When a catastrophic event such as the Huntington Beach oil spill occurs, early responders urgently need up-to-date situational awareness and the immediately prior conditions of the impacted areas for damage assessment and context. Emergency response for unpredictable and rapidly evolving circumstances during events like this requires smart technology with a dynamic set of capabilities and accurate data layers to gain control of the situation, protect early responders and the public, and minimize further impacts. Smart technology like GIS provides an optimum framework for organizing, visualizing, analyzing, and disseminating this kind of information so that informed decisions can be made, appropriate actions can be taken, and the citizenry can stay updated and informed.
In many cases, up-to-the-minute imagery from a variety of sources provides the most authoritative “picture” of what is happening, and when we can see an image of something, we can understand it better. In emergency management, imagery is not only useful for situational awareness, but also historical / archive imagery gives us the context for change detection and damage assessment. Same-hour, same-day, on-demand tasking, and very recent imagery sources may include satellite, aerial, drone, and unmanned terrestrial vehicle imagery, and they can range in type from panchromatic, natural color, color infrared, multi-spectral, hyperspectral, and microwave (Radar) sensors. Available imagery sources include both no-cost or low-cost imagery from familiar government programs such as Landsat and Sentinel, as well as commercially available data from multiple vendors.
The ArcGIS system provides a comprehensive set of tools and capabilities that are particularly well-suited for disasters such as this, providing the necessary framework for visualizing, understanding, decision making, and taking action. Thousands of users worldwide deploy this system in similar operational settings at national, regional, state, and local levels. Included with ArcGIS is the ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World, which features the world’s most extensive collection of recent global high-resolution imagery, making it the preferred source of authoritative imagery content and optimal for identifying pre-event conditions on the ground as the basis for accurate change detection.
ArcGIS Image is a suite of advanced capabilities within ArcGIS that can dynamically access, display, enhance, and analyze all forms of available imagery and quickly provide actionable intelligence in the form of information products directly to responders in the field. A very useful source of data during a natural disaster is Radar data represented as an image. Radar “imagery” has several unique properties which are valuable during such a crisis, including the ability to “see” at night and in cloudy weather, something traditional optical imagery can’t do. Radar imagery is especially important for oil spills because the associated oil slicks on the water surface are readily apparent in the image, even in bad weather.
ArcGIS Image includes an extensive set of tools specifically designed to display, enhance, and process Radar data so that it can be accurately fit to a basemap, features extracted, and then combined with other GIS layers. ArcGIS Image can also quickly map and track changes to the oil slick location and extract its most recent boundaries for overlay on top of potentially impacted marine resources and other GIS layers. Other tools are available within the ArcGIS system to support predictive analytics, giving decision-makers insight into potential downstream consequences and associated impacts on property, marine wildlife, and other natural and economic considerations.
Wakati tukio la msiba kama vile kuvuja kwa mafuta ya Huntington Beach, wajibuji wa mapema wanahitaji haraka ufahamu wa hali ya sasa na hali za awali za maeneo yaliyoathiriwa kwa ajili ya tathmini ya uharibifu na muktadha. "Kushughulikia hali ya dharura kwa hali zisizoweza kutabiriwa na zinazobadilika haraka wakati wa matukio kama haya inahitaji teknolojia ya akili na seti ya uwezo wa nguvu na tabaka sahihi za data ili kupata udhibiti wa hali, kulinda wajibuji wa mapema na umma, na kupunguza athari zaidi. """ Teknolojia ya GIS hutoa mfumo bora wa kuandaa, kugundua, kuchanganua na kueneza habari kama hii ili maamuzi ya busara yaweze kufanywa, hatua zinazofaa ziweze kuchukuliwa, na raia waweze kubaki na habari. Katika visa vingi, picha za dakika kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali hutoa picha yenye mamlaka zaidi ya kile kinachotokea, na tunapoweza kuona picha ya kitu, tunaweza kuifahamu vizuri zaidi. Katika usimamizi wa dharura, picha sio tu muhimu kwa ufahamu wa hali, lakini pia picha za kumbukumbu za kihistoria zinatupa muktadha wa kugundua mabadiliko na tathmini ya uharibifu. Picha za saa moja, siku moja, juu ya mahitaji, na vyanzo vya picha vya hivi karibuni vinaweza kujumuisha picha za satelaiti, anga, drone, na picha za magari yasiyo na watu, na zinaweza kutofautiana katika aina kutoka kwa panchromatic, rangi ya asili, infrared ya rangi, multi-spectral, hyperspectral, na sensorer za microwave (Radar). Vyanzo vya picha vinavyopatikana ni pamoja na picha za gharama nafuu au za gharama nafuu kutoka kwa programu za serikali zinazojulikana kama Landsat na Sentinel, pamoja na data zinazopatikana kibiashara kutoka kwa wauzaji wengi. ArcGIS hutoa seti kamili ya zana na uwezo ambao ni hasa yanafaa kwa ajili ya majanga kama hii, kutoa mfumo muhimu kwa ajili ya kuona, kuelewa, maamuzi, na kuchukua hatua. Maelfu ya watumiaji duniani kote kupeleka mfumo huu katika mazingira sawa ya uendeshaji katika ngazi ya kitaifa, kikanda, jimbo, na mitaa. ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World ni mkusanyiko mkubwa zaidi wa picha za hivi karibuni za kimataifa za azimio la juu, na kuifanya kuwa chanzo cha kuvutia cha picha za mamlaka na bora kwa kutambua hali za kabla ya tukio kama msingi wa kugundua mabadiliko sahihi. ArcGIS Image ni seti ya uwezo wa juu ndani ya ArcGIS ambayo inaweza dynamically kupata, kuonyesha, kuboresha, na kuchambua aina zote za picha inapatikana na haraka kutoa akili actionable katika fomu ya bidhaa habari moja kwa moja kwa respondents katika uwanja. Chanzo muhimu sana cha data wakati wa msiba wa asili ni data ya Radar iliyowakilishwa kama picha. Radar imagery ina sifa kadhaa za kipekee ambazo ni muhimu wakati wa mgogoro kama huo, ikiwa ni pamoja na uwezo wa kuona usiku na katika hali ya hewa yenye mawingu, kitu ambacho picha za jadi za macho haziwezi kufanya. Picha za rada ni muhimu hasa kwa ajili ya kuvuja mafuta kwa sababu slicks mafuta kuhusishwa juu ya uso wa maji ni wazi kwa urahisi katika picha, hata katika hali mbaya ya hewa. ArcGIS Image inajumuisha seti kubwa ya zana iliyoundwa maalum kuonyesha, kuboresha, na kusindika data ya Radar ili iweze kufaa kwa usahihi kwa ramani ya msingi, vipengele vilivyotokana, na kisha kuunganishwa na tabaka zingine za GIS. ArcGIS Image pia inaweza haraka ramani na kufuatilia mabadiliko ya eneo la mafuta na kutoa mipaka yake ya hivi karibuni kwa overlay juu ya rasilimali za baharini zinazoweza kuathiriwa na tabaka nyingine za GIS. Vifaa vingine vinapatikana ndani ya mfumo wa ArcGIS kusaidia uchambuzi wa utabiri, kutoa watoa maamuzi ufahamu wa matokeo ya uwezekano wa chini na athari zinazohusiana na mali, wanyama wa baharini, na mambo mengine ya asili na kiuchumi.