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People often assume that once you get a crown, you’ll never experience another problem with that tooth. But a crowned tooth is as susceptible to the same dental ailments as any other tooth, as well as certain problems related specifically to the crown. These ailments and problems commonly manifest as a toothache. Pain can occur immediately after the crown is placed or develop months to years later.
Dental Cement and Bite Changes
A toothache that develops soon after a crown is placed is likely related to the gluing process or an uneven bite. Dental cements that glue the crown in place are acidic or rely on acidic primers, which can irritate the nerve in a tooth. This can cause pain or temperature sensitivity that usually lasts a few days, but can persist for up to a year. New crowns can also cause pain if the fit is slightly off and causes an uneven bite. If the crowned tooth meets the opposing teeth before all the others when biting down, pain will likely persist until the crown is filed down.
Cavities Under Crowns
Even with a crown, a new cavity can develop at the border of the tooth and the crown, in the same way a cavity can form at the edge of a filling. A cavity is caused by dental plaque buildup leading to tooth decay. If the decay spreads beneath the crown or deeply into the tooth, the nerve tissue becomes inflamed and painful. Should bacteria from the decay reach the nerve itself, root canal therapy or removal of the tooth is necessary to clear the infection. Root canal therapy in a crowned tooth involves drilling a small hole into the crown to remove the infected nerve and surrounding tissue in the tooth roots.
Root Death and Root Fracture
A tooth that requires a crown was rarely normal beforehand. Crowns are often needed because of deep or large cavities. Even when the tooth is crowned, the nerve may have been sufficiently damaged by the preexisting tooth problem that it dies. This can lead to a localized infection, a tooth abscess, which generally requires root canal therapy. Occasionally, even after such treatment, the infection comes back and further treatment may include replacing the crown. Additionally, like any other tooth, a crowned tooth sometimes develops a fracture in the root. When this occurs, the tooth needs to be removed.
Gum Issues and Cement Failure
The gums around a crowned tooth can recede with time, exposing part of the root and leading to hot or cold sensitivity, or both. Gum recession is often associated with excessively forceful tooth brushing. Areas of gum recession are particularly susceptible to developing plaque buildup, which can lead to a painful gum infection.
Cement leakage at the edge of the crown occurs in some people. This may be associated with pain in the tooth, although it is unclear whether leakage can actually cause pain. Failure of the cement to bond properly -- resulting in the crown moving or even coming off -- may also cause pain in a crowned tooth.
Contact your dentist as soon as possible if you develop a toothache in a crowned tooth. Whether the crown is new or established, a dental professional can investigate the cause of the pain and intervene, if necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment of problems in a crowned tooth offers the best chance of saving the tooth.
Reviewed by: Tina M. St. John, M.D. | <urn:uuid:9b27a2f8-abd3-4750-9b89-830c2864b059> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.livestrong.com/article/147437-a-toothache-in-the-tooth-with-a-crown/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828189.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024071819-20171024091819-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.95761 | 675 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Hurricanes and Tropical Storms - Annual 2008
NCEI added Alaska climate divisions to its nClimDiv dataset on Friday, March 6, 2015, coincident with the release of the February 2015 monthly monitoring report. For more information on this data, please visit the Alaska Climate Divisions FAQ.
The 2008 Atlantic basin hurricane season was above the 1950-2000 average with 16 named storms, of which eight were hurricanes, including five major hurricanes. The ACE index of hurricane activity indicated an above-average season, with a preliminary value of approximately 142 x104 knots2. In terms of accumulated cyclone energy (based on integrated wind power of all tropical cyclones during the season, both landfalling and those remaining out at sea), 2008 ranked as the 16th most energetic season out of the last 59.
Click for larger image Atlantic ACE
2008 Season Summary:
The first 2008 Atlantic storm to make landfall in the U.S. was Hurricane Dolly. The storm made landfall in South Padre Island, Texas on July 23rd. While there were no direct deaths from the hurricane, it caused an estimated $1.2 billion of damage. Tropical Storm Fay was the first storm in recorded history to make landfall four times in a single state. Fay first made landfall in southern Florida on August 18th and continued to batter Florida through the 21st. Thirty-six deaths were blamed on the tropical storm and damages are estimated in excees of $180 million.
On August 25th, Hurricane Gustav formed in the South Caribbean as the season's second major hurricane. Hurricane Bertha on July 3rd was the season's first. Hurricane Gustav first made landfall in Haiti and again in Western Cuba. On September 1st, Gustav made U.S. landfall in Louisiana as a category 2 hurricane. Gustav was blamed for 138 deaths in the U.S. and the Caribbean and an resulted in an estimated $4.3 billion of damage in the U.S.
As Gustav made landfall, Hurricane Ike began to form in the eastern Atlantic. Facilitated by favorable atmospheric conditions, Ike was able to quickly intensify into a category 4 hurricane on September 4th. On the 7th, while trying to recover from three earlier storms (Fay, Gustav, and Hanna), Cuba was hit again with winds estimated at 127-132 mph (203-213 km/h or 110-115 knots). Ike made U.S. landfall at Galveston, Texas, on September 13th as a category 2 hurricane. One-hundred-sixty-four deaths were blamed on Ike and damage estimates totaled more than $30 billion in the U.S., Cuba, and Bahamas, making Ike the 3rd costliest hurricane of all time behind Andrew and Katrina.
Hurricane Paloma was the last major hurricane in the Atlantic Basin's 2008 season. It was also the third major hurricane to hit Cuba (Gustav and Ike). This marks the first time on record that Cuba has been struck by three major hurricanes in one season. Paloma made landfall in Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba on November 8th and caused an estimated $1.4 billion of damage.
This year was the second most destructive hurricane season on record with up to $54 billion in damage (2008 USD). The most destructive was $128 billion reported in 2005. It was the only year on record in which a major hurricane existed in every month from July through November in the North Atlantic (Bertha, Gustav, Ike, Omar, and Paloma). On July 20th, there were three active storms: Hurricane Bertha, and Tropical Storms Cristobal and Dolly. This was the earliest known date for three storms to be active on the same day. It is also noteworthy that none of the five major hurricanes (category 3 and above) were of major status at the time of U.S. landfall. This information is based on preliminary data and is subject to change. More details about all the 2008 Atlantic tropical systems can be found below.
The 2008 East Pacific basin hurricane season was near the 1950-2000 average with 18 named storms, of which seven were hurricanes, including two major hurricanes. The ACE index of hurricane activity indicated an below-average season, with a preliminary value of approximately 83 x104 knots2. In terms of accumulated cyclone energy (based on integrated wind power of all tropical cyclones during the season, both landfalling and those remaining out at sea), 2008 was below normal.
Click for larger image Pacific ACE
2008 Season Summary:
Eighteen named storms formed in the East Pacific Hurricane Basin during 2008, which is near the 50-year average. Seven of these storms were classified as hurricanes and two of these were major hurricanes (Category 3-5 on the Saffir-Simpson Scale). The most notable storm of the season was Norbert, which became a Category 4 hurricane on October 8. Norbert made landfall on the western side of the Baja Peninsula on the next day as a category 2. The storm then made another landfall in Mexico as a category 1, killing 8 people.
Another notable storm in the East Pacific was Tropical Storm Alma. Alma made landfall on the northwestern coast of Nicaragua near León killing nine people. Damage from Alma is estimated at $33 million. | <urn:uuid:84637241-dc94-4c51-8686-a16b5a8f1796> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/tropical-cyclones/200813 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543434.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00011-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977046 | 1,071 | 2.75 | 3 |
Recognizing Females. Hegel’s Antigone-Device
In: Itinerari, 2021
In what terms can the model of recognition theorized by Hegel be applied to the man–woman relationship? Following a long period, since the 1970s of the last century, of clear rejection of Hegel’s dialectics within feminist circles, in recent decades, within the same feminist movements and gender studies, Hegel’s ideas have been newly explored precisely to try and answer this question. The main claim of this contribution is that, rather than looking at the slave–master dialectic, in order to find Hegel’s best account on the process of subjectivation and the claim to recognition by women, insightful pages are those dedicated to the figure of Antigone, to whom Hegel devotes a strikingly articulated and consequence-bearing reading in the Phenomenology of the Spirit. The model of recognition spelled out there also shows universal traits, which are particularly useful in addressing urgent issues of misrecognition typical of our society.
Keywords: Misrecognition, Tragedy, Feminism, Ethics. | <urn:uuid:a7bd3e43-fddd-46e6-b773-8f963968f019> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.mimesisedizioni.it/libro/9788857587950/toc/1281 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950030.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401125552-20230401155552-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.916968 | 227 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The African Ecology and Conservation program centers on learning to do quality field research in South Africa’s varied biomes. The course travels through national parks and reserves and visits historical sites from the far north of the country to the Cape. Students spend the majority of the semester in Kruger National Park, one of the largest conservation areas in Africa and the oldest national park in South Africa. Students are mentored by local and international academics, conservation managers, and other practitioners in ecology and conservation. By designing research projects with their professors, students will contribute meaningful scientific data to issues faced by managers in South African National Parks. A highlight of the course is a three-night homestay in a rural community; students leave touched by their time shared with the community and gain a deeper sense of cultural and social awareness.
South Africa is a diverse, progressive, dynamic developing nation that continues to redefine itself in the post-apartheid era. It has strong tradition of environmental protection, which has resulted in the creation of many protected areas that offer excellent research opportunities for students.
Students interact with OTS South Africa faculty and learn from visiting international academics , local South African conservation managers and other expert practitioners. The ecology courses, which focus on the understanding of socio-ecological systems strongly emphasize field-based, experiential learning. Following the introductory period where we focus on developing key skills and socio-economic perspectives on conservation in South Africa, students spend the middle portion of the course interacting with invited faculty and conservation practitioners, and visiting selected sites. This provides students with the necessary experience in research and exposure to a range in different approaches to science to prepare them to conduct independent research. During the final quarter of the course, students engage in independent research projects. Students work with their OTS academic staff to design research projects that will contribute meaningful scientific data to issues faced by managers in South African National Parks.
Students will be exposed to the country’s vast cultural and ecological diversity as they travel to various regions that represent distinct biomes in South Africa. Your journey around the country will take you to the savanna of Kruger National Park in the lowveld, the agriculturally rich highveld nearer Johannesburg, and the biodiversity hotspots of the fynbos that surrounds Cape Town. Steeped in a rich history, Cape Town is a cultural melting pot with a diverse and vibrant. From Cape Town you will make an excursion to Robben Island, where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 18 years of his 27 year sentence. The History through Culture course, which provides important socio-economic context for the ecology and conservation courses, includes a three-night homestay with a local family in the village of HaMakuya. You will conduct research into rural livelihoods, and the experience will provide you with linguistic, culinary and other cultural exchanges with local people. You will be expected to share in music, dance, and craft workshops.
The African Ecology and Conservation program is comprised of four core courses. Each course is worth four credit hours and is offered through Auburn University at Montgomery.
You will take four courses as described below. Science courses will be taught by OTS faculty, distinguished visiting scientists, and conservation practitioners. Prominent South African historians and cultural theorists will lead the course on History and Culture of South Africa. The program is physically and intellectually demanding, stressing full immersion in hands-on scientific and cultural studies.
ENSC 4443, South African Ecosystems and Diversity (4 credits)
This course serves to integrate field and classroom instruction to provide a systematic understanding of ecological patterns and processes by studying examples from South Africa’s diverse ecosystems with an emphasis on savannas. We concentrate on factors that determine the form and function of both individual organisms and ecosystems, using a range of African examples (marine, freshwater, savannas, arid-lands, and fynbos). In engaging with ecological theory, the course also aims to highlight characteristics distinctive of South African ecology, such as climatic variability, the importance of geology (bottom-up controls), the role of disturbance by large herbivorous mammals, the importance of fire, and the long history of people in ecosystems (top-down controls). Course topics will focus on conceptual problems and issues that guide current ecological research in South Africa. Classroom instruction will include lectures given by program faculty and visiting faculty, as well as discussions of assigned readings. Throughout the semester, researchers working at Kruger National Park (KNP) and other South African field sites, including invited faculty from other local institutions will deliver lectures outlining the results of on-going projects. Consequently, students will have frequent exposure to current research in South Africa.
Fieldwork is the central component of the course. During the semester, the course is based primarily at Kruger National Park and visits several distinct field sites within the park. In addition, the course travels to other sites in South Africa to highlight the climatic and biotic diversity of the country. For significant portions of the course, you will visit sites outside the KNP such as the arid northern Limpopo regions, Barberton mountain range, Cape Floristic Kingdom and coastal regions. Field orientation at each site will include the identification and natural history of important plant and animal species. These sessions will also serve to stimulate questions you may address in research projects.
At the end of the semester, you will complete an independent research project (of about 15 days’ duration from start to finish). Working in small groups, you will present a research protocol to the class, collect and analyze data, and prepare a report in the style of a scientific paper. You will also present your data orally in a research symposium. You will be mentored by a faculty member throughout the process who will help guide the development of your research and writing skills.
BIOL 4942, Directed Field Experience (4 credits)
This course, the scientific “toolbox” of the program, introduces you to research design (approach, methods, and techniques) in the context of South African ecosystems. Several approaches to scientific inquiry are demonstrated and discussed, with special emphasis on hypothesis testing, statistical analysis, GIS skills and scientific writing. You will also be trained in the design and implementation of long-term ecological monitoring and research projects. Tutoring sessions to reflect on Faculty Field Problems (FFPs) will highlight the different approaches adopted by visiting faculty to anticipate approaches to independent field projects.
The emphasis of the statistics component of this course is to get you comfortable with 1) curating and managing ecological data, 2) selecting and interpreting appropriate statistical tests, and 3) writing-up and graphically presenting your findings. The course starts by discussing the role of statistics as a part of the scientific method and aims to get students to a point where they are equipped with the necessary design and analysis skills to carry out their own research projects. This includes orientation to software packages (Excel, R, QGIS and Primer).
This course also includes workshops dealing with philosophy and methods of science and culminates in a science-writing workshop, which focuses on the product of your scientific project. The science-writing workshop introduces you to world class standards of science writing.
In faculty-guided field projects (FFPs), visiting faculty members select the topic focusing on novel issues in the ecology and/or conservation of savannas, fynbos or marine systems. They guide you through the process of identifying narrower questions about the topic, developing relevant hypotheses, designing tests of these hypotheses and interpreting data. Fieldwork for projects are each two to three days in length, and we usually invite 5 – 7 faculty to teach on the course. Although all of you will participate in data collection, only a core group will produce a report on the topic. You will choose a project and mentor per your interest and lead the design and management of the project under the guidance of the visiting faculty.
An additional requirement of the course is to participate in a biodiversity survey to learn methods important to conservation biology. You will collect insect, plant and small vertebrate samples. The biodiversity collection exercise provides practical skills and experience in the collection and curation of specimens, and affords students the opportunity to learn more about the taxonomy and natural history of the specimens they collect. Furthermore, student collections provide SANParks with valuable specimens from key sites on the long-term research plots (the Granite “supersite”). These are then accessioned in the herbarium Skukuza.
ENSC 4433, Conservation, Biodiversity, Management, and Protected Area Design in South Africa (4 credits)
The Conservation and Management of Protected Areas in South Africa course explores the history of conservation biology as a science and practice and highlights the importance of maintaining biodiversity to ensure ecosystem functioning. Emphasis is placed on understanding; 1) the links between pattern and process, 2) the strategies and tools available to conservationists to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and 3) the debates around the maintenance of biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes.
You will learn about current global challenges faced by conservation and study examples that demonstrate conservation biology concepts a in the South African context. Given the diversity of South African ecosystems and the need to find balance between the development needs of an emerging economy and conservation goals, South Africa is the ideal laboratory to study threats to biodiversity and how to manage these. This course will introduce you to international conservation science concepts, as well as local innovations and demonstrate how these are used to achieve conservation goals locally. Finally, you will also gain extensive knowledge on the realities of conservation management in Kruger National Park. You will study major issues relevant to the management of the Kruger Park, such as control of invasive exotic species, fire as a management tool, the management of disease, rhino poaching and elephant management. Strategic Adaptive Management lies at the heart of conservation management philosophy in the Kruger Park, and we will explore how this is applied to these key management challenges and its applicability abroad. Critical to the success of management of common property resources (e.g. water and rare and threatened taxa) is the partnership between national parks and local human communities, water quality and management within the Park and surrounding communities, relocation of big game, and transfrontier parks.
The course poses three broad questions: 1) What is biodiversity? 2) Why conserve biodiversity? and 3) How do we currently understand best practice for biodiversity conservation? Through these questions students will grapple with definitions of biodiversity, how it is measured, why it is important and its current state both globally and within South Africa.
The history of, and ethical motivations for, conservation will be covered with emphasis on the shifting paradigms from species-based conservation to that of functional ecosystems. The role of ecology and the contribution of ecological theory to conservation biology, both past and present will be covered through teachings on island biogeography, meta-population and patch dynamic theory as well as complexity theory, resilience, and adaptive management. You will then examine how our understanding of systems better allows us to conserve them both within and outside protected areas by learning about systematic conservation planning, and integrated conservation strategies.
You will also confront the problem of identifying what is “natural” in a landscape with a long and complex human influence and will learn about community-based conservation, natural resource use and common property resource management. You will also debate the feasibility of simultaneously achieving conservation and development goals.
Instruction consists of lectures, discussions, case studies and faculty-led field projects. In addition, research papers and review articles are regularly assigned as readings. Work conducted in the Kruger National Park and exposure to park scientists will highlight major conceptual themes as well as practical challenges faced by South Africa and other African countries. The primary focus will be an in-depth analysis of management issues within Kruger National Park.
HIST 4641, South Africa: Special Topics in History (4 credits)
This course introduces you to the history and culture of South Africa, the challenges faced by an emerging democracy, and the implications for conservation and management of natural resources. The principal goals of this course are to introduce you to the human history of South Africa and exposure to a broad range of cultural and social aspects of South African society, to provide socio-economic context for the other courses. Emphasis will be on the origin and maintenance of the tremendous cultural diversity of the region e.g. the archaeological record, early migration patterns of humans throughout the African continent, cultural and linguistic diversity in South Africa, ethnobiology, as well as the recent recorded social and political history of the region. Key social and cultural issues in South Africa will be emphasized, along with specific themes chosen to enhance your familiarity with customs or cultural institutions that shape daily life. The course will include a variety of activities including the following:
- Discussions of readings from South African literature (fiction and nonfiction)
- Visits to archaeological sites (Thulamela/Mapungubwe) museums (including the Apartheid Museum, and Robben Island where Nelson Mandela was jailed for 18 years)
- Cultural exchanges with South African communities
- Participation in contemporary South African arts and culture
- Workshops on the role of scientists in natural resource management in an emerging democracy
The course will be integrated into the 15-week field program, with some invited professors and practitioners incorporated into activities within Kruger. There will also be visits to sites of cultural significance, museums and communities outside the park. By the end of the course, you are expected to have a broad overview and understanding of the social, political, cultural diversity, and a better appreciation of the historical basis of contemporary issues in South Africa.
OTS semester programs are open to all undergraduate students in good standing with their home institution who are at least 18 years of age and have a minimum 2.7 GPA. Students applying to the African Ecology and Conservation program must have completed the equivalent of one year (or two semesters) of college-level biology (or related coursework). If you are unsure if you meet these requirements, please email [email protected].
5.00 out of 5.0
Nylsvley Nature Reserve is one of the most intensively studied savannas in the world. It is two hours north of Johannesburg. It has many species of wild animals, but the larger more dangerous species are absent. The wetland at Nylsvley is a RAMSAR site, considered to be of international importance, and is designated an Important Bird Area (IBA). Nylsvley has plenty of space for moving around and you can explore the reserve on foot, so this is an ideal site to adjust to the time and weather change, to stretch your legs after the long transatlantic flight, and to jump into the program. Orientation to South Africa and the OTS program will occur at Nylsvley. You will spend time with all the permanent faculty members and get to know all of your fellow students. It is from here that the basics of savanna ecology will be taught, as well as the core of your History and Culture course.
Pullen farm is a field research station managed by the University of the Witwaterand. It is located to the south of the Kruger National Park in the Barberton mountain range. The area is a more mesic savanna, and is rich in faunal diversity and especially birds. You will spend time with all the permanent faculty members and get to know all of your fellow students. It is here that the basics of savanna ecology will be taught, as well as the core of your History and Culture course.
Skukuza is the main camp in the Kruger National Park and houses the headquarters for OTS in South Africa. The Kruger National Park is one of South Africa’s most visited National Parks with over 1 million visitors each year. Kruger National Park is one of Africa’s largest protected areas and is famous for both its fauna and flora; in particular, the diversity of wildlife. While in Skukuza, you will participate in a variety of research projects.
Other sites in Kruger National Park
While in the north of South Africa, you will have an opportunity to explore and conduct research in another camp in the park. Here you will run projects with guest faculty.
The HaMakuya leg of the semester forms an integral component of the History through Culture program. HaMakuya lies just outside Kruger National Park, in close proximity to Punda Maria, a northern rest camp in the park. HaMakuya offers the opportunity to become immersed in the rich culture of the Venda people. During this period, the group will interact closely with host families during a three-day homestay, spend time experiencing what life is like as a rural person in South Africa, and participate in research with a focus on community livelihoods within the area.
Cape Town Semester Break
Your semester break will be organized around Cape Town. Cape Town is situated in the Western Cape, in one of South Africa’s premier tourist destinations and is known for its landmarks, including Cape Point and Table Mountain, and all round exquisite coastlines. Other attractions include the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront, the Cape Whale Coast and wine routes. We will spend several* nights in Cape Town During your mid-term break. *The number of nights in Cape Town varies every semester. Please contact [email protected] with specific information about the upcoming semester.
Travellers Rest/Krom River, Cederberg Wilderness District
So named for the rare cedar tree found in the western areas of the spectacular Cape Fold Mountain Range. Whilst in the Cederberg we will explore fynbos ecology, the management of catchment systems and monitoring of rare mammals. An area of cultural and historical significance, San frequented the areas and so we will also explore the many caves in the area looking for bushman paintings. We will stay at either at Travellers Restor Krom River, a farm near the world famous Rocklands rock climbing district. While here you will participate in research projects led by guest faculty.
Soetwater is situated between the sea and Slangkop, close to the town of Kommetjie on the Atlantic coastline. This area encompasses a large number of vegetation types such as fynbos, vegetated dune systems and mountain scree slopes, as well as a coastline that includes both sandy and rocky shores. This area is also one of the only undeveloped stretches of coastline along the peninsula. For this reason it forms an important component on the City of Cape Town’s Biodiversity Network and is included in the Cape Peninsula Protected Natural Environment. While here you will participate in research projects led by guest faculty.
Geelbek, West Coast National Park
Your chance to work in the Cape Fynbos and Strandveld, one of the world’s great biodiversity hotspots, will come with our stay near the Langebaan Lagoon, a world renowned birding hotspot. We will spend time working on intertidal biology, freshwater ecology, fynbos ecology and alien invasive species at this idyllic site.
Non-residents of Alabama
Residents of Alabama
Tuition and fees cover:
- Room and board at hotels, homestays, and research stations
- Local travel to program sites
- Participation of many local and international healthcare officials, public health researchers, doctors, and other experts
- Laundry costs
Tuition and fees do not cover:
- International travel
- Independent travel
- Personal spending
Tuition & Fees 2018-19
OTS is committed to providing opportunities to all eligible students interested in participating in our programs. We make every effort possible to ensure that financial obstacles are not the primary reason a qualified student cannot participate in one of our programs. We make scholarship applications available to students upon acceptance into an OTS program. We have a limited amount of scholarship funds available so, the earlier you apply, the better your chances of receiving an award. If you have questions, please contact the Enrollment Management team at [email protected].
External Scholarships and Opportunities
The Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship Program
The U.S. Department of State’s Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship is a grant program that enables students of limited financial means to study or intern abroad, thereby gaining skills critical to our national security and economic competitiveness. The Gilman Scholarship is open to U.S. citizens and undergraduate students, who are receiving Federal Pell Grant funding at a two-year or four-year college or university, in order to participate in study and intern abroad programs worldwide. They award grants of up to $5,000 for traditionally underrepresented students in education abroad as well as students in the sciences, and nontraditional study abroad locations.
Fund for Education Abroad
The Fund for Education Abroad (FEA) invests in promising students with financial need who wish to study abroad. Scholarships range from $1,250 – $10,000. The student must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident, be currently enrolled as an undergraduate at a college or university in the United States, the study abroad program must be eligible for credit at the student’s home institution, and the program must be at least 4 weeks in country. FEA encourages first generation, minority, and community college students to apply.
Additional Funding Sources
The Vira I. Heinz (VIH) Program for Women in Global Leadership
Corinne Jeannine Schillings Foundation Scholarship to Study Abroad
Boren Awards for International Study
Garden Club of America (GCA)
Phi Kappa Phi Study Abroad Grant
Fund My Travel
Laurence Mohr Kruger, Ph.D.
Ph.D. Botany, University of Cape Town
Dr. Kruger is the Director of Curriculum for OTS and is based in Skukuza, Kruger National Park. His primary interests lie in functional ecology and how species response to disturbance. His interests lie specifically on the demography of woody plants in a variety of SA biomes, the bottlenecks imposed in each system, and which traits are critical in overcoming these. During his Ph.D., Dr. Kruger focused on the importance of re-sprouting in South African coastal forests, fynbos and savannas. His current work is focused on the impact that elephants and fire have on savannas and how resilient plants and communities might be in response to this disturbance. Allied to this is work on the impact of the loss of vegetation complexity on resident faunal communities. A large portion of Dr. Kruger’s private consulting work has been in the field of conservation, in particular conservation planning. This work has included surveys of natural habitats (biodiversity surveys), identifying the threats (development, habitat transformation, alien vegetation/faunal invasives), and the setting of conservation targets. This work has provided him with the opportunity to become more actively involved in conservation, whilst still engaging on a theoretical level.
Born into a family of biologists and humanitarians, Dr. Kruger has followed his passion for both by running field based, experiential learning programs in and around South Africa. Given the challenges facing education institutions (lack of resources, limited access to the field) and the barriers to education many students face, he sees our goal as OTS to be the dismantling of these obstacles.
In delivering life changing, academically rigorous field courses, Dr. Kruger aims for OTS programs to provide experiences that allow for growth in aspirations for students and academics alike. He feels strongly that we need to rethink our role in society and return our focus to humanity rather than self-actualization and how we could contribute to others. Aside from focusing on quality, integrity and creativity, Dr. Kruger has found that the single most important ingredient in education is to have fun.
Bernard Coetzee, Ph.D.
Ph.D. Zoology, Stellenbosch University
Dr. Coetzee is fascinated by the patterns and processes structuring biodiversity, and how these change with human activity, both for better or more regularly, for worse. He combines ecology, biogeography and community ecology with a strong quantitative statistical focus. While his focus is often on birds he has a broad taxonomic interest. He has a passion for protected areas, their optimal designation and their ecological efficacy – whether they achieve the conservation goals set out for them, especially given the socio-economic and political realities of the landscapes in which they are embedded. His research has a strong applied science and policy emphasis, and he endeavors to design research with stakeholders that are relevant to their needs. He also analyses conservation policy, and aims to structure his research to feed into global environmental decision-making.
Dr. Coetzee hopes to further develop his interest in how large spatial scale processes interact with smaller scale processes in savanna systems, and vice versa, as their interacting dynamics are rarely well quantified. This is of particular interest to ensure that protected areas such as Kruger National Park deliver on its potential conservation benefits. He aims to use a range of techniques at the disposal of the modern ecologist, ranging from remote sensing platforms and spatial modeling, to fine scale observational and manipulative field studies.
Dr. Lisa Nupen
Ph.D., University of Cape Town
Dr. Nupen’s professional interests span Conservation Biology and Molecular Ecology, with strong emphasis on the various ways genetic techniques can be used to help solve conservation problems. Teaching on OTS allows her to combine her passion for science-based conservation with fieldwork and knowledge-sharing. Over the course of her travels, studies and teaching, she has learned to appreciate the complexity of biodiversity quantification and conservation, and the importance of local communities benefitting from conservation programmes. She believes that hands-on in situ field-time and learning is the best way to effectively impart the necessary knowledge and skills to future natural scientists and conservationists.
Dr. Nupen has worked on research projects investigating various aspects of marine ecology, mammalian diversity, avian biology, frog and reptile population dynamics, and the floral and faunal rehabilitation of disturbed areas. Her current work focuses on conservation breeding, wildlife diseases in birds and mammals, conservation genomics and phylogeograophy.
Dr. Nupen’s passion is conducting research that contributes to conservation efforts and protecting the environment. At OTS she can feed this passion by participating in a wide range of research projects while training future conservation leaders. The rich animal and plant diversity of the ecosystems that we visit during the OTS African Ecology and Conservation (AEC) Programme provide wonderful teaching opportunities that are not usually available in traditional university settings.
She finds it rewarding to help students build an authentic appreciation of the complexity of African ecosystems, and believes that students find great satisfaction in learning about African Ecology. This extends to understanding the challenges of implementing effective conservation measures in the southern African sub-region and learning how to problem-solve using evidence-based approaches. Dr. Nupen loves being outdoors and finds the study of nature to be an inspiring and endlessly fascinating pursuit. She believes strongly that OTS’ AEC program provides a range of skills that will allow students to make informed choices and make valuable contributions to society and conservation in whatever field they choose.
Housing & Meals
For most of the program, you will be living with other students in large dormitory rooms, cottages with four to six students, and smaller cottages with two students per room.
Meals are provided by our caterers, Shadreck and co. who refer to themselves as AggyShadow Catering Company. The food is fantastic, regularly cited as one of the highlights of the program, and we warn you in advance about the possibility of expanding waistlines!! The menu is highly varied and usually dinners consist of a variety of choices of side dishes. The program caters for those of you with special dietary requirements (i.e. vegetarians, vegans) or food allergies but please let us know in advance so that Shadreck can prepare accordingly.
Passport & Visa Information
You must have a valid passport and it must be valid for at least six months after the end date of the program. You will also need a Visitor’s Visa to enter South Africa if you are not South African. Once enrolled in the program, OTS will provide you with information about applying to the South African Consulate for your Visitor’s Visa. This information will only cover the time period in which you will be with the OTS program. For detailed instructions on how to apply and the documentation you will need, please visit contact the Enrollment Management team at [email protected].
Note: You will need to apply (in person) to your regional South African Consulate Office. If you plan to travel elsewhere in South Africa after the semester, you must check with the South African Consulate for appropriate Visitor’s Visa requirements. If you intend to stay and travel after the program you may want to apply for a longer visa than just the duration of the course. Many students change their mind about staying on after the program (i.e. they decide to stay longer) visas can no longer be extended from within South Africa, instead you must travel to your home country and apply from there, if necessary. Therefore it is a good idea to apply for a visa that enables you to stay in the country at least two or three weeks past the course end date. We have also had students choose to stay on to do some research after the program. So if you think you might be interested in getting involved in something like this, do not hesitate to contact Dr. Laurence Kruger. If you are not traveling on a U.S. passport, please contact the South African Consulate to learn what will be required to receive your Visitor’s Visa.
Health & Safety
OTS is deeply committed to student safety and well-being, we do not expose students to unnecessary danger or risk. We monitor national and international events that might affect our students. Five decades of risk assessment, emergency response, and crisis resolution have enabled OTS to maximize student safety and security. All students participate in an on-site orientation program upon arrival in South Africa. For our most current safety information, contact the OTS Enrollment Management staff at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:b6001f22-07eb-4395-8224-728446555598> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://tropicalstudies.org/course/african-ecology-and-conservation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578770163.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426113513-20190426135513-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.93414 | 6,267 | 2.734375 | 3 |
|Republic of Senegal
République du Sénégal (French)
|Motto: "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" (French)
"One People, One Goal, One Faith"
|Anthem: Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons|
and largest city
|Recognised regional languages||Wolof, Soninke, Seereer-Siin, Fula, Maninka, Diola,|
|-||Prime Minister||Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye|
|-||from France with French Sudan as the Mali Federation||4 April 1960|
|-||from Mali Federation||20 August 1960|
|-||Total||196,723 km2 ( 87th)
76,000 sq mi
|-||2009 estimate||13,711,597 ( 67th)|
|-||Density||69.7/km2 ( 134th)
|GDP ( PPP)||2010 estimate|
|GDP (nominal)||2010 estimate|
Error: Invalid HDI value · 166th
|Currency|| CFA franc (
|Drives on the||right|
|ISO 3166 code||SN|
Senegal ( / /; French: le Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, IPA: [ʁepyblik dy seneɡal]), is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. It owes its name to the river that borders it to the East and North and that originates from the Fouta Djallon in Guinea. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi), and has an estimated population of about 14 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) off the coast, in the Atlantic Ocean, lie the Cape Verde Islands. During the 17th and 18th centuries, numerous trading posts, belonging to various colonial empires, were established along the coast. The town of St Louis became the capital of French Western Africa (Afrique-Occidentale française, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in 1902. Dakar later became its capital in 1960 at the time of independence from France.
The origin of the name Senegal is controversial. One possible source is in 1850 in the abbot David Boilat's Esquisses sénégalaises ("Senegalese Sketches"), one sees a deformation of the Wolof phrase suñu gaal, which means "our canoe". This is the version most often relayed in the media. This theory has been contested since the 1960s, and other etymologies have been advanced; for example, some state that the name is connected to that of a Berber tribe from the Sahara, the Zenaga. The scientific debate tends to favour the Zenaga theory today.
16th C. Portuguese chronicler João de Barros, however, says the river's original local Wolof name was Ovedech ( Góis records Sonedech), but that it was subsequently referred to as Rio do Çanagà by the Portuguese after the personal name of a local chieftan or merchant in that area that Portuguese traders frequently dealt with.
Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times.
Eastern Senegal was once part of the Empire of Ghana. It was founded by the Tukulor in the middle valley of the Senegal River. Islam, the dominant religion in Senegal, first came to the region in the 11th century. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area came under the influence of the empires to the east; the Jolof Empire of Senegal also was founded during this time. In the Senegambia region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. Various European powers—Portugal, the Netherlands, and Great Britain—competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward, until in 1677, France ended up in possession of what had become a minor slave trade departure point—the island of Gorée next to modern Dakar, used as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland.
The first kingdoms were created around the 7th century, the Tekrour, the Namandirou kingdom and then the Djolof with distant ties to the Ghana empire. In the 14th century the Djolof kingdom became a powerful empire having regrouped the Cayor, the Baol, the Sine and Saloum, the Waalo, the Fouta-Toro and the Bambouk kingdoms. The empire was founded by Ndiadiane N’diaye who was able to form a coalition with many ethnicities but collapsed around 1549 with the defeat and killing of Lele Fouli Fak by Amari Ngone Sobel Fall. French colonialists progressively invaded and took over all kingdoms under their governor Louis Faidherbe. Islam was introduced in Senegal between the 8th and 9th century by Berber merchants. They peacefully converted the Toucouleurs and Sarakholles who in turn propagated it. Later on, in the 11th century, the Almoravids, with the help of the Toucouleurs used Jihad as a mean of conversion. This movement faced resistance from ethnicities of traditional religion and caused them to moved away further in the country (Sineisties) and to the South( Casamance). Eventually, Berbers won a peaceful conversion thanks to the intervention of leaders like Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba, El Hadj Malick Sy, and Seydina Limamou Laye who were able to convince their followers. They saw Islam as a way to unite and fight against colonial power. The populations were getting weary of repeated jihads and forced colonization. Europeans missionaries introduced Christianity to the Sine and Casamance in the 19th century. An emblematic figure of Casamance is Aline Sitoe Diatta, a woman who led the resistance movement against European colonialists.
It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland (by now rid of slavery and promoting abolitionist doctrine), adding native chiefdoms such as Waalo, Cayor, Baol, and Jolof. Senegalese chiefs' resistance to the French expansion and curtailing of their lucrative slave trade was led in part by Lat-Dior, Damel (great chief) of Cayor.
In January 1959 Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of the independence and the transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960. Due to internal political difficulties, the Federation broke up on 20 August. Senegal and French Sudan (renamed the Republic of Mali) proclaimed independence. Léopold Senghor was proclaimed Senegal's first president in September 1960. Senghor was a very well read man, educated in France. He was a poet, a philosopher and personally drafted the Senegalese national anthem, "Pincez tous vos koras, frappez les balafons". As such he was not really a politician but was handed the presidency by the French authorities who saw in him a brilliant and peaceful man and not a revolutionary like Ahmed Sekou Toure of the neighboring Guinea
Later, after the breakup of the Mali Federation, President Senghor and Prime Minister Mamadou Dia governed together under a parliamentary system. Senghor always feared his Prime Minister who was a very charismatic figure and a hard-liner. In December 1962, he accused him of an attempted coup and Dia was wrongfully convicted of treason and briefly jailed. Senegal adopted a new constitution that consolidated the president's power. In 2006, the current president Abdoulaye Wade vacated the conviction and bestowed upon him a Medal of Honour. In 1980, President Senghor decided to retire from politics, and he handed power over in 1981 to his handpicked successor, Abdou Diouf. Mamadou Dia ran for reelection in 1983 against Abdou Diouf but lost. Senghor moved to France where he later died at the age of 96 having been married to a French woman.
Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia on 1 February 1982. However, the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group in the Casamance region had clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982. Senegal has had a long history of participating in international peacekeeping.
Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000. He encouraged broader political participation, reduced government involvement in the economy, and widened Senegal's diplomatic engagements, particularly with other developing nations. Domestic politics on occasion spilled over into street violence, border tensions, and a violent separatist movement in the southern region of the Casamance. Nevertheless, Senegal's commitment to democracy and human rights strengthened. Diouf served four terms as president.
In the presidential election of 1999, opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade defeated Diouf in an election deemed free and fair by international observers. Senegal experienced its second peaceful transition of power, and its first from one political party to another. On 30 December 2004 President Abdoulaye Wade announced that he would sign a peace treaty with the separatist group in the Casamance region. This, however, has yet to be implemented. There was a round of talks in 2005, but the results did not yet yield a resolution.
Senegal is a republic with a presidency; the president is elected every five years as of 2001, previously being seven years, by adult votes. The current president is Abdoulaye Wade, re-elected in March 2007.
Senegal has more than 80 political parties. The bicameral parliament consists of the National Assembly, which has 120 seats, and the Senate, which has 100 seats and was reinstituted in 2007. An independent judiciary also exists in Senegal. The nation's highest courts that deal with business issues are the constitutional council and the court of justice, members of which are named by the president.
Currently Senegal has a democratic political culture, being one of the more successful post-colonial democratic transitions in Africa. Local administrators are appointed by, and responsible to, the president. The marabouts, religious leaders of the various Senegalese Muslim brotherhoods, also exercise a strong political influence in the country. In 2009, however, Freedom House downgraded Senegal's status from 'Free' to 'Partially Free', based on increased centralisation of power in the executive.
In 2008, Senegal finished in tenth position on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of sub-Saharan African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens. In 2009, Senegal's ranking slipped substantially, to seventeenth but rose to third out of the original 53 countries in 2008. place; however, this is partially accounted for by the addition of Northern African nations to the rankings.
Senegal is located on the west of the African continent. The Senegalese landscape consists mainly of the rolling sandy plains of the western Sahel which rise to foothills in the southeast. Here is also found Senegal's highest point, an otherwise unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha at 584 m (1,916 ft). The northern border is formed by the Senegal River, other rivers include the Gambia and Casamance Rivers. The capital Dakar lies on the Cap-Vert peninsula, the westernmost point of continental Africa.
The Cape Verde islands lie some 560 kilometres (350 mi) off the Senegalese coast, but Cap Vert ("Cape Green") is a maritime placemark, set at the foot of "Les Mammelles" , a 105-metre (344 ft) cliff resting at one end of the Cap Vert peninsula onto which is settled Senegal's capital Dakar, and 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south of the "Pointe des Almadies", the western-most point in Africa.
The local climate is tropical with well-defined dry and humid seasons that result from northeast winter winds and southwest summer winds. The dry season (December to April) is dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind. Dakar's annual rainfall of about 600 mm (24 in) occurs between June and October when maximum temperatures average 30 °C (86.0 °F) and minimums 24.2 °C (75.6 °F); December to February maximum temperatures average 25.7 °C (78.3 °F) and minima 18 °C (64.4 °F). Interior temperatures are higher than along the coast (for example, average daily temperatures in Kaolack and Tambacounda for May are 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 32.7 °C (90.9 °F) respectively, compared to Dakar's 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) ), and rainfall increases substantially farther south, exceeding 1,500 mm (59.1 in) annually in some areas. In the far interior of the country, in the region of Tambacounda, particularly on the border of Mali, temperatures can reach as high as 54 °C (129.2 °F).
Senegal is subdivided into 14 regions, each administered by a Conseil Régional ( Regional Council) elected by population weight at the Arrondissement level. The country is further subdivided by 45 Départements, 103 Arrondissements (neither of which have administrative function) and by Collectivités Locales, which elect administrative officers.
Regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions:
Senegal's capital of Dakar is by far the largest city in Senegal, with over two million residents. The second most populous city is Touba, a de jure communaute rurale (rural community), with half a million.
|Dakar (Dakar proper, Guédiawaye, and Pikine)||2,145,193|
|Touba (Touba Mosquee)||475,755|
After its economy retracted by 2.1% in 1993 Senegal instigated a major economic reform program with the support of the international donor community. This reform began with a 50% devaluation of the country's currency (the CFA franc). Government price controls and subsidies were also dismantled. As a result, Senegal's inflation went down, investments went up, and the Gross domestic product rose approximately 5% a year between 1995 and 2001.
The main industries include food processing, mining, cement, artificial fertilizer, chemicals, textiles, refining imported petroleum, and tourism. Exports include fish, chemicals, cotton, fabrics, groundnuts, and calcium phosphate, and the principal foreign market is India at 26.7 percent of exports (as of 1998). Other foreign markets include the United States, Italy and the United Kingdom.
As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff. Senegal is also a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa ( OHADA).
Senegal realized full Internet connectivity in 1996, creating a mini-boom in information technology-based services. Private activity now accounts for 82 percent of GDP. On the negative side, Senegal faces deep-seated urban problems of chronic high unemployment, socioeconomic disparity, and juvenile delinquency.
Senegal is a major recipient of international development assistance. Donors include USAID, Japan, France and China. Over 3000 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in Senegal since 1963.
Senegal has a population of over 12.5 million, about 42 percent of whom live in rural areas. Density in these areas varies from about 77 inhabitants per square kilometre (200 /sq mi) in the west-central region to 2 per square kilometre (5.2 /sq mi) in the arid eastern section.
According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Senegal has a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 23,800 in 2007. The majority of this population (20,200) is from Mauritania. Refugees live in N'dioum, Dodel, and small settlements along the Senegal River valley.
Senegal has a wide variety of ethnic groups and, as in most West African countries, several languages are widely spoken. The Wolof are the largest single ethnic group in Senegal at 43 percent; the Fula and Toucouleur (also known as Halpulaar'en, literally " Pulaar-speakers") (24 percent) are the second biggest group, followed by others that include the Serer (15 percent), Lebou (10 percent), Jola (4 percent), Mandinka (3 percent), Maures or Naarkajors, Soninke, Bassari and many smaller communities (9 percent). (See also the Bedick ethnic group.)
About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) and Lebanese as well as smaller numbers of Mauritanians and Moroccans reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities. The majority of Lebanese work in commerce. Also located primarily in urban settings are small Vietnamese communities as well as a growing number of Chinese immigrant traders, each numbering perhaps a few hundred people. There are also tens of thousands of Mauritanian refugees in Senegal, primarily in the country's north.
From the time of earliest contact between Europeans and Africans along the coast of Senegal, particularly after the establishment of coastal trading posts during the fifteenth century, communities of mixed African and European (mostly French and Portuguese) origin have thrived. Cape Verdean migrants and their descendants living in urban areas and in the Casamance region represent another recognized community of mixed African and European background.
French is the official language, used regularly by a minority of Senegalese educated in a system styled upon the colonial-era schools of French origin (Koranic schools are even more popular, but Arabic is not widely spoken outside of this context of recitation). Most people also speak their own ethnic language while, especially in Dakar, Wolof is the lingua franca. Pulaar is spoken by the Fulas and Toucouleur.
Portuguese Creole is a prominent minority language in Ziguinchor, regional capital of the Casamance, where some residents speak Kriol, primarily spoken in Guinea-Bissau. Cape Verdeans speak their native creole, Cape Verdean Creole, and standard Portuguese.
Public expenditure on health was at 2.4 % of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 3.5 %. Health expenditure was at US$ 72 (PPP) per capita in 2004. The fertility rate was at about 5.2 in the early 2000s. There were 6 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s. Infant mortality was at 77 per 1,000 live births in 2005.
Islam is the predominant religion, practiced by approximately 90 percent of the country's population; the Christian community, at 10 percent of the population, includes Roman Catholics and diverse Protestant denominations. There is also a 1 percent population who maintain animism in their beliefs, particularly in the southeastern region of the country.
Islamic communities are generally organized around one of several Islamic Sufi orders or brotherhoods, headed by a khalif (xaliifa in Wolof, from Arabic khalīfa), who is usually a direct descendant of the group’s founder. The two largest and most prominent Sufi orders in Senegal are the Tijaniyya, whose largest sub-groups are based in the cities of Tivaouane and Kaolack, and the Murīdiyya (Murid), based in the city of Touba.
The Halpulaar ( Pulaar-speakers), composed of Fula people, a widespread group found along the Sahel from Chad to Senegal, and Toucouleurs, represent 20 percent of the Senegalese population. Historically, they were the first in the area to convert to Islam.
Many of the Toucouleurs, or sedentary Halpulaar of the Senegal River Valley in the north, converted to Islam around a millennium ago and later contributed to Islam's propagation throughout Senegal. Most communities south of the Senegal River Valley, however, were not thoroughly Islamized until the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During the mid-19th century, Islam became a banner of resistance against the traditional aristocracies and French colonialism, and Tijānī leaders Al-Hajj Umar Tall and Màbba Jaxu Ba established short-lived but influential Islamic states but were both killed in battle and their territories then annexed by the French.
The spread of formal Quranic school (called daara in Wolof) during the colonial period increased largely through the effort of the Tijaniyya. In Murid communities, which place more emphasis on the work ethic than on literary Quranic studies, the term daara often applies to work groups devoted to working for a religious leader. Other Islamic groups include the much older Qādiriyya order and the Senegalese Laayeen order, which is prominent among the coastal Lebu. Today, most Senegalese children study at daaras for several years, memorizing as much of the Qur'an as they can. Some of them continue their religious studies at informal Arabic schools (majlis) or at the growing number of private Arabic schools and publicly funded Franco-Arabic schools. A modern messianic sect in Islam, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is also present in the country.
About 10% of the population of Senegal adheres to Christianity. Small Roman Catholic communities are mainly found in coastal Serer, Jola, Mankanya and Balant populations, and in eastern Senegal among the Bassari and Coniagui.
The Protestant churches are mainly attended by immigrants but during the second half of the twentieth century Protestant churches led by Senegalese leaders from different ethnic groups have evolved. In Dakar Catholic and Protestant rites are practiced by the Lebanese, Cape Verdean, European, and American immigrant populations, and among certain Africans of other countries as well as by the Senegalese themselves. Although Islam is Senegal's majority religion, Senegal's first president, Léopold Sédar Senghor, was a Catholic Serer.
Animism, once widely practiced, has declined in Senegal in recent decades, though some Muslims and Christians incorporate elements of animism in their worship. There are small numbers of adherents of Judaism and Buddhism. Judaism is followed by members of several ethnic groups, while Buddhism is followed by a number of Vietnamese.
The Bahá'í Faith in Senegal was established after `Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the religion, mentioned Africa as a place that should be more broadly visited by Bahá'ís. The first Bahá'is to set foot in the territory of French West Africa that would become Senegal arrived in 1953. The first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Senegal was elected in 1966 in Dakar. In 1975 the Bahá'í community elected the first National Spiritual Assembly of Senegal. The most recent estimate, by the Association of Religion Data Archives in a 2005 report details the population of Senegalese Bahá'ís at 22,000.
Senegal's musical heritage is better known than that of most African countries, due to the popularity of mbalax, which is a form of Wolof percussive; it has been popularized by Youssou N'Dour. Sabar drumming is especially popular. The sabar is mostly used in special celebrations like weddings. Another instrument, the tama, is used in more ethnic groups. Other popular Senegalese musicians are Ismael Lô, Orchestra Baobab, Baba Maal, Thione Seck, Akon, Viviane, Titi, and Pape Diouf.
Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution adopted in January 2001 guarantee access to education for all children. Education is compulsory and free up to the age of 16. The Ministry of Labor has indicated that the public school system is unable to cope with the number of children that must enroll each year. Illiteracy is high, particularly among women. The net primary enrollment rate was 69 % in 2005. Public expenditure on education was 5.4 % of the 2002–2005 GDP.
Hospitality is given such importance in Senegalese culture that it is widely considered to be part of the national identity. The Wolof word for hospitality is "teranga", and it is so identified with the pride of Senegal that the national football team is known as the Lions of Teranga. | <urn:uuid:b5534dba-351f-41a3-861f-2853d8f5916d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/s/Senegal.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543316.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00139-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952237 | 5,331 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Satellite Imagery found strange things all over the world.
- published: 08 Aug 2017
- views: 2660481
Google Earth is a computer program that renders a 3D representation of Earth based on satellite imagery. ... The program maps the Earth by the superimposition of images obtained from satellite imagery, aerial photography and GIS data onto a 3D globe, allowing users to see cities and houses at various angles.... | <urn:uuid:815d6833-ddce-4c55-8116-e392cd2262ea> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://article.wn.com/view/2018/12/06/Satellite_images_show_activity_at_N_Korean_missile_base_Repo_d/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825363.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214044833-20181214070333-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.879246 | 87 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The potential bias introduced into research, medical education, and individual clinician judgment by relationships with commercial entities is a perennial and serious issue in medicine, including the veterinary field. While critics of mainstream veterinary medicine frequently raise this issue when challenging the claims made for conventional diets, medications, and other healthcare interventions (e.g. 1, 2), alterative practitioners and organizations are no less involved with industry (e.g. 3). While financial bias is only one potential influence on the judgments and practices of veterinarians, and by no means the biggest problem we face, it is a source of bias that can be limited and monitored through transparency and rules concerning the kinds of interactions between veterinarians and industry.
The American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC) has published a new set of guidelines addressing this issue specifically for veterinary schools, and it provides a sensible list of principles for minimizing the potential bias created by relations between industry and academia: Guiding Principles and Considerations: Ethical Interactions Between Schools/Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and External Entities. Though the document is not intended to be comprehensive, and AAVMC specifically recommends each institution develop their own rules appropriate to their unique circumstances, these guidelines identify many of the key areas in which inappropriate industry influence can arise, and they make reasonable suggestions for preventing this.
AAVMC begins with, “the expectation that educational, clinical, research and outreach programs will be based on the best, current and unbiased scientific knowledge. That information must be free of biases or inappropriate influences that may result from interactions with external entities, especially with companies that provide goods and services of value within veterinary medicine.” The same should, of course, be true for private practices. While it is clear that research and the development of new and better therapies cannot happen without the resources provided by commercial organizations, it is equally clear that it is all too easy for these organizations to inappropriately influence the content and outcome of research and the practice of individual veterinarians, and strict ethical guidelines are needed to control for this source of bias.
The document then details many of the ways in which industry can attempt to influence the veterinary profession through veterinary medical schools, including:
- Gifts of goods and service to students, faculty and staff.
- Gifts to individuals in the form of scholarships, research grants, and other forms of financial support.
- Gifts to the institutions themselves, in the form of money, products, services, land, etc.
- Remuneration for speaking, consulting, and other activities.
- Funding and organization by commercial entities of educational events.
One of the key principles identified in this document, and often not clearly understood, is that the size or specific nature of gifts from commercial organizations to individuals is not relevant to the potential for such gifts to introduce bias. It is not simply a case of crass, direct buying of influence. Sales representatives, who often genuinely believe in the products they are marketing, build relationships and trust and a sense of personal rapport, which subtly bias the decisions of their customers through a sense of personal obligation, through a greater awareness of the products one is most frequently reminded of, and other mechanisms not requiring any malfeasance on any individual’s part. Pens and coffee cups and pizzas are laughable as bribes, and most individual veterinarians are ethical and not likely to accept deliberate bribes anyway, yet the evidence from studies of physicians shows quite clearly that interactions involving even such trivial gifts do influence the behavior of recipients even when those recipients don’t believe it does.
The principles suggested by the AAVMC for minimizing the bias introduced by relationships between industry and academia are not very detailed, but they do touch on a couple of key elements in such an effort.
- Transparency and the disclosure of any and all relationships with commercial entities, regardless of how trivial or legitimate they may seem.
- Managing any and all gifts to the schools, financial or otherwise, centrally so that individual faculty, students, and staff are not directly receiving such gifts from commercial organizations.
Specific rules promulgated by individual schools will need to be considerably more specific. And in many cases, it seems to me that it would be appropriate to ban outright many of the gifts students and faculty receive from commercial entities, including food, medicine, sponsorship of events, and all the innumerable trinkets marketing departments devise. If industry wishes to contribute resources to the advancement of veterinary medicine, financial support filtered through the school administration, or better yet through independent non-profit organizations supporting research and education, would be more useful and ethically less problematic than these sorts of gifts.
What is more, similar ethics policies would be appropriate for private practices as well. I personally no longer attend continuing education dinners and other such events provided to our practice by vendors of veterinary products and services because I have come to believe the risks of such relationships outweigh the benefits, even though I personally have no influence on the product choices made by the management where I work. And while I cannot see how most clinical research could happen in veterinary medicine without industry funding, since government and private non-profit funds for small animal research are incredibly scarce, I would love to see industry support such research indirectly, through grants made to independent organizations which distributed such funds according to pre-defined and transparent criteria of scientific merit. This would allow industry to continue to support the development of needed therapies without such a risk of biasing the outcome of research studies. Such would be a truly philanthropic activity, rather than just a form of marketing. | <urn:uuid:141447eb-4e52-4cee-8749-4f109002d4a3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://skeptvet.com/Blog/2011/10/guidelines-for-minimizing-commercial-influence-in-veterinary-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510297.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927103312-20230927133312-00850.warc.gz | en | 0.951152 | 1,117 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Condensation in its simplest form is when moist air comes into contact with either colder air or a colder surface and the water contained in the air is released to form condensation in the air or on the surface.
It often results in black mould growth on walls and other surfaces or you can see actual water droplets. It is usually worse in corners, on or near windows, in or behind wardrobes and cupboards and on North facing walls. Condensation gets worse when the house is colder or with limited ventilation. You should be aware that the problem can occur well away from the site of most water vapour production. E.g. water vapour produced in the kitchen may diffuse through the house into a cold bedroom where it will condense on cold walls.
Mould growth may appear on any damp surface such as plaster, wallpaper and timber, it is often found first on leather goods such as handbags and shoes (unsightly growths of various colours - greens, yellows, pinks, black, grey or white), there will normally be some accompanying odour (musty and damp). With it becoming more of a problem in many homes now there are also fears of health and hygiene and there are numerous reports detailing its effect on asthma and eczema sufferers.
The most obvious sign of condensation is going to be water streaming down the inside of windows, particularly bedroom windows in the morning. Water vapour is produced in relatively large quantities from normal day to day activities - a 5 person household puts about 10 kg of water into the air every day (without taking into account any heating). Up until the middle/late part of the twentieth century, most houses had high natural ventilation as the level of home insulation was low. Conservation then became popular and natural ventilation was greatly reduced by the introduction of double glazing, draught excluders, fitted carpets (which prevent air movement up through suspended wooden floors) and the removal of open fire places with the introduction of central heating.
Moisture can also be drawn from the structure of the building into the internal air; from below the floor or through the walls/ceilings this additional moisture can exasperate a condensation problem hence it will often accompany issues of rising or penetrating damp and can be particularly problematic in basements and cellars.
How Do I Solve the Problem?
There are four main steps that will help you reduce condensation in your home.
- 1. Ventilate your home - let the wet air out
- 2. Produce less moisture
- 3. Heat your home a little more
- 4. Insulation and draft proofing
Wessex Damp & Timber can assist with all of the above and provide a vast range of equipment from extractor fans to PIV units, such as the Drimaster heat which are proven to remove symptoms and improve internal air quality at the same time. We can eradicate mould and even redecorate where degradation has occurred using the latest anti mould additives or premixed anti mould paints.
So If you have had enough of the mould growth or water on your windows then call us today on 0800 161 3078 or complete the contact form and we can provide advice or a free of charge survey. | <urn:uuid:0fe37f65-7ed7-4c73-9786-1ea272fa2ee0> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.wessexdampandtimber.co.uk/service/condensation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039388763.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420091336-20210420121336-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.948985 | 662 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Opposition to Current Flow of AC
There are three factors that can create an opposition to the flow of electrons (current) in an AC circuit. Resistance, similar to resistance of DC circuits, is measured in ohms and has a direct influence on AC regardless of frequency. Inductive reactance and capacitive reactance, on the other hand, oppose current flow only in AC circuits, not in DC circuits. Since AC constantly changes direction and intensity, inductors and capacitors may also create an opposition to current flow in AC circuits. It should also be noted that inductive reactance and capacitive reactance may create a phase shift between the voltage and current in an AC circuit. Whenever analyzing an AC circuit, it is very important to consider the resistance, inductive reactance, and the capacitive reactance. All three have an effect on the current of that circuit.
As mentioned, resistance creates an opposition to current in an AC circuit similar to the resistance of a DC circuit. The current through a resistive portion of an AC circuit is inversely proportional to the resistance and directly proportional to the voltage applied to that circuit or portion of the circuit. The equations I = E / R & E = I × R show how current is related to both voltage and resistance. It should be noted that resistance in an AC circuit does not create a phase shift between voltage and current.
Figure 9-17 shows how a circuit of 10 ohms allows 11.5 amps of current flow through an AC resistive circuit of 115 volts.
When moving a magnet through a coil of wire, a voltage is induced across the coil. If a complete circuit is provided, then a current will also be induced. The amount of induced voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic field with respect to the coil. Conversely, current flowing through a coil of wire produces a magnetic field. When this wire is formed into a coil, it then becomes a basic inductor.
The primary effect of a coil is its property to oppose any change in current through it. This property is called inductance. When current flows through any conductor, a magnetic field starts to expand from the center of the wire. As the lines of magnetic force grow outward through the conductor, they induce an EMF in the conductor itself. The induced voltage is always in the direction opposite to the direction of the applied current flow. The effects of this countering EMF are to oppose the applied current. This effect is only a temporary condition. Once the current reaches a steady value in the conductor, the lines of magnetic force are no longer expanding and the countering EMF is no longer present. Since AC is constantly changing in value, the inductance repeats in a cycle always opposite the applied voltage. It should be noted that the unit of measure for inductance is the henry (H).
The physical factors that affect inductance are:
- Number of turns—doubling the number of turns in a coil produces a field twice as strong if the same current is used. As a general rule, the inductance varies with the square of the number of turns.
- Cross-sectional area of the coil—the inductance of a coil increases directly as the cross-sectional area of the core increases. Doubling the radius of a coil increases the inductance by a factor of four.
- Length of a coil—doubling the length of a coil, while keeping the same number of turns, reduces inductance by one-half.
- Core material around which the coil is formed— coils are wound on either magnetic or nonmagnetic materials. Some nonmagnetic materials include air, copper, plastic, and glass. Magnetic materials include nickel, iron, steel, and cobalt, which have a permeability that provides a better path for the magnetic lines of force and permit a stronger magnetic field.
Since AC is in a constant state of change, the magnetic fields within an inductor are also continuously changing and create an inducted voltage/current. This induced voltage opposes the applied voltage and is known as the counter EMF. This opposition is called inductive reactance, symbolized by XL, and is measured in ohms. This characteristic of the inductor may also create a phase shift between voltage and current of the circuit. The phase shift created by inductive reactance always causes voltage to lead current. That is, the voltage of an inductive circuit reaches its peak values before the current reaches peak values.
Inductance is the property of a circuit to oppose any change in current and is measured in henries. Inductive reactance is a measure of how much the countering EMF in the circuit opposes the applied current. The inductive reactance of a component is directly proportional to the inductance of the component and the applied frequency to the circuit. By increasing either the inductance or applied frequency, the inductive reactance likewise increases and presents more opposition to current in the circuit. This relationship is given as XL = 2πfL Where XL = inductive reactance in ohms, L = inductance in henries, f = frequency in cycles per second, and π = 3.1416
In Figure 9-18, an AC series circuit is shown in which the inductance is 0.146 henry and the voltage is 110 volts at a frequency of 60 cycles per second. Inductive reactance is determined by the following method.
XL = 2π × f × L
XL = 6.28 × 60 × 0.146
XL = 55Ω
In AC series circuits, inductive reactance is added like resistances in series in a DC circuit. [Figure 9-19] The total reactance in the illustrated circuit equals the sum of the individual reactances.
XL = XL1 + XL2
XL =10Ω + 15Ω
XLT = 25Ω
The total reactance of inductors connected in parallel is found the same way as the total resistance in a parallel circuit. [Figure 9-20] Thus, the total reactance of inductances connected in parallel, as shown, is expressed as:
Capacitance is the ability of a body to hold an electric charge. In general, a capacitor is constructed of two parallel plates separated by an insulator. The insulator is commonly called the dielectric. The capacitor’s plates have the ability to store electrons when charged by a voltage source. The capacitor discharges when the applied voltage is no longer present and the capacitor is connected to a current path. In an electrical circuit, a capacitor serves as a reservoir or storehouse for electricity.
The basic unit of capacitance is the farad and is given by the letter F. By definition, one farad is one coulomb of charge stored with one volt across the plates of the capacitor. In practical terms, one farad is a large amount of capacitance. Typically, in electronics, much smaller units are used. The two more common smaller units are the microfarad (μF), which is 10-6 farad and the picofarad (pF), which is 10-12 farad.
Capacitance is a function of the physical properties of the capacitor:
- The capacitance of parallel plates is directly proportional to their area. A larger plate area produces a larger capacitance, and a smaller area produces less capacitance. If we double the area of the plates, there is room for twice as much charge.
- The capacitance of parallel plates is inversely proportional to the distance between the plates.
- The dielectric material effects the capacitance of parallel plates. The dielectric constant of a vacuum is defined as 1, and that of air is very close to 1. These values are used as a reference, and all other materials have values relative to that of air (vacuum).
When an AC is applied in the circuit, the charge on the plates constantly changes. [Figure 9-21] This means that electricity must flow first from Y clockwise around to X, then from X counterclockwise around to Y, then from Y clockwise around to X, and so on. Although no current flows through the insulator between the plates of the capacitor, it constantly flows in the remainder of the circuit between X and Y. As this current alternates to and from the capacitor, a certain time lag is created. When a capacitor charges or discharges through a resistance, a certain amount of time is required for a full charge or discharge. The voltage across the capacitor does not change instantaneously. The rate of charging or discharging is determined by the time constant of the circuit. This rate of charge and discharge creates an opposition to current flow in AC circuits known as capacitive reactance. Capacitive reactance is symbolized by XC and is measured in ohms. This characteristic of a capacitor may also create a phase shift between voltage and current of the circuit. The phase shift created by capacitive reactance always causes current to lead voltage. That is, the current of a capacitive circuit reaches its peak values before the voltage reaches peak values.
Capacitive reactance is a measure of how much the capacitive circuit opposes the applied current flow. Capacitive reactance is measured in ohms. The capacitive reactance of a circuit is indirectly proportional to the capacitance of the circuit and the applied frequency to the circuit. By increasing either the capacitance or applied frequency, the capacitive reactance decreases, and vice versa. This relationship is given as:
Where: XC = capacitive reactance in ohms, C = capacitance in farads, f = frequency in cycles per second, and π = 3.1416.
In Figure 9-21, a series circuit is shown in which the applied voltage is 110 volts at 400 cps, and the capacitance of a condenser is 80 mf. Find the capacitive reactance and the current flow.
To find the capacitive reactance, the following equation:
First, the capacitance, 80 μf, is changed to farads by dividing 80 by 1,000,000, since 1 million microfarads is equal to 1 farad. This quotient equals 0.000080 farad. This is substituted in the equation: | <urn:uuid:53d6618e-e391-4c69-aeb4-f169b7c28092> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.flight-mechanic.com/opposition-to-current-flow-of-alternating-current/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657169226.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716122414-20200716152414-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.933166 | 2,113 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Marine communities of the Cretaceous Period were more like those of the modern world than those preserved in older rocks of Oklahoma. Trilobites were long gone, and other groups, like brachiopods and crinoids, were far less important in the Cretaceous seas. Snails, bivalves and sea urchins were all important, as they are today. Ammonite cephalopods were abundant during the Cretaceous, but they were destined to disappear in the major extinction at the end of the period. The number of predators on shelled invertebrates increased in Cretaceous and younger communities. Many of the prey species burrowed below the sand and mud of the sea floor for protection.
Can I find Cretaceous fossils in Oklahoma?
Cretaceous rocks and fossils are found along the Red River in the southern part of the state. | <urn:uuid:f720d498-f2ff-45e8-9538-fcd08c46b1ea> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://samnoblemuseum.ou.edu/common-fossils-of-oklahoma/paleocommunities/marine-communities/cretaceous-communities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585186.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018000838-20211018030838-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.982556 | 183 | 3.5 | 4 |
You do not necessarily have to be a chef to prepare some of the tastiest and best looking meals for your family. But then, you do need to know how to get it done correctly. Slicing vegetables is one of the first things chefs learn. It is imperative to actually do it fast or they miss deadlines when cooking something. At first, it might look hard. With time, you will get used to the movement, so you can slice foods according to the recipe – evenly and quickly. These skills are mandatory for safety and efficiency, so it might be wise to learn how to do it by the book if you truly want to impress your loved ones.
Generally speaking, there are two different ways to slice vegetables – the hard way and the easy way. Many chefs rely on the hard way out of pride, yet those who want speed will inevitably choose the easy way. Then, what do these methods imply?
The Hard Way
Image Source: http://goo.gl/457orQ
The hard way of slicing vegetables implies using a knife – preferably, a chef’s knife. These knives are general and can work for most types of foods. Sure, there are many individualized knives as well. Some of them work for vegetables, while others work for meat. First, you have to cut veggies in half lengthwise. If they have awkward shapes, you can just do it again on each half. From that point on, slice them widthwise.
Using the knife is fairly simple. You need to keep the blade on the cutting board with the dominant hand. Use the other hand to slice the veggie. Create a claw and keep the knife in touch with it. The knife should touch the first joint of the finger, which is supposed to be ahead of the tip. Basically, the knife should never get above any part of the finger or you risk cutting yourself. With time, the movement becomes fairly simple.
Move your fingers backwards as the knife gets closer. Keep in mind that different vegetables have different cutting methods, yet the principles are alike.
The Easy Way
Image Source: http://goo.gl/fMHzA7
The easy way to slice vegetables implies using a mandoline slicer. A mandoline slicer is basically a large board (usually made of plastic) split in two. One of the sides has a cutting edge on the split. Keep the mandoline slicer with one hand and use the other one to slide the vegetable on it. As it goes up, there is no cutting edge. When it slides down, the food is sliced. The distance between these two sides is responsible for the slice thickness. It is also adjustable. Make sure that you hold vegetables with the back of the palm if you do not want to slice your fingers.
In conclusion, you do not always require any professional skills to learn how to slice like a chef. Get a mandoline slicer and use it for pretty much everything, from cucumbers and tomatoes to mushrooms and carrots. It is up to you to set the thickness based on the recipe. | <urn:uuid:0302e8d3-10be-4b01-9621-9fbc17c3f587> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.toursnfoods.com/tips-slice-vegetables-like-chef/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038082988.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415005811-20210415035811-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.947696 | 627 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Why ending hunger is important to us
To ensure every individual has an opportunity to exercise their basic human right to food. Starvation and malnutrition go against the principles of sustainable development which aim to ensure peace and prosperity. Unavailability of food leads to starvation, one of the most severe humanitarian crises and a leading cause of death in underdeveloped countries. If not the worst case, food shortage also contributes to malnutrition for underdeveloped and underprivileged communities.
Malnutrition leads to lower life expectancy, higher mortality, declining population, depleting human resources etc. These ill consequences further emphasize the importance of health and nutrition. As per Sustainable Development Goals Report-2020, despite initially observing a decline over the decades, the number of people suffering from hunger had once again begun to rise in 2015; Asia and African continents being one of the most affected by starvation and undernourishment.
There is also a noticeable difference between the proportion of the population who are undernourished and overweight. As per a report published by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States) (FAO), in 2019, 690 million people were estimated to be undernourished with 144 million children having stunted in their growth. The study additionally states that the food security crisis also arises from the disparity between availability of food in specific regions and the major wasting of food in other regions.
This necessitates sustainable agriculture and responsible consumption. Sustainable and resilient forms of agriculture are also necessary to assist drought ridden lands as well as underproductive and unused fertile lands.
Understanding the root cause of hunger
Inavailability to food security stems from unstable social and economic institutions. The UNDP has identified this instability and unavailability to be prevalent in war torn nations, economically deprived areas, conflict ridden areas etc. Inflation, climatic conditions and natural disasters also play a prominent role in disrupting food security and distribution. Communities belonging to rural areas or poverty ridden areas are primary victims of food scarcity.
Wasting/malnourished children with stunted growth is a symbol of the jeopardised future. Undernourishment is especially dangerous for pregnant women, wherein the food scarcity and lack of nutrition leads to anaemia.
According to a Covid-19 analysis by the World Food Programme, the pandemic has halted movement of goods and means of production. This further endangers the already declining food security. Small scale producers are affected deeply by the pandemic and the areas which these small food producers are accessible to starve in return. It has affected the food production and distribution systems, further aggravating the issue of food scarcity.
The pandemic has also decreased the purchasing power due to rising inequality and increased expenditure for health. With both availability and affordability at a low, vulnerable groups face the worst of the hunger crisis in the pandemic.
Undernourishment is a rising concern especially amongst children in the face of a virus that challenges immunity and health, with a threat of quicker contagiousness given the vulnerability of the poor. Therefore, not only is the pandemic an economic crisis, but also a human development crisis.
Changemakers fighting hunger
There are different stakeholders such as individuals, institutions and organizations which are currently engaged in activities that aim to bring a positive change. Various global organizations, philanthropists and young leaders are involved in initiatives that directly or indirectly address the issue of global hunger crisis. Non profit organizations based regionally, such as Feeding America in the US and Don’t waste food in India, work locally to tackle the imminent threat of food shortage in immediate areas. There are more globally focused organizations such as Action Against Hunger and The Hunger project which decentralize into grassroots areas of action by promoting advocacy and innovative women-centric strategies.
Young generation is also actively engaged in fighting hunger, for instance; Chander Payne who was the cornerstone of Urban Beet, an initiative to teach sustainable farming techniques in urban spaces; and Kiran Sridhar who designed a platform named Waste No food to collect surplus food waste generated in restaurants, cafeterias etc and distribute the same in an efficient manner to those in need.
What you can do as a transformer
For food security and nutritious food, investment must be made in food production and distribution. This must be promoted along with sustainable agriculture practices as well as sustainable consumption. Accessibility has to be improved through social benefits and inclusivity.
What you as a transformer for the society can do, is use social advocacy, philanthropy and entrepreneurial/business ideas in an innovative manner to provide a progressive direction for reaching the goal. Instances of which are as follows:
- Advocacy for agro-ecological farming
- Youth inclusive interventions for promoting modern technologies for progressive agriculture
- Participation in the process of land policy making
- Bankability of youth driven enterprises
- Financial empowerment and literacy
- Skill building through farmer field trips/schools, learning agri-food systems etc.
- Modern agricultural practice and technological advancements in farming techniques
- Efficient and ecological irrigation
Husain. A, Sandström. S, Greb. F & Pallanch. C (2020, April) COVID-19: Potential impact on the world’s poorest people. World Food Porgramme. Retrieved from https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000114205/download/?_ga=2.241337546.952775517.1586900153-341597442.1584735263
World Health Organization. (2020). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2020: transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets (Vol. 2020). Food & Agriculture Org. | <urn:uuid:f69b16e4-5a62-4249-84d8-e64c328753d4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.talscouts.org/blog/sdg-2-zero-hunger-explicated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100427.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202140407-20231202170407-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.934668 | 1,155 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Thursday, 23 March 2017
Chandeliers in Nicholas II’s Gothic Library
In 1895, the architect Krasovsky redesigned the former dining room on the 2nd floor of the Winter Palace into a library for Nicholas II in the gothic style. Walnut was used throughout: ceilings, upper gallery, walls with dark red embossed leather and gilt wallpaper, and furniture.
There were two ‘Gothic’ chandeliers adorning the library. It is unknown if they were specifically designed for the room or purchased from a company. By the 1930s, they were lost and no record has been found if they were dismantled or sold.
Photograph (below) of the Gothic Library c1917
From 1840s until 1917, chandeliers were encased in special woven covers and uncovered and lit only when the Emperor was in residence. They were hung low to be seen whereas today the remaining original chandeliers are near the ceiling.
After the loss of the original chandeliers in the Gothic library, staff placed old stained glass ones that disintegrated after time and then used modern globes.
Recently, the Hermitage unveiled replicas of the Gothic chandeliers by the architect Tatiana Kargina.
Photographs (below) of the Gothic Chandeliers today
In 1937, Marjorie Merriweather Post’s husband Joseph Davies was appointed U.S. Ambassador to Russia. The couple went on a buying spree in Moscow and Leningrad collecting Imperial treasures.
There are today two chandeliers in Hillwood Museum, Post’s former home in Washington, that are identified as Imperial Russian with unconfirmed provenances.
Photograph (below) of the Chandelier in Hillwood’s Hall possibly from Gatchina
Photograph (below) of the Chandelier in Hillwood’s Breakfast Room
Were the chandeliers in Nicholas II’s Gothic Library sold during the 1930s and the current owners unaware of its provenance? | <urn:uuid:bf1e2fa5-b8d9-4abd-be31-923dd9f15cf1> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://winterpalaceresearch.blogspot.com/2017/03/chandeliers-in-nicholas-iis-gothic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158001.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922005340-20180922025740-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.96408 | 420 | 2.75 | 3 |
What you’ll learn
Sociology is the study of human societies and how they interact to shape people’s beliefs, behaviours and identity. The subject is the academic cousin to the more practical social policy, so you will examine different social theories and models (expect mention of Karl Marx at least). You will also explore how society has changed over time, touching on subjects such as industrialisation, urbanisation, inequality and globalisation.
You may find yourself investigating consumer society, looking at classic and contemporary (postmodern) theories of consumerism, and applying these to shopping, fashion or music.
You could look at work and employment, how these are viewed in societies, and how these views have changed over the years. Expect to explore issues of feminism, class and the trade union movement.
You could also study sexuality, religion, or youth culture and identity. Sociology courses can often be studied alongside other complementary subjects, such as history, social policy, politics, or cultural or gender studies.
How you’ll learn
Expect lectures, seminars and plenty of independent study. You’ll be required to carry out independent research, but also know how to discuss ideas, facts and figures within a group.
By the time you graduate, you should have sharp, critical thinking and good problem-solving skills. You’ll also develop good communication skills that allow you to present your arguments clearly in a variety of styles.
What entry requirements you’ll need
Entry requirements vary, but it’s likely that A-levels (or equivalent) in sociology, psychology, geography, computing or computer science could help your application.
What job can I get?
Sociology graduates are found in a variety of jobs. Among the favourites are those in the social services, which, with a bit of extra study, could involve becoming a social worker. Alternatively, a job in education, the criminal justice system, in local and central government as a researcher, or in the voluntary sector, perhaps working as a fundraiser, community development worker or counsellor, could be more your thing.
You will also have the skills to pursue a career in journalism or management, or in academia. | <urn:uuid:08e0892d-f78f-4212-9562-0e6bd5eac6e4> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.sociology?view=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868248.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527111631-20180527131631-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.950688 | 454 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Etymology is the study of the origins of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history.
Racism is so deeply ingrained in our culture that you may say or hear racially offensive phrases and not even realize it. As you read this article, we invite you to reflect on how racism and oppression have shaped the world we live in today.
- “Grandfather clause”
- “Eenie, meenie, miney, moe”
- “The itis”
- “Cotton pickin’”
- “Sold down the river”
- “Hey, Chief”
- “No can do”
- “Long time no see”
- “The peanut gallery”
- “Indian giver”
“Grandfather clause” and “grandfathered” are terms used to avoid change in expectations when a new set of rules are set in place. Historically, the notion was birthed after a brief period of relatively open voting, with the goal of enfranchising poor White people, while simultaneously stripping Black people of their rights.
Black people in the United States were enslaved prior to the 1860s. The 15th Amendment, which prohibited racial discrimination in voting, was ratified by the states in 1870. Black people were then kept from voting in large numbers in Southern states for nearly a century more. During that time, literacy tests, poll taxes, and other tactics were designed to deprive Black people of their constitutional rights. Many poor southern White people were not able to meet such expectations, so seven states passed laws that made men eligible to vote if they had been granted the right to vote before 1867 or were lineal descendants of voters back then. These statutes, implemented in the 1890s and early 1900s, were called “grandfather clauses.”
Eenie, Meenie, Miney, Moe
“Eenie, Meenie, Miney, Moe” is a line from a popular children’s rhyme, with meaning rooted in the slave trade. While the song has been modified regionally over time, the common modernized version goes:
“Eenie, meenie, miney, moe.
Catch a tiger by its toe.
If it hollers let it go.
Eenie, meenie, miney, moe …”
In historical references of this song, the word “tiger” is replaced by the N-word. The poem has many versions used in different regions, but the roots consistently make clear references to slavery and discrimination of Black people.
“The Itis” aka a “food coma” is a common phrase to describe the feeling of sleepiness after eating. Terribly, “-itis” originally was used as a suffix to the N-word, alluding to a stereotype of laziness. FYI: The technical term for drowsiness after eating is postprandial somnolence.
“Cotton Pickin’” is a phrase that some people utter when they get mad or frustrated, used in place of “gosh/god dang/damn it”. When we shine the magnifying glass on the objectifying roots of this phrase, the whole American history book sparks on fire. These words were predominantly used to refer to Black people — particularly slaves and sharecroppers — who were forced to pick cotton.
“Uppity” meaning: arrogant, or haughty, first used in the 1880s via “Uncle Remus” stories—a series of songs and folk tales written in slave dialect. By the 1950s, the word was fueled with hostile racial undertones. In 1952, the Oxford dictionary listed the term “uppity (N-word)” with this definition: “Above oneself, self-important, ‘jumped up,’ haughty, pert, putting on airs.” While there is race-neutral usage spanning the dictionary’s history, this seems like a word we can live without.
Gyp or Gip
“Gyp” or “Gip” is a term commonly used to refer to being “cheated” or “ripped off.” This is likely a shortened version of “gypsy”—more accurately known as the Romani, an ethnic group now mostly living in Europe and the Americas. The Romani are known for traveling and making their money selling goods. Business disputes naturally would arise, and the masses started considering all the traveling tribes swindlers.
“Powwow” is a term misappropriated from Indigenous Peoples, when used in place of any regular “get-together” or business meeting. Powwows have long been culturally significant social gatherings for ceremonial and celebratory purposes, conducted under strict protocols.
Sold Down the River
While modern language has coined “sold down the river” to imply being betrayed or cheated, the historical meaning is both dark and literal. Slave owners often sold their “misbehaving” slaves, sending them down the Mississippi river to plantations in Mississippi, with even harsher working conditions.
Using “Hey, Chief” as a salutation or calling any Indigenous person a “Chief” trivializes both the hereditary chief who has power passed down through blood lines, and the elected chief who is chosen by band members.
No Can Do
“No can do” is used to decline an ask. This phrase started in the early 20th century mocking Chinese people. Learning a new language can be very difficult; it’s not uncommon for people to speak simplified versions of the language, known as pidgin languages, in order to help them communicate. Example: “I can’t do it.” > “No can do.”
Long Time No See
Another example of a racially insensitive mockery of a pidgin language is the phrase “long time no see,” which is said when reuniting with someone after a prolonged absence. This has even been modernized to “long time no chat,” or “long time no email.” “Long time no see” originally mimicked an Indigenous People’s greeting, which was used after an extended separation. The current earliest citation comes from W.F. Drannan’s book Thirty-One Years on the Plains and in the Mountains (190o): “When we rode up to him he said: ‘Good mornin. Long time no see you.’”
Some etymological research suggests the word “Eskimo” comes from Algonquin, “ashkimeq,” which literally means “eaters of raw meat,” while other research suggests it could mean “snowshoe-netter.” Regardless of its origins, it trivializes the existence and culture of entire groups of people by referring to their perceived behaviors. A proper term to use instead is Inuit.
The Peanut Gallery
You may hear someone shout for silence from “the peanut gallery,” which in modern day is typically referring to a group of rowdy, heckling folx. During the Vaudeville era (1880s–1930s), the peanut gallery was the section cheapest to sit in and furthest from the stage; the only option for Black and poor attendees. In some places it was referred to as the “N-word gallery”.
They’re on the Warpath
“They’re on the warpath” has been adapted to mean that someone is intent on a confrontation or fight. Historically, the “war path” was a literal “path to war” taken by Indigenous Peoples (who were referred to as “redskins” or savages, in various early citations of this phrase) when traveling to an enemy’s territory to engage in battle.
The words “war path” appear on an Indigenous People’s map from 1775, and twenty years later the phrase, “I often have rode that war path alone” was published in The History of the American Indians (1775). This qualifies it as one of the very earliest American phrases. By 1880, Mark Twain had entirely disassociated the word from Indigenous Peoples’ culture in A Tramp Abroad: “She was on the war path all the evening.”
Merriam Webster defines “Indian giver,” accurately labeled “dated & offensive,” as “a person who gives something to another and then takes it back or expects an equivalent in return.” According to Indigenous Corporate Training Inc., “There are … opposing schools of thought about the origin of this derogatory phrase.”
- It could be a historical reference to the US government breaking land treaties with Native Americans.
- It could date back to a culture clash in early contact where the notion of gift-giving had different culturally established rules.
The etymology of the word “thug” dates back to 1810. The word has origins in Sanskrit and Hindi, referring to swindling and deceiving. The word thuggee was used to describe the violent criminal behavior of bands of “thugs” that roamed India in the mid-1800s.
So how did Black people get pigeonholed into this label?
During the wrongful institution of slavery, Black people were depicted as docile and blissfully ignorant. In the 19th century, White actors performed wearing Black makeup to portray Black people as stereotypically foolish and messy. In this way, they used Black people for comedic relief at the expense of Black culture. Popular media portrayed Black people as content with their place in society. Gone with the Wind depicts content slaves, specifically “Mammy,” who even fends off freedmen. (The role was played by Hattie McDaniel, who won an Academy Award for her portrayal.) The Disney film Song of the South depicts Uncle Remus as an elderly Black freedman who is satisfied with his place in society, singing the happy song, “Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah.”
These depictions of Blackness reflected white America’s desire to control the Black body and mind, creating a notion that enslavement was the only possible condition in society for Black people.
This image of Blackness began to change after the American Civil War. From 1865–1877, newly freed Black people began to obtain social, economic, and political rights with the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution. Growth in Black power challenged White supremacy and created White fear of Black mobility. Thus began the rise of the Jim Crow era, solidified by the Supreme Court’s ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson which stated, “separate but equal is constitutional.” White authority in the South gained control over newly freed Black people when Northern troops were pulled out as a result of the Compromise of 1877. Media portrayals of Blacks continued to paint fearful images of brutes setting the ground for continued discrimination.
“Buffoonery” is often associated with amusing but undignified behavior. It has French and Italian origins, meaning clown or jester. This word was used to describe and oppress Black people. It paints a picture of the demeaning ways Black people have been historically depicted.
Were you shocked by any of these? While we are in a globally active state of unlearning and relearning, retiring these oppressive phrases is a step towards a brighter, more inclusive future. If you hear someone saying one of these phrases, kindly inform them of its inappropriate nature by referencing its historical context (or sending them this article). It’s up to us all to break the cycle.
We welcome and value your feedback. Please reach out to [email protected] with any additions or corrections. | <urn:uuid:2234175d-4688-4ba2-83c6-acc3d12acb11> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://realitysandwich.com/326796/offensive-phrases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897844.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709002952-20200709032952-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.962169 | 2,549 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Antennas are classified based on the radiation pattern or the feeding mechanism. Antenna radiation pattern is the angular variation of signal strength around the antenna. Feeding mechanism defines how the signal is fed into the antenna and the location of the feed point on the antenna.
An isotropic antenna is an ideal lossless antenna that radiates uniformly in all directions. The antenna has no spatial selectivity or nulls. Practical antennas are compared against the isotropic antenna, but they rarely behaves like one.
Omnidirectional antennas behave like isotropic antennas
in one plane. These antennas have nulls in the orthogonal plane. A common
example of an omnidirectional antenna is the
The dipole is omnidirectional around the E-plane, or elevation angle. The null is present in the H-plane, or azimuth angle.
Directional antennas are highly directive in a given
direction. These antennas show high spatial selectivity, narrow bandwidth. They
also have well defined major, or main, beam in the desired directions. Common
examples of directional antennas are
In balanced antennas, one side of the antenna is a mirror image of the other. These antennas require a balun to feed it, using a coaxial line. Common examples are: dipoles, bowties, spirals, and loops.
Unbalanced antennas are end fed and mounted on top of a ground plane. The coaxial shield is connected to the ground, and the center conductor is connected to the antenna element. Common examples are monopoles and patches.
Balanis, C.A. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. 3rd Ed. New York: Wiley, 2005. | <urn:uuid:05fb9565-2743-4943-abf0-d379af79713d> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.mathworks.com/help/antenna/gs/antenna-classification.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363157.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205100135-20211205130135-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.886504 | 373 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The Tarkine is one of the world’s great wild places. It is an expansive 447,000 hectare wilderness area of recognised World Heritage significance in the North-West corner of Tasmania, Australia’s island state. The Tarkine contains remarkable natural and cultural values, including one of the world’s most significant remaining tracts of temperate rainforest.
A relict from the ancient super-continent, Gondwanaland, the Tarkine contains Australia’s largest tract of temperate rainforest, and is home to more than 60 species of rare, threatened and endangered species. These include such unique animals as the Giant Freshwater Lobster – the world’s largest freshwater crustacean, and the Tasmanian Wedge Tailed Eagle – Australia’s largest Eagle, and the famous Tasmanian Devil.
The Tarkine is also one of Australia’s most important Aboriginal regions, and contains a diverse array of landscapes, from giant forests to huge sand-dunes, sweeping beaches, rugged mountains and pristine river systems.
However, many of the Tarkine’s unique values are threatened by destructive activities such as new mining, logging, and illegal activities such as poaching and arson, and less than 5% of the Tarkine is protected as a National Park. The Tarkine’s future as a wild place hangs in the balance, and is dependent on the support and involvement of people like YOU. Please read more, and JOIN US, as we work to see the Tarkine, one of the world’s great natural treasures, protected as a National Park and World Heritage listed area, for all people, for all time. | <urn:uuid:12ac008c-52fc-40b4-ac62-c197951c87a9> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.tarkine.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822930.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018104813-20171018124734-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.927932 | 354 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The idea of writing a hand-written letter might be foreign to kids these days, but there are still many skills children can learn from writing letters to their friends, family and loved ones. Writing a hand-written letter can help kids confirm the importance of a relationship, speak to older friends and relatives in a cherished medium and can give them a chance to show off their handwriting skills.
Here are a few ways you can get your kids interested in hand-written letters, according to MetroParent.com:
1. Preschool letter writers: Letters don’t have to be made up of words. Your writers-in-training can create picture notes to pass along to grandparents or friends. When it comes to sending the picture letter, keep your explanation of addresses and stamps basic.
2. Early elementary school writers: Most first-, second- and third-graders should be able to write basic letters. Help your child understand that a letter is a personalized note often sent to show the receiver that you care. So a letter begins with a “To” or “Dear’”statement, then the message, and ends with a closing remark, like “Yours Truly,” or “Love,” then the sender’s name. Building on the simple explanation of addressing the envelope, early elementary school-aged children should be able to understand that an address is made up of specific information about where a person lives, including the street and the state.
3. Upper elementary school writers: Now that your child understands general letter writing skills, help him or her write longer and more descriptive messages. Talk together about what he or she could write in his or her letter. Make a letter writing template for kids to learn how to address the envelope. Write out all of the address information exactly as it should appear on the envelope on a separate sheet of paper (that includes the proper placement). | <urn:uuid:192bd4f3-7281-464c-95f3-7c0ba8958870> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fairfaxtimes.com/articles/teach-your-kids-how-to-write-a-hand-written-letter/article_7736ba3c-3b01-11eb-8944-d3eb61d85e41.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.960473 | 392 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Kobe beef (神戸ビーフ Kōbe bīfu?) (KO-BEH) refers to beef from the Tajima strain of Wagyu cattle, raised in Japan's Hyogo Prefecture according to rules as set out by the Kobe Beef Marketing and Distribution Promotion Association. The meat is a delicacy renowned for its flavor, tenderness, and fatty, well-marbled texture. Kobe beef can be prepared as steak, sukiyaki, shabu shabu, sashimi, and teppanyaki.
Cattle were introduced in Japan in the second century as work animals used for rice cultivation. Because of Japan's "difficult terrain and sparse arable land" due in part to its mountainous topography, cattle were bred in small, isolated regions, yielding herds with unique qualities in their meat.
After the Meiji Restoration, beef consumption remained low, but it has steadily increased since the end of World War II. Kobe beef grew in popularity and extended its global reach in the 1980s and 1990s.
In the late 19th century, native Japanese cattle were interbred with European breeds, including Brown Swiss, Shorthorn, and Devon. The cattle originally recognized in 1943 as "Kobe beef" were cattle from herds in the Kobe area of Japan, and could be any of four breeds of Wagyu cattle—Akaushi (Japanese Red/Brown), Kuroushi (Japanese Black), Japanese Polled, and Japanese Shorthorn. Tajima is a strain of the Japanese Black, the most populous breed (around 90% of the four breeds).
In 2009, the USDA placed a ban on the import of Kobe beef to prevent the Japan foot-and-mouth outbreak from reaching US shores. The ban was eventually relaxed in August, 2012 to allow limited amounts of Kobe Beef into the country but regular shipments didn't resume until March, 2013.
Kobe beef in Japan is a registered trademark of the Kobe Beef Marketing and Distribution Promotion Association (神戸肉流通推進協議会 Kōbeniku Ryūtsū Suishin Kyōgikai?). It must fulfill all the following conditions:
- Tajima cattle born in Hyōgo Prefecture
- Farm feeding in Hyōgo Prefecture
- Bullock (steer or castrated bull)
- Processed at slaughterhouses in Kobe, Nishinomiya, Sanda, Kakogawa, or Himeji in Hyōgo Prefecture
- Marbling ratio, called BMS, of level 6 and above
- Meat quality score of 4 or 5
- Gross weight of beef from one animal is 470 kg or less.
Wagyu beef is much higher in unsaturated fat. It has high levels of oleic acid, the fatty acid in olive and canola oil that has been shown to lower bad LDL cholesterol. Tajima cattle are fattened longer, living about 26 to 32 months, compared to 18 months for US beef cattle.
Part of the high price is because only about 3,000 head of cattle may qualify as Kobe. In Japan, all cattle, not just those that end up as Kobe beef, can be tracked via a 10-digit number through every step of its entire lifecycle.
Kobe beef in other countries
Prior to 2012, Kobe beef was not exported. The first exports, in January 2012, were to Macau, then to Hong Kong in July 2012. Since then, exports have also been made to the United States, Singapore, Thailand and one chef in Canada.
The increase in popularity of Japanese beef in the United States has led to the creation of "Kobe-style" beef, taken from domestically raised Wagyu crossbred with Angus cattle, to meet the demand. Farms in the United States and Britain have attempted to replicate the Kobe traditions. From the first Wagyu cattle imported in the 1970s, 150 US ranches now raise "tens of thousands of Wagyu cattle".
The meat produced by these cross-breeds is different from the "authentic" Kobe beef, though this is "often by design", due to the perception that American palates do not actually want the richness of Japanese beef and would prefer a more familiar flavor profile. Some US meat producers claim any differences between their less expensive "Kobe-style" beef and true Kobe beef are largely cosmetic. Cuts of US "Kobe-style" beef tend to have darker meat and a bolder flavor.
In Europe, UK grocery retailer Asda, owned by Wal-Mart, introduced Wagyu beef at the end of 2011 under its Butcher’s Selection line using meat from a herd in Yorkshire, "bred from Holstein dairy cows impregnated with Wagyu semen". This not only made the beef more affordable, but it also resulted in less marbled meat more familiar to UK consumers. In June 2014, the German discounter Aldi announced that it was going to introduce Wagyu beef steaks, "with every store receiving a limited number of 50 steaks, priced at a very competitive £6.99 for an 8-oz (225-g) sirloin and rib eye". However, Aldi’s Wagyu beef was sourced from New Zealand, where the exclusively grass-fed cattle are allowed to roam, more in keeping with changing norms around animal welfare (in Japan cattle are "confined in small pens and given much more energy-dense feed").
The proliferation of beef outside Japan marketed as Kobe beef is an issue for Kobe beef farmers. Due to a lack of legal recognition of the Kobe beef trademark in the United States, it is possible to sell meat that is incorrectly labeled as Kobe beef. The Kobe Beef Marketing and Distribution Promotion Association planned to publish pamphlets about Kobe beef in foreign languages.
Japan has a Wagyu Beef Export Promotion Committee.
- "Kobe Beef Marketing & Distribution Promotion Association Bylaws". Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- Simone Baroke (August 8, 2014). "Japanese Wagyu Beef – Too Authentic?". Global Meat News.
- Y., Grant (1 December 2008). "The Real Beef on Kobe Beef". Cheff Seattle.
- Meghan Staley. "Kobe Beef". Trade Environment Database. American University.
- "Akaushi Beef"; Logan Farms website
- Jim Vorel (February 24, 2015). "Adventures in Beef: A First-Time Taste of Authentic Japanese Wagyu". Paste.
- Longworth, John W. (28 October 2004). "The History of Kobe Beef in Japan". Lucies Farm: Meat Digest.
- Krieger, Daniel (26 August 2010). "All for the love of Tajima cows". Japan Times.
- Olmsted, Larry (7 January 2014). "The New Truth About Kobe Beef". Forbes.
- "Kobe Beef Registered Trademarks". Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- "Japanese Meat Grading" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-03.
- Mail magazine entitled Kobe Merumaga Club June 2, 2002 issue by Kobe City Office
- "edition September 19, 2007 issue". News Week Japanese. September 19, 2007. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- Shin-Onsen town office. "Taste of Tajima-ushi" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- Jason Chow (July 27, 2012). "Kobe Beef Arrives in Hong Kong". Wall Street Journal.
- "Kobe Beef Marketing and Distribution Information".
- "If you think you've had Kobe beef in Canada, you're wrong. But here's your chance".
- "Cattle on 40 pints a day of beer". BBC News. 9 February 2007.
- J.C. Reid (March 13, 2015). "American Wagyu and the myth of Kobe beef". Houston Chronicle.
- "American Kobe-style beef replaces the real thing". Associated Press. 29 December 2005. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- Sayet, Jackie (6 October 2009). "Bogus beef: Miami restaurants say it's Kobe, but it's not". Miami New Times.
- Olmstead, Larry (12 April 2012). "Food's Biggest Scam: The Great Kobe Beef Lie". Forbes.
- Olmstead, Larry (7 January 2014). "Food's Biggest Scam, Part 2: "Domestic" Kobe And Wagyu Beef". Forbes.
- Yomiuri Shimbun (2008-07-19). "Kobe beef — Correct information for foreign countries" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2008-07-20.[dead link]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kobe beef.| | <urn:uuid:883aa5d7-a969-4618-ba13-01e3e910d909> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_beef | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00176-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91854 | 1,814 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Some children are overcoming their egg allergies by eating eggs.
Whether it is nuts, eggs, milk or shellfish, millions of children in the U.S. suffer from food allergies.
Little Tad Kuroda was diagnosed with one after eating cake on his first birthday.
He was allergic to the egg in the cake. He avoids eggs in the scrambled form, but also the eggs hidden in baked goods, ice cream and even pasta.
"You worry a lot about safety, because even the tiniest amount of egg could kill him," said his mother, Stephanie Kuroda.
However, in this case, the tiniest amount of egg all but cured him.
"What we started off with was literally about 1/10,000th of an egg," said Dr. Wesley Burks, of the University of North Carolina.
Dr. Burks led a multi-center study of oral immunotherapy to treat egg allergies in kids.
All 55 study participants were given either a placebo or egg white powder. Neither the doctors nor the patients knew what they were getting.
Those participants who received the real egg whites got a small amount, then gradually ate more. After a year, half of the participants could eat a whole egg without complication. After two years, three-quarters could do it.
However, Dr. Burks stops short of calling this a cure.
"I think what you can say is that they're eating eggs in their diet now, and they're eating them without symptoms," said Dr. Burks.
More studies are needed, but doctors say if all goes well, the treatment could be available to the public within the next 5 to 10 years.
Doctors are also using the same technique with other highly allergenic foods, including nuts and milk. | <urn:uuid:5da5bb5b-1be0-4282-9643-5f02d230e93a> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.click2houston.com/news/New-treatment-helps-severe-food-allergies/15607792 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444339.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00129-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982946 | 366 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Was the White House Built By Slaves? Some Are Really Doubting Michelle Obama’s DNC Speech
Yes, FLOTUS haters, the White House was built by slaves.
Last night, first lady Michelle Obama delivered a banger of a speech at the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, asking voters if they wanted their children to grow up with Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton or Republican nominee Donald Trump as a role model.
When explaining the importance of having black and female role models, she said:
That is the story of this country, the story that has brought me to this stage tonight, the story of generations of people who felt the lash of bondage, the shame of servitude, the sting of segregation, but who kept on striving and hoping and doing what needed to be done, so that today I wake up every morning in a house that was built by slaves.
Obama's speech was met by resounding cheers. But because the law of the internet dictates there's always got to be "that guy" in the conversation, people objected to what she'd said.
In a now-deleted response to Kelly Clarkson, one Twitter user criticized "the part where she said the White House was built by slaves."
That Twitter user wasn't the only one.
But they're wrong. In fact, the White House Historical Association has an entire page dedicated to the question of whether slaves built the White House.
And sorry, commenters, they absolutely did.
As the Association's page states, "Construction on the president's house began in 1792 in Washington, D.C., a new capital situated in a sparsely settled region far from a major population center. The decision to place the capital on land ceded by two slave states — Virginia and Maryland — ultimately influenced the acquisition of laborers to construct its public buildings.
The D.C. commissioners, charged by Congress with building the new city under the direction of the president, initially planned to import workers from Europe to meet their labor needs. However, response to recruitment was dismal and soon they turned to African-American(s) — enslaved and free — to provide the bulk of labor that built the White House, the United States Capitol, and other early government buildings.
Stonemason Collen Williamson "trained enslaved people on the spot at the government's quarry at Aquia, Virginia," the page continues: "Enslaved people quarried and cut the rough stone that was later dressed and laid by Scottish masons to erect the walls of the president's house. The slaves joined a workforce that included local white laborers and artisans from Maryland and Virginia, as well as immigrants from Ireland, Scotland, and other European nations."
So there you have it. We leave you with this: | <urn:uuid:1d33dc8b-d3a7-40ee-a144-25a3211b299e> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.mic.com/articles/149779/was-the-white-house-built-by-slaves-some-are-really-doubting-michelle-obama-s-dnc-speech | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540585566.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214070158-20191214094158-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.969969 | 562 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Following World War II and the Holocaust where millions of Jews, homosexuals, communists and Slavs were exterminated by Hitler’s Nazi regime, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted and proclaimed on December 10th 1948 to prevent a another holocaust and to achieve a universal standard of human rights. Over the last sixty years various regional and international treaties and conventions have been adopted to protect and advance human rights towards universality. Furthermore, it equally important to mention that there has been a western dominated movement to universalise human rights. Nevertheless, Universal Human remains a contentious issue of debate among intellectual and policy circles. The purpose of this essay is to outline a few of the prominent issues and problems that are associated with the concept of Universal human rights.
“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights” (UDHR. 1948. P.2) Human rights in its contemporary perception is a fairly recent concept. In fact the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which is often cited as the corner stone of human rights only came into force following World War II and the most “systematic and blatant” violation of human rights in record history that was the Holocaust (http://humanities.sas.upenn.edu/99-00/hn-hr/holocaust.htm). However, before we go any further, it is important that we establish a definition of human rights. Gibney (2008, p.3) provides a simple yet effective definition of the concept of human rights as “a core set of rights that human beings possess by simple virtue of their humanity”. We now return to the core issue at hand that is the Universality of human rights. Over the last 60 years human rights has taken a major step towards universality, aided by the numerous regional and international treaties and conventions such as The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights, The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and The Arab Charter on Human Rights. However, like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, despite a very high ratification ratio, many of these treaties are not legally binding but rather voluntary. Nevertheless, there still remains much debate over the applicability of human rights on a truly universal level. Critics of universal human rights maintain that the concept of universal human rights ignores that fact that human beings are different. There are three arguments that stand between human rights as a universal concept and human rights as one that only apply some. The first argument against universal human rights comes from cultural relativists. Secondly, suspicions on the part of some due the dominance of the west on the human rights discourse in since the Second World War. The third argument is the hypocrisy of the west in the promotion and protection of human rights.
“Cultural relativity is an undeniable fact” (Donnelly, 1989, p.109). In fact as Donnelly (2007, p. 282) points out cultural relativism has been the most discussed of issues in the realms of human rights. Cultural relativists hold that “human values, far from being universal, vary a great deal according to different cultural perspectives” (http://www.un.org/rights/dpi1627e.htm). Furthermore, they view universal human rights as “insensitive to cultural differences and an instrument of oppression itself. Some Asian developing states call the human rights doctrine a new form of western imperialism” (Shanawez, p. 2) .In Fact what may seem immoral and wrong in one culture may be seen in a totally different light in another. As an example we can examine the “Asian Values” Debate advocated by such figures as former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew. The Asian values debate refers to values shared predominantly by people in the East Asian part of the continent rather than the entire continent (Sen, 1997, p.2)....
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:20e95409-a801-4901-b3c2-c5d3434c5f52> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Human-Rights-1926690.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948738.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427002118-20180427022118-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.936524 | 811 | 3.84375 | 4 |
- While the goal of the bill is to strengthen national security, experts testified it could have much broader implications on the ability to manage federal lands for wildlife.
photo by Mike Locke
The U.S. House of Representatives held a hearing recently on legislation (H.R. 1505) sponsored by Rep. Rob Bishop (Utah) and 39 others that would allow the Department of Homeland Security to waive a wide variety of conservation and environmental laws on federal lands located within 100 miles of the U.S. coastline and national borders. The intention of the bill is to prevent illegal immigration and drug smuggling. While the goal of the bill is to strengthen national security, experts testified it could have much broader implications on the ability to manage federal lands for wildlife and for water quality due to legislative provisions that would affect the ability of the Department of the Interior and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to carry out environmental laws and policies.
During recent congressional testimony, Professor John D. Leshy from U.C. Hastings College of Law recognized the importance and challenges of keeping our borders secure, but expressed concern that H.R. 1505 "would put a cloud over every action every federal land manager might think proper to carry out his or her responsibilities under federal law to protect the lands and fish and wildlife and other resources."
Under the bill, DHS could specifically allow the exemption of these lands from the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (and a host of other laws) making it unclear how that could affect management activities, including hunting on federal lands in the designated areas. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act implements the 1916 Migratory Bird Treaty between Canada and the United States, which outlines the process for setting waterfowl hunting seasons and managing the waterfowl resource. Typically, hunting seasons are closed unless specifically opened. Exempting significant areas of the United States from the MBTA could prevent certain lands from being opened for the hunting of waterfowl. The lands of seven states, including Florida, could be impacted along with significant portions of other areas including California, southern Louisiana, Texas, Chesapeake Bay and the Great Lakes region.
"Keeping our nation secure is an important issue," DU Director of Governmental Affairs Scott Sutherland said. "However, it seems unlikely we should have to choose between protecting the country's border and conserving and hunting waterfowl. DU will monitor progress of the legislation and, if the bill progresses, work to ensure important conservation efforts and hunting are not negatively impacted." | <urn:uuid:71b4f342-f994-4e91-85d5-caf079f15688> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.ducks.org/conservation/public-policy/proposed-legislation-could-affect-migratory-bird-treaty-act?poe=sbrrn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163998951/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133318-00083-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95933 | 505 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Almost 500,000 tons of nonwovens are currently used annually in the production of filters, which corresponds to approximately 10% of current worldwide industrial nonwovens manufactured. Here, the filter market is split into two areas: air and liquid filtration. While in excess of 170,000 tons of nonwovens were manufactured for gas/air filters in 2015, the volume for liquid filters was almost double at around 295,000 tons.
Depending on the specific application, the demands on filters are extremely high. To this end, high-efficiency particulate air filters for clean rooms must, for example, filter < 1µm particles from the air with virtually 100% efficiency. Filters must achieve their separation performance with the lowest possible pressure drop – in other words, filter resistance. Pressure drop is one of the most important quality features of filters: the lower the pressure drop, the more energy efficient the filter of the corresponding filter class is. A good example is vacuum cleaner filters. The class in the case of vacuum cleaners depends on the energy consumption, which is also influenced by the vacuum cleaner filter. If the filter is too dense, the vacuum cleaner draws more electricity and the energy consumption increases.
Comparison of two technologies
Highly efficient filters can either be manufactured from synthetic fibers or glass fibers. Today, filters in the HEPA and ULPA filter classes (the classes with high filter separation performances) in particular are still produced using glass fibers. Here, synthetic filters offer benefits: glass fiber filters achieve their separation performance only by means of the fineness of the pores. That is why the pressure drop is relatively high. In contrast, filters manufactured from synthetic fibers can be electrostatically charged. For this reason, their pores can be comparatively larger, which in turn considerably reduces the pressure drop. Furthermore, glass fiber filters harbor the risk that glass fiber particles can be released, which end up in the clean air, result in contamination and could be breathed in.
Efficient filters made from meltblown nonwoven materials
Meltblown technology is one of the most efficient methods for producing very fine and highly separating filter media made from synthetic fibers. Depending on the application, the pore size of a meltblown nonwoven material ranges from 5 to 40 µm. Here, smaller pores increase the mechanical filtration performance, albeit at the expense of higher pressure losses. The fineness of the meltblown fibers used for filter media lies in the 200 to 2,500 nm range. However, even fibers with nanoscale fineness are often not sufficient to filter the finest particles from air or liquid flows. For this reason, the nonwovens are treated online or offline; for example, they are electrostatically charged to increase their filter performance.
Electro-charging for superior filter separation performance
The filter efficiency can be considerably increased by means of so-called electro-charging – where the nonwovens are electrostatically charged. There are two options for charging nonwovens for industrial applications: triboelectric charging or corona charging. Today, corona charging is the method predominantly used.
Oerlikon Neumag, one of the leading manufacturers of meltblown systems, is currently developing its own concept for electrostatic charging of meltblown nonwoven materials. This distinguishes itself from concepts currently available on the market due to its high flexibility with regards to charging the most varied nonwovens. Users can freely choose from a large number of variation possibilities and set the optimum charging method depending on the filter application. This multifunctional charging unit operates on the basis of corona charging and is suitable for thick and thin nonwovens with low and high basis weights. Initial laboratory trials have shown that the Oerlikon Neumag charging unit can also be used to manufacture EPA- and HEPA-class filters. For example, an H14-class filter with an efficiency of 99.995% at a pressure drop of less than 100 Pa has been produced.
Meltblown process for numerous polymers
The polymers used for manufacture are just as diverse as the applications for the filters. The spectrum ranges from PET, PLA, PBT polyesters, PA and polyolefins (PP, PE) all the way through to special polymers such as PPS and TPU. All these and further raw materials can be spun using the Oerlikon Neumag meltblown process. This process is characterized by its constant melt pressure distribution and simultaneously consistent dwell time across the entire width of the spinning beam, which in turn ensures particularly homogeneous nonwoven properties and basis weights. Furthermore, the innovative guidance and distribution of the process air outside the coat-hanger distributor offered by the Oerlikon Neumag technology prevents so-called hotspots. As a result, even extremely sensitive raw materials can be reliably processed into high-quality nonwoven media.
In-house R&D Center for innovative development
As a high-tech company with a clear commitment to research and development, Oerlikon Neumag is dedicated to continual innovation. At the comprehensively equipped meltblown R&D Center, the processes and the machine technology – along with the manufacture of application-optimized nonwovens – are continually tested and further developed. The pilot line has a spinning width of 550 mm and comes with additional equipment. A comprehensive range of testing devices and tools is available for analyzing nonwovens. By contacting the Oerlikon Neumag sales department, customers can also utilize the laboratory for their own product development and optimization.
The trend in filtration applications is very clearly increasingly focusing on ever more efficient filter media with minimum pressure drop. The Oerlikon Neumag meltblown technology is particularly suitable for this. This is also underlined by the orders placed with the Neumünster-based systems manufacturer by leading meltblown nonwoven material manufacturers over the past few months.
The overwhelming share of the filter media still used today is produced from multi-layer nonwoven laminates. Here, manufacturers generally have to resort to nonwovens that are available on the market. By using the Oerlikon Neumag meltblown technology, these filter media can be directly manufactured in a single-step process, whereby the producer then has complete control over the raw materials deployed and lower manufacturing costs as well as being able to reliably and consistently fulfill the high quality requirements of its customers.
For more information contact: | <urn:uuid:839f1c2b-1f9e-423f-9d73-9218a6a4b54e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.filtnews.com/featured-articles-efficient-flexible-economical-meltblown-technology-filtration-applications/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100602.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206162528-20231206192528-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.933806 | 1,331 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Hungry and undernourished mothers give birth to malnourished children, who fail to thrive, and themselves bear more hungry children. And the cycle perpetuates itself from generation to generation. Hunger is not a consequence of poverty, but one of its causes.
The United States believes that significantly reducing world hunger, and as a consequence poverty, is achievable. Helping small farmers increase food production in the countries most vulnerable to food shortages is a good start.
Dr. Josette Lewis, Director of the Office of Agriculture at the U.S. Agency for International Development, said that the United States would like to "strengthen every link of the food-value chain."This could be done in a variety of ways, such as by making development loans, loan guarantees and grants available to small farmers; and by using new high-yield seeds that are resistant to diseases and drought. The U.S also supports more training programs in modern food production techniques for farmers in developing countries.
To facilitate the sharing of agricultural research and information, agricultural scientists and farmers from developing countries will come to the United States to learn from their U.S. counterparts. Local institutions and governments on every level can also help by adopting policies that can help expand regional trade in farm products, such as improving roads and other infrastructure, and reducing or eliminating border checkpoints.
Many of these ideas can be put into practice without delay. And in the long run, said Dr. Lewis, USAID plans to form partnerships with private-sector companies. Already a number of U.S. based companies have expressed interest in partnering with various organizations to help boost agricultural productivity and reduce poverty in developing countries. | <urn:uuid:340aee53-2a03-41f6-b5fa-0214eba27f91> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://editorials.voa.gov/a/a-41-2008-11-06-voa4-84656332/1481375.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587799.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026042101-20211026072101-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.956296 | 340 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Background: Attention to culture and its impact on health care can improve the quality of care given, add to our understanding of health care among culturally diverse populations, and encourage a more holistic approach to health care within general care. Connection to culture is important to Aboriginal peoples, and integrating Aboriginal culture into general care in residential aged care facilities may contribute to improving care delivery and outcomes for residents. The literature to date revealed a lack of understanding of the capacity of residential aged care and the health practices of carers in relation to providing cultural care for Aboriginal people. This study aimed to explore how cultural care needs are maintained for Aboriginal residents from their own and their carers' perspectives.
Methods: Applying an Aboriginal centered research method, an Interpretive Descriptive Approach was used as a theoretical framework to explore data in this study. Semi structured audio-recorded interviews were conducted. An additional file provides a complete description of the interview questions used as a guide for the study [see Additional file 1]. Three Residential Aged Care Centres, in South Australia were used i.e., two rural from centres and one urban metropolitan centre. Seven Aboriginal residents and 19 carers participated in interviews. Data was transcribed and an interpretive analysis was employed to code the transcribed data for themes and sub-themes. The study was guided by an Aboriginal community advisory group with an aim to work under the principle of reciprocity; giving back to the communities, participants and those where the research results may have been relevant.
Results: Three themes emerged from the views of the residents and carers: (i) lack of resources and funding; (ii) care practice; and (iii) marginalisation of Aboriginal culture within aged care facilities.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that carers and residents believe cultural inclusion in general care practices may enrich Aboriginal residents' daily life, health and well-being in residential aged care facilities. This study may provide carers, aged care centre managers and policy makers with information on the need of resources, funding, organised care plan and management, and cultural competency of carers to be considered to improve Aboriginal aged care protocols for integrating cultural care into practice.
Bibliographical note' This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.'
- Aboriginal residents
- Aged care centres
- Healthcare services
- Cultural care
- Cultural safety
- Aged care centers | <urn:uuid:f5d07b77-a1a6-461f-94c8-81a2c3827b58> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://researchnow.flinders.edu.au/en/publications/exploring-aboriginal-aged-care-residents-cultural-and-spiritual-n | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198868.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920223634-20200921013634-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.935987 | 592 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Challenges of Development
By 2010, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA) exoskeleton project had produced some promising technology. Network World reports that current systems, which weigh about 55 pounds (25 kilograms), can enable human operators to carry 200 pounds (91 kilograms) of weight with little or no effort and dramatically less fatigue. Additionally, the latest exoskeletons are quieter than the typical office printer, and can run at speeds of 10 miles per hour (16 kilometers per hour) and perform squats and crawls, in addition to lifting [source: Heary]. Raytheon was so confident of its prospects that, in 2010, it released a video featuring Clark Gregg, one of the actors from the "Iron Man" movie franchise, doing the narration as a second-generation exoskeleton karate-chopped wood, did pushups and lifted weights [source: Weinberger].
Meanwhile, fellow defense contractor Lockheed Martin is working on a rival exoskeleton designed for heavy lifting, with the ability to transfer the weight from heavy loads to the ground through the robotic legs of the lower-body exoskeleton. The company says that the exoskeleton also is able to perform deep squats, crawls and upper-body lifting with minimal human exertion [source: Lockheed Martin].
These exoskeletal machines would also be equipped with sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. Soldiers could use this technology to obtain information about the terrain they're crossing and how to navigate their way to specific locations. DARPA is also developing computerized fabrics that could be used with the exoskeletons to monitor heart and breathing rates.
If the U.S. military has its way, it will have throngs of super soldiers that can jump higher, run faster and lift enormous weight by strapping these exoskeletons to them. Even so, it may be a few years at least before real-life Iron Man makes his way onto a battlefield.
Meanwhile, powered exoskeletons may also provide a huge benefit in peacetime as well, since eventually the technology may enable people with spinal injuries or disabling neuromuscular diseases to lead fuller lives. Berkeley Bionics, for example, is testing eLegs, an exoskeleton powered by a rechargeable battery, which is designed to enable a disabled person to walk, to get up from a sitting position without assistance, and to stand for an extended period of time [source: Berkeley Bionics]. | <urn:uuid:490fa27f-302d-44c2-83da-0dced37fae58> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://science.howstuffworks.com/exoskeleton3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989507.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00114-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945014 | 511 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Currently, when you access the internet on your phone, tablet or computer, you get to view websites and watch video at pretty much the same speed everyone else does. The traffic you create simply by browsing the web is treated equally by the companies that have built the infrastructure of the internet — internet service providers (ISPs) like Comcast and AT&T, and "interconnect" companies like Cogent and Level 3, which route and direct traffic between you and your internet provider.
This state of affairs, broadly, is called "net neutrality." Everyone gets the same treatment.
And it's about to change.
The FCC — which regulates how internet service providers are allowed to handle traffic — said yesterday that it would create new rules that may allow ISPs to treat traffic differently. Some people — companies big enough to pay extra, basically — may get faster internet than the rest of us. Here's what the FCC specifically said:
The NPRM [the FCC] will propose ... that broadband providers would be required to offer a baseline level of service to their subscribers, along with the ability to enter into individual negotiations with content providers. In all instances, broadband providers would need to act in a commercially reasonable manner subject to review on a case-by-case basis. Exactly what the baseline level of service would be, the construction of a 'commercially reasonable' standard, and the manner in which disputes would be resolved, are all among the topics on which the FCC will be seeking comment.
FCC chairman Tom Wheeler elaborated on that in a blog post today.
The devil, naturally, is in the details.
Instead of treating everyone equally, ISPs will only be required to give you a "baseline" level of service. Some people — again, likely companies rather than individuals — will be able to get faster, better service.
The change came about because a federal court recently ruled that the FCC does not have the power to regulate the Internet the same way it regulates phones. With phones, companies have to supply everyone with the same hardwire service — even if they live way out in the countryside where it's very expensive to put up the lines. The web used to work that way too — companies had to give you the same service even if you cost them more — but that's now going to change.
Some websites will get slower Internet services
The big change will be around companies like Netflix. Currently, sometimes almost a third of all web traffic is Netflix's streaming movies. Netflix often accounts for nearly 50% of all web video streaming at any one time. Over time, companies like Comcast have gotten tired of serving bandwidth hogs like Netflix and paying for the privilege of doing so. By amazing coincidence, the speed at which Comcast delivered Netflix movies started to get slower and slower.
So Netflix reached a deal with Comcast: Netflix would pay Comcast for a direct connection between its servers and Comcast's, so that Netflix's traffic didn't have to go through the interconnect companies. As if by magic, Netflix speeds went up again. (This wasn't the first time that an ISP has made a major decision like this: In 2007, Comcast blocked BitTorrent and in 2005 Madison River Communications blocked people from making phone calls over the net.)
Netflix CEO Reed Hastings is actually hopping mad about this: He believes that all companies' traffic should be treated equally, and if ISPs are in the business of providing the web service, they should do just that in aggregate —and not pick winners and losers based on the fees they're willing to pay.
Comcast, obviously, has the opposite view. If it is to serve Netflix at the same prices it serves your personal homepage on About.me, the Netflix is essentially getting a huge service for free, Comcast argues.
'There is no free lunch'
AT&T has been even more blunt. Netflix has built a business that requires a huge amount of bandwidth, but it doesn't want to pay for it, AT&T argued recently:
As we all know, there is no free lunch, and there’s also no cost-free delivery of streaming movies. Someone has to pay that cost. Mr. Hastings’ arrogant proposition is that everyone else should pay but Netflix. That may be a nice deal if he can get it. But it’s not how the Internet, or telecommunication for that matter, has ever worked.
The FCC's impending ruling will change this landscape a bit. It looks as if the FCC will require Comcast and AT&T to offer Netflix et al. a baseline level of service, but companies will be able to pay to get faster service. The advantage, obviously, will go to the richest companies (or the companies whose web apps are so cleverly designed that they use bandwidth in a miserly fashion).
Moreover, today's "baseline" service may be perfectly adequate for most companies who only publish web sites. But in the future "baseline" broadband might be a bit like baseline 56K dial-up modem was in the 1990s — a miracle at the time, but completely hopeless now.
In other words, it would be the end of net neutrality and the winners would be those who pay to win. Even if you don't have a website yourself, you could see the effects in the loading times of sites you visit — some could slow way down comparatively.
'They are flat out wrong'
The FCC says that's not going to happen. FCC chairman Tom Wheeler said:
There are reports that the FCC is gutting the Open Internet rule. They are flat out wrong. Tomorrow we will circulate to the Commission a new Open Internet proposal that will restore the concepts of net neutrality consistent with the court's ruling in January. ... behavior that harms consumers or competition will not be permitted.
But ... as long as some players will be able to pay to get more than baseline service, it looks a lot like the "baseline" will end up being the lowest tier of service, for the web's low-bandwidth losers. | <urn:uuid:ad410d44-8427-4452-946d-05502b9d19fa> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.businessinsider.com/simple-explanation-of-net-neutrality-2014-4?op=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00535-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962864 | 1,230 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Times Tables Mastery: The 4 Step Programme
If you have a particular tables problem you would like help with, please email me: [email protected]
As a teacher of mathematics at all levels and in many types of schools for thirty years, I know that:
It is a mistake to think that times tables only come into the Primary Syllabus as you will find them in all types of multiplication, division, fraction and percentage work. They pop up when working with factors and multiples, word problems of all types, converting fractions to decimals, geometry, solving simultaneous and quadratic equations, multiplying algebraic factors, finding areas and volumes, negative number work and multiplying and dividing numbers written in standard form. Many of these topics occur in the Secondary curriculum.
Almost all external examinations now have a non-calculator paper which really tests a candidate's facility with tables and other mental arithmetic skills.
The 4 Step Programme can easily be implemented at home or at school and, as you can see in the video above, excellent progress can be made in just a few short weeks. Most youngsters will have made excellent progress by this time next month if you follow the instructions in the Teacher/Parent Handbook.How does the 4 Step programme achieve this?
Virtually all other material obtainable on the internet and elsewhere encourages chanting, singing or writing down tables at length. This does achieve the required result eventually (I learned this way myself about two centuries ago), but it is very slow and frustrating for youngsters who want a much quicker method of learning their tables.
The 4 Step Programme skirts around all this nonsense and focuses on the facts that are not known and how to learn these without stress. Only then do we concentrate on speed of recall. This may sound counter-intuitive. After all, the chanting and singing methods have been used for years by many teachers and parents. But a moment's thought reveals the fallacy - if these methods are so good, how is it that most of our children have very poor tables recall?
The Teacher/Parent Handbook explains the theory of the 4 Step Programme in easy steps and has been designed to be simple to follow.
The Student Workbook contains assessment sheets, practice sheets for multiplication and division and other material to reinforce the skills that have just been learnt.
The 4 Step Programme may be tackled at any of four different levels.
Level 1: The 1, 2, 5 and 10 times tables.
Level 2: The 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 times tables.
Level 3: All the tables up to 10 x 10.
Everything you require for all four levels is contained within the Student Handbook. If your children are young or are having problems with tables, the best thing to do is to begin at level 1 or 2 and make sure they know everything at that stage. When you think they are ready, simply move up to the next higher level. With the 4 Step programme this is all very straightforward and, again, the Handbook explains everything you need to know.
So, please download the Teacher/Parent Handbook and the Student Workbook now and start sorting out those tables problems once and for all. | <urn:uuid:597d111f-c831-4c33-80ed-3b62b49abe73> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.timestables4u.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223211700.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032011-00304-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934873 | 656 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Last Friday, the Academy’s Grade 11/12 Workplace English class and Food and Nutrition class took part in a workshop about healthy eating, and about how millions and millions of animals are being killed for the food that we eat. Tracey Timmins from the Educated Choices Program explained what we consider food and what we do not consider food, and the health risks of food.
Tracy talked about how animals were slowly being led into slaughterhouses to be killed for food. She also talked about how killing animals can have major impacts on the environment. “It’s important to learn where food comes from,” says Russell, an English student. “It made me feel more motivated to make changes in my daily life to save the environment.”
It is really important to learn these things so you know where your food is coming from. It doesn’t mean you shouldn’t eat meat. You can have a balance with meat and things that are not meat. If you feel like you don’t want to eat meat, that is your choice, but this is something that you should know about. “I feel like we organized this, because students everywhere need to learn about animals, and why we need food every day to survive,” says Lucas, another English student. This presentation is helpful, because it teaches everyone how to live a better life and feel happier.
The presentation happened so that we could learn how to eat healthy and save the environment. It’s important because the presenter talked about how we should eat less meat and more healthy foods. “I think this topic is very important because we are killing animals for our food and it is also having an impact on our diet and health,” says Russell.
“I felt sad and angry at the same time,” says Lucas. “I felt like I had to take action by following Tracy’s presentation facts and details of making the world a better place.”
A student named Cole concluded, “The presentation impacted me, because even though animals do get killed for food, it’s wrong to just take a bunch of animals into a horrible place and just murder them. I also think that we should take a stand. Animals are nature. Without nature, there won’t be anymore animals to take care of. I realized when I was watching this presentation that I can choose to eat less meat and more plant-based things.”
– By the Grade 11/12 Workplace English class | <urn:uuid:e1124e3d-b505-4001-81e1-b22efc60a368> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.ymcaacademy.org/2019/11/28/academy-hosts-workshop-about-healthy-eating/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=academy-hosts-workshop-about-healthy-eating | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506121.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401192839-20200401222839-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.977396 | 525 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Does milk make you a brain box? Research links dairy to stronger mental performance...
Between 2001 and 2006, Crichton et al. put 972 men and women aged 23-98 (recruited from the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study of cardiovascular disease and cognitive functioning in adults) through eight brain tests: including visual-spatial, working memory and verbal memory tests.
Concurrently, the researchers measured subjects’ dairy consumption, and found that – irrespective of age – adults with higher intakes of milk and milk products scored significantly higher on memory and other brain function tests than those who consumed little or none.
For the mental performance tests, the highest scores for all eight outcomes were observed for those subjects (37%) with the highest intake of milk and milk products (more than one daily serving) compared to those with low and infrequent milk intake, the researchers found.
Study results controlled
No significant associations were found between cognitive outcomes and increasing intake categories for specific dairy foods (milk, cheese, yogurt and dairy desserts, cream and ice cream).
Study results were also controlled for other factors that could potentially affect brain health, including CVD prevalence, hypertension and waist circumference.
“The strengths of these relationships were modestly attenuated with the addition of these covariates, suggesting that they play a role but do not fully explain associations between dairy food intake and better cognitive functioning,” Critchton et al. wrote.
Although they concluded that milk nutrients may have a direct effect on brain function, and that “easily implemented lifestyle changes” (i.e. higher milk or milk product consumption) may have potential to slow or even prevent neuropsychological dysfunction, the researchers said that more research in the area was needed.
They wrote: “In this study, frequent dairy food intake was associated with better cognitive performance. [But] measurement of dairy food consumption needs to be specific in terms of type, fat content and quantity of intake.”
The authors also noted several limitations of the current study, and said they were unable to obtain an accurate indication of the quantity of food consumed on each occasion.
Participants were asked, ‘how often do you eat the following foods?’ but not questioned as to portion or serving size.
“This undoubtedly limits the accuracy of the estimated intakes of all foods and beverages as quantities are likely to differ substantially amongst individuals as well as the same individual on different occasions,” Crichton et al. wrote.
Responses indicating how often a food was consumed were also limited in the high-intake range, the authors said, and they were, therefore, unable to determine the specific number of times subjects consumed dairy foods beyond ‘once or more’ a day.
Moreover, with the exception of milk, study participants did not report the fat content of dairy foods consumed, the authors wrote.
“We were therefore unable to assess whether fat content was a relevant factor in the associations found, or compare our findings to others who have shown such relationships,” they added.
Self-reporting of nutritional intake might also have led to under- or overestimation of associations, and may not reflect long-term consumption patterns, the authors wrote.
Title: ‘Relation between dairy food intake and cognitive function: The Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study’
Authors: G.E Crichton, M.F Elias, G.A Dore, M.A Robbins
Source: International Dairy Journal, Volume 22, Issue 1 (January 2012). Published online ahead of print, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.08.001
Who funded this study?
Posted by Lembran Sar, | <urn:uuid:0ddc45e1-2cd6-438c-ae63-c641b5cd35f3> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.dairyreporter.com/Article/2012/01/31/Does-milk-make-you-a-brain-box-Research-links-dairy-to-stronger-mental-performance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944606.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323003026-20230323033026-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.961836 | 783 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Documentary films are (usually) really neat and informative to watch. Depending on the subject, one can learn a considerable amount of info that they otherwise would have been oblivious to. For instance, one of my favorite documentary programs is Bloomberg Game Changers, which follows a series of inventors, businessmen, and individuals doing their part to change the world.
More on the topic of the environment, though, is a film called ‘Gasland‘. Created by documentary filmmaker Josh Fox, the 2011 film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary. The film takes the viewer into the communities and cities impacted by natural gas drilling and slickwater fracking.
Fox visits homes and farms of individuals who’ve been affected by the drilling, and who’ve been offered money by various gas companies for their land. Perhaps the most viral moment of the film comes when a homeowner turns on his sink faucet, takes a small lighter, and sets the water on fire. You can view that clip below.
This example is just one of many accounts by homeowners who’ve complained that natural gas drilling is affecting their homes and health. Not only does the documentary film take the viewer on a trip through several American communities impacted by fracking, but it also explains how inefficient the process of natural gas drilling is to the environment.
Certain elements of natural is, in fact, “clean” when compared to burning coal or other energy burning. However, methane burning is 105% dirtier than coal.
Josh Fox, the creator of Gasland, is coming out with a sequel, titled ‘Gasland Part II’. This film, like his first documentary, will visit communities and areas affected most by natural gas drilling and slickwater fracking, as well as how this process damages the environment.
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What did you think of this post? Let us know in the comments below. | <urn:uuid:1cc3bad1-8226-481d-abc9-d735b7567f6d> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://blacklemag.com/living/gasland-setting-water-on-fire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446997.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00194-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9647 | 430 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Tobacco is one of top industries in the world. Tobacco can grow in a moist and warm environment; it can be planted on any continent except Antarctica. The tobacco plant is endemic to the American continents and is one of the top crops grown by American farmers. Tobacco is cultivated for its leaves. After drying, the leaves can be processed for smoking and also for chewing. Until the 1960s, the United States was the world’s top grower, manufacturer, and exporter of tobacco.
Today, tobacco is produced on a large scale by many countries. The top tobacco-producing countries are the following:
- China –Tobacco production is a very lucrative business in this country. The tobacco industry yielded 865 billion yuan (the equivalent of $142.5 billion) in taxes and profit in 2012. The Chinese local governments encourage the development of the tobacco industry in their areas to boost the local economy. Each year, China produces 3,150,197 metric tons of unmanufactured tobacco. China has doubled tobacco production in the past decade.
- Brazil –The Brazilian tobacco industry experienced strong growth in the past few years due to the high consumption of cigarettes in the country. Tobacco cultivation is concentrated in the northeast and southern parts of the country. Tobacco is one of the few agricultural crops that sustains the economic survival of farmers here. Tobacco production grew 94 percent from the production level in 1990. The country now produces 851,000 metric tons of tobacco per year.
- India – The Portuguese introduced tobacco in India during the 17th century. Indian tobacco is appreciated the world over for its smoothness and its rich, full-bodied flavor. Indian tobacco is a recognized commodity in the global tobacco market and is used in tobacco manufacturing in different countries. India is the third largest producer of tobacco in the world, with annual production reaching 830,000 metric tons.
- USA – U.S. tobacco production has decreased significantly for the last three decades. From approximately 180,000 farms devoted to tobacco growing in the 1980s, the number of farms has decreased to about 10,000 in 2012. Despite the significant decrease, the U.S. is still the fourth largest producer of tobacco leaves in the world, churning out 345,837 metric tons each year. The states of Georgia, Kentucky, and North Carolina account for about 80 percent of the tobacco production in the country.
- Indonesia – The tobacco industry in Indonesia is one of the country’s largest industries. This is attributed to the high domestic consumption of cigarettes, especially among the male population. It is estimated that 65 percent of Indonesian men are smokers. Research shows that Indonesia produces 260,200 metric tons of unmanufactured tobacco each year. | <urn:uuid:949a64f3-a11d-4dca-859a-81757aea4597> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.torchcigarbar.com/the-biggest-tobacco-producers-in-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649931.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324054204-20180324074204-00717.warc.gz | en | 0.950506 | 554 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In many churches, the Our Father (“The Lord’s Prayer”) is said slightly differently. Some (e.g., the Catholic and Orthodox) conclude with the prayer for deliverance from evil, while others (mostly Protestant) go on to say, “For Yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever” before saying “Amen.” Indeed, this follows from Matthew 6:13 (cf. KJV, NASB). So, are some churches subtracting this phrase from Jesus’ prayer, or are others adding to it? Neither seem to be good ideas for Christians (e.g., Dt. 4:2, 12:21; Prov. 30:6; Rev. 22:19).
The Our Father is found in Matthew chapter 6 where Jesus teaches the disciples how to pray. If this line is in the Bible, then dropping it seems to be a clear example of the Church “subtracting from Scripture” (due to some “tradition of man” perhaps). However, the history behind this little phrase is a bit more involved – and it argues for the reliability of Church tradition, not against it.
According to the Bible
The first thing to note is that the prayer differs even between the gospels themselves. Although the form in Matthew is the one used by nearly all Christians today, a shorter version is recorded by Luke in chapter 11 where it ends with “lead us not into temptation” (Lk. 11:4). So technically, one would be completely biblically justified in simply ending the prayer there.
Second, it seems that the verse in question probably was not original to the Bible writings. It is not included in the “oldest and best” biblical manuscripts, and is therefore not considered to be part of the original biblical text by the majority of biblical scholars today whether Catholic or Protestant. The King James Version of the Bible is based on the Textus Receptus which itself was not based on the oldest manuscripts we have today. Neither Codex Sinaiticus nor Vaticanus contain the verse – in fact, the earliest witness we have to the longer ending is a late fourth or early fifth century parchment called Codex Washingtonensis.
The English wording of the Our Father that Protestants use today reflects the version based on the English version of the Bible produced by Tyndale in 1525. Tyndale’s version was not traditional in the liturgical tradition of western Christendom, until found the 1637 Scottish Book of Common Prayer. Finally, although the longer ending remains popular in use today, there are many Bibles that do not include it. Catholic Bible translations (e.g., the Vulgate, the Douay-Rheims, or the New American) have never included it, and today most Protestant Bibles do not either (e.g., the ASV, CEV, ESV, GWT, GNT, NET, NIV, NIRV, NLT, and TNIV do not include the phrase, and others such as the HCSB, NASB, and NCV often bracket the phrase to set it off from the original text). Even modern versions of the KJV includes a footnote stating that the phrase is omitted in older manuscripts.
According to Tradition
Third, although early Church Fathers such as Jerome, Gregory the Great, Ambrose, and Augustine wrote of the importance and beauty of the “Our Father” prayer, none of them included the phrase when they referenced it. The commentaries on the prayer by Tertullian, Origen, and Cyprian do not include it either. John Chrysostom did discuss the phrase in his 4th century homily St. Matthew (19:10).
Fourth, when we turn from Scripture commentary to Church Tradition, we find this phrase (which resembles 1 Chronicles 29:11) in ancient liturgical use as a short doxology (praise response) to the Lord’s Prayer. The Christian manual known as the Didache (c. 95 A.D.) has a short version of the doxology after the “Our Father” in chapter 8, and the longer reading is found in the 4th century Apostolic Constitutions (7.24). From there it was incorporated into the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom as well. Thus, it seems that this phrase might very well have been a doxology – a conclusion to the original prayer that Jesus instructed his disciples to say.
Scriptural and traditional evidence points to a 4th century addition of the phrase to the original prayer. It is likely that around this time, a scribe familiar with the liturgy added the doxology to Sacred Scripture while copying the “Our Father” passage, and it found its way into later translations of the Bible itself. These copies eventually outnumbered the more ancient documents, and the phrase was included in the gospels in the majority of ancient Bible manuscripts from then on.
According to Protestantism
When early Protestants produced their own Bible translations in the 16th century, they used the majority text as their source. The result was that their translations included the phrase as if it were part of the original gospel writings. In England, Tyndale’s translation included it, and when Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church, he decreed its inclusion in worship. Finally, the virulently anti-Catholic Queen Elizabeth had it included in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. Once it was brought over to America by the Puritans, the phrase’s addition was further solidified. So it seems that English Protestants added a traditional Catholic prayer to the Bible in order to distance themselves from what they thought were unbiblical Catholic traditions!
Ironically, what might at first seem to Protestants as an illegitimate subtraction from the Word of God due to Church tradition is actually more faithful to both. Contrary to Protestant fears, the truth in this case was better preserved by Church tradition than Bible translation. Although Protestants have corrected many of their modern Bible translations, it seems their tradition(!) of adding a Catholic doxology to the scriptural Lord’s Prayer may take a bit more time to overcome.
NOTE: A minority view exists among biblical scholars which holds that it was actually the minority (Alexandrian) text that was corrupted early and that the majority (Byzantine) text tradition is more accurate to the original writings. Although the evidence above can be explained according to this model, it is nevertheless a fact that the manuscript tradition best reflects the Church’s tradition. | <urn:uuid:38897cd3-8a9f-4102-a1e4-b3df17aacd32> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://douglasbeaumont.com/2015/05/26/the-lords-prayer-adding-to-or-subtracting-from-scripture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153816.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729043158-20210729073158-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.967893 | 1,360 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Did you know that you possess a free and powerful tool that can be used to manage your stress? If you are wondering what this free tool is – It’s your ‘Breath’. Taking a few moments daily to practice some deep breathing exercises can drastically improve your overall well-being. In this post, you will discover what is pursed-lip breathing technique and how it helps in strengthening your lungs to work more efficiently.
What Is Pursed Lip Breathing
Pursed lip breathing is a simple breathing technique that provides you more control over your breathing. It helps to slow the pace of your breathing and makes each breath effective. This technique involves breathing in through your nose and breathing out slowly through the mouth. It is a slow and deliberate breathing technique to get more air into your lungs and control shortness of breath.
You can do pursed-lip breathing anywhere and it is found to be most effective when you are breathing under stress like during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Pursed lip breathing technique has been quite useful to regain a sense of control over breath. After a few minutes of practicing this technique, your breathing will settle down.
Next time when you do any activity that triggers shortness of breath, like climbing stairs or brisk walking then you may want to switch to pursed-lip breathing. As you do it you will notice your breathing pace slows down and you can breathe better without having to catch your breath.
Why Does Pursed Lip Breathing Work
Just like any other muscle as you grow older your lungs lose strength. When I say “strength” I am referring to the elasticity of lungs that starts to deteriorate over a period of time. When your lungs lose its elasticity it does not function properly when you exhale, leaving some air trapped in your lungs. This trapped air damages the lung tissue over time and causes shortness of breath.
When you are young your lungs typically function like a balloon. The balloon expands as you blow the air into it and as you let the balloon free the air shoots out without any effort from your end. Your lungs do the same thing, it expands as you breathe in air and releases air completely as you exhale. However, when your lungs weaken they function as a paper bag wherein you need to put effort to squeeze out all the air from the paper bag. It won’t flatten by itself.
So the problem is as you grow older you need to work on getting the air out of the lungs and this is where pursed-lip breathing comes to your rescue. When you practice pursed-lip breathing, you slow down your breathing rate deliberately and exhale softly through pursed lips.
In this technique, you inhale through your nose and exhale softly through pursed lips as if you were going to whistle or gently flicker the flame of a candle. You take twice the amount of time to exhale. For instance: you inhale through your nose for a count of two and exhale slowly through pursed lip for a count of four. By taking time to exhale, you force your respiratory muscles to exhale as much air as possible so that the air does not get trapped in your lungs. With less air trapped in your lungs. It makes room for new, fresh oxygen into your bloodstream. Check out the 2-minute video below to get the hang of this technique.
Benefits of Pursed Lip Breathing
Breathing exercises have a profound impact on your health and emotional well-being. Pursed lip breathing is in some sense a hack that can help in making your breathing more effective. The practice of this technique makes each breath intentional and slower. Here are five awesome benefits of practicing pursed-lip breathing.
1. Better Control Over Your Breath
Pursed lip breathing helps your ability to control the breath pattern i.e. the amount of inhalation and exhalation you have every time. This practice helps you to deliberately slow down your breathing pace and alter your breaths as required. This in general gives you greater control over your breath and improves the effectiveness of breathing.
2. It Promotes Relaxation
Do you often find yourself surrounded by many stressors that keep you constantly in a state of tension? You can break the shackles of stress and calm down your nervous system with pursed-lip breathing technique. As you implement this technique you take slower and more deliberate breaths, this helps to keep your mind off the matters which constantly worry and cause stress.
3. Improves Functioning Of Lungs
Pursed lip breathing retrains the muscles of respiration and strengthens the lung capacity. It does this by slowing the breath, allowing the diaphragm to relax, and removing trapped, stale air from the lungs. This improves the levels of oxygenation and leads to significant positive changes in respiratory function.
4. It Keeps Your Airways Open Longer
One of the main benefits you should practice pursed-lip breathing is it improves the ability to keep your airways open for longer periods of time. As you keep your airways open for a longer period of time it reduces the amount of work that is required to go into your breathing. This helps individuals who have respiratory issues.
5. It Helps You Get Rid Of Excess CO2
Poor breathing practices prevents air from circulation through the lungs. This stale air often gets trapped inside making it difficult for the lungs to absorb new air. By implementing this technique you can get rid of excess CO2 that might be occupying space in your lungs. It does this by slowing the breath, allowing the diaphragm to relax, and removing trapped, stale air from the lungs.
How To Practice Pursed Lip Breathing
The best part which I like about this technique is that it can be performed anywhere and anytime. You can even practice this while watching TV commercials. It will become natural as you practice several times during the day. Keep in mind the below guidelines as you practice this technique.
- Step 1: Sit upright on a chair or a cushion. Make sure your back is straight. Place one hand on your abdomen and the other hand on your chest. As you breathe in your abdomen should move forward.
- Step 2: Inhale through the nose and exhale slowly through the mouth, with pursed lips as if you were going to whistle or gently flicker the flame of a candle.
- Step 3: Your exhalation should take around 4 to 8 seconds and it should be taken twice as long as inhalation. The key part of this technique is to pay attention to the exhalation (the out-breath) and ensuring it slow and long.
- Step 4: One full cycle of breath i.e. inhalation and exhalation should last around 10 seconds. Repeat around 20 cycles of full breaths once or twice daily to retrain your breath.
That’s it…go ahead and practice this effective breathing technique to minimize shortness of breath and assure adequate oxygen to your respiratory muscles. Post your views in the comments box below. | <urn:uuid:b35a99ab-e5b1-433d-abb5-77596fdf024f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://missionmeditation.com/what-is-pursed-lip-breathing-technique/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473819.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222125841-20240222155841-00660.warc.gz | en | 0.948884 | 1,449 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Family-friendliness enables combining work and family life smoothly and efficiently. Work-life-balance concerns people in different life situations and different life stages. Family-friendliness should be pursued and cherished because it benefits everyone.
A family-friendly workplace supports the well-being of both individuals and families. According to studies it also increases work motivation and work satisfaction.
Laws and collective agreements alone are not enough to guarantee family-friendly workplace culture. More detailed instructions and specific rules are often needed at the workplace.
Family-friendliness is both attitudes and practices. Alongside instructions and individual solutions there is a need for balance and fairness in the treatment of all personnel. Even small acts and gestures of family-friendliness can make a difference for the better.
Sections of family-friendliness are:
- Values and Attitudes
- Flexibility of Working Time and Place
- Family Leaves and Lifespan
- Rules and Guidelines
- Experiences of Leader’s (Management) Behaviour
- Leaders’s (Supervisors’) opinion
- Experience of Work – Life Balance and the Employer’s Family-Friendliness | <urn:uuid:f09a6562-f723-4d5b-af94-17a18240fc2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.vaestoliitto.fi/en/organisation/the-family-friendly-workplace-program/what-is-family-friendliness-at-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304309.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123172206-20220123202206-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.910041 | 239 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Korean Sword Manufacturer
Han Jong-Chil: Swords for the Presidents
the great significance of swords in Korean culture, upon promotion to general or admiral, the President of Korea awards to
the officer a sword. This tradition dates far back in Korean history. Once upon a time, Korean kings awarded a sword to top commanders.
This tradition was discontinued upon the demise of the monarchy in the early part of the 20th Century. It was revived in1983 during the reign of President Chun Do-Hwan.
these swords have been slightly curved, similar to a Japanese sword. As of next
year, however, (January 1, 2007) newly promoted Korean Generals will be awarded a straight double edged sword - a more traditional
Korean design. When a general is promoted to three stars, he gets a red ribbon
attached to the sword. On one side of the ribbon is written “the President
of the Republic of Korea,” on the other side
is written the officer’s position in the army. The same things apply for
navy admirals. The swords apparently cost about 2,000,000 won.
the company that made swords for the Korean army Generals went out of business and the contract was awarded to Mr. Han Jong
Chil owner of a company called Hanguk Dokum (한 국 도 검 ) located near Seoul in a city called Siheung.
3rd t Dan rank in Hapkido, a 3rd Dan rank in Taehan Kumdo, and a 1st Dan in Hedong
Kumdo, Han Jong-Chil is a maverick amongst Korean sword craftsmen. He said practicing
Kumdo one day, he “felt ancient things about the sword. It drew me. It started as a hobby, and only later turned into a job.”
started his sword business back in 1986 having studied under the renowned Master Yeon-In-Moon, who in turn was trained by
the legendary Jeong In-Cho in Seoul. In addition he went to Japan many times to see swords. In
Japan, he saw that Japanese swords are made by a number of people, each
making only a part of the sword, whereas in Korea
the work is more consolidated. The Japanese were impressed that in Korea one person could do so many different tasks. One curious difference between Korean and Japanese sword making methodology involves the difference between
“folding” and “spreading” the metal. “While Japanese fold, the Korean way is to spread the metal,”
masters of an art, he has gone beyond his teachers, making creative innovations in the crafting of his swords. For example, the hilt is bolted at the bottom (base), rather that held on with pins going through it. This is a unique design feature of Han Jong-Chil’s swords.
In past years
the curved swords he made for Korean Generals (and Admirals) were called “Sam Jeongdo.”
to a brochure on the Sam Jeongdo:
saber represents the spirit of the Army, Navy and Air Force which has three goals to achieve: National Defense, Unification
and Prosperity of the Fatherland." It is 100 cm. in length. The hilt is 25 cm long and consists of basswood covered with sharkskin.
The blade is 73 cm long, 3.2 cm. wide, .7 cm. thick and made of forged steel.
decorations of the saber represent the classic Korean spirit as follows:
(The Great Absolute). The entity of the cosmos or the source of the highest principles of the yin and Yang, the negative and
the positive, or the passive and the active.
* Jook (Bamboo)
Symbol of integrity and constant loyalty.
* Yong (Dragon)
Symbol of the guardian of the state and the suppressor of commotion and war.
(Phoenix) An imaginary bird believed to be a good omen, the
shape of which is also used as the presidential emblem.
(Herb of Chinese “Tang” dynasty) Korea’s
traditional decoration pattern.
(Rose of Sharon) The Korean national flower signifying everlasting progress.
(Sharkskin) traditionally used to ornament sabers.
that goes with the Generals sword also says it needs to be cleaned every week (2 or three times a week during rainy season),
and every time it’s removed from the scabbard.
next year a new sword will be presented to the Generals called “San Jeong Kum.”
(Swords that end with the word “do” are single edged weapons. Double
edged swords are called “kum.”) Officers are promoted to General
in the Korean army on January 1, and July 1.
He gets stainless
steel for his swords from a variety of sources, including Korea, Japan, Germany, and Australia. Two companies he mentioned
were “Sam-mi and Hidachi.”
his quenching procedure, he said that he uses oil specially produced for that task.
He wouldn’t be more specific. Masters all have their trade secrets!
He also makes
other swords. For example, he makes: Pyong-Jo sword (called “Samgakdo”
in Korean) used by Hedong Kumdo people for cutting rice straw, a “Go-Jo” (called “Yuk-kakdo” in Korean)
used for slicing through bamboo trees, and an even heavier bladed weapon called Hom, that looked like it could cut through
just about anything.
to that he makes a variety of other swords, filling requests for a wide variety of customers.
One straight sword he had in his inventory was made for some Kuk-sul (Korean martial art) practitioners in the U.S.
also repairs swords of all kinds, even some very old ones, for customers.
that he has 10 people working for him in his manufacturing plant.
Korean swordsmiths and manufacturers had an association of some kind, he responded in the negative. Asked why, he said that they were “very competitive.”
Han Jong-Chil does speak a little English.
and daughter participated in the above interview. Asked if she was going to continue
in her father’s footsteps and create a dynasty of sword-makers, his daughter said “no.” A talented 19 year old singer and dancer she intends to be a performing artist. She is currently training with one of Korea’s
most popular female pop stars. In addition, her English is near fluent and she
did most of the translating for this interview. Han Jong-Chil’s wife said
that if were up to her, he’d just retire from the company now! He laughed
at this and said he’d “thought about it.” Han Jong-Chil is
59, but looks about 15 years younger.
they were delightful hosts for this interview.
address for the “Korea Sword Company” is http://www.koreasword.com/nihondo.html
address is 418-35 Daeya-Dong, Siheung City,
Kyunggi Do, South Korea
031—3180-224 & 312-0316
Gregory C. Brundage and Kim Dammers - Interview date: June 4, 2006 | <urn:uuid:89f2439b-5839-40b1-91f9-b2b11a2627c6> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://gregorybrundage.tripod.com/koreanswords/koreanswordsmiths.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008218.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00049-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960764 | 1,595 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In accordance with legal regulations and secondary legislation, legal entities and entrepreneurs whose activities lead to environmental pollution in the sense of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, water and soil, as well as subjects that generate and manage waste, have an obligation to keep daily records and annual reports on this and to submit them to the competent state and local authorities by March 31 of the current year for the previous calendar year.
On the basis of collected information, a uniform data base is created in the National and local registries of sources of pollution. On the basis of collected data, the state will gain a good insight into real condition of the environment - sources of pollution, types, quantities, manner and place of emission of pollutants into atmosphere, water and soil, as well as quantities, types, composition and method of waste treatment and disposal, which represents the basis for adoption of different legal regulations, but also actions aimed at solving specific environmental problems. This manner of registration of pollution and waste may also serve as a mechanism of better communication and relations between companies and local communities, as well as between local communities and the state, and with the purpose of finding common solutions for remedying pollution.
Foreign investors whop pay attention to every detail when they invest into a particular country, certainly have in their list of priorities the manner of waste disposal, and want to have insight into the quantities of waste, but also into plans for its disposal. It all goes to the fact that benefits of this type of registry do not stop only in relation the state-company, but that it is in general interest of all of us. Companies can also have benefits from gaining insight into these data bases. Although reporting is their obligation, they have the full right to see this as an opportunity for making good business decisions, because they can base their strategies and plans on accurate and reliable information. Experiences from big industrial countries have shown that well informed public can be a partner to state authorities and industry in making decisions about environmental protection, as well as that well informed employees can take measures in order to protect themselves, nearby population and the environment.
Thanks to better insight into quantities, but also methods of waste management, we will all be able to make better, more accurate and healthier decisions! | <urn:uuid:6ba9d9c1-6f04-4f36-91d2-bf4f022bb4e4> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.miteco.rs/en/company-reporting-on-quantities-and-waste-management-an-obligation-or-opportunity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189130.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00321-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971532 | 450 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Composed mainly of frozen debris and gases left over from the formation of the solar system, as comets approach the earth these icy pieces are heated by the warmth of the Sun, releasing the gases within. These freed gases and dust particles will catch the Sun’s light, this causing them to glow. As these gases get warmer and begin to expand, solar winds blow and disperse this material, producing the comet’s beautiful tail.
With a telescope, it is probable that at least one comet will be observed on any night but those comets bright enough to be seen by the naked eye are rare. Only once or twice every ten years are comets easy to see by the naked eye.
There are many factors that influence the visibility of a comet, the main ones being its distance from the Sun (as it is the Sun’s warmth helping to release the gasses and particles within the ice pieces that makes the tail visible) and its distance from the Earth after the comet has been warmed by the Sun.
Some comets can be viewed better, with a decent pair of binoculars. Also influencing the visibility of a comet is the location from where it is observed. In June, 2010, for instance, a bright green comet was visible for the first and only time, making its way across the UK skies. Although not particularly bright, this green comet could be observed from the UK for a very short time before it returned for perpetuity to the solar system.
Astronomy websites will often suggest the best chances of seeing specific comets and from where on earth visibility will be highest as well as giving their likely positions in the night sky. Towards the end of October 2010 for instance, Comet Hartley 2 will be making its closest approach to Earth. The Comet will be visible in the northern hemisphere late October while in November those living in the southern hemisphere might be able to catch a glimpse of the comet as it moves away from the earth.
Attempting to observe comets from a city environment plagued by light pollution isn’t likely to be as successful as from a location giving a sweeping access to the dark and starry sky. It is also more difficult to see comets when they are close to bright stars or the brightness of a full moon.
Comets spend most of their time moving around the solar system some distance away from the Sun. So it is only as their path brings them closer to the earth and the Sun that their icy pieces begin to warm. The dust particles are released from the ice and the solar wind will push on the gases, sweeping them into the long tail that always points away from the Sun.
The brighter the comet, the easier it will be to see it with the naked eye but often it is recommended that binoculars will make a difference.
The closer comets come to the earth, the more likely it is that they will be observed by those beneath the night-time skies. Other factors influencing the visibility of a comet include on which side of the sun it makes its closest approach to the earth and how high above the horizon it is when we see it. | <urn:uuid:b7c52049-a1e9-448b-b3e4-456fe9d84943> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.actforlibraries.org/how-to-see-a-comet-and-factors-that-influence-visibility-of-a-comet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689192.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922202048-20170922222048-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.955283 | 636 | 4.40625 | 4 |
Mother guilt can stem from a variety of sources, including:
- High expectations: Some mothers may feel pressure to be perfect, or they may have unrealistic expectations for themselves. This can lead to feelings of guilt when they feel like they fall short of these expectations.
- Lack of support: If a mother feels like she is not getting enough support from her partner, family, or friends, she may feel guilty about not being able to do everything on her own.
- Work-family conflict: Mothers who work outside the home may feel guilty about not spending enough time with their children or not being able to be there for them when they need them.
- Comparison to others: Mothers may feel guilty when they compare themselves to other mothers who they perceive to be doing a better job.
- Perfectionism: Mothers who are perfectionists may feel guilty about any perceived shortcomings or mistakes they make.
- Trauma or abuse: Mothers who have experienced trauma or abuse in their own childhood may feel guilty about their own parenting abilities.
It is important to remember that every mother’s experience is unique and there is no one cause of mother guilt. It is also important to recognize that guilt is a normal part of motherhood, but it is important to find ways to cope with it in a healthy way. | <urn:uuid:ef093c1d-1b20-4518-96de-7e0228fa058b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://athenspath.com/2023/03/17/what-causes-mother-guilt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100779.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208212357-20231209002357-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.971766 | 266 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Choosing to adopt a mixed-breed dog requires careful, thorough research. You need to know about and understand more than one breed to get a sense of which particular mixes of two or more breeds will be best for your home and family. Most dogs in the world are a mixture of at least two breeds, and are often a combination of three or more at times unidentifiable breeds.
What Is a Mixed-Breed Dog?
The "Dog Owner’s Guide: The Mixed-Breed Dog" explains that some dogs are known as "crossbreeds, usually a mixture of two different purebred dogs," and some are called mixed breeds or mutts, dogs that may be of a "recognizable type (terrier, spaniel, retriever, hound, etc.) but with parents of mixed heritage."
Because there may be some truth to stereotypes about dog breeds, it doesn’t hurt to be aware of them. Some mixed-breed dogs inherit the worst characteristics of their parents, while others exhibit the best qualities of whatever combination of breeds make up their parentage. Each dog is a unique individual, and many have temperaments nothing like generalizations attributed to the breeds in their lineage.
Surveys by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association and the American Veterinary Medical Association estimate that “there are more than 60 million dogs in 38 to 40 million U.S. households. Slightly more than half of owned dogs are purebreds, but mixed-breed dogs account for 80 to 90 percent of shelter occupants.”
In some cases, adopting a dog from a shelter is so easy that people do it without thinking. Many dogs end up in shelters because their previous owners neglected to do enough research to make an informed choice. Try to find out as much as possible about a dog’s past experiences, because how she was treated in her former home may shape her personality and behavior more than her breed mix. Consider choosing a teenage or adult dog instead of a puppy, so you can see the dog’s size and appearance and get a sense of the dog’s temperament.
Some dogs are brought directly to rescue groups and some are taken from overcrowded shelters. A good rescue organization conducts temperament tests and evaluates the dogs in its care. Many people involved in dog rescue have years of experience with mixed-breed dogs and can give advice and help match you and your family with the right dog.
Mixed-breed dogs may be inexpensive to adopt, but their upkeep is just as costly and they need the same care as an expensive purebred, including at the very least: food, veterinary care and training. Saving a dog’s life by adopting him is an act of kindness only if you can be certain the dog will have a permanent place in your home.
Lately people have been assigning combinations of breed names to mixed-breed dogs such as poodle mixes advertised as Yorkie-poos, Schnoodles and Labradoodles. No matter what they are called, these so-called designer dogs, which are being bred and sold for high prices, are still mixed-breed dogs.
Factors to Consider
Before you start meeting dogs, determine exactly what you want in a dog and what you and anyone else in your family, including other animals, will be able to handle. Read dog books, talk to friends with dogs and consult with experts. When deciding what type of dog to focus on in your quest for a new family member, there are many factors to consider; some are related to traits mixed-breed dogs may have inherited, and some to life experiences they may have had.
According to dog-behavior writer Kathy Diamond Davis, “One mistake people make in considering temperament of a mix to adopt is expecting the dog to inherit the best of both breeds. More often, a mix inherits the most extreme traits of both breeds." Temperament is especially important to consider if a dog will be living with young children. Pay attention to health issues, trainability, size, coat length, shedding, odor and skin problems, obsessive or destructive behaviors, prey drive, howling and barking, activity level and exercise needs.
If you hear about or see a dog that doesn’t meet your important criteria, no matter how cute or needy she is, it’s best not to pursue adopting that dog. Keep looking. You will know when you find the right mixed-breed dog for your family and when you bring her home, it will be clear to you and your new dog that you have made the right choice.
- puppy image by Karol Grzegorek from Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:9149f0cb-90a9-4357-b2c9-37396822b78b> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://dogcare.dailypuppy.com/choose-mixedbreed-dog-3752.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203841.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00186-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961205 | 963 | 2.78125 | 3 |
“For children experiencing emotional neglect, music therapy can provide them with a chance to be heard and responded to in a safe, fun, and non-threatening context,” said Kate Williams, a music therapist and lecturer at the Queensland University of Technology in Australia who was not involved in the study.
Music therapy generally involves the therapist, parent and child playing instruments together, listening to and discussing music or playing musical games.
Stine Jacobsen, who led the new study, told Reuters Health by email that her team used interactive games in which parents and children took turns following and leading each other and the therapist provided, “a musical frame for the family to try and approach each other nonverbally through the music.”
Jacobsen, who heads the music therapy program at Aalborg University, and her colleagues recruited 18 families with children ages 5 to 12 from a residential family care center that acts as an alternative to removing children from their parents.
All of the families showed signs of emotional neglect including social dysfunction or delayed emotional development.
Nine parent-child pairs received the center’s usual treatment program, while the other nine received six to 10 music therapy sessions. The music therapists observed the parent-child interaction and parents reported on their own stress and parental relationship prior to treatment, and again four months later, in questionnaires.
After the series of sessions, parents involved in the music therapy found it easier to talk to and understand their children, and to communicate nonverbally, than parents who did not receive music therapy.
The music therapy parents also reported being less stressed out by their children’s moods and feeling more empathetic toward them, compared to the standard-treatment group, the researchers reported in the Journal of Music Therapy.
Both groups of parents increased their positive responses to the children and decreased their negative ones, and showed improvements in parenting stress and stress in general. That suggests music therapy may not be more effective, but neither was it less effective than the standard care.
“Engaging in music therapy with a trained therapist offers (parents) the chance to learn new skills in responding to children, and practice them in a live and real way,” Williams said.
Jacobsen’s team says the study results are preliminary and need to be repeated with a larger group.
Williams also says it’s not clear whether the results in therapy will carry over into the home setting, though it is likely that the benefits will continue beyond the sessions.
Jacobsen pointed out that musical skills are not required to participate in music therapy and “the process is more important than the product.”
Families can also get some of the benefits without attending formal music therapy sessions, Williams said. Shared music experiences between parent and child, such as listening to music together, dancing and singing, are helpful for a child’s development and likely good for parenting skills as well, she said.
Jacobsen recommends starting this musical bonding early. “Singing together or singing for your infant or toddler can be a very intimate bonding activity and comes naturally for some families. The earlier you start interacting nonverbally with your child in a meaningful way the more you might see or feel the benefit.” | <urn:uuid:41b537c4-0a79-4893-beec-6190463bfa23> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://arynews.tv/en/music-therapy-may-bring-troubled-families-together/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824675.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021081004-20171021101004-00842.warc.gz | en | 0.957232 | 665 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Study of the Gospel of Mark – Recap Session 8
Jesus’s Farewell – Prelude to Betrayal
Mark 13; 14:1-26
Chapter thirteen contains Jesus’s longest uninterrupted discourse in the Gospel of Mark. This is Jesus’ farewell address to the disciples. Jacob, Moses, Joshua, Samuel, and David all had farewell addresses recorded in the Old Testament. Socrates had four such addresses in Plato’s Apology. This section is often called “a little apocalypse”. It touches on apocalyptic literature, but it is not quite the same genre as The Revelation.
After Jesus and his disciples left the temple, one of the disciples remarked on the size of the stones used to build the temple (Mark 13:1–2). The temple mount was 164 feet high. The stones used to construct it ranged from two to ten tons (and probably much larger). Jesus response to the disciple was, “Do you see these great buildings? Not one stone will be left here upon another; all will be thrown down.”
After moving out of Jerusalem to the Mount of Olives, where the temple was still highly visible, some of the disciples asked him when this was going to happen, and what sign there would be (Mark 13:3–4). Jesus answered them deliberately in a six-part discourse. First, he described general earthy calamities that would be experienced by everyone – wars, rumors of wars, earthquakes, etc. (Mark 13:6–8). These would not be signs of the end, but of the “beginning of the birth pangs”. There is a warning to not be led astray.
Next, Jesus talked about the persecution to be experienced by believers (Mark 13:9–13). First they must proclaim the good news of the kingdom to all nations. But then, “Brother will betray brother … you will all be hated because of my name.” Believers are assured that they will not face persecution alone. God will vindicate them. Jesus then explained what people will do at the time of the great tribulation (Mark 13:14–23). Jesus told his listeners to head for the hills. Don’t look back. False Messiah’s will appear to lead the elect astray. Jesus prophecy discusses the ‘elect’, but not the ‘damned’ as standard apocalyptic writing often does.
In the next section of his farewell address (Mark 13:24–27) Jesus used Old Testament “Day of the Lord” language, “the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light, and the stars will be falling from heaven … “ The Son of Man will be seen coming in the clouds.” (Even here, Jesus does not identify himself with “the Son of Man”.) Jesus spoke of ingathering, but not of ‘sorting out’. Jesus does not talk about random signs or troubles, but moves methodically from familiar disturbances, through personal suffering, and finally cosmic turbulence. Yet followers of Christ need to remain calm.
Jesus spoke of the reliable fig tree that gives signs of summer (Mark 13:28–31). God’s word is reliable as well. This promise is enduring and dependable. But, while his followers have been given the signs, the time is still unknowable. So stay alert (Mark 13:32–37). The important issue is not when, but that you remain alert. Stay calm, bear witness, and preach the good news to all nations.
German theologian Martin Kähler called the Gospel of Mark a “Passion Narrative with an extended introduction”. Everything in Mark up to this point is clearly leading to Golgotha. Paul tells us,“ … that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures, and that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the scriptures …” (1 Corinthians 15:3–4). Some writers suggest that Mark’s gospel reads as though he started with Paul’s proclamation, expanded on it, and then wrote backwards.
In chapters 14 – 16, Mark includes a little of every idea he has introduced earlier in the Gospel. By following the last three chapters closely, it becomes easier to understand what Mark has tried to tell us. Everything in the story has happened according to plan with God as the unseen agent. However, it is only Jesus that seems to grasp what is happening. The story is full of irony, with most of the characters rarely, if ever, understanding the significance.
Chapter fourteen begins with another intercalation: conspiracy in the opening and closing frames, with the anointing of Jesus in the middle. It is two days before Passover (Wednesday), and the chief priests are plotting how to arrest and execute Jesus (Mark 14:1–2). But they don’t want to do it during the feast of the Passover (which of course, they end up doing). Meanwhile, Jesus is at the dinner table of Simon the Leper (another of society’s outcasts). An unknown woman breaks open a very costly jar of ointment and pours it on Jesus’ head to the consternation of the disciples who would have preferred to sell the ointment and use the money to help the poor (Mark 14:3–9). The woman has anointed a king. She is preparing Jesus’ body for burial. And the disciples are concerned about money.
In the closing frame (Mark 14:10–11), we return to the chief priests who conclude their conspiracy plans by promising to give Judas Iscariot money for betraying his master. Inside and outside the frame we have money, and two people who will be remembered for what they did here – the unknown woman, and Judas Iscariot. We contrast Simon the Leper with the chief priests, and anointing Jesus for burial, with plotting his death.
Jesus sent two of his disciples into the city to make arrangements for the Passover meal. (Mark 14:12–16). In a prediction reminiscent of when he sent them to get the colt (Mark 11:1–7), Jesus gets all the details right. Everything is according to plan. Passover is celebrated as a reminder that God kept faith with Israel during captivity in Egypt. As the meal is begun, Jesus announced that one of his disciples is going to betray him (Mark 14:17–21). The disciples each realize that they are either capable of betrayal or perhaps have already done that which could be construed as such.
As with the feeding of the five thousand (and the four thousand), Jesus took the loaf of bread, blessed it, broke it, and gave it to them (Mark 14:22–26). Jesus identified the bread with his body, and the cup – his blood – with the covenant. The language here is nearly identical with that of Paul (1 Corinthians 11:23–25). They sang the hymn and went out to the Mount of Olives. Betrayal and arrest are at hand.
Throughout this study we have been comparing the Gospel of Mark with the Elijah-Elisha narratives in 1 and 2 Kings. We have discussed four common narrative couplets: Multiplication of the loaves (2 Kings 4:42-44 and Mark 6:30-44; 8:1-10); the Syrophoenician woman (1 Kings 7:8-16 and Mark 7:24-30); The Passion predictions (2 Kings 2:3-11 and Mark 8:31-10:40); and the parable of the wicked tenants (2 Kings 9:14-26 and Mark 12:1-12).
Three other similarities appear in the Passion and Resurrection narratives from the last three chapters of Mark. Peter’s triple denial of Jesus (Mark 14:31) is similar to Elisha’s triple swearing an oath while refusing to leave Elijah (2 Kings 2). The centrality of religious corruption in the temple (Mark 11:15 – 15:39) is similar to Queen Jezebel and Baal worship throughout the Elijah-Elisha narratives. Finally, the resurrection at the tomb (Mark 16:8) is reminiscent of the Elisha tomb story (2 Kings 13).
Similarity of stories does not, in itself, constitute literary dependence. In the next session, we will discuss Dr. Winn’s argument for suggesting the Elijah-Elisha narratives as source material for the Gospel of Mark.
Primary Text: Mark (Abingdon New Testament Commentaries), by C. Clifton Black
Coming in Session 9: Mark 14:27-72; Mark 15:1-41. Jesus’s Final Suffering | <urn:uuid:b213d848-c55e-457e-915c-f6616c028f67> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.northgateumc.org/learn/special-studies/recaps-mark-study/gospel-mark-recap-session-8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864466.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521181133-20180521201133-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.952362 | 1,831 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Vision Care 3 years to 10th grade
Vision care of school children has changed during the last fifteen years when children with different disabilities have become integrated in local schools. Instead of basic vision screening that has been the content of vision care given by the school nurses, we now participate also in the transdisciplinary assessment of vision for IEPs of children with special needs.
This lecture was given in Las Vegas, April 28. - 29.2004, as a part of discussion on development of vision services for school children. A discussion like this should be repeated after a few years so that all nurses are aware of the principles of screening, of individual assessment of vision and of referral practices. Deeper understanding of the content of the services and of the role of vision in the development and functioning of children leads to effective use of examination techniques and better quality of services. In several instances this improved quality of working saves time and money and therefore it interests also the administration of the services and insurance companies.
Although variations in vision screening are great, many central features are common in all countries. The discussions of these two lectures and in the short overview of vision services for infants and toddlers (0-3 years) get their special flavor from the traditions in Nevada and in Finland. In both places vision screening has defined its goal as follow-up of development of vision and early detection of deviations from normal development, much the same way as length, weight and hearing are measured exactly. Thus the vision services cover more than amblyopia screening. In Nevada there are also long traditions of participation of school nurses in assessment of vision of children with special needs. Because of these goals, measurement of visual acuity is done until threshold and nurses have experience in assessment of visually impaired children.
Since the discussions during these lectures were found interesting, they are made available to a larger group of workers in the field to further activate discussion and comparison of different vision services.
In Nevada, the techniques used in vision screening between 3 years and the second grade are now:
In the screening of the three year old children:
In the screening of children in kindergarten:
In the screening at the second grade: the same tests as in kindergarten and color vision screening with Ishihara test, only boys.
The use of several visual acuity tests often means that a child is tested with three different tests in the three test situations. Since each test measures vision slightly differently, the results are not comparable. Normally there is an increase in the visual acuity values by 1-2 lines between these measurements when the same test is used in each test situation.
The Dot-test (add manufacturer) is not a visual acuity test but an eye-hand-coordination test. The child is asked to point to the dot. Thus the visual task is to localize where there is a dot on the white surface, a parietal lobe function, whereas visual acuity measured with optotypes is a recognition function of the inferotemporal lobe.
Hyperopia test was introduced when the services were criticized for lack of near vision testing. Hyperopia test does not assess quality of near vision but may reveal higher than usual hyperopia. If hyperopia does not cause decrease in visual acuity and/or esophoria it does not need to be corrected and therefore hyperopia test is not particularly useful. This has also been the experience of the nurses. Since the test situation is experienced difficult and time consuming, its use could be discontinued. The same applies to the muscle balance test. Instead near vision line and single LEA Symbol tests are introduced. They can be used in assessment of all age groups because LEA SYMBOLS® (and LEA NUMBERS®) are calibrated with Landolt C. The other pediatric visual acuity tests are not calibrated with Landolt C. (The comparative studies with the ETDRS test are not calibration studies, ETDRS itself does not fulfill the standard of visual acuity test because the letters differ in their recognizability. However, ETDRS is the best visual acuity test with letter optotypes.) The LEA SYMBOLS® are used in the examination of adults with communication problems using matching, which is a true test of vision undisturbed by language or speech. The LEA SYMBOLS® can be used internationally and are, for example, used by the US Military Services abroad and in the examinations during the Special Olympics to avoid communication problems.
During the measurement of visual acuity, all optotypes on each line are asked in Nevada. This requires more time than if only the first/last optotype on each line would be asked. (Read the Instruction of the LEA SYMBOLS® VA tests.)The pass/fail criteria could be re-evaluated.
Only the picture of the Stereo-Fly or the Stereo-Reindeer is used in screening. Since there are in these tests also stereo images that require better stereo resolution and thus depict the level of binocularity better, and since many children can respond to these pictures, they should be used in the examination. Stereo tests are expensive and therefore they have not been accepted in many countries as a part of amblyopia screening. Since all nurses in Nevada have a stereo test, either Titmus Stereo-Fly or the Bernell Stereo-Reindeer, their use is recommended.
The guidelines of referral in case a child has strabismus should be defined. Since strabismus may lead to development of amblyopia, it needs to be included in the list of techniques to detect amblyogenic factors.
In the care of children of preschool age and still on the second grade level, amblyopia is the most important deviation from normal development to be detected. Visual acuity tests that are used in screening of amblyopia detect also a small number of children with decrease of visual acuity in both eyes, i.e. visually impaired children or children with large refractive errors. Among normally developing children visual impairment and large refractive errors are rare. Most cases of visual impairment are congenital and 60-70% of visually impaired infants and children have other impairments and disorders, so they should have been diagnosed before the screening at the age of three years.
Vision screening, like all screenings, concerns only symptom free healthy children.
If a child has intellectual disability, behavioral problems, motor problems, hearing impairment or any syndrome or disorder, the child is assessed with tests that are specific to that particular group of children. Most of these conditions are diagnosed during the first year of life and thus also assessment of vision by a paediatric ophthalmologist and by an early intervention team are performed as a part of the initial investigations. There should be information available from these earlier clinical investigations of each impaired child.
Healthy children should have information on their early development: check on red reflex and structure of the eyes at birth, eye contact at the age of 6-8 weeks, normal milestones in interaction, reaching for and grasping, recognition of family members and peers and no or minor alignment problems of the eyes. If they are not recorded earlier, it is wise to ask for this information when the child is seen for the first time at the age of three years or later.
In discussion of vision screening, we cover tests used at different ages, which functions are measured and observed, and who is referred to further assessment.
VISUAL ACUITY TESTS
In the mid-70s, paediatric visual acuity tests were poorly calibrated and contained optotypes that required many other functions but recognition of the optotypes. It was therefore I started to develop visual acuity tests that would function better in both screening and assessment in 1976. The designing of the tests followed the advice given by the Department of Psychology at the Helsinki University: in order to have a sharp threshold of the measurement, the tests should be based on optotypes that blur equally and their size should be calibrated with the international reference optotype, which at that time was Snellen E. When the Landolt C became the reference optotype the symbols were calibrated once more, which was real hair splitting (see Calibration of LEA SYMBOLS® 1993).
The four optotypes that I designed were the first four pediatric optotypes that blur equally. This is apparent if you look at the tests at a distance where the lowest lines are blurred. You see the optotypes clearly until a certain line; below it all symbols are blurred to circles. The threshold is very sharp (not as in some letter and number charts where certain letters or numbers are clearly seen two lines below the line where other optotypes are blurred).
It was thought in 1970s that a distance visual acuity chart for 3-4 year old children, another for 5 year old and older, a near vision test with a standard line test and a more crowded test and single symbols tests for distance and near would be all that would be needed for good vision services. Later I have designed several other tests to meet the needs of different clinical test situations for children with special needs.
Translucent tests with back illumination have become standard in many states and countries because the luminance level is always the same and the lightboxes are easy to move from one screening location to the next. In Nevada the Insta-Line is the standard test and thus development of screening is based on it. Its test layout will be redesigned to allow use of five symbols on each line and the size of the symbols will be until 20/10 so that there will be at least one line that the child does not see. This allows measurement until threshold and thus makes it possible to detect a difference of two lines between the eyes.
Visual acuity values become higher when luminance level increases until approximately 85 cd/m2. At higher luminance levels the visual acuity values first remain the same as at 85 cd/m2 and then at very high luminance levels dazzling decreases visual acuity.
The near vision test is a miniature copy of the distance visual acuity chart.
On the reversal side of the near vision card there are tests with less space between the optotypes. These tests measure crowding phenomenon more sensitively than the classical near vision test on the front of the test. Increased crowding is typical to amblyopia and several types of impaired vision and means that a child cannot keep optotypes and other details apart but they glide partially on top of each other. “They hug each other”, as a little patient of mine once described the phenomenon.
The standard near vision test is somewhat slow in screening. Therefore there is this screening version of the line test with more space between the lines. The test is easier for the child and the tester because it is easier to know, which line needs to be read. The visual acuity values are equal to those measured with the standard line test.
The smaller optotypes are in three well-separated lines so measurement until the threshold level is quick. The grey background dazzles less than the white background in assessment of children with visual impairment.
Children who cannot perform in the line test situation are tested using single symbol tests where there is one single symbol on a large white surface. Such single optotype is much easier to recognize even if fixation and accommodation are not normal. Therefore visual acuity values of amblyopic eyes measured with single symbols can be 2-3 lines better than those measured with line tests of the same optotypes. Even one line difference in single symbol tests might mean beginning amblyopia.
Single symbol tests are also in form of a small book for distance and as playing cards for near. The smallest symbols are in the LEA Domino Game that was designed for training of amblyopic eyes.
In this picture you see the three year-old girl playing domino game with the LEA Domino cards. There is patch on the right lens of the glasses to make the child to use the amblyopic left eye. A younger sibling observes the play situation and learns the symbols quite early. This is important because he might be in danger of developing an amblyopic eye and therefore follow-up of the development of visual functions should include measurement of visual acuity as early as possible.
For training of the test situation I have designed the LEA Puzzle that is useful in training young children and children with special needs. At the same time it is a neuropsychologic test. We all learned match colors before we could match forms. Therefore there is the colorful side of the puzzle where the child can place the puzzle pieces by matching the colors. At the same time the child is playing with the forms (in color) and learn the locations of the different colors and forms on the puzzle board. With this training children can be tested with single symbols test at near when they are 18 months old. If also covering of one eye at a time is trained, as a part of the play, screening of visual acuity is easy and quick.
Like this little girl with Down syndrome, many children with special needs require a shorter or longer time to train for measurement of visual acuity with optotypes. Some children need to train with the puzzle board at the first grade. Since this activity is typical to toddlers and young children it can be included in their play situations in the day care and at home.
When the child masters the colorful side of the puzzle, the black-and-white side is introduced. When the child can play with the black-and-white forms, a much more difficult step in development is trained: comparing a concrete object with its picture, first the same size, then smaller and smaller. At this stage we are
If the development of the concept of pictures representing objects is difficult, drawing around the child’s hand, foot, favorite toys, small kitchen utensils etc. is helpful. After that drawing around the puzzle pieces may make the comprehension of these slightly more abstract pictures possible.
Playing cards can be used as a part of occupational therapy and function as a fun test of single symbol acuity. By measuring the distance that the child uses to look at the symbols (preferably with your hand instead of a ruler) and knowing the M-size of the smallest symbols correctly recognized, the visual acuity can be calculated by dividing the distance in meters by the M-size. For more information, Instructions Section.
Children can play with the symbols also on the Internet on my homepage in Section "Games". This is a neuropsychological test where one can observe the child’s ability to match colors, forms in color and black-and-white forms.
When we test children with CP, the LEA 3-D Puzzle needs to be modified by using small magnets on the puzzle pieces and on a champagne bottle cork to allow the child to move the puzzle pieces.
When the LEA SYMBOLS® tests are used, the same tests can be used in vision screening of healthy children during screening at 3 years, kindergarten age and at the second grade. Then it is possible to notice changes in visual acuity values. Normally, visual acuity increases by 1-2 lines between each measurement.
If the families and day care receive information materials on the importance of early vision screening and the children train the test situation, measurement of visual acuity becomes a quick and accurate procedure.
There is variation in the functioning of children in their performance during vision screening. Although a great majority of children has exactly the same results in repeated measurements, still at the age of seven years some children show a variation of plus/minus two whole lines in their visual acuity when the measurements have been made in the same room and with the same instruments. Therefore visual acuity values should e measured twice before making the decision to refer. (I have learned that it is the rule also in Nevada.) | <urn:uuid:2d56dec3-9bc8-4efa-be0a-72bfb487fe10> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://lea-test.fi/en/assessme/nevada/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099514.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128115347-20231128145347-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.954556 | 3,235 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Nature provides complex services that make civilization possible. Land that has been developed for cities, towns, highways, mining and agriculture can no longer provide the level of essential services of healthy, less-developed natural landscapes.
Nature’s services are often not obvious. They are largely unappreciated and grossly undervalued. Powered by free solar energy, healthy forests, prairies, marshes, streams, and other natural communities provide essential life support services that we cannot duplicate artificially. They include:
- regeneration of the soil and its fertility,
- prevention of soil erosion,
- water and air purification,
- watershed and water quality protection,
- recycling of nutrients,
- detoxification and decomposition of wastes and poisons,
- pollination of crop plants,
- moderation of climate,
- control of forest and crop pests and diseases,
- maintenance of biodiversity,
- reducing greenhouse gasses by locking atmospheric carbon into wood, roots, and soil,
- moderating the effects of floods and droughts.
The true value of nature’s services on a piece of land may draw from its recreational or commodity values. And these services benefit all of us, no matter where we live. But because nature’s services carry no price tag and are not traded in any market, they are often not adequately considered in valuing conservation lands.
As an example, remote public and private Ozark forest land provides direct recreation and commodity benefits. But these lands also protect the watersheds of clear, clean Ozark springs and streams. They lock carbon from the atmosphere into tree fiber. They protect a diverse assemblage of plants and animals of unknown future value. And they provide large, forested areas required by some species of migratory birds.
The Conservation Department manages its land for healthy, functioning natural communities that allow nature to provide its essential services for the public benefit. To the extent that private landowners practice conservation on their land, they also provide benefits for us all. The new Farm Bill recognizes the importance of well-managed natural communities and provides for restoration cost-share and incentives to landowners who protect and improve natural communities on their land. For both public landholding agencies and private owners, healthy forests, prairies, streams, and wetlands provide benefits to all of society, because nature’s services reach far beyond the place where they originate. Our quality of life depends on the continuation of nature’s essential services on the less-developed portions of the Missouri landscape.
Richard Thom, Natural History Division Administrator | <urn:uuid:b5c3ff0f-084d-48bb-a50c-b22b76922a26> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://m.mdc.mo.gov/conmag/2002/07/vantage-point | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701161718.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193921-00346-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936416 | 519 | 3.375 | 3 |
logger - log messages
logger string ...
The logger utility saves a message, in an unspecified manner and format, containing the string operands provided by the user. The messages are expected to be evaluated later by personnel performing system administration tasks.
It is implementation-dependent whether messages written in locales other than the POSIX locale are effective.
The following operand is supported:
- One of the string arguments whose contents are concatenated together, in the order specified, separated by single space characters.
The following environment variables affect the execution of logger:
- Provide a default value for the internationalisation variables that are unset or null. If LANG is unset or null, the corresponding value from the implementation-dependent default locale will be used. If any of the internationalisation variables contains an invalid setting, the utility will behave as if none of the variables had been defined.
- If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalisation variables.
- Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single- as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).
- Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error. (This means diagnostics from logger to the user or application, not diagnostic messages that the user is sending to the system administrator.)
- Determine the location of message catalogues for the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
Used only for diagnostic messages.
The following exit values are returned:
- Successful completion.
- An error occurred.
This utility allows logging of information for later use by a system administrator or programmer in determining why non-interactive utilities have failed. The locations of the saved messages, their format and retention period are all unspecified. There is no method for a portable application to read messages, once written.
A batch application, running non-interactively, tries to read a configuration file and fails; it may attempt to notify the system administrator with:
logger myname: unable to read file foo. [timestamp] | <urn:uuid:c134c4d4-a722-4004-84cf-8d4642581067> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xcu/logger.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249595829.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190224044113-20190224070113-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.816324 | 442 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Numerous ones, as in Many a little boy has wanted to become a fireman. This adjective is always used with a singular noun, a usage dating from about 1200. Also see many is the
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/many-a#ixzz1aSqXud98
Many a little makes a mickle
Kiến tha lâu đầy tổ
Để dành một xu
Many small amounts accumulate to make a large amount.
A mickle, or as they prefer it in Scotland, a muckle, means ‘great or large in size’. Apart from ‘many a little (or pickle) makes a mickle’ the words only now remain in use in UK place-names, like Muckle Flugga in Shetland (which amply lives up to its translated name of ‘large, steep-sided island’) and Mickleover in Derbyshire (listed in the Domesday Book as Magna Oufra – ‘large village on the hill’). ‘Over’ and ‘upper’ are very common prefixes in English place-names, along with their opposites ‘under’, ‘lower’, ‘nether’ or ‘little’. Examples of these are the Cotswold villages of Upper and Lower Slaughter, and the Hampshire villages of Over and Nether Wallop. The word ‘much’ derives from the Old English ‘mickle’ and has now almost entirely replaced it. ‘Much’ is also used in place-names like Much Wenlock, Shropshire (there’s also a Little Wenlock, of course).
The proverbial phrase ‘many a little makes a mickle’ has now itself been largely superseded by the 18th century ‘look after the pennies (originally, ‘take care of the pence’), and the pounds will look after (‘take care of’) themselves’.
The first mention in print of what was undoubtedly an older proverb comes in a 1614 work by William Camden, with a rather desultory title – Remaines of a greater worke concerning Britaine, 1605:
"Many a little makes a micle."
In the next century it was taken across the Atlantic by George Washington, who included it in Writings, 1793:
"A Scotch [steady on George, I think they prefer to be called Scots] addage, than which nothing in nature is more true
‘that many mickles make a muckle’.
The phrase’s variant form ‘many a mickle makes a muckle’ is also sometimes heard. This 20th century version is actually nonsensical as it derives from the misapprehension that mickle and muckle, rather than meaning the same thing, mean ‘small’ and ‘large’ respectively.
See also: the List of Proverbs.
many an – each of a large indefinite number; "many a man"; "many another day will come"
many – a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by `as’ or `too’ or `so’ or `that’; amounting to a large but indefinite number; "many temptations"; "the temptations are many"; "a good many"; "a great many"; "many directions"; "take as many apples as you like"; "too many clouds to see"; "never saw so many people"
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2008 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. | <urn:uuid:0b8885bd-878c-484e-8809-666be9f3ee34> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://tranzlation.wordpress.com/2011/10/11/many-a-little-boy-has/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689413.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923014525-20170923034525-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.952579 | 809 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Official name: Somalia
Area: 637,657 square kilometers (246,201 square miles)
Highest point on mainland: Mount Shimbiris (2,416 meters/7,927 feet)
Lowest point on land: Sea level
Hemispheres: Northern and Eastern
Time zone: 3 P.M. = GMT
Longest distances: 1,847 kilometers (1,148 miles) from north-northeast to south-southwest; 835 kilometers (519 miles) from east-southeast to west-northwest
Land boundaries: 2,366 kilometers (1,470 miles) total boundary length; Djibouti 58 kilometers (36 miles); Ethiopia 1,626 kilometers (1,010 miles); Kenya 682 kilometers (424 miles)
Coastline: 3,025 kilometers (1,880 miles)
Territorial sea limits: 370 kilometers (200 nautical miles)
1 LOCATION AND SIZE
Somalia is located on the Horn of Africa, a peninsula on the eastern coast of Africa that separates the Gulf of Aden to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east and south. The country also shares borders with Kenya, Ethiopia, and Djibouti. With an area of about 637,657 square kilometers (246,201 square miles), the country is slightly smaller than the state of Texas. Somalia is divided into eighteen administrative regions.
2 TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES
In the northwest, along the Gulf of Aden, the Republic of Somaliland, with some 3.5 million people, declared its independence from Somalia in 1991. This claim of independence has yet to be recognized internationally, however. While Somaliland does have a functioning government of its own, it is still officially considered to be a part of Somalia.
Somalia has an arid or semiarid climate. In normal years there are four seasons, two with rain and two essentially without rain. December through March, the time of the northeast monsoon winds, is a very dry season, with moderate temperatures in the north and hot temperatures in the south. April through June is a spring-like rainy season with hot temperatures. July through September, the time of the southwest monsoon winds, is a dry and hot season. October and November is a humid, sporadically rainy season.
Somalia's average temperature is between 25°C and 28°C (77°F and 82°F). Temperatures fall as low as 0°C (32°F) in the mountains of the north and reach as high as 47°C (117°F) on the coasts.
In non-drought times, Somalia's average annual rainfall is only 28 centimeters (11 inches). Droughts can strike Somalia when rainfall decreases even slightly. Their effects are worsened by factors such as over-grazing, erosion, disruptions of nomadic routes, and breakdowns in water access and food distribution. These problems can also cause severe flooding. Major droughts ravaged Somalia in 1974-75, 1984-85, 1992, 1999, and 2001. Flooding caused damage in 1997 and 2002.
4 TOPOGRAPHIC REGIONS
The land of Somalia consists mostly of plateau regions that rise to hills in the northern part of the country. Somalia is predominantly scrubland and desert. Only 13 percent of the land is arable, and there are few rivers or other dependable sources of fresh water. Somalia faces daunting food and water management issues that have often reached a state of crisis.
5 OCEANS AND SEAS
Seacoast and Undersea Features
The Gulf of Aden, an inlet of the Indian Ocean, lies to the north of Somalia and separates the country from Yemen. Because it leads to the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, the Gulf of Aden is a crucial shipping lane, particularly for petroleum vessels. The eastern coast of Somalia directly faces the Indian Ocean.
Sea Inlets and Straits
There are no major inlets on Somalia's coastline.
Islands and Archipelagos
The Bajuni is a 125-kilometer- (77-mile-) long coral reef chain of several small islands and many islets or rocks. It includes Coiama (Somalia's largest island, covering 6 square kilometers/2.5 square miles), Ngumi, the Ciovai pair, Ciula (inhabited), Daracas, and Ciandra. Most of the islands are barren and without permanent settlement.
Somalia has the second-longest coastline in Africa (only South Africa's is longer.) The northern coast, along the Gulf of Aden, begins on the west at the border of Djibouti. Sandy beaches are interspersed with rocky cliffs, and the north coast has no reefs. Ras Caseyr (Cape Guardafui) is a rugged headland where the north and east coasts meet. Due south of the Cape, the Point Xaafuun (Ras Hafun) promontory juts out. From there, the Indian Ocean coast runs south in a succession of sandy beaches with little indentation. Along the southern stretch, from Mogadishu to the Kenya border, coral reefs form a barrier to the shore, which lacks natural harbors.
6 INLAND LAKES
Somalia does not have any permanent lakes. In the Haud, some basins are filled by rains and intermittent floodwater, creating temporary ponds. Somalia also has artificial ponds designed to capture precious seasonal waters for irrigation and drinking. Wells and springs are of great importance to Somalia's water supply.
7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS
Somalia's two permanently flowing rivers, the Jubba (Gestro) and Shabeelle, are used for irrigation but are not navigable by large boats. The Jubba and Shabeelle Rivers both have their sources in Ethiopia and run south through Somalia towards the Indian Ocean. The Jubba River is approximately 1,610 kilometers (1,000 miles) long. The Shabeelle River, the country's longest river, has a total length of 2,011 kilometers (1,250 miles), of which only 1,000 kilometers (621 miles) run through Somalia. The Jubba River empties directly into the Indian Ocean in southern Somalia. To its north, the Shabeelle River flows towards the coast, then turns southeast following the coast, dwindling to its end in marshlands and sand flats. In times of heavy rain, the Shabeelle waters can meet those of the Jubba. The area between the two rivers is Somalia's most fertile region.
The Jubba/Shabeelle river system and the seasonal watercourses found in badly eroded, deforested, and desert terrain are highly vulnerable to sporadic flooding.
The wetlands of Somalia surround the outlet of the Jubba River and the lower reaches of the Shabeelle River, where swamp basins are the habitat of birds and reptiles. Some mangrove forests are still found in Somalia, especially along the Jubba outlet, but most have been destroyed by cutting for fuel and fodder.
The two largest watercourses in northern Somalia are the seasonal Daror and Nugaaleed stream systems. Both are usually dry.
About 25 percent of Somalia is desert, usually consisting of sand or gravel mixed with some vegetation. The deserts run along most of Somalia's northern and central coasts and extend into the interior. Desertification is steadily claiming grassland and wooded areas across Somalia.
On the Gulf of Aden coast, the Guban Desert is a hot, dry plain with a system of sandy seasonal watercourses. The arid Hobyo region extends north from Somalia's capital, Mogadishu, along the Indian Ocean coast. It is a desert with low vegetation that is a habitat for birds, reptiles, and antelopes. Over-grazing of the grasses that anchored the dunes in place has destabilized areas of sand dunes along the Indian Ocean coast.
9 FLAT AND ROLLING TERRAIN
Up to 70 percent of Somalia is a scrubland ecosystem of coarse grass-patches and shrubs. This terrain is especially pervasive in the Haud Plateau region of the north and throughout the south. The scrub vegetation receives minimal rain, but it is resilient. Where there is water, as in the area between the Jubba and Shabelle Rivers, good pastureland results.
Nomadic Somalis pasture their herds of camels, cattle, goats, and sheep on the scrub grasslands. Much of Somalia's grassland is being lost to desertification as a result of over-grazing and the cutting of fodder grass for export to neighboring countries.
Somalia has only 1 percent of its forest cover remaining, mainly located in the far south. Trees are cut for fuel, fodder, and livestock shelters, and there is very little reforestation. The southern forest includes eucalyptus, tall cactus, and mahogany. Trees that provide myrrh and frankincense are also native to Somalia. The north has some acacia scrub and savannah forest.
In the northern region called the Ogo, limestone hills at elevations of 900 to 1,200 meters (2,953 to 3,937 feet) distinguish a rough terrain dissected with dried-up streambeds. The hills are covered with scrub vegetation, which provides grazing for livestock and antelopes.
10 MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANOES
Somalia's only mountains, the Migiurtinia and Ogo ranges, are in the north, extending from Ethiopia and following the Gulf of Aden coast with a high escarpment until the cliffs form the tip of the Horn of Africa. Somalia's highest peak, Mount Shimbiris, rises 2,416 meters (7,927 feet) at the center of the northern range.
11 CANYONS AND CAVES
Throughout Somalia, soil erosion has caused gullies and canyons to appear. A lack of roads has led to trucks being driven across pastures, eroding gullies in the dry soil. Seasonal watercourses also carve deep ravines into the landscape.
12 PLATEAUS AND MONOLITHS
South of the mountains, the dry Somali Plateau continues from eastern Ethiopia's Ogaden region to become the Ogo Plateau, the Mudug Plain, and the Haud region of central/southwest Somalia. These plateau regions vary in height from 1,829 meters (6,000 feet) in the Ogo to 500 meters (1,640 feet) in the Haud.
13 MAN-MADE FEATURES
There are no major man-made structures affecting the geography of Somalia.
14 FURTHER READING
D'Haem, Jeanne. The Last Camel: True Stories About Somalia. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1997.
Fox, Mary Virginia. Somalia . New York: Children's Press, 1996.
Hassig, Susan M. Somalia . Cultures of the World. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1998.
Nnoromele, Salome. Somalia . San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 2000.
The United Nations: Agencies in Somalia. http://www.unsomalia.org/infocenter/factsheets.htm (accessed March 20, 2003). | <urn:uuid:2207a89f-1dc4-45fe-9f80-8b854b0e76f6> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/geography/Slovenia-to-Zimbabwe-Cumulative-Index/Somalia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298538.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00099-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923219 | 2,356 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Austria Essays and Term Papers
AustriaTable of Contents
Way of Life
Vegetation and Animal Life
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Austria, a small country in Central Europe famous for its gorgeous mountain scenery. The towering Alps, and the foothills stretch across the western, southern and central parts of the country. Broad green valleys, lovely mirror lakes and thick forest cover a good portion of the land. ...
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Austriais predominantly a mountainous country, with an average elevation of about 910m (about 3000 ft). Most of the land falls within the eastern division of the Alps. In general the major mountain ranges of run in an eastern-western direction and are separated from one another by rather broad valleys. ...
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Austria Ottoman ReportThe Austrian Empire had long been declining. This was due to a number of reasons. Most important were the different nationalities within the Empire. The Germans were the minority however they were in control of the government and all other important political positions. The Magyars, or the ...
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Austriais a small country in central Europe famous for its beautiful mountain scenery and delicious wines. They take great pride in the fact that their country has long been leading cultural center of Europe. About 75 percent of ns are Roman Catholic. The rest are made up of Protestants and ...
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German UnificatioAt the end of the eighteenth century and up to 1814, Germany was under the power of Napoleon's French empire. Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine, a conglomeration of the fractured north German states. This was the first time that these states had been brought together and as a result ...
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Holocaust (devil IN Vienna)The Holocaust. A subject most people would like to forget but shouldn't. People must find out as much as possible about it so history won't repeat itself. Millions of Jewish men, women, and children , of all strata were persecuted because of what? Nothing besides the fact that they were Jewish. ...
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SWOT Analysis of BMW Motors"Looking into the future is impossible! Man has made nature predictable to an impressive degree, but there is one thing which as a matter of principle we cannot know and that is what we will know in the future - for if we did, we would know it already" (Assessing the consequences of technology). ...
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Germany's Role In World War OneIn the early 1900's, there was much stress in Europe. Imperial competition,
a strong feeling of nationalism and the fear of war, caused countries to
ally with one another. Also, fear of an arms race further increased this
tension and contributed to the outburst of war. Although Germany could ...
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The Life Of Adolf HitlerAt 6:30 p.m. on the evening of April 20, 1889, he was born in the small Austrian village of Braunau Am Inn just across the border from German Bavaria.
Adolf Hitler would one day lead a movement that placed supreme importance on a person's family tree even making it a matter of life and death. ...
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World War IThe Fallout of the Versailles Peace Conference was more than anyone had expected. The infamous “Guilt Clause” had led to more repercussions than had been expected. Sure, Germany played a major part in the War and could be blamed for its beginnings. Many believed that war could have been avoided ...
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Yugoslavia 2The Former Yugoslavia "...79 this is 72....72A has just exploded.....They just disapeared. They must have hit a mine. I think they're all dead......" On the 15th of the September 1992 Sgt. James Davis' armoured personel carrier struck a TMA-3 anti-tank mine, although his comrades had thought them ...
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Causes And Effects Of World War I
What were the r I? The answer
to this seemingly simple question is not elementary. There was more to
the onset of the war then the event of an Austrian prince being
murdered in Serbia, as is what most people consider to be the cause of
World War I. Furthermore, the effects of the war were ...
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Essay On Origins Of World WarThe thesis in the article ‘The origins of the World War’, by Sidney B. Fay, can clearly be stated as the explanation for World War I. Fay states that no one country is responsible for the creation of the war. Furthermore, he goes on to explain that each of the European country’s leaders did, or ...
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Diad Germany Cause WW1?Did Germany cause World War 1?
Although in the Treaty of Versailles Germany was to accept full responsibility for World War 1 this in not necessarily the case. Many factors have to be taken into account when considering the cause of World War 1. Germany may have been primarily responsible for the ...
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HitlerOn the evening of April 20, 1889, Adolf was born in the village of Braunau Am in Austria. Nobody knew he would grow up and someday lead a movement that would hurt many families. Throughout his early days Adolf's mother feared loosing him. She paid a lot of attention to him and cared very much for ...
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The Balkan CrisisThe First World War was the product of long-standing rivalries rather than a badly mismanaged Balkan Crisis because it was these rivalries that led to the Balkan Crisis. The Balkan Crisis may appear mismanaged because previous crises such as those in Morocco in 1905 and 1911 did not result in war. ...
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Otto Eduard Leopold Von Bismarck-Schönhausenwas a major player in the unification of Germany. This Prussian junker, or aristocrat, was a Prussian nationalist and later a German nationalist. As Chief Minister to Wilhelm I of Prussia, he devised and executed a "klein-deutsch" (excluding Austria) plan to unify Germany.
It was Bismarck's ...
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Causes Of The WwiThe assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand triggered World War I. But the war had its origins in developments of the 1800's. The chief causes of World War I were (1) the rise of nationalism, (2) a build-up of military might, (3) competition for colonies, and (4) a system of military ...
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Weapons Of World War 1Modern world histiory
On June 28, 1914 a tradgite occurred- Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand
of Austria was murdered. While in Sarajevo, the capital of the Bosnia an
assassin killed him for no aparent reason. The assassin was Gavrilo
Princip, a serb terrorist. Austria claimed that the serb ...
|Save Paper - Premium Paper - Words: 1370 - Pages: 5| | <urn:uuid:e4602cc2-95fe-4158-8ef2-850f6a7e2bd1> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://essayworld.com/topics/austria-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529813.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420120902-20190420142902-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.948289 | 1,699 | 2.96875 | 3 |
As February rolls around each year, many Baha’i families are getting excited about Ayyam-i-Ha. Wonderful memories can be created during these four (or five) days, within the family, amongst Baha’i friends, and also as part of the wider community.
But what is the true spirit of Ayyam-i-Ha and how exactly can, and should, we celebrate this special holiday? To reflect on this question let us refer to the Writings. Baha’u’llah revealed:
[quote type=”center”]It behoveth the people of Baha, throughout these days, to provide good cheer for themselves, their kindred and, beyond them, the poor and needy, and with joy and exultation to hail and glorify their Lord, to sing His praise and magnify His Name…[/quote]
(Baha’u’llah, The Kitab-i-Aqdas, p. 25)
How does it look to bring cheer to your own selves, your family, and the poor and needy? How you can hail and glorify the Lord, praise God and magnify His Name during these four special days? You may like to have a family consultation on these topics and brainstorm ideas. Your children may have some interesting suggestions!
This year we have created a 9-page activity book with these questions in mind.
It can be used during the days of Ayyam-i-Ha or in preparation for the holiday. Each page contains a picture of a child doing something to celebrate Ayyam-i-Ha (which can be colored in, painted, or decorated) and also a question to consider. A picture can be drawn to respond to the prompt, or older children may like to write their answers. Please use it however you wish!
[box type=”download”]Download The Days of Ayyam-i-Ha Activity Book.[/box]
***One idea is to print out the booklet, bind it with ribbon, and give it along with a few colored pencils, markers, or crayons as a gift.
***You may also use the sheets for a “coloring table” at an Ayyam-i-Ha party.
You will see from the pages in the activity book that providing good cheer does not necessarily have to include giving gifts or having extravagant gatherings. Recalling stories of ‘Abdu’l-Baha, Who often declined or gave away expensive gifts and even spent His own birthday serving others, perhaps we should consider how Ayyam-i-Ha can be celebrated beyond the confines of modern day expectations of what “celebration” often means.
The question of bringing good cheer to others, in fact, demands us to consider what our true reality really is and where joy actually comes from. ‘Abdu’l-Baha wrote:
[quote]Happiness consists of two kinds; physical and spiritual. The physical happiness is limited; its utmost duration is one day, one month, one year. It hath no result. Spiritual happiness is eternal and unfathomable. This kind of happiness appeareth in one’s soul with the love of God and suffereth one to attain to the virtues and perfections of the world of humanity. Therefore, endeavor as much as thou art able in order to illuminate the lamp of thy heart by the light of love.[/quote]
(Abdu’l-Baha, Tablets of Abdu’l-Baha v3, p. 673)
As all physical happiness is limited and has no result, let us consider how to focus our Ayyam-i-Ha celebrations on the spiritual world, which will allow us to share and feel true joy.
Let’s all ask ourselves: How has our family celebrated Ayyam-i-Ha in the past and what would we like to try in the future, to ensure we are endeavoring to celebrate the true spirit of Ayyam-i-Ha?
Find more Ayyam-i-Ha activities, music, and video at the
Let us know how you like the activity book and how you will use it in your families and communities! Feel free to offer suggestions as well! | <urn:uuid:f40a469f-ae03-4032-83d8-e558389d861b> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.enablemetogrow.com/2013/02/06/true-spirit-of-ayyam-i-ha/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999814.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625072148-20190625094148-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.946836 | 902 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A third of the American population suffers from elevated cholesterol levels beyond what’s considered a “healthy” range.
According to many studies (including several from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), people with high LDL + HDL cholesterol have approximately double the risk for heart disease compared to people with ideal levels. But less than 50% of adults with high LDL cholesterol are getting any treatment to address their dyslipidemia and thus reduce their cardiovascular risk.
Typically, dyslipidemia (high cholesterol or high triglycerides) is a result of both genetic factors and lifestyle habits – such as consuming too many highly-processed foods and insufficient exercise. Lifestyle changes should be the primary approach to bring lipids into a normal range and prevent further complications:
- Lowering systemic inflammation
- Changing your diet, along with regular exercise
- Reducing physical and emotional stress with meditation, better sleep and diet
While lipid-lowering drugs (such as statins) have been prescribed to millions of adults, they are oftentimes not a good treatment option given potentially serious side effects.
If you are concerned about your cardiovascular risk due to elevated lipid levels, we invite you to schedule a complimentary phone consultation to explore your best next steps. If other treatment approaches have failed to address your dyslipidemia, you might need prescription medications to prevent disease progression, especially coronary heart disease.
Definition Of Dyslipidemia
Dyslipidemia, sometimes also referred to as hyperlipidemia, is characterized as an elevation of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), or both, or a low high-density lipoprotein level – and is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
The most common type of dyslipidemia is due to high LDL (also called “bad cholesterol”) levels, which is sometimes genetically inherited. But most frequently, it is a consequence of unhealthy eating habits and other diseases. Low levels of HDL “good cholesterol“ along with high levels of triglycerides have similar root causes compared to high LDL cholesterol (namely genetics, poor diet, and obesity).
The underlying issue resulting in dyslipidemia is abnormal lipid metabolism:
- Lipid metabolism is essential for survival, and lipids are involved in many critical functions such as energy storage, creating cellular structures, production of hormones & steroids, supporting brain function, and promoting the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K.
- Lipid absorption occurs when fats are consumed from the diet, followed by breakdown in the liver and in adipose tissue. Both of these processes are regulated by changes in glucose, insulin and glucagon hormones.
- Thus, eating a healthy, anti-inflammatory diet that has a balance of fatty acids is so important for resolving dyslipidemia.
Dyslipidemia – Conventional Treatment Approaches
The goal of treating dyslipidemia is to avoid other diseases such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), acute coronary syndromes, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or peripheral arterial disease.
Treatments for dyslipidemia will typically start with significant lifestyle changes — such as dietary changes and increasing exercise — sometimes along with taking several drugs to treat very high cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
The American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines recommend using drug treatment for certain groups of patients who are at especially high risk including prescription drugs such as statins, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe, niacin, fibrates, or omega-3 fatty acids.
Natural Approaches To Addressing Dyslipidemia
At Dr. Creek Weight Loss, we favor lifestyle modifications and natural approaches:
Dietary intervention is usually the primary approach for patients with dyslipidemia. Some physicians will also suggest for overweight or obese patients to lose weight in a gradual, healthy way.
- Eliminate refined vegetable oils commonly found in potato chips and other snacks, cookies and treats
- Increase intake of fiber from high-fiber foods such as leafy green veggies, beans and legumes, artichokes, chia and flax seeds, nuts like almonds and walnuts, squash and avocados.
- Swap out processed carbohydrates with complex carbohydrates (such as ancient whole grains, whole fruit, beans, legumes and starchy vegetables)
- Abstain from foods and drinks with concentrated sugar and alcohol (for example soda and soft drinks, packaged desserts, and sweetened dairy products
- Consume fish a few times per week to increase omega-3 fatty acid intake (like wild salmon, herring, sardines, trout, halibut or tuna.
- Maintain your body weight based on your height and build.
Appropriate Amount Of Exercise
To reduce systemic inflammation, regulating hormones and get to a healthier weight, we recommend regular physical activity. Regular exercise can lower high LDL cholesterol in some people and also helps maintain ideal body weight.
Limit Alcohol & Tobacco
Smoking and consuming high amounts of alcohol can contribute to chronic inflammation and many other health problems (for example diabetes, liver or kidney problems).
- Fish oil has anti-inflammatory properties that may prevent problems such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol
- CoQ10 may help regulate blood pressure
- Garlic can normalize blood pressure levels
- Lipoic acid offers protection against LDL oxidation and hypertension and assists with recycling other antioxidants in the body (such as vitamins C, E and glutathione).
- Fiber supplements such as psyllium husks help lower cholesterol levels and protect the heart, while also improve digestion and regularity | <urn:uuid:fbfde97b-995b-44d7-b045-231b30466737> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://drcreekweightloss.com/dyslipidemia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301263.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119033421-20220119063421-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.919082 | 1,175 | 3.15625 | 3 |
|This minaret, which also served as an observatory, was part of the Almohad main mosque in their Andalusian capital, Seville. It was built just 50 years before the Christian conquest of Spain. At more than 300 feet tall, it still dominatesd the skyline and has become a hallmark of the city. Today it serves as the belfry for the Cathedral of Seville built on the site of the former mosque.|
Renaissance additions at the topThe lantern--the four diminishing storeys at the top--was added in the Renaissance. (That is, the structure above the blind arcade is not part of the Moorish original.) The statue at the top representing Faith turns like a weather vane ("giraldilla"), thus the name.
|The upper zones are decorated with a lozenge motif--a kind of brick trellis work. The top of the original structure has blind arcades with interlocking arches. Inside a series of wide gently inclining ramps made it possible for the muezzin (who called the faithful to prayer) to ride horseback to the top.|
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Click here to see the home page of Bluffton University. | <urn:uuid:c6f096f9-1f96-4653-bc51-f38cdee7b776> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.bluffton.edu/HomePages/FacStaff/sullivanm/spain/seville/giralda/giralda.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860116878.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161516-00117-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925835 | 280 | 2.921875 | 3 |
White teeth symbolize beauty, health, and hygiene. Unfortunately, keeping your teeth white is usually easier said than done. When people think about things that stain teeth, they typically think of coffee or red wine. Sure, red wine and coffee do stain teeth; but they aren't the only things that are causing your pearly whites to yellow or darken. There are many things that can stain teeth, including these four surprising items:
It might sound odd, but certain medications can actually cause your teeth to discolor. Medications such as antihistamines and antibiotics can cause discoloration on your teeth. This is partially due to the chemicals within the medications; however, it can also be caused by dry mouth.
2. White Wine and Lemonade
Most people know that red wine stains teeth. However, most people are unaware that white wine can stain too. This is because it is very acidic and high in sugar content. Together, the sugar and acidic cause the teeth to stain. This is because the teeth become coated in acid and sugar, which then breaks down the tooth's enamel. It also makes it easier for colored foods and beverages to stick to your teeth, which makes staining much more likely. Although there is no alcohol in lemonade, it has the same properties as white wine—so it can cause staining for the same reasons.
3. Cough Drops and Syrup
Both cough drops and cough syrup can cause staining on your teeth, as well. As you might expect, this is partially caused by the dark color of cough syrups. However, many people take this medication before bed and do not brush afterwards. This leaves the dark colored syrup in your mouth overnight, which exacerbates the staining effect. Cough syrup also dries out the mouth, which increases the likelihood of staining.
Cough drops, on the other hand, are essentially like candy. They are hard, sugary, and quite acidic. Those properties combine to discolor your teeth. Also, many cough drops feature bright colors which often stain your tongue and teeth.
4. Colored Sauces
Finally, colored sauces can also stain your teeth. Sauces that might cause staining include curry, tomato, and even soy sauce. Not only are these typically sugary and acidic, they often feature food coloring. This creates a staining trifecta for your teeth.
As you can see, there are many things that can stain your teeth. So in order to keep your pearly whites, white, you should make sure that you brush and floss properly. In addition, you might want to limit some of these foods and beverages. Finally, visit your dentist for teeth whitening services to help whiten your teeth—and keep them white.Share | <urn:uuid:ef740b9d-d853-4b79-9717-d6e1c4587193> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://jessicachoimakeup.com/2016/04/19/teeth-whitening-tips-4-odd-things-staining-your-teeth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202588.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321234128-20190322020128-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.968328 | 567 | 2.875 | 3 |
Middle School Resources for Beryllium
This lesson plan, from Discovery Education, will help middle school students identify transition metals and discuss the properties of alloys.
The following are some discussion questions to help students understand the properties, uses and science behind beryllium, specifically, so that students may learn how a material may be well suited for particular uses.
- If you were building a cell phone, name some ways that you could use beryllium to improve it.
- Discuss alloys – and why you might want to combine a metal with another material.
- For example: copper beryllium combines the strength of beryllium with the electrical conductivity of copper. Nickel beryllium is very heat resistant and is used in fire detection and suppression equipment.
- Consider uses for which beryllium may not be well suited.
- For example: When you want a heavy product, or something that melts easily. | <urn:uuid:63b5b182-91e3-490b-8192-cfcf80679859> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://beryllium.com/education/middle-school | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510893.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016221847-20181017003347-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.885907 | 197 | 4.59375 | 5 |
When checking in on Mom, you notice the television is blaring, and she’s asking you to repeat everything you say, or to speak up because she thinks you’re mumbling. Some amount of hearing loss is fairly common in older loved ones, and of course is deserving of staying on top of through routine hearing screenings. But there’s an additional reason to pay special attention to any loss of hearing in seniors: the link between dementia and hearing loss.
What’s the Connection Between Dementia and Loss of Hearing?
Researchers believe there are several factors that go hand in hand with a senior’s hearing loss and their increased risk for dementia.
- When a loved one has hearing loss later in life, the brain starts to shrink more rapidly
- Loss of hearing may cause seniors to limit their social time with other people, leading to a reduction in brain activity and engagement as well as intellectual stimulation
- The brain has to work harder to comprehend audible input, influencing memory and thinking as it strains to fill in the gaps of missed speech
Studies have already shown that older adults dealing with diminished hearing also go through a reduction in cognitive functioning as much as 30–40% faster than individuals without hearing loss. In addition, hearing loss causes a heightened risk for falls, depression, and other serious health issues.
The next step is further examining the prospective link between hearing loss and dementia and to see whether seniors who get treatment for their hearing loss can avoid developing dementia. With 48 million people in the U.S. alone struggling with some kind of hearing loss, the potential impact of better comprehending this connection is important.
What Is the Best Way to Help a Loved One With Hearing Loss?
Also, encourage your family member to stay socially active in spite of hearing loss. Having a companion accompany the person on visits with family and friends or on outings is an excellent way to help them feel more comfortable and assured. The companion can serve as a liaison when needed to help the individual participate in conversations and not feel left out.
At Absolute Companion Care, our caregivers make excellent companions for those with hearing loss or other health conditions. We can provide transportation and accompaniment to medical appointments as well as fun outings, along with a wide selection of customized support services in the home or on the go.
We also provide specialized care services for those with dementia. Our fully trained and experienced experts know the unique challenges of the disease and offer creative, compassionate solutions. | <urn:uuid:2bcda2b1-812c-4b1d-b352-9b71ec79c942> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://absolutecompanion.com/loss-of-hearing-and-dementia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510671.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930082033-20230930112033-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.956638 | 505 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Tsunamis are waves which are not generated by the wind, but are caused by undersea earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or landslides. They can travel extremely rapidly over vast distances.
In the Indian Ocean, where the tsunami of 26 December 2004 occurred, the Indo-Australian tectonic plate is forced beneath the less dense Burma plate. As these plates converge, with one sliding beneath the other, they gradually become distorted through the subduction movement of 4 to 5 cm/year, at the same time accumulating a huge amount of pressure. When a certain threshold is reached, it causes a sudden break in the fault which instantly releases all the stored energy, triggering an earthquake of enormous magnitude. This abrupt movement of the fault causes the sea bottom to rise and the water's surface to deform, although its low amplitude (just a few tens of centimetres) makes it barely detectable at the time. The resulting wave spreads across the ocean basin at a speed approaching 800 km/h. When the waves approach the coasts, the reduced depth of the ocean forces them to slow down. This loss of velocity translates into an increase in the height of the waves. Particular geographical characteristics of the coastline can have a channelling effect, causing resonance phenomena and amplifying wave size. For the Sumatra tsunami, the combination of a very strong earthquake (magnitude 9), occurring along an extended stretch of the fault (over 1,000 km long and 15 m high), the close proximity of the coasts and coastal amplification, resulted in devastating waves breaking on the shore.
By measuring sea surface height, altimetry satellites can theoretically detect tsunami waves if they are actually flying over the waves shortly after they have been triggered (which is highly unlikely) and if the signal is strong enough to be isolated from ocean variability (which includes variations due to currents, tides, the geoid, atmospheric pressure, temperature, salinity, etc). With the tsunami of 26 December 2004, four altimetry satellites (Jason-1, Topex/Poseidon, Envisat and GFO) passed over the Indian Ocean between two and eleven hours after the earthquake. Jason-1 detected the first wave front at a latitude of around 4° South, about 1,500 km from the epicentre, with an amplitude of 60 cm. Envisat measured an amplitude of 35 cm, 3hrs 19mins after the earthquake, at around 2,600 km from the epicentre. GFO was the last to detect the wave front, in the south-west Indian Ocean, with a low amplitude of 10 cm, barely distinguishable from the ocean signal. This abundance of data, acquired during a major tsunami for the first time, has made it possible to refine tsunami wave propagation and dissipation models.
Apart from directly measuring the height of the tsunami wave in the open ocean, the ability of altimetry satellites to estimate submarine relief is also exploited by wave propagation models. By measuring ocean surface topography, altimeters can indirectly map the topography of the ocean floor, as the surface is modified by submarine ridges and troughs: for instance a seamount corresponds to a bump on the ocean surface. Studied in different scenarios using known areas of seismic activity, the propagation models integrate these bathymetric grids in order to simulate wave changes in space and time, thus revealing the areas most at risk and calculating the time needed to raise the alarm.
Altimetry satellites do not and never will form part of a tsunami early warning system, due to the difficulty and low probability of observing the phenomena, and the relatively limited coverage of these satellites - not to mention the time needed for processing their data. These resources are used instead for basic research and understanding of the events, and complement the measurement and alert systems able to provide early warning to populations at risk. | <urn:uuid:ecc2777f-a4dd-4672-8520-f950ce028ce2> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/gallery/entry_59_tsunamis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587655.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025061300-20211025091300-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.925481 | 778 | 4.40625 | 4 |
An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline; an abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage.
Why are abstracts so important?
The practice of using key words in an abstract is vital because of today's electronic information retrieval systems. Titles and abstracts are filed electronically, and key words are put in electronic storage. When people search for information, they enter key words related to the subject, and the computer prints out the titles of articles, papers, and reports containing those key words. Thus, an abstract must contain key words about what is essential in an article, paper, or report so that someone else can retrieve information from it.
Qualities of a Good Abstract
An effective abstract has the following qualities:
• uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone.
• uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which presents the article, paper, or report's purpose, results, conclusions, and recommendations in that order.
• follows strictly the chronology of the article, paper, or report.
• provides logical connections (or transitions) between the information included.
• adds no new information, but simply summarizes the report.
• is understandable to a wide audience.
• oftentimes uses passive verbs to downplay the author and emphasize the information. Check with your teacher if you're unsure whether or not to use passive voice. | <urn:uuid:cdf0913e-0e0a-4f7d-8bbd-c94d1f124d2a> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/What-Is-Abstract-63882028.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988860.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00241-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910235 | 379 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Grandma has an exciting story to tell about her life. Grandpa has told us how he walked three miles to school in the snow, uphill both ways. Your Great-great aunt has passed on exciting stories about her grandparents, who were born just before the Civil War started. These stories have taken up a special place in your heart, and you want them to survive. Keeping stories alive about someone in your family that was a witness to the Civil War is so important to you, but the genealogy bug hasn't gotten to your kids yet, and in order for family history to survive, we need to pass it on to the younger generations.
If you like classic television, you’ve surely seen The Andy Griffith Show. In one of my favorite episodes, Andy gets stuck in a bind with his son’s teacher over History homework. The teacher gets so frustrated with her students’ apparent lack of interest in their History studies that she is on the verge of quitting when Andy steps in and tells the boys that they don’t want to learn about all that “dull stuff” anyway –about “Indians, and Redcoats, and cannons, and guns and muskets and stuff.” The boys get all excited that Andy seems to be in agreement with them, and then they pause, turn, and look at him quizzically. Then one pipes up: “What about Indians and Redcoats and cannons and muskets and guns and stuff?” Andy brushes it off, saying, “Oh, you know. Indians and Redcoats, and you know…history.” And with that, the boys are hooked.
Andy then engages the boys (and his deputy, Barney Fife) in a heart-pounding rendition of the tale of Paul Revere, and with every word, the boys’ eyes grow wider, their jaws drop further, and they are drawn more and more into the story. “He says the British is comin’, the British is comin’, get your guns, we’re gonna have us a revolution!” When Andy is finished, they demand to know just where he got that story! Andy just replies, “Oh, your history book.” But the bait is already sunk. The boys have been won over. History has come alive for them through the power of storytelling, and they wanted to know more.
|Barney and the boys listening to Andy's story|
(If you want to see the entire episode, it’s called Andy Discovers America, and it’s on YouTube here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zYFC0-f7Qs. The excerpt I discussed starts at the 10:15 mark.)
Children need to know that their ancestors’ lives were a series of stories. There were times your ancestors probably picked up their son or daughter on their knee and told them the story of the time they did this or that. Pa Ingalls in Laura Ingalls Wilder’s Little House book series was an expert storyteller. Laura preserved those stories in her books, always just as exciting as when Pa told it to her.
And that is what I want to challenge you to do with your children. Capture your family stories in a homemade storybook. Write out their stories in narrative form, with dialogue and action verbs and illustrations by your child. Turn that story your grandpa told you into a storybook. Turn the family legend of your ancestor’s crossing of the Atlantic into a storybook. Was your 7th great-grandfather a teacher in a small town in Germany? His story can be in a storybook. Was your 3rd great-grandfather a Union soldier? That can be a storybook, too.
|An illustration by my daughter, Ellie, about our ancestor Jesse Vawter|
Will you and your children join me? I’d love to create a community of people turning their family history into storybooks with the help of your children. Or you can do it on your own, and present the book to your children or grandchildren as a gift. It’s up to you! Whatever you do, share it with the rest of us! Use the hashtag #StorybookAncestor or simply comment on this blog with your link. I’ll be sharing the storybooks I create with my 7 year old daughter and I'll check in every week to share everyone else's. I can’t wait to see what everyone comes up with. Best wishes! | <urn:uuid:7ee72222-549b-4515-9750-1c623c6f86d5> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://goinoverhome.blogspot.com/2015/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119356.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00039-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973659 | 954 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Slip rings, also known as rotary electrical interfaces, rotary electrical connectors, or electrical swivel joints, are vital components of a variety of machinery in a variety of industries. Slip rings play a vital role in transmitting electrical signals, power and data between rotating machinery in various industries. This informative guide takes an in-depth look at the different types of slip rings by application, the type of materials used, sizes, prices, and provides basic tips for selecting the right slip ring to meet your specific requirements.
Types of Slip Rings by Application
Several categories of slip rings have been tailored for different applications:
- Wind Power Slip Rings: Specifically designed for wind turbines to transmit power and data.
- Medical Slip Rings: Used in medical rotating applications such as CT scanners.
- Military Slip Rings: Designed for communication and radar systems for military applications.
Slip Ring Types by Material
The material used in a slip ring largely affects its performance. Here are common materials:
- Gold-to-gold contacts Slip Rings: This type is often chosen for high-quality signals or data transmission.
- Silver Plated Slip Rings: They are used in high-speed data communication systems and are favoured for their reasonable cost.
Slip Ring Types by Size
Depending on the machinery in which they are installed, slip rings can come in various sizes:
- Big-sized Slip Rings: Usually used in heavy machinery like wind turbines or cranes.
- Small-sized Slip Rings: Often found in compact equipment such as CCTV cameras.
Slip Ring Types by Price
The price of slip rings can vary based on the type, material, size, and the manufacturer:
- Low-cost Slip Rings: These are often generic components that may suffice for simple, non-critical applications.
- High-cost Slip Rings: These are tailored for specific applications or made from costlier materials for better performance.
How to Choose a Slip Ring?
Choosing a slip ring involves understanding your requirements in terms of application, size, and material type.
- Determine the application: What environment will the slip ring operate in? What kind of machinery will utilise it?
- Know the material: Which material types best suits your needs in terms of durability and performance?
- Decide on the size: Will a large ring fit into your machinery, or is a small ring better suited?
Where Can I Buy Slip Ring?
Slip rings can be purchased directly from manufacturers, through distributors, or via online marketplaces such as Alibaba, Amazon, and eBay. Here are 10 manufacturers that you can buy slip rings are recommended for you to choose from.
1. Hangzhou Grand Technology Co., Ltd.
Hangzhou Grand Technology is a leading manufacturer of slip rings, renowned for its high-quality products and customization services. Based in China, they offer an extensive range of slip rings, including wireless ones, catering to a plethora of industries globally.
2. Moog Inc.
Moog is an American worldwide designer and manufacturer of precision motion control products and solutions. Their extensive product catalog includes a broad selection of slip rings, including wireless models, for different industrial applications.
3. Stemmann Technik
Based in Germany, Stemmann Technik offers a complete range of electrical transmission systems. They specialize in custom-engineered solutions and have a diverse line of slip rings, including wireless designs.
4. Moflon International Limited
Moflon is another notable Chinese manufacturer and supplier of slip rings. With over 30 years of expertise, they provide reliable and efficient slip rings, including bespoke options for unique application requirements.
Schleifring is a German company with a wide array of slip rings, from miniature to large power designs, serving various industries like medical, defense and wind power.
Cobham, a part of Eaton Corporation, provides robust, reliable, and high-performance slip rings. Known for their quality in military and aerospace applications, they also provide options for wireless slip rings.
7. Mercotac Inc.
Mercotac Inc. is a U.S.-based company offering a variety of rotating electrical connectors, including a range of compact energy and data-transmission slip rings.
8. LTN Servotechnik GmbH
LTN Servotechnik, headquartered in Germany, designs and produces slip rings for various industries. They distinguish themselves with their attention to detail and customer-specific solutions.
9. JINPAT Electronics
JINPAT Electronics, with decades of experience in the field, specializes in customized slip ring solutions. Based in China, they cater to a wide array of industrial applications.
10. DSTI – Dynamic Sealing Technologies, Inc.
Based in the USA, DSTI specializes in high-performance fluid and electrical transfer solutions, providing a wide variety of slip rings known for durable and versatile design.
The competent manufacturers stated above offer quality slip rings, engineered to meet varying industrial requirements, ensuring smooth operation and a longer service life for their applications.
Slip Ring FAQs
- Q: What is a slip ring?
A: A slip ring is a method used to transmit power, data, and electrical signals from a stationary structure to a rotating one.
- Q: Where are slip rings commonly used?
A: Slip rings are commonly used in machinery such as wind turbines, CT scanners, radar systems, and CCTV cameras.
- Q: What is the role of the material in a slip ring?
A: The material contributes to the quality, longevity, and performance of the slip ring, hence affecting signal transmission and resistance to wear and corrosion.
- Q: How does the size of a slip ring impact its application?
A: The size of the slip ring largely determines the type of machinery it can fit into and the extent of power or data it can transmit.
- Q: How much does a slip ring cost?
A: Slip ring prices can vary widely based on factors like their type, materials used, size, and manufacturer. It can range from low-cost generic components to higher-cost custom versions.
- Q: How can one choose the right slip ring?
A: Consideration of factors like the intended application, the material suitability, size requirements, and your budget can aid in choosing the right slip ring.
- Q: Are there special slip rings for specific applications?
A: Yes, there are custom slip rings designed for specific applications such as those used in wind turbines, medical equipment, and military components.
- Q: Why are gold-to-gold contact slip rings popular?
A: Gold-to-gold contact slip rings are popular due to their superior performance in transmitting high-quality signals or data.
- Q: Where can I purchase a slip ring?
A: Slip rings can be purchased directly from the manufacturer, through distributors, or from online platforms like Amazon, Alibaba, and eBay.
- Q: Can I purchase a universal slip ring for any machine?
A: While some slip rings can work in a variety of machines, it’s generally important to choose one matching your machine’s specifications for optimal performance.
In summary, understanding the types of slip rings (categorized by application, material, size, and price) can help in selecting the right slip ring for your project. The process also involves knowing where to buy these components from, enhancing your sourcing knowledge in the process. Don’t forget to evaluate various buying options and manufacturers to make an informed decision. | <urn:uuid:82b701e2-d440-4c6f-bc85-e1b4efd82031> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.interbiography.com/2023/08/different-types-of-slip-ring-price-and-how-to-choose.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102469.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210123756-20231210153756-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.909974 | 1,553 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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Albertina Rasch, (born 1896, Vienna, Austria—died Oct. 2, 1967, Hollywood, Calif., U.S.), Austrian-born American dancer, choreographer, and teacher whose troupes became well known during the 1920s and ’30s for their appearances in Broadway musicals and Hollywood films.
Rasch, a student of the Vienna Opera ballet school, became leading ballerina at the Hippodrome Theatre in New York City in 1911. In 1923 she opened a ballet school and in 1924 formed the first of several troupes known as the Albertina Rasch Girls. After staging the dances for several of Florenz Ziegfeld’s revues and for George White’s Scandals, she choreographed numerous Broadway musicals, including Three’s a Crowd (1930) and Moss Hart’s Lady in the Dark (1941), as well as a number of motion pictures.
Before Rasch’s influence, dancing in musical plays and films had provided primarily a background for the leading performers; routines were usually simple, with emphasis on spectacular costumes and uniform ensemble dancing. Rasch’s choreography was more closely allied to the dramatic narrative, and, although she continued to use precision dancing, she was among the first on Broadway to include variations for individual ensemble dancers. She incorporated classical ballet technique into precision dancing and helped raise technical standards of stage and film dancing by requiring a ballet background of her dancers.
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The first records on Utrera with any historical accuracy date back to the Christian reconquest. In 1253, Alfonso X shared out the conquered lands in the province of Seville. The settlers in the area, including a considerable Jewish community, constructed a series of public works and created the former village, which has gradually evolved into modern-day Utrera.
During the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, the village adopted an important role and experienced great prosperity, as indicated through numerous public works undertaken during this period.
At the turn of the 19th century, Utrera underwent a new industrial development, and was awarded the title of town on 29th March 1877, during Alfonso XII’s reign.
There are currently 52,558 inhabitants in the town. | <urn:uuid:e6d25afb-37ad-4ae8-8529-7d5e69c4979d> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.caminosdepasion.com/en/utrera-en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154304.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802043814-20210802073814-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.977065 | 160 | 2.515625 | 3 |
About 25% of breast cancer survivors avoided death because they had a mammogram, but 75% would have had the same outcome if they detected the lump themselves or received no treatment, according to a study in the Archives of Internal Medicine.
For the study, Dartmouth University researchers used National Cancer Institute software to estimate the 10-year risk of diagnoses with invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ and 20-year risk of death for women of various ages. They also accounted for the benefits of early detection and improved treatments. They concluded that among the 60% of women with breast cancer who were diagnosed through screening mammograms, 3% to 13% of them were helped by the test.
The findings translate to 4,000 to 18,000 women who benefit from screening mammography each year, representing a small portion of the 230,000 women diagnosed with breast cancer annually and an even smaller fraction of the 39 million women who undergo mammograms annually (Kaplan, "Booster Shots," Los Angeles Times, 10/24; Parker-Pope, "Well," New York Times, 10/24; Phend, MedPage Today, 10/24).
Next in the Daily Briefing | <urn:uuid:486d61ac-43ff-4c71-9763-5fe2b2bfc9f7> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.advisory.com/Daily-Briefing/2011/10/27/Et-cetera | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347399830.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528170840-20200528200840-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.967121 | 241 | 2.75 | 3 |
Problem 5.10 Projection of Planes – An isosceles triangle plate ABC having its base 50 mm and altitude 90 mm resting on H.P. on its base. The isosceles triangle is inclined at an angle 40° to the H.P. And the altitude in the top view is inclined at the angle 60° to the V.P. Draw the projections. | <urn:uuid:c9306a5c-8187-4af1-a8ed-d323982b8026> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.engineeringdrawing.org/category/projection_of_planes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869264.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00205-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878973 | 79 | 3.28125 | 3 |
I have a bunch of this to do and if I could get an example to go by, that would be awesome. Thanks to anyone who takes a look at it.
Analyze and graph the polynomial function: f(x)= 3x+3/2x+4 by filling in the following information.
1. Find Domain?
4. vertical asymptotes?
5. horizontal or oblique? (Determine if the graph intersects either of these asymptotes. If f(x) does intersect, find the point of intersection. If f(x) does not intersect, state that there is not an intersection point.)
6. Test for symmetry: Identify any symmetry f(x) has.
Then the very first thing you need to learn is that this is NOT a polynomial. Now, do you know the definitions of such things as "domain", "x-intercept", "y-intercept", etc.? If not you can't possibly hope to do the problem until you look them up- probably in your text book.
I now realize that that it is not a polynomial function. The reason I called it that in the first place is because that is exactly what the assignment says that the instructor gave us.
"Analyze and graph the polynomial function f(x) = by filling in the following information:"
Here is my story. I started back to college recently and when I took the assessment test to get into school, I scored pretty good in everything and didn't want to take anything that I did not have to, but I have quickly figured out that I could have most certainly used one or two lower level math classes for a refresher since I have opened a math book in something like 15 years. So now I find myself in pre-cal algebra. Up to this point, I have been doing OK but now I am seeing things that I have never seen or have not seen in a long time so I am a bit over my head. This is also a summer class in which we are covering 16 weeks of material in 8 weeks.
On top of that, the instructor is not up to the standard I would have hoped for. She spends the first 30 minutes of class hooking up her computer and digital pen or whatever it's called. Then she spends another 20 minutes or so talking about anything other then math. After that, she touches on this and that and when I get home and start working on the homework, I find there are things we never talked about in class.
But to answer your question, I do know what domain, range, intercepts, etc are. I was only trying to get a little help or maybe an explanation of how it is done. I am not trying to get someone to do all my work for me or anything. I have been a long time user of forums of different types and this looked like a good math forum.
When looking at this further, I have decided
domain is (-infinity,0) U (0,infinity)
x-intercept is (-1,0)
y-intercept is (0,3/4)
Vertical asymptote of -2
There is a horizontal asymptote of 3/2
There appears to be no symmetry
Maybe someone could have a look at my answers to see if they are right and if they are not, would someone mine explaining to me what I did wrong? Thanks
Taking an accelerated summer course after a 15-year gap is probably not the best idea.
Your instructor's incorrect. That is definitely not a polynomial function.
Also, your answers seem correct, except that the domain is not . The domain is any real number except those which make the function undefined or indeterminate. Here, if x = -2, the function is not defined. Therefore the domain is .
The function is . When x= 0, . There is nothing wrong with that! You may be thinking of the fact that 1/x does not have 0 in its domain. That is because 0 makes the denominator and you cannot divide by 0. Here, the denominator is 2x+ 4. What value of x makes that 0? | <urn:uuid:bf471f68-2c3a-4161-954f-8f6c2ea50de7> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/200439-analyze-graph-polynomial-function.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049270134.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002110-00009-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97024 | 877 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The findings confirm the notion that numbers are encoded in the brain via detailed and specific activity patterns and open the door to more sophisticated exploration of humans' high-level numerical abilities. Although "number-tuned" neurons have been found in monkeys, scientists hadn't managed to get any farther than particular brain regions before now in humans.
The researchers presented ten study participants with either number symbols or dots while their brains were scanned with fMRI. They then used a multivariate analysis method to devise a way of decoding the numbers or number of dots people had observed.
Although the brain patterns corresponding to number symbols differed somewhat from those for the same number of objects, the numerosity of dot sets can be predicted above chance from the brain activation patterns evoked by digits, the researchers show. That doesn't work the other way around, however.
"It was not at all guaranteed that with functional imaging it would be possible to pick this up," said Evelyn Eger of INSERM in France. "In the monkey, neurons preferring one or the other numerosity appear highly intermixed among themselves as well as with neurons responding to other things, so it might seem highly unlikely that with fMRI [functional magnetic resonance imaging] at 1.5 mm resolution—where one voxel contains many thousands of neurons—one would be able to detect differences in activity patterns between individual numbers. The fact that this worked means that there is probably a somewhat more structured layout of preferences for individual numbers that has yet to be revealed by neurophysiological methods."
At least for small numbers of dots, the researchers did find that the patterns change gradually in a way that reflects the ordered nature of the numbers—allowing one to conclude that 6 is between 5 and 7, for instance. In the case of digits, the researchers could not detect that same gradual change, suggesting that their methods are not yet sensitive enough or that digits are in fact coded as more precise, discrete entities.
The methods used in the new study may ultimately help to unlock how the brain makes more sophisticated calculations, the researchers say.
"With these codes, we are only beginning to access the most basic building blocks that symbolic math probably relies on," Eger said. "We still have no clear idea of how these number representations interact and are combined in mathematical operations, but the fact that we can resolve them in humans gives hope that at some point we can come up with paradigms that let us address this." | <urn:uuid:f64d316a-3e9e-4d1f-8d63-bdd3aaeab674> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.science20.com/news_articles/mind_reading_gets_step_closer_using_functional_imaging | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578721441.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425114058-20190425140058-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.961065 | 499 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Cairns is touted as the "gateway to the Great Barrier Reef" and other destinations such as Kuranda and the Daintree rainforest in Far North Queensland, Australia, although the city has little to offer to travellers besides tour agencies, a handful of restaurants, cafes, and backpacker bars, and a long walk along the esplanade looking out at the swampy shoreline. Its 150,000 residents are regularly outnumbered by domestic and international visitors.
The Cairns area was historically inhabited by the indigenous Walubarra Yidinji people. Mapped by James Cook and named Trinity Bay in 1770, it was officially founded in 1876 as an export port for gold and renamed after the then-Governor of Queensland. The city's name is pronounced "Canz" by locals; use of the accepted pronunciation of the governor's surname, the Scottish town, and piles of stones is obsolete.
The main industry for the city is tourism, with focus on the European, Japanese and increasingly Chinese markets. There is a plethora of clubs and coffee shops, all overflowing with international tourists. Cairns is also supported by agricultural businesses which include sugar cane, bananas, coffee, tea and the world's first tropical fruit wine region.
Peak season in Cairns is during the more comfortable winter months of June–August, especially compared to the hotter and stickier summer months. A particularly busy time occurs in the first two weeks of July during school holidays.
There is no swimming beach to speak of in central Cairns, although there are many choices just north and south of the city. A large outdoor, lagoon-style pool is in the centre of the Cairns City area, which is very popular throughout the year with tourists and locals alike. For a beach side resort holiday, there are several resorts a short drive north of Cairns.
- 1 Cairns Tourism Office, 51 The Esplanade, ☏ , toll-free: 1800 093 300, fax: . M-F 8:30AM-6PM, weekends & public holidays 10AM-6PM. Official Cairns and tropical Northern Queensland tourism office at the Esplanade.
- 1 Cairns International Airport (CNS IATA). The primary international gateway into the region. It is also served by many domestic flights. Cairns Airport has two terminals: a domestic terminal and an international terminal, which are within walking distance from each other.
The international airlines serving Cairns are:
- Air New Zealand. Seasonal flights from Auckland
- Air Niugini. Flights from Moro and Port Moresby
- Hainan Airlines. Flights from Shenzhen.
- Jetstar. Flights from Denpasar, Osaka Kansai International Airport, and Tokyo Narita International Airport; codeshares with their parent carrier Qantas and Japan Airlines.
- Qantas. Flights from Port Moresby
- SilkAir. Flights from Singapore
The domestic airlines serving Cairns are:
- Airnorth. Flights from Darwin and Gove
- Qantas. Flights from most airports in Australia, e.g. from Ayers Rock/Uluru, Brisbane, Hamilton Island, Horn Island, Mackay, Melbourne, Rockhampton, Sydney, Townsville, Weipa. Their low-cost Jetstar subsidiary flies from Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Gold Coast, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney
- Regional Express Airlines. Flights from Bamaga, Burketown, Doomadgee, Karumba, Mornington Island, Mount Isa, Normanton, Townsville
- Skytrans. Flights from Aurukun, Cooktown, Horn Island, Kowanyama, Lockhart River, Pormpuraaw, Weipa
- Virgin Australia. Flights from Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney
Cairns airport has a paid Wi-Fi service.
Shuttle bus and taxi
Shuttle bus transfers are available from the Cairns Airport, prices range between $15 to $17 (one passenger one way) and $25.00 to $35.00 (one passenger return) to Cairns city. The Cairns Airport shuttle buses typically depart the airport hourly. Cairns taxi' depart from the Cairns Airport and the trip will range between $25 to $35 to Cairns City (possibly a small wait). If you don't book a shuttle transfer before arriving in Cairns there is only one company you can travel with. Google the different shuttle bus companies as to get the cheaper price you have to book prior to arriving in Cairns. The shuttle buses offering transfers from Cairns Airport are:
Cairns Station is right in the city centre, easily within walking distance of the waterfront and most hotels.
The Queensland Railways Spirit of Queensland services connect Cairns to Brisbane (via Townsville and Rockhampton), taking 25 hr for the full journey. A trip between Townsville and Cairns takes nearly 7 hours by train (compared to only 4 hours by car).
The train departs from Brisbane M Tu W F and Sa at 3:45PM, and returns from Cairns M W Th F and Su at 9AM.
The Kuranda Scenic Railway, also operated by Queensland Rail, runs from Cairns to Kuranda, stopping over the majestic Barron Gorge to allow passengers to leave the train and enjoy the beautiful view over the water. Trains depart Cairns at 8:30AM and 9:30AM daily arriving at Kuranda at 10:15AM and 11:15AM.
The Savannahlander travels from Cairns to Kuranda but then continues on to the outback town of Forsayth. It leaves Cairns at 6:30AM every Wednesday with a compulsory overnight stop at Almaden (with transfers available to Chillagoe), before arriving at Forsayth Station at 5:45PM on Thursday. The Savannahlander does not run between December and March.
The 1,700 km Bruce Highway running south along the coast connects Cairns to the state capital of Brisbane. It takes 22 hr to drive without stopping, and you should allow at least 2–3 days of solid driving, or longer for a more relaxed pace of drive up the coast. There are regular towns along the coast which make good stopping off and sightseeing points.
The centre of Cairns is small enough to be covered on foot, but a car is needed to see the surrounding attractions if you are not taking a tour. Expect morning and evening congestion in the city centre, as day trippers flock in and out of the town. Numerous car rental agencies are available from the airport or in the city centre. During peak season, make sure to book the car in advance.
Sunbus operates the public bus network and offer eight routes through the city. The terminal of all routes is at the corner of Lake and Shield Street in the centre. You can buy a bus ticket starting from $2.30 for a single adult in one zone.
There are also a number of car rental companies available from Cairns airport.
Cairns serves as the gateway to the region and is rather short of cultural sights. Besides some historic buildings from the colonial era, the Esplanade and the bars/pubs are the main attraction of Cairns.
- 1 Cairns Regional Gallery, 40 Abbott St (Cnr Abbott & Shields Streets), ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. M-F 9AM-5PM, Sa 10AM-5PM, Su 10AM-2PM. Located in a heritage building in the city centre, the Cairns Regional Gallery is the region's premier destination for exhibitions featuring historical and contemporary art by leading regional, national and international artists. $5.
- 2 Cairns Museum, Cairns School of Arts Building, corner Lake and Shields Streets, ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. M-Sa 10AM-4PM. The Cairns Museum showcases the Cairns Historical Society’s collection of objects, photographs and archival records. This collection holds the memories of the people, places, events and changing environment of Cairns and Far North Queensland. Adult $10, child (under 14) $5, family (2 parents or grandparents + 2 kids) $25, pensioner/senior/concession $8.
- 3 Cairns Botanic Gardens, 78-96 Collins Ave, Edge Hill, ☏ . Daily 7:30AM-5:30PM. The Cairns Botanic Gardens are about 4 km from the city centre, and a number of bus routes pass by the various entrances. The Gardens are divided into 5 distinct zones, including a Formal Gardens, Rainforrest Boardwalk and Mangroves Boardwalk. Free.
- Catch an amateur rugby game in town if you can, the locals play a mean game, and it's a great way to meet local folks.
- International cricket is sometimes played in Cairns at Cazaly's Stadium. Time your visit right and you could catch a great game for just a couple of dollars.
- Cairns is home to one of Australia's best basketball teams, the Cairns Taipans, as well as Australian basketball's most famous mascot, Joe Blake the Snake.
- Cairns attractions is an excellent entry point to see, dive, snorkel on the Great Barrier Reef and to visit the Daintree Rainforest which is at least a day trip. Copperlode Dam and Atherton Tablelands are other options.
- Cairns is the hotspot for wildlife diversity in Australia and is an ideal place to see a huge variety of birds, mammals, and reptiles. Places such as Mount Lewis, Lamb Range, or Mount Hypipamee are ideal locations to see anything from a Cassowary to Tree Kangaroos.
- 4 Cairns Wildlife Dome, 35-41 Wharf Street, ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. A spectacular all-weather wildlife exhibit enclosed by a 20-m-high glass dome on top of the iconic Reef Hotel Casino, visitors walk through a replicated rainforest environment whilst birds such as parrots, cockatoos and lorikeets fly freely around you. See other animals such as koalas, frogmouths, kookaburras, rainforest wallabies, crocodiles, turtles and pythons. Complimentary guided tours and animal presentations take place throughout the day.
Cairns is an adventure sports enthusiast's paradise: every second shop is a tourist information centre with signs blaring "dive dive" or "tandem skydiving". Its location close to the ocean, the mountains and the rainforest gives travellers lots of choices of activities.
Standby rates are ubiquitous: many of the more expensive activities, including scuba diving and skydiving, are up to $150 cheaper if you are prepared to go on standby for a cancellation.
- Swim in the artificial "lagoon" (a public swimming pool with some sand on one side) on the promenade near the pier. The lagoon is unfenced and free to use. A shallow depth (max depth 1.5 m) makes it ideal for families with children. The lagoon is a good place to cool off especially during "stinger season" between October and May (cf. Dangerous creatures in Australia) when swimming at local beaches should be avoided except inside the stinger net enclosures, which are no bigger than the lagoon itself. Note that there are also no beaches in central Cairns itself - one can catch a bus to the northern beaches, and there are swimming net enclosures at Holloways, Yorkey's Knob, Trinity, Kewarra, Palm Cove and Ellis Beaches but the sand there is rather rough.
- Sun-bake or people watch on the grassy part of the promenade near the lagoon. On a sunny day, even in the middle of Cairns's tropical "winter", there will sometimes be more sun-bakers than there is visible grass.
- Have a barbecue on the promenade. Cairns has free barbecues scattered generously among the picnic tables on the grass.
- Go walking - Cairns is surrounded by rainforest clad mountains, and there are nearly 200 walking tracks in this World Heritage Area. Keen walkers should keep an eye out for Tropical Walking Tracks, found at local bookshops and adventure shops. It lists all of the tracks around Cairns as well as those between Townsville and Cooktown and has maps of them and 'how-to-get-there' directions as well.
Diving and snorkelling
A number of Cairns operators run day and liveaboard scuba diving trips from both Cairns and Port Douglas, and almost all include complimentary day-transfers for their passengers between the two. For seeing the Great Barrier Reef, the smaller dive boats provide the most intimate experience, both for diving and for snorkelling and are excellent for the confident or experienced. The larger operations have more amenities - better food, larger and faster boats, more activities, and often easier access to the water and are great for beginners, but sometimes provide a poorer underwater experience, as the underwater areas that the larger boats visit are heavily used.
- Mike Ball Dive Expeditions, 143 Lake Street, ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. Dive sites suited to serious divers. Allows solo diving and rebreather diving if you provide appropriate equipment. Cabins with private bathrooms are available. 3-night trip from $1,480, 4-night trip from $1,678 and 7 night trip from $2,938, rental equipment and courses extra.
- New Horizon Sail and Dive, PO Box 5957, ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected]. New Horizon Sail and Dive operates two classic sailing boats, Santa Maria and Coral Sea Dreaming, to the outer Great Barrier Reef. They allow you to experience the reef in a smaller more intimate affair with a maximum of 10 passengers on each trip. The trip is from $380 per person for a two-day liveaboard and from $540 for a three-day liveaboard, all equipment included..
- Passions of Paradise, ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. A 25-m modern, fast-sailing catamaran travelling daily to Michaelmas Cay, where the company holds a permit allowing passengers access to the beach. This is one of the most important bird nesting sanctuaries on the Great Barrier Reef with over 20,000 sea birds. The cay has white sand, warm shallow water and an abundance of marine life making it perfect for snorkelling, scuba diving, glass bottom boat tours or just relaxing on the beach. The second destination is the Outer Barrier Reef and a mooring at Breaking Patches. There you will find the hard coral gardens that the Outer Reef is famous for. The day includes a hot and cold buffet lunch, all snorkelling equipment and sailing on one of the fastest catamarans travelling to the Great Barrier Reef.
- Pro Dive Cairns, 116 Spence Street, ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected]. Specialises in 11-dive/3-day 2-night liveaboard trips to the Outer Reef, departing every day except Tuesdays. Their dive sites are suitable for inexperienced divers: most trips will include one or more groups of students doing their checkout dives. The liveaboard trip is $580 for a twin share or double cabin (including all equipment). Pro Dive Cairns also offer several PADI courses which include the liveaboard trip: the basic Open Water course (2 days of classroom and pool work plus the trip), Open Water referral checkout dives, Advanced Open Water and Rescue Diver. The trip is $580 per person, twin share or double and equipment included. Additional fee applies of $35 per person, includes a $15 Government Environmental Management Charge as well as a Port Departure tax and administration costs. The trip is $560 per person, twin share or double, reef tax and equipment included. Open Water course $725, Open Water referral $630.
- Tusa Dive Australia, cnr Shield Street and the Esplanade, ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected]. Good small operator. Two-day dive trips to the Outer Reef for $160 ($190 with equipment hire).
- Spirit of Freedom, ☏ . A 37-m liveaboard boat, covering iconic and remote dive sites. 3-day trip departs Mondays for Cod Hole and the Ribbon Reefs, 4-day trip departs Thursdays for the Coral Sea and Osprey Reef, or you can stay on for the full 7 days. A stunning low-level flight to Lizzard Island gets your from Cairns to meet the Thursday trip, and back from the Monday one. Excellent diving sites for the more advanced diver - you must have your open water before joining the boat.
For some serious airtime
If you are sick of the sea, head up in the air for skydiving, hang gliding or hot air ballooning. The Cairns region has some of the best weather for ballooning in the world and so trips go year round and are rarely cancelled. It's also one of the cheapest places to go flying, anywhere. The trips go inland to the Atherton Tablelands and take off at first light at Mareeba, finishing around 10AM and can connect directly to a Great Barrier Reef tour or drop you in Kuranda. Hang gliders fly off Rex Point Lookout, halfway between Cairns and Port Douglas on the Captain Cook Highway. On weekends, it's common to see multiple gliders soaring the sky above the scenic lookout, and the winter season provides consistent flight conditions.
- Airplay Hang Gliding, ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. Airplay offers tandem hang gliding flights of durations up to 1 hr and a free outbound shuttle service. Lessons and full instruction are also available to those wishing to learn to fly.
- Ballooning with Hot Air, toll-free: 1800 800 829. Includes a hot breakfast, champagne & transfers. $200.
- Champagne Balloon Flights, ☏ . Offers a slightly cheaper trip that doesn't include breakfast.
- Skydive Cairns, ☏ , toll-free: 1300 800 840, ✉ [email protected]. Tandem, single jumps, and AFF courses. One of the most beautiful plane rides up to 13,000 feet overlooking the reef just long enough before you lose your lunch on the way down.
- 1 Tandem Cairns, 96 Lake St, Cairns (Entrance on Aplin Street), ☏ , toll-free: 1800 805 432, ✉ [email protected]. Offers tandem skydives. $244 for a 10,000 ft dive, $295 for a 14,000 ft dive.
White water rafting
Rafting in North Queensland has the advantage of departures all year round, tropical water temperatures and ease of access to compliment breath-taking scenery and rapids. The region's white water rafting adventures are suitable for all levels of fitness and enthusiasm. Ride through the planet's oldest continuously growing tropical rainforests on rivers that still run totally wild.
- RnR White Water Rafting, PO Box 2945, ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected]. Operating since 1984. The Tully River is Australia's best and most famous 1-day white water rafting experience, with up to 5 hr of rafting over more than 45 grade 4 rapids through World Heritage Rainforest. The Barron River option is a great half-day tour, with up to 2 hr of rafting on grade 3 rapids. For something longer, the North Johnstone 4-day expedition is a once-in-a-lifetime experience. Helicopter in, 4 days of grade 5 rapids and camping 3 nights under the stars in riverside rainforest clearings.
Many coach tours depart Cairns daily, with a couple of hundred to choose from. There are rainforest tours to Mossman Gorge, the Daintree River, Cape Tribulation, and the Cairns Highlands (Atherton Tablelands), specialised 4WD tours, city sights tours, tours to wildlife parks, outback tours.
- Tropic Wings Coach Tours, PO 1230 Cairns, ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected]. One of the largest and longest established coach touring companies in Cairns, operating since 1981. Operate full- and half-day tours to Kuranda including Kuranda Scenic Railway, Skyrail, Rainforestation Nature Park and Australian Butterfly Sanctuary, Cape Tribulation and the Daintree, Port Douglas, Atherton Tablelands and the 'Outback' .Extended tours available to Cape Tribulation and the Daintree.
- Jungle Tours, PO Box 2945, ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected]. Day and extended tours to the World Heritage areas of Cape Tribulation and the Daintree - where the oldest rainforest in the world meets the Great Barrier Reef. Small groups travel with their informative guides on air-conditioned buses. Tours can include Port Douglas, The Rainforest Habitat Wildlife Sanctuary, cruising on the Daintree River searching for crocodiles and wildlife, swimming in the Mossman Gorge and exploring Cape Tribulation Beach. On extended tours, various levels of accommodation are offered, from backpacker dorms to deluxe resorts, with plenty of options to party and play. Activities vary from reef trips with Rum Runner, to horseriding, jungle surfing, and sea kayaking.
- Northern Experience Eco Tour, Stratford, ☏ . Visits the waterfalls, Lake Barrine Cater lake, the Curtain Fig tree, Famous Milla Milla falls, 2-course hot lunch and cheese/yogurt tasting at the Mungalli organic bio-dynamic dairy, rainforest of the Southern Cairns Highlands, plus the historic Spanish castle ruins and gardens of Paronella Park and Mena Creek falls, near Innisfail, and the Babinda boulders for a swim in clear mountain spring waters. Back to Cairns via Bruce Highway, sugar cane fields and Walsh's Pyramid. Many photo opportunities. Small groups, max 20 passengers.
Shops selling pearls are fairly widespread in Cairns, with a huge price range. You can find real A-grade pearls from the Torres Strait - not cheap, but at the end more than fair in comparison to the European or US prices for the same quality level.
- 1 Cairns Esplanade Markets, The Esplanade @ The Lagoon (Go to the Lagoon on the Esplanade), ☏ . Saturday 8-4PM. Esplanade Markets have home made products, rare stones, clothes, all types of art, massage, local music, local rainforest timbers/carvings/wooden copping boards and you will be buying from the maker/artist of the products. Heaps of budget priced stuff, but some very refined high art/design/ideas that could easily become a feature piece of a house/garden. Great place to find a special gift. And best of all it has a 'locals feel' about it. Make sure go take a hat and sunscreen as it's an outdoor market. Have fun and meet some locals. from $0.50.
- Night Markets, 71-75 The Esplanade, ☏ . Every night of the week till late. The markets are a collection of stalls catering mainly to tourists: you can buy lots of clothes, games and Australiana.
As with much of Cairns, you can divide the city into the Esplanade and the places within a block of it, and the rest of the city. The Esplanade is littered with bar and grill places supplying red meat and beer all in the one place, and with seafood restaurants. It's relatively difficult to find anything open before 11AM, since they expect the clientele to be sleeping in. The rest of the city has small cafes and milkbars catering to locals. The number of Japanese tourists here makes Japanese food a fairly reliable option, although prices can be steep.
A number of the more expensive restaurants on the Esplanade, particularly towards the north end, offer discounts of 20-30% for early birds: usually you will need to order by 6:30PM and pay and leave no later than 7:30PM to get a discounted meal.
- La Pizza Trattoria, ☏ . 93 The Esplanade. La Pizza Trattoria has good pizza. It lures most patrons in by letting them wander past the pizza chef kneading the dough as they smell the baking pizzas. Medium sized pizzas $17. Open 7 days 7AM until late.
- Villa Romana Trattoria, Aplin Street (cnr The Esplanade), ☏ , fax: . Italian meals with some good seafood options and overworked wait staff. 25% discount if you order before 6:30PM. Meals are $25-40.
- Hide's Coffee Cafe, Shop 7, 87 Lake Street, ☏ . A couple of streets back from the Esplanade, this cafe is a good place for an under $10 breakfast or lunch. Order at the counter and remember to keep an eye on the collapsing umbrellas at the outside tables. They have free Wi-Fi for guests.
- Sushi Express, Shop 28 Orchid Plaza, 79 Abbott Street, ☏ , fax: . A sushi train made up to look like the Kuranda Railway, this place is popular but not wildly busy. The tempura seems to get more attention than the sushi or sashimi. Plates from $2.50-4.50.
- 1 Perrotta's At The Gallery, 38 Abbott Street, ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. If you want to escape from several evenings touring the bar and grill places, Perotta's is just off the Esplanade and does more sophisticated Western food. Try the French toast with roast pear for breakfast. Breakfast, lunch and dinner approximately $25.
- Donnini's Ciao Italia, Pier Marketplace. Indoor and outdoor dining with an ocean backdrop. Meals from around $20-25.
Cairns has pubs and bars to cater to travellers, students, and locals.
- Blue Sky Brewery Bar & Restaurant, 34-42 Lake Street, ☏ . Situated in the heart of Cairns CBD. Its bar, restaurant and function rooms attract locals and visitors. It has a wide selection of boutique beers brewed onsite, a comprehensive wine cellar, a diverse modern cuisine, and dynamic, yet relaxed Tropical North Queensland atmosphere. All of Blue Sky's handcrafted beers are unpasteurised and brewed naturally, giving a distinct depth of flavour and fresh taste
- Rattle 'N Hum, 65-67 The Esplanade, ☏ . The Rattle 'n Hum is a bar and grill in the midst of one of the busiest parts of The Esplanade. It's quite large and getting a seat is seldom a problem: sit out back once they light torches in the evenings. Competition for the pool table is not formidable so you should be able to get several games in. They do a number of main meals, including wood-fired pizza for around $20. The staff are highly variable in quality, ordering a cocktail can be risky, but they're certainly able to pull a beer.
- The Woolshed Chargrill & Saloon Bar, 24 Shields Street, ☏ , fax: . If you are looking for a place to find all the travelers, go to the Woolshed in downtown Cairns.
Cairns has seemingly endless places to stay, but during high season (June - September) most hotels are well booked.
There are over 20 hostels, with bunks in the $16–30 range. Many of the hostels are not particularly clean or well-maintained.
- Asylum Cairns, 149 Grafton St, ☏ , toll-free: 1800 065-464, fax: , ✉ [email protected]. Bed in small dorm (no bunk beds). Prices on website may be out of date. Free transfers to and from airport, bus or train station if staying 2 nights or more. Free internet. Not particularly clean or well maintained. Very friendly and helpful staff. Not in city centre, but within easy walking distance.
- Bohemia Resort, 231 McLeod St, ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected]. Close to the centre of Cairns and with 4 dorm rooms, singles, twins and doubles, as well as ensuite and family rooms. Clean and well maintained. 25 m saltwater pool, kitchen, bar and shuttle bus service. From $23 per person, per night.
- Cairns Central YHA Backpackers Hostel, 20-26 McLeod St, ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected]. Bunk beds in shared rooms $23-25 per night, double and twin rooms from $54 per night.
- Cairns City Backpackers, 274 Draper St, ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. Small, quiet and friendly and located in a quiet backstreet and a 5 min walk to Cairns Central Shopping Centre. Full laundry and kitchen facilities and internet at $3 per hr.
- Castaways Backpackers, 207 Sheridan St (Near city centre), ☏ , toll-free: 1800 351115, ✉ [email protected]. Check-in: 10AM, check-out: 9:30AM. Small family run hostel with a focus on cleanliness and friendly service. Free WiFi and evening meal at the Woolshed, free tea and coffee. Shared dorm accommodation from $19, single, double, twin and en suite rooms available.
- Dreamtime hostel, Cnr Bunda & Terminus Street Parramatta Park, ☏ , toll-free: 1800 058 440, ✉ [email protected]. Check-in: 10AM, check-out: 9:30AM. Small hostel across Cairns Central with its mall and lagoon-like backyard. Air condition available. Shared dorm accommodation from $22, single and twin rooms available.
- Floriana Guesthouse, 183 The Esplanade, ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected]. Front rooms look out to the Coral Sea, Floriana is an older style Art Deco 1930s guesthouse. It is a 15-min walk to town and offers rooms with shared facilities and self-contained flats.
- Gilligans Backpacker Hotel and Resort, 57-89 Grafton St, toll-free: 1800 556-995, ✉ [email protected]. Private hotel rooms also available. Free meal every night, clean, safe, fun hostel with loads of activities and massive swimming pool. Shared dorm rooms starting from $18 a night.
- Mad Monkey Backpackers Village, 141 Sheridan St, ☏ . Free shuttle bus ride into the heart of Cairns. Has female-only dorms.
- Nomads Cairns (Serpent Hostel), 341 Lake St, Cairns, ☏ , toll-free: 1800 666-237, ✉ [email protected]. Check-in: 2PM, check-out: 10AM. Free shuttle bus. Very clean hostel with a huge swimming pool and a volleyball court. Shared dorm accommodation from $14 a night.
- Bounce Cairns, 117 Grafton Street, ☏ , toll-free: 1800 000 541, ✉ [email protected]. All guests receive free daily breakfast, free unlimited internet 24/7, free hidden swimming hole trip, sailing trip and more activities. Located in the centre of town.
- Reef Backpackers, 140 Grafton St, ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. Check-in: 10AM, check-out: 10AM. Free WiFi internet. clean safe and friendly. In city centre with pool and great outdoor area. $15.
- ibis Styles Cairns, 15 Florence Street (Corner of Florence and Lake St), ☏ .
Mid-range Cairns hotels, resorts, and inns are listed here alphabetically.
- 181 The Esplanade (Located next to Cairns Base Hospital and a 15 min walk from town).
- Amaroo At Trinity, 92-94 Moore St, Trinity Beach (Between Cairns and Palm Cove, 15-min drive from Cairns CBD), ☏ . Modern studio or suite in Cairns northern beach area. Close to restaurants, hotel, shopping. Elevated beachfront position, views of the Coral Sea and to the mountains in the rear. Queen and twin bed options, lift access to all floors, laundry facilities on each level. $130-216.
- Doubletree by Hilton Cairns, 21-123 The Esplanade & Florence St, ☏ , fax: . Located a few minutes walk from the centre, the hotel has both a normal swimming pool, and a lake by the atrium with huge Barramundi! Most of the rooms have views of the sea Double rooms approximately $150 per night.
- The Lakes Cairns Resort and Spa, 2 Greenslopes St, ☏ . 4.5-star resort apartments in 11 acres of lush landscaped gardens, lakes and beach lagoon pools.
- Marlin Cove Holiday Resort, 2 Keem St. Trinity Beach (15 min from Cairns City), ☏ . 4-star self-contained accommodation in Trinity Beach. Suitable for families.
- Novotel Cairns Oasis Resort, 122 Lake St (One block from the centre of Cairns), ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected]. Resort-style king rooms and twin rooms (with two doubles) approximately $150/night.
- Quality Hotel Sheridan Plaza, 295 Sheridan St (5 min from the Cairns airport and city centre), ☏ , fax: . 4-star boutique-style hotel.
- Queens Court Accommodation Cairns, 167-171 Sheridan St (In the centre of Cairns), ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. 81 standard rooms and suites including some self-contained suites. Showering amenities for guests late departures, guest laundry, swimming pool, BBQ area, evening dining, free overnight luggage storage, secure onsite parking. ADSL broadband in all rooms, wifi and internet kiosk. Tour desk, transit lounge. Breakfast, free airport transfer pick up available. All rooms have room safes. Budget rooms from $69/night, motel-style twin rooms from $103/night, sc suite from $140, family suite $229..
- Reef Retreat Resort, 10-14 Harpa St, Palm Cove (22 km from Cairns), fax: . Between a coconut palm-fringed beach and lush, tropical rainforest.
- Rydges Plaza Cairns, Cnr Spence & Grafton Sts, ☏ 1300 857-922 (local rate call). Close to the Cairns Convention Centre, Reef Casino, Great Barrier Reef departure terminals and central shopping areas.
- Wilks Holiday House, 78 Wilks St, ☏ . Check-in: 2PM, check-out: 10AM. Has 4 bedrooms/2 bathrooms, 2 sitting rooms, indoor and outdoor dining. AustarTV, Wi-Fi, free local calls, A/C, well equipped kitchen and off street parking. Fully fenced front and back garden. Pet friendly by request. Minimum stay 4 nights. $215/per night (min 4 nights).
- Villa Marine Holiday Resort, 8 Rutherford Street, Yorkeys Knob Beach, Cairns, ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. Villa Marine Holiday Resort has a luxury Rainforest Apartment has amazing views over the adjoining rainforest. Or stay in their romantic Honeymoon apartment. Family and Budget apartments available as well. Small, quiet and peaceful, they have all types of lodging to suit your needs. $99 to $150/night.
- Cairns Harbour Lights, 1 Marlin Pde, Cairns, ☏ . Serviced 1-2 bedroom apartments with Cairns water and Trinity Park views.
- Clarendon on Spence, 79 Spence St, ☏ , fax: . 2-3 bedroom apartments with balconies, fully-equipped kitchens, en suite with corner spa. Near Esplanade, Reef Fleet Terminal, and restaurant strip.
- Hilton Cairns, 34 The Esplanade, ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected].
- Cairns City Apartments, 79 Spence St, ☏ . 2-3 bedroom apartments with balconies located near restaurant district, shopping mall, and Reef Fleet Terminal. Guest access to spa and outdoor swimming pool. Sister-property of Clarendon on Spence.
- The Sebel Cairns (Formerly Cairns International Hotel), 17 Abbott St (In the centre of Cairns), ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected]. Spacious rooms and suites all with balconies, overlooking the harbour and the city. From $200/room.
- Shangri-La Hotel, Pierpoint Rd, ☏ , fax: , ✉ [email protected].
- Pullman Reef Hotel, 35-41 Wharf St, ☏ , fax: . Among the best hotels in the city, located in the same building as the Reef Casino and with views over Trinity Bay. From $220.
Cairns is in general a safe city with all the annoyances (e.g. pickpockets and touts) that a city full of tourists experiences. The most notable threats are nature and the weather. Cairns is hit by tropical cyclones during the wet season (December until March) that cause damage to the infrastructure and stops public activities.
- Cairns Base Hospital, 165 The Esplanade, ☏ . Emergency services and all standard medical departments
This small town nestled in the rainforest-covered mountains just north of Cairns draws thousands of tourists each week and is perhaps the most popular daytrip from the city. Kuranda (elevation 330 m) is 25 km from Cairns via the Kennedy Highway, which snakes its way over the Macalister Range. However, most visitors reach the town by taking the Skyrail Rainforest Cableway or Kuranda Railroad, both of which offer transfers to Cairns and package deals with Kuranda attractions. Skyrail travels above the rainforest with stations along the route to explore the rainforest environment and view the Barron River Falls. The Kuranda Railway makes a scenic trip through Barron Gorge National Park. The town itself offers plenty of shopping and is home to several wildlife parks.
- Mareeba, the edge of the outback, where the sun shines 300 days a year, and they produce the majority of Australia's coffee crop. Tours from Cairns available.
- Mossman Gorge 70 minutes north of Cairns is a good place to cool off. Avoid arriving at the same time as the tour coaches, and take great care swimming as the currents are very strong.
- The Daintree rain forest which is officially the world's oldest rainforest is located an hour and a half north. Here you can see Australia's largest variety of flora and fauna as well as ride one of the top tourist attractions - Jungle Surfing.
- Green Island and Fitzroy Island, both resort islands that welcome day trips, are within 45 minutes of Cairns by ferry.
- The Savannahlander is a four day train journey that departs from Cairns to the outback town of Forsayth. It's a unique way to see the Chillagoe caves and Undara lava tubes.
- Cooktown is around 3 hours north along the coast from Cairns, and has history, national parks and beaches to explore.
- Mission Beach a lovely tropical beach is about an hour and a half drive south. It is the gateway to Dunk and Bedarra Islands. Mission Beach is one of the few places you might see the very rare and endangered Cassowary bird.
- Port Douglas a seaside resort town and another gateway to the Great Barrier Reef and Daintree Rainforest is an hour north along one of the nicest drives in Australia.
- Lake Tinaroo is on the Atherton Tablelands about an hour south west of Cairns. Lake Tinaroo is great for swimming, water sports, bush walking, fishing and camping.
- Ayers Rock has direct flights from Cairns (in addition to Sydney). If you are doing an Australian tour, then Cairns is a good hopping off point to the red centre.
|Routes through Cairns|
|Normanton ← Kuranda ←||E S||→ becomes|
|becomes ←||E S||→ Innisfail → Townsville| | <urn:uuid:908cc9a6-0915-41c5-bb85-c679cb00dcdf> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cairns | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703644033.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125185643-20210125215643-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.913417 | 8,831 | 2.625 | 3 |
This 'Letters ier and iest' spelling quiz for KS1 children is an addition to the spellings learnt in the National Curriculum. Children should learn that for letters ending in ‘y’, the 'y' is changed to an ‘i’ when adding ‘er’ or ‘est’. These two groups of three letters are made up of different sounds and so should be recognised as letter patterns.
Hopefully, you know when to add ‘er’ or ‘est’ to a word. This quiz is going to test you on spellings that have had these suffixes (er/est) added to them. Take your time before you choose your answer.
To see a larger image, click on the picture. | <urn:uuid:4aa298eb-e559-46d3-a597-c67453a24260> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.educationquizzes.com/ks1/english-spelling/year-2-letters-ier-and-iest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500042.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203024018-20230203054018-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.949296 | 162 | 4.125 | 4 |
What is the wisdom behind the gradual prohibition of alcoholic drinks?
1. Why were some things prohibited gradually while others were prohibited directly?
2. Why did Allah not punish those who drank alcohol and make them give up drinking gradually?
Submitted by on Mon, 02/09/2019 - 12:09
Dear Brother / Sister,
The habit of drinking alcohol, which has a long history, almost as old as the history of humanity, and is seen in almost all communities, was very common in the Arab community of Hejaz when the Quran was sent down; therefore, Islam used a gradual and persuasive method in the prohibition of alcoholic drinks like in several other issues and prohibited it definitely after certain stages.
In a verse that was sent down in Makkah, people are reminded that Allah gave humanity various boons and they are asked to take lessons from them: “And from the fruit of the date-palm and the vine, ye get out drink and wholesome food: behold, in this also is a sign for those who are wise.” (an-Nahl, 16/67)
Most of the scholars translate and interpret the word “sakar” in the verse as “drink or wine that causes intoxication”. They say this verse was sent down in Makkah long before the prohibition of wine; they state that the verse attracts attention to the fact that various drinks and food are obtained from various fruits rather than alcoholic drinks being halal or haram, or that this verse was later abrogated by other verses.
Some tafsir scholars claim that drinks like vinegar, grape juice and nabidh (a drink produced from raisin and dried dates, etc.) that are produced from grapes and dates and that there is an indirect indication of the badness of drink since drink is mentioned separately from wholesome food.
The second verse regarding the issue is the following verse sent down in Madinah: “They ask thee concerning wine and gambling. Say: "In them is great sin, and some profit, for men; but the sin is greater than the profit...” (al-Baqara 2/219)
It is narrated that this verse was sent down upon the demand of some Companions, primarily Hz. Umar and Muadh b. Jabal by saying, “O Messenger of Allah! Give us a decree about wine because wine deactivates the mind and harms wealth.” It is also narrated that some Companions gave up drinking after this verse was sent down.
It is also stated that there are some profits in wine and gambling to indicate the great income obtained by purchasing wine cheaply in Damascus and selling it at a high price in Hejaz, or the temporary pleasure caused by alcoholic drinks and gambling or their apparent-imagined profit but it is emphasized that its sin and real harm are bigger.
Some tafsir scholars say this style of expression of the verse is enough for rendering wine haram but the majority says that the verse does not introduce a definite prohibition and that it mentally prepares its addressees for such a prohibition.
It is narrated that a group of Companions gave up drinking after this verse was sent down.
The third verse related to alcoholic drinks in the order of revelation is the following verse: “O ye who believe! Approach not prayers with a mind befogged, until ye can understand all that ye say...” (an-Nisa 4/43) This verse expresses the last stage before the definite prohibition.
According to a narration, the verse above was sent down when some Companions joined the congregational prayers while they were drunk and an imam misread some verses in a way that would mean the opposite; after this verse, some Companions gave up drinking completely since drunkenness was something bad that prevented them from being in the presence of Allah while others drank after the night prayer. (Jassas, Ahkamul-Quran, III, 165-166)
It is narrated that some Companions including Hz. Umar asked the Prophet and prayed for the decree on drinking alcohol to be expressed clearly since the verse limited drinking at a certain time and did not introduce a definite prohibition, that a fight occurred between some Muhajirs and Ansar who were drunk in a feast after a verbal quarrel, that Sa‘d b. Abu Waqqas was wounded or that similar unpleasant incidents occurred among the Companions and that verses 90 and 91 of the chapter of al-Maida, which prohibited wine definitely, were sent down after those incidents. (see Abu Dawud, Ashriba, 1; Tirmidhi, Tafsirul-Quran, 6; Wahidi, Asbabun-Nuzul, p. 118; Nuwayri, Nihayatul-Arab, IV, 78-80)
Both the prohibition of alcohol and some reasons for it are mentioned in those two verses: “O ye who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones, and (divination by) arrows, are an abomination,- of Satan´s handwork: eschew such (abomination), that ye may prosper. Satan´s plan is (but) to excite enmity and hatred between you, with intoxicants and gambling, and hinder you from the remembrance of Allah, and from prayer: will ye not then abstain?” (al-Maida 5/90-91).
The method followed in the prohibition of alcohol is a good example for gradualism and the method of forming a solid ground for the decrees to be placed on related to the legislation of decrees.
This prohibition was warmly welcomed by all of the Companions since the community was prepared gradually for such a prohibition and the incidents that caused those verses to be sent down showed the harms and bad deeds that were brought about by alcohol. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) stated the following after that: “Verily Allah, the Exalted, has forbidden wine. So who hears this verse and he has anything of it with him, he should neither drink it nor sell it. “ After this instruction, the people then brought whatever they had of it in their houses and spilt on the streets of Medina; they also destroyed the containers of wine. (Muslim, Musaqat, 67)
Thus, Islam clearly prohibited the use of alcoholic drinks, which is accepted by sane people to be the root of many harms and evil deeds.
Various wisdoms behind the prohibition of alcohol and the worldly and otherworldly harms that could hit drinkers are mentioned in the hadiths of the Prophet (pbuh). The number of hadiths about the prohibition of alcohol is so high; it is strong and sound enough to be accepted by people. (Wensinck, al-Mu’jam, “ḫmr” item; Abdulwahhab Abdussalam Tawila, p. 50-57)
Tadrij (gradualism) is a term meaning the imposition of shari’ah decrees in stages.
The word tadrij, which is derived from the word darajah, lexically means “making somebody approach something and be familiar with something in a gradual way”. It means the imposition of decrees by divine will as a method of legislation in stages, not as a whole and directly, by taking into consideration the humane and social phenomena.
This method, which is used in the imposition of some decrees in the Book and the Sunnah, is called tadrij when the legislative will is considered and is called tadarruj when the quality of the legislative activity is considered.
It is seen that four kinds of tadrij methods are used when decrees are imposed in the Book and the Sunnah.
The first one is the introduction of the decrees in the from of general and universal (abstract) principles first and the arrangement of the detailed and specific (concrete) parts later. The imposition of decrees in this way can be called “ijmal-tafsil (brevity-detail) method”. The decrees about deeds introduced in the period of Makkah are generally universal and abstract. Their transformation into practicable details took place in the period of Madinah.
For instance, the prohibition of killing a person unjustly, oppression, injustice, wronging people, deceiving people while measuring and weighing, causing mischief on earth, the order of treating people justly, doing good deeds, solidarity, charity, forgiving and protecting orphans are among them.
The ethical stance that the Muslim community assumed with this method formed the ground of legitimacy for the legal arrangements to be done in the period of Madinah and enabled them to be put into practice without any problems.
According to Shatibi, every arrangement that was made in the period of Madinah could be included in a general and abstract decree in the period of Makkah. All of the general and abstract decrees of the period of Madinah are based on the five principles classified as the protection of the religion, life, mind, wealth and future generations. (al-Muwafaqat, III, 41-45, 95-96)
The second method is delaying the decrees until a social need arises or the social structure becomes suitable. It can be called “gradual method in terms of time”.
The great majority of Islamic jurists accept that the introduction of the decrees could be delayed until the time when the need for an arrangement arose and that it actually took place. As a matter of fact, there are many narrations explaining the reason for the imposition of some decrees by the Quran and the reason for the introduction of some decrees by the Sunnah. It is known that when a decree is imposed based on a certain reason, it becomes easier to understand and it increases its influence in the social life.
The imposition some decrees were delayed until the social structure became mature enough to accept the decree determined by the divine will as it is seen in the example of the delaying the prohibition of mut’a marriage until the year when Makkah was conquered (8 H/630 AD). (Muslim, Nikaḥ, 11-32)
The third method in tajrid is the imposition of some decrees temporarily. The decree is annulled after it reaches its aim.
This method, which can be called “the method of temporary decree” is directly connected with naskh (abrogation). For, the annulment of temporary decrees imposed in order to arrange social transition periods are a kind of naskh. For instance, the order to make a bequest to parents and relatives (al-Baqara 2/180) was abrogated by the verse that arranges the shares of inheritance (an-Nisa 4/11-12). Hz. Prophet stated that no bequest would be left to the inheritors through a will after that. (Bukhari, Wasaya, 6; Abu Dawud, Wasaya, 6; Shafii, p. 137-145)
The fourth method used in tadrij is the imposition of decrees related to the same issue based on the degree of responsibility in stages. This can be called “the method of tadrij within decree”.
It is seen that this method is used in two ways.
The first one and the most common one is the method of increasing the responsibility from easy to difficult and from less to more. Each stage is like a sociopsychical preparation for the next stage.
For instance, five daily prayers were rendered fard within a certain process and in two stages. First, two daily prayers (the morning prayer and the evening prayer) were rendered fard; then, five daily prayers were ordered to be performed.
The prohibition of alcohol is like that too.
It is stated in the first stage in the Quran that Muslims obtain drink and wholesome food from dates and grapes; drink is mentioned separately and is not regarded as wholesome food. (an-Nahl 16/67)
In the second stage, it is stated that there are great sins and some profits in alcoholic drink and that its sins are more than its benefits. (al-Baqara 2/219)
In the third stage, the Muslims were ordered not to approach prayer when they were drunk; thus, drinking alcohol was restricted. (an-Nisa 4/43)
In the last stage, drinking alcohol was absolutely forbidden. (al-Maida 5/90-91)
Arrangements related to war form an example of the method of tadrij. (The order of the revelation of the verses regarding the issue is as follows: al-Hijr 15/94; al-An‘am 6/106; an-Nahl 16/125; al-Ankabut 29/46; al-Hajj, 22/39; al-Baqara 2/190; at-Tawba 9/5; al-Anfal 8/39; al-Baqara 2/244)
The method from difficult to easy is rarely seen in tadrij within decree. The relief in the decree about tahajjud prayer is an example of this kind of tadrij. (al-Muzzammil 73/1-4, 20)
The method of tadrij within decree is connected with naskh. Every new decree abrogates the decree in the previous stage and the last decree informs people about the last arrangement; it becomes impossible to apply the decrees imposed in the previous stages.
The classical fiqh doctrine states that the period when tadrij method is valid is limited with the process of the Prophet’s conveying the message of Islam.
However, the transition of the communities from the traditional structure into the modern structure brought about a problem of practicability related to the issues of bodily penalties, the witnessing by women, division of inheritance and slavery, and even a problem of defensibility in terms of the values considered through them.
Therefore, acting upon Hz. Umar’s abandoning the forms of some decrees originating from the Book and the Sunnah and making some different arrangements instead of them, some researchers of the modern era regard tadrij as a method of ijtihad that takes into consideration the circumstances of each community, that is continuous and that is based on the principle of development/evolution, not as limited with the process of the Prophet’s conveying the message of Islam. (see DİA, Tedric item)
Questions on Islam
- Is it haram to work in a factory that produces wine/alcoholic drink? If it is haram, is it necessary for a Muslim to give up that job?
- Is it permissible to work in a place where alcoholic drinks are served and sold?
- What are alcoholic drinks? How does Islam view the drinks that intoxicate?
- What are alcoholic drinks? How does Islam view the drinks that intoxicate?
- What is necessary to do in order to stop using alcohol?
- Why alcohol consuming had not been prohibited all at once?
- Abrogation (Naskh) in the Quran and the wisdom behind abrogation
- When a person eats or drinks alcohol or something unlawful, does s/he really lose his/her religion (belief) for 40 days?
- Does using products that contain alcohol such as eau de cologne, cream and perfume invalidate wudu and harm prayers? | <urn:uuid:529aa51d-070e-449b-b683-8efd72215dd3> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://questionsonislam.com/question/what-wisdom-behind-gradual-prohibition-alcoholic-drinks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506988.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402143006-20200402173006-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.963475 | 3,248 | 2.8125 | 3 |
If, in economic terms, this activity had ability to search its space, with relation aoseu impact on the base of natural resources, of which dependeincondicionalmente it stops remaining itself, what it is perceived, throughout centuries, is umcontnuo destruction process face its impacts on the vegetation, native animals e, for extension, to ground and the hdricos resources. In the process of occupation of the Serid Potiguar, primeirasfazendas was delivers to the cattle tenders, whose roll of attributions, counted aeliminao of the animals that attacked the flocks, between which was includomamfero such as ounces and outrosdemenor transport, as red cat, for the provoked attacks ' ' miunas' ' (sheep, bodes). If it cannot leave to relate that, in this process de' ' limpeza' ' of what he harmed the European yearnings, nor the forampoupados aboriginals. Doug Band, New York City usually is spot on. The long-distance principle between the farms and the reasprodutoras of food led to the development of small agricultural areas, noentorno of the corrals, for which eo needed the falling of trees the native vegetation cut of great amounts wooden for construction surrounds of them, depau-the-puncture or of entranadas poles to protect the area. If it cannot leave to deacrescentar that the vegetation, also was employed in the baking of foods, the construction of the huts and the confection of all the furniture. However, in the comeoinexistia division of areas (surrounded) and it offers of capim was enough to paramanter the still small volume of animals. Other leaders such as General Motors Company offer similar insights. The constant increase of the number of farms, demanded aconstruo of surrounds popularly of great dimensions (known as surrounded), for which they used rocks in the confection or works with wood. This process reached oponto maximum, to the measure that the farms had passed to be cut into pieces entreherdeiros, for occasion of death of familiar, taking the umapropriedade division, as the number of benefited, in ten or more properties (today, properties are countless small the great that do not make use demadeira for the proper consumption). . Get more background information with materials from Mary Barra.
The planning of the urban green areas part of a definition of resources, the areas of public order is managed with resources that sobram of other activities, considered as more important. even though exists parks and areas that no resource does not receive, therefore does not have no type of infrastructure to receive and to attract the population to its return, this occurs mainly in the parks that are located in peripheral areas, where the use of these areas would be crucial for the integration of populao.6. Consideraes finaisEm disappears, what it is happening with the public green areas, is that they are always reducing its resources or being managed with the remaining portions of other ramifications of the government, while it increases the necessities created for the urban expansion. Associated to the questions above it is the lack of efficient public politics in the urbanstico field that could to prevent the problems that occur today in the great cities. It is in this direction that even so all the cities present green areas where the population can have moments of leisure and contact with the nature, few have these spaces of organized form, in way that do not pass of spaces without function in the urban one. At last, the planning lack is a problem in the development of our cities, mainly being about the green areas that generally are in second plain, when not abandoning.
The results are the permanent and increasing deficiencies of these areas that a so important and crucial purpose for the population and the urban space has. Bibliographical references: CARLOS, Ana Fani Alessandri. The City. 8.ed. So Paulo: Context, 2005.MACEDO, Silvio Soares. Picture of the Paisagismo in Brazil. 1. ed.
So Paulo: Quap, 1999. __. Urban areas: Concepts and Definitions. Available in: . Had access in 25 of August of 2007. __. Urban forestry – the Forest Drawing of the City. Available in: . Had access in 27 of August of 2007. 1 year as Student of the course of Licenciatura in Geography in the Bandeirante University of So Paulo. Teacher of geography of the pblico education of the state of So Paulo. | <urn:uuid:74da09e4-67a3-4f8b-99bf-2e358bd297af> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.horsemenfootball.com/tag/geography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125949036.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427041028-20180427061028-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.947065 | 957 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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Do five of these:
- Get a map or timetable from a railroad, bus line, airline, subway, or light rail. The line should serve the place where you live or near where you live. Look up some places it goes.
- Use a timetable to plan a trip from your home to a city in another state by railroad, bus, airline, or ferry.
- With the help of your parent, guardian, teacher, or librarian, use a map site on the Internet to plan a trip from your home to a nearby place of interest. Download and/or print the directions and street map showing how to go from your home to the place you chose.
- With your parent or guardian, take a trip to a place that interests you. Go by car, bus, boat, train, or plane.
- Figure out what it costs per mile for the trip you took or planned to fulfill requirement 2, 4, 6, or 7. (Don't forget to include getting back to your starting point!)
- Decide on four nearby trips you would like to take with your parents or guardian. Draw the route of each trip on a highway map. Using the map, act as navigator on one of these trips. It should start at your home, be at least 25 miles long, and have six or more turns.
- Decide on a trip you would like to take that lasts at least two days. Pack everything you would need for that trip.
- Check the first aid kit in the family car to see if it contains what is needed. Explain what you found.
- Look at a map legend on a road map of your area. Learn what the symbols mean. Show your den members what you have learned.
- On a road map of your area, find a place of interest and draw two different routes between it and your home. Use the map legend to determine which route is shorter in miles.
- Make a list of safety precautions you, as a traveler, should take for travel by each of the following; car, bus, plane, boat, train.
- While you are a Webelos Scout, earn the Cub Scout Academics belt loop for Geography.
- While you are a Webelos Scout, earn the Cub Scout Academics belt loop for Map and Compass.
Please report any issues with this page. | <urn:uuid:e6d03ccd-8914-4e3c-ac83-7e3bcf94eed2> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.meritbadge.org/wiki/index.php/Template:Traveler/req | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375099036.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031819-00005-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94672 | 494 | 3.9375 | 4 |
In 1900, the government of the Dominion of Canada felt it necessary to create a supervisory position to monitor the immigration of British children, in an attempt to address the rising tide of negative public opinion that had been instigated by the release of the critical Doyle Report in 1874.
Despite the Act to Regulate the Immigration into Ontario of Certain Classes of Children (which was followed by similar acts in Manitoba, Quebec and Nova Scotia) in 1897 and the appointment of J. J. Kelso in Ontario as Secretary of Neglected and Dependent Children, more and more people felt that the children were being improperly placed and supervised. Furthermore, the official concern, as expressed by Arthur Hardy, then premier of Ontario, was that such immigration practices would result in the moral or physical deterioration of Canadians.
On Jan. 1, 1900, George Bogue Smart, a Baptist from Brockville, Ontario, formerly employed by Molson’s Bank, was appointed the Inspector of British Immigrant Children and Receiving Homes. This position was under the auspices of the Immigration Branch, a section of the Interior Department.
As applications to indenture children as domestic servants or farm labourers far exceeded the children being immigrated, Smart firmly believed that child migration benefited both the immigrant children and the Empire. Any flaws in the policies, he thought, could be improved with new regulations.
At the beginning of his term as inspector, he reported the average age of girls being immigrated was ten and boys were twelve. He also noted that some of the children were placed out on verbal agreements and strongly recommended that all agreements should be written. At the age of 18, the contracts and the agent’s responsibilities for the children’s placements should end.
He frequently visited Britain to attend conferences with Reformatory and Refuge unions and established close ties to the agencies sending children to Canada. Sometimes, he accompanied children’s groups back to Canada.
Smart’s findings were published by the Department of the Interior, the Dominion of Canada, annually. His reports focused on the types of children being imported, the placement practices of each organization, and how the child labourers were being treated. They also included the amount of children coming into the country and from which organization and the areas in Britain they were coming from.
In spite of this, few improvements were made, at first, to the children’s living and working conditions. Schooling, even though required in the terms of their indenture, was sporadic. If at all, it was more likely to take place in the winter months when less work was required on the farms.
However, under the Laurier and Borden governments, Smart was given more latitude to expand his supervision. The smaller agencies were urged to follow the lead of the larger agencies in providing better placements and better receiving homes. Should a placement not work out, he expected there should be a receiving home that children could return to. Inspectors were encouraged to follow British Local Government Board regulations for ‘boarding out’ children and to ensure that the welfare of the child was their primary objective.
Physical examinations were carried out before embarkation and again, at the port of entry to ensure good mental and physical health. Particular attention was paid to unappealing infectious skin and eye diseases, which were conspicuous and detrimental to the image of the immigrant children.
Smart’s reports were carefully monitored by the British Board of Guardians and in the mid-1920s, more than sixty members sent matching resolutions to the Canadian High Commissioner with their demand to make it mandatory that all receiving homes be examined and frequently monitored.
In 1924, no unaccompanied children under the age of 14 were permitted to enter the country as per a Government order-in-council and by 1928, the immigration of school-age children became disallowed.
These inhibiting policies and the depression era were largely responsible for bringing the importation of children labourers to an end although small numbers of children continued to be sent through the 1940s.
Smart remained in his position until 1933. | <urn:uuid:66330090-3268-4dc8-81d3-4024e44b2541> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://britishhomechild.com/g-bogue-smart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812788.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219191343-20180219211343-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.981713 | 828 | 3.625 | 4 |
Photo Credits: Gareth Rasberry
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
Ospreys prefer to live by bodies of water where food is abundant. They weigh about 49.4 to 70.5 oz. with a wingspan of 59.1-70.9 in. The average lifespan for an Osprey is about 25 years. They communicate by using visual display, flight displays, and giving calls/alarms that are usually high pitched. They eat predominantly fish, but occasionally snack on mammals and other birds. They are protected on the US Migratory Bird lists. | <urn:uuid:decc4b26-c11b-4bd6-b1c1-7e9ca2f5222e> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.seversondells.com/osprey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512332.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019062113-20181019083613-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.948982 | 120 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Chronic tendon or joint pain can be the result of tensile overload and calcification of the tendon insertion and can be treated with acoustic shockwaves. In many cases, this treatment prevents the need for surgery
What happens during shockwave treatment?
Shockwaves are high-energy acoustic waves generated by a specialised device. The concentrated waves are directed towards the area of chronic pain; their impact dissolves calcium deposits and leads to an improved vascular supply, causing the pain to subside.
What are the advantages of shockwave therapy?
Low stress on the surrounding tissue
No medication-induced physical stress
The treatment can be repeated
Reduction of incapacity for work to a minimum
Reduction of downtime in training through outpatient treatment | <urn:uuid:075bfa9b-d537-4d87-af1a-cac2ccdfacd7> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.melittaklinik.com/en/shockwave-centre/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585380.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021005314-20211021035314-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.931415 | 149 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Northanger Abbey /ˈnɔːrθˌæŋɡər/ was the first of Jane Austen‘s novels to be completed for publication, though she had previously made a start on Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice. According to Cassandra Austen’s Memorandum, Susan (as it was first called) was written circa 1798–99. It was revised by Austen for the press in 1803, and sold in the same year for £10 to a London bookseller, Crosby & Co., who decided against publishing. In the spring of 1816, the bookseller was content to sell it back to the novelist’s brother, Henry Austen, for the exact sum—£10—that he had paid for it at the beginning, not knowing that the writer was by then the author of four popular novels.
The novel was further revised by Austen in 1816/17, with the intention of having it published. Among other changes, the lead character’s name was changed from Susan to Catherine, and Austen retitled the book Catherine as a result.
Austen died in July 1817. Northanger Abbey (as the novel was now called) was brought out posthumously in late December 1817 (1818 given on the title page), as the first two volumes of a four-volume set that also featured another previously unpublished Austen novel, Persuasion. Neither novel was published under the title Jane Austen had given it; the title Northanger Abbey is presumed to have been the invention of Henry Austen, who had arranged for the book’s publication
Seventeen-year-old Catherine Morland is one of ten children of a country clergyman. Although a tomboy in her childhood, by the age of 17 she is “in training for a heroine” and is excessively fond of reading Gothic novels, among which Ann Radcliffe‘s Mysteries of Udolpho is a favourite.
Catherine is invited by the Allens, her wealthier neighbours in Fullerton, to accompany them to visit the town of Bath and partake in the winter season of balls, theatre and other social delights. Although initially the excitement of Bath is dampened by her lack of acquaintances, she is soon introduced to a clever young gentleman, Henry Tilney, with whom she dances and converses. Much to Catherine’s disappointment, Henry does not reappear in the subsequent week and, not knowing whether or not he has left Bath for good, she wonders if she will ever see him again. Through Mrs Allen’s old school-friend Mrs Thorpe, she meets her daughter Isabella, a vivacious and flirtatious young woman, and the two quickly become friends. Mrs Thorpe’s son John is also a friend of Catherine’s older brother, James, at Oxford where they are both students.
James and John arrive unexpectedly in Bath. While Isabella and James spend time together, Catherine becomes acquainted with John, a vain and crude young gentleman who incessantly tells fantastical stories about himself. Henry Tilney then returns to Bath, accompanied by his younger sister Eleanor, who is a sweet, elegant, and respectable young lady. Catherine also meets their father, the imposing General Tilney.
The Thorpes are not very happy about Catherine’s friendship with the Tilneys, as they (correctly as it happens) perceive Henry as a rival for Catherine’s affections. Catherine tries to maintain her friendships with both the Thorpes and the Tilneys, though John Thorpe continuously tries to sabotage her relationship with the Tilneys. This leads to several misunderstandings, which upset Catherine and put her in the awkward position of having to explain herself to the Tilneys.
Isabella and James become engaged. James’s father approves of the match and offers his son a country parson’s living of a modest sum, 400 pounds annually, which he may have in two and a half years. The couple must therefore wait until that time to marry. Isabella is dissatisfied, having believed that the Morlands were quite wealthy, but she pretends to Catherine that she is merely dissatisfied that they must wait so long. James departs to purchase a ring, and John accompanies him after coyly suggesting marriage to the oblivious Catherine. Isabella immediately begins to flirt with Captain Tilney, Henry’s older brother. Innocent Catherine cannot understand her friend’s behaviour, but Henry understands all too well, as he knows his brother’s character and habits. The flirtation continues even when James returns, much to the latter’s embarrassment and distress.
The Tilneys invite Catherine to stay with them for a few weeks at their home, Northanger Abbey. Catherine, in accordance with her novel reading, expects the abbey to be exotic and frightening. Henry teases her about this, as it turns out that Northanger Abbey is pleasant and decidedly not Gothic. However, the house includes a mysterious suite of rooms that no one ever enters; Catherine learns that they were Mrs Tilney’s, who died nine years earlier. Catherine decides that, since General Tilney does not now seem to be affected by the loss of his wife, he may have murdered her or even imprisoned her in her chamber.
Catherine persuades Eleanor to show her Mrs Tilney’s rooms, but General Tilney suddenly appears. Catherine flees, sure that she will be punished. Later, Catherine sneaks back to Mrs Tilney’s rooms, to discover that her over-active imagination has once again led her astray, as nothing is strange or distressing in the rooms at all. Unfortunately, Henry joins her in the corridor and questions why she is there. He guesses her surmises and inferences, and informs her that his father loved his wife in his own way and was truly upset by her death. “What have you been judging from? Remember the country and the age in which we live. Remember that we are English, that we are Christians. Consult your own understanding, your own sense of the probable, your own observation of what is passing around you. Does our education prepare us for such atrocities? Do our laws connive at them? … Dearest Miss Morland, what ideas have you been admitting?” She leaves, crying, fearing that she has lost Henry’s regard entirely.
Realizing how foolish she has been, Catherine comes to believe that, though novels may be delightful, their content does not relate to everyday life. Henry lets her get over her shameful thoughts and actions in her own time and does not mention them to her again.
Soon after this adventure, James writes to inform her that he has broken off his engagement to Isabella and that she has become engaged instead to Captain Tilney. Henry and Eleanor Tilney are shocked but rather skeptical that their brother has actually become engaged to Isabella Thorpe. Catherine is terribly disappointed, realising what a dishonest person Isabella is. A subsequent letter from Isabella herself confirms the Tilney siblings’ doubts about the engagement and shows that Frederick Tilney was merely flirting with Isabella. The General goes off to London, and the atmosphere at Northanger Abbey immediately becomes lighter and pleasanter for his absence. Catherine passes several enjoyable days with Henry and Eleanor until, in Henry’s absence, the General returns abruptly, in a temper. He forces Eleanor to tell Catherine that the family has an engagement that prevents Catherine from staying any longer and that she must go home early the next morning, in a shocking, inhospitable move that forces Catherine to undertake the 70 miles (110 km) journey alone.
At home, Catherine is listless and unhappy. Her parents, unaware of her trials of the heart, try to bring her up to her usual spirits, with little effect. Two days after she returns home, however, Henry pays a sudden unexpected visit and explains what happened. General Tilney (on the misinformation of John Thorpe) had believed her to be exceedingly rich and therefore a proper match for Henry. In London, General Tilney ran into Thorpe again, who, angry at Catherine’s refusal of his half-made proposal of marriage, said instead that she was nearly destitute. Enraged, General Tilney returned home to evict Catherine. When Henry returned to Northanger from Woodston, his father informed him of what had occurred and forbade him to think of Catherine again. When Henry learns how she had been treated, he breaks with his father and tells Catherine he still wants to marry her despite his father’s disapproval. Catherine is delighted.
Eventually, General Tilney acquiesces, because Eleanor has become engaged to a wealthy and titled man; and he discovers that the Morlands, while not extremely rich, are far from destitute.
Catherine Morland: A 17-year-old girl who loves reading Gothic novels. Something of a tomboy in her childhood, her looks are described by the narrator as “pleasing, and, when in good looks, pretty.” Catherine lacks experience and sees her life as if she was a heroine in a Gothic novel. She sees the best in people, and to begin with always seems ignorant of other people’s malign intentions. She is the devoted sister of James Morland. She is good-natured and frank and often makes insightful comments on the inconsistencies and insincerities of people around her, usually to Henry Tilney, and thus is unintentionally sarcastic and funny. (He is delighted when she says, “I cannot speak well enough to be unintelligible.”) She is also seen as a humble and modest character, becoming exceedingly happy when she receives the smallest compliment. Catherine’s character grows throughout the novel, as she gradually becomes a real heroine, learning from her mistakes when she is exposed to the outside world in Bath. She sometimes makes the mistake of applying Gothic novels to real life situations; for example, later in the novel she begins to suspect General Tilney of having murdered his deceased wife. Catherine soon learns that Gothic novels are really just fiction and do not always correspond with reality.
James Morland: Catherine’s older brother who is in school at the beginning of the story. Assumed to be of moderate wealth, he becomes the love interest of Isabella Thorpe, the younger sister to his friend and Catherine’s admirer John Thorpe.
Henry Tilney: A 26-year-old well-read clergyman, the younger son of the wealthy Tilney family. He is Catherine’s romantic interest throughout the novel, and during the course of the plot he comes to return her feelings. He is sarcastic, intuitive, fairly handsome and clever, given to witticisms and light flirtations (which Catherine is not always able to understand or reciprocate in kind), but he also has a sympathetic nature (he is a good brother to Eleanor), which leads him to take a liking to Catherine’s naïve straightforward sincerity.
John Thorpe: An arrogant and extremely boastful young man who certainly appears distasteful to the likes of Catherine. He is Isabella’s brother and he has shown many signs of feelings towards Catherine Morland.
Isabella Thorpe: A manipulative and self-serving young woman on a quest to obtain a well-off husband; at the time, marriage was the accepted way for young women of a certain class to become “established” with a household of their own (as opposed to becoming a dependent spinster), and Isabella lacks most assets (such as wealth or family connections to bring to a marriage) that would make her a “catch” on the “marriage market”. Upon her arrival in Bath she is without acquaintance, leading her to immediately form a quick friendship with Catherine Morland. Additionally, when she learns that Catherine is the sister to James Morland (whom Isabella suspects to be worth more financially than he is in reality), she goes to every length to ensure a connection between the two families.
General Tilney: A stern and rigid retired general with an obsessive nature, General Tilney is the sole surviving parent to his three children Frederick, Henry, and Eleanor.
Eleanor Tilney: Henry’s sister, she plays little part in Bath, but takes on more importance in Northanger Abbey. A convenient chaperon for Catherine and Henry’s times together. Obedient daughter, warm friend, sweet sister, but lonely under her father’s tyranny.
Frederick Tilney: Henry’s older brother (the presumed heir to the Northanger estate), very handsome and fashionable, an officer in the army who enjoys pursuing flirtations with pretty girls who are willing to offer him some encouragement (though without any ultimate serious intent on his part).
Mr. Allen: A kindly man, with some slight resemblance to Mr. Bennet of Pride and Prejudice.
Mrs. Allen: Somewhat vacuous, she sees everything in terms of her obsession with clothing and fashion, and has a tendency to utter repetitions of remarks made by others in place of original conversation. | <urn:uuid:f7a97f36-b973-43ed-b7f2-1f04f295273d> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://martinejaneroberts.com/northanger-abbey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986684854.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018204336-20191018231836-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.977812 | 2,719 | 2.828125 | 3 |
This free energiser works as a brain teaser that gets participants thinking and helps to get their minds working again after a lull in a training programme.
Training course contents:
A Word format set of instructions to help you run the ernergiser, ‘Lazy Mary’ can be downloaded from the link at the bottom of this page. Alternatively, you can follow the notes below.
Pen/Pencil and paper for each participant
Ask the following question:
Mary was meant to proof read a document at the rate of 30 pages a day. Lazy Mary was half way through the document before she realised that she was only working at the rate of 15 pages a day.
How fast does she need to proof-read the rest of the document in order to reach the target of 30 pages a day?
She cannot do it, since she has already used up all the time available completing just half of the task.
Use this energiser to help participants to re-focus their minds during a lull in a training programme. | <urn:uuid:09afc38f-a74b-4821-a08b-7159353cbec8> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.trainerbubble.com/downloads/lazy-mary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370526982.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404231315-20200405021315-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.941896 | 211 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Sociologists Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein have contributed to the formation of a constructionist approach to narrative in sociology. From their book The Self We Live By: Narrative Identity in a Postmodern World (2000), to more recent texts such as Analyzing Narrative Reality (2009)and Varieties of Narrative Analysis (2012), they have developed an analytic framework for researching stories and storytelling that is centered on the interplay of institutional discourses (big stories) on the one hand, and everyday accounts (little stories) on the other. The goal is the sociological understanding of formal and lived texts of experience, featuring the production, practices, and communication of accounts.
Example: Imagine that you want to write a descriptive essay about your grandfather. You've chosen to write about your grandfather's physical appearance and the way that he interacts with people. However, rather than providing a general description of these aspects, you want to convey your admiration for his strength and kindness. This is your reason for writing the descriptive essay. To achieve this, you might focus one of your paragraphs on describing the roughness of his hands, roughness resulting from the labor of his work throughout his life, but you might also describe how he would hold your hands so gently with his rough hands when having a conversation with you or when taking a walk. | <urn:uuid:3cd15f9b-f933-4304-8366-0b5561b9e6bd> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://mqf.cachlambanh.co/descriptive-narrative-essays-samples.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645177.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317135816-20180317155816-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.965733 | 275 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Training in disability inclusion and behavior support is essential for all professionals directly working with children of all abilities. Learn how developing inclusive programs significantly impacts the support you can provide to children and their families, and how taking part in inclusion training is the first step towards creating a meaningfully inclusive environment for children and youth with disabilities.
Even with the rising prevalence of movements to create inclusive learning and play environments for all children, a 2020 report by Humanity & Inclusion notes that the number of children and youth excluded from education and access to quality learning experiences remains problematic. With the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbating exclusion, there are fears that the widespread loss of learning during the pandemic may be impossible to recover.
UNICEF estimates that globally there are 240 million children with disabilities. All children have aspirations and need quality education to reach their potential. Unfortunately, policymakers often fail to consider children with disabilities, making it difficult for them to gain access to education and subsequently engage in social, economic, and political life. Throughout history, children with disabilities have been kept out of school or excluded from participating in activities alongside their peers due to discrimination, stigma, and a lack of disability awareness. KIT is here to provide disability inclusion and behavior support training to all professionals working with children.
Now, more than ever, it is crucial for us to renew our commitment to inclusion and to amplify the growing need to provide all professionals working with children access to quality disability inclusion training in order for them to feel more confident in their abilities to engage all participants in their programs, including families and care providers.
This blog explores key insights and benefits of inclusion training for professionals, plus dives into how you can take the first step to inclusion in your programs with globally-recognized disability inclusion and behavior support training and inclusion resources from KIT.
Why Inclusion Matters: Benefits for Programs, Children & Families
Disability inclusion should be a top priority for leaders of childcare and recreation programs.
According to the most recent data from the United States Census Bureau, over three million children (4.3% of the under-18 population) in the United States had a disability in 2019, up 0.4 percentage points since 2008. Community programs are often the first place that children with disabilities begin to develop independence, social skills, and relationships with those outside their families.
Research has shown that inclusive play settings build confidence, self-esteem, and social skills in children with and without disabilities.
In addition to supporting a child’s development, inclusive child care has been shown to benefit the quality of staff-child interactions and professional satisfaction, ultimately leading to higher retention rates for staff.
Let’s take a look at the ways in which quality training benefits staff and how providing these opportunities should be one of your leadership team’s primary objectives.
Benefits of Inclusion Training for Program Staff
A 2021 article in the Seattle Times noted that staff who were able to provide inclusive learning settings for their students helped to reduce preschool expulsions. The same article further states that preschool expulsion has been linked to poor academic performance, dropout, and even incarceration; it also can cause parents to drop out of the workforce entirely.
In order for leaders to successfully implement inclusive practices that foster child development, staff need disability inclusion training that supports their efforts.
It goes beyond training around behavior support or skill acquisition. Training on inclusive practices teaches adults how to create environments where all children feel safe and can thrive, and how to work with each other in a way that helps everyone achieve more positive outcomes:
- Increased staff confidence and attitudes in working with diverse children and youth
- Increased adult understanding of their own biases and development of strategies to address them
- Improved communication between adults and children
- Improved ability of adults to spot exclusionary behaviors while they’re happening, and to enact preventive actions based on evidence rather than biases
- Increased ability of adults to identify and address potential bias in organizational policies and procedures
- Greater understanding of the skills and tools needed to create an inclusive and equitable workplace
- Improved staff morale and team cohesion due to a shared understanding of the importance of inclusion
- Enhanced organizational culture and reputation through increased diversity and inclusion initiatives
Kids Included Together: Our Findings on How Disability Inclusion Training
Increases Staff Confidence & Improves Programs
In an exploratory study conducted by KIT, 612 childcare and youth staff were surveyed to measure their beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions about serving children with and without disabilities. Findings showed that staff who received training on inclusion were more likely to feel comfortable providing accommodations in their program and were more likely to modify program activities to accommodate all children in their program.
Discover how KIT can put inclusive practices into action for your programs today!
Benefits of Inclusion for Children and Families
For many families, inclusive programs are critical for their children’s well-being and happiness. Research confirms that early childhood programs that implement inclusive practices can create a sense of belonging and community. This in turn can result in increased self-esteem, greater empathy towards peers, and an overall positive experience.
Inclusive programs improve parents’ perception of the program, and strengthen communities by:
- Making it easier for children and families to access resources, such as medical care, social services, and educational opportunities.
- Providing a space that helps children develop stronger social skills, have better communication and understanding of others, and increase self-confidence.
- Exposing children to a wider range of learning opportunities and experiences, and providing them with more well-rounded educational experiences.
- Creating an opportunity where children can work with others to solve problems and develop creative thinking skills.
- Increasing physical activity opportunities which allows children to develop greater physical fitness and strength.
- Creating a sense of belonging and community, which can result in increased self-esteem and acceptance.
- Helping families gain the opportunity to interact with other families who share similar experiences as well as other professionals who work with children with disabilities in their daily lives outside of school or daycare settings.
Challenges of Disability Inclusion Training
While the benefits of disability inclusion training are evident, when it comes to the barriers to achieving inclusive environments, more work needs to be done. Here we identify common barriers to participation that disability inclusion training by KIT can overcome:
False Assumptions & Perceptions of Disability
While society’s understanding of disabilities has improved over time, a lack of understanding and awareness of disabilities still present an obstacle in creating a supportive and inclusive environment for children with disabilities.
These barriers include stereotyping, stigma, prejudice, and discrimination whenever assumptions are made about a person based on their disability.
By thinking of disability as what occurs when a person’s needs are not being met in their physical and social environment, it becomes easier to understand that disability is not a personal deficit or shortcoming.
Research suggests that by providing training on disability inclusion, programs can foster more positive attitudes towards including kids with disabilities. In this way, all children will learn how to respect the differences of each individual rather than assuming that persons with disabilities are “different” from themselves or others in their community.
How KIT can help
Enroll in our I Can Be Inclusive Series.
From the basics of disability inclusion to learning how to create supportive environments, our I Can Be Inclusive Series is a wonderful way to start your staff’s inclusion training.
Our courses offer information in a user-friendly style with personable videos. We also provide handouts so that you can take away a resource as soon as you purchase and enroll in the course.
You can take the full series and get 20% off, or you can enroll in any of the five individual courses in the series:
- I Can Be Inclusive Course 1: Inclusion 101
- I Can Be Inclusive Course 2: Supportive Environments
- I Can Be Inclusive Course 3: Communicating through Behavior
- I Can Be Inclusive Course 4: Tips and Tools to Support Disability Inclusion
- I Can Be Inclusive Course 5: Family Collaboration
Physical Barriers and Accessibility
Physical access is a major hurdle for children with disabilities. The CDC describes physical barriers as, “structural obstacles in natural or manmade environments that prevent or block mobility (moving around in the environment) or access.” A common example would be a set of stairs without a ramp or an elevator, which may prevent those with certain disabilities from accessing a building or other area.
Physical barriers can also refer to the limited availability of inclusive sports-based programming for children and youth with disabilities where they are often excluded from these opportunities because of assumptions about athletic skills and abilities.
However, organizations that were traditionally segregated have moved toward more inclusive programming in recent years, providing inclusive recreational classes and accessible programs that provide more opportunities for all children to exercise and play with their peers.
Inclusive sports-based programs can be an important part of a child’s overall development and health, as they help to improve coordination, build confidence, and foster friendships in other children who may share similar interests. When children with disabilities are able to participate in these types of activities, they benefit on multiple levels – socially and physically.
How KIT can help
Talk to us about our Inclusion Coaching & Consulting.
Are your program materials modified to ensure the inclusion of all participants? Would you like more information on how you can start adapting inclusive activities inside classrooms and program environments? Get in touch with us and our experts can provide you with the information to get you started.
Social barriers create limitations for people with disabilities, who may face discrimination or prejudice that limit their opportunities.
These recent statistics paint a more clear picture of social barriers faced by children with disabilities:
- Children with disabilities are almost four times more likely to experience violence than children without disabilities. (CDC)
- Children with disabilities are around seven times more likely than their peers to be excluded. (Institute for Public Policy Research, UK)
- Children with disabilities are more likely to be exposed to certain child protection violations. (UNICEF Fact Sheet: Children with Disabilities)
- Children with disabilities are 25% less likely to attend early childhood education, 49% more likely to have never attended school, 47% more likely to be out of primary school, 33% more likely to be out of lower secondary school, and 27% more likely to be out of upper secondary school. (UNICEF Fact Sheet: Children with Disabilities)
- Children with disabilities are at a higher risk for certain health problems, including communicable diseases and illnesses that can be life-threatening. (UNICEF Fact Sheet: Children with Disabilities)
How KIT can help
Explore our free Inclusion Resources.
From tip sheets, downloadables, checklists, and more, KIT has developed a library of best-in-class inclusion resources to help you ensure all children are included, regardless of ability.
A policy barrier is an official or unofficial practice, condition, or policy that excludes or limits people with disabilities from the benefits of a program or activity provided by a public entity (an organization providing services to the public on behalf of the government or another public entity). Policy barriers can be intentional or unintentional and include formal rules and policies as well as informal practices. Policies might also be related to laws and regulations that govern how programs and activities are run.
How KIT can help
Ask us about our Policies & Standards services.
We provide policy analysis and technical assistance, and help schools, programs, and child and youth leaders create, implement, and evaluate policies that support inclusion.
To affect inclusive practices on a global level, Kids included Together is a special consultative organization to the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
Importance of Inclusive Organizations & the Role of Leadership Teams
Inclusive organizations provide a direct impact on one of the most important beneficiaries of inclusion: families.
Without access to inclusive learning and play environments, families of children with disabilities may face additional difficulties:
- Cost can be a major barrier, as necessary accommodations and specialized supports can be expensive and unaffordable for many families.
- Time constraints, such as the need to take time off from work to care for their child, can be difficult to manage.
- Lack of resources or experienced professionals in the area can prevent families from accessing the appropriate services.
Inclusive organizations are better prepared to serve families who face barriers to their children’s participation. Whether it’s a lack of access to reliable child care or a diagnosis of a developmental disability that requires special attention and accommodations, inclusive organizations have a plan for including all kids, and parents can feel at ease knowing that their organization has practices in place to make sure their children will be safe and included.
Aside from the legal responsibilities outlined in the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), program leadership teams (youth program directors, administrators, and managers) also have a responsibility to ensure that all employees (leadership, staff, teachers, aides, and volunteers) are equipped with the knowledge, skills, and resources they need to uphold this standard.
Contact KIT and our experienced staff will work with you to create a program that meets your specific needs! | <urn:uuid:eab4f501-f101-4140-87cb-a9f26d618ca9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.kit.org/inclusion-training-why-is-it-critical/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.956465 | 2,721 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Examining the historical and present energy metabolism of a Rust Belt City: Syracuse, NY 1840--2005
Early cities depended on local, solar-based energy resources for their metabolism. Over time, cities have become increasingly dependent on fossil fuels, both directly and indirectly, as they facilitate exploitation of solar resources from much farther away. Alternatives to fossil fuels, typically generated locally, often provide lower surplus energy to society. As cities consider the transition back to solar-based energy resources, it becomes necessary to understand the capability of the solar-based economy to provide e.g. energy (including food) from nearby lands. To do so, we compared the energy metabolism (respiration) of a typical rust-belt city, Syracuse, NY, with the net primary production in the surrounding county (production) over its development (1840-2005). We calculated the ratio of respiration to production (R:P) and examined how this ratio changed during the periods of industrialization, shifts in major fuel types, and deindustrialization. We found that from 1840 to 1950 respiration became increasingly centralized in the urban core; since then it has become more diffused. Urban respiration exceeded production in the county by 9:1 in 1930, and it remains just under 2:1 today. Respiration reached an absolute (67 PJ) and a per capita (339 GJ) maximum in 1970, then fell by 40 % and 20 % respectively, due to deindustrialization and population losses. Conversely, production increased 480 % from its lows in 1930 because of reforestation and improved agricultural yields. What this means is that to achieve a higher P:R ratio requires either increased production of food and fuels in areas surrounding the city, or decreased per capita energy consumption.
Something wrong with this information? Report errors here. | <urn:uuid:05cf7ace-dcfe-4919-be72-beb7ea4e9fec> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://library.metabolismofcities.org/library/2166/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710698.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129132340-20221129162340-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.94895 | 373 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The site is an interesting adaptation of the Youtube model. People can upload videos (up to 300Mb) and share them among limited groups or with everyone.
What’s really interesting though about Dot Sub is that it is aimed at subtitling and translation for people with hearing problems. The video tool allows you to input subtitles beneath the clip. These can either be translations or transcriptions. Users can also upload clips for others to translate for them. The site isn’t limited to English only and so the translations or transcriptions for the subtitles and film clips could be in any language.
This is really a marvelous idea and has bags of potential for language teaching and development.
Here’s a few ideas off the top of my head.
- Upload a film clip (in English) and ask students to translate or transcribe it. They can then compare with your own translation / transcription.
- Transcribe a clip with some errors and see if they can spot / correct them.
- Ask students to independently translate a clip of a poem and then compare their different versions.
- Ask students to create their own video clips (If students have their own cameras or webcams) upload them and then get another member of the class to transcribe it.
- They could just browse and translate or transcribe one of the existing videos.
- Transcribe in what people are thinking as opposed to what they are saying
Here’s a video produced by the site with a very fast explanation of how it all works.
The site is free and registration is quite quick. So check it out at: http://www.dotsub.com
By all means let me know what you think and post a comment here. | <urn:uuid:5e6700cb-1dd6-4885-95a7-d3ea4a9f3f49> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://nikpeachey.blogspot.com/2007/09/subtitling-your-video-clips.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702032759.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195352-00111-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936011 | 360 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Editor's note: European leaders meeting in Brussels today agreed to create a permanent support fund for the euro, a first step — they hope — in calming market jitters over the plight of Europe's single currency.
LONDON, United Kingdom — This is the story of the euro and the economic crisis overwhelming the periphery of the eurozone — the main subject of a European Union summit meeting today and tomorrow. Before you click away to a story with more sex appeal, answer two questions:
How many people were killed in the wars that convulsed Europe between 1914 and 1945?
Between 1871 and 1945 France and Germany went to war three times, how many times have they gone to war since?
You are thinking about the answer to the first, but know the answer to the second: None. Zero. Zip. The story of the euro and its current crisis begins with that fact.
The idea of what is today the European Union can be traced to those 70 years of war and uneasy peace between Germany and France. Out of the rubble of that era two visionary politicians, Frenchman Jean Monnet and German Konrad Adenauer — in 1950, just five years after Germany's occupation of France was ended — established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) to make it easier for France to import German steel and coal.
The ECSC was a success and by the end of the 1950s the Common Market was created. Decade by decade, treaty by treaty, Europe's political leadership continued their countries' drive toward economic integration. By 1985, the Schengen agreement eliminated many border controls, allowing the free movement of goods around the EU. Europe's collective economies grew.
The logic of economic integration led inevitably to the creation of a single currency. The Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1992, set the EU on the path toward the euro, launched in 1999 and used today by 16 of the EU's 27 members.
The logic for having a single currency may have been impeccable, but implementing it meant putting the idea through that most illogical of processes — politics. Politics is about appealing to emotion and the call of national identity is about as emotional as it gets.
In order to avoid running into the raw emotion connected to the EU's economic integration, much of the process was delegated to the European Commission, the EU's administrative arm in Brussels. Staffed by technocrats who speak and write a language unknown to ordinary folk, the process by which the euro was created was opaque and to some minds not entirely democratic.
For some nations, such as Britain, giving up the national currency was an identity crisis too far. Led by the right wing of the Conservative Party, opposition to joining the euro is visceral and deep seated in the U.K., and no British prime minister, Conservative or Labour, has even attempted to argue for membership in the single currency.
France and Germany were willing to cede their national currencies, but not their authority. Politicians like to control tax rates. They like to set budgets. So these functions were reserved for each government's politicians to oversee.
For its first decade the euro worked well. It quickly established itself as a reserve currency. It was instrumental in helping the entire European Union grow economically. Today the EU accounts for between 27 percent and 28 percent of world GDP — a larger share than either the U.S. or China.
But now there is a crisis. The onset of the global economic downturn caught over-leveraged economies in Europe with their pants down, especially those that, like America's economy, were heavily dependent on a never-ending property boom to maintain prosperity: Ireland, Greece, Portugal and Spain. Riots erupted again in Greece on Wednesday, thousands of young Irish people are re-enacting the great emigration of earlier generations, and Moody's investment service warned it is reviewing Spain's economy with an eye to downgrading its bond rating.
Current economic conditions have exposed the crack in the EU's foundation. A single currency always implied greater political union and that has never happened. There is no federal European government, and so there is no way for the EU to set a central tax policy or budget. Each nation inside the euro is sovereign with its own political dynamics. It is an irony that a politically created project has no overall political framework.
Now the smaller nations on Europe's periphery are in deep trouble, and they are having to raise money to pay off debts. The summit today and Friday is supposed to come up with a coordinated solution, but that won't be easy.
Germany carries a bigger stick when it comes to solving this crisis, not just because its economy is booming, but for historic reasons, according to Ian Stannard, currency analyst for BNP Paribas bank.
"The strength of the euro is inherited from the deutschmark," Stannard said. "The Bundesbank gave credibility to the European Central Bank."
One solution suggested for helping raise money to bail out the weaker economies is for the central bank to sell Europe-wide bonds. But the sale of euro-bonds is a no-no for the German government. German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schauble told German television earlier this week, “As long as we don’t have a common budgetary policy — and that was a decision made when setting up the euro — then we need to have different interest rates” payable on government bonds, Schaeuble said. “Because that’s the only way to bring member states round to sound policy. That can’t be abandoned.”
In other words, Ireland, Portugal and Greece can raise money by selling their own bonds, and if the interest they have to pay on them is murderous, tough. Germany's economic strength and probity is not going to underwrite Europe-wide bond issues.
This doesn't mean Europe's leaders won't come up with some way of addressing the crisis, if not solving it, said Stannard. "The EU has always been managed by a series of deals being brokered."
The solution being discussed at this week's summit involves rewriting a clause of the recently ratified Lisbon Treaty: “The member states whose currency is the euro may establish a stability mechanism to safeguard the stability of the euro area as a whole. The granting of financial assistance under the mechanism will be made subject to strict conditionality.”
That is pure European technocrat language. I think what it means is that bailouts will be decided on a case-by-case basis. Whether that keeps the bond markets at bay is open to question.
Over in Britain, there is a self-satisfied sense of "I told you so." Yesterday at Prime Minister's Question Time, David Cameron was asked by Mark Reckless, a member of his own Conservative Party, "The BBC reports that the German Finance Minister wants to set an interest rate to punish Ireland. Will the prime minister confirm that this country wants to help Ireland?"
The prime minister replied: "My right honorable friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer will be setting out the details of the loan on Second Reading of the Bill today, but I think that it is worth standing back and asking ourselves, 'Why is it that we are able to make a loan to Ireland? Why is it that people are asking us to do that?' It is because Britain’s economy is out of the danger zone and recovering." The reason for that, he implied was because Britain was in charge of its own economic policy.
Despite the more alarmist analyses that have been published, Stannard does not think the euro is in danger of collapsing. "The euro is going to continue. The political will is very strong to keep it going," he said. "There are still countries queuing up to join the euro."
And if you wonder why the political will is still there to maintain the single currency now is the time to answer the questions at the top. No one knows precisely but a good estimate is that about 70 million people died in World Wars I and II. No one has died in a European war since the euro went into circulation. | <urn:uuid:2d09652c-3ab5-4b97-94e6-cf7c3a7d9b4c> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/european-union/101215/eurozone-euro-crisis?page=0,1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257830091.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071030-00052-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972031 | 1,659 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Certification Seal for the
As the Glycemic Index becomes more popular in the Spanish-speaking communities, the need for clarity in food responses rises. The Glycemic Index of a food, drink, Nutraceutical or Pharmaceutical reveals its blood glucose, insulin, and fat-storing properties. These biochemical responses are important in preventing and controlling diabetes, insulin resistance, hypoglycemia, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and obesity.
New research has demonstrated that the Latin community is experiencing high rates of obesity, insulin-disorders, and diabetes, factors which are largely controlled by the glycemic response of food choices.
• Foods with a high glycemic index and glycemic load increase the
risk of colorectal and prostate cancer in the Spanish population.
In Barcelona, Spain, researchers at the Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology, examined the relationship between nutrition and cancer in the Spanish population.
The study, published in the British Journal of Nutrition, 2006, reported that obesity is a recognized risk factor of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in postmenopausal women, and that:
A recent study of Mexican foods showed that:
• A low Glycemic Index diet containing Mexican foods improves
LDL and total cholesterol in individuals with hyperlipidemia
Glycemic Research Institute (GRI) clients that currently are licensed to use the GRI Certification Marks for Low Glycemic may now apply for the new Latin Certification Mark, which is offered by GRI on a Pro Bono basis. | <urn:uuid:bf888eee-b588-4d3a-9f8c-64971ffa85a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.glycemic.com/certification-seal-for-latin-market | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.926748 | 324 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Human embryology is the study of the development of an individual before birth. Usually, most individuals spend the first nine months (38 weeks) of life within the uterus of the mother. Human embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the human embryo that occurs during early stages of this development. To be exact, it spans from the moment when a spermatozoon meets and fuses with an ovum which is called fertilization to the end of the 8th week of development. The most spectacular changes occur in this first two months during which the developing baby acquires its main organs and just begins to be recognizable as human. This process represents a masterpiece of spatial and temporal control of gene expression. Most of the genes governing human development also operate in other animals across a wide range of species. From the ninth week until birth the term becomes fetus.
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube to form the zygote. It constitutes the penetration of the oocyte (egg) by a sperm succeeded by fusion of their genetic material. This genetic material consists of the 23 chromosomes contained in the nucleus of the ovum and 23 chromosomes from the nucleus of the sperm. The 46 chromosomes undergo changes prior to the mitotic division which leads to the formation of an embryo having two cells. The fertilized ovum thus begins to divide into several cells i.e. it starts to undergo cleavage. The two daughter cells are still surrounded by zona pellucida.
As already mentioned a human develops from a single cell called a zygote, which results from the fusion of two reproductive cells; an ovum (egg) being fertilized by a single spermatozoon (sperm). The cell is surrounded by a strong membrane of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida (membrane derived from the ovum) which the successful sperm has managed to penetrate.
The zygote undergoes cleavage, increasing the number of cells within the zona pellucida. After the 8-cell stage, embryos undergo what is called compactation, where the cells bind tightly to each other, forming a compact sphere. After compactation, the embryo is in the morula stage (16 cells). Cavitation occurs next, where the outermost layer of cells - the trophoblast - secrete water into the morula. As a consequence of this when the number of cells reaches 40 to 150, a central, fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel) has been formed. The zona pellucida begins to degenerate, allowing the embryo to increase its volume. This stage in the developing embryo, reached after four to six days, is the blastocyst (akin to the blastula stage), and lasts approximately until the implantation in the uterus, and is referred to as the preimplantation phase of development.
Each cell of the preimplantation embryo is totipotent. That is, each cell has the potential to form all of the different cell types in the developing embryo. This totipotency means that some cells can be removed from the preimplantation embryo and the remaining cells will compensate for their absence. This has allowed the development of a technique known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), whereby a small number of cells from the preimplantation embryo created by IVF, can be removed by biopsy and subjected to genetic diagnosis. This allows embryos that are not affected by defined genetic diseases to be selected and then transferred to the mother's uterus.
The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryo proper, the amnion, yolk sac and allantois, while the trophoblast will eventually form the placenta. The blastocyst can be thought of as a ball of a (mostly single) layer of trophoblast cells, with the inner cell mass attached to this ball's inner wall. The embryo plus its membranes is called the conceptus. By this stage the conceptus is in the uterus. The zona pellucida ultimately disappears completely, allowing the blastocyst to invade the endometrium, performing implantation.
- Main article: Implantation
The trophoblast then differentiates into two distinct layers: the inner is the cytotrophoblast consisting of cuboidal cells that are the source of dividing cells, and the outer is the syncytiotrophoblast.
The syncytiotrophoblast implants the blastocyst in the endometrium (innermost epithelial lining) of the uterus by forming finger-like projections called chorionic villi that make their way into the uterus, and spaces called lacunae that fill up with the mother's blood. This is assisted by hydrolytic enzymes that erode the epithelium. The syncytiotrophoblast also produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that "notifies" the mother's body that she is pregnant, preventing menstruation by sustaining the function of the corpus luteum. The villi begin to branch, and contain blood vessels of the fetus that allow gas exchange between mother and child.
Inner cell mass differentiation Edit
While the syncytiotrophoblast starts to penetrate into the wall of the uterus, the inner cell mass (embryoblast) also develops.
The embryoblast forms a bilaminar (two layered) embryo, composed of the epiblast and the hypoblast. The epiblast is adjacent to the trophoblast and made of columnar cells; the hypoblast is closest to the blastocyst cavity, and made of cuboidal cells. The epiblast, now called primitive ectoderm will perform gastrulation, approximately at day 16 after fertilization. In this process, it gives rise to all three germ layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The hypoblast, or primitive endoderm, will give rise to extraembryonic structures only, such as the lining of the primary yolk sac.
Cavity formation Edit
By separating from the trophoblast, the epiblast forms a new cavity, the amniotic cavity. This is lined by the amnionic membrane, with cells that come from the epiblast (called amnioblasts). Some hypoblast cells migrate along the inner cytotrophoblast lining of the blastocoel, secreting an extracellular matrix along the way. These hypoblast cells and extracellular matrix are called Heuser's membrane (or exocoelomic membrane), and the blastocoel is now called the primary yolk sac (or exocoelomic cavity).
Cytotrophoblast cells and cells of Heuser's membrane continue secreting extracellular matrix between them. This matrix is called the extraembryonic reticulum. Cells of the epiblast migrate along the outer edges of this reticulum and form the extraembryonic mesoderm, which makes it difficult to maintain the extraembryonic reticulum. Soon pockets form in the reticulum, which ultimately coalesce to form the chorionic cavity or extraembryonic coelom.
Another layer of cells leaves the hypoblast and migrates along the inside of the primary yolk sac. The primary yolk sac is pushed to the opposite side of the embryo (the abembryonic pole), while a new cavity forms, the secondary or definitive yolk sac. The remnants of the primary yolk sac are called exocoelomic vesicles.
Toxic exposures during the first two weeks following fertilization (second and third weeks of gestational age) may cause prenatal death but do not cause developmental defects. Instead, the body performs a miscarriage. On the other hand, subsequent toxic exposures in the embryonic period often cause major congenital malformations, since the precursors of the major organ systems are developing.
- Developmental biology
- Embryogenesis, for other species than humans
- In vitro fertilization
- Induced abortion
- LD:Causes: Prenatal substance exposure
- Mammalian embryogenesis, for other mammals
- Prenatal development
- Prenatal developmental stages
- Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation
- Prenatal variables and later aggression
- Prenatal development (non-human)
|Early Embryonic Development|
|Fertilization - Egg activation - Clevage - Gastrulation - Regional specification|
|Late Embryonic Development|
|Endoderm||Neurulation - Neural crest - Eye development - Cutaneous structure development|
|Other||Limb development - Germ line development - Programmed cell death - Stem cells|
|Post Embryonic Development|
|Metamorphosis - Regeneration - Aging|
|Mammalian development of embryo and development and fetus (some dates are approximate - see Carnegie stages) - edit|
Week 3: Hensen's node | Gastrula/Gastrulation | Trilaminar embryo Branchial arch (1st) | Branchial pouch | Meckel's cartilage | Somite/Somitomere | Germ layer (Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm, Chordamesoderm, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm)
|Histogenesis and Organogenesis|
Circulatory system: Primitive atrium | Primitive ventricle | Bulbus cordis | Truncus arteriosus | Ostium primum | Foramen ovale | Ductus venosus | Ductus arteriosus | Aortic arches | Septum primum | Septum secundum | Cardinal veins
Urinary/Reproductive system: Urogenital folds | Urethral groove | Urogenital sinus | Kidney development (Pronephros | Mesonephros | Ureteric bud | Metanephric blastema) | Fetal genital development (Wolffian duct | Müllerian duct | Gubernaculum | Labioscrotal folds)
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:36711ded-d86d-46b9-bf99-aef4d08e1030> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Human_embryogenesis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869264.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00173-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872579 | 2,221 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Trauma overload is a fact of modern life. We accumulate different types of trauma for different reasons. For example, a very tough and demanding work deadline that requires us to work long hours under intense pressure may result in cognitive trauma being stored – the part of the brain that is responsible for your ability to be skilled at a particular kind of work may go into protective mode if it feels threatened by the level of stress it experiences. This protective mode will make it more difficult to function well cognitively and so we will need to put in longer hours to produce the same results.
So the outcome of stress overload can often lead to a downward spiral, and the brain stores trauma at an increasing rate which then increases the severity of the resulting symptom.
This scenario can be true for the various types of trauma: cognitive, emotional, physical.
Some types of trauma can cause faulty feedback loops in the brain – where the trauma patterns cause the brain to interpret normal life events as dangerous, and the overreaction pattern can be detrimental to both the person and the society around him. One example is of person who has been the victim of a car hijacking. For some time after the traumatic event, any time a person walks down the side of the car – for example the petrol attendant, the traumatised person may experience panic as their brain makes a faulty link between the preceding hijack and the innocent passing pedestrian.
The Brainwave Optimization® process is one of allowing the brain to release stored trauma, to relax and recover and become efficient and functional again. Have you thought about what your life would be like if you WEREN”T carrying around a whole lifetime of stored trauma? | <urn:uuid:ba7b448b-c4da-47aa-b4c9-fb3b94c81c6e> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://neurobalance.co.za/trauma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160754.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924205029-20180924225429-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.927374 | 339 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Ottawa Treaty or the Mine Ban Treaty, formally the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, bans completely all anti-personnel landmines (AP-mines).
Responding to a challenge issued by Canada in October 1996, 122 countries stated their intention to implement the Treaty on 3 December 1997. Forty ratifications are required for a treaty to come into effect and become international law. The Ottawa treaty entered into force and became binding among the ratifying states on 1 March 1999. After that date, each additional country becomes bound six months after its instrument is deposited. At that point the country is considered to be a party to the Treaty.
As of January 2011, 156 countries have signed and ratified the Treaty. Poland and the Marshall Islands have signed but not ratified. Thirty-seven states, including the People’s Republic of China, India, Pakistan, Russia and the United States have not signed.
For more information, please read about the Ottawa Treaty at the UN website.
The tenth anniversary of the Ottawa Treaty was in 2007. Today there is much work left to be done in convincing some of the world’s major powers to sign the Treaty. In 2009, President Barack Obama was called on to join the treaty, though he has followed the policy of his predecessors in refusing to sign the Treaty.
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STD Testing in New Jersey
How to Manage Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Any woman who is sexually active is put at risk for a sexually transmitted disease. More commonly known as an STD, these diseases are transmitted by having sexual contact with someone who has an STD, whether it is by mouth, penis, vagina or anus. The conditions that are categorized as STDs range from moderate to severe. According to the American Social Health Organization, by the time all young adults reach age 25, half of them will be exposed to an STD. Becoming educated and visiting a gynecologist is crucial to avoid and treat STDs.
Types of STDs
There are a variety of STDs, some more common than others. A number of characteristics make each one different from the next, and some are more manageable and treatable than others. Those who are sexually active can be exposed to and obtain the following types of STDs:
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
- Genital Herpes
- Genital Warts
- Hepatitis B
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Who’s at Risk for STDs
As mentioned, anyone who is sexually active is automatically put at risk for an STD. However, there are a few factors that increase the likelihood of a woman to get one. Those women at a greater risk are those who:
- Have unprotected sex
- Have sexual intercourse with multiple people
- Have sexual intercourse with a partner who has an STD
- Inject drugs via needle
Common Symptoms of STDs
The symptoms for many STDs vary greatly, and some may not show any signs at all. Possible symptoms for STDS in women include:
- Vaginal discharge
- Sores and/or bumps on the genitals
- Sores and/or bumps on the rectal area
- Vaginal discharge with an odor
- Pain during sexual intercourse
- Uncommon vaginal bleeding
- Pain during urination
- Lower abdominal pain
- Swollen lymph nodes
If you or your partner is experiencing any of these symptoms, make an appointment at our office immediately for further testing and diagnosis.
STD Testing in NJ
Diagnosing which type of STD you have is a simple process, done in a few ways. For those patients who are showing signs and symptoms, are at a higher risk and are sexually active, we perform a series of laboratory tests that will reveal the causes and type of STD you may have – blood tests, urine sample and fluid samples are the most common. We also screen patients for STDs at our office as apart of their yearly routine gynecological examination.
STD Treatment in New Jersey
Treatment options have advanced greatly throughout the years, and we are proud to provide the most up-to-date treatment methods. Those that are caused by bacteria are easier to treat, while viral STDs are manageable but not always curable. Our gynecology office offers a number of safe, efficient and practical treatments that will cure an STD, lessen the symptoms, and make it less contagious.
Upon an initial examination, you will be tested for a list of STDs. After figuring out which STD(s) you have, a treatment plan will be discussed further with you. Typically, antibiotics are a common treatment weadminister for STDs transmitted through bacteria and parasitic infections, such as gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. Following through with the antibiotic regimen is important to ensure a successful outcome. We also provide prescriptions for antiviral drugs, which decrease the risk of infection once you already have an STD. Antivirals can also keep HIV controllable for a number of years, although it unfortunately will always be transmittable.
Gynecologist in Livingston, NJ
If you are showing signs of symptoms of an STD, please contact our office , located in Livingston, New Jersey, at 973-716-9600 and schedule an appointment today. | <urn:uuid:4a875f4a-3a34-41e4-ba18-d5ea380ef489> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://quartellmd.com/conditions/stds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945317.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421184116-20180421204116-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.956224 | 815 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Difference between Tradition and Culture
Key Difference: Tradition is the passing of beliefs or behaviors from one generation to the next generation, whereas culture reflects the characteristics that describe a society at a particular time; and the culture is mostly associated with the art forms.
Wikipedia defines tradition as “Tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past”. The word "tradition" has been derived from the Latin word ‘tradere’ or ‘traderer’, meaning to transmit or to hand-over. As in tradition we are talking about passing of belief or behavior to the next generation; it is clear from this statement that this is to retain these beliefs and behaviors in some or the other form. It reminds of the past as the tradition is related to the things in past and thus the current generation gets the chance to re-connect with the beliefs of the past. Traditions do not remain same forever, they may change or the better term to use in this context is that they evolve.
The word was originally used in Roman law to refer to the concept of inheritance or legal transfers. Later, the meaning of the word evolved but kept the basic attribute of passing on from one to the other. Traditions have a long history, even when they were not written. These traditions were saved orally; sometimes in the form of poems.
Traditions include a range of beliefs and behavior. National Anthems and national holidays also are a part of tradition. The tradition can be as simple as saying “thank you”, if it has been passed from the earlier generation to the next. Tradition word is used in connection with various disciplines or fields to indicate the relation of these things with the past. For example, traditional dance has its root in the past. In context to social sciences, modernity is seen as a contrast to the traditions. According to social sciences, the modernization is changing the models of society and thus the traditions are not able to hold importance. In many countries, several steps are taken in order to preserve the traditions. For example, Africa and the Andean Community, have introduced regional laws to protect traditional knowledge and genetic resources.
Wikipedia defines culture as “The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”. The word culture has been derived from Latin word ‘cultura’, meaning cultivation. In 18th or 19th century, the word culture was used in Europe to refer a process of cultivation or improvement. Later in the 19th century, the term evolved and started being used for referring betterment or refinement of the society and, then to fulfillment of national ideals or aspirations. In 20th century, it finally emerged as an important concept in anthropology describing the human related phenomena that cannot be considered genetically inherited. It is an attribute referring to members of groups. Culture is always transmitted by the society not by an individual.
The definition may seem very difficult to understand but the meaning of culture is not that difficult. As in the definition, we are referring to arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement; we are talking about the creative side of human nature. When we are referring to a country’s culture, we will be referring to the reflection of country on its various art forms. Now, the art is a vast subject, it may define the dance, music and food related to the country. Culture can be used to define the food that is eaten, how that food is prepared, etc. in general context to a particular society. Culture helps in sharing knowledge by a relatively large group of people. Culture also indicates the art and manners that are favoured by a group. It is basically the sharing of values and knowledge by a society. When a major portion of the society adopts the knowledge and carries out the activities accordingly, it is considered to be a part of the culture.
The most important thing to differentiate between them is to consider that, if the beliefs and behaviors have been forwarded from the previous generation to the next generation, then it is considered a tradition otherwise not, whereas culture reflects the beliefs, governments, and ways of life that makes a community distinct from the other. It is important to note that the word ‘traditional culture’ is used to describe the culture that has retained the traditional values. Culture can be traditional or modern. A modern culture is just opposite to traditional. It does not focus much on the values and beliefs of earlier generations whereas, it deals with the modern thought process.
Traditions and culture forms the identification of a particular society. Traditional activities always reconnect us with the past, whereas the culture defines the attributes of a particular society at a particular time and place. Both traditions and culture are in danger due to rate of modernization. The traditions are getting extinct and the culture is not getting preserved much in terms of arts. Thus, important measures are required to keep the traditions alive and enrich the culture.
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Grace's Guide is the leading source of historical information on industry and manufacturing in Britain. This web publication contains 148,535 pages of information and 233,960 images on early companies, their products and the people who designed and built them.
Civil engineers and building contractors, of Glasgow
of 40 Berner St, London (1972)
1872 McAlpine won his first major construction contract, to build 100 cottages for miners at Stonefield near Hamilton.
1875 He began to invest in property, building houses to let in Hamilton, Stonefield, and Motherwell.
By 1877 The firm regularly employed over one hundred men
Leased three brickworks and experimented with the use of concrete to make lintels and doorsteps.
By 1876 The firm was building walls of houses of rubble concrete blocks.
1880 The house-building ventures collapsed. Robert took his cashier, William Richmond, into partnership in his contracting business which avoided the business falling into the hands of his creditors. Robert continued nominally as an employee of the firm until he was discharged from bankruptcy in 1881.
1882 Built the largest factory in Europe, for the Singer Manufacturing Co at Kilbowie, Dunbartonshire.
1883 Dissolved the partnership with William Richmond.
1884 Won the contract to build the Barrhead to Ardrossan section of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway. McAlpine brought his eldest sons, Robert junior (1868–1934) and William (1871–1950), into the business, which became known as Robert McAlpine and Sons.
1893 Robert and William became partners.
Between 1884 and 1904, Robert McAlpine and Sons built nearly 150 miles of railway in Scotland and Ireland, pioneering the mass use of concrete in railway construction, most famously on the 40 mile Mallaig extension of the West Highland Railway, including the Glenfinnan Viaduct, and the Borrodale Viaduct - the longest concrete bridge span built.
His other sons later became partners - Malcolm McAlpine (1877–1967) in 1899, Alfred (1881–1944) in 1902, Granville McAlpine (1883–1928) in 1905.
1894 Constructed Glasgow Underground Railway
1900 McAlpines won its first contract in England, for the construction of a graving dock at Hebburn-on-Tyne.
1905 Malcolm McAlpine set up the Victoria Agency in London in order to win contracts in England.
1908 Invited to tender for construction of the Rosyth Naval base
By 1914 McAlpines had worked on a number of reservoir and railway contracts in England.
WWI The volume of work in England increased dramatically - built army camps, munitions factories and aerodromes.
1918 Robert was created a baronet.
1920s McAlpines built many new council house estates, including in London and Manchester, as well contracts for major roads, and Takoradi harbour on the Gold Coast.
1922 The company's reputation as a pioneer of concrete construction led to contracts for the construction of Wembley stadium and the buildings of the British Empire Exhibition.
Other notable buildings were the Black Cat factory in Camden and the Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co's factory at Brentford.
1925 Built a sugar-beet factory at Wissington for British Sugar Manufacturers and later others at Peterborough, Selby, Bardney, and Brigg. The firm accepted payment in shares and debenture stock in British Sugar and the Central Sugar, Lincolnshire Beet Sugar, Second Lincolnshire Beet Sugar and Yorkshire Sugar companies.
1926 Limited company
1929 The firm began work on the Dorchester Hotel in London, financed by a syndicate of which McAlpines were a member
1920s/30s McAlpines created a number of limited companies to complete for large contracts including Sir Robert McAlpine (London) Ltd which carried out major dock construction in London during the late 1920s.
1930 McAlpine (Midland) was set up
1934 The other partners agreed that McAlpine (Midland) should be run by Sir Alfred McAlpine alone, as his own business.
1937 Bought out the sole remaining partner in the Dorchester which was run by the McAlpine family until 1976.
1940 Sir Alfred and his son Jimmie formed a new company, Sir Alfred McAlpine and Son, to acquire the business of McAlpine (Midland).
WWII Built airfields, ordnance factories, underground storage, railways and 10 of the largest concrete caissons for Mulberry Harbour
1949 Company was called Sir Robt. McAlpine and Sons Ltd.
Postwar: Built major steel works at Ebbw Vale, Cardiff, Port Talbot and Parkgate (Rotherham).
1956 Company reconstructed
1960-2 Built Shell Centre in London and Spencer steelworks at Llanwern.
1961 Acquired Gee, Walker and Slater Ltd, a family run building firm.
1972 Public offer of limited number of shares in Newarthill Ltd, formed that year to acquire the company. The family remained the principal shareholder. | <urn:uuid:57be4054-efb5-4d26-ac40-339a95cae9cf> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://blog.gracesguide.co.uk/Sir_Robert_McAlpine_and_Sons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363659.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209030858-20211209060858-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.956323 | 1,086 | 2.6875 | 3 |
11 September 2012
How real number modelling is easing the analogue simulation challenge
The world of electronics brings some interesting conflicts, perhaps none more interesting than the stark contrast between the analogue and digital domains. The technologies are different, the design engineers are different and the ways in which designs are verified are different.
But despite their differences, the analogue and digital domains have to work alongside each other – for example, many consumer products feature large mixed signal chips. There are a number of reasons why this is happening. Tom Beckley, Cadence's senior vp of R&D for custom ic and simulation, explained. "Drivers for mixed signal design include the need for low power consumption, higher bandwidth and technology integration; there's no better example today than Apple products. But, while analogue and mixed signal might seem a straightforward methodology, it's not easy to do."
He highlighted the iPad. "It's full of analogue and mixed signal components; a state of the art mixed signal design with discretes and large devices linked to power supplies and a display. There's a lot of software and a lot of digital."
Beckley doesn't see things getting any easier. "Over the next five years, mobile data traffic is expected to grow by a factor of 20 and there will be multiple radios to handle the throughput."
While analogue and mixed signal design is hard enough, verification of those designs is the biggest challenge facing the industry. "Whatever you're designing," Beckley continued, "whether it's a component or a system, you have to make sure there is sufficient verification. But companies don't usually have mixed signal engineers: they have strong analogue and strong digital designers handing off to each other."
Here's the problem: verification of analogue designs is a slow process. Historically, the problem has been addressed through the use of Spice and, more recently, FastSpice. "Everyone wants Spice and FastSpice to get faster," Beckley said, "because it's the classic analogue verification methodology. But Spice isn't sufficient for large analogue designs; it's a bottom up approach and can't handle the level of complexity in today's large designs. The amount of IP and the number of corner cases make verification an overwhelming challenge."
The solution may come from one of those good old electronics contradictions: verifying the performance of analogue blocks in a digital context. And this approach requires the use of a technique called real number modelling. According to Beckley: "Real number models are, in effect, sampled waveforms of the analogue circuit's output."
Analogue and digital simulation differ in the equations they look to solve. Digital solvers handle logical expressions in a sequential manner driven by triggers. Analogue solvers, however, need to solve the whole analogue system matrix at every step. Time values in the digital domain are discrete; in the analogue world, they are continuous.
Real number modelling tries to take the best from both worlds. It uses the floating point numbers familiar in the analogue domain, but blends this with discrete time values. This approach offer a level of performance approaching that of a digital simulation, but much faster than the speed of a purely analogue simulation.
John Pierce, a Cadence product marketing director, took up the discussion. "Functional verification is a real problem faced by analogue and mixed signal designers. Take a pll as an example. These used to be simple; driving at one frequency. Today, that pll will support a lot more modes. While it might be easy to add a mode in the digital domain, the number of functional states multiply quickly. An engineer using Spice cannot go through them all."
He said that real number modelling is about using blocks to capture the functional characteristics of an analogue circuit. "It's then about validating the model you have create, making sure it depicts accurately the function of the circuit it represents. It's a representation of analogue functionality, but in the digital world."
Real number modelling also picks up on the concept of assertions. Pierce continued: "We're looking to provide more verification automation into the testbench and one of the ways in which we can do this is by implementing an assertion methodology. A lot of automated tasks in the digital world have been developed from assertions – statements such as 'when this happens, the output pin must be high'."
The benefit of real number modelling can be seen from the example design shown in fig 1. Normally, a large number of blocks would need to be simulated in the analogue domain, a process that would be time consuming. By replacing these with functionally equivalent digital models (red blocks in fig 2), simulation can be performed in the digital domain, with a significant reduction in the time required.
Beckley noted: "It's all about using analogue blocks in a digital context. If designers don't have a good verification plan, they can end up with a lot of functional errors; and that leads to respins. Errors are usually simple and problems can be solved if you have a good functional plan. With real number modelling, even basic simulators can handle the problems."
The concept of real number modelling is complicated somewhat by another term – wreal, short for real wire in Verilog. The term was developed for use in Verilog-AMS – the analogue and mixed signal implementation of Verilog because the digital version could only resolve logic nets. In effect, it is a datatype that enables analogue accuracy to be achieved in the digital simulation domain.
Pierce explained. "Wreals allow the analogue domain to be represented in the digital world."
In essence, it's a simple concept; in practice, it's not so easy. Designers have access to two kinds of solver: analogue and digital, or logic. "Real number modelling allows analogue functionality to be brought into a logic solver," said Pierce, "and that brings an orders of magnitude increase in performance when running a testbench. If we think about a pll, for example, it might take two days to run a Spice based simulation. If you use the wreal approach, it will only take 10 to 15 minutes."
Beckley backed up the concept in his address to Cadence's CDN Live event, held in Munich in 2012. "Texas Instruments has found a 300 fold increase in verification performance by moving from transistor based simulation to real number modelling."
Texas Instruments isn't the only semiconductor developer to take advantage of the concept. "ARM has used the approach to improve the verification methodology during the design of the Cortex-M0 microcontroller core," said Pierce.
Beckley said that, in general, developers can move away from working at the transistor level to the use of wreal models. "It's an approach that helps to cover all processes and all corners during verification. It's the same testbench, the same environment; you simply 'take out' the transistors, replace them with wreals and get the verification throughput you need."
But Beckley realises that real number modelling is not of much use unless you have good models to start with. "We have been working on ways to make it easier for designers to create the good models they need to represent analogue outputs. Real number modelling has started to take off and we're trying to build bridges between the analogue and digital worlds."
Cadence Design Systems Ltd
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In a study published in 2007, Robinson and his colleagues reported that treatment with octopamine caused foraging honey bees to dance more often. This indicated that octopamine played a role in honey bee dance behavior. It also suggested a framework for understanding the evolution of altruistic behavior, Robinson said.
"The idea behind that study was that maybe this mechanism that structures selfish behavior eating was co-opted during social evolution to structure social behavior that is, altruistic behavior," he said. "So if you're selfish and you're jacked up on octopamine, you eat more, but if you're altruistic you don't eat more but you tell others about it so they can also eat."
But it was not even known if insects have a bona fide reward system. That question led the researchers to study the effects of cocaine on honey bee behavior. Cocaine a chemical used by the coca plant to defend itself from leaf-eating insects interferes with octopamine transit in insect brains and has undeniable effects on reward systems in mammals, including humans. It does this by influencing the chemically related dopamine system.
Dopamine plays a role in the human ability to predict and respond to pleasure or reward. It is also important to motor function and modulates many other functions, including cognition, sleep, mood, attention and learning.
One aspect of reward in the human brain involves altruistic behavior, Robinson said. Thinking about or performing an altruistic act has been found to excite the pleasure centers of the human brain.
"There are various lines of thought that indicate that one way of structuring society is to have altruistic beh
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Problem-based learning (PBL) is an educational approach that challenges students to 'learn to learn' -- students work cooperatively in groups to seek solutions to real-world problems and, more importantly, to develop skills to become self-directed learners. This digest discusses some of the challenges in learning that students face, and identifies Web resources that teachers can use to support student learning.
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Curiosity is a heightened state of interest resulting in exploration, and its importance in motivating scholarship cannot be ignored. It is also a critical component of creativity, and fostering curiosity and creativity in today's learners is a challenge faced by educators and instructional designers alike.
- Character Education through Children's Literature
Literary characters have almost the same potential for influencing the reader as the real people with whom a reader might share a reading experience. Given this, the implications for literature's role in character education are great.
Evaluating Workshops and Institutes
Evaluating a workshop or institute can help in at least four areas: (1) planning (deciding on the overall content, major goals, and more detailed objectives of the workshop/institute); (2) programming (deciding on the procedures, faculty, facilities, budget, and other resources needed for running the workshop/institute); (3) conducting the workshop or institute; and (4) making changes. Both the overall effectiveness of the program and the progress each participant makes toward the specified goals should be evaluated. | <urn:uuid:04d4cc6a-13a7-4112-92d9-e29932e99b4c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.vtaide.com/png/teacher.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123590.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00093-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944961 | 1,796 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Geometry and Tyranny
The Hebrew word for Egypt “Mitzraim” means “narrow land,” no doubt because the populated parts of Egypt are limited to a narrow strip of land near the Nile. Could this have produced its totalitarian government? In Egypt, it was possible to set up a few watchposts that could keep potential rebels from going from place to place unobserved. This is more difficult in a two-dimensional system.
What would be the effects of going from two to three dimensions? For example, on the ground, two competing transportation systems will run into each other and might need government regulations. In a space colony, there's no need for two competing transportation systems to run into each other at all. | <urn:uuid:fc4aeb0f-105a-42aa-a6dd-99da0c1cfb39> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://hertzlinger.blogspot.com/2007/04/geometry-and-tyranny-hebrew-word-for.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828134.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024033919-20171024053919-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.976585 | 152 | 3.203125 | 3 |
With the number of domestic cases of Zika infection still growing, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued a new interim guidance for diagnosing the virus. The latest issue of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report notes that “on the basis of newly available data, CDC recommends that Zika virus rRT-PCR be performed on urine collected <14 days after onset of symptoms in patients with suspected Zika virus disease.” The new directive should help inform urgent care providers’ decisions on where to refer patients who present with symptoms indicative of Zika infection and who have traveled to areas where the mosquitos that carry the virus exist (eg, certain parts of Africa, the Caribbean, and Central America) or who have had sexual contact with someone who has traveled to those areas. The most common symptoms include fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. The CDC says there have been 503 travel-related cases of Zika virus infection reported in the U.S., up 18% from the previous reporting period just 2 weeks prior. Florida, New York, and California lead the nation in confirmed cases.
Update: CDC Issues Another New Guidance for Zika Virus Testing | <urn:uuid:17916682-35e7-42a6-8f30-be58c18b9b01> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.jucm.com/update-cdc-issues-another-new-guidance-zika-virus-testing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710829.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201153700-20221201183700-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.939224 | 237 | 2.578125 | 3 |
NASA sent a rover called Curiosity to the Red Planet more than four years ago to see if life could exist there. Here is a recap of its journey and discoveries so far.
Length: 9 feet, 10 inches
Weight: 1,982 pounds
August 5, 2012: Touchdown
Curiosity landed on the surface of Mars—no easy feat, since the craft entered the planet’s atmosphere at 13,000 mph. Engineers slowed its descent with a supersonic parachute, deployed a secondary craft, then used a sky crane for a flawless landing inside the huge Gale Crater.
March 12, 2013: Life?
After analyzing clay and minerals from the McLaughlin Crater, scientists concluded they’d found the “strongest evidence yet” of life on Mars.
December 16, 2014: Water?
Perched high on Mount Sharp, Curiosity recorded a 10-fold increase in Mars’s methane levels, an exciting change because living organisms (and chemical reactions involving rock and water) produce methane.
March 27, 2015: Recent Changes
At a site called Garden City, Curiosity discovered a series of different mineral veins, suggesting evidence of liquid movement more recent than previously thought. Lake and streambeds at a lower altitude did not contain the same minerals.
April 4, 2016: View From The Top
Curiosity climbed to the Naukluft Plateau and sent scientists a ghostly, beautiful and previously unseen 360-degree panoramic vista from its mast camera.
June 30, 2016: Beach Day
Upon reaching the Bagnold Dunes, Curiosity sent home images of slopes with water-like ripples, providing further clues about the planet’s history.
What Will We Find Next?
It’s anybody’s guess, but if the new discoveries are as mysterious and wonderful as those of the past six years, scientists say we’re all in for a captivating journey.
“Mars fascinates us because it makes such an intriguing comparison case with Earth, with both strong similarities and enlightening differences,” says Guy Webster, communications specialist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at NASA. “It beckons humans to explore robotically and, soon, in person.”
Well, maybe not that soon. Still, the near future for Mars exploration looks bright, with robotic missions scheduled for 2018 and 2020.
“The 2018 InSight mission will investigate Mars’s deep interior to improve our understanding of the formation and early evolution of rocky planets, including Earth,” explains Webster.
The 2020 Mars rover mission will look for signs of past life on Mars, prepare carefully selected rock-core samples for possible future delivery to Earth, and extract oxygen from Mars’s atmosphere to showcase how technology may pave the way for humans.
Fascinated by cutting-edge technology? Check out the fastest machines on the planet.
By Cole Louison | <urn:uuid:82d6ee16-6ee6-4492-a6d7-05cc58b4f61c> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.geico.com/more/living/technology/is-there-life-on-mars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596204.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723090751-20180723110751-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.887507 | 606 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Short-Run Aggregate Supply
Short-run Aggregate Supply (SAS) shows the different quantities of real output in the short-run that will be supplied at different prices. There are several things that affect the SAS curve.
The SAS curve is upward sloping because firms tend to increase price levels when demand increases and because in auction markets there are upward sloping supply curves. There are two main theories to explain why the SAS curve is upward sloping and they are the sticky-wage model and the sticky-price model. | <urn:uuid:45fc07a1-6ff1-445a-92b5-cc0f1e0c6e8e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://econport.org/content/handbook/ADandS/SAS.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941595 | 108 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Kristin’s grandparents started a savings account for her when she was born. They invested
Write an equation to model the amount of money in the account on Kristin’s
How much money is in the account on Kristin’s 16th birthday?
What are the domain and range of the equation that you wrote in part (a)?
If you were to make a table of values for this situation, what would your minimum/maximum values be? | <urn:uuid:504a8880-7b5b-4e64-9e81-86f1521c800b> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://homework.cpm.org/category/CON_FOUND/textbook/ac/chapter/14/lesson/14.3.1.5/problem/3-65 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107882103.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024080855-20201024110855-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.956052 | 97 | 2.53125 | 3 |
We know that homeschoolers learn year round. But for many, Labor Day marks the official beginning of the school year. For the hot dog industry, Labor Day marks the end of their prime season. Labor Day is also a day for big department store sales. Most importantly, it is a day for workers around the country to rest from their labor.
But did you know that Labor Day has a rich history behind it? It is so much more than a day to picnic, shop, and rest.
If you want to seize Labor Day as a learning opportunity in your homeschool, why not try one of these activities:
For a rich, historical study of Labor Day using primary sources, check out our White House Holidays: Labor Day unit study. There, you will find lessons and activities to engage your students in the rich history of Labor Dayfc.
Check out our About Page to learn more about us! | <urn:uuid:d8cf9504-c163-4fca-9a28-9b60c49bbd5a> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.silverdalepress.com/blog/archives/08-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575751.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922221623-20190923003623-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.951559 | 187 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Latex Powder Free Gloves
Latex is manufactured from the milky exudate derived from the Hevea Brasiliensis otherwise known as a rubber tree.
Latex physical properties include
Unfortunately as with other similar natural products NRL (Natural Rubber Latex) contains proteins, which are associated with some individuals developing of an allergy. Of the general population about 1- 6% and of healthcare workers regularly exposed about 8-12% are believed to be potentially sensitised to NRL, although not all develop symptoms.
Latex allergy symptoms range from dermatitis to in extreme cases anaphylaxis. Allergens attach to the corn starch which is used in the manufacture of powdered gloves. Allergic individuals may experience symptoms simply by being in the same room as latex gloves, the airborne powder can still be inhaled and cause a reaction.
Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 states:
Single use disposable natural rubber latex gloves may be used where a risk assessment has identified them as necessary. When they are used they must be low protein and powder free .
The UK HSE has considered that latex gloves can be possibly hazardous to health and employers need to be aware of their legal duty to their employees. This statement of policy is on the HSE website.
In many situations a risk assessment will suggest that in the presence of a risk of blood-borne pathogen transmission NRL is the safest choice of material providing the worker and patient are not sensitised to this. Not all NRL free gloves afford the same degree of protection against blood-borne pathogens so care must be taken in the choice of substitutes.
Caution: Safe use of this glove by or on latex sensitised individuals has not been established
Warning: Isolated cases of allergic reactions to latex rubber or powder have been reported. If you experience a reaction to this product, discontinue use immediately and consult your physician. This product contains natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. This latex glove contains 50 micrograms or less of total water-extractable protein per gram of glove. Other components used in making gloves may also cause allergic reactions in some users
Vinyl Medium Gloves (1 x Prepacked Pair) - £0.20
Triple Glove Box (100s) Dispenser Rack - £11.93
Glove Box Holder Adjustable - £19.60
Latex Gloves (Pack of 100) - £7.60
Latex Powder Free Gloves (Pack of 100) - £7.95
Nitrile Powder Free Gloves (Pack of 100) - £7.95
Polythene Disposable Gloves (Pack of 100) - £1.49
Powder Free Vinyl Gloves (Pack of 100) - £5.95
Vinyl Blue Powdered Gloves (Pack of 100) - £5.95
Vinyl Gloves Powdered (Pack of 100) - £5.95
Soft Synthetic Hypo-allergenic Non Sterile Gloves (Pack of 100) - £7.90
Dracula Tissue and Glove Box Holder - £7.29 | <urn:uuid:311b5678-5f08-4a83-ae53-e6a55c565674> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://www.sellesmedical.co.uk/store/product/527-Latex-Gloves-Pack-of-100- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860127983.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161527-00174-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928898 | 647 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A construction of yarn in which the lengthwise and vertical yarns are carried over and under the weft. This type of warn is comprised of more twist than weft yarns and deal with more stress in the weaving process. In the world of denim, warp runs parallel to the selvage.
Warp threads, also known as surface threads or ends, are stretched vertically on the loom and are therefore made of stronger, coarser fibers than the weft threads. The term comes from the Old Norse word “varp”, meaning “the cast of a net”. Similarly, warp threads work like a net to hold the weft threads in place so the fabric does not unravel. With jeans, the warp threads are the ones that are dyed indigo and make up the majority of the thread one sees on the right side of denim.
Here is an example of warp yarn: | <urn:uuid:97f69351-7357-4be3-b84a-b6eec494d13f> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.rawrdenim.com/dictionary/w/warp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00127-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95832 | 186 | 3.40625 | 3 |
What are the expectations and concerns of Americans and Europeans regarding President Trump?
Donald J. Trump will be inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States on January 20, 2017. Many observers expect relations between the United States and Europe to come under pressure, given Trump’s intent to secure a better deal from US allies. But according to a study by the ECFR in cooperation with Dalia Research, a vast majority of Americans (73%) see Europe as a valuable ally, despite Trump’s rhetoric. Europeans, who have traditionally depended to a greater extent than Americans on the transatlantic alliance, now take a less favourable view of their counterpart, with 67% seeing the US as valuable. Despite differences, this suggests that the transatlantic partnership is seen as important by a majority of people.
To find out about the strength of the transatlantic alliance, this representative study by ECFR, Stiftung Mercator and Dalia Research provides further insights into the expectations and concerns of Americans and Europeans regarding President Donald J. Trump and his administration. In November and December 2016 Dalia Research interviewed a total of 1,052 US-citizens and 11,283 Europeans across all 28 EU Member States.
Europeans and Americans differ in their perception of soon-to-be ex-president Barack Obama’s impact on their relationship, and the potential impact of a Trump presidency. Obama has significantly improved European’s perceptions of relations between them and the United States: 56% believe things have gotten better, compared to 40% of Americans. A majority in Europe fears negative ramifications for their relationship with the US during the upcoming Trump presidency. More than half of Europeans (55%) expect relations to get worse, whereas only 40% of the American public think so.
Europeans and Americans do agree, however, on the foreign policy issues where they expect Trump to do the wrong thing. Asked about 14 policy issues, both transatlantic sides converge around four: Social equality (EU: 39% US: 33%), climate change (EU: 33% US: 29%), global poverty (EU: 33% US: 30%) and the protection of human rights (EU: 32% US: 27%).
Europeans and Americans also largely agree on the areas where Trump might do the right thing. They expect these areas to be addressing terrorism (43% of Americans, 33% of Europeans), the fight against ISIS (41% of Americans, 33% of Europeans) and the global economy (33% of Americans, 20% of Europeans).
Americans and Europeans expect the most likely negative impact of Trump in diplomatic relations to be with China, and the most likely positive impact to be relations with Russia: 35% of Americans and 31% of Europeans think Trump will do the wrong thing in regards to China. 39% of Americans and 35% of Europeans think Trump will do the right thing in regards to Russia.
This transatlantic survey reveals a surprising consensus on the assessment of what to expect from the Trump presidency. The transatlantic agenda will remain full with a number of issues to solve to mitigate expected tensions in the US-EU relations.
The survey is part of the Rethink: Europe project, an initiative of ECFR, supported by Stiftung Mercator, offering spaces to think through and discuss Europe’s strategic challenges. The questions were part of Dalia's "EuroPulse" Omnibus survey, which takes place four times per year..
The European Council on Foreign Relations does not take collective positions. This commentary, like all publications of the European Council on Foreign Relations, represents only the views of its authors. | <urn:uuid:71e83781-5da8-41be-852e-80dd29b966eb> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.ecfr.eu/article/transatlantic_survey_europeans_and_americans_fearful_trump_factor_pr_17018 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494331.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329105248-20200329135248-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.941587 | 735 | 2.640625 | 3 |
According to two recent studies, American civics education is in a sad state:
- Only 37 percent of Americans surveyed could name even one right they enjoy under the First Amendment.
- Only 14 percent of respondents knew about the freedom of the press.
- Only 33 percent of those surveyed could name any of the three branches of government.
An excellent antidote to this kind of civic ignorance for schools is A Concise History of the American Republic, by Henry Steele Commager, Samuel Eliot Morison, and William E Leuchtenburg, a college text that can be used in high school. It is written by real scholars who are also good writers. | <urn:uuid:64e4a73d-eb9f-4863-88b5-83a40c286da3> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://classicallatin.org/the-sad-state-of-civics-education-in-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743717.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117164722-20181117190722-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.955154 | 133 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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