Introduction There exists a range of approaches and instruments to manage the loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate change. The challenge for decision makers is to identify which ones are more appropriate not only to the type of risk but al so to the socioeconomic circumstances of the people and communities that are at risk. Three risk management approaches can be identified for climate change risks. These are risk reduction, risk retention, and risk transfer. In this explainer, we define each approach, give examples of related instruments or measures, and discuss the pros and cons. Lastly, we present the implementation requirements of each approach. Risk Reduction The risk reduction approach entails putting in place measures (either structural or non-structural) before an event occurs with the goal of reducing loss and damage, which could be caused by slow onset events, such as desertification, sea level rise, and ocean acidification, or by extreme weather events, such as storms and flash floods Table 1: Examples of Structural and Non-Structural Risk Reduction Measures Structural Risk Reduction Measures Non-Structural Risk Reduction Measures Contingency planning Disaster risk reduction plan Early warning system Land-use planning Public awareness Engineering measures such as dams, flood levies, and evacuation shelters Retrofitting of existing structures Enhanced building codes to increase structural resilience of new infrastructure Source: Adapted from UNFCCC (2012). Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2012/tp/01.pdf While the implementation of risk reduction measures may be costly, the benefit of such measures (where the benefit is the estimated reduction in expected loss and damage) should justify implementation costs. Risk Retention Risk retention is defined as an approach by which a society or community (at national or local level) would accept a degree of risk of loss and damage associated with impacts from slow onset and/or extreme weather events. Table 2: Examples of Planned and Unplanned Risk Retention Measures Planned Risk Retention Measures Unplanned Risk Retention Measures Contingency loan Social funds Reserve fund Emergency services or assistance loans Humanitarian assistance Reconstruction Rehabilitation Source: Adapted from UNFCCC (2012). Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2012/tp/01.pdf A distinction is made between planned and unplanned risk retention measures. Planned risk retention measures involve setting aside public funds explicitly to respond to emergency needs. Unplanned risk retention measures involve drawing from the general budget for an unforeseen emergency, making it an unexpected burden to fiscal resources. Risk Transfer This approach involves shifting the risk of loss and damage from one entity to another. It is typically undertaken when the potential loss and damage is greater than the ability to manage it. Insurance (including microinsurance) is a risk transfer measure and so are catastrophe bonds, risk pooling, conditional risk transfer, and combined insurance-credit programs. Risk transfer measures can be invaluable to governments, or even households, as they help limit the financial burden of rebuilding or recovering from loss and damage. Comparison of Risk Management Approaches In this video, Swenja Surminski, senior research fellow at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, talks about the different approaches used in identifying the right combination of financial instruments and tools to address the risks of loss and damage. Loss and damage can be triggered by extreme weather or by slow-onset hazard. In general, risk reduction should be undertaken in either case wherever cost-effective risk mitigation can take place. Similarly, risk retention is likely to be effective in both types of situations. However, this risk management approach is likely to be of greater importance to mitigate the impact of slow-onset hazards, which are projected to happen with a great degree of certainty (such as sea-level rise). The use of risk transfer instruments is focused mostly on addressing the impacts of extreme weather events. However, these instruments may also be useful for addressing the impacts of slow-onset events. For example, there are well-developed insurance schemes designed to protect against loss and damage from drought. The selection of an approach or combination of approaches also depends on the frequency and level of impact of the event. In the case of extreme weather events that occur with a high degree of frequency but with low impact (or low severity)—such as recurring localized annual floods, risk retention (accompanied by risk prevention and reduction) may be a better suited approach. In the case of extreme weather events with a low degree of frequency but high impact (such as a 1-in-100 year typhoon affecting a large territory), risk transfer (accompanied by risk prevention and reduction) may be a more suited and economically effective approach. The gradation from risk retention to risk transfer is referred to as risk layering. Source: Adapted from Poundrik, S. 2011. Disaster Risk Financing: Case Studies. The World Bank. Washington, D.C. The relative advantages of each risk management approach is presented in Table 3 while limitations are presented in Table 4. Table 3: Advantages of Different Risk Management Approaches Approaches Advantages Risk reduction Reduction of mortality and injuries Reduction of damage to private and public infrastructure Less interruption of business activities, including tourism Increased awareness of hazards and of their potential impacts Improved efficacy of response and recovery Risk retention Ability to target specific groups to build up their resilience to the impacts of extreme weather events Possibility of setting aside financial resources and using these resources (if needed) without disruption other uses of fiscal resources Risk transfer Reduction of the volatility of losses Allow public sector to plan the use of scarce financial resources knowing that part of the losses have been transferred to a third party Increase willingness to invest The cost of risk transfer may be lower than the cost of risk retention Source: Adapted from UNFCCC (2012). Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2012/tp/01.pdf Table 4: Limitations of Different Risk Management Approaches Approaches Limitations Risk reduction Public expenditure on structural and non-structural measures Public must be convinced of investing in risk reduction measures while the benefit (reduced loss and damage) is in the future and uncertain Revising building codes may be costly and may lead to higher construction costs Changes in land-use and zoning may affect property values Risk retention Opportunity costs of earmarking scarce fiscal resources to a fund Risk retention may require governments to raise post-disaster capital Risk transfer Funds are needed to cover the costs of risk transfer (such as insurance premium) Monitoring requirements may be demanding as triggers need to be put in place to signal payouts Some residual risk remain after risk transfer (since not all risk can be transferred) Source: Adapted from UNFCCC (2012). Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2012/tp/01.pdf Implementation Requirements of Different Approaches Different risk management approaches require different elements to be in place for the approach to be effective. Table 5: Implementation Requirements of Different Risk Management Approaches Approaches Implementation Requirements Risk reduction Strong political commitment and community participation as the implementation of measures may require financing over a long period of years Collection and use of reliable data on disaster risks Information-sharing systems and communication services Addressing the underlying factors of climate risk vulnerability Risk retention Sustained and targeted financing over a period of years Public outreach and education system Monitoring systems Hazard and weather information, forecasting systems, risk mapping Risk transfer Sustained and targeted financing over a period of years Public outreach and education system Monitoring systems Hazard and weather information, forecasting systems, risk mapping Risk assessing and modelling experts Financial risk and insurance experts Source: Adapted from UNFCCC (2012). Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2012/tp/01.pdf Conclusion Risk reduction, risk retention, and risk transfer are the three broad risk management approaches to address the loss and damage associated with climate change impacts. Each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses. Risk reduction will reduce damages. However, it is often costly and its benefits remain only “expected benefits” at the time that risk reduction measures are implemented. When applied to extreme weather events, risk retention is more likely to be a preferred approach to mitigate the loss and damage resulting from events with smaller impacts and occurring relatively often. Risk transfer is more likely to be a more effective approach to mitigate the loss and damage resulting from events occurring infrequently, but with larger impacts. This article is part of a series of explainers developed based on discussions and contributions at the 2016 Forum of the Standing Committee on Finance of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which focused on financial instruments that address the risks of loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change. The forum was held at the Asian Development Bank in Manila on 5-6 September 2016. Resources Poundrik, S. 2011. Disaster Risk Financing: Case Studies. Working Paper No. 23. EAP DRM Knowledge Notes: Disaster Risk Management in East Asia and the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. UNFCCC. 2012. A Literature Review on the Topics in the Context of Thematic Area 2 of the Work Programme on Loss and Damage: A Range of Approaches to Address Loss and Damage Associated with the Adverse Effects of Climate Change. Related links Explainer: Understanding the Risks of Loss and Damage from Climate Change Explainer: Ways to Pay for Climate-Related Loss and Damage Explainer: Developing New Financing Tools for the Climate Vulnerable Explainer: Catastrophe Bonds Explained Explainer: What Countries Are Doing to Protect against Climate-Related Loss and Damage Explainer: Mobilizing Contingency Funds for Climate-Related Disasters Explainer: Key Lessons for Addressing Unavoidable Impacts of Climate Change Ask the Experts Xianfu Lu Former Senior Climate Change Specialist, Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department, Asian Development Bank Xianfu Lu was ADB’s focal point for climate change adaptation until April 2019. Prior to joining ADB, she worked at UNDP’s Global Environmental Facility Unit and at the Secretariat of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Trained as an applied meteorologist, she spent the first 10 years of her career researching climate scenarios and their use in climate change impacts and vulnerability assessments in different parts of the world. Rexel Abrigo Former Climate Change Officer, Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department, Asian Development Bank Rexel Abrigo supported key adaptation-related activities, including the implementation of ADB’s climate risk management framework. He was also part of the team that mainstreamed climate change adaptation in the project development process for South Asia, and implemented several capacity building activities there. He has a Master of Science degree on Environmental Science and Management. Leave your question or comment in the section below: View the discussion thread.
Kuna aina ya mbinu na vyombo vya kusimamia hasara na uharibifu unaohusiana na athari za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. "Tatizo kwa watunga maamuzi ni kutambua ni zipi zinazofaa zaidi sio tu kwa aina ya hatari lakini pia kwa hali ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya watu na jamii zilizo hatarini. """ Mbinu tatu za usimamizi wa hatari zinaweza kutambuliwa kwa hatari za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Hizi ni kupunguza hatari, uhifadhi wa hatari, na uhamisho wa hatari. Katika ufafanuzi huu, tunataja kila mbinu, tunatoa mifano ya vyombo au hatua zinazohusiana, na kujadili faida na hasara. Mwishowe, tunatoa mahitaji ya utekelezaji wa kila mbinu. Utaratibu wa kupunguza hatari unajumuisha kuweka hatua (yawe ya muundo au isiyo ya muundo) kabla ya tukio kutokea kwa lengo la kupunguza hasara na uharibifu, ambayo inaweza kusababishwa na matukio ya kuanza polepole, kama vile ukame, kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha bahari, na acidification ya bahari, au kwa matukio ya hali ya hewa kali, kama vile dhoruba na mafuriko ya ghafla. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya awali ya ""Ufccc,"" ""Ufccc"" na ""Ufccc"" (http: www.unfccc.int.org), hatua za kupunguza hatari zinaweza kuwa na gharama kubwa, lakini faida ya hatua hizo (ambapo faida ni kupunguzwa kwa takwimu za hasara na uharibifu unaotarajiwa) inapaswa kuhalalisha gharama za utekelezaji." Uhifadhi wa hatari ni mbinu ambayo jamii au jamii (katika ngazi ya kitaifa au ya ndani) itakubali kiwango cha hatari ya hasara na uharibifu unaohusiana na athari za matukio ya hali ya hewa ya polepole na ya hali ya hewa. Mfano wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi wa Ulinzi. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Ufcc"" (http: www.unfcc.int.org) na ""Ufcc-fcc"" (http: www.unfcc.int.org), hatua za kuzuia hatari zinatolewa kwa njia ya mpango na bila mpango." Hatua zilizopangwa za kuhifadhi hatari zinahusisha kuweka kando fedha za umma waziwazi ili kukabiliana na mahitaji ya dharura. Hatua za kuhifadhi hatari zisizopangwa zinahusisha kuchota kutoka kwa bajeti ya jumla kwa dharura isiyotazamiwa, na kuifanya kuwa mzigo usiotazamiwa kwa rasilimali za kifedha. Uhamisho wa Hatari Njia hii inahusisha kuhamisha hatari ya hasara na uharibifu kutoka kwa taasisi moja hadi nyingine. Ni kawaida kufanywa wakati hasara ya uwezekano na uharibifu ni kubwa kuliko uwezo wa kusimamia. Bima (ikiwa ni pamoja na microinsurance) ni hatua ya uhamisho wa hatari na hivyo ni dhamana ya maafa, kuunganisha hatari, uhamisho wa hatari ya masharti, na mipango ya pamoja ya bima-mkopo. Hatua za uhamisho wa hatari zinaweza kuwa muhimu kwa serikali, au hata kaya, kwani husaidia kupunguza mzigo wa kifedha wa ujenzi au kupona kutokana na hasara na uharibifu. Katika video hii, Svenja Surminski, mtafiti mwandamizi wa Grantham Institute ya Utafiti juu ya Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Hewa na Mazingira, anazungumza juu ya mbinu tofauti zinazotumiwa katika kutambua mchanganyiko sahihi wa vyombo vya kifedha na zana za kushughulikia hatari za hasara na uharibifu. Hasara na uharibifu inaweza kusababisha na hali ya hewa kali au na hatari ya polepole-kuanza. Kwa ujumla, kupunguza hatari inapaswa kufanywa katika kesi yoyote ambapo kupunguza hatari ya gharama nafuu inaweza kutokea. Vivyo hivyo, uhifadhi wa hatari ni uwezekano wa kuwa na ufanisi katika aina zote mbili za hali. Hata hivyo, mbinu hii ya usimamizi wa hatari inawezekana kuwa na umuhimu mkubwa zaidi wa kupunguza athari za hatari za kuanza polepole, ambazo zinatabiriwa kutokea kwa kiwango kikubwa cha uhakika (kama vile kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha bahari). Matumizi ya vyombo vya uhamisho wa hatari ni ililenga hasa juu ya kushughulikia athari za matukio ya hali ya hewa kali. Hata hivyo, vyombo hivi vinaweza pia kuwa na manufaa kwa kushughulikia athari za matukio ya polepole. Kwa mfano, kuna mipango ya bima iliyoanzishwa vizuri iliyoundwa ili kulinda dhidi ya hasara na uharibifu unaosababishwa na ukame. Uchaguzi wa mbinu au mchanganyiko wa mbinu pia inategemea mzunguko na kiwango cha athari ya tukio. Katika kesi ya matukio ya hali ya hewa kali ambayo hutokea na kiwango cha juu cha mzunguko lakini na athari ndogo (au uzito mdogo) - kama vile mafuriko ya kila mwaka ya kila mwaka, kuhifadhi hatari (kuambatana na kuzuia hatari na kupunguza) inaweza kuwa mbinu inayofaa zaidi. Katika hali ya hali ya hewa ya hali ya juu na kiwango cha chini cha mzunguko lakini athari kubwa (kama vile kimbunga cha mara moja katika miaka 100 inayoathiri eneo kubwa), uhamisho wa hatari (kuambatana na kuzuia hatari na kupunguza) inaweza kuwa mbinu inayofaa zaidi na ya kiuchumi. gradation kutoka uhifadhi wa hatari kwa uhamisho wa hatari ni inajulikana kama hatari layering. "Kutoka kwa ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit"" na ""Pundit""." Fedha ya Hatari ya Msiba: Mafunzo ya Kisa. Benki ya Ulimwengu. Jiji la Washington, D.C. Faida za kila mbinu ya usimamizi wa hatari zinaonyeshwa katika Jedwali 3, na mapungufu yake yanaonyeshwa katika Jedwali 4. Tabla 3: Kupunguza hatari Kupunguza hatari Kupunguza uharibifu wa miundombinu ya kibinafsi na ya umma Kupunguza usumbufu wa shughuli za biashara, pamoja na utalii Kuongeza ufahamu wa hatari na athari zao za uwezekano Kuongeza ufanisi wa majibu na uhifadhi wa hatari Uwezo wa kulenga vikundi maalum ili kujenga nguvu zao kwa athari za hali mbaya za hali ya hewa Uwezekano wa kuweka kando rasilimali na kutumia rasilimali hizi (kama inahitajika) bila usumbufu matumizi mengine ya rasilimali Uhamisho wa hatari Kupunguza kutofautiana kwa hasara "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya kwanza ya ""Mfumo wa Usimamizi wa Hatari"" (PDF, p. 4), ""Usimamizi wa Hatari"" ni hatua ya kuimarisha mfumo wa udhibiti wa hatari, ambayo inahusu uhifadhi wa hatari, na ""uhamishaji wa hatari"" ni hatua ya kuondoa hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya hatari ya "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Ufcc"" (http: www.unfcc.int.org) na ""Ufcc-fcc.html"" (http: www.unfcc.int.org), kwa mujibu wa sheria za kimataifa, hatua za kuimarisha usalama wa mazingira ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kuimarisha usalama wa mazingira." Mfano: Utafiti wa hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa, hali ya hewa. "Kutokana na utafiti wa ""Ufccc"" (http: www.unfccc.int.org) na ""Ufccc"" (http: www.unfccc.int), utafiti wa ""Ufccc"" unaonyesha kwamba hatari ya kuharibika kwa mazingira ya mazingira, pamoja na hatari ya kuharibika kwa mazingira ya mazingira, ni muhimu kwa kuepuka hatari ya kuharibika kwa mazingira." Kila mbinu ina nguvu na udhaifu wake mwenyewe. Kupunguza hatari itapunguza uharibifu. Hata hivyo, ni mara nyingi gharama kubwa na faida zake kubaki tu <unk> faida inatarajiwa<unk> wakati kwamba hatua za kupunguza hatari ni kutekelezwa. Wakati kutumika kwa matukio ya hali ya hewa kali, hatari ya kuhifadhi ina uwezekano mkubwa kuwa mbinu inayopendekezwa ili kupunguza hasara na uharibifu unaotokana na matukio na athari ndogo na kutokea mara kwa mara. Uhamisho wa hatari ni uwezekano mkubwa kuwa mbinu bora ya kupunguza hasara na uharibifu unaotokana na matukio yanayotokea mara chache, lakini na athari kubwa. Makala hii ni sehemu ya mfululizo wa maelezo yaliyoundwa kulingana na majadiliano na michango katika Mkutano wa 2016 wa Kamati ya Kudumu ya Fedha ya Mkataba wa Mfumo wa Umoja wa Mataifa juu ya Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Hewa, ambayo ililenga vyombo vya kifedha vinavyoshughulikia hatari za hasara na uharibifu unaohusiana na athari mbaya za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Mkutano huo ulifanyika katika Benki ya Maendeleo ya Asia huko Manila tarehe 5 na 6 Septemba 2016. Resources Poundrik, S. 2011. Fedha ya Hatari ya Msiba: Mafunzo ya Kisa. Karatasi ya Kazi No. 23. - (Methali 23:23) Ni nini? EAP DRM Knowledge Notes: Usimamizi wa Hatari za Msiba katika Asia Mashariki na Pasifiki Washington, D.C. - Benki ya Dunia UNFCCC (Mkutano wa Mkutano wa Kimataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Hewa). Mwaka 2012 "Kutoka kwa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti wa utafiti.""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mtazamo wa Uharibifu wa Hali ya Hewa"" na ""Mtazamo wa Uharibifu wa Hali ya Hewa"" na ""Mtazamo wa Uharibifu wa Hali ya Hewa"" na ""Mtazamo wa Uharibifu wa Hali ya Hewa"" na ""Mtazamo wa Uharibifu wa Hali ya Hewa"" na ""Mtazamo wa Uharibifu wa Hali ya Hewa"" na ""Mtazamo wa Uharibifu wa Hali ya Hewa"" na ""Mtazamo wa Uharibifu wa Hali ya Hewa"" na ""Mtazamo wa Uharibifu wa Hali ya Hewa"" na ""Mtazamo wa Uharibifu wa Hali ya Hewa.""" Kabla ya kujiunga na ADB, alifanya kazi katika Kitengo cha Mfumo wa Mazingira wa Ulimwenguni wa UNDP na katika Katibu wa Mkataba wa Mfumo wa Umoja wa Mataifa juu ya Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Hewa. Alipata mafunzo ya hali ya hewa, na alitumia miaka kumi ya kwanza ya kazi yake kutafiti hali ya hewa na matumizi yake katika athari za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na tathmini za udhaifu katika sehemu tofauti za ulimwengu. Rex Abrigo, afisa wa zamani wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, Idara ya Maendeleo Endelevu na Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Hewa, Benki ya Maendeleo ya Asia, aliunga mkono shughuli muhimu zinazohusiana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, pamoja na utekelezaji wa mfumo wa usimamizi wa hatari ya hali ya hewa wa ADB. Pia alikuwa sehemu ya timu ambayo ilijumuisha marekebisho ya mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa katika mchakato wa maendeleo ya mradi kwa Asia Kusini, na kutekeleza shughuli kadhaa za ujenzi wa uwezo huko. Ana shahada ya uzamili ya Sayansi katika Sayansi ya Mazingira na Usimamizi. Acha swali lako au maoni katika sehemu hapa chini: Tazama thread ya majadiliano.