Characteristics of various types of diamonds are summarized and selection of a diamond for a diamond anvil cell (DAC) is discussed. A diamond crystal with little internal strain and few crystal defects must be selected for generating ultra high pressure. The selection of a diamond is also based on other factors, such as a need for transparency in ultraviolet or infrared for optical studies or a need for low luminescence for Raman studies. Synthetic type II a diamond is most appropriate for diamond anvils, because it has a high crystalline quality, high transparency and low luminescence.
Fundamental techniques of polycrystalline x-ray diffraction measurement at high pressure using a diamond anvil cell are described. We point out several unusual conditions specific to a sample compressed in the DAC, give a detailed description of a laboratory x-ray diffractometer for high-pressure study and its performance, and briefly introduce a high-pressure synchrotron x-ray diffraction technique.
Diamond anvil, which is transparent in a wide wavelength region including visible, near infrared and infrared regions, is a most powerful tool to investigate optical properties of materials at high pressures beyond 100 GPa. Raman scattering and infrared absorption measurements with DACs and several techniques useful for producing high quality and reliable high-pressure spectra are reviewed in this article.
High temperature generation techniques used in diamond anvil cells and their application are reviewed. The configurations of internal heating, external heating and laser heating are described as common methods. The optics required in a laser heating system and the recent progress in heating quality are introduced in detail. The measurement and calibration of temperature, and pressure variation at high temperature are discussed for each method to realize stable experiments.
In this article, a diamond anvil cell system for optical studies at variable pressure and at low temperatures is described. A remotely controlled pneumatic driver unit, which consists of a pair of coaxial bellows, operates with helium gas. The setup and techniques for photoreflectance (PR) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements with a diamond anvil cell are presented. Examples of the application to PR and TRPL in III-V semiconductor alloys under high pressure are shown.
In this paper, our 10-year developments and research for detecting superconductivity under high pressure in a DAC are described. With the progress of DAC technology to generate high pressure above100GPa, research for superconductivity as well as metallization of molecular solids of light elements became possible. The way of creating the low-temperature conditions and the high-pressure which is necessary for the superconducting research are explained in detail.
HIP is a powerful tool to produce functionally graded materials (FGMs) due to the heat treatment under isostatic gas pressure. PSZ/stainless steel, TiAI (α/α+γ), and W/Cu FGMs can combine incompatible functions of heat resistance and toughness in structural uses. In functional uses, the graded C/C composite for the heat receiver, the Ir/W/Ta emitter electrode for the thermionic converter, and one step formation of a graded thermoelectric conversion unit of SiGe with electrodes are developed using HIP. These recent developments of FGMs by HIP are reviewed.
The designing of threads for high-pressure equipment is described. We have formulated a computer program for the stress calculation at the first thread root based on the guidelines for high-pressure equipment proposed by the High Pressure Gas Safety Institution of Japan. A versatile method for lubrication to avoid seizure and scratching the threads is explained.
Characteristics ya aina mbalimbali ya almasi ni muhtasari na uteuzi wa almasi kwa ajili ya diamond anvil seli (DAC) ni kujadiliwa. Kioo cha almasi na mkazo mdogo wa ndani na kasoro chache za kioo lazima zichaguliwe kwa kuzalisha shinikizo la juu sana. Uchaguzi wa almasi pia unategemea mambo mengine, kama vile haja ya uwazi katika ultraviolet au infrared kwa ajili ya masomo ya macho au haja ya mwangaza wa chini kwa ajili ya masomo ya Raman. Aina ya 2 ya almasi ya synthetic ni bora kwa ajili ya ambles almasi, kwa sababu ina ubora wa juu wa kioo, uwazi wa juu na mwangaza wa chini. Mbinu za msingi za polycrystalline x-ray diffraction kipimo katika shinikizo la juu kwa kutumia almasi anvil kiini ni ilivyoelezwa. Kwa mfano, kuna njia kadhaa za kawaida za kuunganisha sampuli katika DAC, na pia kuna maelezo ya kina ya diffractometer ya X-ray ya maabara kwa ajili ya utafiti wa shinikizo la juu na utendaji wake, na kwa ufupi kuanzisha mbinu ya diffraction ya X-ray ya shinikizo la juu. Diamond Anvil ni mviringo katika eneo pana la urefu wa wimbi, ikiwa ni pamoja na maeneo ya kuonekana, karibu na infrared, na infrared, na ni chombo chenye nguvu zaidi cha kuchunguza mali ya macho ya vifaa katika shinikizo la juu zaidi ya 100GPa. Raman scattering na infrared absorption vipimo na DACs na mbinu kadhaa muhimu kwa ajili ya kuzalisha ubora wa juu na kuaminika high- shinikizo spectra ni kukaguliwa katika makala hii. Mbinu za uzalishaji wa joto la juu zinazotumiwa katika seli za anvil za almasi na matumizi yao zinakaguliwa. Configurations ya joto ndani, joto nje na joto laser ni ilivyoelezwa kama mbinu ya kawaida. Optics required katika mfumo wa kupokanzwa laser na maendeleo ya hivi karibuni katika ubora wa kupokanzwa ni kuletwa kwa undani. Upimaji na calibration ya joto, na shinikizo tofauti katika joto la juu ni kujadiliwa kwa kila mbinu ya kutambua majaribio imara. Katika makala hii, diamond anvil mfumo wa seli kwa ajili ya masomo ya macho katika shinikizo variable na katika joto la chini ni ilivyoelezwa. Remote kudhibiti pneumatic dereva kitengo, ambayo inajumuisha jozi ya coaxial bellows, kazi na gesi helium. Utaratibu wa kupima photoreflectivity (PR) na photoluminescence (TRL) kwa kutumia seli ya diamond ni muhimu. Mfano wa matumizi ya PR na TRPL katika III-V semiconductor alloys chini ya shinikizo la juu ni kuonyeshwa. Katika makala hii, sisi ni kuelezea maendeleo yetu ya miaka 10 na utafiti kwa ajili ya kugundua superconductivity chini ya shinikizo la juu katika DAC. Pamoja na maendeleo ya teknolojia ya DAC ya kuzalisha shinikizo la juu juu ya 100GPa, utafiti wa superconductivity na metalisation ya molekuli ya madini ya madini ya madini ya madini ya madini ya madini ya madini ya madini ya madini ya madini ya madini ya madini ya madini ya madini. Njia ya kuunda hali ya joto la chini na shinikizo la juu ambalo ni muhimu kwa utafiti wa superconducting inaelezwa kwa undani. HIP ni chombo cha nguvu cha kutengeneza vifaa vya kazi (FGM) kutokana na matibabu ya joto chini ya shinikizo la gesi isostatic. PSZ, TiAI, na WFG inaweza kuchanganya kazi zisizo na usawa wa joto na nguvu katika matumizi ya muundo. Katika matumizi ya kazi, C-C composite kwa ajili ya receiver joto, IrW-Ta emitter electrode kwa ajili ya thermionic converter, na hatua moja ya kuunda ya grades ya thermoelectric kubadilisha kitengo cha SiGe na electrodes ni maendeleo kwa kutumia HIP. Maendeleo haya ya hivi karibuni ya FGM na HIP yanachunguzwa. Ubunifu wa nyuzi kwa ajili ya vifaa vya shinikizo la juu ni ilivyoelezwa. Programu ya kompyuta ya kuhesabu shinikizo kwenye mzizi wa thread ya kwanza imewekwa kwa kuzingatia miongozo ya vifaa vya shinikizo la juu iliyopendekezwa na Taasisi ya Usalama wa Gesi ya Shinikizo la Juu ya Japan. Njia ya versatile kwa ajili ya lubrication ili kuepuka kukamata na scratching nyuzi ni kuelezwa.