The image displayed provides a visual overview of the human circulatory system, highlighting the major arteries and veins within the body.
Starting at the top, we see the jugular vein which drains blood from the head, alongside the vertebral vein. These join the subclavian vein, which receives blood from the arm, and together they pour into the superior vena cava. This large vein carries blood into the right atrium of the heart. The heart is shown centrally in the chest cavity, with the aortic arch just above it from where the brachiocephalic artery branches off, supplying blood to the right arm and the head. Next to it, the common carotid artery ascends alongside the trachea to supply the head and neck.
To the left, we have the subclavian artery which branches from the aortic arch and follows a similar path to the subclavian vein. The pulmonary artery, which is responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, is also visible emanating from the heart. The coronary arteries, essential for supplying blood to the heart muscle, are seen branching from the base of the aorta.
Descending further, the brachial artery is seen running down the arm, whereas the thoracic aorta travels down the posterior chest wall. The renal artery and vein are responsible for blood supply to and from the kidneys. The abdominal aorta continues the descent from the thoracic aorta through the abdominal cavity, giving rise to the iliac arteries which supply the pelvic organs and lower limbs.
The common iliac vein is shown returning blood from the lower limbs, joining with its counterpart to form the inferior vena cava, which carries blood from the lower body back to the heart.
In the lower limbs, the femoral artery and vein are the principal vessels of the thigh, with the femoral artery continuing as the popliteal artery behind the knee. This artery then divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries to supply the lower leg and foot. The great saphenous vein, the longest vein in the body, runs medially in the leg and thigh and is commonly used for grafts in coronary artery bypass surgery. The peroneal vein runs adjacent to the fibula in the lower leg.
This intricate network of vessels is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body and for removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes. The arteries, shown in red, carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, and the veins, shown in blue, carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart.
This illustration provides an educational comparison of the three primary types of blood vessels in the human circulatory system: veins, arteries, and capillaries.
At the top, we see a representation of a vein, characterized by its relatively thin wall compared to its lumen, the hollow part through which blood flows. Veins are depicted in a blue color, which traditionally indicates they carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, except for the pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood. The wall layers are less distinct than in arteries and are generally less muscular and elastic. The diameter of veins can range from 1 mm to 15 mm. Valves are seen within the vein, which prevent the backflow of blood and ensure its unidirectional flow towards the heart.
Below the vein is the artery, shown in red to signify the oxygenated blood that is typically carried away from the heart to the rest of the body. Arteries have a thicker wall composed of three layers, including a thick muscular layer that allows them to withstand and regulate the high pressure of blood pumped by the heart. Their diameters can vary from 0.1 mm to 10 mm. Arteries do not have valves like veins because the pressure from the heart’s pumping action keeps blood flowing in one direction.
At the bottom, the capillary is depicted, which is the smallest type of blood vessel. Capillaries connect arteries and veins, facilitating the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrients and waste substances between blood and the tissues of the body. Their walls are just one cell thick, allowing for this exchange. The diameter of capillaries is about 5 to 10 microns (micrometers), which is so small that blood cells can only pass through in a single file.
Understanding the differences in structure and function of these vessels is essential for comprehending how blood circulates throughout the body, delivering vital substances to cells and removing waste products.
The image is a schematic representation of the human blood circulatory system, showing the major arteries, veins, and organs involved in blood circulation. It uses color-coding to differentiate between oxygenated blood (in red) and deoxygenated blood (in blue), providing a clear visual distinction between arterial and venous blood.
At the center of the diagram, the heart is depicted with its four chambers: the right atrium and ventricle, and the left atrium and ventricle. The heart acts as the pump of the circulatory system, sending deoxygenated blood to the lungs and pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
Starting from the heart, the pulmonary artery (in blue) carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins (in red) and is then pumped out through the aorta, the largest artery in the body.
The systemic circulation is outlined, showing the major arteries that supply oxygenated blood to various parts of the body:
- The ascending aorta leads to the arterial branches that supply the head and brain, depicted at the top in red.
- The arterial branches that supply the arms are shown extending sideways from the ascending aorta.
- The descending aorta travels down the trunk, supplying oxygenated blood to the trunk and other organs such as the liver and kidneys, as well as the digestive tract.
- The descending aorta continues to supply the pelvis and legs.
The veins corresponding to these body regions are shown in blue, indicating the return of deoxygenated blood:
- The superior vena cava collects blood from the head and arms and channels it into the right atrium.
- The inferior vena cava gathers blood from the lower body regions and also empties into the right atrium.
The image also illustrates the hepatic portal vein, which carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver, and the renal veins, which transport deoxygenated blood from the kidneys.
This diagram is a simplified model of the circulatory system, focusing on how blood travels from the heart to various organs and back, facilitating the distribution of oxygen, nutrients, and the removal of waste products. It encapsulates the essential pathways of both the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
This diagram demonstrates the microcirculation within the human body, focusing on how blood passes from arterioles to venules through capillaries.
The arteriole, depicted at the top in red, is a small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries. Arterioles are primary regulators of blood flow and pressure as they adjust to direct the flow to various parts of the body.
Emerging from the arteriole is the metarteriole, a vessel that has structural characteristics of both arterioles and capillaries. It serves as a channel through which blood can bypass the network of capillaries.
The capillaries, shown in purple, are the smallest of a body’s blood vessels and are the sites of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to the tissues. They also collect carbon dioxide waste materials and fluids for return to the veins. They form a network that connects arterioles and venules, and their walls are only one cell thick.
Each capillary has a precapillary sphincter muscle shown as orange bands at the junction where the capillary begins. These sphincter muscles are critical in regulating blood flow into the capillary beds. They act as valves that open and close, responding to the metabolic needs of the tissues, ensuring that blood is directed to areas where it is most needed.
After the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products, the now deoxygenated blood enters the venules, which are depicted in blue. Venules are small blood vessels that collect blood from the capillary beds and coalesce into veins, completing the circuit back to the heart.
Arrows indicate the direction of blood flow, from the arteriole through the metarteriole and capillaries, passing through the precapillary sphincters, and eventually out through the venule. This process is essential for maintaining the physiological balance of the tissues, providing them with oxygen and nutrients, and removing metabolic waste.
This image provides a detailed cross-sectional view of a muscular artery and a vein, along with a depiction of the heart, illustrating the relationship between these major components of the circulatory system.
The heart is depicted in the upper left, indicating its central role in pumping blood throughout the body. Arteries, represented in red, carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body’s tissues, while veins, shown in blue, return deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Focusing on the muscular artery, we see the following layers:
- The outer layer of the artery is composed of connective tissue that provides structure and protection.
- The outer elastin layer allows the artery to stretch and recoil with each heartbeat, which maintains blood pressure and flow.
- The smooth muscle layer is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation, adjusting the artery’s diameter to regulate blood pressure and flow.
- The inner elastin layer provides elasticity to the inner structure of the artery.
- The inner lining, or endothelium, is a smooth layer that reduces friction, allowing blood to flow smoothly.
For the vein, the layers include:
- An outer layer of connective tissue that is thinner than that of the artery.
- A layer of smooth muscle that is also thinner than in the artery, as veins operate under lower pressure.
- The inner lining, similar to that of the artery, provides a smooth surface for blood to travel through.
The lumen is the hollow interior through which blood flows, and it is larger in the vein compared to the artery, reflecting the lower pressure in veins.
Also depicted are blood cells, which are found within the plasma in the blood and are responsible for various functions, including oxygen transport by red blood cells, immune responses by white blood cells, and clotting by platelets.
This illustration effectively demonstrates the structural differences between arteries and veins, which are designed to fulfill their respective roles in the circulatory system.
The image illustrates the blood flow in the human circulatory system, showcasing the heart as the central organ that pumps blood throughout the body. The diagram is color-coded to differentiate between oxygen-rich blood (in red) and oxygen-poor blood (in blue).
The heart is depicted in the center, with the aorta emerging from its top. The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. Branching from the aorta, blood flow to the head and arms is indicated, signifying the pathway of arterial blood to the upper part of the body.
On the top right and left of the heart are the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart. This is in contrast to the pulmonary arteries, located on the top right and left of the image, which carry oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.
The superior vena cava is shown at the top center, above the heart, which brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper parts of the body back to the right atrium. Below the heart, the inferior vena cava is seen carrying oxygen-poor blood from the lower parts of the body back to the heart.
The diagram also indicates blood flow to the digestive system and lower limbs, highlighting the path of arterial blood to the abdomen and legs.
This visual aid serves as a simplified representation of the systemic and pulmonary circulations, emphasizing the heart’s pivotal role in driving blood flow to various body regions, including the lungs for gas exchange and the body’s organs and tissues for nutrient and oxygen delivery.
This image illustrates the capillary bed, a network of capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body’s circulatory system. Capillaries function to facilitate the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.
On the left, we see an arteriole, a small branch of an artery leading into the capillary bed. The blood enters the capillary bed at high pressure, which is indicated by the red arrow and the “High pressure” label. This high pressure causes plasma, the liquid component of blood, to be exuded (or filtered out) through the thin capillary walls into the surrounding tissue. This plasma, now called tissue fluid, carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissue cells.
Within the capillary bed, the red cells, which are the erythrocytes responsible for carrying oxygen, are shown passing through the capillaries. The capillaries are surrounded by tissue fluid and tissue cells, which take up the oxygen and nutrients. The tissue cells are depicted as oval structures adjacent to the capillaries.
On the right side of the image, we have a venule, which is a small vein that the blood enters after passing through the capillary bed. By the time blood reaches the venule, it is at low pressure, as indicated by the blue arrow and “Low pressure” label. Due to the lower pressure, some of the tissue fluid is reabsorbed into the capillaries, while the excess tissue fluid is drained away by the lymphatic system, which is indicated by a thin vessel labeled “Lymphatic.”
This process of exchange between the blood and tissue cells via the capillary bed is crucial for maintaining the homeostasis of the body’s internal environment. It allows for the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to tissues and the removal of waste products. The lymphatic system also plays a vital role in returning excess tissue fluid to the circulation, helping to maintain fluid balance in the body.
|The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
|A small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends from an artery and leads to capillaries.
|A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues.
|An artery running down the arm.
|An artery supplying blood to the right arm and head.
|The smallest blood vessels, connecting arteries and veins, facilitating the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other nutrients and waste substances.
|Common Carotid Artery
|An artery ascending alongside the trachea to supply the head and neck.
|Common Iliac Vein
|A vein returning blood from the lower limbs, joining to form the inferior vena cava.
|Arteries essential for supplying blood to the heart muscle.
|The principal artery of the thigh.
|The principal vein of the thigh.
|Great Saphenous Vein
|The longest vein in the body, running medially in the leg and thigh.
|Hepatic Portal Vein
|A vein carrying nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver.
|Inferior Vena Cava
|A large vein carrying blood from the lower body back to the heart.
|A vein that drains blood from the head.
|A vessel with characteristics of both arterioles and capillaries, serving as a channel for blood to bypass capillary networks.
|A vein running adjacent to the fibula in the lower leg.
|The artery continuing from the femoral artery behind the knee.
|A muscle acting as a valve at the junction where a capillary begins, regulating blood flow into capillary beds.
|An artery transporting deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
|Veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
|An artery responsible for supplying blood to the kidneys.
|A vein responsible for carrying blood from the kidneys.
|An artery branching from the aortic arch, following a path similar to the subclavian vein.
|A vein receiving blood from the arm, joining the jugular and vertebral veins to pour into the superior vena cava.
|Superior Vena Cava
|A large vein carrying blood into the right atrium of the heart from the head, arms, and upper body.
|A part of the aorta traveling down the posterior chest wall.
|The windpipe; a tube connecting the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, providing air flow.
Picha iliyoonyeshwa hutoa muhtasari wa kuona wa mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu wa binadamu, ikikazia mishipa mikubwa na mishipa ndani ya mwili. Kuanzia juu, tunaona mshipa wa jugular ambao hutiririka damu kutoka kichwa, kando ya mshipa wa uti wa mgongo. Vilevile, vena subclavian, ambayo hupokea damu kutoka kwenye mkono, huingia kwenye vena cava ya juu. Mshipa huo mkubwa hubeba damu hadi kwenye atrium ya kulia ya moyo. Moyo unaonyeshwa katikati ya kifua, na upinde wa aorta juu yake kutoka mahali ambapo mshipa wa brachiocephalic unagawanyika, ukitoa damu kwa mkono wa kulia na kichwa. Karibu na hilo, mshipa wa kawaida wa carotid hupanda kando ya trachea ili kuandaa damu kwa kichwa na shingo. Upande wa kushoto, tuna mshipa wa chini ya kiganja ambao una matawi kutoka kwa arch ya aorta na unafuata njia sawa na mshipa wa chini ya kiganja. Mshipa wa mapafu, ambao ni wajibu wa kusafirisha damu deoxygenated kwa mapafu kwa oksijeni, pia inaonekana kutoka moyo. Mishipa ya damu ya moyo, ambayo ni muhimu kwa kuandaa damu kwa misuli ya moyo, huonekana ikigawanyika kutoka chini ya aorta. Ukipanda zaidi, mshipa wa mkono unaonekana ukipanda chini ya mkono, ilhali aorta ya kifua hupanda chini ya ukuta wa nyuma wa kifua. Mshipa wa figo na mshipa wa damu ni wajibu wa usambazaji wa damu kwa na kutoka kwa figo. Aorta ya tumbo inaendelea kushuka kutoka aorta ya kifua kupitia shimo la tumbo, ikitoa mishipa ya iliac ambayo hutoa viungo vya pelvic na viungo vya chini. Mshipa wa iliac wa kawaida huonyesha damu ikirudi kutoka kwa viungo vya chini, ikiungana na mwenzake kuunda vena cava ya chini, ambayo hubeba damu kutoka kwa mwili wa chini kurudi kwa moyo. Katika viungo vya chini, mshipa wa femoral na mshipa wa femoral ni mishipa kuu ya paja, na mshipa wa femoral unaendelea kama mshipa wa popliteal nyuma ya goti. Kisha mshipa huo hugawanyika katika mshipa wa mbele na wa nyuma wa tibial ili kuandaa sehemu ya chini ya mguu na mguu. Mshipa wa saphenous, mshipa mrefu zaidi katika mwili, unaendesha katikati ya mguu na kiuno na hutumiwa kwa kawaida kwa ajili ya grafts katika upasuaji wa bypass ya mshipa wa moyo. Mshipa wa peroneal unaelekea kando ya fibula katika sehemu ya chini ya mguu. Mfumo huu wa mishipa ya damu ni muhimu kwa kuhamisha oksijeni na virutubisho kwa kila seli ya mwili na kuondoa kaboni dioksidi na taka za kimetaboliki. Mishipa ya damu iliyoonyeshwa kwa rangi nyekundu husafirisha damu yenye oksijeni kutoka kwenye moyo, na mishipa ya damu iliyoonyeshwa kwa rangi ya bluu husafirisha damu isiyo na oksijeni kuelekea kwenye moyo. Mchoro huu hutoa ulinganisho wa kielimu wa aina tatu za msingi za mishipa ya damu katika mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu wa binadamu: mishipa ya damu, mishipa ya damu, na mishipa ya damu. Katika sehemu ya juu, tunaona uwakilishi wa mshipa, unaojulikana kwa ukuta wake mwembamba ikilinganishwa na lumen yake, sehemu tupu ambayo damu hutiririka. Mishipa ya damu huonyeshwa kwa rangi ya bluu, ambayo kwa kawaida inaonyesha kwamba hubeba damu isiyo na oksijeni nyuma kwenye moyo, isipokuwa mishipa ya mapafu ambayo hubeba damu yenye oksijeni. Tabaka za ukuta hazionekani waziwazi kama zile za mishipa ya damu na kwa kawaida hazina misuli na hazina nguvu. Kiasi cha mtiririko wa mishipa ya damu inaweza kuwa kati ya 1mm na 15mm. Valves ni kuonekana ndani ya mshipa, ambayo kuzuia backflow ya damu na kuhakikisha mtiririko wake unidirectional kuelekea moyo. Chini ya mshipa wa damu kuna mshipa unaoonyeshwa kwa rangi nyekundu, unaoonyesha damu yenye oksijeni ambayo kwa kawaida husafirishwa kutoka moyo hadi sehemu nyingine za mwili. Mshipa wa damu una ukuta mzito ulio na tabaka tatu, ikiwa ni pamoja na tabaka la misuli ambayo inawawezesha kuvumilia na kudhibiti shinikizo la juu la damu inayopeperushwa na moyo. Kipenyo chao inaweza kutofautiana kutoka 0.1 mm hadi 10 mm. Mishipa haina valves kama mishipa kwa sababu shinikizo kutoka kwa moyo pumping hatua anaweka damu mtiririko katika mwelekeo mmoja. Chini, mtiririko wa damu unaonyeshwa, ambao ni aina ndogo zaidi ya mishipa ya damu. Mishipa ya damu huunganisha mishipa na mishipa ya damu, na hivyo kuwezesha kubadilishana kwa maji, oksijeni, kaboni dioksidi, na virutubisho vingine vingi na vitu vingine vya taka kati ya damu na tishu za mwili. Kuta zao zina unene wa chembe moja tu, na hivyo zinawezesha kubadilishana huko. Mzunguko wa mishipa ya damu ni microns 5-10 (micrometers), ambayo ni ndogo sana kwamba seli za damu zinaweza kupita tu katika faili moja. Kuelewa tofauti za muundo na kazi ya mishipa hii ni muhimu kwa kuelewa jinsi damu inavyotembea katika mwili, kutoa vitu muhimu kwa seli na kuondoa taka. Picha hiyo ni picha ya mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu wa mwanadamu, ikionyesha mishipa mikubwa ya damu, mishipa ya damu, na viungo vinavyohusika katika mzunguko wa damu. Inatumia rangi ya rangi ili kutofautisha kati ya damu yenye oksijeni (kwa rangi nyekundu) na damu isiyo na oksijeni (kwa rangi ya bluu), ikitoa tofauti ya wazi ya kuona kati ya damu ya mishipa na mishipa. Katikati ya mchoro huo, moyo unaonyeshwa ukiwa na vyumba vyake vinne: atrium na ventricle ya kulia, na atrium na ventricle ya kushoto. Moyo hufanya kazi kama pampu ya mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu, ukituma damu isiyo na oksijeni kwenye mapafu na kupomba damu yenye oksijeni kwenye sehemu nyingine za mwili. Kuanzia moyo, mshipa wa mapafu (kwa rangi ya bluu) hubeba damu isiyo na oksijeni hadi mapafu ambapo kubadilishana gesi hutokea. Damu yenye oksijeni inarudi kwenye moyo kupitia mishipa ya mapafu (kwa rangi nyekundu) na kisha hupumua kupitia aorta, mshipa mkubwa zaidi mwilini. Mzunguko wa damu wa mfumo unaonyeshwa, unaonyesha mishipa mikubwa inayotoa damu yenye oksijeni kwa sehemu mbalimbali za mwili: - Aorta inayoinuka inaongoza kwenye matawi ya mishipa ambayo hutoa damu kwa kichwa na ubongo, iliyoonyeshwa juu kwa rangi nyekundu. - Matawi ya mishipa ambayo hutoa silaha yanaonyeshwa yakipanuka upande kutoka kwa aorta inayoinuka. Aorta ya chini hupita chini ya shina, ikitoa damu yenye oksijeni kwa shina na viungo vingine kama vile ini na figo, pamoja na mfumo wa kumeng'enya chakula. - Aorta inayoshuka inaendelea kuandaa damu kwa uti wa mgongo na miguu. Mishipa ya damu ya mkojo wa juu (vena cava) huchukua damu kutoka kwenye kichwa na mikono na kuipeleka kwenye atrium ya kulia. - Vena cava ya chini hukusanya damu kutoka sehemu za chini za mwili na pia huingia katika atrium ya kulia. Picha hiyo pia inaonyesha mshipa wa portal wa ini, ambao hubeba damu yenye virutubisho kutoka kwenye mfumo wa kumeng'enya chakula hadi kwenye ini, na mishipa ya figo, ambayo hubeba damu isiyo na oksijeni kutoka kwenye figo. Mchoro huu ni mfano rahisi wa mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu, unaozingatia jinsi damu inavyosafiri kutoka moyo hadi viungo mbalimbali na nyuma, kuwezesha usambazaji wa oksijeni, virutubisho, na kuondoa taka. Inafunika njia muhimu za mzunguko wa damu wa mapafu na mfumo. Mchoro huu unaonyesha mzunguko mdogo wa damu ndani ya mwili wa binadamu, ukizingatia jinsi damu inavyopita kutoka kwa arterioles hadi venules kupitia mishipa ya damu. Arteriole (mfano wa juu) ni chombo kidogo cha damu katika mzunguko mdogo wa damu ambacho huenea na kugawanyika kutoka kwenye mshipa na kuongoza kwenye mishipa ya damu. Arterioles ni moja ya viungo vinavyodhibiti mtiririko wa damu na shinikizo la damu, na kwa hivyo huongoza mtiririko wa damu kwenye sehemu mbalimbali za mwili. Mto unaotokana na arteriole ni metarteriole, chombo ambacho kina sifa za muundo wa arterioles na capillaries. Inatumika kama njia ambayo damu inaweza kupita kupitia mtandao wa mishipa ya damu. Vipuli, vinavyoonyeshwa kwa rangi ya zambarau, ni vidogo zaidi kati ya mishipa ya damu ya mwili na ni maeneo ya uhamisho wa oksijeni na virutubisho vingine kutoka kwa mtiririko wa damu hadi kwa tishu. Pia hukusanya taka za kaboni dioksidi na umajimaji ili urudi kwenye mishipa. Vifaa hivyo vinaunganisha arterioles na venules, na kuta zao zina unene wa chembe moja tu. Kila capillary ina precapillary sphincter misuli iliyoonyeshwa kama bendi ya machungwa katika makutano ambapo capillary huanza. Misuli hiyo ya sphincter ni muhimu sana katika kudhibiti mtiririko wa damu kwenye mishipa ya mishipa ya damu. Vifaa hivyo hufungua na kufunga kwa njia ya mfumo wa damu, na hivyo kuhakikisha kwamba damu inakwenda mahali inapohitajika zaidi. Baada ya kubadilishana gesi, virutubisho, na vitu vya taka, damu ambayo sasa haina oksijeni huingia kwenye vijiti, ambavyo vimeonyeshwa kwa rangi ya bluu. Venules ni mishipa midogo ya damu ambayo hukusanya damu kutoka kwenye vitanda vya capillary na kuunganisha katika mishipa, kukamilisha mzunguko wa kurudi kwa moyo. Mshale huonyesha mwelekeo wa mtiririko wa damu kutoka arteriole kupitia metarteriole na capillaries, kupitia sphincters precapillary, na hatimaye nje kupitia venule. Utaratibu huo ni muhimu kwa kudumisha usawa wa kisaikolojia wa tishu, kuzipa oksijeni na virutubisho, na kuondoa taka za kimetaboliki. Picha hii hutoa picha ya msalaba wa msalaba wa mshipa wa misuli na mshipa wa mshipa, pamoja na picha ya moyo, kuonyesha uhusiano kati ya vipengele hivi vikuu vya mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu. Moyo unaonyeshwa upande wa juu kushoto, ukionyesha fungu lake kuu katika kusukuma damu kotekote mwilini. Mishipa, iliyoonyeshwa kwa rangi nyekundu, hubeba damu yenye oksijeni kutoka moyoni hadi kwenye tishu za mwili, huku mishipa, iliyoonyeshwa kwa rangi ya bluu, ikirudisha damu isiyo na oksijeni nyuma kwenye moyo. Katika sehemu ya nje ya mshipa wa misuli, kuna tabaka za nje ambazo huunganisha na kuunganisha. Tabaka la nje la elastin huruhusu mshipa wa damu kunyoosha na kurudi nyuma kwa kila mpigo wa moyo, ambayo huhifadhi shinikizo la damu na mtiririko. - tabaka la misuli laini ni wajibu kwa vasoconstriction na vasodilation, kurekebisha mduara wa mshipa wa damu kudhibiti shinikizo la damu na mtiririko. - Safu ya ndani ya elastin hutoa elasticity kwa muundo wa ndani wa mshipa. Endothelium ni tabaka la ndani la mwili ambalo hupunguza msuguano na kuruhusu damu kutiririka vizuri. Kwa ajili ya mshipa, tabaka ni pamoja na: - tabaka la nje ya tishu ya kuunganisha ambayo ni nyembamba kuliko ile ya mshipa. - Safu ya misuli laini ambayo pia ni nyembamba kuliko katika mshipa, kama mishipa kufanya kazi chini ya shinikizo la chini. - Sehemu ya ndani ya mshipa huo, inayofanana na ile ya mshipa huo, hutoa uso laini ambao damu inaweza kupita. Lumen ni sehemu ya ndani ya damu ambayo ni kubwa kuliko ile ya mshipa wa damu, na huonyesha shinikizo la chini katika mishipa ya damu. Pia, kuna chembe za damu ambazo zinapatikana ndani ya plasma ya damu na zinafanya kazi mbalimbali, kutia ndani kusafirisha oksijeni kupitia chembe nyekundu za damu, majibu ya kinga kupitia chembe nyeupe za damu, na kuganda kwa chembe za damu. Mfano huu unaonyesha tofauti za muundo kati ya mishipa na mishipa, ambayo ni iliyoundwa kutimiza majukumu yao katika mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu. Picha hiyo inaonyesha mtiririko wa damu katika mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu wa binadamu, ikionyesha moyo kuwa kiungo kikuu kinachopomba damu katika mwili wote. Mchoro huo umewekwa kwa rangi ili kutofautisha kati ya damu yenye oksijeni nyingi (kwa rangi nyekundu) na damu isiyo na oksijeni nyingi (kwa rangi ya bluu). Moyo umeonyeshwa katikati, na aorta inatokea juu yake. Aorta ni mshipa wa damu unaosafirisha damu yenye oksijeni kutoka kwa ventricle ya kushoto hadi sehemu nyingine za mwili. Mto wa damu kutoka aorta hadi kichwa na mikono huonyesha njia ya damu ya mishipa ya damu hadi sehemu ya juu ya mwili. Katika sehemu ya juu ya moyo, kwenye upande wa kulia na wa kushoto, kuna mishipa ya damu ya mapafu, ambayo husafirisha damu yenye oksijeni kutoka mapafu hadi kwenye atrium ya kushoto ya moyo. Hii ni tofauti na mishipa ya mapafu, iliyoko juu kulia na kushoto kwa picha, ambayo hubeba damu yenye oksijeni kidogo kutoka kwa ventricle ya kulia hadi mapafu kwa oksijeni. Vena cava ya juu (VCA) ni sehemu ya juu ya moyo ambayo huleta damu ya oksijeni kutoka sehemu za juu za mwili hadi atrium ya kulia. Chini ya moyo, vena cava ya chini huonekana ikibeba damu yenye oksijeni kidogo kutoka sehemu za chini za mwili kurudi kwenye moyo. Mchoro huo pia unaonyesha mtiririko wa damu kwenye mfumo wa kumeng'enya chakula na viungo vya chini, ukionyesha njia ya damu ya mishipa ya damu kwenda kwenye tumbo na miguu. Msaada huu wa kuona hutumika kama uwakilishi rahisi wa mzunguko wa damu wa mfumo na mapafu, ukikazia jukumu muhimu la moyo katika kuendesha mtiririko wa damu kwa mikoa mbalimbali ya mwili, ikiwa ni pamoja na mapafu kwa kubadilishana gesi na viungo vya mwili na tishu kwa ajili ya lishe na oksijeni. Picha hii inaonyesha kitanda cha capillary, mtandao wa capillaries, ambayo ni mishipa midogo ya damu katika mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu wa mwili. Mishipa ya nywele hufanya kazi ili kuwezesha kubadilishana vitu kati ya chembe za damu na chembe za tishu. Upande wa kushoto, tunaona arteriole, tawi dogo la mshipa unaoelekea kwenye kitanda cha mishipa ya damu. Damu huingia kwenye kitanda cha capillary kwa shinikizo la juu, ambalo linaonyeshwa na mshale mwekundu na lebo ya " shinikizo la juu ". Mfumo huu wa damu unafanya plasma, ambayo ni sehemu ya damu, itoke kwenye mishipa ya damu na kuingia kwenye tishu zinazozunguka mishipa hiyo. Plasma hiyo, ambayo sasa inaitwa umajimaji wa tishu, hubeba oksijeni na virutubisho hadi kwenye chembe za tishu. Katika kitanda cha capillary, chembe nyekundu, ambazo ni erythrocytes kuwajibika kwa kubeba oksijeni, ni kuonyeshwa kupita kupitia capillaries. Mishipa ya nywele imezungukwa na umajimaji wa tishu na chembe za tishu, ambazo huchukua oksijeni na virutubisho. Chembe za tishu zinaonyeshwa kama miundo ya umbo la yai iliyo karibu na mishipa ya nywele. Katika sehemu ya kulia ya picha, kuna venule, ambayo ni mshipa mdogo ambao damu huingia baada ya kupita kwenye kitanda cha capillary. Wakati damu inapofika kwenye venule, iko katika shinikizo la chini, kama inavyoonyeshwa na mshale wa bluu na lebo ya "Kinyongo cha Chini". Kwa sababu ya shinikizo la chini, baadhi ya kioevu cha tishu huingizwa tena kwenye mishipa ya nyuzinyuzi, wakati kioevu cha tishu cha ziada huondolewa na mfumo wa lymphatic, ambayo inaonyeshwa na chombo nyembamba kilichoitwa <unk>Lymphatic<unk>. Inaruhusu lishe na oksijeni kupelekwa kwenye tishu na kuondolewa kwa taka. Mfumo wa limfu pia una jukumu muhimu katika kurudisha kioevu cha ziada cha tishu kwenye mzunguko wa damu, na kusaidia kudumisha usawa wa kioevu mwilini. Arteri kubwa zaidi katika mwili, kubeba damu yenye oksijeni kutoka ventricle kushoto kwa sehemu nyingine ya mwili. Mshipa mdogo wa damu katika mzunguko mdogo wa damu ambao huanzia kwenye mshipa na kuongoza kwenye mishipa ya damu. Mshipa wa damu ambao hubeba damu yenye oksijeni kutoka kwa moyo hadi kwenye tishu za mwili. <unk>Mhimili unaotiririka kwenye mkono. <unk> Mshipa unaotoa damu kwenye mkono wa kulia na kichwa. Mifupa midogo ya damu, inayounganisha mishipa ya damu na mishipa ya damu, na kuwezesha kubadilishana kwa maji, oksijeni, kaboni dioksidi, na virutubisho vingine na vitu vya taka. Artery ya kawaida ya carotid Artery inayoinuka kando ya trachea ili kusambaza kichwa na shingo. Vena iliac ni mshipa wa damu unaorudisha damu kutoka kwa viungo vya chini na kuungana na kuunda vena cava ya chini. Arteries muhimu kwa ajili ya usambazaji wa damu kwa misuli ya moyo. Artery kuu ya paja Vena kuu ya paja. Vena Saphenous kubwa ni mshipa mrefu zaidi katika mwili, unaoendesha katikati ya mguu na paja. Vena ya portal ya ini ni mshipa unaobeba damu yenye virutubisho kutoka kwenye mfumo wa kumeng'enya chakula hadi kwenye ini. Vena Cava ya chini ni mshipa mkubwa unaobeba damu kutoka sehemu ya chini ya mwili kurudi kwenye moyo. <unk> Mshipa unaopunguza damu kutoka kichwani. Mshipa wenye sifa za arterioles na capillaries, kutumika kama njia kwa ajili ya damu bypass mitandao capillary. <unk> Mshipa unaoelekea kando ya fibula katika sehemu ya chini ya mguu. Artery inayoendelea kutoka artery ya femoral nyuma ya goti. Mshipa unaofanya kazi kama valve katika makutano ambapo capillary huanza, kudhibiti mtiririko wa damu katika vitanda capillary. Arteri inayosafirisha damu isiyo na oksijeni hadi mapafu kwa ajili ya oksijeni. Vena ni damu inayopeleka oksijeni kutoka mapafu hadi moyo. Arteri ni sehemu ya damu inayosafirishwa kwa figo. Vena ni mshipa wa damu kutoka figo. <unk> Artery branching kutoka aortic arch, kufuatia njia sawa na subclavian vein. Vena cava ni damu inayopatikana katika mkono na kuunganishwa na vena ya jugular na vertebral na kuingizwa kwenye vena cava ya juu. Vena Cava ya juu ni mshipa mkubwa unaopeleka damu kwenye atrium ya kulia ya moyo kutoka kichwa, mikono, na sehemu ya juu ya mwili. Sehemu ya aorta kusafiri chini ya ukuta wa nyuma wa kifua. <unk>Mfupa wa hewa; bomba linalounganisha pharynx na larynx na mapafu, likitoa mtiririko wa hewa.