English settlement of North America was seriously curtailed by the conflict between king and Parliament that led to the English Civil War and the rule of Oliver Cromwell (1649–60). Once the monarchy was restored under Charles II, however, colonization resumed. The Restoration Colonies were all proprietorships granted by Charles to men who had helped him reclaim the throne.
The Carolinas. The Carolinas (from the Latin version of Charles, Carolus), which originally included the land from the southern border of Virginia to Spanish Florida, were given to eight proprietors in 1663. Settlers from Virginia came into the northern part of the territory in the 1650s, bringing with them the tobacco culture. Small‐scale farming and the export of lumber and pitch (tar), much in demand by English shipbuilders, were the basis of the economy. North Carolina became a separate colony in 1691. In the south, where the proprietors focused their interest, things took a different turn. Rice became the staple crop by the 1690s. Because its production was extremely labor intensive, African slaves were imported to drain the swamps and work the fields. The reliance on slaves is not surprising. Not only was the supply of indentured servants limited, but many of the early settlers came from the English colonies in the Caribbean, most notably Barbados, where slavery was well established.
Like many Restoration Colonies, South Carolina attracted diverse religious and ethnic groups. In addition to colonists from Barbados, who were mostly Anglicans, there were German Lutherans, Scotch‐Irish Presbyterians, Welsh Baptists, and Spanish Jews. This mix did not promote stability. Relations with the Indians often turned violent as whites enslaved native tribes as well as blacks. The inability of the proprietors to maintain order led to South Carolina's becoming a royal colony in 1729.
From New Netherland to New York. The Dutch established two trading posts in 1614: one on Manhattan Island and one to the north on the Hudson River at Albany's present location. A decade later, the newly formed Dutch West India Company set up the first permanent settlements, the most important of which was New Amsterdam on Manhattan; it became the capital of New Netherland. Although the fur trade stimulated Dutch expansion into Delaware and the Hudson River Valley, farming was considered vital to making the colony self‐sufficient. Under the patroon system, individuals who brought fifty settlers along with livestock and farm implements to the colony received large tracts of land.
Administration of New Netherland was in the hands of governors appointed by the Dutch West India Company. The colonists had little loyalty to these often corrupt and dictatorial officials, and when the English fleet appeared off Manhattan in 1664, no resistance was offered. This was not a sign that the Dutch welcomed English takeover, however. The two countries had been engaged in a series of wars for commercial supremacy; in fact, the Dutch won the colony back briefly during the Third Anglo‐Dutch War in 1673. Nevertheless, New York, renamed for its new proprietor, James, Duke of York, became an English royal colony in 1685.
New Jersey. New Jersey was based on land grants made in 1664 by the Duke of York to Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, two of his favorite supporters. Small farming settlements that were in fact religious and ethnic enclaves of Anglicans, Puritans, Dutch Calvinists, Scottish Presbyterians, Swedish Lutherans, and Quakers predominated. The colony was divided into West and East Jersey by the proprietors in 1676 and was not reunited until 1702, when it reverted to direct royal control.
Pennsylvania and Delaware. William Penn received his proprietorship from Charles II in 1681, quite possibly as repayment of the debt the royal treasury owed his father. A member of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, he saw the grant as an opportunity to create a colony in North America—a “Peaceable Kingdom”—as a religious experiment.
The Quakers were looked upon with some suspicion in England because of their religious beliefs, but the sect thrived in spite of official persecution. They were pacifists, preached to the poor, refused to take oaths or tip their hats or bow to their social superiors, and gave women a role in the church. To encourage settlement, Penn actively promoted the attractions of Pennsylvania, not the least of which were religious toleration and good relations with the Indians based on Quaker pacifism and his willingness to buy rather than take Indian lands. The strategy worked, and the colony's population ballooned to more than eight thousand by 1700.
The first important settlement in Delaware was founded in 1638 by the New Sweden Company, a joint‐stock company with Swedish and Dutch investors. But this Swedish outpost in the New World was short‐lived. The colony first passed to the Dutch (1655), who could trace their claims to Henry Hudson's voyage, and then to England (1664). In 1682, Delaware was made part of William Penn's proprietorship and remained under the political control of the governor of Pennsylvania until the American Revolution.
Georgia, the last English colony. Georgia (named for George II) was carved out of territory originally part of South Carolina as a buffer against the Spanish in Florida and as a place where the poor of Europe could get a new start. The trustees to whom the land was granted, most important James Oglethorpe, envisioned a colony of prosperous small farmers and imposed regulations to bring this about. The land was given away, but no one could own more than five hundred acres, and the sale of land to other colonists or the bequeathing of farms to women heirs was prohibited. Slavery was also banned. While the trustees brought over anyone willing to work, making Georgia England's most cosmopolitan colony with German, Swiss, Austrian, Italian, and Jewish settlers, strong opposition to the land‐holding restrictions inevitably arose. All limitations were abolished by 1759, by which time Georgia was already a royal colony.
Uhamiaji wa Kiingereza wa Amerika Kaskazini ulipunguzwa sana na mgogoro kati ya mfalme na Bunge ambao ulisababisha Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Kiingereza na utawala wa Oliver Cromwell (1649-1660). Hata hivyo, baada ya utawala wa Mfalme Charles wa Pili kurudishwa, ukoloni ulianza tena. Makoloni ya Kurudishwa yalikuwa mali zote zilizopewa na Charles kwa wanaume waliomsaidia kurudisha kiti cha enzi. Miji ya Carolina. "Karolina (kutokana na neno la Kilatini ""Carolus"" linalomaanisha ""Mfalme Charles,"" ambalo awali lilitia ndani eneo la kati ya mipaka ya kusini ya Virginia na Florida ya Hispania) lilipewa wamiliki wanane mwaka 1663." Wahamiaji kutoka Virginia waliingia katika sehemu ya kaskazini ya eneo hilo katika miaka ya 1650, wakileta utamaduni wa tumbaku. Kilimo cha kiasi kidogo na usafirishaji wa mbao na lami, ambazo zilikuwa zinatafutwa sana na wajenzi wa meli wa Uingereza, ndizo zilizokuwa msingi wa uchumi. North Carolina ilijengwa mwaka 1691. Katika kusini, ambapo wamiliki wa nyumba walikazia fikira zao, mambo yakawa tofauti. Mchele ulikuwa mkulima wa msingi wa nchi hiyo kuanzia mwaka wa 1690. Kwa sababu uzalishaji wake ulihitaji kazi nyingi sana, watumwa Waafrika waliingizwa ili kuondoa maji katika mabwawa na kufanya kazi mashambani. Kutegemea watumwa hakushangazi. Kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa watumishi wa kawaida, wakoloni wengi wa kwanza walitoka katika koloni za Uingereza katika Karibea, hasa Barbados, ambako utumwa ulikuwa umeanzishwa. Kama koloni nyingi za Marekebisho, South Carolina ilivutia vikundi mbalimbali vya kidini na kikabila. Mbali na wakoloni kutoka Barbados, ambao wengi wao walikuwa Waanglikana, kulikuwa na Walutheri Wajerumani, Wapresbiteri Waiskotchi-Wairelandi, Wabaptisti Wawelsi, na Wayahudi Wahispania. Mchanganyiko huo haukuendeleza utulivu. Mara nyingi mahusiano na Wahindi yaligeuka kuwa yenye jeuri huku wazungu wakiwatumikia makabila ya wenyeji na vilevile weusi. Kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa ujasiri wa wakulima wa eneo hilo, jimbo la South Carolina lilikuja kuwa koloni la kifalme mwaka wa 1729. Kutoka New Netherland hadi New York. Waolanzi walianzisha vituo viwili vya biashara mwaka 1614: kimoja kwenye Kisiwa cha Manhattan na kingine kaskazini kwenye Mto Hudson, mahali ambapo Albany iko sasa. Mwaka wa 1618 Kampuni ya Uholanzi ya India Magharibi ilianzisha makazi ya kwanza ya kudumu, New Amsterdam, ambayo ilikuwa mji mkuu wa New Netherland. Ingawa biashara ya manyoya ilichochea Uholanzi kupanuka hadi Delaware na Bonde la Mto Hudson, kilimo kilionwa kuwa muhimu ili koloni hiyo iwe na uwezo wa kujitegemea. Chini ya mfumo wa patroni, watu walioleta wahamiaji hamsini pamoja na mifugo na vifaa vya kilimo kwenye koloni walipokea mashamba makubwa. Utawala wa New Netherland ulikuwa mikononi mwa magavana walioteuliwa na Kampuni ya Uholanzi ya West India. Wakoloni walikuwa na uaminifu mdogo kwa maafisa hawa mara nyingi walioharibika na wakuu, na wakati meli ya Kiingereza ilipoonekana nje ya Manhattan mnamo 1664, hakuna upinzani uliotolewa. Hata hivyo, hilo halikuwa ishara ya kwamba Waholanzi walifurahia utawala wa Waingereza. Baada ya vita vya kwanza vya Uingereza na Uholanzi, Uholanzi ilirudisha koloni hiyo kwa muda mfupi wakati wa Vita vya Tatu vya Uingereza na Uholanzi mwaka 1673. New York, jina lake la kwanza, lilitokana na jina la James, Duke wa York, ambaye alikuwa mtawala wa Uingereza. New Jersey. New Jersey ilijengwa kwa ardhi iliyotolewa mwaka 1664 na Duke wa York kwa Sir John Berkeley na Sir George Carteret, wawili wa wafuasi wake. Makazi madogo ya kilimo ambayo kwa kweli yalikuwa makundi ya kidini na kikabila ya Waanglikana, Wapuritani, Wakalvini Waholanzi, Wapresbiteri wa Scotland, Walutheri wa Sweden, na Wakweaker yalitumiwa sana. Jimbo hilo liligawanywa katika West Jersey na East Jersey na wamiliki wake mwaka 1676 na halikuunganishwa tena hadi mwaka 1702, wakati liliporudi chini ya udhibiti wa moja kwa moja wa kifalme. Pennsylvania na Delaware. William Penn alipokea umiliki wake kutoka kwa Charles II mnamo 1681, labda kama malipo ya deni la hazina ya kifalme kwa baba yake. Akiwa mshiriki wa Society of Friends, au Quakers, aliona ruzuku hiyo kuwa fursa ya kuunda koloni katika Amerika Kaskazini - "Ufalme wa Amani" - kama jaribio la kidini. Wa-Quaker walichukuliwa kwa shaka katika Uingereza kwa sababu ya itikadi zao za kidini, lakini madhehebu hayo yaliendelea kusitawi licha ya mateso ya serikali. Walikuwa wapiganaji wa amani, waliwahubiria maskini, walikataa kuapa, au kuinua kofia zao, au kuinama kwa wakuu wao wa kijamii, na waliwapa wanawake jukumu katika kanisa. Ili kuhimiza makazi, Penn aliendeleza vivyo hivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo vivyo, hasa uvumilivu wa kidini na mahusiano mazuri na Wahindi kulingana na amani ya Quaker na utayari wake wa kununua badala ya kuchukua ardhi ya Wahindi. Mkakati huo ulifanikiwa, na idadi ya wakazi wa koloni hiyo iliongezeka hadi zaidi ya elfu nane kufikia mwaka wa 1700. Mji wa kwanza wa Delaware ulianzishwa mwaka 1638 na kampuni ya New Sweden, kampuni ya hisa iliyoanzishwa na wawekezaji wa Sweden na Uholanzi. Lakini kituo hicho cha Sweden katika Ulimwengu Mpya kilidumu kwa muda mfupi. Jimbo hilo lilipelekwa kwa Waholanzi (1655) ambao walianza kulitawala kwa sababu ya safari ya Henry Hudson, kisha kwa Uingereza (1664). Mwaka 1682 Delaware ilijengwa na William Penn na ikaendelea kuwa chini ya udhibiti wa kisiasa wa gavana wa Pennsylvania hadi mapinduzi ya Marekani. Georgia, koloni la mwisho la Uingereza. Georgia (iliyoitwa kwa jina la George II) ilitengenezwa kutoka eneo ambalo awali lilikuwa sehemu ya South Carolina kama buffer dhidi ya Wahispania huko Florida na kama mahali ambapo maskini wa Ulaya wangeweza kupata mwanzo mpya. Wadhamini ambao ardhi ilitolewa, muhimu zaidi James Oglethorpe, waliona koloni ya wakulima wadogo wenye mafanikio na kuweka kanuni za kuleta hili. Nchi ilitolewa, lakini hakuna mtu aliyeweza kumiliki zaidi ya ekari mia tano, na kuuza ardhi kwa wakoloni wengine au kuruhusu mashamba kwa warithi wanawake ilikuwa imepigwa marufuku. Utumwa pia ulipigwa marufuku. Wakati wakurugenzi waliwaleta kila mtu aliyetaka kufanya kazi, na hivyo kufanya Georgia kuwa koloni la Uingereza lenye watu wengi wa nchi mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na wahamiaji Wajerumani, Waswisi, Waustria, Waitaliano, na Wayahudi, upinzani mkali dhidi ya vizuizi vya kumiliki ardhi ulijitokeza bila shaka. Mipaka hiyo ilifutwa mwaka 1759 na Georgia ikawa koloni ya kifalme.