Exam Question for Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases
Please refer to below Exam Question for Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases. These questions and answers have been prepared by expert Class 12 Biology teachers based on the latest NCERT Book for Class 12 Biology and examination guidelines issued by CBSE, NCERT, and KVS. We have provided Class 12 Biology exam questions for all chapters in your textbooks. You will be able to easily learn problems and solutions which are expected to come in the upcoming class tests and exams for standard 12th.
Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases Class 12 Biology Exam Question
All questions and answers provided below for Exam Question Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases are very important and should be revised daily.
Exam Question Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases
Objective Type Questions
Question. Entamoeba histolytica is a parasite of which human body part
(B) Small intestine
(C) Large intestine
Question. Main source of infection of amoebiasis is
(A) Mosquito bite
(B) Contaminated water and food by faecal matter
(C) Droplets of nasal discharge of infected person
(D) All of these
Question. Ascaris is a parasite of
Question. Healthy person gets infection of ascaris by
(A) Contaminated water, vegetable, fruits
(B) Mosquito bite
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) House fly contamination of food
Question. The vector for elephantiasis is
(A) Female mosquito
Question. Ringworms is caused by
(D) None of these
Question. Main symptom of ring worms is
(A) Stools with mucous and blood
(C) Scaly lesions on skin, nails and scalps
(D) High fever with chills
Question. Which of the following is a measure for maintaining hygiene to control many infectious diseases?
(A) Keeping body clean
(B) Consumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits etc
(C) Proper disposal of waste and excreta
(D) All of these
Question. Important measure to prevent disease that are transmitted through insect vectors
(A) Avoid stagnation of water in and around residential area
(B) Use of mosquito nets
(C) Spray of insecticides in drainage areas and swamp
(D) All of these
Question. Which of the following disease is spread by aedes mosquitoes?
(D) None of these
Assertion and Reason Based Questions
Directions : In the following questions a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as :
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are trueand reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Question. Assertion (A) : Bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid orgAnswer :
Reason(R) : It is the organs, to which matured lymphocytes migrate, interact with antigens and then proliferate to become effector cells.
Answer : (C)
Question. Assertion (A) : Acquired immunity is pathogen specific.
Reason (R) : It is not present since birth.
Answer : (A)
Question. Assertion (A) : Opioids, also called opiates used to treat pain.
Reason (R) : Opioids are the drugs which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our central nervous system.
Answer : (A)
Question. Assertion (A) : Pathogens are disease causing organisms.
Reason (R) : Salmonella typhi is a pathogenic virus causing tuberculosis.
Answer : (C)
Question. Assertion (A) : Cocaine are drug of abuse.
Reason (R) : Cocaine interferes in the working of central nervous system.
Answer : (C)
Question. Assertion (A) : Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Reason (R) : Corynebacterium diphtheriae produce a potent exotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis in epithelial cells.
Answer : (A)
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same :
Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well being. Balanced diet, personal hygiene and regular exercise are very important to maintain good health. Any disturbance of structure or function of the body may be regarded as disease. Diseases can broadly be categorized into infectious (communicable) and non-infectious (non-communicable). A wide range of organisms belonging to bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans etc., could cause diseases in man.
Question. The nature of the spread of communicable diseases is known as _______ .
(D) None of these.
Question. Which of the following diseases are communicable ?
(A) Infectious diseases
(B) Deficiency diseases
(D) Degenerative diseases.
Question. DPT vaccine is used for the immunization of :
(B) Bubonic plague
(C) Typhoid fever
Question. Which among the following is a set of bacterial diseases ?
(A) Cholera, typhoid and mumps
(B) Malaria, mumps and poliomyelitis
(C) Diphtheria, leprosy and plague
(d) Tetanus, Tuberculosis and measles.
Read the passage and answer any four questions.
A group of youth were having a ‘rave party‘ in an isolated area and was raided by police. Packets of ‘smack‘ and syringes with needles were found ittered around. Syringes and needles are used to inject drugs intravenously, as this can have very quick and strong effect upon abuser. Higher chances of addition can be seen through this mode of administration of drugs. Infected syringes may cause the user to catch deadly diseases.
Question. Why is taking ‘smack‘ considered an abuse ?
(A) because it causes drug dependence
(B) because it affects nervous system
(C) because it impairs one’s psychological functions
(D) all of these
Answer : (D)
Question. Which of the following drug is commonly known as Smack?
Answer : (A)
Question. ‘Smack’ is a drug obtained from the
(A) Latex of Papaver somniferum
(B) Leaves of Cannabis sativa
(C) Flowers of Datura
(D) Fruits of Erythroxylum coca
Answer : (A)
Question. Syringes and needles used by the youth for taking the drug could prove to be very fatal as :
(A) They can acquire serious infections.
(B) They can lead to malnutrition.
(C) They can cause transmission of parasitic disease.
(D) They can lead to cardiac arrest.
Answer : (A)
Question. Infected syringes disposes the user to catch which of the following disease :
(D) All of the above.
Answer : (D)
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question. Retroviruses have no DNA. However the DNA of the infected host cell does possess the viral DNA. How is it possible?
Answer : After infecting the host cell, the viral DNA undergoes reverse transcription in the presence of an enzyme reverse transcriptase as a result of which viral DNA is formed. This DNA then gets incorporated into infected host DNA.
Question. The principle of vaccination is based on which property?
Answer : The principle of vaccination is based on the property of memory.
Question. Trace the route of Sporozoite of Plasmodium when it enters the human body through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito till its entry into the R.B.C.
Answer : Sporozoites attack liver cells. Sporozoites reproduce asexually in liver cells by bursting them and then reach RBC.
Question. Name the category of disease in which ‘Rheumatoid arthritis‘ in human is put under.
Answer : Autoimmune disease.
Question. How drug abuse lead to stunted growth ?
Answer : It is due to premature closure of growth centres of the long bones.
Question. What is the function of Opioids ?
Answer : Opioids act as pain killers
Question. Suggest a method to ensure an anamnestic response in humAnswer :
Answer : Vaccination or Immunization (Active / passive) or weakened or inactive microbes or pathogens or proteins or antibodies introduced into the host body.
Question. Name any two physiological barriers that provide innate immunity.
Answer : Acid in stomach/Saliva in mouth/tears in eyes.
Question. Name two diseases whose spread can be controlled by the eradication of Aedes mosquitoes.
Answer : Dengue, Chikungunya//Yellow Fever / Eastern Equine Encephalitis / West Nile Fever / Zika /Zika Viral Disease
Short Answer Type Questions
Question. (i) Match the microbes listed under Column I with the products mentioned under Column II. (Image 32)
(ii) Why is distillation required for producing certain alcoholic drinks?
Answer : (i) The correct matches are as follows (Image 33)
(ii) Distillation is required to increase the alcohol content in alcoholic drinks. Whiskey, brandy and rum are produced by this process.
Question. Why are biogas plants considered more beneficial in rural areas?
Answer : The raw material for the biogas plant is mainly cow dung, which is available in plenty in rural areas where cattle are used. The biogas is used for lighting and cooking in these areas, as distribution is only in short distances. The spent slurry from the biogas plant is used as manure in agriculture; hence biogas plants are more suitable in rural areas.
Question. How do bioactive molecules of fungal origin help in restoring good health of humans?
Answer : Some bioactive molecules of fungal origin have been reported for their role in restoring good health of humans
For example, cyclosporin-A that is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients is produced by the fungus, Trichoderma polysporum.
Statins produced by yeast, Monascus purpureus have been commercialised as blood cholesterol lowering agents.
Question. What is sewage? In which way, it is harmful for us?
Answer : Sewage is the municipal wastewater collected from city or town homes that contain toilet, bathroom and kitchen waste. It contains large amounts of organic matter and many pathogenic microbes which are harmful to humans as they can cause diseases like cholera, typhoid, polio, etc.
Question. Give examples to prove that microbes release gases during metabolism.
Answer : Release of gases by microbes during metabolic activities can be justified by the following examples
(i) Puffed up appearance of dough, is due to the production of CO2 gas through fermentation by bacteria.
(ii) Swiss cheese has large holes due to production of CO2.
(iii) Methanogens produce methane.
Question. During the secondary treatment of primary effluents, how does a significant decrease in BOD occur?
List the events that reduce the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of a primary effluent during sewage treatment.
Answer : During secondary treatment, the primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it which allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs, i.e. masses of bacterial cells in association with fungal filaments, forming mesh-like structure. As they grow, the microbes consume a major part of the organic matter in the effluent, which significantly reduces BOD.
Question. Distinguish between the roles of flocs and anaerobic sludge digesters in sewage treatments.
Answer : In sewage treatment, flocs consume major part of the organic matter, converting it into microbial biomass and releasing lot of minerals. It reduces the BOD of sewage.
While in anaerobic sludge digesters, many anaerobic bacteria are present, which digest the organic mass as well as aerobic microbes. During this digestion, methane,CO2, etc., are produced.
Question. Why is aerobic degradation more important than anaerobic degradation for the treatment of large volumes of wastewaters rich in organic matter. Discuss.
Answer : Aerobic degradation is more important than anaerobic degradation because naturally occurring aerobic and facultative microbes (bacteria, fungi, Protozoa and others) in the wastewater can rapidly oxidise soluble organic and nitrogenous compounds. Mechanical addition of oxygen makes the process faster and most of the pathogenic content of the effluent is removed.
Question. Write the name of bacterium which is involved in setting milk into curd. Explain the process they carry in doing so. Write another beneficial role played by such bacteria.
Answer : Microorganisms like Lactobacillus and other commonly called Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) grow in milk and convert it into curd.
In this process, a small amount of starter is added to milk which turns it into curd. This starter is known as inoculum, which contains millions of LAB. These LAB produce acids that coagulate and partially digest the milk proteins. Thus, converting milk to curd. These bacteria also improve the nutritional quality by increasing vitamin-B 12 content in curd. A number of organic acids can also be found in curd.
LABalso play very beneficial role in checking disease causing microbes in our stomach.
Question. How does the application of the fungal genus–Glomus, to the agricultural farm increase the farm output?
Answer : The application of Glomus to agricultural field increases the farm output by increasing the nutrient availability to the crops. Glomus develops symbiotic association with the roots of plants, called mycorrhiza. It absorbs phosphorus from the soil and passes it to the plants it associates with. In return, it derives sugars from the host plant cells for its survival.
Question. How does the application of cyanobacteria help to improve agricultural output?
Answer : Cyanobacteria are autotrophic microbes found in aquatic and terrestrial environments.Most of these fix atmospheric nitrogen, e.g. Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, etc.
In paddy fields, cyanobacteria serve as important biofertiliser. They also add organic matter to the soil, thus increasing the fertility.
Question. Name some traditional Indian food made of wheat, rice and Bengal gram, which involve use of microbes. (NCERT)
Answer : Some Indian traditional food made of wheat, rice and Bengal gram are Wheat–Bhature and nan Rice–Idli and dosa Bengal gram–Dhokla and khandvi.
Question. ‘Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) can help in suggesting the quality of a water body’. Explain.
Answer : BOD refers to the amount of oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one litre of water were oxidised by bacteria. The microbes biodegrade the major part of the organic matter in the effluent by using the dissolved oxygen. It reduces the BOD of the effluent.
When the BOD of sewage is reduced significantly the effluent is passed into a settling tank where the bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment forming the activated sludge. Thus, higher the value of BOD, more is the water polluted and more is the amount of biodegradable matter.
Question. How is primary sludge is different from activated sludge?
Answer : Primary sludge is different from activated sludge as primary sludge includes all solid substances which get setteled after primary treatment. It traps lots of microbes and debris while activated sludge is the sediment formed from effluent after secondary treatment which contains bacterial flocs.
Question. How has fungus, Trichoderma polysporum proved to be very essential to organ transplant patients?
Answer : Fungus, Trichoderma polysporum is used to produce cyclosporin-A which act as an immunosuppressive agent during transplantation. They supress the immune system of patient, so that it does not act against the organ transplanted.
Question. Give the name of the two different categories of microbes naturally occurring in sewage water.
Explain their role in cleaning sewage water into usable water.
Answer : Two different categories of microbes naturally occurring in sewage water are aerobic and anaerobic microbes.
(i) Role of aerobic microbes in cleaning water Aerobic microbes grow excessively in the aeration tank and consumes a major part of the organic matter. It helps in reducing the BOD of the effluent.
(ii) Role of anaerobic microbes in cleaning water In the settling tank, anaerobic microbes digest the aerobic bacteria and fungi and produce gases like CH4, CO2,H2S, etc. It makes the water less polluted to be released in the water bodies.
Question. What are methanogens? How do they help to generate biogas?
Answer : Bacteria which grow anaerobically on cellulosic material, produce large amounts of methane along with CO2 and H2 are called methanogens (one of the common bacterium is Methanobacterium).
Methanogens are found in anaerobic sludge and in rumen of cattle. These methanogens are grown in slurry which comprises of cattle dung, they act upon it by breaking it down and release gases like methane and CO2. Hence, methanogens help to generate biogas.
Question. Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of the most severe form of malaria. It is distributed throughout the tropics. Explain why malaria is restricted to the tropics?
Answer : Malaria is transmitted by Anopheles mosquito, which is insect vector for the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. This parasite needs warm conditions with temperatures above 20° C to complete its life cycle in the mosquito. Therefore, mosquitoes breed in warm conditions of tropics and in areas of stagnant water. Hence, malaria is restricted to the tropics.
Question. Explain any three preventive measures to control microbial infections.
Answer : Preventive measures to control microbial infections are as follows
1. Personal hygiene Keeping the body clean, consumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits, etc.
2. Public hygiene Proper disposal of waste and excreta, periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, cesspools and tanks and observing standard practices of hygiene in public catering.
3. For vector borne diseases such as malaria Eradication of vectors and destroying their breeding sites, e.g. using mosquito nets and repellents, avoiding stagnation of water, regular cleaning of coolers, etc., introducing fishes like Gambusia in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae, spraying of insecticides in ditches, drainage areas and swamps, etc.
Question. ‘Prevention is better than cure’. Comment.
Answer : Prevention is always better than cure because some diseases cause extensive damage to the body tissues or organs and have a
(i) negative effect on their capacity to function.
(ii) permanent or long term debilitating effect.
(iii) negative mental and psychological effect.
(iv) financial burden.
Hence, it is said that prevention is easier and effective than cure of a disease.
Question. The harmful allele of sickle-cell anaemia has not been eliminated from human population. Such afflicted people derive some other benefit? Discuss.
Answer : Sickle-cell anaemia still persists in the population despite being harmful because this mutation can also be beneficial in certain conditions. The mutant HbS type haemoglobin is found at high frequencies (upto 20% and above) in the tropical Africa.
It is known that heterozygotes (HbS / HbA), having both types of haemoglobin show resistance to malarial infection as the body targets the Plasmodium falciparum infected cell for destruction. In contrast, individuals homozygous for normal haemoglobin (HbA / HbA) suffer high mortality rates in early childhood due to malarial infection. Thus, the allele for sickle-cell has been maintained because heterozygotes have a higher reproductive success than either of the two possible homozygotes.
Question. ‘Maintenance of personal and public hygiene is necessary for prevention and control of many infectious diseaes’. Justify the statement giving suitable examples.
Answer : Diseases which are easily transmitted from one person to another, are called infectious diseases.
For prevention and control of such diseases, maintenance of personal and public hygiene is necessary, for this purpose, some common preventive measures should be taken as follows
(i) Education People should be educated about communicable disease to protect themselves from such diseases.
(ii) Isolation The infected person should be kept isolated to minimise the spread of infection.
(iii) Vaccination People should get vaccination on time to avoid infection.
(iv) Sanitation The sanitation should be improved to avoid infection from polluted water, contaminated food, etc.
(v) Eradication of Vectors The breeding places of vectors must be destroyed and adult vectors should be killed by suitable methods.
(vi) Sterilisation The patient’s surroundings and articles of use should be completely sterilised to reduce the chances of infection.
Question. How does the transmission of each of the following take place? Ringworm, Malaria, Ascariasis, Pneumonia.
Answer : The mode of transmission of the above diseases are
Question. What are lifestyle diseases? How are they caused? Name any two such diseases.
Answer : Lifestyle diseases are ailments that are primarily based on the day-to-day habits of people.
Lifestyle diseases are caused by specific food habits, work related posture or exposure to harmful radiations or substances, lack of physical exercise, mental stress, etc.
Two lifestyle diseases are
• Hypertension • Heart disease
Question. Compare the symptoms of ascariasis, amoebiasis and elephantiasis.
Answer : Comparison between the symptoms of ascariasis, amoebiasis and elephantiasis are as follows (image) 14
Question. What measures would you take to prevent the water-borne diseases?
Answer : To prevent water-borne diseases, water bodies, like ponds, water tanks, reservoirs in the city or village should be cleaned periodically. The proper disposal of domestic waste, excreta, sewage should be done. At personal level, boiling of water, using water purifier, washing hands before meals should be practiced.
Question. Why is it that during changing weather, one is advised to avoid closed, crowded and air conditioned places like cinema halls, etc?
Answer : During changing weather, one is advised to avoid crowded places because changing seasons are the time when infectious agents are more active as moist conditions favours the growth of pathogens. Also, people are more vulnerable as their body system is busy in adapting to the changing environmental conditions of temperature, humidity, etc. Thus, this increases the chances of getting easily infected by various pathogens.
Question. Community service department of your school plans a visit to a slum area near the school with an objective to educate the slum dwellers with respect to health and hygiene.
(i) Why is there a need to organise such visits?
(ii) Write the steps you will highlight as a member of this department, in your interactions with them to enable them to lead a healthy life.
Answer : (i) Slums are generally unauthorised and encroached colonies having no public facilities. Due to lack of public facilities and education, the living standards there are very low and people are always at risk. Thus, there is a need to organise visits to educate people of slum about sanitation and other health related issues.
(ii) Development of healthy life is a bidirectional process and needs the cooperation of both authorities and public of slum area. Interacting with people, understanding their needs, availability of funds, interaction with all concerned authorities, making a concrete plan of development are required to handle the situation of slums.
Question. Certain attributes of innate immunity are given in the table below. Identify A, B, C, D, E and F respectively in it.
Answer : (i) A–Physiological barriers, B–Acid in stomach.
(ii) C–Cellular barriers, D–Phagocytose and destroy microbes
(iii) E–Interferons, F–Prevention of viral infections
Question. (i) What is the functional difference between B and T-cells?
(ii) Name the source used to produce hepatitis-B vaccine using rDNA technology.
Answer : (i) Functional differences between B and T-cells are as follows
(ii) Hepatitis-B vaccine is produced from surface antigens of transgenic yeast by rDNA technology. The antigens represent whole protein vaccine.
Question. Many microbial pathogens enter the gut of humans along with food. What are the preventive barriers to protect the body from such pathogens? What type of immunity do you observe in this case?
Answer : Many microbial pathogens enter the gut of humans along with food. The preventive barriers to protect the body from such pathogens are as follows
(i) The mucus coating of the epithelium lining of the gut helps in trapping microbes entering the body.
(ii) Saliva in the mouth and hydrochloric acid in gastric juice secreted by stomach prevent microbial growth.
This type of immunity is innate immunity. It is present from birth and is inherited from parents. The innate immunity remains throughout the life.
Question. (i) List any two situations, when a medical doctor would recommend injection of preformed antibodies into the body of a patient. Name this kind of immunisation and mention its advantages.
(ii) Name the kind of immunity attained when instead of antibodies, weakened antigens are introduced into the body.
Answer : (i) The two situations in which doctor will recommend injection of preformed antibodies into the body can be
(a) in case of snake bite
(b) in case of tetanus
This type of immunisation is called passive immunisation.
Advantages of passive immunisation are as follows
(a) It helps to prevent and slow down the course of disease.
(b) Passive immunisation with preformed antibodies leads to promote the availability of large amount of antibody thus act quickly.
(ii) Passive immunity attained when instead of antibodies, weakened antigens are introduced into the body.
Question. (i) It is generally observed that the children who had suffered from chickenpox in their childhood may not contact the same disease in their adulthood. Explain giving reasons the basis of such an immunity in an individual. Name this kind of immunity.
(ii) What are interferons? Mention their role.
Answer : (i) When the boy suffered from chickenpox, first time his body’s immune system exhibited primary response. Along with that, the memory of chickenpox virus was stored by the immune system. Now, whenever the same virus will attack this boy, the immune system will produce an intense response, preventing the body from getting chickenpox again. Thus, protecting the boy from getting infected by chickenpox ever again in life. It is known as acquired immunity.
(ii) Interferons are special kind of proteins secreted by virus infected cells. These protect the healthy cells from the virus attack.
Question. What does the term ‘memory of the immune system’ mean?
Answer : Memory of the immune system is an unique feature, which helps in producing an intensive secondary/anamnestic response when the pathogen attacks the second time.
Question. Mention any four symptoms of dengue fever.
Answer : Four characteristic features of dengue fever are high fever, severe front headache, joint pain, nausea and vomiting.
Question. Name the types of acquired immune responses and the special types of lymphocytes involved in providing them.
Answer : Types of acquired immune responses are
(i) Humoral immune response provided by B-lymphocytes.
(ii) Cell-mediated immune response provided by T-lymphocytes.
Question. Name any two secondary lymphoid organs in a human body and state the function of any of them.
Answer : Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches of small intestine, vermiform appendix.
Spleen : They act as sites for interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen and cause immune response.
Spleen : Trap blood-borne micro-organisms and worn out RBCs, thus filters blood.
Lymph nodes : Trap the micro-organisms / antigens (which happen to get into the lymph and tissue fluid). The trapped antigens activate lymphocytes and cause immune response.
Question. (i) It is generally observed that the children who had suffered from chickenpox in their childhood may not contract the same disease in their adulthood. Explain giving reasons on the basis of such immunity in an individual. Name this kind of immunity.
(ii) What are interferons ? Mention their role.
Answer : (i) The first infection of chickenpox produce a primary response and antibodies are generated against the chickenpox virus, subsequent encounter with the same virus elicits a highly intensified secondary response, due to the memory cells formed during the first encounter, (active immunity).
(ii) Proteins secreted by virus infected cells,which protects non-infected cells from viral infection / when a – interferon is given to cancer patient (it activates immune system),
Question. Name two drugs obtained from poppy plant. “These drugs are medically useful but are often abused“. Taking the mentioned examples justify by giving reasons.
Answer : Heroin / smack, morphine; morphine obtained from latex of unripe capsules of poppy plant (Papaver somniferum) is an effective pain killer and sedative. Heroin (a derivative of morphine) is used as drug. If these drugs are taken for the purpose other than medicinal or taken in larger doses, that may impair the physical and mental state of a person, then it is said to be abused.
Question. Mention the chemical nature of an antibody and name the type of cells they are produced by. Write the difference between active and passive immune responses on the basis of antibodies. A
Name the cells that act as HIV factory in humans when infected by HIV. Explain the events that occur in these infected cells.
Answer : Chemically antibodies are proteins. They belong to the immunoglobulin family of proteins which are Y shaped large molecules produced by plasma cells.
They are important constituents of the immune system.
Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B-lymphocytes (or B cells). When an antigen binds to the B-cell surface, it stimulates the B-cell to divide and mature into a group of identical cells called a clone.
Differences between active and passive immune responses :
|It is a type of acquired immunity in which the body produces
its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens
|It is a type of acquired immunity in which ready-made antibodies are transferred from one individual to another.
|It has a long-lasting effect
|It does not have a longlasting effect.
|It is slow. It takes time in producing antibodies and giving responses.
|It is fast. It provides immediate relief.
|e.g., Injecting microbes through vaccination inside the body.
|e.g., Transfer of antibodies present in
the mother’s milk to the infant.
Macrophages cells acts as an HIV factory in human when infected by HIV, where RNA of virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Events that occur in these infected cells are :
• After entering the human body, the HIV virus attacks and enters the macrophages. Inside the macrophages, the RNA of the virus replicates with the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase
and give rise to viral DNA.
• Then, this viral DNA incorporates into the host DNA and directs the synthesis of virus particles.
• At the same time, HIV enters the helper T-lymphocytes. It replicates and produces viral progeny here. These newly formed progeny viruses get released into the blood, attacking
healthier helper T-lymphocytes in the body.
• As a result, the number of T-lymphocytes in the body of an infected person decreases progressively, thereby decreasing the immunity of the body.
Question. (i) Differentiate between benign and malignant tumours.
(ii) Why is colostrum a boon to the newborn baby ?
Answer : (i) Benign tumour remains confined to original location / does not spread to another part of the body / not cancerous.
Malignant tumour is mass of proliferating (neoplastic) cells that invade and damage surrounding tissue / cancerous tumour /tumour showing property of metastasis.
Question. Two children, A and B aged 4 and 5 years respectively visited a hospital with a similar genetic disorder. The girl A was provided with enzyme replacement therapy and was advised to revisit periodically for further treatment. The girl B was, however, given a therapy that did not require revisit for further treatment.
(a) Name the ailments the two girls were suffering from?
(b) Why did the treatment provided to girl A required repeated visits?
(c) How was the girl B cured permanently?
Answer : (a) Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
(b) In Enzyme Replacement Therapy functional ADA is introduced to the patient (by injection), this therapy is not completely curative as enzyme can act only for a limited time period.
(c) [As there is no permanent cure at the age of five hence 1 mark of this answer allocated to part (b)]
Question. A child is born with ADA – deficiency (a) Suggest and explain a procedure for possible life-long (permanent) cure.
(b) Name any other possible treatment for this disease.
Answer : (a) Gene therapy, lymphocytes from the blood of a patient are grown in a culture outside the body, functional ADA, cDNA is introduced into these lymphocytes, these cells are returned to the patient’s body at early embryonic stage.
(b) Bone marrow transplantation, enzyme replacement therapy.
Question. Certain attributes of innate immunity are given in the table below. Identify A, B, C, D, E and F respectively in it.
|Type of barrier
|Example of the barrier
Answer : A. Physiological barrier.
B. Acid in Stomach/Saliva in mouth/Tears.
C. Cellular Barrier.
D. Phagocytose / Destroy microbes.
F. Protect non-infected cells from virus attack.
Question. (a) Write the scientific names of the causative agent and vector of malaria, and write its symptoms.
(b) Name any two diseases spread by Aedes sp.
Answer : (a) Plasmodium vivax / P. falciparum / P.malariae, vector-Female Anopheles mosquito Symptoms – chill , high fever
(b) Dengue, Chikungunya.
Question. Medically it is advised to all young mothers that breastfeeding is the best food for their newborn babies. Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Why is breastfeeding recommended during the initial period of an infant’s growth ? Give reasons.
Answer : Yes, Breast freeding is considered to be the best food for infants because it provides nutrition (calcium, fats, lactose) / provides (passive) immunity / provides antibodies / Ig A which heps the new born grow healthy and strong. This also protects the infants against allergies, sickness,infections etc.
Question. Name one airborne and a waterborne disease in humAnswer : List one specific symptom of each one of them.
Answer : Air-borne diseases : Tuberculosis (TB), Influenza Symptoms : Pain and difficulty in breathing/ Coughing. Water-borne diseases : Diarrhoea, Typhoid. Symptoms : Loose motions/ Watery stool.
Question. Name a human disease, its casual organism, symptoms (any three) and vector, spread by intake of water and food contaminated by human faecal matter.
Answer : Amoebiasis (Amoebic dysentery), Entamoeba histolytica, constipation / abdominal pain / cramps / tools with excess mucus / blood clots (Any three symptoms), Housefly.
Ascariasis, Ascaris, internal bleeding / muscular pain / fever / anaemia / blockage of intestinal passage (Any three symptoms), Housefly.
Typhoid, Salmonella typhi, high fever / weakness /stomach pain / constipation / headache / loss of appetite, Housefly. (Any three symptoms)
Question. List two diseases that spread through inhaling droplets or aerosols. Write one prominent symptoms for each one of them.
Answer : Diseases that spread through inhaling droplets and aerosols are Diphtheria and Common cold. Symptoms of Diphtheria : Sore throat and swollen lymph nodes. Symptoms of Common cold : Nasal congestion and sneezing.
Question. A farmer while working on his farm was bitten by a poisonous snake. The workers in the farm immediately rushed him to the nearby health centre. The doctor right away gave him an injection to save his life. What did the doctor inject and why ? Explain.
Answer : (i) Antitoxin / Antivenoms / Preformed antibodies.
(ii) Whenever quick immune response is required, we need to directly inject preformed antibodies / Antitoxins.
(iii) To neutralize snake venom quickly, passive immunity is provided.
Question. (i) What is an ‘‘allergic reaction’’ ?
(ii) Name any two drugs used to quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy.
(iii)Why do more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma?
Answer : (i) The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is called allergic reaction.
(ii) Anti-histamine, adrenaline, steroids. (Any two)
(iii) Due to deteriorating air quality, sensitivity to the environment, allergens, lowering of immunity due to modern day lifestyle (which could be due to the protected environment
provided largely in life).
Question. Name the type of immunity a baby is born with. How is it different from the one he getsfrom the mother’s milk after birth ?
Answer : Innate Immunity-Acquired Immunity that a baby acquires from his mother’s milk after birth is an example of passive immunity.
Question. How does the HIV breakdown the immune system of the AIDS patients ?
Answer : (i) Virus enters in macrophages.
(ii) RNA genome replicates to form viral DNA with help of reverse transcriptase.
(iii) Viral DNA gets incorporated into host cells DNA to produce virus particles.
(iv) HIV enters into helper ‘T’ lymphocytes and produces progeny virus.
(v) These are released in the blood and attack another helper ‘T’ lymphocytes.
(vi) This leads to progressive decrease in the number of helper ‘T’ lymphocytes and the person starts suffering from infections (loss of immunity).
Question. (i) Why is there a fear amongst the guardians that their adolescent wards may get trapped in drug/alcohol abuse ?
(ii) Explain ‘addiction‘ and ‘dependence‘ in respect of drug / alcohol abuse in youth.
Answer : (i) Adolescents are easily affected by (Vulnerable to) peer pressure, adventure, curiosity, excitement, experimentation and media.
(Any two) =
(ii) Addiction : Psychological attachment to certain effects such as Euphoria or temporary feeling of well – being.
Dependence : Tendency of the body to show withdrawal syndrome or symptoms if regular doses of drug or alcohol are abruptly discontinued.
Question. On a visit to a Hill station, one of your friends suddenly became unwell and felt uneasy.
(i) List two symptoms you would look for to term it to be due to allergy.
(ii) Explain the response of the body to an allergy.
(iii) Name two drugs that can be recommended for immediate relief.
Answer : (i) Sneezing, watery eyes, running nose,difficulty in breathing. (Any two)
(ii) Body releases antibodies, lgE type and chemicals like histamine and serotonin from mast cells which produce symptoms of allergy
(iii) Antihistamine, adrenalin, steroids.
Question. (a) Name the causative agents of pneumonia and common cold.
(b) How do these differ in their symptoms ?
(c) Mention two symptoms common to both.
Answer : (a) Streptococcus pneumoniae/ Haemophilus influenzae, Rhinoviruses.
(b) Different symptoms (any two)
|Infects alveoli of lungs
|Infects nose & respiratory passage
|Lips /fingers may
turn grey to black.
Question. State the three characteristics of Acquired Immunity. List the different ways by which it can be attained by humAnswer :
Answer : Characteristics of Acquired Immunity : Pathogen specific / characterized by memory /Acquired after birth / are of two types : Active and passive/humoral and cell mediated/includes primary response and secondary response. (Any two)
Way by which it can be attained by humans :Active Immunity by encountering a pathogen /virulent microbe/suffering from contagious disease.
Passive Immunity through immunization / readymade antibodies.
Long Answer Type Questions
Question. (i) Cancer is one of the most dreaded disease. Explain ‘contact inhibition’ and ‘metastasis’ with respect to the disease.
(ii) Name the group of genes that have been identified in normal cells that could lead to cancer. How dothese genes cause cancer?
(iii) Name any two techniques that are useful in detecting cancers of internal organs
(iv) Why are cancer patients often given a-interferon as part of the treatment? (Delhi 2014)
Answer : (i) Contact inhibition Normal cells have the property of contact inhibition (stoppage of growth on coming in contact with other cells), but cancer cells do not have this property. As a result, cancer cells divide continuously to give rise to a mass of cells (tumours).
Metastasis This property is exhibited by malignant tumours. It is the pathological process of spreading of cancerous cells to different parts of the body. These cells divide uncontrollably, forming a mass of cells called tumour.
From the tumour, some cells get sloughed off and enter the bloodstream. From the bloodstream, these cells reach near by as well as distant parts of the body therefore, initiating the formation of new tumours by dividing actively.
(ii) There are cancer causing viruses called oncogenic viruses. They have genes called viral oncogenes.
Certain other genes called cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto-oncogenes have been identified in normal cells, which when activated can lead to tumour formation.
(iii) Techniques that are useful in detecting cancers of internal organs are
(a) Computed Tomography (CT) is done to generate a 3-D image of internal tissue. It uses X-rays.
(b) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) involves the use of non-ionizing radiations and strong magnetic fields to detect pathological and physiological changes in a living tissue.
(iv) The biological response modifiers such as a-interferons are given to cancer patients as a part of their treatment because it activates patients’s immune system and helps in destroying the tumour.
Question. Explain the adaptive immunity with emphasis on its properties, activation and its role in vaccination.
Answer : Adaptive immunity is pathogen specific immunity. It is not present from birth and develops during an individual’s lifetime. This type of immunity is acquired,either by encountering the disease or by vaccination. It has the following characters
(i) Specificity It is the ability to distinguish different foreign molecules.
(ii) Memory It is a unique feature, which helps in producing an intensive secondary/ anamnestic response when the pathogen attacks the second time.
(iii) Discrimination between self and non-self This type of immunity is able to recognise and respond to foreign molecules (non-self) and can avoid response to those molecules that are present within the body (self).
Vaccination is based on the property of memory of adaptive immune system. In vaccination, an antigen or pathogen which is in inactive form is introduced in human body which induces mild immune response. The vaccine is therefore generating antibodies along with memory B and T-cells that recognise the pathogen on subsequent exposure.
Question. What are recombinant DNA vaccines? Give two examples of such vaccines. Discuss their advantages. (NCERT Exemplar)
Answer : Recombinant DNA vaccines are made up of a small circular DNA (plasmid) that has very tiny piece of pathogen DNA incorporated in it to produce one or two specific proteins of the pathogen.
This recombinant DNA is introduced into the bacteria or yeast cells, where it can use cell’s machinery to produce polypeptides of pathogen. These are used as vaccines to trigger a range of immune responses. Vaccines produced by using this approach allow large scale production, e.g.
(i) Hepatitis-B vaccine produced from yeast.
(ii) Bird flu DNA vaccine.
(i) Recombinant DNA vaccines are advantageous over killed or attenuated vaccines, since they do not get virulent or mutated again as it is seen in case of attenuated vaccines.
(ii) Secondly these are highly pure, specific and elicit show strong immune response.
Question. Explain the process of replication of a retrovirus after it gains entry into human body. (All India 2014)
Or What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person? (NCERT)
Answer : The process by which retrovirus gains entry into human host body or the mechanism by which AIDS virus causes immunodeficiency is as follows. (Image 20)
Question. Drugs like LSD, barbiturates, amphetamines, etc., are used as medicines to help patients with mental illness. However, excessive doses and abusive usage are harmful. Enumerate the major adverse effects of such drugs in humans (NCERT Exemplar)
Answer : Harmful effects of drugs like LSD, barbiturates, etc., are (i) Anxiety, shakiness, nausea and sweating, loss of mind control.
(ii) Reckless behaviour, vandalism and violence.
(iii) Lack of interest in personal hygiene, fluctuations in weight and appetite.
(iv) Social adjustment problems.
(v) Withdrawal, isolation, depression, fatigue, aggressive behaviour.
(vi) Withdrawal symptoms can be severe and life threatening.
(vii) Excessive doses of drugs may lead to coma and death due to respiratory failure, heart failure or cerebral haemorrhage.
Question. In your view what motivates youngsters to take alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
Or Why do some adolescents start taking drugs. How can this be avoided? (NCERT Exemplar)
Answer : Adolescents take drugs/alcohol due to following reasons
(i) Social and peer pressure.
(ii) Curiosity and need for adventure, excitement and experiment.
(iii) To avoid stress, depression and frustation.
(iv) To overcome hardships.
(v) Avoid unsupportive or unstable family structure.
(vi) Perception that it is cool or progressive. This perception is further promoted by TV, movies, newspapers and internet.
This can be avoided by
(i) Avoid undue peer pressure Parents must understand the abilities and personality type of the child. A child should not be pushed unduly for studies or sports or other activities. Pressure from parents and teacher beyond threshold is not healthy for children.
(ii) Education and counselling Parents and teachers should educate and counsel the child to face difficult situations as part of life. Stress, disappointments and failure must be taken in a healthy way. Involvement in extracurricular activities is a good distraction from daily stress. It channelises the child’s energy in right direction.
(iii) Seeking help from parents and peers In case of any academic or emotional problem, advice and guidance should be sought out from parents or trusted friends.
Besides solving problems, it also helps in venting out feelings of anxiety, fear and guilt.
(iv) Looking for danger signs Danger signs must be brought in light and must be told to parents and teachers if they find someone using drugs or alcohol.
There should be no hesitation in informing the same to the elders. This helps in preventing the person from drug abuse and initiating remedial steps.
(v) Seeking professional and medical help Affected people have a lot of help available in the form of doctors, psychologists, psychiatrists and rehabilitation programmes. An addicted person can get completely rid of the problem and lead a perfectly normal and healthy life by getting help.
Case Based Questions
Question. (i) How does a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) replicate in a host ?
(ii) How does an HIV-infected patient lose immunity?
(iii) List any two symptoms of this disease.
Answer : (i) Diagram : Refer Topic 1 / Revision Notes /Important Diagrams / Fig 1.3
(ii) Loss of T-lymphocytes.
(iii) Fever / diarrhoea / susceptibility to other diseases, prone to microbial infection.
Question. (i) Name the drug used
(a) As an effective sedative & pain killer.
(b) For helping patients to cope with mental illness like depression but often misused.
(ii) How does the moderate and high doses of cocaine affect human body R [O.E.B.]
Answer : (i) (a) Morphine, which is obtained from the latex of the poppy plant is used as an effective sedative and pain killer.
(b) LSD (Lysergic acid dimethyl amide) or Barbiturates are used to help the patients to cope with mental illness like depression.
LSD is a hallucinogenic substance, it is synthetically derived from the fungus, Claviceps purpurea.
(ii) Cocaine is a powerful addictive stimulant drug. The source of cocaine is coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca). It can alter brain structure and function if used repeatedly.
Effect of moderate doses of cocaine :
1. Feeling of euphoria and increased energy.
2. Increased in heart beat, respiration rate and blood pressure.
3. Dilated pupils.
4. Feeling of wellness and increased confidence. Effect of high doses of cocaine :
1. Panic attacks
Long term use of high doses of cocaine can result in weight loss and malnutrition. It may cause Parkinson’s disease. 5
Question. Define adolescence. Why are adolescents advised not to smoke ? How smoking affects the functioning of the body. Explain in reference to the rise in blood pressure and emphysema.
Answer : Adolescence refers to the period and process of rapid growth and physical and mental development from childhood to adulthood. Adolescents are advised not to smoke because of it’s addictive nature, it is hard to get rid of the use of tobacco. Smoking produces negative effect on the body. Smoking of tobacco is associated with cancer of lungs, urinary bladder, bronchitis, coronary heart diseases, etc. Smoking increases the content of carbon monoxide in the blood which interferes, with the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. The nicotine (of tobacco) stimulates adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline and nor-adrenaline; these ormones increase the blood pressure and heart rate.
Swali la mtihani wa Biolojia ya darasa la 12 Sura ya 8 Afya ya Binadamu na Magonjwa Tafadhali tazama hapa chini Sura ya mtihani wa Biolojia ya darasa la 12 Sura ya 8 Afya ya Binadamu na Magonjwa. Maswali na majibu haya yameandaliwa na walimu wa biolojia wa darasa la 12 kulingana na kitabu cha hivi karibuni cha NCERT kwa biolojia ya darasa la 12 na miongozo ya mtihani iliyotolewa na CBSE, NCERT na KVS. Kwa mfano, katika masomo ya Biolojia ya darasa la 12, maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali ya maswali. Kwa hivyo, unaweza kupata majibu ya maswali na maswali ambayo yanatarajiwa kutokea katika mtihani wa darasa la 12 na masomo ya juu. Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 8 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia: Somo la 12 Biolojia Sura ya 8 Afya ya Binadamu na Magonjwa Swali la Aina ya Lengo Entameba histolytica ni aina ya vimelea vinavyoishi kwenye tumbo la binadamu (B) na tumbo dogo (C) na tumbo kubwa (D). Chanzo kikuu cha maambukizi ya amebiasis ni (a) kuumwa na mbu (b) maji na chakula vilivyochafuliwa na uchafu (c) matone ya kutokwa kwa pua ya mtu aliyeambukizwa (d) yote haya swali. Ascaris ni vimelea wa Swali. Ascaris huambukizwa na mtu mwenye afya kwa maji, mboga, matunda, kuumwa na mbu, na kuambukizwa na nzi. Vector kwa ajili ya elephantiasis ni (A) Mwanamke mbu Swali. Ringworms husababishwa na (D) Hakuna moja ya maswali haya. Dalili kuu ya minyoo ya pete ni (A) Dimbwi lenye umajimaji na damu (C) Majeraha ya ngozi, misumari na scalp (D) Homa ya juu na baridi. Ni ipi kati ya hatua zifuatazo za kudumisha usafi ili kudhibiti magonjwa mengi ya kuambukiza? (a) Kuhifadhi mwili safi (b) Matumizi ya maji safi ya kunywa, chakula, mboga, matunda, nk. (c) Utoaji sahihi wa taka na uchafu (d) Maswali haya yote. Hatua muhimu ya kuzuia magonjwa yanayopitishwa na wadudu (A) Kuepuka maji ya maji ndani na karibu na eneo la makazi (B) Matumizi ya wavu wa mbu (C) Spray ya dawa za kuua wadudu katika maeneo ya mifereji na mabwawa (D) Yote haya Swali. Ni ugonjwa gani kati ya hizi unaosambazwa na mbu wa aedes? (a) Kwa sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu ya sababu. "Kumbuka kuwa ""A"" ni sababu ya ""A"" na ""R"" ni sababu ya ""A"" na ""R"" ni sababu ya ""A.""" (B) Wote madai (A) na sababu (R) ni kweli lakini sababu (R) si maelezo sahihi ya madai (A). (C) Assertion (A) ni kweli lakini sababu (R) ni uongo. (D) Assertion (A) ni uongo lakini sababu (R) ni kweli. Swali. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""mimba ya mifupa na thymus ni viungo vya msingi vya lymphoid"" (A) na ""mwili wa lymphoid"" (B) ni viungo ambavyo lymphocytes zilizokomaa husafiri, huingiliana na antigens na kisha huongezeka kuwa seli za effector." Jibu: (C) Swali. Assertion (A) : Kupata kinga ni pathogen maalum. Sababu (R): Haipo tangu kuzaliwa. Jibu: (A) Swali. "Uchunguzi wa ""Opiates"" - dawa ya kulevya inayotumiwa kutibu maumivu" Opioids ni dawa ambazo huunganisha kwa receptors maalum ya opioid zilizopo katika mfumo wetu wa neva kuu. Jibu: (A) Swali. Assertion (A) : Pathogens ni viumbe kusababisha ugonjwa. Sababu (R): Salmonella typhi ni virusi vya kuambukiza vinavyosababisha kifua kikuu. Jibu: (C) Swali. Madai (A): Kokaini ni dawa ya kulevya ya matumizi mabaya. Sababu (R): Kokaini huingilia kazi ya mfumo wa neva wa kati. Jibu: (C) Swali. Assertion (A) : Diphtheria husababishwa na Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Kwa sababu ya (R): Corynebacterium diphtheriae hutokeza sumu ya nje yenye nguvu ambayo huzuia utengenezaji wa protini katika chembe za epithelial. "A: Soma maandishi yafuatayo na ujibu maswali yafuatayo kwa msingi wa maandishi haya: "" Afya hufafanuliwa kama hali ya afya kamili ya kimwili, kiakili na kijamii." Chakula chenye usawaziko, usafi wa kibinafsi, na mazoezi ya kawaida ni muhimu sana kudumisha afya nzuri. Uharibifu wowote wa muundo au utendaji wa mwili waweza kuonwa kuwa ugonjwa. Magonjwa yanaweza kugawanywa katika magonjwa ya kuambukiza (ya kuambukiza) na yasiyo ya kuambukiza (yasiyo ya kuambukiza). Aina mbalimbali za viumbe vinavyohusika katika bakteria, virusi, kuvu, protozoa nk, vinaweza kusababisha magonjwa kwa mwanadamu. Swali. Hali ya kuenea kwa magonjwa ya kuambukiza inajulikana kama _______. (D) Hakuna mojawapo ya hizo. Swali. Ni magonjwa gani kati ya haya yanayoweza kuambukizwa? (a) Magonjwa ya kuambukiza (b) Magonjwa ya upungufu (d) Magonjwa ya degenerative. Swali. DPT ni chanjo ya ugonjwa wa Bubonic plague (B) na typhoid (C). Ni ipi kati ya zifuatazo ambayo ni seti ya magonjwa ya bakteria? (a) Cholera, typhoid na mumps (b) Malaria, mumps na poliomyelitis (c) Diphtheria, ukoma na tauni (d) Tetanus, kifua kikuu na surua. Soma kifungu hicho na ujibu maswali yoyote manne. Kikundi cha vijana walikuwa na ‘sherehe ya rave katika eneo lililotengwa na polisi na wakashambuliwa. Vifurushi vya "smack" na sindano zenye sindano zilipatikana zikiwa zimetandazwa. Dawa za kulevya hutumiwa kwa sindano na sindano, na inaweza kuwa na athari kubwa kwa mtu anayetumia dawa za kulevya. Uwezekano mkubwa zaidi wa kuongezwa unaweza kuonekana kupitia njia hii ya utoaji wa dawa. Shiringi zilizoambukizwa zaweza kumfanya mtumiaji apate magonjwa yenye kuua. Swali. Kwa nini kuchukua "smack" inachukuliwa kuwa matumizi mabaya? (A) kwa sababu husababisha utegemezi wa dawa (B) kwa sababu huathiri mfumo wa neva (C) kwa sababu huathiri kazi za kisaikolojia (D) zote hizi Jibu: (D) Swali. Ni dawa gani kati ya hizo inayojulikana kwa jina la Smack? Jibu: (A) Swali. "Smack"" ni dawa inayopatikana kutoka kwa (A) Latex ya Papaver somniferum (B) Majani ya Cannabis sativa (C) Maua ya Datura (D) Matunda ya Erythroxylum coca." "Siriji na sindano zinazotumiwa na vijana kuchukua dawa za kulevya zinaweza kuwa hatari sana kwa sababu: ""Wanaweza kupata maambukizi mabaya.""" (B) Zinaweza kusababisha utapiamlo. (C) Wanaweza kusababisha maambukizi ya magonjwa ya vimelea. (D) Zinaweza kusababisha mshtuko wa moyo. Jibu: (A) Swali. Msaada wa sindano ya dawa ya kulevya inaweza kuathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa sababu ya hatari ya kuambukizwa na ugonjwa wa: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) Jibu: (D) Jibu fupi sana Aina ya maswali Swali. Virusi vya nyuma havina DNA. Hata hivyo DNA ya chembe iliyoambukizwa ina DNA ya virusi. Hilo linawezekanaje? Baada ya kuambukiza chembe ya mwenyeji, DNA ya virusi hupitia transcription ya nyuma katika uwepo wa enzyme ya reverse transcriptase, na matokeo yake DNA ya virusi huundwa. DNA hii kisha huingizwa katika DNA ya mwenyeji aliyeambukizwa. Swali. Kanuni ya chanjo inategemea mali gani? Jibu: Kanuni ya chanjo inategemea mali ya kumbukumbu. Swali. Mfano wa spores ya Plasmodium ni kwamba, wakati wa kuambukizwa, huingia kwenye mwili wa binadamu kupitia kuumwa na mbu wa Anopheles wa kike, hadi kuingia kwenye RBC. Jibu: Sporozoites huvamia chembe za ini. Sporozoiti huzaana bila ngono katika chembe za ini kwa kuzipasua kisha kufikia RBC. Swali. Jina la jamii ya ugonjwa ambao "Rheumatoid arthritis" katika binadamu ni kuweka chini. Jibu: Ugonjwa wa kinga ya mwili. Swali. Matumizi mabaya ya dawa za kulevya husababishaje kukoma kwa ukuzi? Jibu: Ni kwa sababu ya kufungwa mapema kwa vituo vya ukuaji wa mifupa mirefu. Swali. Ni nini kazi ya Opioids? Jibu: Opioids hufanya kazi kama dawa za kupunguza maumivu Swali. "Kuna uwezekano wa kuambukizwa kwa njia ya ""anamnestika"" (kuambukiza au kuambukiza kwa njia ya ""anamnestika"" au ""kuambukiza kwa njia ya ""anamnestika"" au ""kuambukiza kwa njia ya ""anamnestika"" au ""kuambukiza kwa njia ya ""anamnestika"" au ""kuambukiza kwa njia ya ""anamnestika"" au ""kuambukiza kwa njia ya ""anamnestika"" au ""kuambukiza""")." Swali. Taja vizuizi viwili vyovyote vya kisaikolojia vinavyotoa kinga ya asili. Jibu: Asidi katika tumbo/Salavu katika mdomo/Machozi katika macho. Swali. Taja magonjwa mawili ambayo kuenea kwake kunaweza kudhibitiwa kwa kuangamiza mbu wa Aedes. Dengue, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever, West Nile Fever, Equine Encephalitis, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika, Zika. (i) Kulinganisha vijidudu vilivyoorodheshwa chini ya Safu ya I na bidhaa zilizotajwa chini ya Safu ya II. (Mfano wa 32) (ii) Kwa nini kunahitajika kutengeneza pombe fulani? "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""kila kitu kinaweza kuwa na kiwango cha juu cha kileo"" (Kifungu cha 33) na ""kila kitu kinaweza kuwa na kiwango cha juu cha kileo"" (Kifungu cha 3)." Whiskey, brandy na rum hutokezwa kwa njia hiyo. Swali. Kwa nini viwanda vya biogas huonwa kuwa vyenye manufaa zaidi katika maeneo ya mashambani? Biogas ni mbolea ya ng'ombe, ambayo inapatikana kwa wingi katika maeneo ya vijijini ambapo ng'ombe hutumiwa. Biogas hutumiwa kwa ajili ya taa na kupika katika maeneo haya, kama usambazaji ni tu katika umbali mfupi. Mchuzi uliotumiwa kutoka kwa kiwanda cha biogas hutumiwa kama mbolea katika kilimo; kwa hivyo viwanda vya biogas vinafaa zaidi katika maeneo ya vijijini. Swali. Molekuli zenye utendaji wa kibiolojia zinazotokana na kuvu husaidiaje kurudisha afya nzuri kwa wanadamu? "Molekyuli za bioactive za asili ya uyoga zimeripotiwa kwa jukumu lao katika kurudisha afya nzuri ya binadamu, kwa mfano, ""cyclosporin-A"" ambayo hutumiwa kama wakala wa kuzuia kinga kwa wagonjwa wa kupandikizwa viungo hutengenezwa na uyoga, Trichodermia polysporum." Statini zinazozalishwa na chachu, Monascus purpureus zimeuzwa kama dawa za kupunguza kolesteroli ya damu. Swali. Maji machafu ni nini? Ni kwa njia gani ni hatari kwetu? Maji ya taka ni maji machafu ya manispaa yaliyokusanywa kutoka kwa nyumba za jiji au mji ambazo zina taka za choo, bafu na jikoni. Ina kiasi kikubwa cha vitu vya kikaboni na vimelea vingi vya kuambukiza ambavyo ni hatari kwa wanadamu kwani vinaweza kusababisha magonjwa kama vile kipindupindu, homa ya kawaida, polio, na kadhalika. Swali. Toa mifano inayoonyesha kwamba viini-vitu hutokeza gesi wakati wa kimetaboliki. "Kutolewa kwa gesi na vimelea wakati wa shughuli za kimetaboliki kunaweza kusababishwa na mifano ifuatayo: ""Uonekano wa mchuzi wa mchuzi ni kwa sababu ya uzalishaji wa gesi ya CO2 kupitia ufumbuzi wa bakteria.""" Kwa mfano, jibini la Uswisi lina mashimo makubwa kwa sababu ya CO2. (iii) Methanogens kuzalisha methane. Swali. Wakati wa matibabu ya pili ya maji ya taka ya msingi, kupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa BOD hutokeaje? Kuondoa athari za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali za kemikali. Wakati wa matibabu ya sekondari, maji ya msingi hupitishwa katika tangi kubwa la uingizaji hewa ambapo huchanganywa mara kwa mara na hewa hupomwa ndani yake, ambayo inaruhusu ukuaji mkubwa wa vijidudu vya aerobic katika flocks. Mimea ya bakteria na filaments ya kuvu, na kuunda muundo wa mesh. Kwa kuongezeka kwa idadi ya viini, viini hivyo huchukua sehemu kubwa ya vitu vya kikaboni katika maji ya kutiririka, na hivyo kupunguza sana kiwango cha BOD. Swali. Tofauti kati ya majukumu ya flocks na anaerobic sludge digesters katika matibabu ya maji machafu. Katika matibabu ya maji machafu, flocks hutumia sehemu kubwa ya vitu vya kikaboni, kuibadilisha kuwa biomass ya microbial na kutolewa madini mengi. Inapunguza BOD ya maji machafu. Wakati katika anaerobic sludge digesters, wengi anaerobic bakteria ni sasa, ambayo digest molekuli ya kikaboni kama vile vijidudu aerobic. Wakati wa kumeng'enya, methane, CO2, na kadhalika hutokezwa. Swali. Kwa nini uharibifu wa aerobic ni muhimu zaidi kuliko uharibifu wa anaerobic kwa ajili ya matibabu ya kiasi kikubwa cha maji machafu tajiri katika vitu vya kikaboni. Zungumza. Uharibifu wa aerobic ni muhimu zaidi kuliko uharibifu wa anaerobic kwa sababu vijidudu vya asili vya aerobic na facultative (bacteria, fungi, protozoa na wengine) katika maji ya taka vinaweza kuharibu haraka misombo ya kikaboni na nitrojeni. Kuongezwa kwa oksijeni kwa njia ya mitambo hufanya mchakato huo uwe wa haraka zaidi na sehemu kubwa ya vitu vinavyosababisha magonjwa katika maji ya kutiririka huondolewa. Swali. Andika jina la bakteria ambayo inahusika katika kuweka maziwa katika curd. Eleza utaratibu wanaotumia kufanya hivyo. Andika fungu jingine lenye manufaa linalotumiwa na bakteria hizo. "Kama vile bakteria ya Lactobacillus, bakteria ya ""Lactic acid bacteria"" (LAB) huishi ndani ya maziwa na kugeuza kuwa maziwa." Katika mchakato huu, kiasi kidogo cha starter huongezwa kwa maziwa ambayo hubadilisha kuwa curd. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""inoculum"" ni chombo cha kwanza cha kuingiza maambukizi ya LAB." LAB hizo hutokeza asidi ambazo huunganisha na kumeng'enya protini za maziwa kwa sehemu. Hivyo, kugeuza maziwa kuwa unga. Bakteria hizi pia kuboresha ubora wa lishe kwa kuongeza vitamini B12 maudhui katika curd. Asidi kadhaa za kikaboni zaweza kupatikana pia katika mchuzi. LAB pia hutimiza jukumu muhimu sana katika kudhibiti magonjwa yanayosababisha vimelea katika tumbo letu. Swali. Jinsi gani matumizi ya genus ya uyoga <unk>Glomus, kwa shamba la kilimo kuongeza uzalishaji wa shamba? Matumizi ya Glomus kwenye shamba la kilimo huongeza uzalishaji wa shamba kwa kuongeza upatikanaji wa virutubisho kwa mazao. Glomus hufanyiza uhusiano wa ushirikiano na mizizi ya mimea, inayoitwa mycorrhiza. Huchukua fosforasi kutoka ardhini na kuipitisha kwa mimea inayoshirikiana nayo. Kwa kubadilishana, hupata sukari kutoka kwa chembe za mimea inayomiliki ili iendelee kuishi. Swali. Matumizi ya cyanobacteria husaidiaje kuboresha uzalishaji wa kilimo? Cyanobacteria ni aina ya viini vinavyopatikana katika mazingira ya maji na ardhi, na huhifadhi nitrojeni ya angahewa. Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, na kadhalika. Katika mashamba ya mchele, cyanobacteria hutumika kama mbolea muhimu ya kibiolojia. Pia huongeza vitu vya kikaboni kwenye udongo, na hivyo kuongeza uzazi. Swali. Taja baadhi ya vyakula vya jadi vya Kihindi vilivyotengenezwa kwa ngano, mchele na gram ya Bengal, ambavyo vinahusisha matumizi ya vimelea. (NCERT) Jibu: Baadhi ya vyakula vya jadi vya India vilivyotengenezwa kwa ngano, mchele na gram ya Bengal ni Wheat <unk> Bhature na Nan Rice <unk> Idli na dosa gram ya Bengal <unk> Dhokla na khandvi. Swali. <unk>Uamuzi wa Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) inaweza kusaidia katika kupendekeza ubora wa mwili wa maji<unk>. Eleza jambo hilo. BOD (Body Oxidation Dose) ni kiasi cha oksijeni ambayo inaweza kutumika kama wote wa kikaboni katika lita moja ya maji ni oxidized na bakteria. Vimelea huvunja sehemu kubwa ya vitu vya kikaboni katika maji ya kutiririka kwa kutumia oksijeni iliyoyeyuka. Inapunguza BOD ya maji ya taka. Wakati BOD ya maji taka hupunguzwa kwa kiasi kikubwa, maji ya taka hupitishwa kwenye tangi la kutua ambapo flocks ya bakteria huruhusiwa kutua na kuunda matope ya kazi. Kwa hiyo, kiwango cha BOD ni cha juu, kiasi cha maji ya uchafuzi ni kubwa, na kiasi cha vitu vinavyoweza kuharibiwa ni kikubwa. Swali. Jinsi gani chumvi ya msingi ni tofauti na chumvi ya kazi? Ufumbuzi wa msingi ni tofauti na ufumbuzi uliotumika kwani ufumbuzi wa msingi unajumuisha vitu vyote vilivyo ngumu ambavyo huhifadhiwa baada ya matibabu ya msingi. Inaweka mikondo ya vijidudu na mabaki wakati matope yaliyoamilishwa ni sediment iliyoundwa kutoka kwa maji ya taka baada ya matibabu ya sekondari ambayo ina flocks ya bakteria. Swali. Ni nini kinachofanya Trichoderma polysporum kuwa muhimu kwa wagonjwa wa kupandikizwa viungo? Fungi, Trichoderma polysporum hutumiwa kutengeneza cyclosporin-A ambayo hufanya kazi kama wakala wa kuzuia kinga wakati wa kupandikiza. Zinazuia mfumo wa kinga wa mgonjwa, ili usitumie nguvu dhidi ya kiungo kilichopandikizwa. Swali. Taja majina ya makundi mawili tofauti ya vijidudu vinavyopatikana kwa asili katika maji machafu. Eleza fungu lao katika kusafisha maji machafu kuwa maji yanayoweza kutumiwa. Kwa mfano, kuna aina mbili za viini vilivyopo katika maji machafu: viini vya aerobic na anaerobic. (i) jukumu la viini vya aerobic katika kusafisha maji viini vya aerobic kukua kupita kiasi katika tangi aeration na hutumia sehemu kubwa ya vitu vya kikaboni. Hii inasaidia kupunguza BOD ya maji ya maji. Anaerobic microbes katika maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji. Inafanya maji yasiyokuwa na uchafuzi zaidi kutolewa katika miili ya maji. Swali. Methanogens ni nini? Wanachangiaje kutokeza gesi ya kibiolojia? Bakteria zinazokua anaerobically kwenye nyenzo ya cellulose, zinazozalisha kiasi kikubwa cha methane pamoja na CO2 na H2 huitwa methanogens. Methanogens hupatikana katika matope ya anaerobic na katika rumen ya ng'ombe. Methanogens ni mchanganyiko wa mbolea ya ng'ombe na gesi ya methane. Kwa hiyo, methanogens husaidia kutokeza biogas. Swali. Plasmodium falciparum ndiyo husababisha aina mbaya zaidi ya malaria. Inapatikana kotekote katika maeneo ya kitropiki. Eleza kwa nini malaria hupatikana tu katika maeneo ya kitropiki? Malaria ni ugonjwa unaosambazwa na mbu anayeitwa Anopheles, ambaye ni wadudu wanaosambaza wadudu wanaoitwa Plasmodium falciparum. Kwa sababu ya hali ya joto ya juu ya 20 ° C, wadudu hawa wanahitaji kuzaa kwa muda mrefu. Kwa hiyo, mbu huzaana katika maeneo yenye joto la kitropiki na katika maeneo yenye maji yasiyo na maji. Kwa hiyo, malaria hupatikana tu katika maeneo ya kitropiki. Swali. Eleza hatua zozote tatu za kuzuia kuambukizwa na vimelea. Hatua za kuzuia na kuzuia maambukizi ya bakteria ni kama ifuatavyo: Usafi wa kibinafsi: Kuhifadhi mwili safi, matumizi ya maji safi ya kunywa, chakula, mboga, matunda, nk. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Usafi wa umma: Utoaji sahihi wa taka na uchafuzi, kusafisha na kuua viini vya maji, mabwawa, mabwawa na mabwawa na kufuata mazoea ya kawaida ya usafi katika vyakula vya umma. 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Kwa magonjwa yanayopitishwa na vektor kama vile malaria Uangamizaji wa vektor na kuharibu maeneo yao ya kuzaliana, kwa mfano Kutumia wavu wa mbu, kuzuia maji yasimame, kusafisha baridi mara kwa mara, kuingiza samaki kama Gambusia katika vidimbwi vinavyokula mabuu ya mbu, kunyunyizia dawa za kuua wadudu kwenye mitaro, maeneo ya maji na mabwawa. Swali. "Kuzuia ni bora kuliko kutibu". Maelezo. "Ukinga ni bora kuliko tiba, kwa sababu magonjwa mengine husababisha uharibifu mkubwa kwa tishu au viungo vya mwili na kuwa na athari mbaya kwa uwezo wao wa kufanya kazi.""" (ii) athari ya kudumu au ya muda mrefu ya kudhoofisha. (iii) athari mbaya ya kiakili na kisaikolojia. (iv) mzigo wa kifedha. Kwa hiyo, inasemekana kwamba ni rahisi na ni yenye matokeo zaidi kuzuia ugonjwa kuliko kuuponya. Swali. Allele yenye kudhuru ya upungufu wa damu wa chembe za sickle haijaondolewa katika idadi ya watu. Je, watu hao wanaoteseka wanapata faida nyingine? Zungumza. Anemia ya Sickle Cell bado inaendelea katika idadi ya watu licha ya kuwa na madhara kwa sababu mabadiliko haya yanaweza pia kuwa na faida katika hali fulani. HbS ya aina ya mutant hupatikana kwa masafa ya juu (hadi 20% na juu) katika Afrika ya kitropiki. Heterosygotes (HbA) ni aina ya damu ya aina ya HbA ambayo huonyesha upinzani dhidi ya malaria, na kwa hivyo huathiri seli ya Plasmodium falciparum. Kwa upande mwingine, watu wenye homozigoti ya hemoglobini ya kawaida (HbA) wanakabiliwa na viwango vya juu vya vifo katika utoto wa mapema kutokana na maambukizi ya malaria. Hivyo, allele kwa ajili ya seli sickle imekuwa kudumishwa kwa sababu heterozygotes kuwa na mafanikio ya juu ya uzazi kuliko yoyote ya homozygotes mbili iwezekanavyo. Swali. "Uhifadhi wa usafi wa kibinafsi na wa umma ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kuzuia na kudhibiti magonjwa mengi ya kuambukiza". Hakikisha taarifa kwa kutoa mifano inayofaa. Ugonjwa ambao huambukizwa kwa urahisi kutoka kwa mtu mmoja hadi mwingine huitwa ugonjwa wa kuambukiza. Ili kuzuia na kudhibiti magonjwa kama hayo, ni muhimu kudumisha usafi wa kibinafsi na wa umma, kwa kusudi hili, hatua za kawaida za kuzuia zinapaswa kuchukuliwa kama ifuatavyo: (1) Elimu Watu wanapaswa kuelimishwa juu ya magonjwa ya kuambukiza ili kujilinda dhidi ya magonjwa kama hayo. (ii) Kutengwa Mtu aliyeambukizwa anapaswa kuwekwa kando ili kupunguza kuenea kwa maambukizo. (iii) Chanjo Watu wanapaswa kupata chanjo kwa wakati ili kuepuka maambukizi. (iv) Usafi wa mazingira Usafi wa mazingira unapaswa kuboreshwa ili kuepuka maambukizi kutoka kwa maji machafu, chakula cha uchafu, nk. (v) Uangamizaji wa Vector: Maeneo ya kuzaliana ya Vector lazima yaangamizwe na Vector wazima wanapaswa kuuawa kwa njia zinazofaa. (vi) Sterilization Mazingira ya mgonjwa na vitu vya matumizi vinapaswa kufanyiwa sterilization kabisa ili kupunguza uwezekano wa maambukizi. Swali. Uhamisho wa kila moja ya mambo yafuatayo hufanywaje? Ugonjwa wa ringworm, malaria, ascariasis, na nimonia. Jibu: Njia ya maambukizi ya magonjwa ya juu ni swali. Magonjwa ya mtindo wa maisha ni nini? Zinasababishwaje? Taja magonjwa mawili yoyote kama hayo. Ugonjwa wa mtindo wa maisha ni ugonjwa unaosababishwa na tabia za kila siku za watu. Magonjwa ya mtindo wa maisha husababishwa na tabia maalum za chakula, msimamo unaohusiana na kazi au mfiduo wa mnururisho au vitu vyenye madhara, ukosefu wa mazoezi ya mwili, mkazo wa akili, nk. Ugonjwa wa maisha ni pamoja na: Hypertension, ugonjwa wa moyo na ugonjwa wa moyo. Linganisha dalili za ascariasis, amebiasis na elephantiasis. Kwa mfano, kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, dalili za ascariasis, amebiasis na elephantiasis ni tofauti na dalili za ugonjwa wa ascaridiasis. Je, unachukua hatua gani ili kuzuia magonjwa yanayopitishwa na maji? Ili kuzuia magonjwa yanayotokana na maji, miili ya maji kama vile vidimbwi, matangi ya maji, mabwawa katika jiji au kijiji yanapaswa kusafishwa mara kwa mara. Utoaji sahihi wa taka za nyumbani, excreta, maji machafu inapaswa kufanywa. Katika hali ya kibinafsi, kuoka maji, kutumia kichawi cha maji, kuosha mikono kabla ya chakula inapaswa kufanywa. Swali. Kwa nini wakati wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, mtu anapendekezwa kuepuka mahali pa kufungwa, vyumba vyenye umati na vyumba vyenye hali ya hewa kama vile majumba ya sinema, nk? Wakati wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, mtu anapendekezwa kuepuka maeneo yenye msongamano wa watu kwa sababu mabadiliko ya misimu ni wakati ambapo vimelea vya kuambukiza ni hai zaidi kama hali ya unyevu inasaidia ukuaji wa vimelea. Pia, watu ni zaidi ya kuathirika kama mfumo wao mwili ni busy katika kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya mazingira ya joto, unyevu, nk. Hivyo, hilo huongeza uwezekano wa kuambukizwa kwa urahisi na vimelea mbalimbali. Swali. Idara ya Huduma za Jumuiya ya shule yako inapanga ziara ya eneo la slum karibu na shule na lengo la kuwaelimisha wakazi wa slum kuhusiana na afya na usafi. (i) Kwa nini kuna uhitaji wa kuandaa ziara hizo? (ii) Andika hatua utakazokazia kama mwanachama wa idara hii, katika mwingiliano wako nao ili kuwawezesha kuongoza maisha yenye afya. Jibu: (i) Slums kwa ujumla ni makoloni yasiyoidhinishwa na yaliyopinduliwa ambayo hayana vifaa vya umma. Kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa vifaa vya umma na elimu, viwango vya maisha huko ni vya chini sana na watu daima wako hatarini. Kwa hivyo, kuna haja ya kuandaa ziara za kuwaelimisha watu wa slums juu ya usafi na masuala mengine yanayohusiana na afya. (ii) Maendeleo ya maisha ya afya ni mchakato wa pande mbili na inahitaji ushirikiano wa mamlaka na umma wa eneo la slum. Kuingiliana na watu, kuelewa mahitaji yao, upatikanaji wa fedha, mwingiliano na mamlaka zote zinazohusika, kufanya mpango halisi wa maendeleo inahitajika kushughulikia hali ya slums. Swali. Sifa fulani za kinga ya asili zimetolewa katika jedwali lililo hapa chini. Kutambua A, B, C, D, E na F mtiririko katika hilo. Jibu: (i) A <unk> vizuizi vya kisaikolojia, B <unk> Asidi katika tumbo. (ii) C <unk> Vizuizi vya seli, D <unk> Phagocytose na kuharibu vimelea (iii) E <unk> Interferons, F <unk> Kuzuia maambukizi ya virusi Swali. (i) Ni nini tofauti ya kazi kati ya B na T-chembe? (ii) Taja chanzo kilichotumiwa kutengeneza chanjo ya hepatitis-B kwa kutumia teknolojia ya rDNA. "Hakuna tofauti ya kazi kati ya chembe za B na T: ""Hepatitis B"" ni chanjo inayotengenezwa kutoka kwa antigen ya uso wa chachu ya transgenic kwa teknolojia ya rDNA." Antigen zinawakilisha chanjo ya protini nzima. Swali. Vimelea vingi vinavyosababisha magonjwa huingia ndani ya matumbo ya wanadamu pamoja na chakula. Ni nini kizuizi cha kuzuia ili kulinda mwili dhidi ya vimelea hivyo? Ni aina gani ya kinga unayoona katika kisa hiki? Jibu: Vimelea vingi vinavyoambukiza viini huingia ndani ya matumbo ya wanadamu pamoja na chakula. Vizuizi vya kuzuia mwili dhidi ya vimelea hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: (i) Matofali ya utando wa epithelium ya matumbo husaidia katika kukamata vimelea vinavyoingia mwilini. (ii) Saliva katika kinywa na asidi ya hydrochloric katika maji ya tumbo yanayotokana na tumbo huzuia ukuzi wa vimelea. Aina hii ya kinga ni kinga ya asili. Ni ya kuzaliwa na inarithiwa kutoka kwa wazazi. Kinga ya asili hubaki maisha yote. Swali. (i) Orodhesha hali yoyote mbili, wakati daktari wa matibabu angependekeza sindano ya antibodies zilizotengenezwa mapema katika mwili wa mgonjwa. Taja aina hii ya chanjo na taja faida zake. (ii) Taja aina ya kinga inayopatikana wakati badala ya viini vya kupambana na ugonjwa, antigeni zilizodhoofishwa zinaingizwa mwilini. "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""mfano wa kwanza"" wa chanjo ya tetanasi, ambayo inatoa dawa ya kuambukiza kwa njia ya dawa ya kuambukiza ya kuambukiza ya tetanasi, ambayo inaweza kutumika kwa kuambukiza kwa kuambukiza kwa tetanasi, ambayo inaweza kutumika kwa kuambukiza kwa tetanasi." Faida za chanjo ya passive ni kama ifuatavyo: (a) Inasaidia kuzuia na kupunguza mwendo wa ugonjwa. (b) Passive immunization na preformed antibodies inaongoza kwa kukuza upatikanaji wa kiasi kikubwa cha antibody hivyo kutenda haraka. (ii) Kinga ya kimwili hupatikana wakati badala ya viini vya kupambana na ugonjwa, antigeni zilizodhoofika zinaingizwa mwilini. Swali. Kwa kawaida, watoto ambao waliugua ugonjwa wa chickenpox katika utoto wao wanaweza kuwa na ugonjwa huo wakati wa ukomavu. Eleza kwa sababu msingi wa kinga kama hiyo katika mtu. Taja aina hii ya kinga. (ii) Interferoni ni nini? Zungumzia fungu lao. Jibu: (i) Wakati mvulana huyo alipata ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa chickenpox, kwa mara ya kwanza mfumo wake wa kinga ulionyesha majibu ya msingi. Pamoja na hilo, kumbukumbu ya virusi vya ugonjwa wa ndui ilihifadhiwa na mfumo wa kinga. Wakati virusi hivyo vinapomshambulia mtoto, mfumo wa kinga huanza kujibu kwa nguvu, na kuzuia mwili usipate ugonjwa huo tena. Hivyo, kumlinda mvulana huyo asiambukizwe ugonjwa wa ugonjwa wa chickenpox tena maishani mwake. Inaitwa kinga iliyopatikana. Interferoni ni aina maalum ya protini zinazotolewa na chembe zilizoambukizwa na virusi. Hizi hulinda chembe zenye afya dhidi ya shambulio la virusi. Swali. Neno "kumbuka ya mfumo wa kinga" linamaanisha nini? Kumbukumbu ya mfumo wa kinga ni kipengele cha kipekee, ambacho husaidia katika kuzalisha majibu ya sekondari ya kina wakati vimelea vinaposhambulia mara ya pili. Swali. Taja dalili nne zozote za homa ya deni. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, dalili nne za homa ya dengue ni ""homa ya juu, maumivu makali ya kichwa mbele, maumivu ya viungo, kichefuchefu na kutapika.""" Swali. Taja aina za majibu ya kinga yaliyopatikana na aina maalum za lymphocytes zinazohusika katika kuandaa. Aina ya majibu ya kinga ya kupatikana ni (i) Humoral majibu ya kinga zinazotolewa na B-lymphocytes. (ii) Seli-medied immune majibu zinazotolewa na T-lymphocytes. Swali. Taja viungo viwili vya lymphatic katika mwili wa binadamu na ueleze kazi ya kila moja. Jibu: Mkojo, kibofu cha lymph, tonsils, Peyer's patches ya matumbo madogo, vermiform appendix. Mkojo: Wao kutenda kama maeneo kwa ajili ya mwingiliano wa lymphocytes na antigen na kusababisha majibu ya kinga. Mdomo: Hufunga viumbe wadogo wanaoishi katika damu na chembe za damu nyekundu zilizoharibika, hivyo huficha damu. Lymph nodes: Vituo vya kuambukiza vimelea vinavyoingia kwenye lymph na tishu. Antigen zilizokamatwa huamsha chembe za chembe za chembe na kusababisha majibu ya kinga. Swali. Kwa kawaida, watoto ambao waliugua ugonjwa wa chickenpox katika utoto wao wanaweza kuwa na ugonjwa huo wakati wa ukomavu. Eleza sababu za kutoa msingi wa kinga kama hiyo katika mtu. Taja aina hii ya kinga. (ii) Interferoni ni nini? Zungumzia fungu lao. Ugonjwa wa kwanza wa chickenpox hutokeza majibu ya msingi na antibodies hutengenezwa dhidi ya virusi vya chickenpox, kukutana baadaye na virusi sawa husababisha majibu ya sekondari ya nguvu, kutokana na seli za kumbukumbu zilizojengwa wakati wa kukutana kwanza. "Protein zinazotokana na seli zilizoambukizwa virusi, ambazo hulinda seli zisizoambukizwa kutokana na maambukizi ya virusi wakati ""interferon"" inapotolewa kwa mgonjwa wa kansa (inaamsha mfumo wa kinga), swali. """ Taja dawa mbili zinazotokana na mmea wa poppy. "Dawa hizi ni muhimu kitiba lakini mara nyingi hutumiwa vibaya". Kuchukua mifano iliyotajwa kusababisha kwa kutoa sababu. "Heroin (morphine) ni dawa ya kulevya inayotokana na dawa ya ""morphine"" (morphine) inayotokana na dawa ya ""morphine"" (morphine) inayotokana na dawa ya ""morphine"" (morphine) inayotokana na dawa ya ""morphine"" (morphine) inayotokana na dawa ya ""morphine"" (morphine) inayotokana na dawa ya ""morphine"" (morphine)." Heroini (mchanganyiko wa morfini) hutumiwa kama dawa ya kulevya. Dawa hizo zinapochukuliwa kwa madhumuni mengine isipokuwa dawa au kwa kiasi kikubwa, na hivyo kuathiri hali ya mwili na akili ya mtu, basi inadaiwa kuwa ni matumizi mabaya. Swali. Taja asili ya kemikali ya kingamwili na jina la aina ya chembe zinazozalishwa na. Andika tofauti kati ya majibu ya kinga ya kazi na ya kazi kwa msingi wa kingamwili. A. Jina la chembe ambazo hufanya kazi kama kiwanda cha virusi vya Ukimwi kwa wanadamu wanapokuwa na virusi vya Ukimwi. Eleza matukio yanayotokea katika chembe hizo zilizoambukizwa. Jibu: Kemia ya kingamwili ni protini. Ni sehemu ya familia ya protini ya immunoglobulin ambayo ni molekuli kubwa zenye umbo la Y zinazozalishwa na chembe za plasma. Wao ni sehemu muhimu za mfumo wa kinga. Antibodies hutengenezwa na chembe za damu nyeupe maalumu zinazoitwa B-lymphocytes (au chembe za B). Antigen inapokutana na B-cell, inachochea B-cell kugawanyika na kukomaa kuwa kundi la seli sawa zinazoitwa kloni. "Kutokana na ""msaada wa kinga"" wa kinga, mwili hutengeneza kinga dhidi ya antigeni zinazosababisha ugonjwa, na kinga ya kinga hutolewa kutoka kwa mtu mmoja hadi mwingine." """Hii ni athari ya muda mrefu, na sio athari ya muda mrefu." Ni polepole. Inachukua muda kutokeza chembe za kinga na kutoa majibu. Ni ya haraka. Inatoa kitulizo cha mara moja. _e.g., Injection vimelea kupitia chanjo ndani ya mwili. _e.g., Uhamisho wa kingamwili zilizopo katika maziwa ya mama kwa mtoto. Makrofaji hufanya kazi kama kiwanda cha virusi vya Ukimwi katika binadamu wakati wa kuambukizwa virusi vya Ukimwi, ambapo RNA ya virusi hujifanyiza DNA ya virusi kwa msaada wa enzyme ya reverse transcriptase. Katika chembe zilizoambukizwa, virusi vya HIV huingia kwenye makrofagi. Ndani ya macrophages, RNA ya virusi hujifanya kwa msaada wa enzyme ya reverse transcriptase na kutoa DNA ya virusi. DNA ya virusi huingia kwenye DNA ya mwenyeji na kuongoza utengenezaji wa chembe za virusi. • Wakati huohuo, virusi vya UKIMWI huingia katika chembe za T-lymphocyte zenye kusaidia. Inazalisha na kuzalisha wazao wa virusi hapa. Virusi hivi vilivyofanyizwa hivi karibuni hutolewa katika damu, vikishambulia chembe za T-lymphocyte zenye afya zaidi mwilini. Kwa sababu hiyo, idadi ya T-lymphocytes katika mwili wa mtu aliyeambukizwa hupungua hatua kwa hatua, na hivyo kupunguza kinga ya mwili. Swali. (i) Tofauti kati ya uvimbe mzuri na mbaya. (ii) Kwa nini colostrum ni baraka kwa mtoto mchanga? Ugonjwa wa kansa ni ugonjwa wa kawaida ambao huendelea katika eneo la awali na haipaswi kuenea kwenye sehemu nyingine ya mwili. Ugonjwa wa kansa ni kundi la seli za neoplastic zinazozidi kuenea ambazo huvamia na kuharibu tishu zinazozunguka tumbo la kansa, na zinaonyesha sifa ya metastasis. Swali. Watoto wawili, A na B, wenye umri wa miaka 4 na 5 walihudhuria hospitali na ugonjwa kama huo wa maumbile. Msichana A alipewa tiba ya kubadilisha enzyme na alishauriwa kurudi mara kwa mara kwa matibabu zaidi. Hata hivyo, msichana B alipewa tiba ambayo haikuhitaji kurudi kwa ajili ya matibabu zaidi. (a) Taja magonjwa ambayo wasichana hao wawili walikuwa wakiteseka? (b) Kwa nini matibabu yaliyotolewa kwa msichana A yalihitaji ziara za mara kwa mara? (c) Msichana B aliponywaje kabisa? Adenosine deaminase (ADA) upungufu: Katika Enzyme Replacement Therapy, ADA inafanywa kwa mgonjwa (kwa sindano), matibabu hayawezi kupona kabisa kwani enzyme inaweza kufanya kazi kwa muda mdogo tu. (c) [Kwa kuwa hakuna tiba ya kudumu katika umri wa miaka mitano kwa hiyo alama 1 ya jibu hili imewekwa kwa sehemu (b) ] Swali. Mtoto alizaliwa na ADA <unk> upungufu (a) Pendekeza na kueleza utaratibu kwa ajili ya uwezekano wa maisha-mda (daima) tiba. (b) Taja matibabu mengine yanayowezekana ya ugonjwa huu. Katika tiba ya jeni, lymphocytes kutoka kwa damu ya mgonjwa hupandwa katika utamaduni nje ya mwili, ADA ya kazi, cDNA huingizwa katika lymphocytes hizi, seli hizi hurudishwa kwenye mwili wa mgonjwa katika hatua ya mapema ya kiinitete. (b) Upasuaji wa mifupa ya mifupa, tiba ya kubadilisha enzyme. Swali. Sifa fulani za kinga ya asili zimetolewa katika jedwali lililo hapa chini. Kutambua A, B, C, D, E na F mtiririko katika hilo. <p>Mfano wa kizuizi: <p>Kizuizi cha kisaikolojia <p> B. Asidi katika tumbo/Salavu katika mdomo/Machozi. C. Kizuizi cha Chembe. Phagocytosis - kuharibu vimelea F. Kulinda chembe zisizoambukizwa kutokana na shambulio la virusi. Swali. (a) Andika majina ya kisayansi ya kiasili na vector ya malaria, na andika dalili zake. (b) Taja magonjwa mawili yoyote yanayoenezwa na Aedes sp. "Kama ""Plasmodium vivax"" (P. falciparum) au ""P. malarial"" (P. malarial) au ""P. malarial"" (P. falciparum) au ""P. malarial"" (P. malarial) au ""P. malarial"" (P. malarial) au ""P. malarial"" (P. malarial) au ""P. malarial"" (P. malarial)." Swali. Kwa mujibu wa sheria za afya, mama wote vijana wanashauriwa kumnyonyesha mtoto wao mchanga. Je, unakubaliana na hilo? Toa sababu za kuunga mkono jibu lako. Kwa nini kunyonyesha kunapendekezwa wakati wa kipindi cha kwanza cha ukuzi wa mtoto? Taja sababu. "Kulingana na utafiti wa utafiti, ""Kulisha mama ni chakula bora kwa watoto wachanga kwa sababu hutoa lishe (kalsiamu, mafuta, lactose), hutoa kinga (passive), hutoa antibodies IgA ambayo hufanya mtoto mchanga awe na afya na nguvu.""" Hii pia inalinda watoto dhidi ya mzio, ugonjwa, maambukizi nk. Swali. Jibu: Orodhesha dalili moja maalum ya kila moja ya magonjwa hayo. Ugonjwa wa hewa (TB) - Ugonjwa wa hewa (TB) - Ugonjwa wa hewa (TB) - Ugonjwa wa hewa (TB) - Ugonjwa wa hewa (TB) - Ugonjwa wa hewa (TB) - Ugonjwa wa hewa (TB) - Ugonjwa wa hewa (TB) - Ugonjwa wa hewa (TB) - Ugonjwa wa hewa (TB) - Ugonjwa wa hewa (TB). Magonjwa yanayopitishwa na maji: Kuvuja, Kifafa. Dalili: Harakati za kutoelewana/ Mvua ya mkojo. Swali. Ugonjwa wa binadamu, kiumbe chake cha kawaida, dalili (chochote tatu) na vector, kuenea kwa matumizi ya maji na chakula cha uchafuzi wa binadamu. Amebiya (Amoebic dysentery), Entamoeba histolytica, constipation, maumivu ya tumbo, cramps, na upungufu wa damu (mwisho wa miezi mitatu), housefly, na ugonjwa wa kuvuja damu. Ascariasis, Ascaris, damu ya ndani, maumivu ya misuli, homa, anemia, kuzuia njia ya matumbo ( dalili yoyote tatu), housefly. Salmonella typhi, homa ya juu, kichefuchefu, ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu, ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu, ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu, ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu, ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu, ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu, ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu, ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu, ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu, ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu, ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu. (Msimu wa tatu) Swali. Taja magonjwa mawili yanayoenea kwa kuvuta matone au aerosoli. Andika dalili moja inayoonekana kwa kila moja yao. Ugonjwa unaosambaa kwa kutumia vidonda na aerosol ni ugonjwa wa kichefuchefu (diphtheria) na homa. Dalili za Diphtheria: Maumivu ya koo na uvimbe wa kibofu cha damu. Dalili za homa ya kawaida: Kuziba pua na kupiga chafya. Swali. Mkulima mmoja alipokuwa akifanya kazi shambani mwake alilumwa na nyoka mwenye sumu. Wafanyakazi wa shamba hilo walimpeleka mara moja kwenye kituo cha afya kilichokuwa karibu. Daktari alimtia sindano mara moja ili kumwokoa uhai wake. Daktari aliingiza nini na kwa nini? Eleza jambo hilo. Jibu: (i) Antivenom (anti-vimelea) • Wakati wowote majibu ya haraka ya kinga inahitajika, tunahitaji moja kwa moja kuingiza antibodies zilizotengenezwa mapema. (iii) Ili kutenganisha sumu ya nyoka upesi, kinga ya kimwili hutolewa. Swali. (i) Ni nini "mmenyuko wa mzio"? (ii) Taja dawa mbili zozote zinazotumiwa kupunguza haraka dalili za mzio. Kwa nini watoto wengi katika miji mikubwa ya India wanateseka kutokana na mzio na pumu? "Kuna uwezekano wa ""msaada wa kinga"" kwa antigen fulani inayopatikana katika mazingira ya binadamu." (ii) Antihistamine, adrenaline, steroids. (iii) Kwa sababu ya hali mbaya ya hewa, unyeti kwa mazingira, allergens, kupunguza kinga kutokana na mtindo wa maisha wa kisasa (ambayo inaweza kuwa kutokana na mazingira ya ulinzi iliyotolewa kwa kiasi kikubwa katika maisha). Swali. Taja aina ya kinga ambayo mtoto huzaliwa nayo. Ni nini tofauti na kile anachopokea kutoka kwa maziwa ya mama baada ya kuzaliwa? Usalama wa asili - Usalama uliopatikana ambao mtoto hupata kutoka kwa maziwa ya mama yake baada ya kuzaliwa ni mfano wa kinga ya kimwili. Swali. HIV huathirije mfumo wa kinga wa wagonjwa wa Ukimwi? Jibu: (i) Virusi huingia katika macrophages. RNA genome replicates kuunda virusi DNA kwa msaada wa reverse transcriptase. DNA ya virusi huingizwa katika DNA ya chembe za mwenyeji ili kutokeza chembe za virusi. (iv) HIV huingia katika lymphocytes za msaidizi wa T na kutokeza virusi vya wazao. (v) Hizi hutolewa katika damu na kushambulia lymphocytes nyingine ya msaidizi ‘T. (vi) Hii husababisha kupungua kwa hatua kwa hatua katika idadi ya lymphocytes ya msaidizi <unk> T<unk> na mtu anaanza kuteseka kutokana na maambukizo (kupoteza kinga). Swali. (i) Kwa nini kuna hofu miongoni mwa walezi kwamba wadi zao vijana wanaweza kupata mtego katika dawa za kulevya / pombe matumizi mabaya? (ii) Kuelezea "uchawi" na "utegemezi" kuhusiana na matumizi mabaya ya dawa za kulevya na pombe katika vijana. Jibu: (i) Vijana huathiriwa kwa urahisi na (Wenye kuathiriwa na) shinikizo la wenzao, adventure, udadisi, msisimko, majaribio na vyombo vya habari. (Any mbili) = (ii) Addiction: Psychological attachment kwa madhara fulani kama vile Euphoria au hisia ya muda wa vizuri <unk> kuwa. Utegemezi: Mwili una mwelekeo wa kuonyesha dalili za kuacha dawa za kulevya au pombe mara kwa mara. Swali. Wakati wa ziara ya kituo cha Hill, mmoja wa marafiki wako ghafula akawa mgonjwa na kuhisi wasiwasi. (i) Orodhesha dalili mbili unazotafuta ili uone kama ni ya mzio. (ii) Eleza jinsi mwili unavyoitikia mzio. (iii) Taja dawa mbili ambazo zaweza kupendekezwa kwa ajili ya uponyaji wa mara moja. Jibu: (i) Kutofuka, macho ya maji, pua inayotiririka, ugumu wa kupumua. (ii) Mwili hutokeza antibodies, aina ya lgE na kemikali kama histamine na serotonin kutoka kwa chembe za mast ambazo hutokeza dalili za mzio (iii) Antihistamine, adrenaline, steroids. Swali. (a) Taja viuavijasumu vya nimonia na homa ya kawaida. (b) Hizi hutofautianaje katika dalili zao? (c) Taja dalili mbili zinazofanana na hizo mbili. (a) Streptococcus pneumoniae, (b) Haemophilus influenzae, (c) Rhinovirus, (d) Mvirusi wa kuambukiza. (b) Dalili tofauti (ni mbili yoyote) <unk> Infects alveoli ya mapafu <unk> Infects pua na njia ya kupumua <unk> Lipsfingers inaweza kugeuka kijivu kwa nyeusi. Swali. Taja sifa tatu za Kuzuia Ugonjwa. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""kila aina ya kinga inayopatikana kwa binadamu"" ni ""kinga inayopatikana kwa binadamu"" na ""kinga inayopatikana kwa binadamu"" ni ""kinga inayopatikana kwa binadamu"" na ""kinga inayopatikana kwa binadamu"" na ""kinga inayopatikana kwa binadamu"" na ""kinga inayopatikana kwa kinga iliyohifadhiwa.""" (Any two) Njia ambayo inaweza kupatikana na wanadamu: Kinga ya kazi kwa kukutana na vimelea vya virusi vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea vya vimelea. Ugonjwa wa kinga kupitia chanjo ya antibodies tayari. Long jibu aina ya maswali (i) Kansa ni mojawapo ya magonjwa yenye kuogopesha zaidi. Kuelezea "kuwasiliana inhibition" na "metastasis" kuhusiana na ugonjwa. (ii) Taja kikundi cha jeni ambazo zimetambuliwa katika chembe za kawaida ambazo zinaweza kusababisha kansa. Je, jeni hizo husababisha kansa kwa njia gani? (iii) Taja mbinu yoyote mbili ambazo ni muhimu katika kugundua kansa ya viungo vya ndani (iv) Kwa nini wagonjwa wa kansa mara nyingi hupewa a-interferon kama sehemu ya matibabu? "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Kugusa inhibition"" ni sifa ya seli ya kawaida ya kuzuia mawasiliano (kuacha ukuaji wakati wa kuwasiliana na seli nyingine), lakini seli za saratani hazina sifa hii." Matokeo ni kwamba, chembe za kansa hugawanyika kwa kuendelea na kutokeza chembe nyingi (tumors). Metastasis Mali hii inaonyeshwa na uvimbe mbaya. Ni mchakato wa ugonjwa wa kuenea kwa chembe za kansa katika sehemu tofauti za mwili. Chembe hizo hugawanyika bila kudhibitiwa, zikifanyiza chembe nyingi zinazoitwa uvimbe. Kutoka kwenye uvimbe, chembe fulani huondolewa na kuingia katika mtiririko wa damu. Kutoka kwa mtiririko wa damu, seli hizi hufikia sehemu za karibu na mbali za mwili, na hivyo huanzisha kuundwa kwa uvimbe mpya kwa kugawanyika kwa bidii. (ii) Kuna virusi vinavyosababisha kansa vinavyoitwa virusi vya oncogenic. Kuna aina ya virusi vinavyoitwa oncogenes. Jeni nyingine zinazojulikana kama oncogenes za seli (c-onc) au proto-oncogenes zimetambuliwa katika seli za kawaida, ambazo zinapoanzishwa zinaweza kusababisha kuundwa kwa uvimbe. Utafiti wa saratani ya viungo vya ndani (Centered Tomography) ni njia ya kugundua saratani ya viungo vya ndani. Inatumia miale ya X. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ni njia ya uchunguzi wa mwili ya kutumia umeme wa umeme (non-ionizing radiation) na nguvu za sumaku (magnetic fields) ili kugundua mabadiliko ya kisaikolojia na ya kisaikolojia katika tishu. Vipengele vya Biolojia vya Kujibu kama vile Interferons hutolewa kwa wagonjwa wa kansa kama sehemu ya matibabu yao kwa sababu huamsha mfumo wa kinga wa wagonjwa na husaidia kuharibu uvimbe. Swali. Kuelezea kinga adaptive na msisitizo juu ya mali yake, uanzishaji na jukumu lake katika chanjo. Jibu: Kinga ya kubadilika ni kinga ya kipekee ya vimelea. Haipatikani tangu kuzaliwa na huendelea katika maisha ya mtu. Aina hii ya kinga hupatikana, ama kwa kukutana na ugonjwa au kwa chanjo. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Specificity"" ni uwezo wa kutofautisha molekuli za kigeni." Kumbukumbu: Ni kipengele cha kipekee ambacho husaidia katika kuzalisha majibu ya kina ya sekondari au anamnestic wakati vimelea vinavyoshambulia mara ya pili. (iii) Utofauti kati ya binafsi na yasiyo ya binafsi: Aina hii ya kinga ni uwezo wa kutambua na kujibu kwa molekuli za kigeni (si binafsi) na inaweza kuepuka kujibu kwa molekuli hizo ambazo zipo ndani ya mwili (ya kibinafsi). Chanjo inategemea mali ya kumbukumbu ya mfumo wa kinga ya kubadilika. Katika chanjo, antigen au pathogen ambayo ni katika fomu inactive ni kuletwa katika mwili wa binadamu ambayo induces upole immune majibu. Kwa hivyo, chanjo hiyo inazalisha antibodies pamoja na kumbukumbu B na T-seli ambazo hutambua vimelea vya ugonjwa wakati wa mfiduo wa baadaye. Swali. Chanjo ya DNA ya recombinant ni nini? Toa mifano miwili ya chanjo hizo. Zungumzia faida zao. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Vaccin ya DNA ya Recombinant inajumuisha DNA ndogo ya mviringo (plasmid) ambayo ina kipande kidogo sana cha DNA ya mchochezi iliyoingizwa ndani yake ili kutengeneza protini moja au mbili maalum za mchochezi.""" DNA hii ya kuchanganya huingizwa ndani ya chembe za bakteria au chachu, ambapo inaweza kutumia mashine za chembe kutengeneza polypeptides za vimelea. Hizi hutumiwa kama chanjo ili kuchochea majibu mbalimbali ya kinga. Chanjo zinazozalishwa kwa kutumia mbinu hii huruhusu uzalishaji wa kiwango kikubwa, kwa mfano (i) Chanjo ya Hepatitis-B iliyotengenezwa kutokana na chachu. (ii) Chanjo ya DNA ya mafua ya ndege. "Vaccin ya ""recombinant DNA"" ina faida juu ya ""kuuawa"" au ""kupunguzwa"" chanjo, kwa kuwa hazipati virulent au mutated tena kama inavyoonekana katika kesi ya chanjo ya ""kupunguzwa.""" (ii) Pili hizi ni safi sana, maalum na elicit kuonyesha majibu ya nguvu kinga. Swali. Eleza mchakato wa kuzaana wa retrovirus baada ya kupata kuingia katika mwili wa binadamu. (All India 2014) Au ni utaratibu gani ambao virusi vya Ukimwi husababisha upungufu wa mfumo wa kinga wa mtu aliyeambukizwa? "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Mchakato ambao retrovirus hupata kuingia katika mwili wa mwenyeji wa binadamu au utaratibu ambao virusi vya Ukimwi husababisha upungufu wa kinga ni kama ifuatavyo.""" (Sura ya 20) Dawa za kulevya kama vile LSD, barbiturates, amphetamines, na kadhalika, hutumiwa kama dawa kusaidia wagonjwa wenye magonjwa ya akili. Hata hivyo, matumizi ya kupita kiasi na matumizi mabaya ni yenye kudhuru. "Mfano wa athari mbaya za dawa za kulevya kwa binadamu ni ""LSD,"" ""barbiturates"" na ""mshtuko wa moyo.""" (ii) tabia ya kukosa busara, uharibifu na vurugu. (iii) Ukosefu wa upendezi katika usafi wa kibinafsi, mabadiliko ya uzito na hamu ya kula. (iv) Matatizo ya marekebisho ya kijamii. (v) Kujitenga, kujitenga, kushuka moyo, uchovu, tabia ya uhasama. (vi) Dalili za kuacha dawa za kulevya zaweza kuwa kali na zenye kuhatarisha uhai. Dawa nyingi za kulevya zinaweza kusababisha coma na kifo kutokana na kushindwa kupumua, kushindwa kwa moyo au kutokwa na damu kwenye ubongo. Swali. Kwa maoni yako, ni nini kinachowafanya vijana watumie kileo au dawa za kulevya na hilo laweza kuepukwaje? Kwa nini vijana fulani huanza kutumia dawa za kulevya? Hilo laweza kuepukwaje? (Nakala ya NCERT) Jibu: Vijana hutumia dawa za kulevya au pombe kwa sababu zifuatazo (i) Ushawishi wa kijamii na wenzao. (ii) Udadisi na haja ya adventure, msisimko na majaribio. (iii) Kuepuka mkazo, mshuko wa moyo na kukata tamaa. (iv) Kushinda magumu. (v) Kuepuka muundo wa familia usio na utegemezo au usio thabiti. (vi) Uelewa kwamba ni baridi au maendeleo. Maoni haya yanaendelezwa zaidi na TV, filamu, magazeti na mtandao. Hii inaweza kuepukwa kwa (i) Kuepuka shinikizo lisilo la haki la wenzao Wazazi wanapaswa kuelewa uwezo na aina ya utu wa mtoto. Mtoto hapaswi kusukumwa kupita kiasi kwa ajili ya masomo au michezo au shughuli nyinginezo. Mkazo kutoka kwa wazazi na walimu zaidi ya kiwango cha kawaida si mzuri kwa watoto. (ii) Elimu na ushauri Wazazi na walimu wanapaswa kuelimisha na kushauri mtoto kukabiliana na hali ngumu kama sehemu ya maisha. Mkazo, kukata tamaa na kushindwa lazima kuchukuliwa kwa njia ya afya. Kushiriki katika shughuli za nje ya shule ni njia nzuri ya kuondoa mkazo wa kila siku. Inatumia nishati ya mtoto katika mwelekeo sahihi. (iii) Kutafuta msaada kutoka kwa wazazi na wenzao Katika kesi ya shida yoyote ya kitaaluma au kihisia, ushauri na mwongozo unapaswa kutafutwa kutoka kwa wazazi au marafiki wa kuaminika. Mbali na kutatua matatizo, pia husaidia kuondoa hisia za wasiwasi, hofu na hatia. (iv) Kutafuta ishara za hatari: ishara za hatari lazima zitolewe na kuzingatiwa na wazazi na walimu ikiwa watapata mtu akitumia dawa za kulevya au pombe. Haipaswi kuwa na kusita kuwajulisha wazee jambo hilo. Hii husaidia katika kuzuia mtu kutoka matumizi mabaya ya dawa za kulevya na kuanzisha hatua za kurekebisha. (v) Kutafuta msaada wa kitaaluma na matibabu Watu walioathiriwa wana msaada mwingi unaopatikana kwa namna ya madaktari, wanasaikolojia, waganga wa akili na programu za ukarabati. Mtu aliye na uraibu wa kulevya anaweza kuondoa kabisa tatizo hilo na kuishi maisha ya kawaida na yenye afya kwa kupata msaada. Swali la msingi la kesi Vipimo vya virusi vya ukosefu wa kinga ya binadamu (HIV) vinaweza kuenea kwa njia gani katika mwili wa mtu? (ii) Mgonjwa aliyeambukizwa virusi vya Ukimwi hupotezaje kinga? (iii) Orodhesha dalili mbili zozote za ugonjwa huu. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya kwanza ya makala hii, ""Mtazamo wa T-Lymphocyte"" ni muhimu kwa ajili ya utafiti wa T-Lymphocyte." (iii) Homa ya kuhara, uwezekano wa kuambukizwa na magonjwa mengine, uwezekano wa kuambukizwa na vimelea. Swali. (i) Jina la dawa kutumika (a) Kama sedative ufanisi na pain killer. (b) Kwa kuwasaidia wagonjwa kukabiliana na ugonjwa wa akili kama vile mshuko wa moyo lakini mara nyingi hutumiwa vibaya. (ii) Jinsi gani vipimo vya wastani na vya juu vya kokeini huathiri mwili wa binadamu R [O.E.B.] Morphine (morphine) ni dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa ya dawa. LSD (Lysergic acid dimethylamide) ni dawa ya kuua ugonjwa wa akili. LSD ni dawa ya kuamsha hisia za kupotea, inayotokana na kuvu la Claviceps purpurea. (ii) Kokaini ni dawa yenye nguvu ya kuchochea uraibu. Chanzo cha kokeini ni majani ya kokwa (Erythroxylum coca). Inaweza kubadili muundo na utendaji wa ubongo ikiwa inatumiwa mara kwa mara. Athari za kipimo cha wastani cha cocaine: 1. Hisia ya furaha na kuongezeka kwa nishati. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Kuongezeka kwa mapigo ya moyo, kiwango cha kupumua na shinikizo la damu. 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Vijana walio pana. 4. Uwe na uhakika Hisia ya afya na kuongezeka kwa ujasiri. Athari za kipimo cha juu cha cocaine: 1. Matatizo ya hofu Matumizi ya muda mrefu ya kipimo kikubwa cha kokeini yaweza kusababisha kupungua kwa uzito na utapiamlo. Inaweza kusababisha ugonjwa wa Parkinson. Swali la 5 Eleza kipindi cha kubalehe. Kwa nini vijana wanashauriwa wasivute sigareti? Jinsi kuvuta sigara inavyoathiri utendaji wa mwili Eleza kwa kurejelea ongezeko la shinikizo la damu na emphysema. """Ujana"" ni kipindi cha kukua kwa kasi na maendeleo ya kimwili na kiakili kutoka utotoni hadi utu uzima." Vijana wanashauriwa wasivute sigara kwa sababu ya asili yake ya kulevya, ni vigumu kuondoa matumizi ya tumbaku. Uvutaji sigareti huathiri vibaya mwili. Uvutaji sigara unahusishwa na kansa ya mapafu, kibofu cha mkojo, bronchitis, magonjwa ya moyo, nk. Kuvuta sigara huongeza kiasi cha kaboni monoksidi katika damu ambayo huingilia uwezo wa damu wa kubeba oksijeni. Nikotini (ya tumbaku) huchochea tezi za adrenal kutokeza adrenaline na nor-adrenaline; homoni hizi huongeza shinikizo la damu na mpigo wa moyo.