Determinants of the daily rhythm of blood fluidity
Journal of Circadian Rhythms volume 7, Article number: 7 (2009)
Numerous processes in the living body exhibit daily rhythmicity. In this study, we characterized a daily rhythm of blood fluidity and identified its determinants.
The subjects were nine young males. We measured the physiological parameters and performed hematological and biochemical analyses. We repeated the measurements six times during the day at 7:30 (just after getting up and before breakfast), 10:00, 13:30 (after lunch), 16:30, 19:30 (after dinner), and 21:30. The subjects performed sedentary work all day, and the contents and time of the meals were uniform. Investigation of blood rheology was based on Kikuchi's microchannel method.
Blood passage time varied significantly with time of day. Stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the significant factors affecting blood passage time. Body temperature, heartbeat, hematocrit, white blood cell and total cholesterol were significant determinants of blood passage time.
We confirmed that blood fluidity has a daily rhythm. In addition, we found that the determinants of blood fluidity included physiological parameters such as body temperature and heartbeat, hematological parameters such as hematocrit, and white blood cell and total cholesterol.
Research conducted during the past half century has made it clear that virtually all physiological phenomena in the living body exhibit daily rhythmicity. Refinetti and Menaker  reviewed the literature on the circadian rhythm of body temperature, emphasizing species differences, development and aging, and the relationships between the circadian rhythm of body temperature and the circadian rhythm of daily activity. In the clinical field, previous studies [2–4] have documented an important role of circadian rhythmicity in cardiovascular health. Uehara et al  reported that platelet aggregation and blood coagulation have a time course change and that these may have implications for cerebral infarction. On the other hand, in the sports field, it is common for athletes to adjust the hour of rising and timing of warming up according to the start of a game. It is necessary to adjust the hour of rising to achieve the best performance based on body temperature and heartbeat. In the present study, we characterized a daily rhythm of blood fluidity and identified its determinants.
The subjects were nine clinically healthy men who were non-athletes and non-smokers (age: 22.6 ± 1.7 yr, height: 171.1 ± 7.5 cm, weight: 68.5 ± 12.7 kg). They gave consent to participate after an explanation of the study and the measurements needed. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Health Science, Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Sciences (No.0554).
We asked the subjects to avoid overeating, overdrinking and indulging in high intensity exercise on the night before the experiment, asked them to remain seated all day in a laboratory, and asked them to avoid exercise other than necessary everyday movement on the experiment day. The subjects ate three meals of the same contents at standard times. The drinks between meals were only mineral water, and snacks were consolidated as much as possible. The subjects moved to a laboratory immediately after getting up from bed.
We separated the subjects into three groups and conducted measurements at the same time for the three groups. The measurements were taken six times: at 7:30 (just after getting up, before breakfast), 10:00, 13:30 (after lunch), 16:30, 19:30 (after dinner), and 21:30.
The measured items were body temperature, heartbeat, blood pressure, whole blood passage time, a hematological parameter and a biochemical parameter. Blood samples were drawn from subjects in a seated position from an antecubital vein with anticoagulation by heparin solution (1000 IU/ml; 0.5 parts to 9.5 parts blood) after resting in a chair for at least five minutes. The volume of the blood sample was 10 ml (5 ml × 2 vacuum tubes). To avoid repeated puncture, the second tube was used for the measurement of blood passage time. The measurement of blood passage time was done as soon as possible after blood samples were drawn. A mercury thermometer was used for 15 minutes to measure axillary body temperature. We used an automatic sphygmomanometer (Omron Co., Ltd.; HEM-757) to measure blood pressure and heartbeat. They were measured three times consecutively and the mean of the three measurements was used. We placed the cuff (manchette) of the sphygmomanometer precisely at a unified position and height. An automatic cell counter (Beckman Coulter Co. Ltd.) was used to measure red blood cell, white blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet. The clinical laboratory at the hospital conducted analysis of albumin (Bromocresyl green method), fibrinogen (Laser light scattering method), total protein (Biuret method), beta-lipo protein (Turbidimetric Immuno Assay method), total cholesterol (Enzyme method), HDL-cholesterol (Homogeneous method), tri-glyceride (Glycerin-1-phoshate-oxydase method), and blood glucose (Hexokinase glucose-6-pyruvate dehydrogenase method).
Determination of blood rheology
Investigation of blood rheology was based on Kikuchi's microchannel method [6–8]. Microgrooves (width 7 μm, length 30 μm, depth 4.5 μm) were photo-fabricated on the surface of a single crystal silicon substrate (chip dimensions 15 × 15 mm). We converted microgrooves into leak-proof microchannels by tightly covering them with an optically flat glass plate. The groove was transformed into a hermetic microchannel by soldering it to an optically polished glass plate. Because the volume of fluid which flows through one flow path is extremely small, 8736 flow paths of the same size were created to make it possible for measuring the flow rate. The silicon single crystal substrate was then mounted onto the microchannel flow system, MC-FAN (Hitachi Haramachi Electronics Co., Ltd, Ibaragi, Japan). This system makes it possible to directly observe the flow of blood cell elements through the microchannel under a microscope connected to an image display unit. In this system, flow can be continuously viewed while the passage time for a given volume of blood is determined automatically. Our revised value of blood passage was expressed as a function of the actual whole blood passage time over saline solution passage time of 12 seconds at a pressure of 20 cm H2O.
We used Stat View 5.0 (SAS) to calculate statistics and SPSS 12.0 (SPSS) to do multiple regression analysis (forward selection). We used one-way repeated-measures ANOVA and used Fisher's PLSD in the case that a significant difference was recognized. We used multiple regression analysis to analyze factors that determine the daily rhythm of blood fluidity. Differences associate with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
All of the physiological parameters showed significant change with time of day, some of them rising through the day, others falling through the day. Blood passage time and body temperature seemed to be negatively correlated (R2 = 0.826), whereas blood passage time and diastolic blood pressure seemed to be positively correlated (R2 = 0.593).
Blood passage time, hematocrit, red blood cell and hemoglobin showed significant change with time of day. There were positive correlations between blood passage time and hematocrit (R2 = 0.643), between blood passage time and red blood cell (R2 = 0.480), and between blood passage time and hemoglobin (R2 = 0.551). White blood cell, platelet, albumin and fibrinogen did not show significant changes with time of day.
Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, beta-lipo protein, tri-glyceride and blood glucose showed significant change with time of day. These parameters fluctuated through the day. There were no significant correlations between blood passage time and blood biochemical parameters (P > 0.10).
Multiple regression analysis (Table 2)
Stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the significant factors which affect largely the blood passage time. As a result of analysis, we have found that body temperature, heartbeat, hematocrit, white blood cell and total cholesterol were significant and then we could explain 66.9% of the whole blood passage time by these five parameters.
The prediction formula is as follows;
Blood passage time showed significant change with time of day, suggesting the existence of a daily rhythm of blood fluidity. The maximum value for blood passage time was after getting up in the morning (before breakfast). At that time, blood fluidity was at its worst for the day. Then, blood passage time fell gradually after breakfast and again after lunch. The value at 13:30 was the minimum. At that time, blood fluidity was the best of the day. Okazaki et al  reported that endurance exercise training shortened whole blood passage time with the increase in exercise amount of training by decreasing red cell count and hematocrit. Moderate exercise shortened whole blood passage time and brought good physical performance, thus indicating that short blood passage time is advantageous to the oxygen transport.
We used multiple regression analysis to try to identify the factors that determine the daily rhythm of blood fluidity. Based on multiple regression analysis, we inferred that body temperature and heartbeat may be determinants of the daily rhythm of blood fluidity. Body temperature showed an especially strong correlation with blood passage time, with its change over the day being diametrically opposite to that of blood passage time. It is conceivable that this effect derives from a general temperature dependence of the fluidity in viscous material. Multiple regression analysis also suggested that hematocrit and white blood cell count are determinants of the daily rhythm of blood fluidity. We confirmed that hematocrit affected blood passage time as was reported in a previous study . The biochemical parameters of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, beta-lipo protein, tri-glyceride and blood glucose showed significant change with time of day, while albumin and total protein did not. Albumin is an important protein regarding blood fluidity. Takahashi et al  reported that albumin had a negative correlation with whole blood passage, but the measured values of albumin were at a normal level. So, they concluded that the relevance of plasma lipid concentration for blood fluidity was weak. On the other hand, another study  reported that in athletes the correlations of red cell aggregation with plasma fibrinogen weakened in both young and old red blood cell populations while albumin became more significant. In this study, albumin did not show significant change with time of day, and the measured vales were at a normal level. Significant correlation between LDL-cholesterol in plasma and membrane cholesterol was observed. We believe that mixed hyperlipidemia may have influenced the erythrocyte membrane structure, which caused significant decrease of membrane fluidity in the superficial layer without any significant changes in deeper layer and significant increase of membrane cholesterol and thiobarbituric acid reaction substances. HDL-cholesterol, beta-lipo protein, tri-glyceride and blood glucose did not show a strong correlation to blood passage time. We consider total cholesterol to be a determinant of the daily rhythm of blood fluidity. Hunter et al  investigated the relationship of the effects of three isoenergic diets of differing fat composition and the variables of blood coagulation. They could not find significant relationship in platelet aggregation response and membrane fluidity observed in any of the diets. Shimabukuro et al  reported that triacylglycerol, insulin, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin were not correlated with decreases in peak forearm blood flow and flow debt repayment after a high-fat meal. We have not found the reason why total cholesterol affects blood fluidity. Another study  showed that, in the group of patients with mixed hyperlipidemia, there was a significant correlation between LDL-cholesterol in plasma and membrane cholesterol. We think that cholesterol may have some influence on the cell membrane.
In the case of sports and exercise for health, adjusting the time of a game or exercise to when whole blood passage time is minimum (advantage to the oxygen transport) should be important, as it may induce one's best performance. According to our results, people had better avoid doing exercise when whole blood passage time is at a high value (oxygen may not be delivered smoothly to the tissue), i.e. early in the morning. Further studies are needed to solidify this inference. Also, we must evaluate changes in blood passage time before and after exercise bouts and along the sleep-wake cycle [16, 17] before we can recommend the best time of day for exercise and eating.
We confirmed that there is a daily rhythm in blood fluidity. Because blood passage time was the longest at 7:30 (just after getting up and before breakfast) and the shortest 13:30, we estimate that the best time of day for safe and effective exercise is the early afternoon and, conversely, that exercise should be avoided early in the morning.
Multiple regression analysis suggested that physiological parameters such as body temperature and heartbeat, hematological parameters such as hematocrit and white blood cell count, and biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol were factors determining the rhythmic pattern of blood fluidity.
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We thank Dr. Masaru Ohsaku for excellent technical advice.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
TK designed the experiments, collected data and wrote the manuscript. KS managed the laboratory and adjusted the schedule of subjects. MK participated in the design of the study and performed statistical analysis. TI and KO supervised the study. All authors read and approved the final version of the article.
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Kimura, T., Inamizu, T., Sekikawa, K. et al. Determinants of the daily rhythm of blood fluidity. J Circad Rhythms 7, 7 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1740-3391-7-7
"Kutokana na hali ya ""kuchanganyikiwa kwa damu"" katika mwili, jarida la Journal of Circadian Rhythms, toleo la 7, makala namba 7 (2009) inaonyesha kwamba kuna utaratibu wa kila siku katika mwili wa binadamu." Katika utafiti huu, tulionyesha mwendo wa kila siku wa umajimaji wa damu na kutambua mambo yanayoamua mwenendo huo. Watu hao walikuwa wanaume tisa wachanga. Tulipima vigezo vya kisaikolojia na kufanya uchambuzi wa damu na biokemia. Tulirudia vipimo hivyo mara sita wakati wa mchana, saa 7:30 (mara tu baada ya kuamka na kabla ya kiamsha-kinywa), 10:30 (baada ya chakula cha mchana), 16:30 (baada ya chakula cha jioni), 19:30 (baada ya chakula cha jioni), na 21:30. Wanafunzi hao walifanya kazi ya kukaa mchana kutwa, na chakula walichokula na wakati walichokula kilikuwa sawa. Uchunguzi wa rheolojia ya damu ulitegemea mbinu ya Kikuchi ya njia ndogo. Wakati wa kupita kwa damu ulitofautiana sana kulingana na wakati wa mchana. Uchambuzi wa kurudi nyuma kwa hatua ulitumiwa kuamua mambo muhimu yanayoathiri muda wa kupita kwa damu. Joto la mwili, mpigo wa moyo, hematocrit, chembe nyeupe za damu na cholesterol ya jumla zilikuwa sababu muhimu za muda wa kupita kwa damu. Tulithibitisha kwamba umajimaji wa damu una mzunguko wa kila siku. Kwa kuongezea, walipata kwamba vipimo vya mtiririko wa damu vilijumuisha vigezo vya kisaikolojia kama vile joto la mwili na kupiga moyo, vigezo vya hematolojia kama vile hematocrit, na seli nyeupe za damu na cholesterol ya jumla. Utafiti uliofanywa katika nusu karne iliyopita umeonyesha wazi kwamba karibu matukio yote ya kisaikolojia katika mwili hai yanaonyesha rhythmicity ya kila siku. Refinetti na Menaker walikagua fasihi juu ya mzunguko wa circadian wa joto la mwili, wakikazia tofauti za spishi, maendeleo na kuzeeka, na uhusiano kati ya mzunguko wa circadian wa joto la mwili na mzunguko wa circadian wa shughuli za kila siku. Katika uwanja wa kliniki, masomo ya awali [24] yameandika jukumu muhimu la rhythmicity circadian katika afya ya moyo na mishipa. Uehara et al aliripoti kwamba mkusanyiko wa platelet na coagulation ya damu ina mabadiliko ya muda na kwamba hizi zinaweza kuwa na athari kwa infarction ya ubongo. Kwa upande mwingine, katika uwanja wa michezo, ni kawaida kwa wanariadha kurekebisha saa ya kuamka na wakati wa kupasha joto kulingana na mwanzo wa mchezo. Ni muhimu kurekebisha saa ya kuamka ili kufikia utendaji bora kulingana na joto la mwili na mapigo ya moyo. Katika utafiti huu, tulionyesha mwendo wa kila siku wa umajimaji wa damu na kutambua sababu zake. Wanaume tisa wenye afya ya kliniki ambao hawakuwa wanariadha na wasio wavutaji sigara (umri: 22.6 ± 1.7 yrs, urefu: 17.1 ± 7.5 cm, uzito: 68.5 ± 12.7 kg) walipigwa marufuku. Walikubali kushiriki baada ya kuelezwa kuhusu utafiti huo na vipimo vilivyohitajiwa. Utafiti huo ulikubaliwa na Kamati ya Maadili ya Chuo Kikuu cha Hiroshima, Shule ya Uhitimu wa Sayansi ya Afya, Idara ya Tiba ya Fizikia na Sayansi ya Tiba ya Kazi (No. 554). "Wanafunzi waliambiwa ""kuepuka kula kupita kiasi, kunywa kupita kiasi na kufanya mazoezi ya nguvu usiku kabla ya majaribio,"" ""kuendelea kukaa siku nzima katika maabara,"" na ""kuepuka mazoezi mengine isipokuwa shughuli za kila siku muhimu siku ya majaribio.""" Wagonjwa hao walikula chakula mara tatu kwa wakati uleule. Vinywaji vilivyotolewa kati ya chakula kilikuwa maji ya madini tu, na vyakula vilivyopikwa vilikuwa vimeongezwa kadiri ilivyokuwa vigumu. Wanafunzi walihamia maabara mara tu walipoamka kutoka kitandani. Waliwagawanya katika vikundi vitatu na kufanya vipimo kwa wakati mmoja kwa vikundi vyote vitatu. Vipimo vilipimwa mara sita: saa 7:30 (mara tu baada ya kuamka, kabla ya kiamsha-kinywa), 10:00, 13:30 (baada ya chakula cha mchana), 16:30, 19:30 (baada ya chakula cha jioni), na 21:30. Vitu vilivyopimwa vilikuwa joto la mwili, mpigo wa moyo, shinikizo la damu, muda wa kupita kwa damu nzima, parameter ya hematolojia na parameter ya biokemia. Kwa mfano, sampuli za damu zilitolewa kwa watu walioketi kwenye vena ya antecubital na anti-coagulation na suluhisho la heparin (1000 IU kwa ml, sehemu 0.5 hadi 9.5 ya damu) baada ya kupumzika kwenye kiti kwa angalau dakika tano. Kiasi cha damu kilichopigwa ni 10 ml (mchupa wa 5 ml x 2 wa utupu). Ili kuepuka kupaswa mara kwa mara, bomba la pili lilitumiwa kupima muda wa kupita kwa damu. Upimaji wa muda wa kupita kwa damu ulifanywa haraka iwezekanavyo baada ya sampuli za damu kuchukuliwa. Kwa dakika 15 thermometer ya zebaki ilitumiwa kupima joto la mwili. "Kama ""sphygmomanometer"" (Omron, HEM 757) ya kawaida, inaweza kutumika kwa kupima shinikizo la damu na kugonga kwa moyo." Walikuwa kipimo mara tatu mfululizo na wastani wa vipimo vitatu ilitumiwa. Tulitia kifungo cha sphygmomanometer kwa usahihi katika nafasi na urefu uliounganishwa. Kiwango cha damu cha damu nyekundu, chembe nyeupe, hemoglobini, hematocrit, na platelet kilipimwa kwa kutumia kifaa cha kuhesabu chembe za damu (Beckman Coulter Co. Ltd.). Utafiti wa maabara ya kliniki ya hospitali hiyo ulifanya uchambuzi wa albumin (Bromocresil-green method), fibrinogen (Laser light scattering method), protini ya jumla (Biuret method), beta-lipo protein (Turbidin-dependent immunoassay method), cholesterol ya jumla (enzyme method), HDL-cholesterol (homogeneous method), tri-glycerin (glycerin-1-phosphate-oxidase method), na glucose ya damu (hexase glucose-6-pyruvate dehydrogenase method). Utafiti wa rheology ya damu ulitegemea njia ya microchannel ya Kikuchi [68]. Micro grooves (upana wa 7mm, urefu wa 30mm, kina cha 4.5mm) zilitengenezwa kwa picha kwenye uso wa substrate ya silicon ya kioo kimoja (upana wa chip 15mm x 15mm). Tulibadilisha vijito vidogo kuwa vijito vidogo visivyoweza kuvuja kwa kuvifunika kwa uthabiti kwa sahani ya kioo yenye usawa wa macho. Mchoro huo ulibadilishwa kuwa mfereji mdogo wa hermetic kwa kuunganishwa na sahani ya kioo iliyopakwa rangi ya macho. Kwa sababu kiasi cha kioevu kinachotiririka kupitia njia moja ya mtiririko ni kidogo sana, njia 8736 za mtiririko wa ukubwa sawa ziliundwa ili kuwezesha kipimo cha kiwango cha mtiririko. "Kipande cha silicon cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo cha kioo.""" Mfumo huu hufanya iwezekane kuchunguza moja kwa moja mtiririko wa vipengele vya seli za damu kupitia microchannel chini ya darubini iliyounganishwa na kitengo cha kuonyesha picha. Katika mfumo huu, mtiririko unaweza kutazamwa kwa kuendelea huku wakati wa kupita kwa kiasi fulani cha damu ukiamuliwa moja kwa moja. "Hatua hii ya ""kuondoa"" damu ilitolewa kwa kutumia muda wa damu nzima ya damu iliyopitishwa kwa sekunde 12 kwenye mfumuko wa chumvi na shinikizo la 20 cm H2O." "Statistiki ya ""Statistical Analysis"" (SPS) ya SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 ya SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0 na SPSS 12.0." Kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano, kwa mfano. Tulisoma kwa kutumia uchambuzi wa regression nyingi ili kuchanganua mambo yanayoamua mwendo wa kila siku wa umajimaji wa damu. Tofauti zinazohusiana na P < 0.05 zilionwa kuwa muhimu kwa takwimu. Vipimo vyote vya kisaikolojia vilionyesha mabadiliko makubwa na wakati wa siku, baadhi yao wakiongezeka wakati wa siku, wengine wakianguka wakati wa siku. Wakati wa kupumua na joto la mwili (R2 = 0.826), wakati wakati wa kupumua na shinikizo la damu (R2 = 0.593) Wakati wa kupita kwa damu, hematocrit, chembe nyekundu za damu na hemoglobini zilionyesha mabadiliko makubwa kulingana na wakati wa siku. Kuna uhusiano kati ya muda wa damu na hematocrit (R2 = 0.643), wakati wa damu na chembe nyekundu za damu (R2 = 0.480), na wakati wa damu na hemoglobini (R2 = 0.551). Seli nyeupe za damu, platelet, albumin na fibrinogen hazikuonyesha mabadiliko makubwa na wakati wa siku. Cholesterol ya jumla, HDL-cholesterol, beta-lipo protini, tri-glyceride na sukari ya damu ilionyesha mabadiliko makubwa na wakati wa siku. Vigezo hivyo vilibadilika-badilika siku nzima. Hakuna uhusiano mkubwa kati ya muda wa kupita kwa damu na vigezo vya biokemia ya damu (P > 0.10). Uchambuzi wa regression ya hatua kwa hatua (Table 2) ilitumika kuamua sababu muhimu ambazo zinaathiri sana muda wa kupita kwa damu. Kwa mujibu wa utafiti huo, kiwango cha joto la mwili, msukumo wa moyo, hematocrit, chembe nyeupe za damu na cholesterol ya jumla ni muhimu na tunaweza kuelezea 66.9% ya muda wa kupita kwa damu kwa vipimo hivi vitano. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""wakati wa kupita kwa damu ulionyesha mabadiliko makubwa na wakati wa siku, ikidokeza kuwepo kwa mzunguko wa kila siku wa umajimaji wa damu.""" Thamani ya juu kwa muda wa kupita kwa damu ilikuwa baada ya kuamka asubuhi (kabla ya kiamsha kinywa). Wakati huo, umajimaji wa damu ulikuwa mbaya zaidi kwa siku hiyo. Kisha, muda wa kupita kwa damu ulipungua hatua kwa hatua baada ya kiamsha-kinywa na tena baada ya chakula cha mchana. Thamani ya saa 1:30 ilikuwa ya chini kabisa. Wakati huo, umajimaji wa damu ulikuwa bora zaidi siku hiyo. Okazaki et al. waliripoti kuwa mazoezi ya uvumilivu yalipunguza muda wa kupita kwa damu nzima na kuongezeka kwa kiasi cha mazoezi ya mazoezi kwa kupunguza hesabu ya seli nyekundu na hematocrit. Mazoezi ya wastani yalipunguza muda wa kupita kwa damu nzima na kuleta utendaji mzuri wa kimwili, hivyo kuonyesha kwamba muda mfupi wa kupita kwa damu ni bora kwa usafirishaji wa oksijeni. Kwa kutumia uchambuzi wa regression nyingi, tulijaribu kutambua sababu ambazo huamua mwendo wa kila siku wa umajimaji wa damu. Kwa kuzingatia uchambuzi wa kurudi nyuma mara nyingi, tuligundua kuwa joto la mwili na kupiga moyo inaweza kuwa sababu za kuamua rhythm ya kila siku ya umajimaji wa damu. Joto la mwili lina uhusiano mkubwa na muda wa mtiririko wa damu, na mabadiliko yake katika siku ni diametrically kinyume na kwamba ya muda wa mtiririko wa damu. Ni uwezekano kwamba athari hii inatokana na utegemezi wa joto la jumla la fluidity katika nyenzo viscous. Uchambuzi wa kurudi nyuma mara nyingi pia ulidokeza kwamba hematocrit na hesabu ya chembe nyeupe za damu ni mambo yanayoamua mwendo wa kila siku wa umajimaji wa damu. Hematocrit inaathiri muda wa kupita kwa damu kama ilivyoelezwa katika utafiti wa awali. Kiwango cha jumla ya cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, beta-lipo protein, triglycerides na glucose ya damu ilionyesha mabadiliko makubwa na wakati wa siku, wakati albumin na protini ya jumla haikuwa. Albamu ni protini muhimu kuhusiana na umajimaji wa damu. Takahashi et al waliripoti kwamba albumin ilikuwa na uhusiano hasi na mtiririko wa damu nzima, lakini maadili yaliyopimwa ya albumin yalikuwa katika kiwango cha kawaida. Kwa hiyo, walifikia mkataa kwamba umuhimu wa mkusanyiko wa lipidi za plasma kwa umajimaji wa damu ulikuwa dhaifu. Kwa upande mwingine, utafiti mwingine uliripoti kwamba katika wanariadha, uhusiano wa mkusanyiko wa seli nyekundu na fibrinogen ya plasma ulidhoofika katika idadi ya seli nyekundu za damu za vijana na wazee, wakati albumin ikawa muhimu zaidi. Katika utafiti huu, albumin haikuonyesha mabadiliko makubwa na wakati wa siku, na vales zilizopimwa zilikuwa katika kiwango cha kawaida. Uhusiano muhimu kati ya LDL- kolesteroli katika plasma na kolesteroli ya utando ulionekana. Hyperlipidemia ya mchanganyiko inaweza kuwa imesababisha kupungua kwa umajimaji wa membrane katika safu ya juu bila mabadiliko yoyote ya kina katika safu ya ndani na ongezeko kubwa la cholesterol ya membrane na thiobarbituric acid. HDL- kolesteroli, beta- lipo protini, tri- glyceride na sukari ya damu haikuonyesha uhusiano mkubwa na muda wa kupita kwa damu. Kwa hivyo, cholesterol ya jumla ni muhimu kwa kiwango cha kila siku cha damu. Hunter et al alichunguza uhusiano wa athari za vyakula vitatu vya isoenergetic vya muundo tofauti wa mafuta na vigezo vya kuganda kwa damu. Hawakupata uhusiano muhimu katika majibu ya mkusanyiko wa platelet na fluidity ya utando iliyoonekana katika chakula chochote. Shimaburo et al. waliripoti kwamba triacylglycerol, insulin, glucose, cholesterol ya jumla, HDL-cholesterol na adiponectin hazikuwa na uhusiano na kupungua kwa mtiririko wa damu ya juu ya mkono na malipo ya deni la mtiririko baada ya chakula chenye mafuta mengi. Hatujapata sababu kwa nini kolesteroli ya jumla huathiri umajimaji wa damu. Utafiti mwingine ulionyesha kwamba, katika kundi la wagonjwa wenye hyperlipidemia mchanganyiko, kulikuwa na uhusiano mkubwa kati ya LDL- kolesteroli katika plasma na kolesteroli ya utando. Kwa hivyo, ni muhimu kujua kwamba cholesterol inaweza kuwa na athari kwa utando wa seli. Katika kesi ya michezo na mazoezi kwa ajili ya afya, kurekebisha wakati wa mchezo au mazoezi wakati muda wa kupita damu nzima ni chini (faida kwa usafirishaji wa oksijeni) inapaswa kuwa muhimu, kama inaweza kusababisha utendaji bora wa mtu. Kwa mujibu wa matokeo yetu, watu wanapaswa kuepuka kufanya mazoezi wakati muda wa kupita damu nzima ni kwa thamani ya juu (oksijeni inaweza kuwa si kusambazwa vizuri kwa tishu). mapema asubuhi. Uchunguzi zaidi unahitajika ili kuthibitisha mkataa huo. Pia, lazima tuchunguze mabadiliko katika muda wa mtiririko wa damu kabla na baada ya mazoezi na katika mzunguko wa usingizi-kuamka kabla hatuwezi kupendekeza wakati bora wa siku kwa ajili ya mazoezi na kula. Tulithibitisha kwamba kuna mzunguko wa kila siku katika umajimaji wa damu. Wakati wa damu kupita ulikuwa mrefu zaidi saa 7:30 (mara tu baada ya kuamka na kabla ya kiamsha kinywa) na mfupi zaidi saa 1:30 (siku moja), kwa hivyo tunafikiria kwamba wakati bora wa mazoezi salama na yenye ufanisi ni mapema alasiri na, kinyume chake, mazoezi yanapaswa kuepukwa mapema asubuhi. Uchunguzi wa regression nyingi ulionyesha kwamba vigezo vya kisaikolojia kama vile joto la mwili na mpigo wa moyo, vigezo vya hematolojia kama vile hematocrit na hesabu ya seli nyeupe za damu, na vigezo vya biokemia kama vile cholesterol ya jumla ni sababu zinazoamua muundo wa mtiririko wa damu. Refinetti R, Menaker M: Mchezo wa circadian wa joto la mwili. "Fiziol Behave (1992): ""Kutoka kwa Mungu""" Mallavarappu, C. Pancholy, S. Schwartzman, D. Callan, J. Heo, J. Gottlieb, C. D. Marchlinski, F. E. (Circadian Variation of Ventricular Arrythmia Recurrences after Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation in Patients with Healed Myocardial Infarct) J Cardiol. 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