What was once defined as 'scientific racism' is incompatible with what we know to be science or anthropology. Inter-group differences, supposed to be large in broad terms and used to qualify people, turned out to be much smaller than intra-group differences. And the classifications into 'better' or 'worse' turned out to be completely bogus.
But that does not mean that genetics do not exist or that systematic genetic differences do not exist. For societal classifications these turned out to be meaningless as well.
For medical reasons there were some important variables identified that pertain for example to bone marrow transplants. Certain features of the immune system are more often grouped in similar ethnic groups than between dissimilar ethnic groups.
The National Marrow Donor Program summarises it as
How does a patient's ethnic background affect matching?
A patient’s likelihood of finding a matching bone marrow donor or cord blood unit on the Be The Match Registry ranges from 23% to 77% depending on ethnic background. Patients are more likely to match an adult donor of their own ethnic background.
Compare that to blood types. Yes, they exist. As do different colours of skin. But that doesn't mean that A is 'better' than B. They are just differently arranged molecules on blood cells.
Despite the large number of registered potential donors, the NMDP and unrelated HSC registries worldwide continue to face difficulties in identifying matched donors for some patients, in particular racial/ethnic minorities. (PUBMED)
Multiple dimensions of self-identification, including race/ethnicity and geographic ancestry were compared to classifications based on ancestry informative markers (AIMs), and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, which are required for transplant matching. Nearly 20% of responses were inconsistent between reporting race/ethnicity versus geographic ancestry. Despite strong concordance between AIMs and HLA, no measure of self-identification shows complete correspondence with genetic ancestry. In certain cases geographic ancestry reporting matches genetic ancestry not reflected in race/ethnicity identification, but in other cases geographic ancestries show little correspondence to genetic measures, with important differences by gender. However, when respondents assign ancestry to grandparents, we observe sub-groups of individuals with well- defined genetic ancestries, including important differences in HLA frequencies, with implications for transplant matching. While we advocate for tailored questioning to improve accuracy of ancestry ascertainment, collection of donor grandparents’ information will improve the chances of finding matches for many patients, particularly for mixed-ancestry individuals.
Hollenbach et al.: "Race, Ethnicity and Ancestry in Unrelated Transplant Matching for the National Marrow Donor Program: A Comparison of Multiple Forms of Self-Identification with Genetics", PLoS One. 2015; 10(8): e0135960.
They are not incompatible, as racism would describe it. The request with its specifics is just betting on the increased likelihood of finding a donor from a pool of a minority that has an increased likelihood of containing a match but a decreased likelihood of donors from that pool already registered. They might as well find a match from someone grouped into another ethnicity. It is a game of probabilities.
Directly about the situation in Israel:
HLA haplotype frequencies in a volunteer bone marrow donor registry should reflect the frequencies of potential transplant recipients served by that registry, a challenge in a country with diverse subethnicities of immigrants from Eastern and Western cultures, such as Israel. We evaluated the likelihood of finding suitable donors for hypothetical patients drawn from defined subethnicities in the Ezer Mizion Bone Marrow Donor Registry (EM BMDR) from donors both within and outside the registry now and during the coming decade. On average, bioinformatics modeling predicts that, given current donor recruitment trends, 6/6 high-resolution HLA match rates for Israelis, which currently stand at 40% to 55% for most subethnicities, will rise by up to 1% per year over the next decade. Subethnicities with historically lower rates of interethnic admixture are less likely to find matches outside of their designated group but will benefit from expansion of the registry, whereas ethnically directed drives will enhance matching rates for currently underrepresented subethnicities. Donor searches for the same cohort using a large extramural registry was of only slight benefit for most of the 19 EM BMDR subethnicities evaluated, confirming that local donor registries that reflect the ethnic diversity of the community being served are best equipped to serve the needs of their respective communities. Contemporary trends of an increasingly multiethnic admixture in Israel may impact the effect of ethnic profiling in assessing future match rates for EM BMDR.
Halagan et al.: "East Meets West—Impact of Ethnicity on Donor Match Rates in the Ezer Mizion Bone Marrow Donor Registry", Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Volume 23, Issue 8, August 2017, Pages 1381-1386, DOI.
Kile ambacho wakati mmoja kilifafanuliwa kama 'ubaguzi wa rangi wa kisayansi' hakipatani na kile tunachojua kuwa sayansi au anthropolojia. Tofauti kati ya makundi, ambayo inadhaniwa kuwa kubwa kwa maneno makubwa na kutumika kuhitimu watu, iligunduliwa kuwa ndogo sana kuliko tofauti ndani ya kikundi. Na uainishaji katika 'bora' au'mbaya' ilionekana kuwa bandia kabisa. Lakini hilo halimaanishi kwamba chembe za urithi hazipo au kwamba tofauti za chembe za urithi hazipo. Kwa ajili ya uainishaji wa kijamii hizi ilionekana kuwa bila maana pia. Kwa sababu za kitiba kulikuwa na baadhi ya vigezo muhimu vilivyotambuliwa ambavyo vinahusiana kwa mfano na upandikizaji wa uti wa mgongo wa mifupa. Sifa fulani za mfumo wa kinga mara nyingi hukusanywa katika vikundi vya kikabila vinavyofanana kuliko kati ya vikundi vya kikabila visivyofanana. Programu ya Kitaifa ya Watoaji wa Marrow inaelezea kwa ufupi jinsi asili ya kikabila ya mgonjwa inavyoathiri kulinganisha? Uwezekano wa mgonjwa kupata mchangiaji wa utando wa mifupa au damu ya utando kwenye Usajili wa Be The Match unatofautiana kutoka 23% hadi 77%, kulingana na asili ya kikabila. Wagonjwa huwa na uwezekano mkubwa zaidi wa kupatana na mtoaji mzima wa asili yao wenyewe ya kikabila. Linganisha hilo na vikundi vya damu. Ndiyo, zipo. Kama vile rangi tofauti-tofauti za ngozi. Lakini hiyo haimaanishi kwamba A ni 'bora' kuliko B. Ni molekuli zilizoorodheshwa kwa njia tofauti tu kwenye chembe za damu. Licha ya idadi kubwa ya wafadhili wa uwezekano waliosajiliwa, NMDP na usajili wa HSC ulimwenguni kote unaendelea kukabiliwa na ugumu wa kutambua wafadhili waliofanana kwa baadhi ya wagonjwa, haswa wa jamii ndogo. "Mipangilio mbalimbali ya utambulisho wa kibinafsi, ikiwa ni pamoja na jamii, ukoo na asili ya kijiografia, ililinganishwa na uainishaji kulingana na alama za habari za ukoo (AIMs) na jeni za antigen ya leukocyte ya binadamu (HLA), ambazo zinahitajika kwa ajili ya ""kufanana kwa kupandikiza.""" Karibu asilimia 20 ya majibu yalikuwa na tofauti kati ya kuripoti jamii au kabila dhidi ya asili ya kijiografia. Licha ya kufanana kwa nguvu kati ya AIM na HLA, hakuna kipimo cha kujitambulisha kinachoonyesha uwiano kamili na ukoo wa maumbile. Katika baadhi ya kesi, ripoti ya asili ya kijiografia inalingana na asili ya maumbile ambayo haionyeshwi katika utambulisho wa jamii au kabila, lakini katika kesi nyingine, asili ya kijiografia inaonyesha uwiano mdogo na vipimo vya maumbile, na tofauti muhimu kulingana na jinsia. Hata hivyo, wakati respondents kuashiria ukoo kwa babu na nyanya, sisi kuchunguza makundi madogo ya watu na vizuri maalum ukoo wa maumbile, ikiwa ni pamoja na tofauti muhimu katika HLA frequency, na athari kwa ajili ya kupandikiza mechi. Wakati sisi kutetea kwa ajili ya kuuliza tailored kuboresha usahihi wa uthibitisho wa ukoo, ukusanyaji wa donor babu na nyanya habari itaboresha nafasi ya kupata mechi kwa wagonjwa wengi, hasa kwa ajili ya watu mchanganyiko-uzazi. Hollenbach et al. "Race, Ethnicity and Ancestry in Unrelated Transplant Matching for the National Marrow Donor Program: A Comparison of Multiple Forms of Self-Identification with Genetics"" (Race, Ethnicity and Ancestry in Unrelated Transplant Matching for the National Marrow Donor Program: A Comparison of Multiple Forms of Self-Identification with Genetics) ni kitabu cha utafiti kilichochapishwa na PLoS One." 10 (mstari wa 8) - E0135960 Si kwamba hazipatani, kama vile ubaguzi wa rangi ungefafanua. "Uombaji wa ""mwenyeji"" ni uwezekano wa kupata mchangiaji kutoka kwa kundi la watu wachache ambao wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kuwa na mechi lakini uwezekano mdogo wa kuwa na mchangiaji kutoka kwa kundi hilo tayari limesajiliwa." Huenda pia wakapata mtu anayepatana na mtu wa kabila jingine. Ni mchezo wa uwezekano. Kwa mfano, kwa mfano, katika Israel, idadi ya haplotypes ya HLA katika orodha ya wafadhili wa mifupa ya kujitolea inapaswa kutafakari idadi ya wapokeaji wa uhamisho wa uwezekano wa kuwahudumia, changamoto katika nchi yenye idadi ya wahamiaji kutoka tamaduni za Mashariki na Magharibi. "Tunachunguza uwezekano wa kupata wafadhili wanaofaa kwa wagonjwa wa nadharia waliochukuliwa kutoka kwa jamii ndogo zilizofafanuliwa katika Usajili wa Wafadhili wa Mifupa ya Ezer Miziano (EMDR) kutoka kwa wafadhili ndani na nje ya Usajili sasa na katika muongo ujao. """ Kwa wastani, mfano wa bioinformatics unakadiria kwamba, kwa kuzingatia mwenendo wa sasa wa kuajiri wafadhili, viwango vya 6 6 vya HLA vya azimio la juu kwa Waisraeli, ambayo kwa sasa inasimama kwa 40% hadi 55% kwa idadi kubwa ya watu wa kabila, itaongezeka hadi 1% kwa mwaka katika muongo ujao. "Watu wa makabila madogo na viwango vya chini vya mchanganyiko wa kikabila ni chini ya uwezekano wa kupata mechi nje ya kundi lao maalum, lakini watafaidika na upanuzi wa usajili, wakati kampeni za kikabila zitaongeza viwango vya mechi kwa watu wa makabila madogo ambao kwa sasa hawawakilishwa vizuri. """ Utafiti wa wafadhili kwa kundi moja kwa kutumia usajili mkubwa wa nje ya nyumba ulikuwa na faida ndogo tu kwa wengi wa jamii ndogo za 19 za EMDR zilizochunguzwa, ikithibitisha kwamba usajili wa wafadhili wa ndani ambao unaonyesha utofauti wa kikabila wa jamii inayotumikia ni bora zaidi kuwahudumia mahitaji ya jamii zao. Mwelekeo wa sasa wa mchanganyiko wa kikabila katika Israeli unaweza kuathiri athari ya upendeleo wa kikabila katika kutathmini viwango vya mechi za baadaye kwa EMDR. Halagan et al. "Kutoka kwa Mashariki hadi Magharibi: Athari ya Utamaduni kwenye Viwango vya Mchanganyiko wa Mtoaji katika Usajili wa Mtoaji wa Mifupa ya Ezer Miziano, ""Biolojia ya Upasuaji wa Damu na Mifupa,"" Volume 23, Toleo la 8, Agosti 2017, Kurasa 1381-1386, DOI."