Linux for beginners: an introduction to the Linux operating system
Almost we all are familiar with the Windows, iOS and Android operating systems. These Operating Systems are something that we use daily, but out of all the computer users, very fewer users are familiar with the Linux operating system. Various users think of it as a very complicated system that only professionals can use. Now, this is wrong because anyone can use Linux and that’s why in this beginner’s guide we are going to share some basic information about the Linux operating system.
Linux is a free open-source operating system
Linux is an operating system or kernel. It is an open-source operating system that can be easily downloaded. It is similar to the UNIX system. This is the brainchild of a young computer science student named Linus Torvalds. When he used to work at UNIX OS, then he develops a Linux system as an improvement in the UNIX. But, when he proposed this to the UNIX OS, then they outrageously declined his proposal so he thought of launching Linux as an open-sourced distribution for his users.
The Linux kernel was introduced in 1991, however, to use its programs like File Manager, Document Editors, and Audio Video programs are required. It’s something like eating ice from a cone. With time, he collaborated with the other intelligent programmers of MIT and designed applications to start Linux. So, around somewhere in 1991, he reintroduced the Linux operating system with some official applications and this Linux became the most loved open-sourced OS option up to till date.
The older versions of Linux were not at all user-friendly as they were only used by computer programmers and Linus never wanted to commercialize the program. This is the main reason that Linux isn’t as popular as the other operating systems like Windows. However, the open-sourced feature of Linux still made it quite popular among advanced computer users.
Spotlight Over Linux
The top advantages of Linux were that programmers can use the Linux kernel to their custom operating system. This feature of Linux made numerous programmers shift towards Linux. Today, Linux is one of the most popular and widely used Kernel, and it is the backbone of popular operating systems like Debian, Knoppix, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, and Fedora. There are thousands of Linux based operating software available in the market. Linux kernel is used in the GNU project by Dr. Richard Stallman.
Benefits of using Linux
Linux is one of the leading OS of the twenty-first century and is very popular among programmers as well as regular computer users. This operating system has numerous benefits such as –
- It is a free operating system so no need to spend thousands of dollars on getting OS.
- It is an open-sourced program that can be used by anyone with small programming knowledge.
- Linux operating system has millions of programs and applications and out of which most of them are free.
- After installing Linux on your system you don’t need antivirus. It is a highly secured system with a global community looking up new ways to enhance security. With every new update, Linux gets even more secure.
- It is the first choice of server environment due to the stability and reliability factors like Amazon, Facebook, and Google use Linux for their Servers). A Linux-based server could run non-stop without a reboot for years on end.
What are some features of Linux?
Speed – Linux runs pretty fast It is supported on almost every major computer platform including x86, ARM and SPARC, making it one of the most widely supported operating systems.
Graphical Customization: GNU/Linux is the only OS that lets you pick the GUI if you want to go that far, get Arch Linux, find a GUI you like, and install it.
Control Over Entire Base System: Linux is great when it comes to fixing errors. Because your system is already in modular pieces, if a tool breaks, you can either uninstall then re-install the package using a manager of your choice, re-compile it by hand, or either find a different tool as a filler and for those creative minds out there, write your own replacement.
Programmer-friendly – One of the best things I’ve learned about Linux is that it comes with everything you need to compile both C and C++ programs out of the box, regardless of distribution. Unless, of course, you require different tools, see above. This includes a text editor and a compiler, but there are many other languages supported on Linux.
If you are a developer, Linux is great for you. You can find lots of resources that help you in developing software, IDEs, compilers, debuggers, profilers. You will be active all the time, asking questions to the community, getting answers, answers may lead you to get a piece of code, compile it, get a new idea, etc
Basic Linux commands for beginners
- The “echo” command helps us move some data, usually text into a file.
- sudo stands for “SuperUser Do“, A widely used command in the Linux command line, if you want any command to be done with administrative or root privileges, you can use the sudo command.
- If you want to see the list of files on your UNIX or Linux system, use the ‘ls‘ command. It shows the files /directories in your current directory.
- You can use ‘ls -R‘ to shows all the files not only in directories but also subdirectories
- The ‘rm‘ command removes files from the system without confirmation.
- The ‘cat‘ command is used to display text files. It can also be used for copying, combining and creating new text files.
- You can use df command to see the available disk space in each of the partitions in your system. And Use du to know the disk usage of a file in your system.
- Use zip to compress files into a zip archive, and unzip to extract files from a zip archive.
- Use apt-get to install packages. This requires root privileges, so use the sudo command with it.
- Use chmod to make a file executable and to change the permissions granted to it in Linux.
- Use hostname to know your name in your host or network.
- You can use the clear command to clear the terminal if it gets filled up with too many commands.
- You can exit from the terminal by using the exit command.
- You can power off or reboot the computer by using the commands sudo halt and sudo reboot.
Here are some Useful Linux Terminal Commands you must remember, And a video explains how to use Linux commands.
People who are using Linux for the first time consider it a very difficult and technical operating system, but in reality, it has become a lot user-friendly in the last few years than other competitors like Windows. So, if you haven’t tried Linux yet, then it’s high time to give it a shot.
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Linux kwa ajili ya Kompyuta: Utangulizi wa Linux Operating System Karibu sisi wote ni ukoo na Windows, iOS na Android Operating Systems. Mifumo hii ya Uendeshaji ni kitu ambacho tunatumia kila siku, lakini kati ya watumiaji wote wa kompyuta, watumiaji wachache sana wanajua mfumo wa uendeshaji wa Linux. Watumiaji mbalimbali huona mfumo huo kuwa mgumu sana ambao wataalamu tu ndio wanaweza kuutumia. Sasa, hii ni makosa kwa sababu mtu yeyote anaweza kutumia Linux na kwamba ni kwa nini katika mwongozo huu wa mwanzoni sisi ni kwenda kushiriki baadhi ya habari ya msingi kuhusu mfumo wa uendeshaji wa Linux. Linux ni mfumo wa uendeshaji wa chanzo wazi, na ni mfumo wa uendeshaji wa msingi. Ni mfumo wa uendeshaji wa chanzo wazi ambayo inaweza kupakuliwa kwa urahisi. Ni sawa na mfumo wa UNIX. Hii ni ubunifu wa mwanafunzi mchanga wa sayansi ya kompyuta aitwaye Linus Torvalds. Alipokuwa akifanya kazi katika UNIX OS, kisha yeye maendeleo ya mfumo wa Linux kama uboreshaji katika UNIX. Lakini, alipopendekeza hii kwa UNIX OS, kisha walikataa pendekezo lake kwa hasira, kwa hivyo alifikiri kuzindua Linux kama usambazaji wa chanzo wazi kwa watumiaji wake. Linux kernel ilianzishwa mwaka 1991 na ina programu nyingi za faili, kama vile faili meneja, hati mhariri, na programu za sauti na video. Ni kitu kama kula barafu kutoka koni. Baada ya muda, alishirikiana na programu nyingine za akili za MIT na kubuni programu za kuanzisha Linux. Mwaka 1991 Linux ilizinduliwa tena na programu rasmi, na ikawa moja ya mifumo ya uendeshaji ya wazi zaidi duniani. Matoleo ya zamani ya Linux hayakuwa ya kirafiki kabisa kwa sababu yalitumiwa tu na waandaaji wa kompyuta na Linus hakutaka kuuza programu hiyo. Hii ni sababu kuu kwamba Linux si kama maarufu kama mifumo mingine ya uendeshaji kama Windows. Hata hivyo, kipengele cha chanzo wazi cha Linux bado alifanya hivyo maarufu sana miongoni mwa watumiaji wa kompyuta ya juu. Matokeo ya Linux ni kwamba programu inaweza kutumia kernel ya Linux kwa mfumo wao wa uendeshaji wa kawaida. Kipengele hiki cha Linux alifanya programu nyingi kugeuka kuelekea Linux. Leo, Linux ni moja ya Kernel maarufu na kutumika sana, na ni uti wa mgongo wa mifumo ya uendeshaji maarufu kama Debian, Knoppix, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, na Fedora. Kuna maelfu ya Linux msingi programu ya uendeshaji inapatikana katika soko. kernel ya Linux hutumiwa katika mradi wa GNU na Dk Richard Stallman. Linux ni moja ya OS inayoongoza ya karne ya ishirini na moja na ni maarufu sana miongoni mwa watengenezaji wa programu na watumiaji wa kawaida wa kompyuta. Mfumo huu wa uendeshaji una faida nyingi kama vile <unk> - Ni mfumo wa uendeshaji wa bure kwa hivyo hakuna haja ya kutumia maelfu ya dola kupata OS. - Ni programu ya chanzo wazi ambayo inaweza kutumika na mtu yeyote na ujuzi mdogo wa programu. - Mfumo wa uendeshaji wa Linux una mamilioni ya programu na maombi na kati ya ambayo wengi wao ni bure. - Baada ya kufunga Linux kwenye mfumo wako huna haja ya antivirus. Ni mfumo uliohifadhiwa sana na jamii ya kimataifa inayotafuta njia mpya za kuboresha usalama. Kwa kila update mpya, Linux inakuwa hata salama zaidi. Ni chaguo la kwanza la mazingira ya seva kutokana na utulivu na kuegemea mambo kama Amazon, Facebook, na Google kutumia Linux kwa Servers yao). Seva ya msingi wa Linux inaweza kukimbia bila kuacha bila kuanzisha upya kwa miaka mingi. Ni nini baadhi ya sifa za Linux? Linux ni moja ya mifumo ya uendeshaji inayoungwa mkono zaidi ulimwenguni, ikiunga mkono karibu kila jukwaa kuu la kompyuta, pamoja na x86, ARM na SPARC, na kuifanya kuwa moja ya mifumo ya uendeshaji inayoungwa mkono zaidi. GNU Linux ni mfumo wa uendeshaji wa kwanza wa GNU ambao unakupa fursa ya kuchagua GUI, na ikiwa unataka kwenda mbali, kupata Arch Linux, kupata GUI unayopenda, na kuiweka. Udhibiti juu ya Mfumo wa Msingi Wote: Linux ni kubwa linapokuja suala la kurekebisha makosa. Kwa sababu mfumo wako tayari ni katika vipande modular, kama chombo kuvunja, unaweza ama kuondoa kisha reinstall mfuko kwa kutumia meneja wa uchaguzi wako, re-kuunganisha kwa mkono, au ama kupata chombo tofauti kama filler na kwa wale akili ubunifu huko nje, kuandika badala yako mwenyewe. Programu- kirafiki <unk> Moja ya mambo bora nimejifunza kuhusu Linux ni kwamba inakuja na kila kitu unahitaji kukusanya wote C na C ++ programu nje ya sanduku, bila kujali usambazaji. Isipokuwa, bila shaka, unahitaji zana tofauti, angalia hapo juu. Hii ni pamoja na mhariri wa maandishi na compiler, lakini kuna lugha nyingine nyingi mkono juu ya Linux. Kama wewe ni developer, Linux ni kubwa kwa ajili yenu. Unaweza kupata rasilimali nyingi ambazo zinakusaidia katika kuendeleza programu, IDEs, compilers, debuggers, profilers. "Kama wewe ni kufanya kazi wakati wote, kuuliza maswali kwa jamii, kupata majibu, majibu inaweza kusababisha wewe kupata kipande cha kanuni, compile, kupata wazo jipya, nk ""Maagizo ya msingi ya Linux kwa ajili ya wapya"" - ""Echo"" amri inatusaidia kuhamisha baadhi ya data, kawaida maandishi katika faili." - sudo inasimama kwa <unk>SuperUser Do<unk>, amri kutumika sana katika mstari wa amri Linux, kama unataka amri yoyote kufanyika na mamlaka ya kiutawala au mzizi, unaweza kutumia amri sudo. - Kama unataka kuona orodha ya faili juu ya mfumo wako UNIX au Linux, kutumia <unk>ls<unk> amri. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Files"" ni orodha ya faili zilizopo katika orodha yako ya sasa." - Unaweza kutumia <unk>ls -R<unk> kuonyesha faili zote si tu katika directory lakini pia subdirectories <unk> amri <unk>rm<unk> huondoa faili kutoka kwa mfumo bila uthibitisho. - <unk>cat<unk> amri ni kutumika kuonyesha faili ya maandishi. Pia inaweza kutumika kwa ajili ya kunakili, kuchanganya na kuunda faili mpya maandishi. Unaweza kutumia amri ya df kuona nafasi ya diski inapatikana katika kila moja ya partitions katika mfumo wako. Na kutumia du kujua matumizi ya diski ya faili katika mfumo wako. - Tumia zip kufyatua faili katika archive zip, na unzip kuchimba faili kutoka archive zip. - Tumia apt-kupata kufunga vifurushi. Hii inahitaji haki mzizi, hivyo kutumia amri sudo na yake. - Tumia chmod kufanya faili executable na kubadilisha ruhusa iliyotolewa kwa hilo katika Linux. - Tumia jina la mwenyeji kujua jina lako katika mwenyeji wako au mtandao. - Unaweza kutumia wazi amri ya kusafisha terminal kama anapata kujazwa na amri nyingi sana. - Unaweza kuondoka kutoka terminal kwa kutumia amri ya kuondoka. - Unaweza nguvu mbali au reboot kompyuta kwa kutumia amri sudo kuacha na sudo reboot. Hapa ni baadhi ya muhimu Linux Terminal amri lazima kukumbuka, na video anaelezea jinsi ya kutumia amri Linux. Kwa wale wanaotumia Linux kwa mara ya kwanza, ni ngumu sana na ya kiufundi, lakini kwa kweli imekuwa rahisi zaidi kwa watumiaji katika miaka michache iliyopita kuliko washindani wengine kama Windows. Hivyo, kama hujajaribu Linux bado, basi ni wakati wa juu wa kutoa risasi. 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