A tomb, according to Britannica’s entry, is “a home or house for the dead.” Here are 21 tombs (or sites of many individual tombs) from around the world that show the varied ways that different cultures at different times have housed and honored their dead.
Earlier versions of the descriptions of these tombs first appeared in 1001 Amazing Places You Must See Before You Die, edited by Richard Cavendish (2016). Writers’ names appear in parentheses.
Tomb of Kazanlak (Kazanlak, Bulgaria)
Dating from the 4th century BCE, this ancient tomb is probably that of an important chieftain of the Odrysae—a tribe that occupied the southern part of the ancient Thracian territory in what is now central Bulgaria—and it is located only 5 miles (8 km) from the Thracian capital of Seuthopolis. The site was discovered by chance and was not excavated until 1944. The tomb is a tholos—also known as a beehive tomb because of its resemblance to a traditional tapered dome beehive—and it is likely to have been inspired by the earlier Mycenean tholos tombs on the Greek mainland, of which the so-called Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae itself is the best-known example.
This Thracian tomb is on a much smaller scale, however, with the main burial chamber only 10.5 feet (3.2 meters) high, compared with the Treasury of Atreus, which reaches 42.6 feet (13 meters) at its highest point. As with the other Thracian tholoi in the area, this well-preserved tomb is divided into three main areas—an antechamber, a main burial chamber, and a corridor connecting the two—but it is unique for the incredibly detailed murals that cover the walls of all three sections, depicting geometric patterns, battles, prancing horses, and a touching farewell banquet for a dead man and his wife. As well as their beauty, these murals are celebrated for their near-pristine condition, and they are regarded as some of the best-preserved artworks from the Hellenistic world.
Such is the importance of the treasured murals that the entire tomb is housed within a protective enclosure with entry restricted to those who can show a specific need to study the murals themselves. Most visitors experience the tomb through an exact replica constructed nearby. The tomb was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979. (Andrew Smith)
Mausoleum of the first Qin emperor (Xi’an, China)
The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang (c. 259–210 BCE), unified China into a single political entity. He standardized scripts, weights, measures, and coins throughout the territory, and roads, fortifications, and major defensive walls were built during his reign. However, the most impressive architectural project that the emperor ordered was his own extensive burial complex. The tombs of Chinese emperors and high officials were designed to replicate their life on earth. Everyday utensils, bronzes representing ancestors, musical instruments, wives, courtesans, and members of the court were often buried with the deceased to ensure a safe passage.
According to the records of the 2nd-century-BCE historian Sima Qian, the mausoleum is a miniature representation of the universe. The 8,000 life-size soldiers (sometimes accompanied by horses) of the famous terra-cotta army were modeled on human figures and are holding real swords and spears in order to guard the emperor’s necropolis. Each soldier has been given a unique facial expression, creating a realistic impression of individuality. To make them appear even more authentic, weapons, clothes, and hairstyles vary from one soldier to the next. This vast terra-cotta army testifies to the absolute power and great ambitions of the first emperor of China. (Sandrine Josefsada)
Ming tombs (Beijing, China)
In 1402 Zhu Di (also known by the imperial name of Yongle) seized the Chinese throne from his nephew Zhu Yunwen. In doing so, he became the third Ming emperor, and he moved the capital from Nanjing to his own city, Beijing. When his wife Empress Xu died in 1407, Zhu Di sent a diviner to find a suitable location for an imperial burial ground. The chosen area was good for both scenery and military defense, as it was surrounded on three sides by mountains. Construction began in 1409, and 13 of the 16 Ming emperors were eventually buried there, the last tomb dating from 1644.
The site of the tombs covers 15 square miles (40 square km). Although there is variation in the scale and grandeur of the tombs, all follow the same basic layout. Each mausoleum is surrounded by a wall and entered through the Gate of Prominent Favor. This leads to the Hall of Prominent Favor used for the offering of sacrifices and worship by the deceased emperor’s descendants. The halls are generally made of nanmu wood, which was favored in the Ming era. Behind the hall is the walled burial mound for the emperor and empress, and in front of this is the Soul Tower. This small building holds a stela bearing the emperor’s posthumous title. Surrounding the complex were the quarters of the officials who were in charge of offerings. Bricks used in the construction weighed about 55 pounds (25 kg) and had the word shou (longevity) imprinted. The scale of the tombs varied partly according to whether they were built by the emperor himself or by his descendants.
The tombs are approached by a long sacred way lined with statues of animals and officials. Today only a few of the tombs are open; of these, Zhu Di’s tomb is the most impressive. (Mark Andrews)
Mausoleum of Sun Yat-sen (Nanjing, China)
Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) is today regarded as the father of modern China. An anti-monarchist, he spent many of his earlier years in exile after a failed republican uprising in 1895. In 1911 Sun declared China a republic. When he died in 1925, the embryonic republic was still far from stable, the new government having only limited control over the country at large.
Sun requested to be buried in Nanjing—the city in which he first proclaimed the republic—but he probably did not have in mind the grandeur of the mausoleum built in his honor and completed in 1929. More than 40 designs were submitted for the site on Purple Mountain. The selected design by Lu Yanzhi was a modern interpretation of ancient classical Chinese tomb design.
Looking like a bell from the air, the design and scale are similar to the tombs of the emperors. A marble memorial archway marks the beginning of the site, which is laid out on a north-south axis. Beyond a path lined with pine and cypress trees, there is a formal three-arched entrance with copper doors. Behind this is a marble pavilion in which there is a 30-foot- (9-meter-) high stela. From here a steep staircase leads up the mountain to the large memorial hall, which contains a marble seated statue of Sun with the flag of the republic tiled on the ceiling. To the north is a circular chamber containing the recessed marble sarcophagus complete with a prostrate statue of Sun on the top. (Mark Andrews)
Kom el-Shoqafa catacombs (Alexandria, Egypt)
Alexandria was founded by and named in honor of Alexander the Great, who conquered Egypt in the 4th century BCE. The city became the cultural capital of the Greco-Roman world in the eastern Mediterranean, famed for its magnificent library and its lighthouse (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World), although neither has survived.
One day in 1900, a man was riding his donkey when the animal stumbled in a hole in the path. This accident led to the rediscovery of a labyrinth of catacombs, which might have begun as a private family tomb but developed into the biggest Greco-Roman necropolis in the country.
The complex was excavated to a depth of about 115 feet (35 meters), with three levels of rooms and tunnels. Bodies were lowered down a shaft, which was encircled by a spiral staircase for visitors, into a passage. This led to a domed central rotunda and a banqueting hall where relatives feasted in memory of, and in close proximity to, their dead. It was thought unlucky to take the dishes away, so they were smashed in situ—hence the name of the catacombs, which means “Mounds of Shards.” Some corpses were buried in niches, and there were also urns containing the ashes of cremated bodies.
The catacomb decorations are an unusual blend of ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman motifs and themes. The Egyptian god Anubis, for instance, who was linked with rituals for the dead, is shown as a Roman legionary in armor, whereas giant serpents and Medusa heads create an almost cinematic atmosphere. Part of the complex was dedicated to the Greek goddess Nemesis. (Richard Cavendish)
Tutankhamen’s tomb (near Luxor, Egypt)
The Valley of the Kings in the desert to the west of Luxor was the burying place of the pharaohs of the New Kingdom period, from the 16th century BCE, who made Egypt the heart of an empire and the most powerful country in the ancient world. The graves were plundered by tomb robbers, but in 1922 the English archeologist Howard Carter discovered a tomb that was still almost intact and contained astonishing treasures of Egyptian art and craftsmanship. Carter and his financial backer, the 5th earl of Carnarvon, were the first after thousands of years to enter the grave of the young king Tutankhamen. The world’s media made much of the event with the notion that a fatal curse would destroy everyone involved.
The discovery made Tutankhamen the most famous of the pharaohs, even though he had died after a reign of only a few years. His fame stems from the fact that his tomb was found intact with its magnificent tomb treasures, rather than from the historical relevance of his reign. Tutankhamen became king at the age of nine, and political decisions would have been largely taken by advisers such as the vizier Ay, who became his successor. The treasures continue to draw huge and fascinated crowds every time they are put on show. They include the king’s golden coffin and golden mask, his carved throne, model ships, jewelry, lamps, jars, chariots, boomerangs, and bows and arrows. There were vivid painted scenes on the tomb walls and even long-wilted bunches of flowers left with his corpse.
For years it was suggested that Tutankhamen had been murdered, but a thorough reexamination of his mummy in 2005 did not support the idea; it suggested that his leg was so badly broken that it caused a fatal infection. More than 60 other tombs in the Valley of the Kings have been excavated. (Richard Cavendish)
Napoleon’s tomb (Paris, France)
The grandeur of the tomb of Napoléon Bonaparte at Les Invalides accords well with his imperial ambitions. The posthumous journey of his remains to their final resting place was a tortuous one, however, and his tomb was completed 40 years after his death. Napoleon died in exile on the island of St. Helena in 1821, six years after his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. He was buried on the island because the memories of his campaigns remained fresh for the British and for the new regime in France. Permission to return his remains to France was not granted until 1840, when his body was shipped back to Paris and given a state funeral. It was then placed in a temporary tomb until Louis Visconti designed his elaborate monument in the Dôme des Invalides. This was not the site that Napoleon had wanted, but Les Invalides had been built as a home for war veterans, and the church was certainly grand enough for an emperor.
Visconti’s dramatic concept was to build a crypt without a roof so that spectators could gaze down at the pillared chamber from ground level. Like a latter-day pharaoh, Napoleon’s body was placed in seven coffins, one fitting inside the next. The outermost sarcophagus is made of red porphyry, resting on a base of green granite. Encircling this, the names of his principal battles are inscribed within a laurel crown. Similarly, the 12 statues set against the columns symbolize his major campaigns. Several members of Napoleon’s family, including his son, are also in this chamber, together with some of France’s most distinguished military leaders. (Iain Zaczek)
Macedonian royal tombs (Verghina, Greece)
The small farming village of Verghina in northern Greece is at first glance largely unremarkable, but it is just outside here, in the foothills of the Vérmio Mountains, that an amazing archeological find was made in 1977.
The area surrounding Verghina was the site of the ancient royal capital city of Macedon, Aigai, and had been inhabited since the Bronze Age. It flourished for centuries and became the seat of the wealthy Macedonian kings. In 1977 the Greek archeologist Manolis Andronicos discovered a number of tombs and, in particular, an impressive tumulus he believed to contain the remains of the great Macedonian king Philip II, father of Alexander the Great. Within the two-chambered tomb was a golden chest bearing the emblem of the Macedonian royal family and containing the skeleton of a man. In the adjacent chamber were the remains of a woman in a similar chest. Further excavations revealed another tomb of similar state thought to be that of Alexander IV, Alexander the Great’s son. Researchers who have dated the first tomb to 317 BCE, however, have raised some doubt of Andronicos’s identification of Philip II, and the remains may instead be those of Philip III, the illegitimate son of Philip II.
Despite the controversy, nothing can detract from the enormous importance of this find, added to which the tomb contains numerous artifacts and exquisite wall paintings in brilliant colors that shed light on Greek painting techniques.
The excavations at this site, and the continued finds in the area, are some of the most important of modern times. The tombs were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996. (Tamsin Pickeral)
Early Christian necropolis (Pécs, Hungary)
In the 4th century, Pécs was a Roman town known as Sopianae, whose inhabitants buried their dead in a nearby cemetery, or necropolis. Today this ancient Christian burial site is a popular tourist attraction and is protected by UNESCO as part of its World Heritage List. The tombs themselves are in underground chambers; on the ground above these chambers, some memorials to the dead still remain.
By the 4th century, Christians were, by and large, no longer persecuted by Rome. The emperor Constantine I had converted to Christianity, and the Edict of Milan led to toleration of this new religion. Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, and Sopianae became one of the most important centers in the early Christian world.
For many centuries the ancient tombs of modern-day Pécs lay undisturbed; this was to change with the arrival of archeologists in the 18th century, and the work they began has continued to the present day. Hundreds of tombs have been found, as well as a number of burial chambers. The necropolis is remarkably well preserved, its tombs still resplendent with murals that depict biblical stories, scenes from everyday life, and images of Christian rituals. They are a rich source of information about the earliest days of Christianity. Many of the tombs lie beneath the stunning cathedral basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, parts of which date to the 11th century. This elegant, ornate church with its four tapering steeples continues the tradition of a Christian place of worship on this site—a site that also exhibits signs of human occupation stretching back several millennia before the birth of Christ. (Lucinda Hawksley)
Quṭb Shāhī tombs (near Golconda, India)
Golconda was a famous fort and commercial center in the 13th and 14th centuries—it was described as a flourishing city by Marco Polo in 1292—but it was only with the emergence of the Quṭb Shāhī rulers in the 16th century that it became a dynastic capital.
The royal tombs are located in a landscaped garden to the northwest of the fort, and the entire dynasty was buried here, apart from two members who died in exile. The construction of each tomb was personally supervised by the sultan during his lifetime. The style of Islamic funerary architecture is distinctive: each tomb has an onion-shaped dome resting on a cube with decorated minarets at the corners, surrounded by a richly ornamented arcade. Many of the larger tombs are two stories high. Built of local granite and plaster, they stand on a raised platform reached by flights of steps and were originally faced in enamel or glazed green and turquoise tiles that were inscribed with verses from the Qurʾān.
The most spectacular tomb, standing more than 180 feet (55 meters) high, including its 60-foot- (18-meter-) high dome, belongs to Muḥammad Qulī Quṭb Shah, the founder of Hyderabad. The tombs once contained interior decorations including carpets, chandeliers, and velvet canopies on silver poles. Golden spires were fitted on the sarcophagi of the sultans to distinguish them from those of other less important members of the royal family. During the Quṭb Shāhī period, the numerous royal tombs were held in such great veneration that criminals who took refuge here were automatically granted pardon. (Lesley Levene)
Naqsh-e Rostam (near Shīrāz, Iran)
The enigmatic tombs and rock-cut reliefs at Naqsh-e Rostam derive their modern Persian name from medieval tales of the Persian hero Rostam. When Arab armies brought Islam to Persia in the 7th century, many pagan monuments were destroyed. Later, Persian scholars surmised that the reliefs represented the Islamic hero Rostam and preserved them.
It is now known that the reliefs that surround the rock-cut tombs in the sheer cliff face represent the first and final stages of this monument to kingship. A partially destroyed image of a figure in the left side of the cliff depicts an Elamite priest-king. The Elamites controlled a powerful early state based around southwestern Iran during the late 2nd millennium BCE. The second phase of the monument provides the basic structure around which later Sasanian elements developed. The growth of the powerful Achaemenian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, led his successor Darius I to build his fabulous palace at Persepolis. On discovering the towering cliff etched with ancient memorials dedicated to kingship only a few miles north of his new palace, Darius had four burial tombs carved there. The Achaemenid kings held the prophet Zoroaster in high regard. Sometime during the dynasty, a curious cubic structure was built at the base of the cliff, later linked to Zoroaster. Its purpose is still unknown.
The expansion of the later Persian-speaking Zoroastrian Sasanian dynasty led to expansion of the site. Seven rock-cut reliefs depict rulers of the dynasty receiving their royal insignia from Ahura Mazdā, the Zoroastrian herald of good. The earliest investiture scene of Ardashīr I also contains the first recorded use of the name “Iran.” With the overthrow of the Persian Sasanian state by the Arab armies of Islam, understanding of the iconography of this magnificent site passed into folklore. (Iain Shearer)
Grave of W.B. Yeats (Drumcliff, Ireland)
William Butler Yeats (1865–1939) is one of Ireland’s greatest poets, and admirers of his work continue to flock to his final resting place. This is situated in the tiny village of Drumcliff, in County Sligo. The spot was chosen by Yeats himself. In one of his last poems, “Under Ben Bulben,” he described his grave, specifying that the headstone should be made of local limestone, rather than marble, and ending with his famously enigmatic epitaph, “Cast a cold Eye / On Life, on Death. / Horseman, pass by!”
Yeats had two reasons for choosing to be buried in Drumcliff. On a personal note, one of his ancestors—John Yeats—had been rector there. More important, though, the churchyard lay at the foot of Ben Bulben, an imposing mountain. Throughout his life, the poet had been fascinated by ancient Irish legends, referring to them frequently in his verses, and nowhere in Ireland had more romantic associations for him than Ben Bulben.
Yeats may have got the tomb that he wanted, but he was unable to exert the same control over his physical remains. He died in the south of France, in January 1939, and was buried in the pretty village of Roquebrune. Yeats left instructions that his body should be transferred to Drumcliff after a year, to minimize the fuss at his funeral. However, his plans were derailed by the outbreak of World War II, and his relatives began the process of repatriation only in 1948. Then, to their horror, they found that the poet’s grave had been cleared. In keeping with French practice, the skull was separated from the skeleton, and the bones were placed in an ossuary. The body was retrieved, but periodically there are rumors that the wrong bones were shipped back. (Iain Zaczek)
Newgrange (Drogheda, Ireland)
The identity of the people who built the finest European grave of its kind in the Stone Age is uncertain. They certainly preceded the Celts, who did not arrive in Ireland until long afterward. The huge mound of stones in the Boyne Valley, some 260 feet (80 meters) in diameter and 40 feet (12 meters) high, was later surrounded by a ring of 35 or more standing stones, of which 12 are still in place. Complicated spirals, zigzags, and other patterns are cut into the stones. Their significance is another mystery, but one theory is that they were connected with the recording of astronomical events, such as the apparent movement of the Sun and the phases of the Moon, that were important to a society that depended on agriculture and needed an efficient calendar.
From the entrance on the south side, a narrow passage, 60 feet (19 meters) long and faced with massive slabs, some of them also incised with complex patterns, leads into a small chamber at the heart of the grave. Here, presumably, the bodies of important people, possibly the local priest-kings, were interred. In midwinter, between December 19 and 23, about the winter solstice, the rising sun shines for a few minutes along the passage and into the burial chamber deep inside.
The grave was afterward called the Palace of Oengus, son of the Dagda, the chief god of pre-Christian Ireland. The Vikings raided the monument in the 860s. Since then it has remained brooding and mysterious, along with the many other prehistoric monuments close by. (Richard Cavendish)
Christian catacombs (Rome, Italy)
From the 1st century, Christians were often buried in the manner of Jews living in Roman territories—in graves hewn from rock reminiscent of the rock graves of Palestine. These cemeteries were outside Rome’s walls because it was against Roman law to bury the dead within the walls. This is how St. Peter came to be buried in common ground, the great public necropolis on Vatican Hill, and St. Paul in a necropolis along the Via Ostiense.
In the 2nd century, Roman Christians continued this technique and inherited the common underground burial spaces. The belief that their physical bodies would one day be resurrected, and so could not be cremated in accordance with Roman practice, caused a space problem, since aboveground cemeteries were scarce and expensive. The solution was to excavate a vast network of galleries, rooms, and interconnecting stairways, with thousands of narrow graves carved into the walls, covering hundreds of miles of corridors. The graves of martyrs were focal points around which Christians wanted to be buried, but it is fiction that the catacombs were secret places for Christians to meet and live during times of persecution. The lack of light and air and, indeed, the thousands of decaying bodies would have made this impossible. The catacombs continued in use until 410, when the Goths laid siege to Rome. In addition, Christianity became the state religion under Constantine I in 380, making more conventional means of burial possible.
Over the centuries, the precious relics of the martyrs were transferred from the catacombs to Rome’s churches, so that eventually even the sacred memory of the catacombs was forgotten. In 1578 a catacomb was discovered by accident, and since then much research and archeological work has been done to recover this invaluable piece of history. (Robin Elam Musumeci)
Medici tombs (Florence, Italy)
For more than three centuries, the Medici were one of the most powerful families in Italy. They made their fortune from banking and became the ruling family of Florence. The Medici supported many of the key figures of the Renaissance, including Donatello and Michelangelo, both of whom worked on the family’s ornate tombs.
Commissioned by Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici, the founder of the banking empire on which the family constructed their political influence, the tombs are located in Florence in the Basilica di San Lorenzo, which was built starting in 1421 according to designs by Filippo Brunelleschi. The Old Sacristy was built between 1421 and 1440. Donatello, who is buried in the basilica, added decorative details to the structure. Three Medici are memorialized there, including Giovanni di Bicci. The New Sacristy, which was begun in 1520 by Michelangelo, honors four Medici. The Chapel of the Princes was begun in 1604; it houses monuments to the first six Medici grand dukes of Tuscany. The tombs of almost 50 lesser members of the family can be found in the church’s crypt. The first of the many members of the family to rule Florence, Cosimo, is buried in front of the high altar.
The Medici tombs display the wealth and influence of an illustrious and powerful family that provided three popes as well as members of the English and French royal families. Perhaps their greatest achievement, however, lay in their patronage of the arts. As such, the Medici tombs include work by many of the world’s greatest artists. (Jacob Field)
Tomb of St. Anthony (Padua, Italy)
St. Anthony, the patron saint of Padua, was born in Lisbon, Portugal. He joined the Franciscan order in 1220 and devoted his time to helping the poor, becoming a great preacher, and fighting heretics. Many miracles have been attributed to him. He died in 1231, when he was in his 30s. His tomb, in the church of Santa Maria Mater Domini in Padua, immediately became a place of pilgrimage.
So many pilgrims arrived that a magnificent basilica was erected. The saint’s body was moved there some 30 years after his death. When his tomb was opened, his tongue was found miraculously intact, and it is now displayed inside this church, in the Chapel of the Relics, a few steps away from the monumental Chapel of St. Anthony. The latter chapel, which dates to the 16th century and is probably the work of Tullio Lombardo, contains a stunning altar, the tomb of the saint, and high reliefs that evoke scenes from St. Anthony’s life.
The tomb of St. Anthony remains one of the most important pilgrimage destinations in Italy. Every year on June 13, Padua holds memorial celebrations and processions. The Basilica of St. Anthony is also the location of works by several great artists, including the sculptor Donatello, whose equestrian statue Gattamelata (1447) stands in the church’s square. (Monica Corteletti)
Tomb of Muḥammad I Askia (Gao, Mali)
The area alongside the Niger River south of the Sahara Desert was ruled in medieval times by the empire of Mali. Flourishing mainly on trade in gold and Saharan salt, the empire stretched from Nigeria to Senegal. The area—whose chief commercial centers were at Timbuktu and Djenné—adopted Islam and became a center of Muslim scholarship. Meanwhile, the Songhai people established their city-state of Gao on the Niger in the east of the region. In the 15th century they superseded the Mali empire, dominated Timbuktu, and conquered the Sahel—the “shore” along the border of the Sahara.
The first Songhai emperor, Muḥammad I Askia, went on pilgrimage to Mecca in 1495 and brought back with him the earth and wood needed to build his tomb; this was said to have taken thousands of camels to carry. It stands more than 50 feet (17 meters) high, roughly pyramidal in shape, with numerous wooden poles protruding from it. It is the region’s biggest precolonial architectural structure. Some of the emperor’s successors are buried in the courtyard. The complex includes two mosques, a cemetery, and an assembly ground. The Songhai empire lasted almost another century after Muḥammad’s time but was eventually laid low by Judar Pasha.
In 2004 the tomb was chosen as a UNESCO World Heritage site, as it reflects the way local building traditions, in response to Islamic needs, absorbed influences from North Africa to create a unique architectural style across the West African Sahel. The tomb, as is necessary for the maintenance of mud buildings, has been replastered regularly since it was built. The mosques were enlarged in the 1960s and 1970s, and a wall was built around the site in 1999. (Richard Cavendish)
Tomb of Jahāngīr (near Lahore, Pakistan)
In a suburb of Lahore is the grand tomb of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr (1569–1627), an outstanding piece of architecture that effectively illustrates the power, wealth, and prestige of the Mughal dynasty. It was commissioned by Jahāngīr’s son, Shah Jahān, to commemorate the momentous life of his father.
By the age of 30 Jahāngīr had already staged a revolt against his father, and by 36 he had superseded his father on the throne. At the start of his reign he was popular among his people, but only a year later he was forced to fend off his son’s claim to the throne. After defending himself successfully, Jahāngīr decided to imprison his son and later blind him. However, several years later he became conscience-stricken and employed the best physicians to repair his son’s eyesight. Jahāngīr is also remembered for having married 12 times, for being an alcoholic, and for losing his grip on the throne. It therefore seems fitting that an extravagant and theatrical mausoleum commemorates him.
The mausoleum is situated within an attractive garden surrounded by high walls. These walls are decorated with delicate patterning and interspersed with four enormous 98-foot- (30-meter-) high minarets and two massive entry gates made of stone and masonry. The exterior of the tomb is enhanced with a stunning mosaic built on a flower pattern and with Qurʾānic verses, whereas the interior of the mausoleum contains a white marble sarcophagus, the sides of which are intricately bedecked with more mosaics. (Katarina Horrox)
Grave of Robert Louis Stevenson (Mount Vaea, Samoa)
Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–94), the author of Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, was one of Scotland’s greatest writers. He was passionate about his native land but became equally attached to his final home on the other side of the globe. His grave in Samoa is a fitting tribute to his later achievements.
Stevenson left Britain for the last time in 1888, looking for a warmer climate to aid his frail constitution. He eventually settled with his wife on Upolu, the second largest of the Samoan islands, where they built a large home for themselves called Vailima (Five Waters). The author brought reminders from home—a tablecloth given by Queen Victoria, a sugar bowl that had belonged to Sir Walter Scott—but he also took a keen interest in his new environment. In later novels, such as The Ebb-Tide, he was highly critical about the damaging effects of European colonialism in the South Seas.
The locals grew equally fond of their Tusitala (teller of tales). When he died suddenly in December 1894, they carried him from his home to his burial site, near the summit of Mount Vaea. They subsequently built the “Road of the Loving Hearts” to facilitate access to this spot. The grave itself is in a picturesque location, overlooking the Pacific and Stevenson’s former home. It bears an inscription from one of his poems. His wife, Fanny, is also buried there. She left Samoa to spend her final years in the United States, but, after her death in 1914, her ashes were transferred to Upolu. On the tomb there is a bronze plaque with her Samoan name, Aolele. (Iain Zaczek)
Buganda royal tombs (Kasubi, Uganda)
Among the states in the territory from which the state of Uganda was created was Buganda, populated by the Bantu-speaking Ganda people and ruled by kabakas, or kings. Lying inland, south of the Sudan, it had little contact with outsiders until the middle of the 19th century. King Mutesa I built himself a palace on Kasubi Hill, outside Kampala, in 1881 and was buried there when he died three years later. He was the first of his line to be buried complete with his jawbone, which, in the traditional practice, was put in a separate shrine because it contained the spirit of the deceased.
Also buried on Kasubi Hill were three of Mutesa’s successors. Mwanga, whose legacy in Europe is his persecution of Christians in the 1880s and who was deposed but survived a civil war, died in exile. His son, Daudi Chwa II, ruled until 1939; his son, Mutesa II, in turn, was deposed twice, the second time in 1966, after Uganda had gained independence. Mutesa II died in London three years later, and his remains were brought back for burial on Kasubi Hill in 1971. Other royal family members lie buried behind the principal shrine, and there are houses for the remains of the kings’ widows.
The domed and thatched circular building, said to be the biggest African mausoleum of its kind, was built in the traditional Ganda style of reeds and bark cloth, supported on wooden poles and surrounded by reed fences, with a reed gateway. There is an area maintained for royal and spiritual ceremonies. The Kasubi tombs were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2001. (Richard Cavendish)
Imperial tombs at the Complex of Hué Monuments (near Hué, Vietnam)
The sites of Vietnam’s elaborate imperial tombs on the banks of the Perfume (Huong) River outside Hué fulfilled two functions: as a tomb and as a secondary royal palace where the emperor could entertain guests. Construction of a tomb therefore began during the reign of the emperor for whom it was intended, and it reflected his taste and personality. The tomb of Gia Long, who founded the Nguyen dynasty in 1802, is built in a simple yet magnificent style, whereas one of the most elaborate tombs is that of Tu Duc, which reflects his reputation for being decadent. During his reign the power of the monarchy declined because of increasing French domination, and toward the end of his rule he spent increasing amounts of time at the tomb. His body and treasure were buried not there but at a secret site. The tomb of Khai Dinh was largely built under French influence using concrete and lacks the harmony of earlier tombs.
The tombs and the Hué Citadel were made a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993 as part of the Complex of Hué Monuments. As monuments, they span an important period of history, including Vietnam’s loss of independence to the French in the mid-1800s, when the ruling dynasty became figureheads to colonial overlords. (Mark Andrews)
"Kutokana na ""Britannica"" ""kaburi"" ni ""nyumba au nyumba kwa ajili ya wafu"" na ""makaburi ya watu"" ni ""makaburi ya watu"" na ""makaburi ya watu"" ni ""makaburi ya watu"" na ""makaburi ya watu"" ni ""makaburi ya watu"" na ""makaburi ya watu"" ni ""makaburi ya watu.""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu cha ""1001 Amazing Places You Must See Before You Die"" cha Richard Cavendish." Majina ya waandishi yanaonekana katika mabano. Kaburi la Kazanlak (Kazanlak, Bulgaria) ni kaburi la kale la kiongozi wa kabila la Odrysae, ambalo lilikuwa sehemu ya kusini ya eneo la Thrace la kale katika eneo la sasa la Bulgaria ya kati. Eneo hilo liligunduliwa kwa bahati mbaya na halikuchimbuliwa hadi mwaka wa 1944. Kaburi hilo linaitwa Tholos, na linafanana na kaburi la nyuki, na linawezekana lilitokana na makaburi ya zamani ya Mycenae, ambayo yaitwa Hazina ya Atreus huko Mycenae. Kaburi la Thrace lilikuwa na urefu wa mita 10.5 tu, ikilinganishwa na Hazina ya Atreus, ambayo ina urefu wa mita 42.6 kwenye sehemu yake ya juu. Kama ilivyo na Thracian tholoi nyingine katika eneo hilo, kaburi hili limehifadhiwa vizuri imegawanywa katika maeneo matatu kuu - antechamber, chumba kikuu cha mazishi, na ukumbi unaounganisha hizo mbili - lakini ni ya kipekee kwa michoro ya ukuta iliyo na maelezo ya kushangaza ambayo hufunika kuta za sehemu zote tatu, ikionyesha mifumo ya kijiometri, vita, farasi wanaopiga mbio, na karamu ya kuaga ya mtu aliyekufa na mke wake. Picha hizo za ukutani zinajulikana kwa sababu ya hali yao ya hali ya juu, na zinaonwa kuwa baadhi ya kazi za sanaa zilizohifadhiwa vizuri zaidi kutoka katika ulimwengu wa Ugiriki. Kwa sababu ya umuhimu wa michoro hiyo ya ukutani, kaburi lote limefungwa ndani ya ua wenye ulinzi, na watu tu ndio wanaohitaji kuchunguza michoro hiyo. Wageni wengi huona kaburi hilo kupitia nakala halisi iliyojengwa karibu nalo. Kaburi hilo lilitangazwa kuwa eneo la urithi wa ulimwengu wa UNESCO mwaka 1979. Mausoleum ya Mfalme wa kwanza wa Qin (Xi'an, China) Mfalme wa kwanza wa China, Qin Shi Huang (c. 259-210 BC), aliunganisha China katika muundo mmoja wa kisiasa. Alirekebisha maandishi, uzito, vipimo, na sarafu katika eneo lote, na barabara, ngome, na kuta kubwa za ulinzi zilijengwa wakati wa utawala wake. Hata hivyo, mradi wenye kuvutia zaidi wa usanifu-ujenzi ambao maliki aliamuru ulikuwa jengo lake kubwa la makaburi. Makaburi ya maliki na maofisa wa juu wa China yalibuniwa ili kuiga maisha yao duniani. Vifaa vya kila siku, shaba za kuwakilisha mababu, ala za muziki, wake, wasichana, na washiriki wa makao ya mfalme mara nyingi zilizikwa pamoja na aliyekufa ili kuhakikisha kwamba angepita salama. Kulingana na rekodi za mwanahistoria wa karne ya pili KK, Sima Qian, makaburi hayo ni mfano mdogo wa ulimwengu. Wanajeshi 8,000 wa ukubwa wa kawaida (wakati mwingine wakiwa na farasi) wa jeshi maarufu la terra-cotta walifanyizwa kwa mifano ya wanadamu na wanavua panga na mikuki halisi ili kulinda makaburi ya maliki. Kila askari amepewa sura ya pekee, na hivyo kutoa hisia halisi ya kuwa mtu wa pekee. Ili waonekane kuwa wa kweli zaidi, silaha, mavazi, na mitindo ya nywele hutofautiana kutoka kwa askari mmoja hadi mwingine. Jeshi hilo kubwa la terra-cotta linathibitisha nguvu kamili na tamaa kubwa za maliki wa kwanza wa China. "Mwaka 1402 Zhu Di (aliyejulikana pia kwa jina la kifalme la Yongle) alichukua kiti cha enzi cha China kutoka kwa mpwa wake Zhu Yunwen.""" Kwa kufanya hivyo, akawa maliki wa tatu wa Ming, na akahamisha mji mkuu kutoka Nanjing hadi jiji lake mwenyewe, Beijing. Baada ya kifo cha mkewe, Malkia Xu, Zhu Di alimtuma mchawi mmoja ili amchunguze mahali pa kuzikia. Eneo lililochaguliwa lilikuwa zuri kwa mandhari na ulinzi wa kijeshi, kwa kuwa lilizungukwa na milima pande tatu. Jumba hilo lilijengwa mwaka 1409 na kuzikwa na maliki 13 kati ya 16 wa utawala wa Ming. Eneo la makaburi hayo lina ukubwa wa kilometa 40 za mraba. Ingawa kuna tofauti katika ukubwa na ukuu wa makaburi hayo, yote hufuata mpangilio uleule wa msingi. Kila makaburi huzungukwa na ukuta na huingiliwa kupitia Lango la Neema Kuu. Hii inaongoza kwenye Jumba la Favour maarufu kutumika kwa ajili ya kutoa dhabihu na ibada na wazao wa maliki marehemu. Kwa kawaida majumba hayo hutengenezwa kwa mbao ya nanmu, ambayo ilipendwa sana katika enzi ya Ming. Nyuma ya jumba hilo kuna kilima cha mazishi cha maliki na malkia, na mbele yake kuna Mnara wa Roho. Jengo hilo dogo lina jiwe la ukumbusho lenye jina la kifalme la maliki huyo baada ya kifo chake. Karibu na jengo hilo kulikuwa na makao ya maofisa waliokuwa na daraka la kutoa matoleo. "Kilimo cha matofali kilikuwa na uzito wa kilo 25 na kilikuwa na herufi ""Shou"" (umri mrefu)." Ukubwa wa makaburi hayo ulitofautiana kulingana na kama yalijengwa na maliki mwenyewe au na wazao wake. Makaburi hayo hufikishwa kupitia njia ndefu takatifu iliyofunikwa na sanamu za wanyama na maofisa. Leo ni makaburi machache tu yaliyo wazi; kati ya hayo, kaburi la Zhu Di ndilo lenye kuvutia zaidi. Mausoleum ya Sun Yat-sen (Nanjing, China) Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) leo inachukuliwa kama baba wa China ya kisasa. Alipokuwa akipinga utawala wa kifalme, alitumia miaka yake mingi ya mapema akiwa uhamishoni baada ya mapinduzi ya jamhuri yaliyoshindwa mwaka 1895. Mwaka 1911, Sun alitangaza kuwa China ni jamhuri. Alipokufa mwaka 1925, jamhuri hiyo ilikuwa bado haijakuwa imara, serikali mpya ilikuwa na udhibiti mdogo tu juu ya nchi nzima. Sun aliomba kuzikwa Nanjing, mji ambao alitangaza jamhuri kwa mara ya kwanza, lakini labda hakuwa na kumbukumbu ya ukuu wa makaburi yaliyojengwa kwa heshima yake na kukamilika mwaka 1929. Zaidi ya miundo 40 ilitolewa kwa ajili ya tovuti kwenye Mlima Purple. Muundo uliochaguliwa na Lu Yanzhi ulikuwa tafsiri ya kisasa ya muundo wa makaburi ya kale ya Kichina. Kwa kuonekana kama kengele kutoka angani, muundo na ukubwa wake unafanana na makaburi ya maliki. Mlango-bahari wa marumaru unaonyesha mwanzo wa eneo hilo, ambalo limewekwa kwenye mhimili wa kaskazini-kusini. Nyuma ya njia iliyofunikwa na miti ya misonobari na misonobari, kuna mlango rasmi wenye matao matatu na milango ya shaba. Nyuma yake kuna jumba la mawe lenye mwamba wenye urefu wa meta tisa. Kutoka hapa ngazi ya juu inaongoza juu ya mlima hadi ukumbi mkubwa wa ukumbusho, ambao una sanamu ya jua iliyoketi ya marumaru na bendera ya jamhuri iliyochongwa kwenye dari. Upande wa kaskazini kuna chumba chenye umbo la mviringo kilicho na kaburi la marumaru lililochimbwa na sanamu ya Jua iliyo juu yake. Makaburi ya Kom El-Shuqifah (Alexandria, Misri) ni mji wa kale wa Misri uliokaliwa na Mfalme Aleksanda Mkuu, ambaye aliishinda Misri katika karne ya 4 KK. Jiji hilo lilikuwa jiji kuu la kitamaduni la ulimwengu wa Wagiriki na Waroma katika eneo la mashariki la Mediterania, likiwa maarufu kwa maktaba yake yenye fahari na mnara wake wa taa (mojawapo ya maajabu saba ya ulimwengu wa kale), ingawa hakuna hata mojawapo ya hayo iliyobaki. Siku moja mwaka wa 1900, mwanamume mmoja alikuwa akiendesha punda wake wakati mnyama huyo alipogonga shimo kwenye njia. Katika miaka ya baadaye, maiti hiyo ilifunuliwa na kuanzishwa tena kama makaburi ya familia ya kibinafsi, lakini baadaye ikawa makaburi makubwa zaidi ya Kigiriki na Kiroma nchini humo. Jengo hilo lilichimbuliwa kwa kina cha mita 35 na lilikuwa na ngazi tatu za vyumba na vijia. Miili ilipelekwa chini kupitia shimo lililozungukwa na ngazi ya mviringo kwa ajili ya wageni, ndani ya njia. Hii ilisababisha rotunda ya katikati yenye umbo la mviringo na jumba la karamu ambapo watu wa ukoo walikula karamu kwa kumbukumbu ya, na karibu na, wafu wao. "Kama vile watu wengine walivyoona kuwa ni bahati mbaya kuchukua vyombo hivyo, hivyo vilipigwa vipande vipande, na hivyo jina la catacombs, linalomaanisha ""Mounds of Shards"" (Makundi ya Vipande), lilitumiwa kuharibu maiti katika niches, na pia kulikuwa na vyombo vilivyo na majivu ya maiti zilizotengenezwa." Mapambo ya makaburi hayo ni mchanganyiko usio wa kawaida wa michoro na mandhari ya kale ya Misri na Ugiriki na Roma. Mungu wa Misri Anubis, ambaye alikuwa na uhusiano na ibada za wafu, anaonyeshwa kama askari wa jeshi la Roma akiwa amevaa silaha, huku nyoka wakubwa na vichwa vya Medusa vikiunda hali ya sinema. Sehemu ya jengo hilo ilitolewa kwa ajili ya mungu-mke wa Ugiriki aitwaye Nemesis. Tutankhamen's Tomb (karibu na Luxor, Misri) ni kaburi la mfalme wa Misri, ambalo lilijengwa na mfalme wa Misri, ambaye aliishi katika karne ya 16 KK. Makaburi hayo yalipigwa na wezi, lakini mwaka wa 1922 mtaalamu wa vitu vya kale wa Uingereza Howard Carter aligundua kaburi ambalo bado lilikuwa karibu likiwa limehifadhiwa na lilikuwa na hazina za ajabu za sanaa na ufundi wa Wamisri. Carter na mchangiaji wake wa kifedha, Earl wa tano wa Carnarvon, walikuwa wa kwanza baada ya maelfu ya miaka kuingia kaburini mwa mfalme mchanga Tutankhamun. Vyombo vya habari vya ulimwengu vilitoa habari nyingi kuhusu tukio hilo kwa wazo la kwamba laana yenye kuangamiza ingewaangamiza wote waliohusika. Tutankhamun alikuwa mfalme mashuhuri zaidi wa Misri, ingawa alikuwa amekufa baada ya kutawala kwa miaka michache tu. Sifa yake inatokana na ukweli kwamba kaburi lake lilipatikana likiwa limehifadhiwa na hazina zake za makaburi, badala ya umuhimu wa kihistoria wa utawala wake. Tutankhamun alikuwa mfalme wa Misri akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa na aliamua kuamua kuwa mfalme wa nchi hiyo kwa kutegemea ushauri wa waziri Ay, ambaye alikuwa mfalme wa nchi hiyo. Hazina hizo zinaendelea kuvutia umati mkubwa wa watu kila mara zinapowekwa kwenye maonyesho. Vitu hivyo vinatia ndani jeneza la dhahabu la mfalme, kinyago cha dhahabu, kiti chake cha enzi, meli za mfano, vito, taa, mitungi, magari ya vita, boomerang, na upinde na mishale. Kulikuwa na picha za maono yenye kuvutia kwenye kuta za kaburi na hata maua yaliyokuwa yamekauka kwa muda mrefu yaliyosalia pamoja na maiti yake. Hata hivyo, uchunguzi wa kina uliofanywa mwaka 2005 wa mimea ya Tutankhamun haukuunga mkono wazo hilo, na ilionyesha kwamba mguu wake ulivunjika vibaya sana hivi kwamba ulisababisha maambukizo mabaya. Makaburi zaidi ya 60 katika Bonde la Wafalme yamegunduliwa. Makaburi ya Napoleon (Paris, Ufaransa) Utukufu wa kaburi la Napoleon Bonaparte huko Les Invalides unalingana vizuri na tamaa zake za kifalme. Safari ya baada ya kifo chake hadi mahali pa mapumziko yake ya mwisho ilikuwa ngumu, hata hivyo, na kaburi lake lilikamilishwa miaka 40 baada ya kifo chake. Napoleon alikufa akiwa uhamishoni katika kisiwa cha St. Helena mwaka wa 1821, miaka sita baada ya kushindwa katika vita vya Waterloo. Alizikwa katika kisiwa hicho kwa sababu kumbukumbu za kampeni zake zilikuwa safi kwa Waingereza na kwa utawala mpya wa Ufaransa. Mwili wake ulipelekwa Ufaransa mwaka 1840 na kuzikwa na serikali. Kisha ikawekwa katika kaburi la muda hadi Louis Visconti alipobuni mnara wake wa ukumbusho katika Dôme des Invalides. Kwa kuwa Napoleon alikuwa ameweka nyumba hiyo katika nyumba ya wazee wa vita, ilionekana kwamba ilikuwa ya thamani sana kwa mfalme. Wazo la Visconti lilikuwa kujenga kaburi lisilo na paa ili watazamaji waweze kutazama chini kwenye chumba chenye nguzo kutoka chini ya ardhi. Kama Farao wa siku za baadaye, mwili wa Napoleon uliwekwa katika masanduku saba, na moja iliingia ndani ya jingine. Sarkofago ya nje zaidi imetengenezwa kwa porfuro nyekundu, ikitegemea msingi wa graniti ya kijani. Jina la vita vyake vikuu vimeandikwa ndani ya taji la laurel. Vivyo hivyo, sanamu 12 zilizowekwa kando ya nguzo hizo zinawakilisha kampeni zake kubwa. Washiriki kadhaa wa familia ya Napoleon, ikiwa ni pamoja na mwanawe, pia wako katika chumba hiki, pamoja na baadhi ya viongozi mashuhuri wa kijeshi wa Ufaransa. Makaburi ya kifalme ya Makedonia (Verghina, Ugiriki) Kijiji kidogo cha kilimo cha Verghina kaskazini mwa Ugiriki ni kwa mtazamo wa kwanza kiasi kidogo, lakini ni nje hapa, katika foothills ya Milima ya Vermios, kwamba ajabu archeological kupatikana ilifanywa katika 1977. Eneo lililozunguka Verghina lilikuwa mahali pa mji mkuu wa kale wa kifalme wa Makedonia, Aigai, na lilikuwa na watu tangu Enzi ya Shaba. Lilitawala kwa karne nyingi na likawa makao ya wafalme matajiri wa Makedonia. Mnamo mwaka wa 1977, mtaalamu wa vitu vya kale Mgiriki Manolis Andronikos aligundua makaburi kadhaa na, hasa, tumulus ya kuvutia aliyoamini kuwa ina mabaki ya mfalme mkuu wa Makedonia Philip II, baba ya Aleksanda Mkuu. Ndani ya kaburi hilo lenye vyumba viwili kulikuwa na sanduku la dhahabu lililokuwa na nembo ya familia ya kifalme ya Makedonia na lililokuwa na mifupa ya mtu. Katika chumba kilichokuwa karibu kulikuwa na mabaki ya mwanamke katika sanduku kama hilo. Uchimbuaji zaidi ulifunua kaburi jingine la hali kama hiyo ambalo lilidhaniwa kuwa la Aleksanda wa Nne, mwana wa Aleksanda Mkuu. Hata hivyo, watafiti ambao wamedai kwamba kaburi hilo la kwanza lilitengenezwa mwaka 317 KK, wametilia shaka utambulisho wa Andronikos kuwa wa Filipo wa Pili, na mabaki hayo huenda yakawa ya Filipo wa Tatu, mwana asiye wa kiume wa Filipo wa Pili. "Licha ya utata, hakuna kitu kinachoweza kupunguza umuhimu mkubwa wa ugunduzi huu, pamoja na kwamba kaburi lina vitu vingi vya kale na michoro ya ukutani ya kifahari katika rangi nzuri ambayo inatoa mwangaza juu ya mbinu za uchoraji wa Kigiriki. """ Uchimbuaji katika eneo hili, na uvumbuzi unaoendelea katika eneo hilo, ni baadhi ya muhimu zaidi ya nyakati za kisasa. Makaburi hayo yaliorodheshwa kama sehemu ya Urithi wa Dunia wa UNESCO mwaka 1996. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, mji wa ""Pécs"" ulikuwa mji wa Kirumi uliojulikana kama Sopianae, ambao wakazi wake waliwazika wafu wao katika makaburi ya karibu." Leo, mahali hapo pa kale pa kuzikia Wakristo ni mahali panapopendwa na watalii na UNESCO, ambayo imeweka mahali hapo pa kuzikia watu wa Mungu. Makaburi hayo yenyewe yako katika vyumba vya chini ya ardhi; kwenye ardhi juu ya vyumba hivyo, bado kuna baadhi ya makaburi ya kuwakumbuka wafu. Kufikia karne ya nne, Wakristo walikuwa wamepungua kabisa katika mateso ya Roma. Maliki Konstantino wa Kwanza alikuwa amegeuzwa imani na kuwa Mkristo, na Amri ya Milan ilisababisha dini hiyo mpya idhalilishwe. Ukristo ulienea kotekote katika Milki ya Roma, na Sopianae ikawa mojawapo ya vituo muhimu zaidi katika ulimwengu wa mapema wa Kikristo. Kwa karne nyingi makaburi ya kale ya Pécs ya kisasa yalibaki bila kusumbuliwa; hii ilikuwa kubadilika na kuwasili kwa wataalamu wa akiolojia katika karne ya 18, na kazi walianza imeendelea hadi leo. Mamia ya makaburi yamepatikana, na vilevile vyumba kadhaa vya mazishi. Makaburi ya kanisa hilo yana picha za hadithi za Biblia, matukio ya maisha ya kila siku, na desturi za Kikristo. Ni chanzo chenye utajiri cha habari kuhusu siku za mapema za Ukristo. Makaburi hayo mengi yako chini ya kanisa kuu la St. Peter na St. Paul, ambalo sehemu zake ni za karne ya 11. Kanisa hili la kifahari, lenye mapambo na minara yake minne ya kugeuka inaendelea na utamaduni wa mahali pa ibada ya Kikristo kwenye tovuti hii - tovuti ambayo pia inaonyesha ishara za kazi ya binadamu inayoenea nyuma ya milenia kadhaa kabla ya kuzaliwa kwa Kristo. Makaburi ya Qutb Shahi (karibu na Golconda, India) - Qutb Shahi ilikuwa ngome maarufu na kituo cha kibiashara katika karne ya 13 na 14 - ilielezwa kama mji wenye kusitawi na Marco Polo mnamo 1292 - lakini ilikuwa tu na kuibuka kwa watawala wa Qutb Shahi katika karne ya 16 kwamba ikawa mji mkuu wa nasaba. Makaburi ya kifalme yanapatikana katika bustani iliyohifadhiwa kaskazini magharibi mwa ngome, na nasaba nzima ilizikwa hapa, isipokuwa wanachama wawili waliokufa uhamishoni. Ujenzi wa kila kaburi ulisimamiwa kibinafsi na sultani wakati wa maisha yake. Mtindo wa usanifu wa mazishi ya Kiislamu ni wa kipekee: kila kaburi lina dome yenye umbo la vitunguu iliyowekwa juu ya mraba na minara iliyopambwa kwenye pembe, iliyozungukwa na arcade yenye mapambo mengi. Makaburi mengi makubwa zaidi yana orofa mbili za juu. Jengo hilo lilijengwa kwa mawe ya graniti na plasta na lilijengwa juu ya ngazi zilizopandwa na awali lilijengwa kwa matofali ya rangi ya kijani kibichi na rangi ya turquoise yaliyoandikwa na mistari kutoka kwa Qur'an. Kaburi la kipekee zaidi, lenye urefu wa zaidi ya mita 55 na kubeba mnara wenye urefu wa mita 18, ni la Muḥammad Quli Qutb Shah, mwanzilishi wa Hyderabad. Wakati mmoja makaburi hayo yalikuwa na mapambo ya ndani, kutia ndani mazulia, taa, na vifuniko vya vitambaa vilivyojengwa kwa fedha. Vipande vya dhahabu vilitengenezwa kwenye mawe ya maiti ya masultani ili kuwatambulisha na wale wa washiriki wengine wa familia ya kifalme wasio na umuhimu mkubwa. Wakati wa kipindi cha Quṭb Shāhī, makaburi mengi ya kifalme yaliheshimiwa sana hivi kwamba wahalifu waliokimbilia hapa walipewa msamaha moja kwa moja. Naqsh-e Rostam (karibu na Shiraz, Iran) Makaburi ya ajabu na ukumbi wa mawe huko Naqsh-e Rostam hupata jina lao la kisasa la Kiajemi kutoka kwa hadithi za enzi za kati za shujaa wa Kiajemi Rostam. Majeshi ya Kiarabu yalipoingiza Uislamu katika Persia katika karne ya 7, vitu vingi vya ukumbusho vya kipagani viliharibiwa. Baadaye, wasomi Wauperusi walidhani kwamba michoro hiyo iliwakilisha shujaa wa Kiislamu Rostam na wakaihifadhi. Sasa inajulikana kwamba michoro iliyozunguka makaburi yaliyochongwa kwenye mwamba kwenye mwamba huo unawakilisha hatua ya kwanza na ya mwisho ya ukumbusho huo wa ufalme. Picha iliyoharibiwa kwa sehemu ya mtu aliye upande wa kushoto wa mwamba inaonyesha kuhani-mfalme Mwelamu. Waelamu walikuwa na mamlaka kubwa sana katika eneo la kusini-magharibi mwa Iran katika karne ya pili KK. Awamu ya pili ya mnara huo hutoa muundo wa msingi ambao baadaye vipengele vya Sassanid vilikua. Utamaduni wa Koreshi Mkuu, ambaye alianzisha milki ya Achaemenid, ulimfanya Darius I, mfalme wa baadaye, ajenge jumba lake la kifalme la kifahari huko Persepolis. Alipoona mwamba wenye urefu mkubwa uliochongwa kwa alama za kale za ukumbusho zilizowekwa wakfu kwa ufalme, kilometa chache tu kaskazini mwa jumba lake jipya la kifalme, Dario aliagiza makaburi manne ya mazishi yawe huko. Wafalme wa ukoo wa Achaemenid walimheshimu sana nabii Zoroaster. Wakati fulani wakati wa nasaba hiyo, jengo la ajabu lenye umbo la mraba lilijengwa chini ya mwamba huo, ambalo baadaye lilihusianishwa na Zoroaster. Kusudi lake bado halijulikani. Upanuzi wa nasaba ya Sasanian ya Zoroastrian ya baadaye inayozungumza Kiajemi ulisababisha upanuzi wa tovuti hiyo. Michoro saba iliyochongwa kwenye mwamba inaonyesha watawala wa nasaba hiyo wakipokea alama zao za kifalme kutoka kwa Ahura Mazdā, mtangazaji wa mema wa Zoroaster. "Mfano wa kwanza wa jina la ""Iran"" unapatikana katika maandishi ya kwanza ya Ardashir I, na baada ya kuangushwa kwa utawala wa Sassanid wa Uajemi na majeshi ya Kiarabu, uelewa wa sanamu za eneo hili la ajabu ulipita katika hadithi za watu." (Iain Shearer) Kaburi la W.B. Yeats (Drumcliffe, Ireland) William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) ni mmoja wa washairi wakuu wa Ireland, na mashabiki wa kazi yake wanaendelea kukusanyika mahali pake pa mwisho pa kupumzika. Hii iko katika kijiji kidogo cha Drumcliff, katika Kaunti ya Sligo. Mahali hapo pa kuchaguliwa palikuwa na Yeats mwenyewe. Katika moja ya mashairi yake ya mwisho, "Under Ben Bulben," alielezea kaburi lake, akibainisha kwamba jiwe la kaburi linapaswa kutengenezwa kwa mawe ya chokaa ya ndani, badala ya marumaru, na kumaliza na epitaph yake maarufu ya fumbo, "Kutoa jicho baridi juu ya maisha, juu ya kifo." Yeats alikuwa na sababu mbili za kuchagua kuzikwa huko Drumcliff. Kwa habari ya kibinafsi, mmoja wa mababu zake - John Yeats - alikuwa kasisi huko. Hata hivyo, jambo la maana zaidi ni kwamba uwanja wa kanisa ulikuwa chini ya mlima mkubwa wa Ben Bulben. Katika maisha yake yote, mshairi alikuwa amevutiwa na hadithi za kale za Ireland, akizirejelea mara nyingi katika mashairi yake, na hakuna mahali popote nchini Ireland ambapo alikuwa na ushirika wa kimapenzi zaidi kwake kuliko Ben Bulben. Yeats alishindwa kupata kaburi alilotaka, lakini hakuweza kutumia udhibiti huo juu ya mabaki yake ya kimwili. Alikufa katika mji wa Roquebrune, kusini mwa Ufaransa, mnamo Januari 1939. Yeats aliacha maagizo kwamba mwili wake unapaswa kuhamishwa kwa Drumcliff baada ya mwaka mmoja, ili kupunguza fujo katika mazishi yake. Hata hivyo, mipango yake ilivunjwa na kuzuka kwa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Ulimwengu, na watu wa ukoo wake walianza mchakato wa kurudishwa nyumbani mwaka wa 1948. Kisha, kwa hofu yao, wakagundua kwamba kaburi la mshairi huyo lilikuwa limeondolewa. Kwa kufuata desturi ya Kifaransa, fuvu la kichwa lilitenganishwa na mifupa, na mifupa ikawekwa katika sanduku la mifupa. Mwili ulipatikana, lakini mara kwa mara kuna uvumi kwamba mifupa isiyofaa ilipelekwa nyuma. Newgrange (Drogheda, Ireland) ni kaburi la zamani la Ulaya ambalo lilijengwa katika karne ya kwanza ya karne ya XNUMX. Bila shaka, wao waliwaongoza Waselti, ambao waliwasili Ireland muda mrefu baadaye. Mwamba huo mkubwa katika Bonde la Boyne, wenye kipenyo cha mita 260 na urefu wa mita 12, ulizungukwa baadaye na mviringo wa mawe 35 au zaidi, 12 kati ya hayo bado yapo. Michoro tata kama vile minyororo, zigzag, na michoro mingine hupasuliwa kwenye mawe hayo. Maana yake ni fumbo jingine, lakini nadharia moja ni kwamba ilihusiana na kurekodi matukio ya nyota, kama vile mwendo wa jua na awamu za mwezi, ambazo zilikuwa muhimu kwa jamii ambayo ilitegemea kilimo na inahitaji kalenda yenye ufanisi. Kutoka kwenye mlango upande wa kusini, njia nyembamba, yenye urefu wa mita 60 na iliyofunikwa na mabamba makubwa, baadhi ya hayo yakiwa na michoro tata, inaongoza kwenye chumba kidogo katikati ya kaburi. Yaelekea miili ya watu mashuhuri, labda makuhani-wafalme wa eneo hilo, iliwekwa hapa. Wakati wa majira ya baridi kali, kati ya Desemba 19 na 23, karibu na siku ya mapumziko ya majira ya baridi kali, jua linaloinuka huangaza kwa dakika chache kwenye njia ya ndani ya chumba cha mazishi. Kaburi hilo baadaye liliitwa Jumba la Kifalme la Oengus, mwana wa Dagda, mungu mkuu wa Ireland kabla ya Ukristo. Viking walivamia eneo hilo katika miaka ya 860. Tangu wakati huo limebaki likiwa lenye kutatanisha na lenye kutatanisha, pamoja na makaburi mengine mengi ya kale yaliyo karibu. Katika karne ya kwanza, Wakristo walizikwa kwa njia ya Wayahudi walioishi katika maeneo ya Waroma - katika makaburi yaliyochongwa kutoka kwa mwamba unaokumbusha makaburi ya mwamba ya Palestina. Makaburi hayo yalikuwa nje ya kuta za Roma kwa sababu ilikuwa kinyume cha sheria ya Roma kuzikia wafu ndani ya kuta hizo. Hivyo ndivyo Petro Mtakatifu alivyozikwa katika eneo la kawaida, nekropoli kubwa ya umma kwenye Mlima Vatican, na Paulo Mtakatifu katika nekropoli kando ya Via Ostiense. Katika karne ya pili, Wakristo wa Roma waliendelea na mbinu hiyo na kuurithi mahali pa kawaida pa kuzikia chini ya ardhi. Kwa sababu ya imani ya kwamba siku moja miili yao ingekufa, na kwa hiyo haingeweza kuchomwa moto kulingana na desturi ya Waroma, kulikuwa na tatizo la nafasi, kwa kuwa makaburi ya juu ya ardhi yalikuwa machache na ya gharama kubwa. Ili kutatua tatizo hilo, walichimba mlango-mlango, vyumba, na ngazi zilizohusiana, na kuchimba maelfu ya makaburi madogo yaliyochongwa kwenye kuta, na hivyo kufungua vijia vya umbali wa mamia ya kilometa. Makaburi ya wafia imani yalikuwa mahali pa kukutana kwa Wakristo wakati wa mateso. Ukosefu wa nuru na hewa na, kwa kweli, maelfu ya miili iliyokuwa ikiharibika ingefanya hilo liwe jambo lisilowezekana. Makaburi hayo yaliendelea kutumiwa hadi mwaka wa 410 W.K., wakati Wagothi walipoanza kuzingira Roma. Ukristo ulikuja kuwa dini ya serikali chini ya Constantine I mnamo 380, na hivyo kufanya iwezekane kuzikia kwa njia ya kawaida. Kwa karne nyingi, mabaki ya thamani ya wafia-imani yalihamishwa kutoka kwenye makaburi ya wafu hadi kwenye makanisa ya Roma, hivi kwamba hatimaye hata kumbukumbu takatifu ya makaburi hayo ilisahaulika. Katika mwaka wa 1578, catacombs ya kale iligunduliwa kwa bahati mbaya, na tangu wakati huo utafiti mkubwa na kazi ya akiolojia imefanywa ili kupata kipande hiki cha thamani ya historia. Makaburi ya Medici (Florence, Italia) Kwa zaidi ya karne tatu, familia ya Medici ilikuwa mojawapo ya familia zenye nguvu zaidi nchini Italia. Walipata utajiri wao kutokana na biashara ya benki na wakawa familia ya kutawala ya Florence. Familia ya Medici iliunga mkono watu wengi mashuhuri wa Enzi ya Renaissance, kutia ndani Donatello na Michelangelo, ambao wote wawili walifanya kazi kwenye makaburi ya familia yenye mapambo mengi. Makaburi hayo yalijengwa na Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, mwanzilishi wa milki ya benki ambayo familia hiyo ilijenga ushawishi wao wa kisiasa, na iko katika Basilica di San Lorenzo, ambayo ilijengwa kuanzia 1421 kulingana na miundo ya Filippo Brunelleschi. Sacristy ya Kale ilijengwa kati ya 1421 na 1440. Donatello, ambaye amezikwa katika kanisa hilo, aliongeza mambo ya mapambo kwenye jengo hilo. Familia tatu za Medici zimekumbukwa huko, kutia ndani Giovanni di Bicci. Sacristy mpya, iliyoanzishwa mnamo 1520 na Michelangelo, inaheshimu Medici wanne. Kanisa la Wafalme lilianzishwa mnamo 1604 na lina makaburi ya wafalme sita wa kwanza wa Tuscany. Makaburi ya karibu watu 50 wa familia hiyo yanaweza kupatikana katika kaburi la kanisa hilo. Mshiriki wa kwanza kati ya washiriki wengi wa familia hiyo kutawala Florence, Cosimo, amezikwa mbele ya madhabahu kuu. Makaburi ya Medici yanaonyesha utajiri na ushawishi wa familia mashuhuri na yenye nguvu ambayo ilitoa mapapa watatu na pia washiriki wa familia za kifalme za Kiingereza na Ufaransa. Hata hivyo, labda mafanikio yao makubwa zaidi yalikuwa katika kuunga mkono sanaa. Kwa hiyo, makaburi ya Medici yanatia ndani kazi za wasanii wengi mashuhuri zaidi ulimwenguni. Makaburi ya Mtakatifu Anthony (Padua, Italia) Mtakatifu Anthony, mlinzi mtakatifu wa Padua, alizaliwa katika Lisbon, Ureno. Aliingia katika madhehebu ya Franciscan mwaka 1220 na akajitolea kuwasaidia maskini, akawa mhubiri mashuhuri, na kupigana na wazushi. Miujiza mingi imehusianishwa naye. Alikufa mwaka wa 1231 akiwa na umri wa miaka 30. Kaburi lake, katika kanisa la Santa Maria Mater Domini huko Padua, mara moja likawa mahali pa kutembelea. Wahudumu wengi sana waliwasili hivi kwamba kanisa kubwa la kidini lilijengwa. Mwili wa mtakatifu huyo ulihamishwa huko miaka 30 hivi baada ya kifo chake. Kaburi lake lilipofunguliwa, ulimi wake ulipatikana ukiwa umebaki, na sasa unaonyeshwa ndani ya kanisa hili, katika Chapel of the Relics, hatua chache tu kutoka kwa Chapel ya St. Anthony. Kanisa la mwisho, ambalo ni la karne ya 16 na labda ni kazi ya Tullio Lombardo, lina madhabahu ya kuvutia, kaburi la mtakatifu, na high-reliefs ambayo huonyesha mandhari kutoka maisha ya Mtakatifu Anthony. Kaburi la Mtakatifu Anthony bado ni mojawapo ya maeneo muhimu zaidi ya kuabudu nchini Italia. Kila mwaka, tarehe 13 Juni, jiji la Padua huadhimisha sherehe za ukumbusho na maandamano. Kanisa la St. Anthony pia ni mahali pa kazi za wasanii kadhaa wakuu, ikiwa ni pamoja na mchongaji Donatello, ambaye sanamu ya farasi Gattamelata (1447) inasimama katika mraba wa kanisa. Makaburi ya Muḥammad I Askiya (Gao, Mali) eneo lililo kando ya Mto Niger kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara lilitawaliwa katika enzi za kati na milki ya Mali. Milki hiyo ilifanikiwa hasa kwa sababu ya biashara ya dhahabu na chumvi ya Sahara, na ilienea kutoka Nigeria hadi Senegal. Eneo hilo - ambalo vituo vyake vikuu vya kibiashara vilikuwa Timbuktu na Djenné - lilikubali Uislamu na kuwa kitovu cha elimu ya Waislamu. Wakati huohuo, watu wa Songhai walianzisha jiji-jimbo lao la Gao kwenye Mto Niger mashariki mwa eneo hilo. Katika karne ya 15 walichukua nafasi ya Mali, wakatawala Timbuktu, na wakashinda Sahel - pwani - kando ya mpaka wa Sahara. Mfalme wa kwanza wa Songhai, Muhammad I Askia, alisafiri kwenda Mecca mwaka 1495 na kuleta ardhi na mbao zilizohitajika kujenga kaburi lake, na ilisemekana kwamba ilichukua maelfu ya ngamia kubeba. Ina urefu wa zaidi ya mita 50 na ina umbo la piramidi, na kuna nguzo nyingi za mbao zinazotoka ndani yake. Ni eneo kubwa la kabla ya ukoloni usanifu muundo. Baadhi ya warithi wa maliki wamezikwa katika ua huo. Jengo hilo lina misikiti miwili, makaburi, na mahali pa kukutania. Milki ya Songhai ilidumu karibu karne nyingine baada ya wakati wa Muḥammad lakini hatimaye ilifutwa na Judar Pasha. Makaburi hayo yaliorodheshwa kama sehemu ya urithi wa dunia wa UNESCO mwaka 2004 kwa sababu ya jinsi mapokeo ya ujenzi wa eneo hilo, kwa mujibu wa mahitaji ya Kiislamu, yalivyopokea ushawishi kutoka Afrika Kaskazini na kuunda mtindo wa kipekee wa usanifu katika eneo la Sahel la Afrika Magharibi. Kaburi hilo, ambalo ni la lazima kwa ajili ya matengenezo ya majengo ya udongo, limerekebishwa kwa ukawaida tangu lilipojengwa. Majengo hayo yaliongezwa katika miaka ya 1960 na 1970, na ukuta ulijengwa kuzunguka eneo hilo mwaka 1999. Makaburi ya Jahangir (karibu na Lahore, Pakistan) ni kaburi kubwa la mfalme wa Mughal Jahangir (1569-1627), kipande cha usanifu-ujenzi kinachoonyesha nguvu, utajiri, na umaarufu wa nasaba ya Mughal. Ilitengenezwa kwa amri ya mwana wa Jahāngīr, Shah Jahān, ili kuadhimisha maisha muhimu ya baba yake. Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 30, Jahangir alikuwa tayari amepanga uasi dhidi ya baba yake, na alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 36, alikuwa amemchukua baba yake kiti cha enzi. Mwanzoni mwa utawala wake alikuwa maarufu miongoni mwa watu wake, lakini mwaka mmoja tu baadaye alilazimika kukabiliana na madai ya mwanawe ya kiti cha enzi. Baada ya kujilinda kwa mafanikio, Jahāngīr aliamua kumfunga mwana wake gerezani na baadaye kumfanya awe kipofu. Hata hivyo, miaka kadhaa baadaye, alishikwa na dhamiri na kuajiri madaktari bora ili kurekebisha uwezo wa mwana wake wa kuona. Jahangir pia anakumbukwa kwa kuolewa mara kumi na mbili, kwa kuwa mraibu wa kileo, na kwa kupoteza kiti chake cha enzi. Kwa hiyo inaonekana inafaa kwamba makaburi ya kifahari na ya kuigiza yamemkumbuka. Makaburi hayo yapo ndani ya bustani yenye kuvutia iliyozungukwa na kuta za juu. Kuta hizo zimepambwa kwa michoro maridadi na zimejaa minara minne mikubwa yenye urefu wa meta 30 na milango miwili mikubwa ya kuingia iliyojengwa kwa mawe na mawe. Sehemu ya nje ya kaburi imeboreshwa na mosaiki ya kushangaza iliyojengwa juu ya muundo wa maua na kwa mistari ya Qur'an, wakati sehemu ya ndani ya makaburi ina sarcophagus nyeupe ya marumaru, ambayo pande zake zimefunikwa kwa mosaiki zaidi. "Katarina Horrocks, ""Grave of Robert Louis Stevenson"" (Mount Vaughan, Samoa) ni mwandishi wa vitabu vya kisasa vya Scotland, kama vile ""The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"" na ""Treasure Island"" na ""The Strange Case of Dr. James Bond.""" Alipenda sana nchi yake ya asili lakini pia alipenda sana nyumba yake ya mwisho iliyokuwa upande ule mwingine wa dunia. Kaburi lake huko Samoa ni heshima inayofaa kwa mafanikio yake ya baadaye. Stevenson aliondoka Uingereza kwa mara ya mwisho mwaka 1888 akitafuta hali ya hewa ya joto ili kusaidia muundo wake dhaifu. Mwishowe, aliishi na mke wake huko Upolu, kisiwa cha pili kwa ukubwa katika Visiwa vya Samoa, ambako walijenga nyumba kubwa iliyoitwa Vailima (Maji Matano). Mwandishi alileta kumbukumbu kutoka nyumbani - tablecloth iliyotolewa na Malkia Victoria, bakuli la sukari ambalo lilikuwa la Sir Walter Scott - lakini pia alichukua maslahi makubwa katika mazingira yake mapya. Katika riwaya za baadaye, kama vile The Ebb-Tide, alikuwa mkosoaji sana juu ya athari mbaya za ukoloni wa Ulaya katika Bahari za Kusini. Wenyeji wa eneo hilo walipenda pia Tusitala (mwandishi wa hadithi). Alipokufa ghafla mnamo Desemba 1894, walimchukua kutoka nyumbani kwake hadi mahali pa kuzikia, karibu na kilele cha Mlima Vaea. Baadaye walijenga " Barabara ya Mioyo ya Upendo " ili kuwezesha upatikanaji wa mahali hapa. Kaburi lenyewe liko mahali pazuri, likiangalia Pasifiki na nyumba ya zamani ya Stevenson. Ina maandishi kutoka katika mojawapo ya mashairi yake. Mke wake, Fanny, pia amezikwa huko. Aliishi Samoa kwa miaka yake ya mwisho, lakini baada ya kifo chake, majivu yake yalihamishwa hadi Upolu. Kwenye kaburi hilo kuna bamba la shaba lenye jina lake la Kisamoa, Aolele. Buganda (Kusubi, Uganda) ni mji wa Uganda ulioko katika eneo la Uganda, uliokaliwa na watu wa kabila la Ganda, ambao wanazungumza lugha ya Bantu na wanaotawaliwa na kabaka. Kwa kuwa mji huo ulikuwa katika eneo la kusini mwa Sudan, haukuwasiliana sana na watu wa nje hadi katikati ya karne ya 19. Mfalme Mutesa I alijijengea jumba la kifalme kwenye kilima cha Kasubi, nje ya Kampala, mwaka 1881 na kuzikwa huko alipokufa miaka mitatu baadaye. Alikuwa wa kwanza wa ukoo wake kuzikwa akiwa na mfupa wa taya, ambao, katika desturi ya kitamaduni, uliwekwa katika mahali pa ibada tofauti kwa sababu ilikuwa na roho ya marehemu. Pia walizikwa kwenye Mlima Kasubi watatu wa wafuasi wa Mutesa. Mwanga, ambaye historia yake ya Ulaya ni mateso ya Wakristo katika miaka ya 1880, na ambaye aliondolewa madarakani lakini akaokoka vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, alikufa uhamishoni. Mwanawe Daudi Chwa II alitawala hadi mwaka 1939 na mwanawe Mutesa II alishindwa na kuachiliwa mara mbili baada ya Uganda kupata uhuru mwaka 1966. Mutesa II alikufa London mwaka wa 1971, na mabaki yake yalirudishwa nchini humo ili kuzikwa kwenye kilima cha Kasubi. Washiriki wengine wa familia ya kifalme wamezikwa nyuma ya mahali pa ibada kuu, na kuna nyumba za mabaki ya wajane wa wafalme. Jengo hilo lenye umbo la mviringo na lenye paa la nyasi, ambalo linasemekana kuwa kubwa zaidi katika Afrika, lilijengwa kwa mtindo wa kitamaduni wa Ganda wa matete na kitambaa cha magamba, likitegemezwa juu ya nguzo za mbao na kuzungukwa na uzio wa matete, na kuwa na lango la matete. Kuna eneo linalotumiwa kwa ajili ya sherehe za kifalme na za kiroho. Makaburi ya Kasubi ni sehemu ya Urithi wa Dunia wa UNESCO. Makaburi ya kifalme katika Complex of Huay Monuments (karibu na Huay, Vietnam) - maeneo ya makaburi ya kifalme ya Vietnam kwenye kingo za Mto wa Mti (Huang) nje ya Huay, ilitimiza kazi mbili: kama kaburi na kama jumba la kifalme la sekondari ambapo maliki angeweza kufurahisha wageni. Kwa hiyo, ujenzi wa kaburi ulianza wakati wa utawala wa maliki aliyekusudiwa kuijenga, na ulionyesha mapendezi na utu wake. Kaburi la Gia Long, mwanzilishi wa nasaba ya Nguyen, lilijengwa kwa mtindo rahisi lakini wa kifahari, wakati moja ya makaburi ya kifahari zaidi ni ile ya Tu Duc, ambayo inaonyesha sifa yake ya kuwa mharibifu. Wakati wa utawala wake, nguvu za kifalme zilipungua kwa sababu ya kuongezeka kwa utawala wa Ufaransa, na kuelekea mwisho wa utawala wake alitumia muda mwingi zaidi kwenye kaburi. Mwili wake na hazina yake hazikuzikwa huko bali katika mahali pa siri. Kaburi la Khai Dinh lilijengwa kwa kiasi kikubwa chini ya uvutano wa Ufaransa kwa kutumia saruji na halina upatano wa makaburi ya awali. Makaburi hayo na ngome ya Huay, ambayo ni sehemu ya eneo la UNESCO la Urithi wa Dunia, ni sehemu ya eneo la Huay. Kama makumbusho, yanazunguka kipindi muhimu cha historia, ikiwa ni pamoja na kupoteza uhuru wa Vietnam kwa Wafaransa katikati ya miaka ya 1800, wakati nasaba ya kutawala ilipowa viongozi wa wakoloni. (Mark Andrews)