We can hardly imagine modern medicine without antibiotics. They cure many infectious diseases, which were considered life-threatening not so long ago.
Perhaps, it is difficult to find a human being in the civilized world, who would never take antimicrobial drugs in his life. Today, we buy antibiotics in drugstores and, at the same time, do not even think about the fact that the history of antibiotics counts for about 100 years.
The pharmaceutical industry produces a wide variety of antibiotics in different price categories. So, the choice and purchase of an optimal antibiotic often brings a lot of difficulties for non-specialists.
Today, the antibacterials are produced in multiple dosage forms. The retail pharmacy chains offer antibiotics in the form of:
- oral suspension
- oral tablets, capsules and dragees
- lyophilized powder for solution for injection
Online pharmacies are an option for those who are used to value their time and money. After all, the online pharmacy allows you to quickly buy antibiotics at relatively low cost.
Despite the fact that doctors and scientists argue about the dangers and benefits of antibiotics, one must admit that the story of the antibiotics discovery was of great importance for humanity.
Until a few decades ago, a common bacterial infection could be fatal. Yet today, you may start an effective antibiotic therapy in the very first signs and symptoms of a bacterial infection.
Thus, it should be noted that many antibiotics are sold online without a prescription. Therefore, anyone may buy the required antibiotic online, and start the treatment of a bacterial infection without consulting a doctor first.
The introduction of antibiotics in medical practice has made it possible to cure people of various infectious diseases and prolong their lives. However, the history of the antibiotics use for suppressing the activity of pathogenic bacteria did not appear immediately.
It is believed that the antibiotics history begins simultaneously with the discovery of Alexander Fleming in 1928 of the antibiotic penicillium. It should be noted that the historical evidence proves that such substances, as antibiotics, have been used by mankind for many centuries.
The scientific justification for the use of antibiotics in clinical practice began only in the twentieth century. One of the science founders became Louis Pasteur, who in 1877 discovered that the growth of pathogenic bacteria may be stopped, if you introduce another bacteria into the body.
Studies, made by Pasteur, showed that airborne bacillus may inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis and doesn’t harm animals. This inspired the German scientist, Paul Ehrlich, to perform the synthesis of specific compounds that would help inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in humans.
In light of the research, made by Paul Ehrlich and Alfred Bertheim, the history of antibiotics continued. As a result, the first synthetic antibacterial arsphenamine has been synthesized, which was used to treat syphilis. However, this scientific discovery did not put a full stop in the process of development of new antimicrobials, and the history of new antibiotics creation is still ongoing.
It historically turned out so, that in the beginning of XX century the British scientist Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered the first modern antibiotic – penicillium, which is still widely used in medical practice.
Penicillium is still one of the most effective and low-toxic antibiotics. It is allowed for use even in early childhood and pregnant women.
Penicillin is the first line antibiotic of choice for the treatment of strep throat in adults and in children. Depending on the nature and severity of the infectious disease, you may buy parenteral (injection) or oral (tablets, syrup) forms of penicillin.
The history of penicillin discovery: in 1928, A.Fleming noticed a strange phenomenon – the mold seemed to have dissolved the microbial culture, inhabiting a petri dish. Subsequently, the scientist have found that fungi synthesize specific substance, which helps them withstand other microorganisms. This substance was named by Fleming “penicillium” (from lat. penicillium – mold).
At that time, the scientist’s discovery did not attract much attention from the medical and scientific communities. Perhaps, the reason for the unpopularity of the antibiotic discovered lied in the fact that Fleming was unable to extract a “clean” penicillin, resistant in the external environment.
Subsequently, some scientists have tried to improve the effectiveness of penicillin. Yet, only more than 10 years later (in 1942), scientists Florey and Chain succeeded in creating a new page in the history of antibiotics, and obtained purified penicillin for the first time.
Already by the end of 1943, the large-scale production of penicillium was initiated. In 1945, Fleming, Chain and Florey were awarded with the Nobel Prize for their discovery.
Following the successful production and application of penicillium, scientists from different countries have continued to contribute to the history of new effective antibiotics creation. The antibacterials started appearing with an incredible speed:
- in 1939 – gramicidin,
- in 1943 – streptomycin,
- in 1945 – chlortetracycline,
- in 1947 – chloramphenicol.
By 1950, more than 100 different antibiotics were described.
The history of new antimicrobials discovery continues at the present time. Today, they already account to several thousand. Yet, not all are applicable in medical practice, since many antibiotics have high toxicity and cause side effects.
To date, the cephalosporins are considered one of the most effective and safe antibiotics.
The history of this antibiotics the discovery begins in 1948, when the Italian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu noticed that mold fungi of the genus Cephalosporium acremonium produce a substance that effectively destroys the causative agent of typhoid Salmonella typhi.
Usually, 5 generations of cephalosporins are distinguished. Each subsequent generation of cephalosporins is different from the previous by a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity and a higher stability to beta-lactamases (bacterial enzymes).
Cephalosporins are prescribed for children and adults (including pregnant women) for the treatment of dangerous respiratory diseases, bacterial meningitis, sepsis, and severe infections of the skin, soft tissues, bones and joints.
Unlike the penicillins, cephalosporins are less likely to cause allergy. However, this fact does not significantly affect the overall trends in the history of the development of the antibacterial drugs market. After all, cephalosporins and penicillins are still among the most prescribed groups of the antibacterial drugs.
If you do not have time to look for an inexpensive antibiotic, and you want to start treating the disease as quickly as possible, you may buy any anti-bacterial drug on an online pharmacy.
Price for antibiotics on the online pharmacies is always lower, than the retail price. Therefore, when you buy tablets or capsules for the treatment of bacterial infections online, you save your time and money.
Ni vigumu kufikiria tiba ya kisasa bila viuavijasumu. Wao huponya magonjwa mengi ya kuambukiza, ambayo yalitazamwa kuwa yenye kuhatarisha uhai muda mfupi uliopita. Labda, ni vigumu kupata binadamu katika ulimwengu wenye ustaarabu, ambaye kamwe kuchukua dawa antimicrobial katika maisha yake. """Siku hizi tununua dawa za kuua viini katika maduka ya dawa na wakati huo huo hata hatufikiri juu ya ukweli kwamba historia ya dawa za kuua viini ni ya miaka 100 hivi." Viwanda vya dawa hutokeza dawa mbalimbali za kuua viini katika makundi tofauti ya bei. Kwa hiyo, kuchagua na kununua dawa bora ya kuua viini mara nyingi huleta matatizo mengi kwa wasio wataalamu. Leo, dawa za kuua bakteria hutengenezwa katika aina mbalimbali za dawa. Kwa sababu ya matumizi ya dawa za kulevya, dawa za kulevya za dawa za kulevya za dawa za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya za kulevya. Baada ya yote, duka la dawa la mtandaoni hukuruhusu kununua dawa za kuua viini upesi kwa gharama ya chini. Ingawa wanasayansi na wataalamu wa afya wanajadili hatari na faida za dawa za kuua viini, ni lazima tukubali kwamba hadithi ya uvumbuzi wa dawa za kuua viini ilikuwa muhimu sana kwa wanadamu. Hadi miongo michache iliyopita, maambukizo ya kawaida ya bakteria yangeweza kusababisha kifo. Hata hivyo, leo unaweza kuanza matibabu yenye matokeo ya viuavijasumu katika dalili na dalili za kwanza kabisa za maambukizo ya bakteria. Kwa hiyo, ni lazima ieleweke kwamba dawa nyingi za kuua viini huuzwa mtandaoni bila dawa. Kwa hiyo, mtu yeyote aweza kununua dawa ya kuua viini inayohitajika mtandaoni, na kuanza kutibu maambukizo ya bakteria bila kumshauri daktari kwanza. Kuanzishwa kwa viuavijasumu katika mazoezi ya kitiba kumefanya iwezekane kuwaponya watu wa magonjwa mbalimbali ya kuambukiza na kurefusha maisha yao. Hata hivyo, historia ya matumizi ya viuavijasumu kwa kuzuia utendaji wa bakteria zinazosababisha magonjwa haikuonekana mara moja. Historia ya antibiotics inaanza wakati Alexander Fleming alipogundua dawa ya kuua viini ya penicillium mwaka 1928. Ni lazima ikumbukwe kwamba uthibitisho wa kihistoria unathibitisha kwamba vitu kama hivyo, kama vile viuavijasumu, vimetumiwa na wanadamu kwa karne nyingi. Uhalali wa kisayansi wa matumizi ya viuavijasumu katika mazoezi ya kliniki ulianza tu katika karne ya ishirini. Louis Pasteur, mwanzilishi wa sayansi ya kugundua, aliamua kwamba bakteria inaweza kuzaa katika mwili wa binadamu. Uchunguzi uliofanywa na Pasteur, ulionyesha kwamba bakteria inayosambazwa hewani inaweza kuzuia ukuaji wa Bacillus anthracis na haidhuru wanyama. "Mwanasayansi wa Ujerumani Paul Ehrlich aliandika kitabu chake cha ""Uchunguzi wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa wa Ugonjwa.""" Kwa sababu ya utafiti uliofanywa na Paul Ehrlich na Alfred Bertheim, historia ya viuavijasumu iliendelea. Matokeo yakawa kwamba, dawa ya kwanza ya kukabiliana na bakteria iitwayo arsphenamine ilitengenezwa, ambayo ilitumiwa kutibu ugonjwa wa kuhara. Hata hivyo, uvumbuzi huu wa kisayansi haukuweka kikomo kamili katika mchakato wa maendeleo ya antimicrobials mpya, na historia ya uumbaji wa viuavijasumu vipya bado inaendelea. Katika karne ya 20 mwanasayansi wa Uingereza Alexander Fleming alivumbua dawa ya kwanza ya kisasa ya kuzuia viini, penicillium, ambayo bado inatumiwa sana katika mazoezi ya matibabu. Penicillium bado ni mojawapo ya viuavijasumu vyenye matokeo zaidi na visivyo na sumu sana. Inaruhusiwa kutumiwa hata katika utoto wa mapema na wanawake wajawazito. Penicillin ni dawa ya kwanza ya kuua viini inayotumiwa kutibu ugonjwa wa koo kwa watu wazima na watoto. Kulingana na aina na uzito wa ugonjwa wa kuambukiza, unaweza kununua aina za penicillin za parenteral ( sindano) au za mdomo ( vidonge, syrup). "Mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, A. Fleming aliona ""kiumbe cha kuvu"" katika chombo cha Petri." Baadaye, mwanasayansi huyo aligundua kwamba kuvu hutokeza kemikali fulani hususa, ambayo huwasaidia kukabiliana na viumbe wadogo wengine. Kiasi hicho kiliitwa na Fleming <unk>penicillium<unk> (kutoka Kilatini. penicillium <unk> mold). Wakati huo, ugunduzi wa mwanasayansi huyo haukuvutia sana kutoka kwa jamii za kitiba na kisayansi. Labda, sababu ya kutopendwa na dawa hiyo ya kuua viini iliyogunduliwa ilikuwa kwa sababu Fleming hakuweza kutoa penisilini "safi", yenye sugu katika mazingira ya nje. Baadaye, wanasayansi fulani wamejaribu kuboresha ufanisi wa penicillin. Mwaka 1942 wanasayansi wawili Florey na Chain walifanikiwa kuunda ukurasa mpya katika historia ya dawa za kuua viini na kupata penisilini safi kwa mara ya kwanza. Kufikia mwaka wa 1943, watu walikuwa wameanza kutengeneza penicillium kwa wingi. Mwaka 1945 Fleming, Chain na Florey walipewa tuzo ya Nobel kwa uvumbuzi wao. Baada ya mafanikio ya uzalishaji na matumizi ya penicillium, wanasayansi kutoka nchi mbalimbali wameendelea kuchangia historia ya uumbaji mpya wa viuavijasumu ufanisi. Kwa mfano, dawa za kuua bakteria zilitengenezwa kwa haraka sana: gramicidin, streptomycin, chlortetracycline, na chloramphenicol. Kufikia mwaka wa 1950, antibiotiki zaidi ya 100 zilikuwa zimetengenezwa. Historia ya uvumbuzi mpya wa dawa za kuua viini inaendelea hadi leo. Leo, tayari kuna maelfu kadhaa. Hata hivyo, si viuavijasumu vyote vinavyoweza kutumiwa kitiba, kwa kuwa viuavijasumu vingi vina sumu nyingi na husababisha madhara. Kufikia sasa, cephalosporins huonwa kuwa mojawapo ya viuavijasumu vyenye matokeo zaidi na salama. Katika mwaka wa 1948, mwanasayansi wa Italia Giuseppe Brozzu aliona kwamba kuvu za aina ya Cephalosporium acremonium zilikuwa na uwezo wa kuharibu bakteria ya Salmonella typhi. Kwa kawaida, vizazi vitano vya cephalosporins hutambuliwa. Kila kizazi cha baadaye cha cephalosporins ni tofauti na awali na wigo pana wa shughuli antimicrobial na utulivu wa juu kwa beta-lactamases (enzymes bakteria). Cephalosporins ni dawa ya kawaida kwa watoto na watu wazima (ikiwa ni pamoja na wanawake wajawazito) kwa ajili ya matibabu ya magonjwa hatari ya mfumo wa kupumua, meningitis bakteria, sepsis, na maambukizi mabaya ya ngozi, tishu laini, mifupa na viungo. Tofauti na penisilini, cephalosporini hazisababishi mzio. Hata hivyo, ukweli huu haina athari kubwa kwa mwelekeo wa jumla katika historia ya maendeleo ya soko la dawa za antibacterial. Baada ya yote, cephalosporins na penicillins bado ni miongoni mwa vikundi vya dawa za kuua bakteria zinazopendekezwa zaidi. Ikiwa huna wakati wa kutafuta dawa ya kuua viini ya bei nafuu, na unataka kuanza kutibu ugonjwa haraka iwezekanavyo, unaweza kununua dawa yoyote ya kupambana na bakteria kwenye duka la dawa la mtandaoni. Bei ya viuavijasumu kwenye maduka ya dawa mtandaoni ni daima chini, kuliko bei ya rejareja. Kwa hivyo, unaponunua vidonge au vidonge kwa matibabu ya maambukizo ya bakteria mtandaoni, unaokoa wakati wako na pesa.