Our goal is to restore normal function, comfort, esthetics, speech, and health to our patients when they experience tooth loss regardless of disease or injury to the oral cavity. A beautiful and functioning smile can be yours when you come see us.
The Dental Health in America is Being Affected By Many Oral Health Factors Including:
Consequences Of Tooth Loss
A Related Decrease in Health
The Psychological Aspects Of Tooth Loss
Poor Performance Of Removable Replacement Teeth
The goal of modern dentistry is to restore the patients mouth to normal function, comfort, esthetics, speech and health, regardless of the disease, injury, or atrophy present within the oral environment. However, the more teeth a patient is missing, the more difficult this goal becomes with traditional dentistry. As a result of continued implant research and the advances in implant techniques, predictable success is now a reality for the rehabilitation of many challenging patient situations. As our population ages this success becomes critically important in order to preserve the health of the population.
Life expectancy has increased significantly past the age of retirement. In 1965, the average life span was 65 years, whereas in 1990 it was 78 years. A person 65 years old, can now expect to live 16.7 more years, and one 80 years old can expect to live more than 8 more years. This increased life expectancy has led to increased tooth loss. Currently, 26% of all Americans over the age of 65 have either lost one full arch or have lost all of their teeth. Social pleasures, including dining and dating, are diminished when the teeth are lost.
Almost 30% of the employed or retired adult US population is either missing all their teeth, all their upper teeth, one entire posterior segment (a full quarter of the mouth) or has all of their back teeth missing. A study by CW Douglas published in J. Pros. Dent. (2002, 87, 5-8), stated that:
In the year 2000 there were 35.4 million denture wearers – that is approximately 17% of the population of the United States.
The number will increase to 37.9 million by 2020
56.5 million dentures were made in the year 2000
The number will increase to 61 million by 2020
In the past, dentistry for the elderly has consisted of inexpensive treatments emphasizing non-surgical approaches. Conditions of tooth loss were treated with removable replacement teeth, called full or partial dentures. Today, the full scope of dental services for elderly patients is becoming increasingly important to both the public and the profession, because of the increasing age of our society. Alternative treatment designs, which include methods to reconstruct teeth on top of dental implants and that are not removable, should be presented to almost every patient. Only when all treatment options are discussed can a persons desires related to the benefit of modern dentistry be truly appreciated.
Eventually, the need for additional retention, support, and stability, or the desire to eliminate a removable denture, are common indications for more effective and permanent solutions, such as dental implants. Dental implants, which are man-made tooth root replacements, are also increasingly used to replace a missing single tooth. Like natural tooth roots, they can be used to support permanent types of tooth replacements, or act as anchors for a removable prosthesis to replace teeth (i.e. dentures). Today, this represents the most conservative and most predictable long-term option. Traditional dentistry most often replaces the missing single tooth with a fixed bridge. This is accomplished by grinding away sound tooth structure, and crowning (capping) two or more teeth on each side of the missing tooth and joins them together with the artificial or dummy tooth. This approach increases the risk of decay of the crowned teeth, increases the risk of root canal therapy, and makes oral hygiene difficult to impossible, which in turn increases bacterial plaque retention (the cause of decay and gum disease).
Today’s technology can replace the tooth with a dental implant, which may replace a single tooth or a whole mouth of teeth, without crowning any teeth. One of the major benefits is that the remaining teeth are easier to clean and less likely to decay, and/or need root canal therapy. The average dental implant has a better long-term survival rate than the average bridge. The average bridge gets replaced every 8 to 10 years.
Consequences of Tooth Loss
Effect on the Jaw Bone
The bone in the body acts very similar to a muscle. When muscles are exercised, they grow strong and larger. When bone is exercised or stimulated, it also becomes stronger. For example, when an arm is broken and placed in a cast for six weeks, you can see the arm is smaller after this time frame, since the muscles have started to shrink or atrophy. In addition, if you evaluate the bone protected by the cast, it also becomes less dense and weaker in this period. Similarly, the bone of the jaw can only be stimulated by a tooth or by an implant. The connections between a tooth, or an implant, create and preserve the size and shape of the bone. Bone needs the stimulation of the tooth roots to maintain its form, density, and strength. Scientific studies have proven that the normal chewing forces that are transmitted from the teeth to the bone of the jaw are what preserves the bone and keeps it strong.
In this photo, it is easy to see how the ridge has collapsed. The tooth was removed and, without stimulation or grafting, the bone and gum have disappeared.
This close relationship between the tooth and the bone continues throughout life. When a tooth is lost, the lack of stimulation to the surrounding bone results in a decrease in the density and dimensions of the bone. This means that there is a loss of width and height of the bone. In a 25-year study of patients with no teeth, x-rays demonstrated continued bone loss of the jaws during this entire time span. Therefore, a tooth is necessary both to the development of the bone around the tooth, and is also necessary for the stimulation of this bone to maintain its strength, density and shape. The loss of all of the teeth slowly, but eventually, leads to jaws with almost complete bone loss. A lower jaw, which starts out two inches in height, can be reduced to less than one-quarter of an inch by atrophy over time. That is one reason why modern dentistry is so excited about using dental implants to replace missing teeth.
Patients wearing dentures don’t realize they are losing bone. Over time, the poor fit and function of the denture is often thought to be due to its age, weight loss by the patient, or wear of the dentures teeth. The rate and amount of bone loss may be influenced by gender (females lose more bone), hormones (lack of estrogen causes more bone loss), metabolism, medications, parafunction (grinding the teeth) and poorly fitting dentures. Despite this, almost 40% of denture wearers have been wearing the same denture for more than 10 years. Although the fact that wearing dentures day and night places greater forces on the bone and gum, and accelerates bone loss, 80% of dentures are worn both day and night.
Consider the following: The issue of bone loss after tooth loss has been ignored in the past by traditional dentistry. This is so because dentistry had no treatment to stop or prevent the process of bone loss and its consequences. As a result, doctors had to ignore the inevitable bone loss after tooth extraction. Today, the profession knows about bone loss, and that implants can stop bone loss because they stimulate the bone, similar to the way the tooth did prior to its loss.
Jaws with bone loss are associated with problems, which often impair the predictable results of traditional dentures. The loss of bone first results in decreased bone width. There is a 25% decrease in width of bone during the first year after tooth loss and an overall _-inch decrease in height during the first year following extractions of several teeth. The remaining narrow bone often causes discomfort when the thin overlying gum tissues are loaded under a complete or partial denture. In the lower jaw, the continued bone loss eventually results in prominent bony projections covered by thin, movable, unattached gum tissue. As the remaining bone on the front of the jaw continues to disappear, the bony projection under the tongue rises to sit on the top of ridge. This results in pain, as the denture sits atop the sharp bony projection. In addition, there is little to prevent the denture from moving forward against the lower lip during function or speech. The problems are further compounded by the upward movement of the back of the denture during contraction of the muscles during speech and function. The resulting incline (slope) of the now deformed lower jaw compared with that of the upper jaw also creates instability and movement of the lower denture.
Loss of bone in the upper and lower jaw is not limited to the bone around the teeth; portions of the skeletal bone also may be lost especially in the back parts of the lower jaw where the patient may lose more than 80% of the bone. The nerves of the lower jaw which were surrounded by and protected by bone eventually become exposed and sit on the top of the ridge directly under the denture. As a result, acute pain and/or temporary to permanent loss of sensation or feeling of the areas supplied by the nerve is possible. The bone loss in the upper jaw may cause pain and an increase in upper denture movement during eating. The forces from eating with an ill-fitting denture are transferred directly to the surface only and not the internal structure of the bone since there are no roots. Therefore, these forces do not stimulate and maintain the bone, but instead actually decrease blood supply and increased the rate of the bone loss. Chewing forces generated by short facial types can be 3 or 4 times that of long facial types. These patients are at even greater risk to develop severe bone loss.
This photo shows a lower ridge that has lost 60% of its width following an extraction and normal healing. The black arrows indicate where bone is located (compare the width to the adjacent molar). The red arrows indicate the normal width that should be there.
Many of these conditions that have been described for patients without any teeth also exist for patients where only back teeth are missing and they are wearing a removable partial denture. The above problems focus on the damage to the bone. The remaining natural teeth are also subjected to substantial damage. The teeth must support the partial denture by connections called clasps. The clasps grab onto the teeth, and by design, transfer lateral or sideward forces to the teeth, which weaken them and cause tooth loss. Since these teeth often become compromised by loss of bone due to these forces, many partial dentures are then designed to minimize the forces applied upon these teeth. The net result is an increase in movement of the removable denture, and greater pressures on the soft gum tissue over the bone. This results in more bone loss. These conditions can protect the remaining teeth, but then accelerate the bone loss in the regions without teeth.
Effect on Soft Tissue
As bone continues to lose width and height, the gum tissues gradually decrease. A very thin gum usually lies over the advanced bone loss of the lower jaw. The gum is prone to sore spots caused by the overlaying denture. In addition, unfavorable high muscle attachments and loose tissue often complicates the situation.
The tongue of the patient with no teeth often enlarges to accommodate the increase in space formerly occupied by teeth. At the same time, the tongue is used to limit the movements of the removable denture, and takes a more active role in the chewing of food. As a result, the removable denture decreases in stability. The decrease in muscular control, often associated with aging, further compounds the problems of traditional removable dentures. The ability to wear a denture successfully may be largely a learned, skilled performance. The aged patient who recently loses their teeth may lack the motor skills needed to accommodate to the new conditions. This often results in food that is not adequately chewed, resulting in digestion and nutrition problems. (See Health Effects of Tooth Loss below)
Effects of Bone Loss on Facial Appearance
Facial changes naturally occur in relation to the aging process. When the teeth are lost, this process is grossly accelerated with more rapid facial aging. The loss of teeth can add 10 or more years to a person’s face. A decrease in face height occurs as a result of the collapse of bone height when teeth are lost. This results in several facial changes. The decrease in the angle next to the lips and deepening of vertical lines on the lips create a harsher appearance. As the vertical bone loss progressively and rapidly increases, the bite relationship deteriorates. As a result, the chin rotates forward and gives a poorer facial appearance. These conditions result in a decrease in the angle at the corner of the lips, and the patient appears unhappy when the mouth is at rest. Short facial types have higher bite forces, greater bone loss and more facial changes with tooth loss, compared to others. A thinning of the upper lip results from the poor lip support provided by the denture. And, there is a loss of tonicity of the muscles. Women often use one of two techniques to hide this cosmetically undesirable appearance: either no lipstick and minimum make-up, so that little attention is brought to this area of the face or lipstick is drawn over the border of the lips to give the appearance of fuller lips.
The upper lip naturally becomes longer with age as a result of gravity and loss of muscle tone. The loss of muscle tone is accelerated in a patient with no teeth hence the lengthening of the lip occurs at a younger age. Men often grow a moustache to minimize this effect. This has a tendency to age the smile, because the younger the patient, the more the teeth show in relation to the upper lip at rest or when smiling. A deepening of the groove next to the nose and an increase in the depth of other vertical lines are made worse by the bone loss in the upper front jaw. This usually is accompanied by an increase in the angle under the nose. This can make the nose appear larger. The attachments of the muscles to the jaw also are affected by bone loss. The tissue sags along the lower jaw with bone loss, producing jowls or a witch’s chin. This effect is additive because of the loss of muscle tone along with the loss of teeth.
This photo shows just how much bone can be lost and how thin a ridge can become before it disappears completely.
Patients are unaware that these bone, gum and facial changes are due to the loss of teeth. Instead, they blame these problems on aging, weight loss, or the dentist for making a poor denture.
Health Effects of Tooth Loss
A study of 367 denture wearers (158 men and 209 women) found that 47% exhibited a low chewing performance. Lower intakes of fruit and vegetables and vitamin A were also noted in this group. These patients took significantly more drugs (37%) compared to those with superior chewing ability (20%), and 28% were taking medications for stomach or intestinal disorders. The reduced consumption of high fiber foods could therefore induce stomach or intestinal problems in patients without teeth with deficient chewing performance. In addition, as the coarser food is chewed it may impair proper digestive and nutrient extraction functions. The literature provides several reports that suggest that compromised dental function results in poor swallowing and chewing performance which in turn may negatively affect overall health and favor illness, debilitation, and shortened life expectancy.
Several reports in the literature correlate patients health and life span to their dental health. After conventional risk factors for stroke and heart attacks were accounted for, there was a significant relationship between dental disease and heart or blood vessel disease, still the major cause of death. It is legitimate to believe that restoring the mouth of patients to a more normal function may indeed enhance the quality and length of life.
Psychological Aspects of Tooth Loss
The psychological effects of total tooth loss are complex and varied, and range from very minimal to a state of anxiety. Although complete dentures are able to satisfy the appearance needs of many patients, there are many who feel their social life is significantly affected. They are concerned with kissing and romantic situations, especially if a new relationship is unaware of their oral handicap. A past dental health survey indicates that only 80% of the population without teeth is able to wear both upper and lower dentures all of the time. Some patients wear only one of the dentures, usually the upper; others are able to wear their dentures only for short periods. In addition, approximately 7% of denture wearers are not able to wear them at all, and become dental cripples or oral invalids. They rarely leave their home environment, and when they feel forced to venture out, the thought of meeting and talking to people while not wearing teeth is unsettling.
Misch and Misch performed a study of 104 patients missing all of their teeth and seeking treatment. A total of 88% of the patients claimed difficulty with speech, with 25% of that population reporting very difficult problems. It is easy to correlate the reported increase in concern relative to social activities. Movement of the lower denture was reported by 62.5% of these patients. The upper denture stayed in place at almost the same percentage. Lower jaw discomfort was listed with equal frequency as movement (63.5%), and 16.5% stated they never wear the lower denture. The psychological effects of the inability to eat in public can be correlated to these findings. In comparison, the upper denture was uncomfortable half as often (32.6%), and only 0.9% of patients were seldom able to wear the denture. Function was the fourth problem reported. Half of the patients avoided many foods, and 17% claimed they were able to chew more effectively without the denture.
The psychological needs of the patient without teeth can be expressed in many forms. For example, in 1982 more than 5 million Americans used denture adhesives. A recent report showed that in the United States more than $147 million is spent each year on denture adhesives, representing 45 million units sold. The patient is willing to accept the unpleasant taste, need for recurrent application, inconsistent denture fit, embarrassing circumstances, and continued expense for the sole benefit of increased retention of the denture.
In contrast, 80% of the patients treated with implant-supported prostheses judged their overall psychological health improved compared with their previous state wearing traditional, removable dentures, and perceived the implant-supported prosthesis (denture) as an integral part of their body. Clearly, the lack of retention and psychological risk of embarrassment in the denture wearer is a concern the dental profession must address.
Decreased Performance of Removable Dentures
The difference in maximum bite forces recorded in a person with natural teeth and one who is completely without teeth is dramatic. In the first molar region of a person with teeth, the average force has been measured at 150 to 250 pounds per square inch (psi). A patient who grinds or clenches the teeth may exert a force that approaches 1,000 psi since their muscles get stronger with the increase in exercise. The maximum bite force in the patient without teeth is reduced to less than 50 psi, since they now must chew on the softer gums. The longer the patient is without teeth, the more the muscles atrophy and the less force they are able to generate. Patients wearing complete dentures for more than 15 years may have a maximum bite force of 5.6 psi, because the muscles decrease in strength and tone.
As a result of decreased bite force and the instability of the denture, chewing efficiency also is decreased with tooth loss. Within the same time frame, 90% of the food chewed with natural teeth fits through a no. 12 sieve; this is reduced to 58% in the patient wearing complete dentures. The 10-fold decrease in force and the 30% decrease in efficiency affects the patients ability to chew. A total of 29% of persons with dentures are able to eat only soft or mashed foods, while 50% avoid many foods, and 17% claim they eat more efficiently without the denture.
Removable partial dentures have one of the lowest patient acceptance rates in dentistry. A four-year Scandinavian study revealed that only 80% of patients who received partial dentures were wearing them after one year. The number further decreased to only 60% after four years. Reports of removable partial dentures indicate the health of the remaining teeth and surrounding gum tissues could deteriorate.
In a study that evaluated the need for repair of a tooth as the indicator of failure of the partial denture, the survival rate of conventional removable partial dentures was 40% after 5 years and 20% after 10 years. The patients wearing the partial dentures often exhibit greater mobility of the teeth, greater bacterial plaque retention, increased bleeding around the teeth, more incidence of decay and accelerated bone loss in the regions with no teeth. Therefore, alternative therapies which improve the oral conditions and maintain bone are often more desirable. The 5-year survival rates of partial dentures based upon tolerance and use of the dentures is approximately 60% when replacing molars and 80% for partials completely supported by teeth. This is reduced to 35% and 60% at 10 years respectively. In another study, few partial dentures survived more than 6 years. Although one out of 5 U.S. adults has had a removable denture of some type, 60% reported at least one problem with it.
So, Are Antiquated Full Dentures For You?
Todays denture treatments are no more effective than George Washington’s wooden teeth. If you have a choice to either keep your own teeth or if you must have them removed due to gum disease or decay please consider the above very carefully. The decisions that you make today may affect you for the rest of your life.
Dental implants preserve bone, preserve facial appearance, maintain function and help people feel younger and more alive. Dentures make people feel old. At Pinnacle Center – Dental Implants & Periodontics our mission is to maintain the quality of life so that you can live and age with dignity and grace.
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Lengo letu ni kurudisha utendaji wa kawaida, faraja, esthetics, hotuba, na afya kwa wagonjwa wetu wakati wao uzoefu kupoteza meno bila kujali ugonjwa au jeraha kwa cavity mdomo. Tabasamu nzuri na inayofanya kazi inaweza kuwa yako unapo kuja kututembelea. Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Kupungua kwa afya ya meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Kupungua kwa afya ya meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Matokeo ya kupoteza meno. Hata hivyo, kadiri mgonjwa anavyokosa meno mengi, ndivyo inavyokuwa vigumu zaidi kufikia mradi huo kwa kutumia matibabu ya meno ya kitamaduni. Kwa sababu ya utafiti unaoendelea wa upandikizaji na maendeleo katika mbinu za upandikizaji, mafanikio ya kutabirika sasa ni ukweli kwa ajili ya ukarabati wa hali nyingi za mgonjwa zenye changamoto. Kwa kuwa idadi ya watu wetu ni ya umri mkubwa, mafanikio haya yanakuwa muhimu sana ili kuhifadhi afya ya idadi ya watu. Matarajio ya maisha yameongezeka sana baada ya umri wa kustaafu. Mwaka 1965 wastani wa maisha ya watu wa nchi hiyo ulikuwa miaka 65, lakini mwaka 1990 ulikuwa miaka 78. Kwa mfano, mtu mwenye umri wa miaka 65 anaweza kuishi miaka 16.7 zaidi, na mtu mwenye umri wa miaka 80 anaweza kuishi miaka 8 zaidi. Kuongezeka kwa muda wa kuishi kumesababisha kuongezeka kwa kupoteza meno. Kwa sasa, asilimia 26 ya Wamarekani wenye umri wa miaka 65 na zaidi wamepoteza meno yao yote. Furaha za kijamii, kutia ndani kula chakula cha jioni na kuchumbiana, hupungua meno yanapoanguka. Karibu asilimia 30 ya watu wazima walioajiriwa au waliostaafu nchini Marekani hawana meno yote, au sehemu moja ya nyuma ya mdomo, au meno yote ya nyuma. Utafiti uliofanywa na C.W. Douglas na kuchapishwa katika J. Pros. Dent. (Dent) "Kama ilivyotangulia, ""Katika mwaka wa 2000, kulikuwa na watu milioni 35.4 waliovaa meno ya meno, ambayo ni takriban 17% ya idadi ya watu wa Marekani.""" Idadi hiyo itapanda hadi milioni 37.9 ifikapo mwaka 2020, na idadi hiyo itapanda hadi milioni 61 ifikapo mwaka 2020. Hali za kupoteza meno zilitibiwa kwa kutumia meno ya badala yanayoweza kuondolewa, yanayoitwa meno ya meno ya ziada kamili au ya sehemu. Leo, wigo kamili wa huduma za meno kwa wagonjwa wazee unakuwa muhimu zaidi kwa umma na taaluma, kwa sababu ya kuongezeka kwa umri wa jamii yetu. Mbinu mbadala za matibabu, ambazo hutia ndani mbinu za kujenga tena meno juu ya meno yaliyowekwa, na ambazo haziwezi kuondolewa, zinapaswa kuonyeshwa kwa karibu kila mgonjwa. Ni wakati tu ambapo chaguzi zote za matibabu zinazungumziwa ndipo tamaa za mtu zinazohusiana na manufaa ya udaktari wa meno wa kisasa zinaweza kuthaminiwa kwa kweli. Hatimaye, uhitaji wa kuhifadhi, msaada, na uthabiti wa ziada, au hamu ya kuondoa meno ya meno yanayoweza kuondolewa, ni dalili za kawaida za suluhisho bora na za kudumu, kama vile implant za meno. Vipande vya meno, ambavyo ni viungo vya msingi vya meno vilivyotengenezwa na wanadamu, pia vinatumiwa zaidi na zaidi kuchukua mahali pa jino moja linalokosekana. Kama mizizi ya meno ya asili, inaweza kutumika kusaidia aina ya kudumu ya meno ya badala, au kutenda kama nanga kwa ajili ya protesi removable kuchukua nafasi ya meno. meno ya meno). Leo, hii inawakilisha chaguo la muda mrefu la kihafidhina na linaloweza kutabiriwa zaidi. Mara nyingi udaktari wa meno wa kitamaduni hubadilisha jino moja linalokosekana kwa daraja la kudumu. Hii hutimizwa kwa kusaga mbali muundo wa meno yenye sauti, na kufunika (kufunika) meno mawili au zaidi upande wa kila mmoja wa jino linalokosekana na kuunganisha pamoja na jino bandia au bandia. Hii inaongeza hatari ya kuoza kwa meno ya taji, inaongeza hatari ya matibabu ya mifereji ya mizizi, na hufanya usafi wa mdomo kuwa mgumu au haiwezekani, ambayo kwa upande wake huongeza uhifadhi wa plaque ya bakteria (sababishi la kuoza na ugonjwa wa nywele). Teknolojia ya leo inaweza kuchukua nafasi ya jino na implant ya meno, ambayo inaweza kuchukua nafasi ya jino moja au kinywa nzima ya meno, bila taji meno yoyote. Faida kubwa ni kwamba meno yaliyobaki ni rahisi kusafishwa na ni rahisi kuharibika, na au yanahitaji matibabu ya mifereji ya mizizi. Implant ya meno ya kawaida ina kiwango bora cha kuishi kwa muda mrefu kuliko daraja la kawaida. Kwa kawaida, daraja linabadilishwa kila baada ya miaka 8 hadi 10. Matokeo ya kupoteza meno: Mfupa wa taya hufanana sana na misuli. Misuli inapofundishwa, hukua na kuwa na nguvu na ukubwa. Mfupa unapofanywa mazoezi au kuchochewa, pia unakuwa wenye nguvu zaidi. Kwa mfano, mkono ulipovunjika na kuwekwa katika gips kwa wiki sita, unaweza kuona mkono ni mdogo baada ya muda huu, kwa kuwa misuli imeanza kupungua au atrophy. Kwa kuongezea, ikiwa utachunguza mfupa unaolindwa na gips, pia unakuwa dhaifu na dhaifu zaidi katika kipindi hiki. Vivyo hivyo, mfupa wa taya waweza kuchochewa tu na jino au kwa kiungo. Viungo kati ya jino au kiungo cha ndani huunda na kudumisha ukubwa na umbo la mfupa. Mfupa huhitaji kuchochewa na mizizi ya meno ili kudumisha umbo lake, unene wake, na nguvu zake. Utafiti wa kisayansi umethibitisha kwamba nguvu za kawaida za kutafuna ambazo zinatoka kwenye meno hadi kwenye mfupa wa taya ndizo zinazohifadhi mfupa na kuuweka imara. Katika picha hii, ni rahisi kuona jinsi mlima huo ulivyoanguka. Meno hayo yaliondolewa na, bila kuchochewa au kupandikizwa, mfupa na taya zimetoweka. Uhusiano huo wa karibu kati ya jino na mfupa huendelea maisha yote. Wakati jino linapopotea, ukosefu wa kichocheo kwa mfupa wa karibu husababisha kupungua kwa wiani na vipimo vya mfupa. Hilo lamaanisha kwamba mfupa unapoteza upana na urefu. Katika utafiti wa miaka 25 uliofanywa kwa wagonjwa wasio na meno, X-ray ilionyesha kwamba mifupa ya taya iliendelea kupotea kwa muda mrefu. Kwa hiyo, jino ni muhimu kwa maendeleo ya mifupa ya karibu na jino, na pia ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kuchochea mfupa huu kudumisha nguvu yake, wiani na umbo. Kupoteza meno yote polepole, lakini hatimaye, husababisha taya na kupoteza mifupa karibu kabisa. Ukojo wa chini, ambao huanza kwa inchi mbili kwa urefu, unaweza kupunguzwa hadi chini ya robo ya inchi kwa atrophy kwa muda. Hiyo ndiyo mojawapo ya sababu kwa nini madaktari wa meno wa kisasa wanavutiwa sana na kutumia implants za meno kuchukua mahali pa meno yanayokosekana. Wagonjwa wanaovaa meno ya meno hawajui kwamba wanapoteza mfupa. Kwa muda, mara nyingi hufikiri kwamba tatizo la kutumia meno ya meno ni kwa sababu ya umri wake, kupungua kwa uzito wa mgonjwa, au kuvaa meno ya meno. Kiwango na kiasi cha kupoteza mifupa inaweza kuathiriwa na jinsia (wanawake kupoteza mifupa zaidi), homoni (kupungua kwa estrogen husababisha kupoteza mifupa zaidi), kimetaboliki, dawa, parafunction (grinding meno) na meno ya meno mabaya. Hata hivyo, karibu asilimia 40 ya watu wanaotumia meno ya meno wamekuwa wakitumia meno yao kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi. Kwa sababu ya kutumia meno ya meno mchana na usiku, nguvu kubwa huja kwenye mifupa na taya, na kuharakisha kupoteza mifupa, asilimia 80 ya meno ya meno huvaliwa mchana na usiku. Kwa mfano, katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, tatizo la kupoteza mifupa baada ya meno kuharibika limekuwa likipuuzwa na wataalamu wa meno. Hii ni kwa sababu udaktari wa meno hakuwa na matibabu ya kuzuia au kuzuia mchakato wa kupoteza mifupa na matokeo yake. Kwa sababu hiyo, madaktari walilazimika kupuuza upungufu wa mifupa ambao haungeweza kuepukika baada ya kunyonya meno. Leo, wataalamu wanajua juu ya kupoteza mifupa, na kwamba implants inaweza kuacha kupoteza mifupa kwa sababu wao kuchochea mfupa, sawa na jinsi jino alifanya kabla ya kupoteza yake. Nyayo zenye kupoteza mifupa huhusianishwa na matatizo, ambayo mara nyingi huharibu matokeo yanayoweza kutabiriwa ya meno ya kawaida. Kupoteza mifupa kwanza husababisha upana wa mifupa kupungua. Kwa mfano, kuna kupungua kwa upana wa mfupa kwa asilimia 25 katika mwaka wa kwanza baada ya kupoteza meno na kupungua kwa urefu kwa inchi moja kwa mwaka baada ya kunyonya meno kadhaa. Mfupa mwembamba uliobaki mara nyingi husababisha usumbufu wakati tishu nyembamba za taya zinazozunguka zinapobeba chini ya meno ya meno kamili au ya sehemu. Katika taya ya chini, kupoteza mifupa kwa kuendelea hatimaye husababisha miiba ya mifupa iliyofunikwa na tishu nyembamba, inayoweza kuhamishwa, isiyounganishwa ya taya. Mfupa uliobaki kwenye sehemu ya mbele ya taya unaendelea kupotea, na sehemu ya chini ya ulimi huinuka na kukaa juu ya mhimili. Hilo husababisha maumivu, kwa kuwa meno ya meno hukaa juu ya mifupa yenye ncha kali. Kwa kuongezea, kuna kitu kidogo cha kuzuia meno ya meno yasisogeze mbele dhidi ya mdomo wa chini wakati wa kazi au usemi. Matatizo hayo huongezwa na mwendo wa juu wa nyuma ya meno ya meno wakati wa kupunguzwa kwa misuli wakati wa usemi na kazi. Mteremko (mteremko) unaotokana na taya ya chini iliyobadilika umbo ikilinganishwa na ile ya taya ya juu pia husababisha ukosefu wa utulivu na mwendo wa meno ya chini. Kupoteza mifupa katika taya ya juu na ya chini sio tu kwa mifupa ya karibu na meno; sehemu za mifupa ya mifupa pia zinaweza kupotea, haswa katika sehemu za nyuma za taya ya chini ambapo mgonjwa anaweza kupoteza zaidi ya 80% ya mfupa. Mishipa ya taya ya chini, ambayo ilikuwa imezungukwa na kuhifadhiwa na mfupa, hatimaye inakuwa wazi na kukaa juu ya mteremko moja kwa moja chini ya meno ya meno. Matokeo yake, maumivu makali na au kupoteza kwa muda au kudumu kwa hisia au hisia ya maeneo yanayotolewa na neva inawezekana. Kupoteza mifupa katika taya ya juu kunaweza kusababisha maumivu na ongezeko la mwendo wa meno ya juu wakati wa kula. Nguvu kutoka kula na meno ya meno mbaya ni kuhamishwa moja kwa moja kwa uso tu na si muundo wa ndani ya mfupa tangu hakuna mizizi. Kwa hiyo, nguvu hizi hazisumbui na kudumisha mfupa, lakini badala yake hupunguza usambazaji wa damu na kuongeza kiwango cha kupoteza mfupa. Nguvu za kutafuna zinazozalishwa na aina fupi za uso zinaweza kuwa mara tatu au nne za aina ndefu za uso. Wagonjwa hao wana hatari kubwa zaidi ya kupoteza mifupa sana. Picha hii inaonyesha mteremko wa chini ambao umepoteza 60% ya upana wake baada ya uchimbaji na uponyaji wa kawaida. Mishale meusi inaonyesha mahali ambapo mfupa uko (linganisha upana na molar iliyo karibu). Mishale nyekundu inaonyesha upana wa kawaida ambao unapaswa kuwa huko. Matatizo mengi ambayo yameelezwa kwa wagonjwa wasio na meno pia yanapatikana kwa wagonjwa ambao wanakosa meno ya nyuma tu na wanavaa meno ya meno ya sehemu inayoweza kuondolewa. Matatizo yaliyotajwa hapo juu yanakazia uharibifu wa mfupa. Meno ya asili yaliyobaki pia huharibiwa sana. Meno lazima yaunge mkono sehemu ya meno ya mdomo kwa njia ya viunganishi vinavyoitwa vifungo. Vifungo hivyo huunganisha meno na kwa muundo wao, huingiza nguvu za upande au za upande kwenye meno, na hivyo kuyafanya yadhoofike na kusababisha meno kupotea. Kwa kuwa meno haya mara nyingi huathiriwa na hasara ya mifupa kutokana na nguvu hizi, meno mengi ya ziada ya sehemu huundwa ili kupunguza nguvu zinazotumiwa juu ya meno haya. Matokeo yake ni kuongezeka kwa mwendo wa meno ya meno yanayoweza kuondolewa, na shinikizo kubwa zaidi juu ya tishu laini ya taya juu ya mfupa. Hilo husababisha kupoteza mifupa zaidi. Hali hizo zaweza kulinda meno yaliyobaki, lakini kisha kuharakisha upotezaji wa mifupa katika maeneo yasiyo na meno. Athari juu ya tishu laini Kadiri mfupa unavyoendelea kupoteza upana na urefu, tishu za taya hupungua hatua kwa hatua. Kwa kawaida, taya nyembamba sana huwa juu ya mifupa iliyopotea ya taya ya chini. Nywele za kumbo huwa na madoa yenye kuumiza yanayosababishwa na meno ya meno yaliyo juu ya meno. Kwa kuongezea, vifungo vya misuli ya juu visivyofaa na tishu iliyopunguzwa mara nyingi hufanya hali iwe ngumu. Lugha ya mgonjwa asiye na meno mara nyingi huongezeka ili kukidhi ongezeko la nafasi iliyokuwa ikichukuliwa na meno. Wakati huohuo, ulimi hutumiwa kupunguza mwendo wa meno ya meno yanayoweza kuondolewa, na huchukua fungu lenye nguvu zaidi katika kutafuna chakula. Matokeo ni kwamba, meno ya meno yanayoweza kuondolewa hayana uthabiti. Kupungua kwa udhibiti wa misuli, ambao mara nyingi huhusianishwa na kuzeeka, huongeza matatizo ya meno ya kawaida ya meno yanayoweza kuondolewa. Uwezo wa kuvaa meno ya meno kwa mafanikio huenda ukawa kwa kiasi kikubwa utendaji wa kujifunza, wa ustadi. Mgonjwa mzee ambaye hivi karibuni amepoteza meno yake huenda akakosa ustadi wa utendaji wa mwili unaohitajiwa ili kuzoea hali mpya. Mara nyingi hilo husababisha chakula kisichonyonywe vizuri, na kusababisha matatizo ya kumeng'enya chakula na ya lishe. Mabadiliko ya uso hutokea kwa asili kuhusiana na mchakato wa kuzeeka. Meno yanapotea, mchakato huo huongeza kasi sana kwa sababu ya kuzeeka kwa uso haraka zaidi. Kupoteza meno kunaweza kuongeza miaka kumi au zaidi kwa uso wa mtu. Kupungua kwa urefu wa uso hutokea kwa sababu ya kuanguka kwa urefu wa mifupa wakati meno yanapotea. Hilo husababisha mabadiliko kadhaa ya uso. Kupungua kwa pembe karibu na midomo na kuimarisha mistari ya wima kwenye midomo hutokeza sura kali zaidi. Kadiri hasara ya mifupa ya wima inavyoongezeka hatua kwa hatua na kwa kasi, uhusiano wa kuumwa unazorota. Matokeo ni kwamba kidevu huzunguka mbele na hivyo uso haionekani vizuri. Hali hizo husababisha kupungua kwa pembe ya midomo, na mgonjwa huonekana kuwa na huzuni kinywani. Aina fupi za uso zina nguvu za kukata za juu, hasara kubwa ya mifupa na mabadiliko zaidi ya uso na kupoteza meno, ikilinganishwa na wengine. Kupungua kwa unene wa mdomo wa juu hutokana na utegemezo duni wa mdomo unaotolewa na meno ya meno. Na, kuna hasara ya tonicity ya misuli. Wanawake mara nyingi hutumia moja ya mbinu mbili kuficha muonekano huu usiofaa: ama hakuna lipstick na makeup ndogo, ili uangalifu mdogo uelekezwe kwenye eneo hili la uso au lipstick huchorwa juu ya mpaka wa midomo ili kutoa muonekano wa midomo kamili. Mdomo wa juu huwa mrefu zaidi kwa sababu ya nguvu za uvutano na kupoteza nguvu za misuli. Kupoteza sauti ya misuli ni kuharakishwa katika mgonjwa bila meno kwa hiyo urefu wa mdomo hutokea katika umri mdogo. Mara nyingi wanaume hukua ndevu ili kupunguza athari hiyo. Hii ina mwelekeo wa umri wa tabasamu, kwa sababu mgonjwa mdogo, meno yanaonekana zaidi kwa uhusiano na mdomo wa juu wakati wa kupumzika au wakati wa tabasamu. Kuongezeka kwa kina cha mstari wa chini karibu na pua na kuongezeka kwa kina cha mistari mingine ya wima hufanywa kuwa mbaya zaidi na kupoteza mifupa katika taya ya juu ya mbele. Kwa kawaida hali hiyo huambatana na kuongezeka kwa pembe ya pua. Hilo laweza kufanya pua ionekane kuwa kubwa zaidi. Viungo vya misuli ya taya pia huathiriwa na kupoteza mifupa. Tambo huanguka kando ya taya ya chini na kupoteza mifupa, na kutokeza nywele au kidevu cha mchawi. Athari hii ni ya kuongezea kwa sababu ya kupoteza sauti ya misuli pamoja na kupoteza meno. Picha hii inaonyesha kiasi cha mfupa kinachoweza kupotea na jinsi mwinuko unavyoweza kuwa mwembamba kabla ya kutoweka kabisa. Wagonjwa hawajui kwamba mabadiliko haya ya mifupa, taya na uso ni kwa sababu ya kupoteza meno. Badala yake, wao humlaumu tatizo hilo kwa sababu ya kuzeeka, kupoteza uzito, au daktari wa meno kwa sababu ya kutengeneza meno yasiyofaa. Utafiti uliofanywa na wataalamu wa afya wa Marekani uliohusisha watu 367 (158 wanaume na 209 wanawake) uligundua kuwa asilimia 47 ya watu hao walikuwa na uwezo mdogo wa kutafuna. Pia, kikundi hicho kilikula matunda na mboga kidogo na vitamini A. Wagonjwa hao walichukua dawa nyingi zaidi (37%) ikilinganishwa na wale wenye uwezo wa kutafuna (20%), na 28% walikuwa wakichukua dawa za magonjwa ya tumbo au matumbo. Kwa hiyo, kupunguza matumizi ya vyakula vyenye nyuzinyuzi nyingi kunaweza kusababisha matatizo ya tumbo au ya matumbo kwa wagonjwa wasio na meno na wenye uwezo mdogo wa kutafuna. Kwa kuongezea, chakula kigumu kinapochomwa, kinaweza kudhoofisha mfumo wa kumeng'enya chakula na kuondoa virutubisho. Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba matatizo ya meno husababisha udhaifu wa kumeza na kutafuna, jambo ambalo linaweza kuathiri afya ya jumla na kuathiri magonjwa, kupooza, na kupunguza muda wa kuishi. Ripoti kadhaa katika fasihi huhusianisha afya ya wagonjwa na muda wa maisha na afya ya meno yao. Baada ya kuangazia sababu za kawaida za hatari ya kiharusi na mshtuko wa moyo, kulikuwa na uhusiano mkubwa kati ya ugonjwa wa meno na ugonjwa wa moyo au mishipa ya damu, ambao bado ni kisababishi kikuu cha kifo. Ni halali kuamini kwamba kurudisha mdomo wa wagonjwa kwa kazi ya kawaida zaidi kwa kweli kunaweza kuboresha ubora na urefu wa maisha. Madhara ya kisaikolojia ya kupoteza meno ni ya aina mbalimbali, kuanzia ya chini sana hadi ya wasiwasi. Ingawa meno ya meno ya jumla yanaweza kukidhi mahitaji ya kuonekana ya wagonjwa wengi, kuna wengi ambao wanahisi maisha yao ya kijamii yanaathiriwa sana. Wana wasiwasi kuhusu kubusiana na hali za kimapenzi, hasa ikiwa uhusiano mpya haujui tatizo lao la usemi. Uchunguzi wa afya ya meno ulionyesha kuwa asilimia 80 tu ya watu wasio na meno wanaweza kuvaa meno ya juu na ya chini wakati wote. Baadhi ya wagonjwa huvaa tu moja ya meno ya meno, kwa kawaida ya juu; wengine wanaweza kuvaa meno yao ya meno kwa muda mfupi tu. Zaidi ya hayo, karibu 7% ya watu wanaovaa meno ya meno hawawezi kuivaa kabisa, na wanakuwa walemavu wa meno au walemavu wa mdomo. Wao hawawezi kuondoka nyumbani, na wanapojihisi wamelazimika kwenda nje, wazo la kukutana na kuzungumza na watu bila kutumia meno huwa lenye kusumbua. Misch na wenzake walifanya utafiti wa wagonjwa 104 waliopotea meno yao na kutafuta matibabu. Kwa jumla, asilimia 88 ya wagonjwa walidai kuwa na matatizo ya kusema, na asilimia 25 ya idadi hiyo waliripoti matatizo magumu sana. Ni rahisi kuhusianisha ongezeko lililoripotiwa la wasiwasi kuhusiana na shughuli za kijamii. Mabadiliko ya meno ya chini yaliripotiwa na 62.5% ya wagonjwa hawa. Sehemu ya juu ya meno ya meno ilibaki mahali pake kwa asilimia sawa. Ugonjwa wa taya ya chini ulitajwa kwa mzunguko sawa na mwendo (63.5%), na 16.5% walisema hawavaa meno ya chini. Athari za kisaikolojia za kutoweza kula hadharani zaweza kuhusianishwa na matokeo haya. Kwa kulinganisha, meno ya juu ya meno yalikuwa na wasiwasi mara mbili (32.6%) na 0.9% tu ya wagonjwa walikuwa na uwezo wa kuvaa meno ya meno. Kazi ilikuwa tatizo la nne liliyoripotiwa. Nusu ya wagonjwa walijaribu kuepuka vyakula vingi, na asilimia 17 walidai kuwa waliweza kutafuna vyakula vizuri zaidi bila kutumia meno ya meno. Mahitaji ya kisaikolojia ya mgonjwa asiye na meno yaweza kuonyeshwa katika njia nyingi. Kwa mfano, mwaka wa 1982 watu zaidi ya milioni tano nchini Marekani walitumia vifungo vya meno. Ripoti ya hivi karibuni ilionyesha kwamba nchini Marekani zaidi ya dola milioni 147 hutumiwa kila mwaka kwa ajili ya viunganishi vya meno ya meno, na inawakilisha vitengo milioni 45 vilivyouzwa. Mgonjwa yuko tayari kukubali ladha mbaya, haja ya matumizi ya mara kwa mara, fit ya meno isiyo ya kawaida, hali ya aibu, na gharama ya kuendelea kwa faida pekee ya uhifadhi wa meno. Kwa upande mwingine, asilimia 80 ya wagonjwa waliotibiwa na protesi za implanted waliamua afya yao ya jumla ya kisaikolojia imeboreshwa ikilinganishwa na hali yao ya awali ya kuvaa meno ya kawaida, na waliona protesi ya implanted kama sehemu muhimu ya mwili wao. Kwa wazi, ukosefu wa uhifadhi na hatari ya kisaikolojia ya aibu katika mtumiaji wa meno ya meno ni wasiwasi ambao taaluma ya meno lazima itushughulikie. Tofauti ya nguvu ya kukata iliyorekodiwa katika mtu aliye na meno ya asili na mtu ambaye hana meno kabisa ni kubwa. Katika sehemu ya kwanza ya molar ya mtu mwenye meno, nguvu ya wastani imepimwa kuwa 150 hadi 250 paundi kwa inchi mraba (psi). Mgonjwa anayekata au kupiga meno yake anaweza kutumia nguvu ya karibu 1,000 psi, kwa kuwa misuli yake inakuwa na nguvu zaidi kwa kuongezeka kwa mazoezi. Kwa mfano, nguvu ya kuuma ya mgonjwa bila meno hupungua hadi chini ya 50 psi, kwa kuwa sasa lazima acheme kwenye taya laini. Kadiri mgonjwa anavyoendelea bila meno, ndivyo misuli inavyozidi kupungua na ndivyo inavyoweza kutoa nguvu kidogo. Kwa wale ambao wamevaa meno ya meno kwa zaidi ya miaka 15, nguvu ya kuumwa inaweza kuwa ya juu ya 5.6 psi, kwa sababu misuli hupungua kwa nguvu na sauti. Kwa sababu ya kupungua kwa nguvu ya kuumwa na kutoimarika kwa meno ya meno, ufanisi wa kutafuna pia hupungua kwa kupoteza meno. Katika kipindi hicho hicho, asilimia 90 ya chakula kinachokunywa kwa meno ya asili hufaulu. Kwa mfano, kwa mgonjwa aliye na meno ya meno ya ziada, kiwango cha chini cha upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu wa upungufu. Kupungua kwa nguvu kwa mara 10 na kupungua kwa ufanisi kwa 30% huathiri uwezo wa wagonjwa wa kutafuna. Kwa jumla, asilimia 29 ya watu wenye meno ya meno wanaweza kula vyakula laini tu, wakati asilimia 50 wanaepuka vyakula vingi, na asilimia 17 wanadai wanakula vizuri zaidi bila meno ya meno. Vipande vya meno vinavyoweza kuondolewa vina mojawapo ya viwango vya chini zaidi vya kukubaliwa na wagonjwa katika udaktari wa meno. Utafiti wa miaka minne uliofanywa nchini Skandinavia ulionyesha kwamba asilimia 80 tu ya wagonjwa waliopokea meno ya mdomo ya sehemu walikuwa wakiyvaa baada ya mwaka mmoja. Idadi hiyo ilipungua hadi asilimia 60 baada ya miaka minne. Ripoti za meno ya meno ya sehemu yanayoweza kuondolewa zinaonyesha kwamba afya ya meno yaliyobaki na tishu za taya zinazozunguka zinaweza kuzorota. Katika utafiti uliochunguza haja ya kurekebisha jino kama kiashiria cha kushindwa kwa meno ya ziada, kiwango cha kuishi cha meno ya ziada ya kawaida ya kuondolewa ilikuwa 40% baada ya miaka 5 na 20% baada ya miaka 10. Wagonjwa wanaovaa meno ya ziada mara nyingi huonyesha mwendo mkubwa wa meno, uhifadhi mkubwa wa plaque ya bakteria, kuongezeka kwa kutokwa na damu karibu na meno, matukio zaidi ya kuoza na kupoteza mifupa kwa kasi katika mikoa isiyo na meno. Kwa hiyo, mara nyingi matibabu ya badala ambayo huboresha hali ya mdomo na kudumisha mifupa ni yenye kutamanika zaidi. Kiwango cha kuishi kwa miaka mitano cha meno ya ziada ya ziada kulingana na uvumilivu na matumizi ya meno ya ziada ni karibu 60% wakati wa kubadilisha molars na 80% kwa meno ya ziada ya ziada yaliyoungwa mkono kabisa na meno. Hii hupunguzwa hadi asilimia 35 na asilimia 60 baada ya miaka 10. Katika utafiti mwingine, ni meno machache ya meno yaliyodumu kwa zaidi ya miaka sita. Ingawa mtu mmoja kati ya watu wazima watano nchini Marekani amewahi kutumia meno ya meno yawezao kuondolewa, asilimia 60 ya watu hao wameripoti kuwa na tatizo la kutumia meno ya meno. Kwa hiyo, Je, Meno ya Meno Yenye Umri Mfupi Ni ya Kihistoria? Matibabu ya kisasa ya meno ya meno si yenye matokeo zaidi kuliko meno ya mbao ya George Washington. Ikiwa una chaguo la kuweka meno yako mwenyewe au ikiwa lazima uondoe kwa sababu ya ugonjwa wa taya au kuoza, tafadhali fikiria juu kwa uangalifu. Maamuzi unayofanya leo yanaweza kukuathiri maisha yako yote. 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