Changes in Scholarly Conversation over Time
In Module 1, Characteristics of Information, you learned about how information changes and develops over time as part of the information lifecycle. Mass media information begins publication closest to the time of the event, followed by publication of increasing in-depth information. Scholarly journal articles are the end product of on-going scholarly conversations that develop over years. The timeline in this module illustrates a conversation over the course of 100+ years. This conversation is not over, it continues today. (1)
The timeline illustrates how the scholarly conversation about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has evolved over time. Notice how theterminology changed, as well as how the scholarly conversation impacted care for and attitudes toward combat-related PTSD.
Notice the strategies that Dr. Rivers, Debbie, and David use to find current research.
World War Ⅰ: Shell Shock & War Neuroses
General attitude towards soldiers traumatized by the war is overwhelmingly negative: shell-shock sufferers were ‘lead-swingers’ and malingerers who should be treated in an appropriately punitive fashion and not sent on holiday in the Scottish countryside” (Webb, 2006).
Dr. Rivers: British Psychiatrist & Anthropologist
W. H. R. Rivers comes back from doing research in Melanesia and visits his friend, the psychology lecturer T. H. Pear. Rivers feels out of the loop and wants to catch up on the latest in psychology research. He asks Pear to recommend articles and books about Freud , specifically on Freud’s theory of the unconscious.
Rivers and World War Ⅰ
Rivers works at Craiglockheart War Hospital, which was used specifically to treat victims of shell shock . He keeps up to date on recent research by subscribing to peer-reviewed journals and attending meetings of the Royal Society of Medicine .
Rivers and Freud
Rivers uses Freud’s new theory of forgetting to devise treatment for his war neuroses patients. Instead of telling soldiers to suppress their war experiences, he advises them to process their memories and emotions but not to “dwell persistently upon painful memories…[or] brood upon feelings of regret and shame” (Jureidini, 2006).
Conversations with Colleagues
Rivers writes a paper about his observations, “The Repression of War Experience,” and presents it to his colleagues in the field of psychiatry at one of the meetings of the Royal Society of Medicine. The study references Freud’s theories about repression. His paper, along with comments from his peers and his response to those comments, is published in the group’s journal, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1918.
A Change in Sentiment Begins
River’s work helps shape future treatment and public opinion towards war neuroses in Europe. However, public opinion in the United States will not begin to change for many more decades (Herman, 1997).
World War Ⅱ: Combat Exhaustion & Battle Fatigue
The set of symptoms previously known as shell shock is now referred to as combat exhaustion or battle fatigue . Attitudes towardcombat exhaustion are still mostly negative and place blame on the soldiers or the soldiers’ mothers for not weaning them properly and sending them too many letters (Pfau, 2008).
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Ⅰ (DSM-Ⅰ)
This manual includes a diagnosis for gross stress reaction : “Under conditions of great or unusual stress, a normal personality may utilize established patterns of reaction to deal with overwhelming fear…This diagnosis is justified only in situations in which the individual has been exposed to severe physical demands or extreme emotional stress, such as in combat or in civilian catastrophe” (DSM-Ⅰ, p. 40).
The scholarly conversation’s transition from placing blame on the soldiers to examining the effects of trauma on soldiers (and treating them) resulted in more robust preventative mental health care for soldiers in the Vietnam War. For example, every battalion had medical personnel trained in psychiatric care (Scott, 1990).
DSM: Ⅱ Published
Gross stress reaction is not included in the DSM-Ⅱ (Andreasen, 2004). Some scholars blame military influence; others attribute its absence to the writers of the DSM-Ⅱ not having experience with veterans and that psychiatrists serving in the Vietnam War were using other diagnostic terms like “ adjustment reaction to adult life ” (Scott, 1990).
Chaim Shatan: Psychiatrist and Advocate for Vietnam Veterans
Shatan writes an Op-Ed piece for The New York Times about post-Vietnam syndrome . This article garners a great deal of support for adding a diagnosis for combat-related trauma back to the DSM (Scott, 1990).
Debbie: A College Student
Debbie reads Chaim Shatan’s New York Times article about post-Vietnam syndrome and is inspired to do further research.
Debbie’s Search for Information
Debbie needs to write a paper for class. She asks a librarian for help finding recent research because she can’t find any articles or books on post-Vietnam syndrome . The librarian recommends two journals : Comprehensive Psychiatry and Archives of General Psychiatry , which have both published recent articles about psychiatric problems in Vietnam War veterans.
Debbie: Writer and Advocate
Debbie writes a paper for her class about Vietnam veterans coming back from the war and argues for including post-Vietnam syndromein the next DSM.
The DSM-Ⅲ includes the diagnosis posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) . Notice that the term is not hyphenated. The current DSM-Ⅴ also does not hyphenate the term posttraumatic stress disorder . However, many scholarly and medical publications do (i.e., post-traumatic stress disorder ). There is no consensus among dictionaries on the proper spelling. Searching with the hyphen and without the hyphen produces different results.
David: Soldier, Student, and Scholar
David does a year of service with the Army. While in Afghanistan, he experiences a traumatic event, and he now suffers from PTSD .
Exploring His Story and Others
David enrolls in college as a psychology major and does research about the long history of PTSD to help put his experiences into perspective. He also blogs about his experiences and research. David decides to broaden his search, goes to a library database, and sets up an alert to identify the most recent research as it is published.
Let’s explore some of the other strategies David can use to find new research. (26)
- Authored by: Florida State College at Jacksonville. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Scholarship is Like a Conversation . Authored by: New Literacies Alliance. Located at: https://www.softchalkcloud.com/lesson/serve/puLXxFYUW8EKkH/html. License: CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
Mabadiliko katika Mazungumzo ya Wasomi kwa Wakati Katika Moduli ya 1, Sifa za Habari, umejifunza jinsi habari inabadilika na kuendeleza kwa muda kama sehemu ya mzunguko wa maisha ya habari. Habari za vyombo vya habari huanza kuchapishwa karibu na wakati wa tukio, ikifuatiwa na kuchapishwa kwa habari ya kina zaidi. Makala za jarida la kisayansi ni bidhaa ya mwisho ya mazungumzo ya kisayansi yanayoendelea ambayo yanaendelea kwa miaka mingi. Mstari wa muda katika moduli hii unaonyesha mazungumzo katika kipindi cha miaka 100+ Mazungumzo haya hayajaisha, yanaendelea leo. Mfano wa kwanza ni jinsi utafiti wa post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ulivyoendelea. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""mtazamo wa utafiti wa kisayansi"" umebadilika na kuathiri jinsi ya kushughulikia na mtazamo wa PTSD inayohusiana na mapigano." Ona mbinu ambazo Dakt. Rivers, Debbie, na David hutumia kupata utafiti wa sasa. Vita Kuu ya Kwanza: Shell Shock & Vita Neuroses mtazamo wa jumla kuelekea askari traumatized na vita ni overwhelmingly hasi: shell-shok sufferers walikuwa <unk>lead-swingers<unk> na simulingerers ambao wanapaswa kutibiwa katika njia ya kufundisha sahihi na si kutumwa likizo katika mashambani Scottish<unk> (Webb, 2006). Mwanasaikolojia na mtaalamu wa jamii ya binadamu wa Uingereza W. H. R. Rivers anakuja kutoka kufanya utafiti katika Melanesia na kumtembelea rafiki yake, mhadhiri wa saikolojia T. H. Pear. Rivers anahisi kwamba hajui chochote na anataka kujua zaidi kuhusu utafiti wa kisayansi wa kisaikolojia. Yeye anauliza Pear kupendekeza makala na vitabu kuhusu Freud, hasa juu ya nadharia ya Freud ya subconscious. Miongoni mwa vituo vya matibabu vya watu waliohusika katika shambulio hilo ni hospitali ya Craiglockheart War Hospital, ambayo ilitumika hasa kwa ajili ya wagonjwa wa shell shock. Yeye huendelea kujua juu ya utafiti wa hivi karibuni kwa kujiandikisha kwa majarida ya ukaguzi na kuhudhuria mikutano ya Royal Society of Medicine. Rivers na Freud Rivers hutumia nadharia mpya ya Freud ya kusahau kubuni matibabu kwa wagonjwa wake wa neva za vita. Badala ya kuwaambia askari waondoke katika maisha yao ya vita, anawashauri kuondoa kumbukumbu na hisia zao lakini wasikumbuke kumbukumbu zenye uchungu au kujisikitisha na aibu (Jureidi, 2006). "Rivers aliandika makala kuhusu uchunguzi wake, ""The Repression of War Experience"" na kuitolea kwa wenzake katika uwanja wa magonjwa ya akili katika moja ya mikutano ya Royal Society of Medicine." Utafiti huo unarejelea nadharia za Freud kuhusu ukandamizaji. Maelezo yake na majibu yake yalichapishwa katika jarida la kikundi hicho, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. Mabadiliko katika hisia huanza kazi ya Mto husaidia kuunda matibabu ya baadaye na maoni ya umma kuelekea neuroses ya vita huko Ulaya. Hata hivyo, maoni ya umma nchini Marekani hayataanza kubadilika kwa miongo mingi zaidi (Herman, 1997). Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia: Kupoteza nguvu na uchovu wa vita Mkusanyiko wa dalili zilizojulikana hapo awali kama mshtuko wa shell sasa huitwa uchovu wa vita au uchovu wa vita. "Watu wengi wanaona kuwa ""mzito wa vita"" ni tatizo la kijeshi na wanawajibika kwa wanajeshi au mama zao kwa kuwapiga na kuwapeleka barua nyingi sana." "Manuali ya Ugunduzi na Takwimu ya DSM-1 inatoa maelezo ya ""mtazamo wa mkazo mkubwa"" - ""Chini ya hali ya mkazo mkubwa au isiyo ya kawaida, utu wa kawaida unaweza kutumia mifumo ya kawaida ya athari ili kukabiliana na hofu kubwa"" - ""Ugunduzi huu unastahili tu katika hali ambazo mtu amewekwa chini ya mahitaji makubwa ya kimwili au mkazo mkubwa wa kihemko, kama vile katika mapigano au katika janga la kiraia.""" Mabadiliko ya mazungumzo ya wasomi kutoka kuwashutumu askari-jeshi hadi kuchunguza athari za majeraha kwa askari (na kuwatibu) yalisababisha utunzaji thabiti zaidi wa afya ya akili ya kuzuia kwa askari katika Vita vya Vietnam. Kwa mfano, kila kikosi kilikuwa na wafanyakazi wa kitiba waliozoezwa katika huduma za kisaikolojia (Scott, 1990). DSM-II: Utafiti wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo wa Mfumo. Baadhi ya wasomi wanalaumu ushawishi wa kijeshi; wengine wanataja kutokuwepo kwake kwa waandishi wa DSM-II wasio na uzoefu na maveterani na kwamba waganga wa akili wanaohudumu katika Vita vya Vietnam walikuwa wakitumia maneno mengine ya utambuzi kama vile "mtazamo wa marekebisho kwa maisha ya watu wazima" (Scott, 1990). "Mwanamke huyo, ambaye ni mwanasaikolojia na mtetezi wa waathirika wa vita vya Vietnam, ameandika makala ya kwanza ya jarida la ""The New York Times"" kuhusu hali ya ""post-Vietnam syndrome.""" "Hii ni kwa sababu ya ""mfano wa kugundua"" kwamba majeraha ya kijeshi yanahusiana na DSM (Scott, 1990)." Debbie: Mwanafunzi wa Chuo Kikuu Debbie anasoma makala ya Chaim Shatan ya New York Times kuhusu ugonjwa wa baada ya Vietnam na huchochewa kufanya utafiti zaidi. Debbie's Search for Information Debbie anahitaji kuandika karatasi kwa ajili ya darasa. Anaomba mkurugenzi wa maktaba amsaidie kupata utafiti wa hivi karibuni kwa sababu hawezi kupata makala au vitabu juu ya ugonjwa wa baada ya Vietnam. "Mtaalamu huyo wa masuala ya akili ameandika katika jarida la ""Comprehensive Psychiatry"" na ""Archives of General Psychiatry"" kwamba ""mashambulizi ya kijeshi ya Vietnam yanaendelea.""" "Mwanahabari na mwanasheria Debbie anaandika karatasi kwa darasa lake kuhusu ""Veterans wa Vietnam"" kurudi kutoka vita na anadai kwa ajili ya kujumuisha baada ya Vietnam syndrome katika DSM ijayo." DSM-III inajumuisha utambuzi wa ugonjwa wa mkazo wa baada ya majeraha (PTSD). Ona kwamba neno hilo halina alama ya mstari. DSM-V ya sasa pia haitoi kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu cha kifungu. Hata hivyo, machapisho mengi ya kitaaluma na ya kitiba hufanya (yaani, ugonjwa wa mkazo wa baada ya majeraha). Hakuna makubaliano kati ya kamusi juu ya herufi sahihi. Kutafuta kwa kutumia hyphen na bila hyphen hutokeza matokeo tofauti. David: Askari, Mwanafunzi, na Mtaalamu David anatumikia kwa mwaka mmoja katika Jeshi. Alipokuwa Afghanistan, alipata tukio lenye kuhuzunisha, na sasa anaugua PTSD. Kujifunza hadithi yake na wengine David anajiandikisha katika chuo kikuu kama mtaalamu wa saikolojia na anafanya utafiti juu ya historia ndefu ya PTSD kusaidia kuweka uzoefu wake katika mtazamo. Pia anaandika blogi kuhusu uzoefu wake na utafiti. David anaamua kupanua utafutaji wake, anaenda kwenye hifadhidata ya maktaba, na kuanzisha tahadhari ya kutambua utafiti wa hivi karibuni unapochapishwa. Hebu tuchunguze baadhi ya mikakati mingine ambayo David anaweza kutumia kupata utafiti mpya. (26) - Imeandikwa na: Florida State College katika Jacksonville. Leseni: CC BY: Attribution - Scholarship ni Kama Mazungumzo. Imeandikwa na: New Literacies Alliance. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""SoftCalc Cloud"" (http: www.softcloud.com) na ""Lesson"" (http: www.softcloud.com) na ""Lesson"" (http: www.softcloud.com) ni sehemu ya programu ya mafunzo ya msingi ya programu ya programu ya programu ya programu ya programu ya programu." Leseni: CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike