwa.14 (0.01 hadi.27) ya kupotoka kwa kawaida. Hakuna uhusiano kati ya tabia ya chakula katika utoto na utendaji wa miaka minne kwenye vipimo vingine. Matokeo: Matokeo haya yanaonyesha kwamba mifumo ya chakula katika maisha ya mapema inaweza kuwa na athari fulani juu ya maendeleo ya utambuzi. Pia inawezekana kwamba wao kutafakari ushawishi wa unmeasured confounding mambo.