Open just about any Christian Bible and in the first few chapters you’ll be introduced to the characters Adam and Eve. Open a Hebrew Bible, on the other the other hand, and you’ll met Adam and Chavah. A rose called by any other name may smell sweet, but Eve is not as sweet as Chavah. The differences require a little digging into history; symbolism archeology, if you like.
The full story of Adam and Eve can be found here: Genesis 1-3
Eve in English vs Chavah in Hebrew
In English, Eve’s etymology comes from the word evening, thus symbolises the impending darkness of the night. So too, Christian interpretations of Eve tend towards viewing her as a femme fatale who is responsible for Adam (the perfect male) falling into the darkness of sin.
The Jewish name Chavah literally means the mother of all life, which brings with it positive associations of nurturing, creativity, and the joy of living. When Chavah is united with her husband, Adam (humankind), the symbolic embodiment of the two represents human experience, for everyone whether they are male, female, or other.
Why the difference? Essentially, Christianity focuses on the physical while Judaism focuses on the metaphysical.
Christian Traditions of Adam and Eve
Historically, Christianity has taught that Adam and Eve were real people. In 1950 Pope Pius XII reiterated this belief and boldly stated: “the sources of revealed truth” support the doctrine of “original sin” which began in the garden of Eden “from a sin actually committed by an individual Adam”.
The idea of “original sin” stipulates that humans have a natural inclination to disobey God as evidenced by Adam and Eve. The doctrine was introduced into Christianity in the second century by the Church Father Irenaeus. It continued to be developed for centuries, thus in the 1200s, St Thomas Aquinas intensified attitudes of Eve’s role in the disobedience by drawing parallels between her and women’s so-called inferiority in general.
Essentially, because a woman ate an apple offered by a talking snake (which one must presume was also real if Adam and Eve were), then encouraged her partner to do the same, all generations have suffered ever since. The solution offered by Christian doctrines is Jesus:
For as in Adam all die, so in Christ all will be made alive. Corinthians 15:22
Just as Christ is described as being the New Adam, Mary is identified as the New Eve, albeit there are no clear Bible verses to say this.
Over the centuries, some Christian mystics who have attempted to suggest Adam and Eve are allegorical (like the Gnostics) have been declared heretics, excommunicated, faced inquisition trials, and subjected to forms of suppression.
Feminists have long argued that viewing women in the extremes of Eve – an evil woman who corrupted her man – and Mary – a virgin who dutifully followers instructions – is a construct of a patriarchal society, not God’s will.
In relatively recent history it would appear that God has heard the feminist message too, and has responded through Pope Francis. In a 2013 speech he shocked his audience by saying Adam and Eve were literary devices (like hell). Equally surprisingly were his comments: “We must recognise that religious truth evolves and changes. Truth is not absolute or set in stone.” While I’m not entirely sure what he meant by truth can change, I’ll take his words as being sentiments that indicate the Church is taking a few good first steps away from its patriarchal history.
Eve in Psychoanalysis – Carl Jung
Carl Jung is founder of the theory of so-called universal symbolism and collective consciousness. He viewed ancient stories as being representative of psychological truths and attempted to prove this theory by comparing ancient texts. I have a certain amount of respect for Jung’s research (even though he once agreed with Freud that young children were capable of seducing adults into having sexual relationships with them). Overall, his research is impressive considering he conducted it without the aid of the internet.
Jung had many things to say on the topic of Adam and Eve, as an example:
… substance and matter divides into four, corresponding to the four elements […] From the mixing of the four parts there arose the devil, the “archon of this Aeon,” and the psyche of this world. […] God unfolds himself in the world in the form of syzygies (paired opposites), such as heaven/earth, day/night, male/female, etc. The last term of the first series is the Adam/Eve syzygy.Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 9 (Part 2): Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self, page 254
In my humble opinion, the above quote is typical of Jung blending half-truths with confirmation biases. The idea that “God” and the “psyche of this world” can be defined through polarities completely overlooks the capacity for limitless creativity that any Creator-Being and the creative functions of human mind can achieve; the making of symbolic references in mythology and folklore is a creative process, not a dogmatic process that is limited to syzygies of paired opposites.
Jung’s dichotomous approach to defining God’s role in the world is erroneous because it neglects the messy grey areas of being human. Despite this oversight, Jung’s recognition of the role the four elements played in ancient belief systems is commendable because this a point that many other researchers miss. Moreover, references to the four elements can be seen in the story of Adam and Eve, even though the main characters are not polarities.
Eve in Psychoanalysis – Jordan Peterson
As I’ve said before, the problem with Jungian psychoanalysis isn’t so much what he said, but how his theories have been interpreted and oversimplified by others. Jordan Peterson, who is sometimes referred to as a guardian of patriarchy and the stupid man’s smart person, is a classic example of someone who has failed to integrate principles of ancient theology into the reading of Biblical symbolism. For example, Peterson suggests that Eve, as a psychological archetype of real women, demonstrates a feminine disposition of making men feel self conscious:
“Now, no clear-seeing, conscious woman is going to tolerate an unawakened man. So, Eve immediately shares the fruit with Adam. That makes him self-conscious. Women have been making men self-conscious since the beginning of time. They do this primarily by rejecting them—but they also do it by shaming them, if men do not take responsibility”Jordan Peterson
This insight is absolutely genius … if one ignores the fact that it can also be said that clear-seeing, conscious men can and do make unawakened women feel self conscious … and they have done so since the beginning of time … likewise men reject and shame women who do not take responsibility (for their behaviour, words, emotions, and so forth.)
Peterson, like Jung, uses confirmation biases. He views everything through the syzygies of opposites; chaos and order, masculinity and femininity. In a nutshell, his arguments are straw men.
While Adam is often denigrated, it is Eve who usually cops the most flack. From patriarchs, psychoanalysts, and clergy, her symbolism (as a real or mythological figure) is not favourable. Feminist attempts to revaluate the narrative have generated some smoke but not put out the fire.
Potentially, the most powerful counter arguments to the demoralising depictions of Adam and Eve, may come from Islamic scholars of the Dark Ages.
Adam and Eve in Islam
Sachiko Murata, author of The Tao of Islam, has extensively explored Muslim traditions of Adam and Eve as they are presented in the Koran. Murata’s research extends far back into Islamic history, with particular emphasis on Sufic mysticism. One of her references is the fourteenth century Persian, Mahmud Kashani, who eloquently describes Adam as being a representative of Universal Spirit and Eve a representative Universal Soul:
"Just as Adam's existence in the visible world is the locus of manifestation for the form of the Spirit in the unseen world, so also Eve's existence in the visible world is the locus of the manifestation for the form of the Soul in the unseen world."
This archetypal approach to understanding human psychology in an ancient narrative continues with the explanation that the marriage between Adam and Eve is symbolic of the whole human race:
... the existence of Adam and Eve is a transcription of the existence of the Spirit and the Soul. Moreover, in each human individual another transcription has been coped from the transcription of Adam and Eve's existence, ie., through the marriage of the particular spirit and the particular soul, the birth of the heart from these two.
Murata notes that other Islamic scholars have said similar sentiments only they have used the terms “Intelligence” and “Soul”, for Adam and Eve respectively.
The original language of Genesis is Hebrew, and Hebrew is a gendered language in which all objects and concepts are referred to as being either male or female irrespective of features. Unlike some other gendered languages (Greek, German, and Italian), it does not have any neutral nouns. Missing this point could lead to misunderstanding Biblical imagery as being polarised by syzygies when it is only the language that is polarised, not the actual symbolism or ideas that are being expressed.
Adam, as a noun that is symbolic of Spirit, is potentially as masculine as a sock, house, or information. Likewise, Eve, as a noun that is symbolic of Soul, is potentially as feminine as a frying pan, notebook, or truth.
The Jewish Chavah
If only Adam and Eve hadn’t eaten that apple then humankind will have been saved from sin!
Alas, according to Hebrew traditions recorded in the Torah, the poisoned fruit that gave humans knowledge of good and evil is thought of as a fig, not an apple. It only became an apple in Christianity because the Romans, when translating the Bible during the fourth century, decided to “improve” it by adding a little pun: malus in Latin is a homophone that means both apple and evil. (The Word of God cannot escape literary codes and conventions.)
The change from Chavah to Eve, and fig to apple, signify deeper issues of how the original story of Adam and Eve has been modified when it transitioned from Judaism to Christianity.
The Jewish faith has both an oral and a written tradition. Orthodox Jews who follow the written version are prone to believing literal interpretations of Adam and Chavah, thus may adhere to similar assumptions that are in mainstream Christianity. In contrast, oral Torah traditions explain the narrative through a system more like the Sufic Islamics. Or more precisely, since Judaism came first, it is fairer to say, Islamic (and Christian) mysticism correlate with the oral traditions of Judaism.
Jewish Soul Theory
To understand how the symbolism of Adam and Chavah, it is useful to keep in mind the spiritual constitution of humans as described by Kabbalah:
- Nefesh, Breath or material principle of vitality/life, the lowest level of consciousness
- Ruach, Divine Spirit/Wind – vitality / with strong emotions
- Neshama, Breath/conscious life or Godliness, the conceptual grasp of the intellect
- Chaya, Life, Divine Energy, an aspect of the soul
- Yechida, Singularity, Oneness, Holy One, corresponds to the level of soul called Adam Kadmon
Genesis as an Allegory
Overall, the Book of Genesis can easily be understood as being an allegory of the spiritual evolution of humans before anyone was physically incarnated on the earth. Direct references to Jews interpreting Adam and Chavah as Spirit and Soul like in Sufism are scarce. Nevertheless, by going through the Bible verses, the theory can be substantiated. (Disclaimer: I’m not Jewish so my humble apologies in advance to my Jewish friends for any transgressions).
It begins in chapter 1 when we are told God created humans (in a spiritual dimension):
And God said, Let us make Adam^ in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. God created Adam in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. Genesis 1:26-27 ^ Adam is generally translated as "man" or "mankind" in English versions.
The above quote is indicative of humans of any gender being created in a spiritual dimension prior to being created in the physical. Additionally, it could be read as God being both male and female, therefore, humans are also both genders. A third explanation is that the passage is alluring to Adam’s first wife, Lilith, but I’m going to skim over this point in favour of focusing on Adam and Chavah.
Regardless of precise interpretation, the quote can be recognised as having inferences to the theory of the four elements of earth, water, wind, and fire. The first three are somewhat obvious: “the fish of the sea” (water), “the foul of the earth” (wind), and “the cattle” and “every creeping thing” upon the earth (earth). The fourth element, fire, is not so obvious. Arguable, by following the Jewish consideration of asking what is not said?, it can be implied that “Adam” is the representative of fire.
Fire is the most complex of the elements. It alludes to warmth, light and, like the sun, supports growth and life. Hence, “Adam” having “domination” over all other elements is a subtle signifier of this element.
In the next part of the story, we are told “Adam” is placed in a garden surrounded by rivers and is told to work and take care of this place:
A river watering the garden flowed from Eden; from there it was separated into four headwaters. The name of the first is the Pishon; it winds through the entire land of Havilah, where there is gold. (The gold of that land is good; aromatic resin and onyx are also there.) The name of the second river is the Gihon; it winds through the entire land of Cush. The name of the third river is the Tigris; it runs along the east side of Ashur. And the fourth river is the Euphrates.
The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it.
The verse, once again, alludes to the elements. The most obvious being the element of water noted by the naming four rivers*. The element of earth is also presented by the commentary on gold, aromatic resin (a substance that flows from plants), and onyx (precious stone). If Adam is symbolic of fire, then the only element missing is wind.
In chapter 2 of Genesis we see the next step in the creation process whereby “Adam” is created a second time, on this occasion he is formed from dust, therefore suggesting a blending of the elements earth and fire.
Then the Lord God formed Adam^ from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. Now the Lord God had planted a garden in the east, in Eden; and there he put the man he had formed. Genesis 2:7-8 ^ Representative of all humans, not only males.
The components of a human become a little more challenging to interpret at this point. In addition to references to some of the elements, God’s breath of life is another piece that needs to be added to the puzzle. At the simplest level, this breath of life may be interpreted as the element of wind, although it could also be nefesh. Adam’s state of being in oneness with G0d he may also be viewed as being imbued with yechida. Thus, the simple theology of the four elements is complicated by other spiritual components.
The story then progresses to the creation of a woman who is made from the Adam:
Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib (or other part of the body) he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man. The man said, “This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called ‘woman,’ for she was taken out of man.” Genesis 2:22-23
It is important to note at this point in the narrative the “woman” is not Chavah. Rather, she is part of Adam that has domination over the elements of earth, water, wind, and fire, just like he does. By default she may also be considered as being endowed with nefesh and yechida. Arguably, her differences may be viewed as being the expressions of Ruach and Chaya, and she may be viewed as having an alignment with wind. Inadvertently she shares all her qualities with Adam, like he shares his qualities to her, as noted by them described as one flesh, ie., one body in a spiritual dimension:
That is why Adam^ leaves his father and mother and is united to his wife, and they become one flesh. Genesis 2:24 ^ translated into English as "man"
The equality of the first man (Adam) and woman is emphasised by mystic schools of thoughts that suppose the man and woman described in Genesis are Universal Spirit and a Universal Soul. The union of Spirit and Soul is like two sides of the one coin, not polar opposites.
A crude analogy of Spirit making Soul is that of it being like the process of a kombucha scoby making kombucha brew. The kombucha scoby (Spirit) needs to be put in a different environment, one with water and sugar (the garden of Eden), in order to produce kombucha brew (Soul). A kombucha scoby contains all the same elements as a kombucha drink, and vice versa, but the two are different. Similarly, Universal Spirit and Universal Soul are the same, yet different. To say that a kombucha scoby is the polar opposite of kombucha brew is illogical, likewise it is illogical to say Spirit and Soul are polar opposites, they are to some degree exactly the same thing, only in different forms and each form compliments the other.
Back in the garden of Eden: the harmony of Spirit and Soul is interrupted by an intruding force, a snake who encourages them to eat from a forbidden tree:
Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the Lord God had made. He said to the woman, “Did God really say, ‘You must not eat from any tree in the garden’?” The woman said to the serpent, “We may eat fruit from the trees in the garden, but God did say, ‘You must not eat fruit from the tree that is in the middle of the garden, and you must not touch it, or you will die.’” “You will not certainly die,” the serpent said to the woman. “For God knows that when you eat from it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil.” When the woman saw that the fruit of the tree was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable for gaining wisdom, she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband, who was with her, and he ate it. Then the eyes of both of them were opened. Genesis 3:1-7
Several points can be taken from the above passage:
- the serpent was created by God
- the temptation of the serpent is for Adam and Woman is to be like God
- while it appears that serpent is only talking to the Woman, by this stage in the story she is one flesh with Adam, hence both aspects are present.
- Adam does not stop the Woman from eating the fruit
- Adam willingly followers the serpents temptation in his own right
Metaphorically, the story illustrates Adam and Woman being given free will, “the knowing of good and evil”. Despite the whole drama being set up by God, He curses all three of them, the serpent, Adam, and the Woman.
The tale appears brutal and harsh, however, as a result of these events, the Woman becomes Chavah, the mother of all living things:
Adam named his wife Chavah^, because she would become the mother of all the living. Genesis 3:20 ^ Eve in English translations
To reiterate: it is only through eating the forbidden fruit that the woman becomes Chavah, without the knowledge of good and evil she is not the mother of all living things. The same cannot said about Adam. In Genesis 2:15 were were told that Adam’s role in God’s plan was to look after the plants in the garden of Eden. This caretaker obligation does not change, only he is now cursed with having to manage the good and bad of all living things (Genesis 3:17-19).
It is made clear that all of these events take place in a spiritual dimension in the next passage when garments of skin are made for Adam and Chavah:
The Lord God made garments of skin for Adam and his wife and clothed them. Genesis 3:21
The symbolism of Adam and Chavah as being metaphorical depictions of Universal Spirit and Soul illustrate a threefold nature of humans: body, soul, and spirit. Or as it is more commonly expressed in contemporary speech: body, soul, and mind (remembering: some scholars call the Universal Spirit, “Intellect”).
When God told Chavah “Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you” (Genesis 3:16), it is indicative of humans (any gender) desiring to have their mind (intellectual spirit) rule over their soul (creativity impulses). It is not appropriate to reduce these concepts to order and chaos. Rather, it is more apt to view the functioning of the creative soul as desiring the aid of its partner, the intellect, to guide its limitless potential. If it were not to do so, the human experience may be likened to living in permanent state of psychosis.
Jewish cultures are far less likely to demonise real women based upon to the allegory of Adam and Chavah. While she is understood to be a protagonist, without her the “life” as we know it on earth would not exist.
Conformational biases, in which sexists and misogynist values are projected onto the story of Adam and Eve/Chavah have can have far reaching ramifications. It is also interesting to note that Christianity has a tradition of insisting humans only have one soul (more about this at a latter date), therefore, identifying Jewish theories of multiple souls in the Book of Genesis is hindered.
Over the centuries, mystics (from Christianity and Islam) who have attempted to challenge the status quo have been called heretics, brought before inquisition panels, and severely persecuted by other means.
And why has there not been more discussions about Jewish theology? Perhaps it is because they too have an extensive history of being persecuted.
The use of characters to personifications theological concepts in a narrative is not unique to Judaism. The Greeks used a similar strategy in their epic poetry about Zeus, Hera, Persephone, and Hades. Once this storytelling strategy is recognised, it appears odd when interpreters miss the underlying meanings that are being expressed because they don’t understand the symbolism.
* It may be noted that the rivers are earthly locations – Pishon, Gihon, Tigris, and Euphrates; the latter two still exist today and it is speculated that the former two were equally familiar to the writers of Genesis. This may be viewed as a normal storytelling device. Later in the Hebrew Bible, a location in Jerusalem called Gehinnom is symbolically referred to as an abode for the wicked when they are deceased. Therefore, following this line of thinking, it is reasonable to deduct that the rivers of Pishon, Gihon, Tigris, and Euphrates were also nonfiction.
Crispe, Sara Esther. “Chavah: Mother of All Life.” The Jewish Woman.org, www.chabad.org/theJewishWoman/article_cdo/aid/335943/jewish/Chavah-Mother-of-All-Life.htm.
Dolansky, Shawna. “The Immortal Myth of Adam and Eve – TheTorah.com.” Www.thetorah.com, 2015, www.thetorah.com/article/the-immortal-myth-of-adam-and-eve.
Mortenson, Terry. “In-Depth Look at Translation of Hebrew Word Adam.” Answers in Genesis, 2006, answersingenesis.org/adam-and-eve/in-depth-look-at-translation-of-hebrew-word-adam/. Accessed 11 Mar. 2023.
Murata, Sachiko. Masculine Feminine Complementarity in the Spiritual Psychology of Islam. 1989, www.academia.edu/27941952/Masculine_Feminine_Complementarity_in_the_Spiritual_Psychology_of_Islam.
My Jewish Learning. “The Written Torah and the Oral Torah.” My Jewish Learning, www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-formation-of-the-oral-torah/.
Fungua Biblia yoyote ya Kikristo na katika sura chache za kwanza utafahamishwa kwa wahusika Adamu na Hawa. "Kama ukifungua Biblia ya Kiebrania, utaona ""Adamu na Hawa.""" Huenda ua la waridi lililoitwa kwa jina lingine lolote likawa na harufu tamu, lakini Hawa si tamu kama Chavah. Tofauti hizo zinahitaji kuchimba kidogo katika historia; ishara ya akiolojia, ikiwa unataka. "Hadithi ya Adamu na Hawa inaandikwa katika kitabu cha Mwanzo, Mwanzo 1: 1-3 ""Hawa katika Kiingereza vs Chavah katika Kiebrania"" (Kiebrania: ""Eve"" ni neno linalotokana na neno jioni, na hivyo hufananisha giza la usiku." "Kwa hiyo, tafsiri za Kikristo za Hawa zinaelekea kumwona kuwa mwanamke mwenye kuangamiza ambaye ni wajibu wa Adamu (mwanamume mkamilifu) kuanguka katika giza la dhambi.""" "Jina la Kiyahudi ""Chava"" linamaanisha ""mama wa maisha yote,"" na linahusisha utunzaji, ubunifu, na furaha ya kuishi." "Kama Hawa ameunganishwa na mume wake, Adamu (binadamu), mfano wa mfano wa wawili huwakilisha uzoefu wa kibinadamu, kwa kila mtu, iwe ni wa kiume, wa kike, au mwingine.""" Ni kwa nini kuna tofauti hiyo? Kimsingi, Ukristo hukazia fikira mambo ya kimwili huku Dini ya Kiyahudi ikikazia fikira mambo ya kimwili. Katika historia, Ukristo umefundisha kwamba Adamu na Hawa walikuwa watu halisi. "Katika mwaka wa 1950, Papa Pius XII alirudia imani hii na kusema kwa ujasiri: ""Vyanzo vya ukweli uliofunuliwa huunga mkono fundisho la dhambi ya asili, ambayo ilianza katika bustani ya Edeni, kutokana na dhambi iliyotendwa na mtu mmoja, Adamu.""" Wazo la "dhambi ya asili" linasema kwamba wanadamu wana mwelekeo wa asili wa kumwasi Mungu kama vile Adamu na Hawa walivyoonyesha. Mafundisho hayo yalianzishwa katika Ukristo katika karne ya pili na Baba wa Kanisa Irenaeus. "Hata hivyo, katika karne ya 12, St. Thomas Aquinas aliongeza mtazamo wa jukumu la Hawa katika uasi kwa kuchora sambamba kati yake na ""mwanamke"" kwa ujumla." "Kwa maana hiyo, kwa sababu mwanamke alikula mtofaa uliotolewa na nyoka anayesema (ambayo mtu lazima aamini pia ilikuwa halisi kama Adamu na Hawa walikuwa), kisha akamtia moyo mwenzi wake kufanya vivyo hivyo, vizazi vyote vimeteseka tangu wakati huo.""" "Kama ilivyo katika Biblia, Yesu Kristo ndiye suluhisho la tatizo hilo: ""Kwa maana kama vile katika Adamu wote wanakufa, ndivyo katika Kristo wote watakavyofufuliwa.""" "Kulingana na 1 Wakorintho 15:22: ""Kama vile Kristo alivyoelezwa kuwa Adamu Mpya, ndivyo Maria anavyotambuliwa kuwa Hawa Mpya, ingawa hakuna mistari ya Biblia iliyo wazi inayoonyesha jambo hilo.""" Kwa karne nyingi, baadhi ya Wakristo wa kichawi ambao wamejaribu kudokeza kwamba Adamu na Hawa ni wa mfano (kama vile Wagnosti) wametangazwa kuwa wapinzani, wametengwa na ushirika, wamekabiliwa na majaribio ya mahakama ya kienyeji, na wamekuwa chini ya aina fulani za ukandamizaji. Wanawake wamedai kwa muda mrefu kwamba kutazama wanawake katika hali ya juu ya Hawa - mwanamke mwovu ambaye alimharibia mwanamume wake - na Maria - bikira ambaye kwa utii anafuata maagizo - ni ujenzi wa jamii ya baba, sio mapenzi ya Mungu. Katika historia ya hivi karibuni inaonekana kwamba Mungu amesikia ujumbe wa wanawake pia, na amejibu kupitia Papa Francis. Katika hotuba yake ya mwaka 2013, alishangaza wasikilizaji wake kwa kusema kwamba Adamu na Hawa walikuwa vifaa vya fasihi (kama kuzimu). Jambo lenye kushangaza pia lilikuwa maoni yake: <unk>Ni lazima tutambue kwamba ukweli wa kidini unabadilika na kubadilika. """Ukweli si kamili au kuweka katika jiwe, ingawa mimi si uhakika kabisa nini maana yake na ukweli inaweza kubadilika, mimi kuchukua maneno yake kama kuwa hisia kwamba inaonyesha Kanisa ni kuchukua hatua chache nzuri ya kwanza mbali na historia yake ya kifalme." "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu cha ""Eve in Psychoanalysis"" na Carl Jung, ""Eve"" ni mfano wa kuvutia wa maadili ya ulimwengu na ya utamaduni wa ulimwengu." Aliona hadithi za kale kuwa za kuwakilisha ukweli wa kisaikolojia na akajaribu kuthibitisha nadharia hiyo kwa kulinganisha maandishi ya kale. Nina kiasi fulani cha heshima kwa utafiti wa Jung (ingawa wakati mmoja alikubaliana na Freud kwamba watoto wadogo walikuwa na uwezo wa kuwashawishi watu wazima kuwa na mahusiano ya kingono nao). Kwa ujumla, utafiti wake ni wa kuvutia kwa kuzingatia kwamba alifanya bila msaada wa mtandao. "Jung alisema: ""Mwili na vitu vimegawanyika katika sehemu nne, zinazolingana na vitu vinne, na kutokana na mchanganyiko wa sehemu hizo nne, Shetani, ""Arch of this Aeon"" na akili ya ulimwengu huu, ilitokea." Mungu hujifunua katika ulimwengu katika namna ya syzygies (mipaka ya kinyume), kama vile mbingu na ardhi, mchana na usiku, mwanaume na mwanamke, na kadhalika. Mfumo wa kwanza wa mfululizo wa kwanza ni Adam-Eve Syzygy (Collected Works of C.G.). Jung, Volume 9, sehemu ya 2: Aion: Utafiti katika Phenomenology ya Self, ukurasa 254 Katika maoni yangu ya unyenyekevu, nukuu ya juu ni ya kawaida ya Jung kuchanganya nusu-kweli na uthibitisho biases. Wazo kwamba Mungu na psyche ya ulimwengu huu inaweza kufafanuliwa kupitia polarities kabisa overlooks uwezo wa ubunifu bila kikomo kwamba yoyote Muumba-Kuwa na kazi za ubunifu ya akili ya binadamu inaweza kufikia; kufanya kumbukumbu za mfano katika hadithi na hadithi ni mchakato wa ubunifu, si mchakato dogmatic kwamba ni mdogo kwa syzygies ya pande mbili kinyume. Njia ya Jung ya kutofautisha jukumu la Mungu katika ulimwengu ni mbaya kwa sababu inapuuza maeneo ya kijivu ya kuwa binadamu. "Licha ya kukosa kwa ufahamu huu, utambuzi wa Jung wa jukumu la ""vitu vinne"" katika mifumo ya imani ya kale ni wa kusifiwa kwa sababu hii ni hatua ambayo watafiti wengine wengi hupoteza." Kwa kuongezea, marejeo ya vitu vinne yanaweza kuonekana katika hadithi ya Adamu na Hawa, ingawa wahusika wakuu si polarities. Kama nilivyosema hapo awali, tatizo la uchambuzi wa akili wa Jungian si kile alichosema, lakini jinsi nadharia zake zimetafsiriwa na kurahisishwa sana na wengine. Jordan Peterson, ambaye wakati mwingine anatajwa kama mlinzi wa patriarchy na mtu wa akili wa mtu wa kipumbavu, ni mfano wa kawaida wa mtu ambaye ameshindwa kuunganisha kanuni za theolojia ya kale katika usomaji wa ishara za Kibiblia. Kwa mfano, Peterson anapendekeza kwamba Hawa, kama archetype ya kisaikolojia ya wanawake halisi, inaonyesha mwelekeo wa kike wa kufanya wanaume kujisikia kujitambua: <unk>Sasa, hakuna kuona wazi, mwanamke mwenye ufahamu kwenda kuvumilia mtu unawakened. Hawa alishiriki matunda hayo mara moja na Adamu. Hilo humfanya awe na wasiwasi. Wanawake wamekuwa wakiwafanya wanaume wawe na ufahamu wa kibinafsi tangu mwanzo wa wakati. Wanafanya hivyo hasa kwa kuwapinga, lakini pia kwa kuwafanya waone aibu, ikiwa wanaume hawachukui jukumu. - Jordan Peterson Ujuzi huu ni wa kipaji kabisa... ikiwa mtu hupuuza ukweli kwamba pia inaweza kusemwa kwamba wanaume wenye kuona wazi, wenye ufahamu wanaweza na hufanya wanawake wasioamka wahisi ufahamu wa kibinafsi... na wamefanya hivyo tangu mwanzo wa wakati... vile vile wanaume wanakataa na kuwaona aibu wanawake ambao hawachukui jukumu (kwa tabia, maneno, hisia, na kadhalika). Peterson, kama Jung, hutumia upendeleo wa uthibitisho. Yeye huona kila kitu kupitia syzygies ya kinyume; machafuko na utaratibu, masculinity na femininity. Kwa ufupi, hoja zake ni za uwongo. Ingawa mara nyingi Adamu hudharauliwa, kwa kawaida Hawa ndiye anayekumbwa na mashtaka mengi zaidi. Kutoka kwa wakuu wa ukoo, wataalamu wa kisaikolojia, na makasisi, ishara yake (kama mtu halisi au wa hadithi) si nzuri. Jitihada za wanawake za kurekebisha msimamo huo zimezalisha moshi lakini hazijafuta moto. Kwa uwezekano, hoja zenye nguvu zaidi za kupinga maonyesho ya kuharibu tamaa ya Adamu na Hawa, zinaweza kuja kutoka kwa wasomi wa Kiislamu wa Enzi za Giza. "Sachiko Murata, mwandishi wa kitabu cha ""The Tao of Islam,"" amekuwa akichunguza sana mapokeo ya Kiislamu ya Adamu na Hawa kama yanavyotolewa katika Qur'ani." Utafiti wa Murata unarudi nyuma sana katika historia ya Kiislamu, kwa kuzingatia hasa ushirikina wa Sufic. "Mtu mmoja wa karne ya 14 Mperusia, Mahmud Kashani, ambaye kwa usemi mzuri anaelezea Adamu kama kuwa mwakilishi wa Roho ya Ulimwengu na Hawa kama mwakilishi wa Roho ya Ulimwengu: ""Kama vile kuwepo kwa Adamu katika ulimwengu unaoonekana ni mahali pa kuonekana kwa fomu ya Roho katika ulimwengu usioonekana, hivyo pia kuwepo kwa Hawa katika ulimwengu unaoonekana ni mahali pa kuonekana kwa fomu ya Roho katika ulimwengu usioonekana.""" "Mtazamo huu wa msingi wa kuelewa saikolojia ya binadamu katika hadithi ya kale unaendelea na ufafanuzi kwamba ndoa kati ya Adamu na Hawa ni ishara ya jamii nzima ya binadamu: ""Uwepo wa Adamu na Hawa ni maandishi ya kuwepo kwa Roho na Roho.""" Zaidi ya hayo, katika kila mtu, maandishi mengine yameandikwa kutokana na maandishi ya Adamu na Hawa, yaani, kupitia ndoa ya roho na roho, kuzaliwa kwa moyo kutoka kwa hawa wawili. Murata anasema kwamba wasomi wengine wa Kiislamu wamesema maoni kama hayo tu wametumia maneno <unk>Intelligence<unk> na <unk>Soul<unk>, kwa Adamu na Hawa kwa mtiririko huo. "Lugha ya awali ya Mwanzo ni Kiebrania, na Kiebrania ni lugha ya kijinsia ambapo vitu vyote na dhana zinaitwa ""mwanamume"" au ""mwanamke"" bila kujali sifa." Tofauti na lugha nyingine zenye jinsia (Kigiriki, Kijerumani, na Kiitaliano), lugha hiyo haina majina yasiyo na jinsia. Kupoteza uhakika huu kunaweza kusababisha kutokuelewana kwa picha za Kibiblia kama kuwa polarized na syzygies wakati ni lugha tu ambayo ni polarized, si halisi ya ishara au mawazo ambayo ni kuonyeshwa. Adamu, kama jina linalowakilisha Roho, linaweza kuwa la kiume kama soksi, nyumba, au habari. Vivyo hivyo, Hawa, akiwa jina linalowakilisha Roho, anaweza kuwa wa kike kama sufuria ya kuchoma, kitabu cha kumbukumbu, au ukweli. Chavah ya Kiyahudi Kama tu Adamu na Hawa hawakuula apulo hilo basi wanadamu wangekuwa wameokolewa kutoka kwa dhambi! "Kwa mfano, kulingana na mapokeo ya Kiebrania yaliyoandikwa katika Torati, tunda lenye sumu ambalo liliwapa wanadamu ujuzi wa mema na mabaya linaonwa kuwa tini, wala si mtofaa.""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""mtu"" ni neno la Kilatini linalomaanisha ""mtu"" na ""mtu"" kwa sababu wakati wa kutafsiri Biblia katika karne ya nne, Waroma waliamua ""kuiboresha"" kwa kuongeza neno la Kilatini ""malus"" ambalo linamaanisha ""mtu"" na ""mtu mbaya.""" (Neno la Mungu haliwezi kuepuka kanuni na desturi za fasihi.) Mabadiliko ya jina kutoka kwa Hawa na mtini kuwa mtofaa yanaonyesha jinsi hadithi ya awali ya Adamu na Hawa ilivyobadilishwa wakati ilipobadilishwa kutoka Dini ya Kiyahudi hadi Ukristo. Imani ya Kiyahudi ina mapokeo ya mdomo na ya maandishi. Wayahudi wa Orthodox ambao hufuata toleo lililoandikwa wana mwelekeo wa kuamini tafsiri za neno kwa neno za Adamu na Hawa, kwa hivyo wanaweza kushikamana na dhana kama hizo ambazo ziko katika Ukristo wa kawaida. Kinyume chake, mapokeo ya Torati ya mdomo hueleza simulizi hilo kupitia mfumo unaofanana zaidi na ule wa Waislamu wa Sufi. "Kwa mfano, katika Biblia, ""Uislamu"" ni jina la dini ya Kiyahudi, na ""Uislamu"" ni jina la dini ya Kikristo, na ""Uislamu"" ni jina la dini ya Kiyahudi." "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika Kabbalah, ""Nefesh"" (Nafusi) ni kanuni ya kiroho ya uhai, na ""Ruach"" (Ruach) ni kanuni ya kiroho ya uhai, na ""Nefusi"" ni kanuni ya kiroho ya uhai, na ""Nefusi"" ni kanuni ya kiroho ya uhai, na ""Nefusi"" ni kanuni ya kiroho ya uhai, na ""Nefusi"" ni kanuni ya kiroho ya uhai." Marejeo ya moja kwa moja kwa Wayahudi kutafsiri Adamu na Chavah kama Roho na Nafsi kama katika Sufism ni nadra. Hata hivyo, kwa kuchunguza mistari ya Biblia, nadharia hiyo yaweza kuthibitishwa. (Utoaji wa dhamana: Mimi si Myahudi hivyo kuomba msamaha wangu wa unyenyekevu mapema kwa marafiki wangu Wayahudi kwa ajili ya makosa yoyote). "Mwanzo 1: ""Mungu akawatengeneza wanadamu kwa mfano wake, kwa mfano wake, na wawe na mamlaka juu ya samaki wa baharini, na juu ya ndege wa angani, na juu ya mifugo, na juu ya nchi yote, na juu ya kila kiumbe kinachotambaa juu ya nchi.""" Mungu alimumba Adamu kwa mfano wake mwenyewe, kwa mfano wa Mungu alimumba; mwanamume na mwanamke aliwaumba. "Mwanzo 1:26-27 ""Adamu"" kwa kawaida hutafsiriwa kuwa ""mtu"" au ""watu"" katika tafsiri za Kiingereza." "Hii ni ishara ya kwamba binadamu wa jinsia yoyote wanaumbwa katika mwelekeo wa kiroho kabla ya kuumbwa katika mwelekeo wa kimwili.""" Kwa kuongezea, inaweza kusomwa kama Mungu akiwa wa kiume na wa kike, kwa hivyo, wanadamu pia ni wa jinsia zote mbili. Ufafanuzi wa tatu ni kwamba kifungu hicho kinamvutia mke wa kwanza wa Adamu, Lilith, lakini nitaipitia hatua hii kwa kupendelea kuzingatia Adamu na Hava. Bila kujali tafsiri sahihi, nukuu hiyo inaweza kutambuliwa kuwa na inferences kwa nadharia ya mambo manne ya ardhi, maji, upepo, na moto. Tatu za kwanza ni dhahiri: <unk> samaki wa baharini<unk> (maji), <unk> uchafu wa dunia<unk> (pepo), na <unk> ng'ombe <unk> na <unk> kila kitu kinachoingia <unk> juu ya dunia (ardhi). Kiini cha nne, moto, hakionekani waziwazi. Inaweza kusemwa, kwa kufuata kuzingatia Kiyahudi ya kuuliza nini hakusemwa?, inaweza kutajwa kwamba <unk>Adam<unk> ni mwakilishi wa moto. Moto ndio kiini tata zaidi kati ya viumbe. Inarejelea joto, nuru na, kama jua, hutegemeza ukuzi na uhai. Kwa hiyo, <unk>Adam<unk> kuwa <unk>utawala<unk> juu ya vipengele vingine vyote ni signifier subtle ya kipengele hiki. Katika sehemu inayofuata ya hadithi, tunaambiwa kwamba Adamu aliwekwa katika bustani iliyozungukwa na mito na aliambiwa afanye kazi na kutunza mahali hapa: Mto unaomwagilia bustani ulitoka Edeni; kutoka hapo uligawanywa katika chemchemi nne. Jina la kwanza ni Pishon; huzunguka nchi yote ya Havila, ambako kuna dhahabu. (Daha ya nchi hiyo ni nzuri; pia kuna harufu nzuri ya harufu na onyx.) Mto wa pili unaitwa Gihoni, na unapita katika nchi yote ya Kushi. Mto wa tatu unaitwa Tigri, unaoelekea upande wa mashariki wa Ashuru. Mto wa nne ni Mto Eufrates. Mungu alimchukua Adamu na kumweka katika bustani ya Edeni ili afanye kazi na kuitunza. Mstari huo, tena, unarejelea mambo ya asili. Jambo la wazi zaidi ni kipengele cha maji kilichotajwa kwa kutaja majina ya mito minne.* Sehemu ya ardhi pia inaonyeshwa na ufafanuzi juu ya dhahabu, utomvu wenye harufu nzuri (dutu inayotiririka kutoka kwa mimea), na onyx (jiwe la thamani). Ikiwa Adamu ni ishara ya moto, basi sehemu pekee inayokosekana ni upepo. Katika sura ya pili ya Mwanzo tunaona hatua inayofuata katika mchakato wa uumbaji ambapo Adamu anaundwa mara ya pili, wakati huu yeye ni umbo kutoka vumbi, kwa hiyo kupendekeza mchanganyiko wa elementi ya ardhi na moto. Kisha Bwana Mungu akamfanyiza Adamu kwa mavumbi ya ardhi, akamtia pumzi ya uhai pua zake, na mtu akawa kiumbe hai. Bwana Mungu alikuwa amepanda bustani upande wa mashariki, katika Edeni, akamweka huko mtu aliyemfanyiza. Mwanzo 2:7-8 - Mwakilishi wa wanadamu wote, si wa kiume tu. Sehemu za binadamu huwa ngumu zaidi kutafsiri katika hatua hii. Kwa kuongezea kumbukumbu za baadhi ya mambo, pumzi ya uhai ya Mungu ni kipande kingine ambacho kinahitaji kuongezwa kwenye fumbo. Katika kiwango rahisi zaidi, pumzi hii ya maisha inaweza kutafsiriwa kama kipengele cha upepo, ingawa inaweza pia kuwa nefesh. Hali ya Adamu ya kuwa katika umoja na Mungu anaweza pia kuonekana kama kuwa imbued na yechida. Hivyo, theolojia rahisi ya mambo manne ni ngumu na vipengele vingine vya kiroho. "Hata hivyo, Biblia inaeleza jinsi mwanamke alivyoumbwa kutoka kwa Adamu, ""Bwana Mungu akafanya mwanamke kutoka kwenye ubavu wa mwanamume, akamleta kwa mwanamume.""" "Mtu huyo akasema, ""Huyu sasa ni mfupa wa mifupa yangu, na nyama ya nyama yangu; ataitwa mwanamke, kwa maana alitolewa kwa mwanamume."" - Mwanzo 2:22-23 ""Mwanamke"" ni jina la Mungu." Badala yake, yeye ni sehemu ya Adamu ambayo ina utawala juu ya mambo ya asili ya ardhi, maji, upepo, na moto, kama vile yeye anavyofanya. Kwa default yeye pia inaweza kuchukuliwa kama kuwa endowed na nefesh na yechida. Kwa hivyo, tofauti zake zinaweza kuonekana kama usemi wa Ruach na Chaya, na anaweza kuonekana kuwa na usawa na upepo. "Kwa hivyo, kwa njia isiyo ya kawaida, yeye anashiriki sifa zake zote na Adamu, kama vile yeye anashiriki sifa zake naye, kama ilivyoelezwa na wao, ""mwili mmoja"" katika mwelekeo wa kiroho, kwa hiyo Adamu anawaacha baba na mama yake na kuungana na mke wake, na wanakuwa mwili mmoja." "Mwanzo 2:24 ""Ulinganifu wa mwanamume wa kwanza (Adamu) na mwanamke unasisitizwa na shule za mawazo ya fumbo ambazo zinadhani kwamba mwanamume na mwanamke waliotajwa katika Mwanzo ni Roho ya Ulimwengu na Roho ya Ulimwengu.""" Muungano wa Roho na Roho ni kama pande mbili za sarafu moja, si pande mbili tofauti. Mfano mbaya wa Roho kufanya Soul ni kwamba ni kama mchakato wa kombucha scoby kufanya kombucha brew. "Kombocha scoby (Roho) inahitaji kuwekwa katika mazingira tofauti, moja na maji na sukari (bustani ya Edeni), ili kutengeneza kombucha brew (Roho).""" Kombucha scoby ina vitu vyote sawa na kinywaji cha kombucha, na kinyume chake, lakini hizo mbili ni tofauti. Vivyo hivyo, Roho ya Ulimwengu na Nafsi ya Ulimwengu ni sawa, lakini tofauti. "Kusema kwamba ""kombucha"" ni kinyume cha ""kombucha"" ni kinyume cha akili, na vile vile ni kinyume cha akili kusema kwamba ""roho"" na ""nafsi"" ni kinyume cha akili, ni kwa kiasi fulani kitu kimoja, tu katika aina tofauti na kila aina ya sifa nyingine." "Kama ilivyo katika bustani ya Edeni, ""mwisho wa maisha"" ulivunjwa na nyoka, ambaye aliwatia moyo kula matunda ya mti uliokatazwa, na nyoka alikuwa na ujanja kuliko wanyama wote wa mwituni ambao Mungu alikuwa amewaumba." "Mungu akamwambia mwanamke, ""Je, kweli Mungu alisema, 'Msile matunda ya miti yote ya bustani?'" 9 Mwanamke akamwambia nyoka, ""Tunaweza kula matunda ya miti ya bustani, lakini Mungu alisema, 'Msile matunda ya mti ulio katikati ya bustani, wala msiuguse, msije mkafa.'""" "Kwa maana Mungu anajua kwamba siku mtakapoila matunda yake, macho yenu yatafunguliwa, nanyi mtakuwa kama Mungu, mkijua mema na mabaya."" 13 Mwanamke alipoona kwamba matunda ya mti huo yalikuwa mazuri kwa ajili ya chakula, na yenye kupendeza macho, na yenye kupendeza pia kwa ajili ya kupata hekima, akachukua na kula." Pia alimpa mume wake aliyekuwa pamoja naye, naye akala. Kisha macho yao wote wawili yakafunguliwa. Mwanzo 3: 1-7 - Mambo kadhaa yanaweza kuchukuliwa kutoka kwa kifungu cha juu: - nyoka aliumbwa na Mungu - majaribu ya nyoka ni kwa Adamu na Mwanamke ni kuwa kama Mungu - wakati inaonekana kwamba nyoka ni kuzungumza tu na Mwanamke, na hatua hii katika hadithi yeye ni nyama moja na Adamu, kwa hiyo mambo yote mawili ni sasa. "Mwanamke huyo alikataa kula matunda ya mti huo, lakini Adamu alishindwa na kishawishi cha nyoka, na hivyo Adamu akaanza ""kujua mema na mabaya.""" Hata hivyo, Mungu anawaadhibu wote watatu, yaani, nyoka, Adamu, na mwanamke. "Hata hivyo, katika hadithi hii, mwanamke anakuwa ""Mama wa vitu vyote vilivyo hai"" (Yohana 1:8) na Adamu anamwita mkewe ""Mama wa vitu vyote vilivyo hai.""" "Mwanzo 3:20 ""Hawa katika tafsiri ya Kiingereza, ili kurudia: ni tu kwa kula matunda yaliyokatazwa kwamba mwanamke anakuwa Chavah, bila maarifa ya mema na mabaya yeye si mama wa vitu vyote hai.""" Jambo hilohilo haliwezi kusemwa kuhusu Adamu. Katika Mwanzo 2:15 Adamu alipewa jukumu la kutunza mimea katika bustani ya Edeni. "Hii haibadiliki, lakini sasa amelaaniwa kwa kuwa na jukumu la ""kuongoza mema na mabaya"" ya viumbe vyote vilivyo hai (Mwanzo 3:17-19)." "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika sura ya kwanza, ""vitu vyote hivyo vilifanyika katika hali ya kiroho"" (Mstari wa 7), na ""vitu vya ngozi vilivyotengenezwa kwa ajili ya Adamu na Hawa"" (Mstari wa 8) ni ""vitu vya ngozi vilivyotengenezwa kwa ajili ya Adamu na mkewe na kuvikwa.""" Mwanzo 3:21 - Ufananisho wa Adamu na Hawa kama picha za mfano za Roho na Roho ya Ulimwengu unaonyesha asili tatu ya wanadamu: mwili, roho na roho. Au kama inavyoonyeshwa kwa kawaida katika usemi wa kisasa: mwili, nafsi, na akili (kukumbuka: wasomi fulani huita Roho ya Ulimwengu, <unk>Intellect<unk>). "Mungu alimwambia Hawa, ""Mume wako ndiye utakayetamani, naye atakutawala"" (Mwanzo 3:16), na hivyo kumfanya mwanadamu awe na uwezo wa kuamua jinsi atakavyotumia akili yake kuongoza nafsi yake." Si jambo la kufaa kuharibu dhana hizo kuwa utaratibu na machafuko. Badala yake, ni rahisi zaidi kuona utendaji wa nafsi ya ubunifu kama kutaka msaada wa mwenzake, akili, kuongoza uwezo wake usio na kikomo. Ikiwa haingefanya hivyo, uzoefu wa kibinadamu waweza kulinganishwa na kuishi katika hali ya kudumu ya kiakili. Utamaduni wa Kiyahudi ni uwezekano mdogo sana wa kuwadhihirisha wanawake halisi kulingana na mfano wa Adamu na Hawa. Wakati yeye ni kueleweka kuwa mhusika mkuu, bila yake "maisha" kama tunavyojua ni juu ya dunia isingekuwapo. "Kutokana na ""conformational biases"" ambapo maadili ya ubinadamu na ubaguzi wa jinsia huelekezwa kwenye hadithi ya Adamu na Hawa, inaweza kuwa na matokeo makubwa." "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, Wakristo wana utamaduni wa kusisitiza kwamba wanadamu wana roho moja tu (zaidi juu ya hii katika tarehe ya baadaye), kwa hivyo, kutambua nadharia za Kiyahudi za roho nyingi katika Kitabu cha Mwanzo ni kuzuiwa. """ Kwa karne nyingi, watu wa dini ya Kikristo na ya Kiislamu ambao wamejaribu kupinga hali iliyopo wametajwa kuwa wazushi, wameletwa mbele ya mahakama za mahakama, na kumtesa vikali kwa njia nyingine. Na kwa nini hakuna mazungumzo zaidi juu ya theolojia ya Kiyahudi? Labda ni kwa sababu wao pia wana historia ndefu ya kunyanyaswa. Matumizi ya wahusika katika kufananisha dhana za kitheolojia katika simulizi si ya kipekee kwa Dini ya Kiyahudi. Wagiriki walitumia mbinu kama hiyo katika mashairi yao ya hadithi kuhusu Zeu, Hera, Persephone, na Hades. Mara baada ya mkakati huu wa kusimulia hadithi kutambuliwa, inaonekana ajabu wakati watafsiri hupoteza maana ya msingi ambayo yanaelezwa kwa sababu hawaelewi ishara. "Hata hivyo, kuna uwezekano mkubwa kwamba mto huo ulikuwa ""Pishon, Gihoni, Tigri, na Yufrathi"" - mto ambao bado unaonekana leo, na ambao waandishi wa kitabu cha Mwanzo waliujua kwa ukaribu." Hilo laweza kuonwa kuwa kifaa cha kawaida cha kusimulia hadithi. Katika Biblia ya Kiebrania, mahali fulani huko Yerusalemu palipoitwa Gehino, kunafananishwa na mahali ambapo waovu huishi baada ya kufa. Kwa hiyo, kwa kufuata njia hii ya kufikiri, ni jambo la busara kukata kauli kwamba mito ya Pishon, Gihoni, Tigri, na Efrathi pia haikuwa hadithi tu. Crispe, Sara Esther. "Mwanamke wa Kiyahudi: Mama wa Uhai Wote. <unk> The Jewish Woman.org, www.chabad.org/theJewishWoman/article_cdoaid/35943 jewishChavah-Mama-wa-Uhai-wote.htm. Dolansky, Shawna. "The Immortal Myth of Adam and Eve "" (The Immortal Myth of Adam and Eve) ni hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi." Mortenson, Terry. "Kutoka kwa tafsiri ya ""Adam"" katika Biblia ya Kiebrania, ""Adam"" katika Biblia ya Kiebrania, ""Adam"" katika Biblia ya Kiebrania, ""Adam"" katika Biblia ya Kiebrania, ""Adam"" katika Biblia ya Kiebrania, ""Adam"" katika Biblia ya Kiebrania." Imetumika tarehe 11 Machi. 2023 - Mwaka wa Uhamiaji Murata, Sachiko. Ukomplementarity wa Kiume na wa Kike katika Saikolojia ya Kiroho ya Uislamu. "Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 1989 aliandika kitabu chake cha ""Masculine-Feminine-Complementarity in the Spiritual Psychology of Islam"" (Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 1989 aliandika kitabu chake cha ""Masculine-Feminine-Complementarity in the Spiritual Psychology of Islam.""" Mafunzo Yangu ya Kiyahudi. <unk>Torah iliyoandikwa na Torah ya mdomo.<unk> My Jewish Learning, www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-formation-of-the-oral-torah.<unk>