Moon Phase and Libration, 2020
Enter a time to see what the moon looked like (or will look like) at that time.
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Click on the image to download a high-resolution version with feature labels and additional graphics. Hover over the image to reveal the animation frame number, which can be used to locate and download the corresponding frame from any of the animations on this page, including unlabeled high-resolution Moon images. The data in the table for the entire year can be downloaded as a JSON file or as a text file.
The animation archived on this page shows the geocentric phase, libration, position angle of the axis, and apparent diameter of the Moon throughout the year 2020, at hourly intervals. Until the end of 2020, the initial Dial-A-Moon image will be the frame from this animation for the current hour.
More in this series:
Moon Phase and Libration Gallery
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has been in orbit around the Moon since the summer of 2009. Its laser altimeter (LOLA) and camera (LROC) are recording the rugged, airless lunar terrain in exceptional detail, making it possible to visualize the Moon with unprecedented fidelity. This is especially evident in the long shadows cast near the terminator, or day-night line. The pummeled, craggy landscape thrown into high relief at the terminator would be impossible to recreate in the computer without global terrain maps like those from LRO.
The Moon always keeps the same face to us, but not exactly the same face. Because of the tilt and shape of its orbit, we see the Moon from slightly different angles over the course of a month. When a month is compressed into 24 seconds, as it is in this animation, our changing view of the Moon makes it look like it's wobbling. This wobble is called libration.
The word comes from the Latin for "balance scale" (as does the name of the zodiac constellation Libra) and refers to the way such a scale tips up and down on alternating sides. The sub-Earth point gives the amount of libration in longitude and latitude. The sub-Earth point is also the apparent center of the Moon's disk and the location on the Moon where the Earth is directly overhead.
The Moon is subject to other motions as well. It appears to roll back and forth around the sub-Earth point. The roll angle is given by the position angle of the axis, which is the angle of the Moon's north pole relative to celestial north. The Moon also approaches and recedes from us, appearing to grow and shrink. The two extremes, called perigee (near) and apogee (far), differ by about 14%.
The most noticed monthly variation in the Moon's appearance is the cycle of phases, caused by the changing angle of the Sun as the Moon orbits the Earth. The cycle begins with the waxing (growing) crescent Moon visible in the west just after sunset. By first quarter, the Moon is high in the sky at sunset and sets around midnight. The full Moon rises at sunset and is high in the sky at midnight. The third quarter Moon is often surprisingly conspicuous in the daylit western sky long after sunrise.
Celestial north is up in these images, corresponding to the view from the northern hemisphere. The descriptions of the print resolution stills also assume a northern hemisphere orientation. (There is also a south-up version of this page.)
The phase and libration of the Moon for 2020, at hourly intervals. Includes supplemental graphics that display the Moon's orbit, subsolar and sub-Earth points, and the Moon's distance from Earth at true scale. Craters near the terminator are labeled, as are Apollo landing sites and maria and other albedo features in sunlight.
The phase and libration of the Moon for 2020, at hourly intervals. Includes music, supplemental graphics that display the Moon's orbit, subsolar and sub-Earth points, and the Moon's distance from Earth at true scale. Craters near the terminator are labeled, as are Apollo landing sites and maria and other albedo features in sunlight.
Music: "Calling It a Night" - Written by Matt Cusson. Vocal and Piano by Matt Cusson. 23 Jump Shots ASCAP. ©2017
Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.
The phase and libration of the Moon for 2020, at hourly intervals. The higher resolution frames include an alpha channel.
The orbit of the Moon in 2020, viewed from the north pole of the ecliptic, with the vernal equinox to the right. The sizes of the Earth and Moon are exaggerated by a factor of 15, 20, or 25, depending on the frame size. The frames include an alpha channel.
From this birdseye view, it's somewhat easier to see that the phases of the Moon are an effect of the changing angles of the Sun, Moon and Earth. The Moon is full when its orbit places it in the middle of the night side of the Earth. First and Third Quarter Moon occur when the Moon is along the day-night line on the Earth.
The First Point of Aries is at the 3 o'clock position in the image. The Sun is in this direction at the March equinox. You can check this by freezing the animation at around the 1:03 mark, or by freezing the full animation with the time stamp near March 20. This direction serves as the zero point for both ecliptic longitude and right ascension.
The north pole of the Earth is tilted 23.5 degrees toward the 12 o'clock position at the top of the image. The tilt of the Earth is important for understanding why the north pole of the Moon seems to swing back and forth. In the full animation, watch both the orbit and the "gyroscope" Moon in the lower left. The widest swings happen when the Moon is at the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock positions. When the Moon is at the 3 o'clock position, the ground we're standing on is tilted to the left when we look at the Moon. At the 9 o'clock position, it's tilted to the right. The tilt itself doesn't change. We're just turned around, looking in the opposite direction.
An animated diagram of the subsolar and sub-Earth points for 2020. The Moon's north pole, equator, and meridian are indicated. The frames include an alpha channel.
The subsolar and sub-Earth points are the locations on the Moon's surface where the Sun or the Earth are directly overhead, at the zenith. A line pointing straight up at one of these points will be pointing toward the Sun or the Earth. The sub-Earth point is also the apparent center of the Moon's disk as observed from the Earth.
In the animation, the blue dot is the sub-Earth point, and the yellow dot is the subsolar point. The lunar latitude and longitude of the sub-Earth point is a measure of the Moon's libration. For example, when the blue dot moves to the left of the meridian (the line at 0 degrees longitude), an extra bit of the Moon's western limb is rotating into view, and when it moves above the equator, a bit of the far side beyond the north pole becomes visible.
At any given time, half of the Moon is in sunlight, and the subsolar point is in the center of the lit half. Full Moon occurs when the subsolar point is near the center of the Moon's disk. When the subsolar point is somewhere on the far side of the Moon, observers on Earth see a crescent phase.
An animated diagram of the Moon's distance from the Earth for 2020. The sizes and distances are true to scale, and the lighting and Earth tilt are correct. The frames include an alpha channel.
The Moon's orbit around the Earth isn't a perfect circle. The orbit is slightly elliptical, and because of that, the Moon's distance from the Earth varies between 28 and 32 Earth diameters, or about 356,400 and 406,700 kilometers. In each orbit, the smallest distance is called perigee, from Greek words meaning "near earth," while the greatest distance is called apogee. The Moon looks largest at perigee because that's when it's closest to us.
The animation follows the imaginary line connecting the Earth and the Moon as it sweeps around the Moon's orbit. From this vantage point, it's easy to see the variation in the Moon's distance. Both the distance and the sizes of the Earth and Moon are to scale in this view. In the HD-resolution frames, the Earth is 50 pixels wide, the Moon is 14 pixels wide, and the distance between them is about 1500 pixels, on average.
Note too that the Earth appears to go through phases just like the Moon does. For someone standing on the surface of the Moon, the Sun and the stars rise and set, but the Earth doesn't move in the sky. It goes through a monthly sequence of phases as the Sun angle changes. The phases are the opposite of the Moon's. During New Moon here, the Earth is full as viewed from the Moon.
Feature labels. Crater labels appear when the center of the crater is within 20 degrees of the terminator (the day-night line). They are on the western edge of the crater during waxing phases (before Full Moon) and to the east during waning phases. Mare, sinus, and lacus features are labeled when in sunlight. Apollo landing site labels are always visible. The frames include an alpha channel.
The Named PhasesThe following is a gallery containing examples of each of the Moon phases that have names. New, full, and quarter phases occur on specific days, while crescent and gibbous phases are the transitions between these points and span multiple days. The quarters are so named because they occur when the Moon is one fourth or three fourths of the way through its cycle of phases. Many people find this confusing, though, since visually they are half moons. It might be helpful to remember that the visible half of the Moon's disk is really only one quarter of its spherical surface.
Waxing crescent. Visible toward the southwest in early evening.
First quarter. Visible high in the southern sky in early evening.
Waxing gibbous. Visible to the southeast in early evening, up for most of the night.
Full Moon. Rises at sunset, high in the sky around midnight. Visible all night.
Waning gibbous. Rises after sunset, high in the sky after midnight, visible to the southwest after sunrise.
Third quarter. Rises around midnight, visible to the south after sunrise.
Waning crescent. Low to the east before sunrise.
New Moon. By the modern definition, New Moon occurs when the Moon and Sun are at the same geocentric ecliptic longitude. The part of the Moon facing us is completely in shadow then. Pictured here is the traditional New Moon, the earliest visible waxing crescent, which signals the start of a new month in many lunar and lunisolar calendars.
Please give credit for this item to:
NASA's Scientific Visualization StudioMusic: "Calling It a Night" - Written by Matt Cusson. Vocal and Piano by Matt Cusson. 23 Jump Shots ASCAP. ©2017
MissionsThis visualization is related to the following missions:
Datasets used in this visualization
LRO DEM (Digital Elevation Map)ID: 653Collected with LOLA
DE421 (JPL DE421)ID: 752Ephemeris NASA/JPL
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter LROC WAC Color Mosaic (Natural Color Hapke Normalized WAC Mosaic)ID: 1015Mosaic Collected with LRO Camera Arizona State University
Note: While we identify the data sets used in these visualizations, we do not store any further details, nor the data sets themselves on our site.
Mwezi na Libra: Kuingia wakati wa kuona jinsi mwezi ulivyoonekana (au utaonekana) wakati huo. "Kama ""mwisho wa dunia"" (mwisho wa dunia) au ""mwisho wa dunia"" (mwisho wa dunia) au ""mwisho wa dunia"" (mwisho wa dunia) au ""mwisho wa dunia"" (mwisho wa dunia) au ""mwisho wa dunia"" (mwisho wa dunia) au ""mwisho wa dunia"" (mwisho wa dunia) au ""mwisho wa dunia"" (mwisho wa dunia) au ""mwisho wa dunia." Hover juu ya picha ili kufunua idadi ya fremu ya uhuishaji, ambayo inaweza kutumika kupata na kupakua fremu inayolingana kutoka kwa uhuishaji wowote kwenye ukurasa huu, pamoja na picha za mwezi zisizo na alama za azimio la juu. Takwimu katika jedwali kwa mwaka mzima inaweza kupakuliwa kama faili JSON au kama faili ya maandishi. Picha hii inaonyesha awamu ya geocentric, libation, pembe ya nafasi ya mhimili, na kipenyo cha wazi cha Mwezi katika mwaka 2020. "Hata hivyo, hadi mwisho wa 2020, picha ya kwanza ya ""Dial-A-Moon"" itakuwa sura kutoka kwa uhuishaji huu kwa saa ya sasa." Mwezi Phase na Libration Gallery: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) imekuwa katika mzunguko wa mwezi tangu majira ya joto ya 2009. Laser Altimeter (LOLA) na kamera (LROC) ya NASA inarekodi eneo la mwezi kwa undani wa kipekee, na hivyo inawezekana kuona mwezi kwa usahihi usio na kifani. Hilo laonekana hasa katika vivuli virefu vilivyopigwa karibu na mwisho, au mstari wa mchana na usiku. "Mapambo ya ardhi yaliyopigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na kupigwa na LRO.""" Mwezi huwa na uso uleule kwetu, lakini si uso uleule kabisa. Kwa sababu ya mwelekeo na umbo la mzunguko wake, tunaona Mwezi kutoka pembe tofauti kidogo kwa mwezi mmoja. Mwezi unapopunguzwa katika sekunde 24, kama ilivyo katika picha hii, mtazamo wetu unaobadilika wa Mwezi hufanya ionekane kama unabadilika. Mtikisiko huo huitwa libration. Neno hilo linatokana na neno la Kilatini linalomaanisha "kiwango cha usawa" (kama vile jina la kundi la nyota la zodiac Libra) na linarejelea jinsi kiwango hicho kinavyopanda na kushuka kwa pande zinazobadilika. Sehemu ya chini ya Dunia inatoa kiasi cha libration katika longitudo na latitudo. Sehemu ya chini ya Dunia pia ni kituo cha kuonekana cha diski ya Mwezi na eneo kwenye Mwezi ambapo Dunia iko moja kwa moja juu. Mwezi pia una mwendo mwingine. Inaonekana kuzunguka-zunguka chini ya dunia. Angle ya roll ni angled ya axis, ambayo ni angle ya pole ya kaskazini ya mwezi kuhusiana na kaskazini ya mbinguni. Mwezi pia unakaribia na kutuacha, ukionekana kukua na kupungua. "Mapimo hayo mawili, yanayoitwa ""perigee"" (karibu) na ""apogee"" (kando), yanatofautiana kwa asilimia 14 hivi." Mabadiliko ya mwezi kwa mwezi ni mzunguko wa awamu, husababishwa na kubadilika kwa pembe ya jua wakati mwezi unapozunguka dunia. Mzunguko huo huanza wakati mwezi unapozidi kuongezeka na kuonekana magharibi baada tu ya jua kutua. Kufikia robo ya kwanza, Mwezi uko juu angani wakati wa machweo ya jua na huingia karibu saa sita usiku. Mwezi kamili huinuka wakati wa machweo ya jua na kuwa juu angani saa sita usiku. Mara nyingi robo ya tatu ya Mwezi huonekana kwa njia ya kushangaza katika anga la magharibi lenye mwangaza wa mchana muda mrefu baada ya jua kuchomoza. Kaskazini ya mbinguni iko juu katika picha hizi, ikilingana na mtazamo kutoka hemisphere ya kaskazini. Maelezo ya picha za uchapishaji pia hufikiria mwelekeo wa kizio cha kaskazini. (Kuna pia toleo la kusini-juu ya ukurasa huu.) Mzunguko wa mwezi na libation kwa 2020 katika vipindi vya kila saa. Inatia ndani graphics ziada kwamba kuonyesha mviringo wa Mwezi, subsolar na chini ya Dunia pointi, na umbali wa Mwezi kutoka Dunia katika kiwango cha kweli. Mlipuko wa karibu na terminator umewekwa alama, kama vile maeneo ya kutua ya Apollo na maria na vipengele vingine vya albedo katika mwangaza wa jua. Mzunguko wa mwezi na libation kwa 2020 katika vipindi vya kila saa. Inajumuisha muziki, graphics ziada kwamba kuonyesha mviringo wa Mwezi, subsolar na chini ya Dunia pointi, na umbali wa Mwezi kutoka Dunia katika kiwango cha kweli. Mlipuko wa karibu na terminator umewekwa alama, kama vile maeneo ya kutua ya Apollo na maria na vipengele vingine vya albedo katika mwangaza wa jua. Muziki: "Calling It a Night" - Imeandikwa na Matt Cusson. Sauti na Piano na Matt Cusson. 23 Jumpshoot ASCAP "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""NASA"" inaonyesha video ya NASA Goddard kwenye YouTube." Mzunguko wa mwezi na libation kwa 2020 katika vipindi vya kila saa. Picha zenye azimio la juu zaidi zina kituo cha alpha. Mzunguko wa mwezi katika 2020, unaoonekana kutoka ncha ya kaskazini ya ecliptic, na equinox ya spring upande wa kulia. Ukubwa wa dunia na mwezi ni exaggerated na sababu ya 15, 20 au 25, kulingana na ukubwa frame. Frames ni pamoja na alpha channel. Kwa mtazamo huu wa ndege, ni rahisi kuona kwamba awamu za Mwezi ni athari ya mabadiliko ya pembe za Jua, Mwezi na Dunia. Mwezi ni kamili wakati mzunguko wake unapouweka katikati ya upande wa usiku wa Dunia. Mwezi wa robo ya kwanza na ya tatu hutokea wakati Mwezi uko kando ya mstari wa mchana na usiku duniani. Sehemu ya kwanza ya Aries iko katika nafasi ya saa 3 katika picha. Jua liko katika mwelekeo huu wakati wa equinox ya Machi. Unaweza kufanya hivyo kwa kuweka animation karibu na alama ya 1:03 au kwa kuweka animation kamili karibu na alama ya muda ya Machi 20. Uelekeo huu hutumika kama hatua ya sifuri kwa urefu wa ecliptic na kupanda kwa haki. Ncha ya kaskazini ya dunia imepinduliwa kwa digrii 23.5 kuelekea saa 12 katika sehemu ya juu ya picha. Msimamo wa Dunia ni muhimu ili kuelewa kwa nini ncha ya kaskazini ya Mwezi inaonekana kutikisika mbele na nyuma. Katika uhuishaji kamili, angalia wote mzunguko na "gyroscope" Mwezi katika chini kushoto. Mzunguko wa mwezi unaonekana zaidi wakati wa saa 3 na saa 9. Mwezi ukiwa katika nafasi ya saa tatu, ardhi ambayo tumesimama juu yake inageuka upande wa kushoto wakati tunapoitazama. Wakati wa saa 9 na saa 10 ni upande wa kulia. Mteremko yenyewe haibadiliki. Sisi tu ni akageuka, kuangalia katika mwelekeo kinyume. Picha ya picha ya chini ya jua na chini ya dunia kwa 2020 Ncha ya kaskazini ya Mwezi, ikweta, na meridian zinaonyeshwa. Frames ni pamoja na alpha channel. Sehemu za chini ya jua na chini ya dunia ni sehemu za juu ya mwezi ambapo jua au dunia iko juu ya kichwa, kwenye zenith. Mstari unaoelekeza moja kwa moja juu kwenye mojawapo ya sehemu hizo utaelekeza kuelekea Jua au Dunia. Sehemu ya chini ya Dunia pia ni kituo cha dhahiri cha diski ya Mwezi kama inavyoonekana kutoka Duniani. Katika uhuishaji, nukta ya bluu ni nukta ya chini ya Dunia, na nukta ya manjano ni nukta ya chini ya jua. Latitudo ya mwezi na longitudo ya sehemu ya chini ya Dunia ni kipimo cha libration ya Mwezi. Kwa mfano, wakati nukta ya bluu inapoenda upande wa kushoto wa meridian (mstari katika urefu wa digrii 0), sehemu ya ziada ya sehemu ya magharibi ya Mwezi inazunguka na kuonekana, na wakati inapoenda juu ya ikweta, sehemu ya mbali zaidi ya ncha ya kaskazini inakuwa inayoonekana. Wakati wowote ule, nusu ya Mwezi iko katika nuru ya jua, na sehemu ya chini ya jua iko katikati ya nusu iliyoangazwa. Mwezi kamili hutokea wakati sehemu ya chini ya jua inapokuwa karibu na katikati ya diski ya Mwezi. Wakati sehemu ya chini ya jua inapokuwa mahali fulani upande wa mbali wa Mwezi, watazamaji duniani huona sehemu ya mwezi unaozunguka. Mchoro wa animated wa umbali wa mwezi kutoka duniani kwa 2020. Ukubwa na umbali ni kweli kwa kiwango, na taa na tilt Dunia ni sahihi. Frames ni pamoja na alpha channel. Mzunguko wa Mwezi kuzunguka Dunia si mduara kamilifu. Mzunguko wake ni wa mviringo, na kwa sababu hiyo, umbali wa mwezi kutoka duniani hutofautiana kati ya kipenyo cha dunia 28 na 32 au karibu kilomita 356,400 na 406,700 "Kila mzunguko wa dunia una umbali mdogo unaoitwa ""perigee"" (kutokana na neno la Kigiriki linalomaanisha ""karibu na dunia"), na umbali mrefu zaidi unaoitwa ""apogee.""" Mwezi unaonekana kuwa mkubwa zaidi wakati wa perigeum kwa sababu wakati huo ndio unapokuwa karibu zaidi nasi. Uhuishaji unafuata mstari wa kuwaziwa unaounganisha Dunia na Mwezi unapozunguka mzunguko wa Mwezi. Kutoka mahali hapa panapofaa, ni rahisi kuona tofauti katika umbali wa Mwezi. Umbali na ukubwa wa Dunia na Mwezi ni kwa kiwango katika mtazamo huu. Kwa mfano, katika picha za HD, dunia ina upana wa pikseli 50, mwezi ina upana wa pikseli 14, na umbali kati yao ni karibu pikseli 1500. Ona pia kwamba inaonekana kwamba Dunia hupitia hatua kama vile Mwezi unavyofanya. Kwa mtu anayesimama juu ya uso wa Mwezi, jua na nyota huinuka na kuzama, lakini Dunia haisogezi angani. Inapita katika mfululizo wa vipindi vya kila mwezi kadiri pembe ya Jua inavyozidi kubadilika. Hatua hizo ni kinyume cha zile za Mwezi. Wakati wa Mwezi Mpya hapa, Dunia imejaa ikionekana kutoka Mwezi. Vipengele vya lebo. Mfano wa crater ni wakati ambapo eneo la crater ni ndani ya 20 ° ya terminator (mstari wa usiku na mchana). Wao ni juu ya makali ya magharibi ya crater wakati wa waxing awamu (kabla ya mwezi kamili) na mashariki wakati wa waning awamu. Vipengele vya mare, sinus, na lacus huandikwa wakati viko kwenye jua. Vitambulisho vya mahali pa kutua kwa Apollo huonekana sikuzote. Frames ni pamoja na alpha channel. The Named Phases: Mfululizo wa picha za kila awamu ya mwezi una majina. Awamu ya kwanza, ya nne, na ya nne hufanyika siku maalum, wakati awamu ya nusu mwezi na ya gibbous ni mabadiliko kati ya pointi hizi na huchukua siku nyingi. Sehemu za nne zinaitwa hivyo kwa sababu zinatokea wakati Mwezi unapokuwa na sehemu moja ya nne au sehemu tatu ya nne ya mzunguko wake wa awamu. Hata hivyo, watu wengi huona jambo hilo kuwa lenye kutatanisha, kwa kuwa kwa macho yao ni nusu-mwezi. Ni muhimu kukumbuka kwamba nusu inayoonekana ya mwezi ni robo moja tu ya uso wake. Waxing crescent. Inaonekana kuelekea kusini-magharibi mapema jioni. robo ya kwanza. Inaonekana juu katika anga la kusini mapema jioni. Waxing gibbous. Inaonekana kusini-mashariki mapema jioni, juu kwa sehemu kubwa ya usiku. Mwezi kamili. Inatokea wakati wa machweo, juu angani karibu saa sita usiku. Inaonekana usiku kucha. Waning gibbous. Inatokea baada ya machweo, juu angani baada ya saa sita usiku, inaonekana kusini-magharibi baada ya jua kuchomoza. robo ya tatu. Inatokea karibu saa sita usiku, na inaonekana kusini baada ya jua kuchomoza. Mwezi unaopungua. Chini upande wa mashariki kabla ya jua kuchomoza. Mwezi Mpya. Kulingana na ufafanuzi wa kisasa, Mwezi Mpya hutokea wakati Mwezi na Jua zikiwa kwenye urefu uleule wa ekliptiki ya geocentric. Sehemu ya Mwezi inayotukabili iko katika kivuli kabisa wakati huo. Mwezi mpya ni mwezi wa kwanza unaoonekana katika kalenda nyingi za mwezi na mwezi. Tafadhali kutoa mikopo kwa ajili ya bidhaa hii kwa: NASA ya Sayansi Visualization StudioMusic: "Calling It a Night" - Imeandikwa na Matt Cusson. Sauti na Piano na Matt Cusson. 23 Jumpshoot ASCAP LRO: LRO-DEM (Digital Elevation Map) - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 653 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 654 - 605 - 606 - 606 - 606 - 606 - 606 - 607 - 607 - 607 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608 - 608