Sea Fishing first started to emerge back in the 15th century, and it exploded in the 19th century with the arrival of steam boats. These steam boats were large trawlers that could pull much larger nets, which in turn caused the amount of fish caught to rise. Fishing has caused large amounts of employment opportunities for people over the years and has provided a safe and secure income for many fishermen and employees of local fisheries. For as long as anyone can remember, fish have been one of the main food sources for us. As positive as this may seem, there is a dark and more sinister side to sea fishing. Like most things, everything isn’t as it seems. It’s no surprise that fish are being over-exploited by humans. But there is more than what meets the eye in terms of issues it causes. Automatically, I thought – okay, if we catch too many fish then there isn’t much left. Simple? Not quite.
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The over exploitation of fish is causing many issues both directly and indirectly to not only marine animals, but to us as well. Issues such as eco-system alterations are causing starvation amongst marine animals, low oxygen levels and the release of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, (Stafford, 2016). The growth of new technology trawlers are ultimately killing marine life, destroying coral reefs/sea beds (which ruin marine habitats and species which are new to science), (Sample, 2010), and are catching extremely colossal numbers of fish in one given pass. This is essentially contributing to negative economic impacts also as seen in the Newfoundland Cod Fishery which had to close because there were no more fish left.
The growth of macro algal blooms within the waters is causing a large number of medical issues for both marine animals and humans alike. Since it’s linked to shellfish poisoning, I believe this is a wakeup call to all. It is important to take into deep consideration that the number of deaths by shellfish poisoning is around 351,000 people per year. (European Parliament, 2011). By overfishing, we are removing the species in which keep these blooms at bay, such as Pike, (Nature, 2009). Ultimately, we are causing harm to ourselves through greed.
This leads us to the question of what does the viability of sea fishing in the 21st century tell us about the future of human civilisation? How can a civilization thrive if we are causing harm to marine animals and ourselves?
As previously stated, there are many issues caused by the over-exploitation of fish. One of the largest issues is the alteration of the eco-system and the food chain. For reference, an eco-system includes various living things like animals, organisms, and plants which interact with each other. They also interact with non-living environments, which includes the earth, soil, weather, earth, climate and atmosphere. (eSchoolToday, 2018). The ocean food chain is made up of four different parts, produces, primary consumers, secondary consumers and decomposers.
The food chain begins with producers, which are plants. These plants make their own food via photosynthesis. Then, the primary consumers consume plants, and secondary consumers consume primary consumers. Decomposers break down dead plants and animals, and the nutrients absorb into the environment for the consumption of other producers. Each link within a food chain is extremely vital, and it is important that no links are disrupted, or it will impact the whole chain. (Moore, 2010). An example of a food chain, starting from the bottom, is that bacteria is eaten by zooplankton/jelly fish/krill etc. These are then consumed by small bait like fishes, which may include spot fish or sand perch, which are then consumed by large fish such as tunas and cods. The ‘’top predators’’ such as whales and big sharks consume these large fish. (eSchoolToday, 2018).
Issues are beginning to arise due to the fact that only one tenth of predators that once roamed the oceans remain due to overfishing. Species such as Skates that were once policed and consumed by predators such as Sharks, are exploding in population. In turn to this, they are wiping out scallops and a wide variety of shellfish, which is also causing the quality of sea water to suffer. (Gibbons, 2009) According to Canadian Scientist Julian Baum, “we have literally chopped off the top of the ocean food chain.” The removal of predators from the eco-system is causing carbon dioxide levels to rise into the atmosphere, and ultimately contributing to climate change, which in turn effects our lives in one way or another. The way to explain the reasoning behind this is simple – predators reduce the biomass of small fish and zoo plankton, which in turn ultimately begins to lower the amount of respiration occurring. When these are removed due to overfishing, the amount of carbon dioxide rises. (Stafford, 2016). The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere creates a large amount of greenhouse gases. These gases trap extra heat, which leads to melting ice caps and oceans levels rising. This, ultimately causes flooding as the heat of the planet rises, (Lamb, 2018).
The alteration of the food chain is having many negative effects on marine animals. Due to the depletion of top level species in the food chain, this influences future fish production levels. By ‘’fishing down the food chain’’ it ends up simplifying the entire marine eco-system and resentfully effects other species. For example, the decline of Stellar Sea-Lions within Alaska has been caused due to the overfishing of their main food sources which include Cod, Pollock & Mackerel. Without a food source, these species cannot survive. (US Department of State, 2003). The effects were shown when expert studies carried out of over 1288 fish species on Africa’s west coast which showed that 37 of these species were in a classification of being threatened, with 14 of them were classed as being close to threatened, (Johnson, 2017). In my opinion, this is not something that happens by accident, but is an outcome of years of greed by humans.
On a more medical based note, the growth of macro algal blooms is causing severe and even fatal issues for both humans and marine animals alike. For reference, a macro algal bloom is the name given to a rapid growth of algae and bacteria. With the growth of macro algal blooms, it can create toxins that can kill fish and other sea animals. This is normally seen with Lynbya Majes algae. Due to this, the toxins make their way up the food chain and begin causing harm other animals such as turtles and dolphins. When death doesn’t occur, these toxins can block sunlight, causing habitat loss from low oxygen levels and even clog the gills of fish causing serious health issues. These algae often over-grow and replace seagrass, destroying coral reefs. (EPA, 2017)
The damaging of effect of these blooms, as stated, are not limited to marine animals, but to us humans also. Issues include serious rashes or other serious health problems associated with Shellfish Poisoning. European Parliament, 2011). Dinoflagellates is the name given to the harmful algae linked to various forms of Shellfish Poisoning. These types of shellfish poisoning can include paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), (NPS), also known as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP), (European Parliament, 2011). This is extremely worrying, as around 351,000 people a year die with side effects associated with shellfish poisoning, (European Parliament, 2011). Due to species being over-exploited by humans, fish such as Parrot Fish and Pike are being greatly exploited. It’s been shown that overfishing is having an either direct or indirect cause. One, they are being fished and caught via trawls, or two, these species are being exterminated by fish that are no longer being policed by their predators, (Gibbons, 2009).
It was scientifically proven by Britas Klemens Erikson at the University of Groninge, that these fish are the key to controlling algae growth on reefs. The issue was raised once Britas noticed that where there was a decline of predators in the Baltic Sea, algae blooms were forming. Britas and a team carried out investigations and compared a year’s worth of data. The data covered over 700 kilometres of the Baltic Sea, and the data was from 9 different locations. His research found that where there was a large decrease in Pike, there was a huge increase in algae blooms, and that where Pike roamed, there was only a 10% chance of a growth of algae blooms, compared to 50% where Pike populations were reduced. (Nature, 2009). Due to the removal of these species by the over exploitation of fish by humans, these blooms are growing at a rapid pace which is adversely affecting our health.
The growth of new technology is normally something to be positive about. But what happens when we over-exploit these resources available to us? Well, according to survey of the world’s reefs and sea mounts, it was shown that bottom sea trawling carried out by humans is the leading cause of marine habitat destruction. Apart from the millions of deaths of marine animals by trawling, pristine habitats and species new to science are being destroyed due to the lack of respect humans have for the ocean, (Sample, 2010). For reference, a trawler is a commercial fishing vessel, which is the equivalent to a large fishing net, which is used by dragging the nets along the bottom of the sea bed via boat. They slice everything that is in their path, and some of the larger nets are even big enough to consume a Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet. (OCEANA, 2018).
Trawlers can process many fish in one given trip. A previously banned trawler which roamed the Irish waters back in 2015 named the Margiris, the second largest in the world, can process up to 250 tonnes of fish in one given day. (Ryan, N, 2015). Scientists within Europe have calculated that trawlers roaming within the North Sea are destroying 16 pounds of marine animals for every lb of sole that’s caught. (OCEANA 2018). In my opinion, that is a colossal amount. The effects that these trawlers have on marine life is extremely upsetting. They pose great harm to reefs, shellfish and coral. The “Firth of Forth” was once home to a large number of oysters. Now, none remain. Likewise, the “Firth of Clyde” was once overcome with whales, shellfish and fish. Now it is nothing more than an empty seabed, and the fish stocks have practically disappeared. According to Callum Roberts, this gives us all a vision of life without fish if this continues. (Mckie, 2014).
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The effect of these new technology trawlers is not only visible on marine animals, but for us also. This was seen when The Newfoundland fishery ultimately was closed by the government due to the fish stocks being so low. It was stated that The Grand Banks fishery was ruined by advanced technology in fishing techniques within the years 1950 and 1960, and this had a huge negative economic impact on the surrounding areas (Greenpeace, 2009).
On the note of economic impacts, it brings us to the question, how important are fish to us? First, we must take into consideration that it’s been proven that over 852 million people on this planet do not have enough food to eat. Millions of fish farmers in the world, big and small are extremely poor and depend on fish. Secondly, we must take into consideration that they directly enable people to a food source, and provide various nutrients in the process, which are vital to people’s health. Over 100,000 tonnes of fish are consumed annually worldwide. This shows that fish provides 2.5 billion people twenty percent of their average animal protein intake. (Food and Agriculture Organization of The United States, 2005).
Thirdly, fish provides an income, as fish farmers create income by selling their catch. (Food and Agriculture Organization of The United States, 2005) So, what’s the point in these statistics? The point is to show how important fish are to us, and how much we are disrespecting the availability of these species. To give a brief indication of how overfished most fisheries are, Oceana released a report stating that 80% of fisheries in the world are not capable of increased fishing activity, and 17% should be considered capable of any growth in catch at all.
Contrary to popular belief, the act of over fishing does have negative economic impacts for both fisheries and fishermen alike. As previously stated, The Newfoundland Grand Banks are a prime example. This was seen with the collapse of this fishery back in the 1990’s. It was stated that the collapse ultimately occurred due to trawlers such as the ‘Fairtry’ trawler being distributed. These trawlers enabled a great number of fish to be caught in one given pass. In 1968 the cod catch was around 810,000 tonnes, and by 1975 the annual catch drastically dropped by 70%. By the early 1990’s the fishery collapsed, and the government shut it down simply because the catch numbers were at an all-time low, (Greenpeace, 2009). It was stated this occurred due to overfishing, generated by the “greed of humans”, (Wikipedia 2018)
An estimation showed that around 19 thousand fishers along with plant workers were affected and up to twenty thousand other jobs were either harmed or loss during the closure. (Mason, 2002). The question that is raised from this is can it be recovered from? Can we as a civilisation recover from impacts like this? Well, over the past decade, the cod catch was dramatically rising. A report by the House of Commons showed that the stock was beginning to rebuild after the 1990’s collapse, which you would believe gave hope to us having a future of a civilization.
Despite this impressive comeback, my predictions for 2020 are not so positive. I concluded this prediction after scientists working with the Department of Fisheries and Oceans have released statements showing that between the years 2017 and 2018, cod within the fertile fishing area from Labrador to the Avalon Peninsula decreased by a staggering 30%. “This is a reminder that where we are in that critical zone is a very precarious place to be,” a quote, from Karen Dwyer, who is a stock-assessment biologist working with the department of Fisheries and Oceans. (DFO). “We have to be careful with all sorts of removals.” (Greenpeace, 2009). This is a prime example as to why I believe we will have a less positive outcome by 2020, and that we cannot have a future as a civilization. I don’t believe a civilization can thrive based on destroying the lives of marine animals, destroying oceans, and jeopardising livelihoods of ultimately, each other.
In conclusion, I believe that it is safe to say that we cannot continue to over-exploit fish and our resources at the rate we are doing so. I do believe that if we continue at this rate we will eventually see a world of empty oceans, overgrown with algae blooms, as is starting to show with the Firth of Forth and Firth of Clyde. Ultimately, it is shown that only one tenth of predators that once roamed the ocean remains. Various species are exploding in population due to their predators being overfished by humans and are consuming other species that are of great benefit to the oceans oxygen levels. Overfishing is realistically, in turn, causing the death of more marine animals either directly or indirectly.
By eliminating the species in which keep algal blooms at bay, marine animals are dying, & developing health issues from the toxins that arise from unattended algal blooms. Over 351,000 humans are dying on an annually from the bacteria they are digesting via shellfish, which arise from algal blooms. Within my research, I found this to be the most astonishing fact. Who would have known that we ultimately are causing our own ill-health?
In relation to the example of the Newfoundland Cod Fishery, it shows the importance of fish for our dietary requirements and for economic purposes. The new advances and technology in fishing such as these new technology trawlers are ultimately a downfall. If overfishing continues at the current rate, the population of fish will slowly decrease and eventually humans will not have the required access for their needs.
I believe education is the key to combatting these issues, as I do not believe that we are as educated in this area as we need to be. I certainly was unaware of the issues that arise from this over-exploitation, and it has given me a fresh new insight and appreciation for the marine life that roams below us. I think that if everyone knew what we now know from this essay, that the world would soon change their ways.
- EPA (2017) The Effects Enviroment: Available: https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-environment. Last accessed 25th October 2018.
- eSchoolToday (2018). What is an Ecosystem? Available: http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-an-ecosystem.html. Last accessed 25th October 2018
- European Parliment. (2011). Does Overfishing Promote Algal Blooms?. Directorate-General For internal Policies POLICY DEPARTMENT STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES. 1 (2), 24-26.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of The United States. (2005). Many of the world’s poorest people depend on fish. Available: http://www.fao.org/Newsroom/en/news/2005/102911/index.html. Last accessed 28th October 2018.
- Gibbons, J. (2009). Overfishing of sharks hits entire marine food chain. Available: https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/overfishing-of-sharks-hits-entire-marine-food-chain-1.720868. Last accessed 25th Oct 2018.
- Johnson, I. (2017). Overfishing driving dozens of species into extinction threatening African food crisis, warn experts. Available: https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/overfishing-species-extinction-african-food-crisis-threat-iucn-warning-niger-angola-mauritania-a7534901.html. Last accessed 01/11/2018.
- Lamb, S. (2018). How Does Carbon Dioxide Affect the Environment?.Available: https://sciencing.com/carbon-dioxide-affect-environment-8583965.html. Last accessed 01/11/18..
- Moore, H (2010). Ocean Food Chains: Capstone Publishing. P5-6.
- Mason, F. (2002). The Newfoundland Cod Stock Collapse: A Review and Analysis of Social Factors. Electronic Green Journal. 1(17) (1), 2.
- Mckie, R. (2014). Bottom trawling: how to empty the seas in just 150 years. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/10/bottom-trawling-how-to-empty-the-seas. Last accessed 01/11/18.
- OCEANA. (2018). Bottom Trawling. Available: https://eu.oceana.org/en/node/47406. Last accessed 01/11/18.
- OCEANA. ( ). Bottom Trawling: Images. Available: https://eu.oceana.org/en/node/47406. Last accessed 28th October 2018
- Ryan, N. (2015). A super trawler banned from Australia is back in Irish waters. Available: https://www.thejournal.ie/super-trawler-margiris-west-coast-ireland-1878199-Jan2015/. Last accessed 25th October 2018.
- Sample, I. (2010). Deep-sea trawling is destroying coral reefs and pristine marine habitats. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/feb/18/deep-sea-trawling-coral-reefs. Last accessed 28th October.
- Stafford, R. (2016). How overfishing and shark-finning could increase the pace of climate change. Available: http://theconversation.com/how-overfishing-and-shark-finning-could-increase-the-pace-of-climate-change-67664. Last accessed 01/11/18.
- Us Department of State (2003). Economic Perspective – Overfishing, A Global Challenge. USA: Us Department of State. P15-16.
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Uvuvi wa baharini ulianza katika karne ya 15 na uliongezeka sana katika karne ya 19 na kuwasili kwa mashua za mvuke. Meli hizo zilikuwa za kubebea samaki kwa kutumia maji, na zilikuwa na uwezo wa kuvuta nyavu kubwa zaidi, na hivyo kuongeza samaki waliovuliwa. Uvuvi umesababisha fursa nyingi za ajira kwa watu kwa miaka mingi na umetoa mapato salama na salama kwa wavuvi wengi na wafanyikazi wa uvuvi wa ndani. Kwa muda mrefu kama mtu yeyote anaweza kukumbuka, samaki wamekuwa moja ya vyanzo kuu vya chakula kwa ajili yetu. Ingawa jambo hilo laweza kuonekana kuwa zuri, kuna upande mwovu na wenye kuogopesha zaidi wa uvuvi wa baharini. Kama ilivyo na mambo mengi, si kila kitu kinavyoonekana. Haishangazi kwamba samaki wanatumiwa kupita kiasi na wanadamu. Lakini kuna mengi zaidi ya yale yanayoonekana kwa macho kwa habari ya matatizo yanayosababishwa nayo. Kwa moja kwa moja, nilifikiri <unk> sawa, kama sisi kukamata samaki wengi sana basi kuna <unk> si mengi kushoto. Je, ni rahisi? Si kabisa. Ikiwa unahitaji msaada wa kuandika insha yako, huduma yetu ya kitaalamu ya kuandika insha iko hapa kusaidia.Utekelezaji wa samaki wa kupita kiasi unasababisha masuala mengi moja kwa moja na kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja sio tu kwa wanyama wa baharini, lakini kwetu pia. "Mabadiliko ya mazingira yanasababisha njaa miongoni mwa wanyama wa baharini, viwango vya chini vya oksijeni na kutolewa kwa uzalishaji wa CO2 katika anga. """ "Kupanda kwa meli za teknolojia mpya kwa mwisho kunakufa maisha ya baharini, kuharibu matumbawe ya matumbawe na sakafu za bahari (ambayo huharibu makazi ya baharini na spishi ambazo ni mpya kwa sayansi), na kukamata idadi kubwa sana ya samaki katika njia moja.""" Hii ni muhimu kwa sababu ya athari mbaya za kiuchumi, kama vile ilivyotokea katika Newfoundland Cod Fishery, ambayo ililazimika kufungwa kwa sababu hakuna samaki zaidi. Kuongezeka kwa maua ya algae katika maji ya bahari ni sababu ya idadi kubwa ya matatizo ya matibabu kwa wanyama wa baharini na wanadamu. Kwa kuwa inahusiana na sumu ya samaki wa baharini, naamini hii ni wito wa kuamsha kwa wote. Kwa mujibu wa ripoti hiyo, idadi ya watu wanaokufa kutokana na sumu ya samaki wa baharini ni 351,000. (Parliament ya Ulaya, 2011). Kwa kuvua samaki kupita kiasi, tunaondoa spishi ambazo zinaweka maua haya katika bay, kama vile Pike (Nature, 2009). Hatimaye, sisi wenyewe tunajidhuru kwa sababu ya pupa. "Hii inatuongoza kwenye swali: ""Je, uendeshaji wa uvuvi wa baharini katika karne ya 21 unatuambia nini juu ya mustakabali wa ustaarabu wa binadamu?""" Utamaduni unawezaje kusitawi ikiwa tunawaumiza wanyama wa baharini na sisi wenyewe? Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo awali, kuna masuala mengi yanayosababishwa na unyonyaji wa kupita kiasi wa samaki. Moja ya masuala makubwa ni mabadiliko ya mfumo wa ikolojia na mlolongo wa chakula. Kwa kumbukumbu, mfumo wa ikolojia unatia ndani viumbe hai mbalimbali kama vile wanyama, viumbe hai, na mimea ambayo huingiliana na kila mmoja. Pia huingiliana na mazingira yasiyo na uhai, ambayo ni pamoja na ardhi, udongo, hali ya hewa, ardhi, hali ya hewa na anga. (E-SchoolToday, 2018) Mfumo wa chakula wa bahari una sehemu nne: wazalishaji, watumiaji wa msingi, watumiaji wa sekondari na wavunjaji. Mnyororo wa chakula huanza na wazalishaji, ambao ni mimea. Mimea hiyo hutengeneza chakula chake yenyewe kupitia utaratibu wa fotosintesisi. Kwa mfano, watumiaji wa msingi hutumia mimea, na watumiaji wa sekondari hutumia watumiaji wa msingi. Vifaa hivyo huvunja mimea na wanyama waliokufa, na virutubisho hivyo huingia katika mazingira ili vitumiwe na wazalishaji wengine. Kila kiungo katika mlolongo wa chakula ni muhimu sana, na ni muhimu kwamba hakuna viungo vinavyovunjwa, au itaathiri mlolongo mzima. (Moore, 2010). Mfano wa mlolongo wa chakula, kuanzia chini, ni kwamba bakteria ni kula na zooplankton / jelly samaki / krill nk. Hizi kisha hutumiwa na samaki wadogo kama samaki, ambayo inaweza kujumuisha samaki wa doa au mchanga, ambao hutumiwa na samaki wakubwa kama vile tuna na cod. "Wanyama-mwitu wakuu" kama vile nyangumi na papa wakubwa hula samaki hao wakubwa. (E-SchoolToday, 2018) "Mashtaka hayo yanaanza kutokea kwa sababu ya ukweli kwamba ni sehemu moja tu ya kumi ya wanyama wa kuwinda ambao wakati mmoja walizunguka bahari zinabaki kwa sababu ya uvuvi wa kupita kiasi.""" Spishi kama vile Skate, ambazo wakati mmoja zilikuwa zinalindwa na kutumiwa na wawindaji kama vile Sharks, zinaongezeka sana. Kwa upande mwingine, wanaangamiza makombora na aina mbalimbali za samaki, na hilo pia linaathiri ubora wa maji ya bahari. "Kama mwanasayansi wa Canada Julian Baum anavyosema, ""Tumeondoa mfululizo wa chakula cha bahari, na kuondoa wanyama wa kuua katika mazingira ni kusababisha viwango vya kaboni dioksidi kuongezeka katika anga, na hatimaye kuchangia mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, ambayo kwa upande wake huathiri maisha yetu kwa njia moja au nyingine.""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""wanyama wa mwitu hupunguza biomass ya samaki wadogo na plankton ya bustani ya wanyama, ambayo kwa upande wake huanza kupunguza kiasi cha kupumua kinachotokea.""" Vitu hivyo vinapoondolewa kwa sababu ya uvuvi wa kupita kiasi, kiasi cha kaboni dioksidi huongezeka. (Stafford, 2016). Kutolewa kwa kaboni dioksidi katika angahewa hutokeza kiasi kikubwa cha gesi zenye athari ya chafu. Gesi hizo huficha joto la ziada, ambalo husababisha barafu kuyeyuka na viwango vya bahari kuongezeka. Hii, hatimaye husababisha mafuriko wakati joto la sayari inapoongezeka, (Lamb, 2018). Mabadiliko ya mlolongo wa chakula yana athari nyingi mbaya kwa wanyama wa baharini. Kwa sababu ya kupungua kwa spishi za ngazi ya juu katika mlolongo wa chakula, hii inaathiri viwango vya baadaye vya uzalishaji wa samaki. Kwa "kuvuja chini ya mlolongo wa chakula" inaishia kurahisisha mfumo mzima wa ikolojia ya baharini na kwa hasira huathiri spishi nyingine. Kwa mfano, kupungua kwa idadi ya simba wa baharini wa Alaska kumesababishwa na uvuvi wa kupita kiasi wa vyanzo vyao vya chakula, ambavyo ni pamoja na cod, pollock na mackerel. Bila chanzo cha chakula, spishi hizo haziwezi kuishi. (U.S. Department of State, 2003) Uchunguzi wa wataalamu uliofanywa kwa spishi zaidi ya 1288 za samaki katika pwani ya magharibi ya Afrika ulionyesha kuwa spishi 37 kati ya hizo ziko katika hatari ya kutoweka, na 14 kati ya hizo ziko karibu na hatari ya kutoweka. Kwa maoni yangu, hii si kitu kinachotokea kwa bahati mbaya, lakini ni matokeo ya miaka ya pupa na wanadamu. Kwa mujibu wa utafiti wa utafiti huo, ukuaji wa maua ya algae ya macro unasababisha matatizo makubwa na hata ya kuua kwa wanadamu na wanyama wa baharini. Kwa mfano, maua ya mwani makubwa ni jina linalopewa ukuzi wa haraka wa mwani na bakteria. Kwa kuongezeka kwa maua ya algae, inaweza kutokeza sumu zinazoweza kuua samaki na wanyama wengine wa baharini. Hii ni kawaida kuonekana na Lynbya Majes algae. Kwa sababu hiyo, sumu hizo huingia kwenye mlolongo wa chakula na kuanza kuharibu wanyama wengine kama vile kasa na pomboo. Wakati kifo hakitokea, sumu hizi zinaweza kuzuia mwanga wa jua, kusababisha upotezaji wa makazi kutokana na viwango vya chini vya oksijeni na hata kuziba gills ya samaki kusababisha matatizo makubwa ya afya. Mara nyingi mwani huo hukua kupita kiasi na kuchukua mahali pa nyasi za baharini, na kuharibu matumbawe. " (Kwanza: ""Mafaa ya kuharibu ya maua haya, kama ilivyoelezwa, hayajumuishi wanyama wa baharini, lakini pia wanadamu.""" Matatizo yanatia ndani mlipuko mkubwa au matatizo mengine makubwa ya afya yanayohusiana na sumu ya samaki wa baharini. (Ujumbe wa Bunge la Ulaya, 2011) Dinoflagellates ni jina linalopewa mwani wenye madhara unaohusishwa na aina mbalimbali za sumu ya samaki wa baharini. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""paralytic shellfish poisoning"" (PSP) ni aina ya sumu ya samaki ya aina ya ciguatera, ""diarrheic shellfish poisoning"" (DSP) ni aina ya sumu ya samaki wa aina ya ciguatera." Hii ni ya wasiwasi sana, kwani watu 351,000 wanakufa kila mwaka kutokana na athari za athari zinazohusiana na sumu ya samaki wa baharini (Bunge la Ulaya, 2011). Kwa sababu ya spishi zinazotumiwa kupita kiasi na wanadamu, samaki kama vile Parrot Fish na Pike wanatumiwa sana. Imeonyeshwa kwamba uvuvi wa kupita kiasi una sababu ya moja kwa moja au isiyo ya moja kwa moja. "Kama vile tunavyojua, samaki wengi wanaokamatwa na kuvuliwa kwa kutumia nyuzi za trawler, na samaki wengi wanaokamatwa na kuwindwa na wanyama wanaowinda, kama vile ""Gibbons.""" Mtaalamu wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Britas Klemens Eriksson, ambaye anafanya kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Groningen, alisema kuwa samaki hao ni muhimu kwa kudhibiti ukuaji wa mwani kwenye matumbawe. Suala hilo lilizungumziwa wakati Britas alipogundua kwamba mahali ambapo wanyama wa kuwinda walikuwa wakipungua katika Bahari ya Baltiki, maua ya mwani yalikuwa yakijitokeza. Britas na timu yake walifanya uchunguzi na kulinganisha data ya mwaka mmoja. Takwimu hizo zilijumuisha zaidi ya kilomita 700 za Bahari ya Baltic, na zilitokana na maeneo tisa tofauti. Utafiti wake uligundua kwamba mahali ambapo kulikuwa na kupungua kwa idadi ya Pike, kulikuwa na ongezeko kubwa la maua ya mwani, na kwamba mahali ambapo Pike alizunguka, kulikuwa na uwezekano wa 10% tu wa ukuaji wa maua ya mwani, ikilinganishwa na 50% ambapo idadi ya Pike ilipunguzwa. (Nature, 2009) Kwa sababu ya kuondolewa kwa spishi hizi na unyonyaji wa kupita kiasi wa samaki na wanadamu, maua haya yanakua kwa kasi ambayo yanaathiri vibaya afya yetu. Ukuaji wa teknolojia mpya ni kawaida kitu cha kuwa chanya kuhusu. Lakini ni nini hutokea tunapotumia kupita kiasi rasilimali hizi zinazopatikana kwetu? Uchunguzi wa miamba ya bahari na milima ya bahari duniani ulionyesha kwamba uvuvi wa baharini unaofanywa na wanadamu ndio husababisha uharibifu wa mazingira ya baharini. Mbali na mamilioni ya vifo vya wanyama wa baharini na trawling, mazingira ya asili na spishi mpya kwa sayansi zinaharibiwa kutokana na ukosefu wa heshima ya wanadamu kwa bahari. Troller ni meli ya uvuvi ya kibiashara, ambayo ni sawa na wavu mkubwa wa uvuvi, ambao hutumiwa kwa kuvuta wavu kwenye sakafu ya bahari kupitia mashua. "Wanavua kila kitu kinachowapata, na baadhi ya nyavu zao kubwa zinaweza kuharibu ndege ya Boeing 747.""" (OCEANA, 2018). Meli za kuvuta samaki zinaweza kuvuta samaki wengi katika safari moja. Meli ya kuvua samaki ya Margiri, ambayo ilikuwa imepigwa marufuku nchini Ireland mwaka 2015, inaweza kuvua samaki wa tani 250 kwa siku moja. (Ryan, N. 2015) Wataalamu wa Ulaya wamekadiria kuwa meli za kuvua samaki zinazotembea katika Bahari ya Kaskazini zinaharibu pauni 16 za wanyama wa baharini kwa kila pauni ya samaki wa baharini wanaovuliwa. (OCEAN 2018) Kwa maoni yangu, hiyo ni kiasi kikubwa sana. Matokeo ambayo mashua hizo za kuvua samaki huwa na juu ya uhai wa baharini ni yenye kusumbua sana. Zinaweza kuharibu sana matumbawe, samaki wa baharini, na matumbawe. Wakati mmoja "Firth of Forth" ilikuwa makao ya idadi kubwa ya makapi. Sasa, hakuna aliyebaki. Vivyo hivyo, "Firth of Clyde" wakati mmoja ilijaa nyangumi, samaki wa baharini na samaki. Sasa ni sakafu ya bahari tupu tu, na samaki wametoweka kabisa. Kulingana na Callum Roberts, hii inatupa sisi sote maono ya maisha bila samaki ikiwa hii itaendelea. (Mackie, 2014) Wataalamu wetu wa kitaaluma wako tayari na kusubiri kusaidia na mradi wowote wa uandishi unaweza kuwa nao. Kutoka kwa mipango rahisi ya insha hadi kwa dissertations kamili, unaweza kuhakikisha tuna huduma iliyoambatana kikamilifu na mahitaji yako.Tazama huduma zetu Athari ya teknolojia mpya za trawlers sio tu inayoonekana kwa wanyama wa baharini, lakini kwetu pia. Hii ilionekana wakati uvuvi wa Newfoundland hatimaye ulifungwa na serikali kwa sababu ya hifadhi za samaki kuwa chini sana. Uvuvi wa Grand Banks uliharibiwa na teknolojia ya kisasa katika mbinu za uvuvi katika miaka ya 1950 na 1960, na hii ilikuwa na athari kubwa ya kiuchumi kwa maeneo ya karibu (Greenpeace, 2009). Kwa upande wa uchumi, tunajiuliza, samaki ni muhimu kiasi gani kwetu? "Kwanza, ni lazima tufikirie kwamba imethibitishwa kuwa zaidi ya watu milioni 852 duniani hawana chakula cha kutosha kula.""" Mamilioni ya wakulima wa samaki duniani kote, wakubwa na wadogo, ni maskini sana na hutegemea samaki. Pili, ni lazima tufikirie kwamba wao moja kwa moja kuwawezesha watu kwa chanzo cha chakula, na kutoa virutubisho mbalimbali katika mchakato, ambayo ni muhimu kwa afya ya watu. Zaidi ya tani 100,000 za samaki hutumiwa kila mwaka ulimwenguni. Kwa mujibu wa ripoti hiyo, samaki huandaa asilimia 20 ya protini ya wanyama kwa watu bilioni 2.5. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, 2005) Tatu, samaki hutoa mapato, kwani wakulima wa samaki huunda mapato kwa kuuza samaki wanaovua. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, 2005) Kwa hiyo, ni nini maana ya takwimu hizi? "Lengo ni kuonyesha jinsi samaki wanavyokuwa muhimu kwetu, na jinsi tunavyokosa kuheshimu upatikanaji wa spishi hizi.""" Kwa mfano, Oceana, shirika la uvuvi duniani, limetoa ripoti inayoonyesha kuwa asilimia 80 ya maeneo ya uvuvi duniani hayana uwezo wa kuongeza shughuli za uvuvi, na asilimia 17 ya maeneo hayo yana uwezo wa kuongeza uvuvi. Kinyume na imani ya kawaida, uvuvi wa kupita kiasi una athari mbaya kwa uchumi wa uvuvi na wavuvi. Kama ilivyotajwa hapo awali, The Newfoundland Grand Banks ni mfano bora. Hii ilionekana na kuanguka kwa uvuvi huu nyuma katika miaka ya 1990. Ilisema kwamba kuanguka hatimaye ilitokea kutokana na trawlers kama vile "Fairtry" trawler kuwa kusambazwa. Meli hizo za kuvua samaki zilifanya iwezekane kuvua samaki wengi katika njia moja. Mwaka 1968 samaki hao walipanda hadi kiasi cha tani 810,000 na kufikia mwaka 1975 samaki hao walipungua kwa asilimia 70 kila mwaka. Katika miaka ya 1990s, uvuvi ulipungua, na serikali ilifunga kwa sababu tu idadi ya samaki waliovuliwa ilikuwa chini kabisa (Greenpeace, 2009). "Kama ilivyotangazwa na gazeti la habari la BBC, ""Uvuvi wa kupita kiasi"" uliosababishwa na ""hisia za pupa za wanadamu"" (Wikipedia 2018) ulionyesha kuwa karibu wavuvi elfu 19 pamoja na wafanyakazi wa kiwanda waliathiriwa na hadi kazi elfu ishirini nyingine ziliharibiwa au kupotea wakati wa kufungwa." (Mason, 2002). Swali linaloibuka kutokana na hili ni je, linaweza kuponywa? Je, sisi kama ustaarabu twaweza kupona kutokana na athari kama hizi? Katika miaka kumi iliyopita, uvuvi wa samaki wa aina ya cod umekuwa ukiongezeka sana. Ripoti ya Bunge la Commons ilionyesha kuwa hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa za hisa. Kwa sababu ya kurudi kwake kwa kasi, utabiri wangu wa 2020 haukuwa mzuri. Kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya Wizara ya Uvuvi na Bahari, idadi ya samaki wa baharini katika eneo la uvuvi kutoka Labrador hadi Peninsula ya Avalon imepungua kwa asilimia 30. "Hii ni ukumbusho kwamba mahali tulipo katika eneo hilo muhimu ni mahali pa hatari sana kuwa, ""Karen Dwyer, ambaye ni mwanabiolojia wa tathmini ya hifadhi anayefanya kazi na idara ya Uvuvi na Bahari, alisema." (DFO). "Tunapaswa kuwa makini na aina zote za uhamisho. """ Hii ni mfano bora wa kwa nini ninaamini tutakuwa na matokeo mabaya zaidi kufikia 2020, na kwamba hatuwezi kuwa na siku zijazo kama ustaarabu. Siamini ustaarabu unaweza kusitawi kulingana na kuharibu maisha ya wanyama wa baharini, kuharibu bahari, na hatimaye kuhatarisha maisha ya kila mmoja. Kwa kumalizia, ninaamini ni salama kusema kwamba hatuwezi kuendelea kutumia samaki na rasilimali zetu kwa kiwango tunachofanya. """Ninaamini kwamba ikiwa tutaendelea kwa kiwango hiki, hatimaye tutaona ulimwengu wa bahari tupu, iliyojaa maua ya mwani, kama inavyoanza kuonekana na Firth of Forth na Firth of Clyde." Mwishowe, imeonyeshwa kwamba ni sehemu moja tu ya kumi ya wanyama-watu wanaowinda ambao wakati mmoja walizunguka bahari ndio waliobaki. Spishi mbalimbali zinazidi kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu kwa sababu ya kuwindwa kupita kiasi na wanadamu na zinatumia spishi nyingine ambazo zina faida kubwa kwa viwango vya oksijeni katika bahari. Kwa kweli, uvuvi wa kupita kiasi husababisha vifo vya wanyama wengi wa baharini, moja kwa moja au kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja. Kwa kuondoa spishi ambazo huhifadhi maua ya mwani, wanyama wa baharini wanakufa, na kuendeleza masuala ya afya kutokana na sumu zinazotokana na maua ya mwani yasiyodhibitiwa. Watu zaidi ya 350,000 wanafariki kila mwaka kutokana na bakteria zinazopatikana kwenye samaki wanaokula na kuzalisha. Katika utafiti wangu, niliona hili kuwa jambo la kushangaza zaidi. Ni nani angeweza kujua kwamba hatimaye sisi wenyewe tunasababisha afya yetu mbaya? Kwa mfano, katika eneo la Newfoundland, tunaona kwamba samaki ni muhimu kwa mahitaji yetu ya chakula na kwa ajili ya uchumi. Maendeleo ya kisasa na teknolojia katika uvuvi kama vile hizi mpya teknolojia trawlers ni hatimaye kuanguka. Ikiwa uvuvi wa kupita kiasi utaendelea kwa kiwango cha sasa, idadi ya samaki itapungua polepole na hatimaye wanadamu hawatakuwa na upatikanaji unaohitajika kwa mahitaji yao. """Ninaamini elimu ni ufunguo wa kupambana na masuala haya, kwa kuwa sidhani kama tuna elimu katika eneo hili kama tunavyohitaji kuwa." """Hakika sikujua masuala yanayotokana na uchimbaji huu wa kupita kiasi, na imenipa ufahamu mpya na uthamini kwa maisha ya baharini ambayo hutembea chini yetu." """Nafikiri kama kila mtu angejua kile tunachojua sasa kutoka kwa insha hii, ulimwengu ungebadilika haraka." (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica) (Epica (Epica) (Epica) (Epica (Eca) (Eca) (Eca) (Eca (Eca) (Eca (Eca) (Eca) (Eca (Eca) (Eca (Eca) (Eca (Eca) (Eca (Eca) (Eca (Eca) (Eca (Eca) (Eca (Eca Upatikanaji wa mwisho ulifanyika Oktoba 25, 2018. - eSchoolToday (2018). Mfumo wa Mazingira ni nini? Inapatikana: http: http: schooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-an-ecosystem.html. Upatikanaji wa mwisho wa Oktoba 25, 2018 - Bunge la Ulaya (2011). Je, Uvuvi wa kupita kiasi huchochea maua ya mwani? Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Sera za Ndani (DG) na Idara ya Sera za Muundo na Ushirikiano (DG) 1 24-26, na - Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Marekani. (2005). Watu wengi maskini zaidi ulimwenguni hutegemea samaki. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Makampuni ya Habari"" (http: www.fao.org newsroom.org) na ""Makampuni ya Habari"" (http: www.fao.org newsroom.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.org news.info." Upatikanaji wa mwisho 28 Oktoba 2018 - Gibbons, J. (2009) Uvuvi wa kupita kiasi wa papa huathiri mlolongo mzima wa chakula cha baharini. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Sharks Overfishing: Whole Marine Food Chain"" (Sharks Overfishing: Whole Marine Food Chain: 1.72088)." Upatikanaji wa mwisho 25 Oktoba 2018 - Johnson, mimi. (2017). Uvuvi wa kupita kiasi unaongoza spishi kadhaa kwenye kutoweka na kutishia mgogoro wa chakula barani Afrika, wataalamu wanahadhari. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika taarifa ya hivi karibuni ya IUCN, ""Utekelezaji wa sheria za uvuvi wa samaki wa baharini ni hatari kwa jamii za samaki wa baharini, na kwa hivyo, ni hatari kwa jamii za samaki wa baharini, na kwa jamii za samaki wa baharini, na kwa jamii za samaki wa baharini.""" Upatikanaji wa mwisho 01 11 2018 - Mwana-kondoo, S. (2018). Jinsi gani kaboni dioksidi huathiri mazingira? (http: www.scienc.com carbon dioxide-affects-environment-8583965) Mwisho kupatikana 01 11 18.. - Moore, H (2010). Minyororo ya Chakula cha Bahari: Capstone Publishing. P5 na P6 - Mason, F. (2002). Kuporomoka kwa Hifadhi ya Newfoundland ya Cod: Mapitio na Uchambuzi wa Sababu za Jamii. Jarida la Elektroniki la Kijani. 1 (k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k) - Mckie, R. (2014). Uvuvi wa baharini: Jinsi ya kuondoa maji ya bahari katika miaka 150 tu "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mafunzo ya Ulinzi wa Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari ya Bahari.""" Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 01 11 2018 - Bahari. (2018). Uvuvi wa chini. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Oceania"" (http: www.oceania.eu.int) na ""Oceania"" (http: www.oceania.eu.int) na ""Oceania"" (http: www.oceania.eu.int) ni sehemu ya ""Oceania.""" Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 01 11 2018 - Bahari. ( ) Uvuvi wa chini: Picha. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa ""Oceania"" (http: www.oceania.eu.int) na ""Oceania"" (http: www.oceania.eu.int) na ""Oceania"" (http: www.oceania.eu.int) ni sehemu ya ""Oceania.""" Ukurasa wa mwisho ulipata tarehe 28 Oktoba 2018 - Ryan, N. (2015). Meli kubwa ya kuvuta samaki iliyopigwa marufuku kutoka Australia imerudi katika maji ya Ireland. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""The Super Trawler Margulis West Coast Ireland, 1978-1999""" Upatikanaji wa mwisho ulifanyika Oktoba 25, 2018. - Mfano, mimi. (2010). Uvuvi wa baharini unaharibu matumbawe na mazingira safi ya baharini. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""The Environment and Climate Change"" ya gazeti la The Guardian, ""Maporomoko ya bahari ya kina"" ni ""mfano wa uvuvi wa baharini.""" Upatikanaji wa mwisho ni Oktoba 28. - Stafford, R. (2016). Jinsi uvuvi wa kupita kiasi na uvuvi wa papa unavyoweza kuongeza kasi ya mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa"" ya ""Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa""" Upatikanaji wa mwisho: 01 11 2018 - Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje ya Marekani (2003). Mtazamo wa Kiuchumi <unk> Uvuvi wa kupita kiasi, Changamoto ya Ulimwenguni Pote. Marekani: Idara ya Mambo ya Nje ya Marekani. P15 na P16 "Kama unataka kufuta makala hii, tafadhali chagua ""Referees"" hapa chini: ""Hii ni maombi ya kuondoa DMCA: Ikiwa wewe ni mwandishi wa awali wa insha hii na hutaki tena kuwa na kazi yako kuchapishwa kwenye UKEssays.com basi tafadhali: