In East Africa (including Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania) the first warning alert for RVF outbreaks was issued in September 2006 (Week 38, 2006) and the first index Tofacitinib baldness human case in Kenya was reported in mid-December 2006 (Week 49, 2006), whereas in Tanzania the first index case was reported at the end of January/early February 2007 (Week 4, 2007). For Sudan, the first early warning alert was issued in early June 2007 (Week 25, 2007) and the first index human case was identified in early October (Week 41, 2007). For Southern Africa and Madagascar the first early alert was issued in early December 2007 with the first human case identified in South Africa in February 2008.
Overall these results indicate that there was a 2�C>4-month period before the first recognized human case during which preventive and control measures could be undertaken to mitigate disease transmission, with the largest lead times for East Africa and Sudan. The long lead time in Sudan might reflect the less efficient surveillance in that region. Figure 4. Comparison between the timing of the first Rift Valley fever (RVF) early warning alert and the first reported human case of RVF based on epidemiological reports for (A) Kenya, (B) Tanzania, and (C) Sudan. In this case there is a 2�C4 month time … Using forecasting information to mitigate RVF impacts during the pre-outbreak period. In East Africa, especially in Kenya and Tanzania, the national governments in collaboration with international partners including WHO, FAO, and CDC created response task forces to deal with the outbreak situation.
This was enabled in the first phase by the U.S. Department of Defense �C Global Emerging Infections System (DoD-GEIS) Unit of the U.S. Army Medical Research Unit in Nairobi Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute and CDC teams in Kenya, which rapidly deployed vector surveillance teams in suspect areas to gauge the extent of virus circulation in mosquito vector populations. Subsequent response and mitigation efforts in at risk areas included: initiation of enhanced surveillance activities, imposition of animal movement restrictions/quarantines, distribution of mosquito nets, dissemination of public information to mobilize social and cultural activities directed at reducing human contact with infected animal products and mosquito vectors, implementation of specific domestic animal vaccination, and mosquito control programs.
Table 1 shows a summary of reported human cases and mortality. Table 1 Summary of estimated reported number of human cases, and reported deaths during the 2006�C2008 Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreak period Overall, for East Africa the early warning information provided in 2006 enabled country preparedness and early detection and response activities to be undertaken Anacetrapib ~2 months earlier compared with the previous epidemic/epizootic of 1997�C1998.
Katika Afrika Mashariki (ikiwemo Kenya, Somalia na Tanzania) onyo la kwanza la onyo la mlipuko wa RCV lilitolewa mnamo Septemba 2006 (Wiki ya 38) na kesi ya kwanza ya tofacetine (tofacetine) ya mtu katika Kenya iliripotiwa katikati ya Desemba 2006 (Wiki ya 49), wakati nchini Tanzania kesi ya kwanza iliripotiwa mwishoni mwa Januari 2007 na mwanzoni mwa Februari 2007. Kwa Sudan, onyo la kwanza la onyo la mapema lilitolewa mwanzoni mwa Juni 2007 (juma la 25), na kesi ya kwanza ya binadamu iligunduliwa mwanzoni mwa Oktoba (juma la 41). Kwa Afrika Kusini na Madagaska, tahadhari ya kwanza ya mapema ilitolewa mwanzoni mwa Desemba 2007 na kesi ya kwanza ya binadamu iligunduliwa nchini Afrika Kusini Februari 2008. Kwa ujumla, matokeo haya yanaonyesha kuwa kulikuwa na kipindi cha miezi 2 kabla ya kesi ya kwanza ya binadamu iliyotambuliwa ambayo hatua za kuzuia na kudhibiti zingeweza kuchukuliwa ili kupunguza maambukizi ya ugonjwa, na wakati mkubwa zaidi wa kuongoza kwa Afrika Mashariki na Sudan. Muda mrefu wa kuongoza katika Sudan inaweza kutafakari ufuatiliaji chini ya ufanisi katika mkoa huo. Picha ya 4. Ulinganisho kati ya wakati wa onyo la mapema la homa ya Rift Valley (RVF) na kesi ya kwanza ya binadamu ya RVF kulingana na ripoti za magonjwa ya kuambukiza kwa (A) Kenya, (B) Tanzania, na (C) Sudan. Katika hali hii kuna muda wa miezi 2 C4... Kutumia habari ya utabiri ili kupunguza athari za RVF wakati wa kipindi cha kabla ya mlipuko. Katika Afrika Mashariki, hasa Kenya na Tanzania, serikali za kitaifa kwa kushirikiana na washirika wa kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na WHO, FAO, na CDC ziliunda vikosi vya kazi vya majibu ili kukabiliana na hali ya kuzuka. Utafiti huo ulifanywa na Idara ya Ulinzi ya Marekani (DoD) ya mfumo wa maambukizi ya kimataifa (GIS) ya Idara ya Utafiti wa Matibabu ya Jeshi la Marekani huko Nairobi, Kenya, na timu za CDC nchini Kenya, ambazo zilipeleka timu za uchunguzi wa vektor katika maeneo ya mashaka ili kupima kiwango cha mzunguko wa virusi katika idadi ya mbu. "Jitihada za baadaye za kukabiliana na kupunguza hatari katika maeneo ya hatari ni pamoja na: kuanzisha shughuli za ufuatiliaji ulioimarishwa, kuweka vizuizi vya usafiri wa wanyama, usambazaji wa mitandao ya mbu, kueneza habari ya umma ili kuhamasisha shughuli za kijamii na kitamaduni zilizoelekezwa kupunguza mawasiliano ya binadamu na bidhaa za wanyama walioambukizwa na vektor za mbu, utekelezaji wa chanjo maalum ya wanyama wa nyumbani na programu za udhibiti wa mbu. """ Jedwali 1 linaonyesha muhtasari wa kesi za binadamu zilizoripotiwa na vifo. Kwa ujumla, kwa ajili ya Afrika Mashariki, taarifa za onyo la mapema zilizotolewa mnamo 2006 ziliwezesha maandalizi ya nchi na shughuli za kugundua mapema na majibu ya haraka kutekelezwa mapema miezi miwili ikilinganishwa na janga la awali la 1997-1998 la CVD.