Urinary Tract Infection
The urinary tract includes the kidneys (which filter the blood to produce urine), the ureters (the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder (which stores urine), and the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside). Urinary tract infections (UTIs) happen when bacteria get into the urethra and travel up into the bladder.
If the infection stays just in the bladder, it is a called a bladder infection, or “cystitis.” If the infection travels up past the bladder and into the kidneys, it is called a kidney infection, or “pyelonephritis.” Bladder and kidney infections are both types of UTI.
Bladder infections are one of the most common infections, causing symptoms like a burning feeling with urination and the need to urinate frequently. Kidney infections are less common than bladder infections, and can cause similar symptoms, but they can also cause fever, back pain, and nausea or vomiting.
Both bladder and kidney infections are more common in women than men. Most cases of bladder infection in women are uncomplicated and easily treated with a short course of antibiotics. In men, bladder infections may also affect the prostate gland, and a longer course of antibiotics may be needed. Kidney infections can also usually be treated at home with antibiotics, but treatment typically lasts longer. In some cases, kidney infections must be treated in the hospital.
Urinary tract infections typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply in the bladder. Although the urinary system is designed to keep out such microscopic invaders, these defenses sometimes fail. When that happens, bacteria may take hold and grow into a full-blown infection in the urinary tract.
The most common UTIs occur mainly in women and affect the bladder and urethra.
Infection of the bladder (cystitis) — This type of UTI is usually caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), a type of bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, sometimes other bacteria are responsible.
Sexual intercourse may lead to cystitis, but you don’t have to be sexually active to develop it. All women are at risk of cystitis because of their anatomy — specifically, the short distance from the urethra to the anus and the urethral opening to the bladder.
Infection of the urethra (urethritis) — This type of UTI can occur when GI bacteria spread from the anus to the urethra. Also, because the female urethra is close to the vagina, sexually transmitted infections, such as herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and mycoplasma, can cause urethritis.
Urinary tract infections are common in women, and many women experience more than one infection during their lifetimes. Risk factors specific to women for UTIs include:
- Female anatomy — A woman has a shorter urethra than a man does, which shortens the distance that bacteria must travel to reach the bladder.
- Sexual activity — Sexually active women tend to have more UTIs than do women who aren’t sexually active. Having a new sexual partner also increases your risk.
- Certain types of birth control — Women who use diaphragms for birth control may be at higher risk, as well as women who use spermicidal agents.
- Menopause — After menopause, a decline in circulating estrogen causes changes in the urinary tract that make you more vulnerable to infection.
Other risk factors for UTIs include:
- Urinary tract abnormalities — Babies born with urinary tract abnormalities that don’t allow urine to leave the body normally or cause urine to back up in the urethra have an increased risk of UTIs.
- Blockages in the urinary tract — Kidney stones or an enlarged prostate can trap urine in the bladder and increase the risk of UTIs.
- A suppressed immune system — Diabetes and other diseases that impair the immune system — the body’s defense against germs — can increase the risk of UTIs.
- Catheter use — People who can’t urinate on their own and use a tube (catheter) to urinate have an increased risk of UTIs. This may include people who are hospitalized, people with neurological problems that make it difficult to control their ability to urinate and people who are paralyzed.
- A recent urinary procedure — Urinary surgery or an exam of your urinary tract that involves medical instruments can both increase your risk of developing a urinary tract infection.
The typical symptoms of a bladder infection include:
- Pain or burning when urinating
- Frequent need to urinate
- An urgent need to urinate
- Blood in the urine
- Discomfort in the lower abdomen
Burning with urination can also occur in women with vaginal infections (such as a yeast infection) or in people with urethritis (inflammation of the urethra). For this reason, it is important to call your health care provider before assuming you have a bladder infection.
Kidney infections can sometimes cause the same symptoms as those of a bladder infection (listed above), but they can also cause:
- Fever (temperature higher than 99.9ºF or 37.7ºC)
- Pain in the flank (one or both sides of the lower back, where the kidneys are located)
- Nausea or vomiting
If you have one or more of the symptoms of a kidney infection, you should see a health care provider as soon as possible. Although most kidney infections do not cause permanent damage, delaying treatment can lead to serious complications.
Evaluation and Diagnosis
Tests and procedures used to diagnose urinary tract infections include:
Analyzing a urine sample — Your doctor may ask for a urine sample for lab analysis to look for white blood cells, red blood cells or bacteria. To avoid potential contamination of the sample, you may be instructed to first wipe your genital area with an antiseptic pad and to collect the urine midstream.
Urine culture — Lab analysis of the urine is sometimes followed by a urine culture. This test tells your doctor what bacteria are causing your infection and which medications will be most effective.
Imaging of the urinary tract — If you are having frequent infections that your doctor thinks may be caused by an abnormality in your urinary tract, you may have an ultrasound, a computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Your doctor may also use a contrast dye to highlight structures in your urinary tract.
Cystoscopy — If you have recurrent UTIs, your doctor may perform cystoscopy, using a long, thin tube with a lens (cystoscope) to see inside your urethra and bladder. The cystoscope is inserted in your urethra and passed through to your bladder.
Antibiotics usually are the first line of treatment for urinary tract infections. Which drugs are prescribed and for how long depend on your health condition and the type of bacteria found in your urine.
Drugs commonly recommended for simple UTIs include:
- Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra, others)
- Fosfomycin (Monurol)
- Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid)
- Cephalexin (Keflex)
The group of antibiotic medicines known as fluoroquinolones — such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin) and others — isn’t commonly recommended for simple UTIs, as the risks of these medicines generally outweigh the benefits for treating uncomplicated UTIs. In some cases, such as a complicated UTI or kidney infection, your doctor might prescribe a fluoroquinolone medicine if no other treatment options exist.
Often, symptoms clear up within a few days of treatment. But you may need to continue antibiotics for a week or more. Take the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed.
For an uncomplicated UTI that occurs when you’re otherwise healthy, your doctor may recommend a shorter course of treatment, such as taking an antibiotic for one to three days. But whether this short course of treatment is enough to treat your infection depends on your particular symptoms and medical history.
Your doctor may also prescribe a pain medication (analgesic) that numbs your bladder and urethra to relieve burning while urinating, but pain usually is relieved soon after starting an antibiotic.
For a severe UTI, you may need treatment with intravenous antibiotics in a hospital.
When treated promptly and properly, lower urinary tract infections rarely lead to complications. But left untreated, a urinary tract infection can have serious consequences.
Complications of a UTI may include:
- Recurrent infections, especially in women who experience two or more UTIs in a six-month period or four or more within a year.
- Permanent kidney damage from an acute or chronic kidney infection (pyelonephritis) due to an untreated UTI.
- Increased risk in pregnant women of delivering low birth weight or premature infants.
- Sepsis, a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection, especially if the infection works its way up your urinary tract to your kidneys.
Women with recurrent UTIs may be advised to take steps to help prevent them, including one or more of the following:
Changes in birth control — Women who develop frequent bladder infections and use spermicides, particularly those who also use a diaphragm, may be encouraged to use an alternate method of birth control.
Over-the-counter products — Taking cranberry juice, cranberry tablets, or a supplement called “D-mannose” has been promoted as one way to help prevent frequent bladder infections. However, several studies demonstrate no benefit with cranberry, and those studies showing that cranberry and D-mannose reduce the risk of recurrent bladder infections are not convincing.
Drinking more fluid — Increasing your fluid intake can help prevent bladder infections.
Urinating after intercourse — Some health care providers recommend this, because it might help flush out germs that could get into the bladder. There is no proof it is effective in preventing bladder infections, but it also is not harmful.
Postmenopausal women — Postmenopausal women who develop recurrent bladder infections may benefit from using vaginal estrogen. Vaginal estrogen is available in a flexible ring that is worn in the vagina for three months (e.g., Estring), a small vaginal insert (Vagifem), or a cream (e.g., Premarin or Estrace). Vaginal estrogen is discussed in more detail in a separate topic review.
Antibiotics — Preventive antibiotics may be recommended if you repeatedly develop bladder infections and have not responded to other preventive measures. Antibiotics are highly effective in preventing recurrent bladder infections but can cause side effects and promote the growth of resistant bacteria, which are more difficult to treat if they cause subsequent UTIs. Therefore, antibiotics for preventing UTIs should only be considered after trying the above preventive approaches. Preventive antibiotics can be taken in several different ways:
- Continuous antibiotics — You can take a low dose of an antibiotic once per day or three times per week for several months to several years.
- Antibiotics following intercourse — In women who develop UTIs after sex, taking a single low-dose antibiotic after intercourse can help to prevent bladder infections. This usually results in less antibiotic use than continuous antibiotics.
- Self-treatment — A plan to begin antibiotics at the first sign of a bladder infection may be recommended in some situations. Before starting this regimen, it is important that you have had testing (urine cultures) at least once in the past to confirm that your symptoms were caused by a bladder infection. This is because it’s possible to have symptoms of a bladder infection but not actually have an infection, in which case antibiotics would not be helpful.
Contact a Urinary Tract Infection Specialist
The skilled doctors at the Vantage Urologic Institute are leaders in urinary tract infection diagnosis and treatment. If you are interested in learning more about your treatment options, please call for a consultation today, (352) 861-2115.
Ugonjwa wa mfumo wa mkojo (Urinary tract infection) unajumuisha figo (kidole kinachochuja damu ili kutokeza mkojo), ureters (mito inayobeba mkojo kutoka kwenye figo hadi kwenye kibofu cha mkojo), kibofu cha mkojo (kibofu cha mkojo ambacho huhifadhi mkojo), na urethra (mito inayobeba mkojo kutoka kwenye kibofu cha mkojo). Maambukizo ya mfumo wa mkojo (UTI) hutokea wakati bakteria zinapoingia kwenye mkojo na kusafiri hadi kwenye kibofu cha mkojo. Ugonjwa wa kibofu cha mkojo (cystitis) ni ugonjwa wa kibofu cha mkojo (cystitis) ambao huenea kwenye kibofu cha mkojo (cystitis) na kuenea kwenye figo (pyelonephritis) na kuathiri kibofu cha mkojo (cystitis). Maambukizi ya kibofu cha mkojo ni moja ya maambukizo ya kawaida, na husababisha dalili kama hisia ya kuchoma wakati wa kuota na haja ya kuota mara kwa mara. Maambukizi ya figo ni ya kawaida kuliko maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo, na yanaweza kusababisha dalili kama hizo, lakini pia yanaweza kusababisha homa, maumivu ya mgongo, na kichefuchefu au kutapika. Maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo na figo ni ya kawaida zaidi kwa wanawake kuliko kwa wanaume. Matatizo mengi ya maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo kwa wanawake hayana matatizo na yanaweza kutibiwa kwa urahisi kwa kutumia dawa za kuua viini kwa muda mfupi. Katika wanaume, maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo yaweza pia kuathiri tezi-kibofu cha prostate, na huenda ikawa lazima kuchukua dawa za kuua viini kwa muda mrefu zaidi. Maambukizo ya figo pia kwa kawaida yanaweza kutibiwa nyumbani kwa dawa za kuua viini, lakini kwa kawaida matibabu huchukua muda mrefu zaidi. Katika visa fulani, maambukizo ya figo lazima yatendewe hospitalini. Maambukizi ya njia za mkojo hutokea wakati bakteria zinaingia kwenye njia za mkojo kupitia mkojo na kuanza kuzidisha katika kibofu cha mkojo. Ingawa mfumo wa mkojo umebuniwa ili kuzuia wavamizi hao wadogo-wadogo wasiingie, nyakati nyingine ulinzi huo hushindwa. Hilo linapotokea, bakteria zaweza kuenea na kuwa maambukizo makubwa katika njia za mkojo. UTI za kawaida hutokea hasa kwa wanawake na huathiri kibofu cha mkojo na mkojo. Ugonjwa wa kibofu cha mkojo (cystitis) - Aina hii ya UTI kwa kawaida husababishwa na Escherichia coli (E. coli), aina ya bakteria ambayo hupatikana kwa kawaida katika mfumo wa tumbo (GI). Hata hivyo, nyakati nyingine bakteria nyingine ndizo husababisha ugonjwa huo. Mahusiano ya kingono yanaweza kusababisha cystitis, lakini si lazima uwe na shughuli za kingono ili kuisababisha. Wanawake wote wako katika hatari ya cystitis kwa sababu ya anatomy yao - hasa, umbali mfupi kutoka urethra kwa anus na urethral kufungua kwa kibofu cha mkojo. Maambukizo ya mkojo (urethritis) <unk> Aina hii ya UTI inaweza kutokea wakati bakteria za GI kuenea kutoka anus kwa mkojo. Pia, kwa sababu kibofu cha mkojo cha mwanamke kiko karibu na mkojo, maambukizo yanayopitishwa kwa njia ya ngono, kama vile herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia na mycoplasma, yanaweza kusababisha urethritis. Maambukizi ya mfumo wa mkojo ni ya kawaida kwa wanawake, na wanawake wengi hupata maambukizo zaidi ya moja wakati wa maisha yao. Vipengele vya hatari kwa wanawake kwa ajili ya UTI ni pamoja na: - anatomy ya wanawake <unk> Mwanamke ana urethra fupi kuliko mtu anafanya, ambayo hupunguza umbali kwamba bakteria lazima kusafiri kufikia kibofu cha mkojo. - Utendaji wa kingono <unk> Wanawake wanaofanya ngono huwa na UTI zaidi kuliko wanawake ambao hawafanyi ngono. Kuwa na mwenzi mpya wa ngono pia huongeza hatari yako. - Aina fulani za njia za kuzuia uzazi <unk> Wanawake wanaotumia diaphragm kwa ajili ya kuzuia uzazi wanaweza kuwa na hatari kubwa zaidi, na vilevile wanawake wanaotumia dawa za kuua shahawa. - Menopause <unk> Baada ya menopause, kupungua kwa estrogen inayozunguka husababisha mabadiliko katika njia ya mkojo ambayo hukufanya uwe dhaifu zaidi kwa maambukizi. Sababu nyingine za hatari za UTI ni pamoja na: - Urinary tract abnormalities <unk> Watoto waliozaliwa na urinal tract abnormalities ambayo hawaruhusu mkojo kuondoka mwili kawaida au kusababisha mkojo kurudi nyuma katika urethra wana hatari kubwa ya UTI. - Vizuizi katika njia za mkojo <unk> Mawe ya figo au prostate iliyoongezwa inaweza kukamata mkojo katika kibofu cha mkojo na kuongeza hatari ya UTI. - Mfumo wa kinga uliofungwa <unk> Kisukari na magonjwa mengine ambayo huharibu mfumo wa kinga <unk> ulinzi wa mwili dhidi ya vijidudu <unk> yanaweza kuongeza hatari ya UTI. - Matumizi ya catheter <unk> Watu ambao hawawezi kuota mkojo peke yao na kutumia bomba (catheter) kuota mkojo wana hatari kubwa ya UTI. Hii inaweza kujumuisha watu ambao wamelazwa hospitalini, watu wenye matatizo ya neva ambayo hufanya iwe vigumu kudhibiti uwezo wao wa kukojoa na watu ambao ni kupooza. - Utaratibu wa hivi karibuni wa mkojo <unk> Upasuaji wa mkojo au uchunguzi wa njia yako ya mkojo ambao unahusisha vyombo vya matibabu vinaweza kuongeza hatari yako ya kuambukizwa maambukizi ya njia ya mkojo. Dalili za kawaida za maambukizi ya kibofu cha mkojo ni pamoja na: - Maumivu au kuchoma wakati wa kukojoa - Uhitaji wa mara kwa mara wa kukojoa - Uhitaji wa haraka wa kukojoa - Damu katika mkojo - Ugonjwa katika tumbo la chini Kuungua wakati wa kukojoa pia kunaweza kutokea kwa wanawake walio na maambukizo ya kibofu (kama maambukizo ya kuvu) au kwa watu walio na urethritis (uchochezi wa kibofu cha mkojo). Kwa sababu hii, ni muhimu kuwasiliana na mtoa huduma yako ya afya kabla ya kudhani una maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo. Ugonjwa wa figo unaweza kusababisha dalili sawa na zile za maambukizi ya kibofu cha mkojo (kuorodheshwa hapo juu), lakini pia inaweza kusababisha: - Homa (joto la juu kuliko 99.9 ° F au 37.7 ° C) - Maumivu katika upande (upande mmoja au pande zote mbili za mgongo wa chini, ambapo figo ziko) - Kichocheo au kutapika - Ikiwa una moja au zaidi ya dalili za maambukizi ya figo, unapaswa kuona mtoa huduma ya afya haraka iwezekanavyo. Ingawa maambukizo mengi ya figo hayasababishi uharibifu wa kudumu, kuchelewesha matibabu kunaweza kusababisha matatizo makubwa. Uchunguzi wa mkojo na matibabu ya mkojo: Kwa mfano, mkojo unaweza kuchunguzwa na daktari wako kwa ajili ya uchunguzi wa maabara ili kutafuta chembe nyeupe za damu, chembe nyekundu za damu au bakteria. Ili kuepuka uchafuzi wa sampuli, unaweza kuagizwa kwanza kufuta eneo la viungo vya uzazi kwa kitambaa cha kuua vimelea na kukusanya mkojo katikati ya mkondo. Utamaduni wa mkojo <unk> Uchunguzi wa maabara ya mkojo wakati mwingine hufuatwa na utamaduni wa mkojo. Uchunguzi huu unamwambia daktari wako ni bakteria gani inayosababisha maambukizo yako na ni dawa gani zitakazokuwa na ufanisi zaidi. Ugonjwa wa mkojo: Ikiwa una ugonjwa wa mkojo ambao daktari wako anafikiri unaweza kusababishwa na kasoro katika njia yako ya mkojo, unaweza kuwa na ultrasound, CT scan au MRI. Daktari wako anaweza pia kutumia rangi ya kutofautisha ili kuonyesha miundo katika njia zako za mkojo. Cystoscopy: Ikiwa una UTI ya mara kwa mara, daktari wako anaweza kufanya cystoscopy, kwa kutumia bomba refu, nyembamba na lensi (cystoscope) kuona ndani ya kibofu chako cha mkojo na kibofu. Cystoscope huingizwa kwenye kibofu cha mkojo na kupitishwa kwenye kibofu cha mkojo. Kwa kawaida dawa za kuua viini ndizo njia ya kwanza ya kutibu maambukizo ya njia za mkojo. Dawa ambazo zinapewa na kwa muda gani zinategemea hali yako ya afya na aina ya bakteria inayopatikana katika mkojo wako. Dawa za kawaida zinazopendekezwa kwa UTI rahisi ni pamoja na: - Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra, wengine) - Fosfomycin (Monurol) - Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid) - Cefalexin (Keflex) Kikundi cha dawa za antibiotic zinazojulikana kama fluoroquinolones - kama vile ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin) na wengine - si kawaida kupendekezwa kwa UTI rahisi, kama hatari ya dawa hizi kwa ujumla kuzidi faida kwa matibabu ya UTI. Katika baadhi ya kesi, kama vile UTI ngumu au maambukizo ya figo, daktari wako anaweza kuagiza dawa ya fluoroquinolone ikiwa hakuna chaguzi nyingine za matibabu. Mara nyingi, dalili hizo hupungua baada ya siku chache tu za kutibiwa. Lakini huenda ukahitaji kuendelea kutumia viuavijasumu kwa juma moja au zaidi. Chukua dawa zote za kuua viini kama ilivyoelezwa. Kwa UTI isiyo na matatizo ambayo hutokea wakati wewe ni afya, daktari wako anaweza kupendekeza kozi fupi ya matibabu, kama vile kuchukua antibiotic kwa siku moja hadi tatu. Lakini kama matibabu haya mafupi yatatosha kutibu maambukizo yako inategemea dalili zako na historia ya matibabu. Daktari wako anaweza pia kuagiza dawa ya maumivu (analgesic) ambayo inazuia kibofu chako cha mkojo na mkojo ili kupunguza kuchoma wakati wa kukojoa, lakini maumivu kwa kawaida hupunguzwa muda mfupi baada ya kuanza kutumia dawa ya kuua viini. Kwa UTI kali, huenda ukahitaji kutibiwa kwa dawa za kuua viini kupitia mshipa wa damu katika hospitali. Maambukizo ya njia za chini za mkojo yanapotibiwa upesi na ifaavyo, mara chache husababisha matatizo. Lakini ikiwa haitibiwa, maambukizo ya njia za mkojo yanaweza kuwa na matokeo mabaya. Matatizo ya UTI yanaweza kujumuisha: - Maambukizo ya mara kwa mara, haswa kwa wanawake ambao wanapata UTI mbili au zaidi katika kipindi cha miezi sita au nne au zaidi ndani ya mwaka. - Uharibifu wa kudumu wa figo kutokana na maambukizo ya figo ya haraka au ya muda mrefu (pyelonephritis) kutokana na UTI isiyotibiwa. - Ongezeko la hatari kwa wanawake wajawazito wa kuzaa watoto wenye uzito mdogo au watoto waliozaliwa kabla ya wakati. - Sepsis, uwezekano wa hatari ya maisha ya ugonjwa, hasa kama maambukizo kazi njia yake juu ya njia yako ya mkojo kwa figo yako. Wanawake walio na UTI ya mara kwa mara wanaweza kushauriwa kuchukua hatua za kusaidia kuzuia, ikiwa ni pamoja na moja au zaidi ya zifuatazo: Mabadiliko katika udhibiti wa kuzaliwa Wanawake ambao huendeleza maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo mara kwa mara na kutumia spermicides, hasa wale ambao pia hutumia diaphragm, wanaweza kuhamasishwa kutumia njia mbadala ya udhibiti wa kuzaliwa. Bidhaa zisizouzwa - Kutumia maji ya cranberry, vidonge vya cranberry, au kiboreshaji kinachoitwa "D-mannose" kimetangazwa kuwa njia moja ya kusaidia kuzuia maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo mara kwa mara. Hata hivyo, utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kwamba cranberry na D-mannose hupunguza hatari ya maambukizi ya kibofu cha mkojo. Kunywa maji mengi <unk> Kuongeza unywaji wako wa maji kunaweza kusaidia kuzuia maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo. Kutumia mkojo baada ya kufanya ngono <unk> Baadhi ya wataalamu wa afya hupendekeza kufanya hivyo, kwa sababu inaweza kusaidia kuondoa vijidudu vinavyoweza kuingia kwenye kibofu cha mkojo. Hakuna uthibitisho kwamba ni yenye matokeo katika kuzuia maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo, lakini pia si hatari. Wanawake baada ya menopause <unk> Wanawake baada ya menopause ambao kuendeleza maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo mara kwa mara inaweza kufaidika na kutumia estrogen ya mkojo. Estrogeni ya mkojo inapatikana katika pete ya kubadilika ambayo huvaliwa katika mkojo kwa miezi mitatu (kwa mfano, Estring), kiunganishi kidogo cha mkojo (Vagifem), au cream (kwa mfano, Premarin au Estrace). Estrojeni ya mkojo inazungumziwa kwa undani zaidi katika ukaguzi tofauti wa mada. Antibiotics <unk> Antibiotics kuzuia inaweza kupendekezwa kama mara kwa mara kuendeleza maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo na hawajajibu kwa hatua nyingine za kuzuia. Dawa za kuua viini ni bora sana katika kuzuia maambukizi ya kibofu cha mkojo, lakini zinaweza kusababisha athari za upande na kukuza ukuaji wa bakteria sugu, ambazo ni ngumu kutibu ikiwa husababisha UTI za baadaye. Kwa hiyo, dawa za kuua viini za kuzuia maambukizo ya mfumo wa mkojo zinapaswa kuzingatiwa tu baada ya kujaribu mbinu za kuzuia zilizotajwa hapo juu. Antibiotiki ya kuzuia inaweza kuchukuliwa kwa njia kadhaa tofauti: - Antibiotiki ya kuendelea <unk> Unaweza kuchukua kipimo kidogo cha antibiotiki mara moja kwa siku au mara tatu kwa wiki kwa miezi kadhaa hadi miaka kadhaa. - Antibiotics baada ya ngono <unk> Katika wanawake ambao kuendeleza UTIs baada ya ngono, kuchukua moja ya chini-dose antibiotic baada ya ngono inaweza kusaidia kuzuia maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo. Kwa kawaida hilo husababisha matumizi ya viuavijasumu yawe machache kuliko viuavijasumu vya kuendelea. - Kujitunza <unk> Mpango wa kuanza kutumia viuavijasumu kwenye ishara ya kwanza ya maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo unaweza kupendekezwa katika hali fulani. Kabla ya kuanza matibabu, ni muhimu kwamba umefanya uchunguzi (uchunguzi wa mkojo) angalau mara moja katika siku za nyuma ili kuthibitisha kwamba dalili zako zilitokana na maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo. Hii ni kwa sababu inawezekana kuwa na dalili za maambukizo ya kibofu cha mkojo lakini si kweli kuwa na maambukizo, katika kesi ambayo antibiotics itakuwa si kusaidia. Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa wa Urinary Ugonjwa Ikiwa una nia ya kupata habari zaidi juu ya matibabu yako, tafadhali piga simu kwa ushauri leo, (352) 861 215.