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Electron Beam (EB)
The EB equipment creates an electron beam much as the beam is produced in conventional electron tubes used for high power radars or radio and television wave transmission. The electrons originate from tungsten filaments which are electrically heated.
After the electrons are emitted from the filaments, they are accelerated to high velocities by the force exerted on them by a high voltage electric field. All of this takes place in a stainless steel vacuum chamber. The accelerated electrons have so much energy that they are able to pass through thin metallic foils which are used as "E-beam windows" to separate the vacuum chamber from atmospheric pressure. The window foils are often made from 0.006 inch thick titanium. Outside the vacuum chamber the electrons hit the printed web as it passes through the BroadBeam dryer. The actual region where the interaction occurs is kept filled with nitrogen gas, because the oxygen in normal air inhibits the favorable joining of molecules.
As electrons have a mass and behave as particles and not waves they are not included in the electromagnetic spectrum like photons. The range of voltage of an electron beam machine used in industrial curing applications is between 80 to 300 kV
In a typical system, high voltage is applied to tungsten wire filaments inside a vacuum chamber. This voltage heats the filaments to a point where a cloud of electrons is generated. By differing voltage between the cloud of electrons and the titanium exit window of the emitter the electrons are drawn toward the window with great speed (in general 50 to 70 % of light speed) and energy. The electrons continue on through the titanium foil of the window and out of the emitter where they impact the coating. As they exit the emitter the electrons impact the coating passing under that window and cause polymerization and cross-linking. A titanium window foil supported by a water-cooled copper window is used to isolate the vacuum environment of the cathode from the reaction chamber. Excess electron energy that passes through the reaction chamber is absorbed by the beam absorber which can be a chill roll or cooling plate on a lift table assembly. The beam absorber is also water cooled.
Electron beam curing occurs as the result of energy transfer from the accelerated electrons. Electrons penetrate the product resulting in free-radical polymerization of coatings causing instantaneous curing. Nitrogen is used in many electron beam processes to displace oxygen and reduce ozone generation. Nitrogen inerting is mostly used with curing processes and is entirely contained in the reaction chamber of the machine.
The transfer of energy from the electron beam into material is specified completely by four parameters:
- Depth of penetration
- Absorbed dose
- Beam uniformity
Penetrating range of the electron beam is related to the accelerating voltage and the density of the processed material. Higher voltage causes deeper penetration, and denser material reduces the depth of penetration. The Depth Dose Curves are convenient aids for estimating the penetration depth.
Penetration into materials of different density can be estimated by multiplying the penetration depth, found from the normalized curves, by the ratio of the density of water to the density of the material. At accelerating voltages of 150, 180 and 250 kV respective curing depth of 86, 138 and 277 g/m2 are achieved at 80 % ionisation.
Absorbed dose is defined as the amount of energy deposited into a specified mass of material. The unit of absorbed dose is kilogray (kGy), defined as the number of joules (J) of energy deposited into 1 kilogram (kg) of material. An older unit is megarad (Mrad).
1 kGy = 1 kJ/kg
1 Mrad = 10 kGy = 10 J/g = 2,4 cal/g
Heating of water 1 degree 1 cal/g
Evaporation of water 540 cal/g
EB-curing of lacquer approx. 10 cal/g
At a fixed electron accelerating voltage, the dose is directly D [kGy] is proportional to electron current I [mA] and inverse to web speed v [m/min] as follows:
D = k x I/v
The k factor is depending on the equipment and the accelerating voltage. The formula above shows:
Radiation is only produced by an electron beam processor when the machine is running. Accelerators work on the same principle as a television tube: when it is off, you do not have neither picture nor sound. Radiation emission levels are very low and are managed by the equipment design and operating practices.
Most electron beam processors are self-shielded, meaning that the radiation is contained in the reaction chamber and integral shielding. This is accomplished through the use of lead lining and having no line of sight into the processing area.
Electron beam machines are designed to be fail-safe. Radiation monitors are installed on the machine to monitor the outside environment radiation levels. These monitors are wired directly into the operating system to automatically disconnect power to the machine when an alarm is tripped. Potential radiation exposure points occur at openings in the machine near the product path or maintenance access areas.
It is also important to mention that the coating submitted to the EB radiation will not be considered as radioactive.
E-beam drying makes use of the ability of electrons to interact with the atoms and molecules of materials in ways which cause the material properties to change. Special solventless coatings are formulated so that the interaction between the electrons and the coatings produce favorable functional and aesthetics properties in the dried product.
A simplified way to visualize the "drying" process is to imagine the coatings to be mixtures of atoms and molecules which are not tightly connected to each other in the "wet" state. When these "wet" products are passed through an E-beam dryer, the beam's electrons transfer energy into the atoms and molecules, causing them to break apart and then join to other atoms and molecules.
By this process, individual molecules become linked together and form a large bound molecular structure containing all of the "loose" atoms and molecules of the "wet" product. This connecting of molecules is the mechanism producing favorable properties of the dry coatings.
In general, ebeam benefits that printers and converters have documented include improved product performance, superior product consistency, higher process throughput and greater energy savings.
Specific to thermal drying, ebeam curing offers several significant benefits, including the following:
- Ebeam systems take up much less space than ovens, which can, in some cases, be hundreds of cubic feet in size. Some converters that have replaced ovens with an ebeam system find enough floor space has been freed up to put in a new line.
- Ebeam systems generate very little heat in the substrate being targeted, making it a solid choice for printers and converters over thermal and UV curing (and, it sometimes is the only option) for treating heat sensitive materials like thin films (such as those found in shrink sleeve labels).
- Ovens require an enormous amount of energy and are staggeringly expensive to operate and maintain. There have been studies that have shown that, in some cases, an ebeam system requires up to 95 percent less energy than the oven it replaces.
- Finally, ebeam systems help contribute to workplace safety and comfort. With no need to remove solvents from inks and coatings, ebeam curing eliminates the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are associated with thermal drying.
Specific to UV curing, ebeam curing also offers several significant, but different, advantages. These include the following:
- By definition, UV curing requires photoinitiators to complete the curing process. Photoinitiators are toxic and run a slight, but nonetheless real, risk of migrating into food. Ebeam curing does not need photoinitiators to work and thus poses no potential for migration. This makes ebeam extremely popular among food package printers and converters.
- Ebeam curing has proven to work particularly well when curing thick, opaque and/or high density Ink and coating layers vs. more conventional UV curing methods.
- Like thermal drying, UV curing produces a significant amount of heat. In certain cases, ebeam curing has been shown to require up to 80 percent less energy than UV curing.
- Unlike UV bulbs, whose power declines over time, ebeam curing offers extremely precise processing, with a stable energy output that does not drift over time.
Ebeam continues to be a growing topic among printers and package converters because it instantly dries - or more accurately, cures - ebeam friendly inks, coatings and laminate adhesives on paper, film, paperboard or metal. It is a growing alternative to oven (thermal) drying and ultraviolet (UV) curing for a number of reasons discussed below. Web offset printing presses have been equipped with ebeam units for many years. Ebeam curable ink technologies also exist for flexographic and gravure printing. As is the case in most of the printing industry, Ebeam curable inkjet is generating significant interest and is very likely to grow rapidly. Plus, in recent years, printers and package converters have discovered that ebeam can be used not only to cure inks, coatings and adhesives, but also as a useful tool to give extra "eye appeal" to packaging.
As the printing, label making and converting industries grow and become more versatile, so does ebeam. Beyond curing and crosslinking, a recently developed 4in1 converting line allows package printers to utilize ebeam systems to create innovative package designs. Visual enhancements offered by an ebeam package decorating system include overprint coating, laminating, cold foil transfer and Cast & CureT holographic embossing.
Ebeam provides instant curing of coatings and adhesion of laminates to a packaging surface, providing a high gloss and inherent durability that is not possible with other curing technologies. Packagers take advantage of increased package brightness and strength capabilities to give products a new visual pop, while reducing package abrasion and breakage risks.
With cold foil transfer, an ebeam curable adhesive is applied to a substrate in registration with printed graphics and then is ebeam cured with an overlying metalized film. The metal transfers to the cured adhesive areas, producing a strong visual metallic effect. Nearly any type of hot or cold stamping foil may be used in an ebeam cold foil process.
Finally, Cast & Cure is a decorative coating process that integrates "casting" and "curing" to provide a consistent high quality finish. It can generate ultrahigh gloss, matte and holographic images onto a variety of substrates. This environmentally friendly process helps make packages more recyclable by eliminating the laminated, metalized films used in traditional holographic processes. Additionally, this casting film is reused multiple times, achieving substantial cost savings.
Ebeam package decorating systems are designed for use with web printed packaging materials, including flexible packaging, folding cartons, labels and multiwall bags. These systems work at high speeds, are compatible with wide web widths and generate low substrate heating, which is important when utilizing sensitive flexible packaging materials, such as thin films.
People unfamiliar with ebeam technology are amazed by the concept of curing surfaces by altering molecular structures instead of thermally evaporating solvents or water. They even are more shocked when they learn that this "radical" technology is more than 40 years old! The reason ebeam continues to grow in popularity is twofold: first, the systems and ink/coating/adhesive formulations necessary to achieve ebeam curing continue to fall in price as the technology gains popularity and second, ebeam offers a number of key benefits over thermal drying and UV curi
The potential applications targeted for EB curing in the Coil processing industry are:
- Primer and backing coat
- Any color or metallic aspect for top coats
- Clear coats
EB Curing Process
Electron beam curing process principle is different than curing processes with photons. Industrial curing process with photons (UV) is a "non-ionizing" curing process and EB curing is a "ionizing" process. The energy involved in EB process can directly or indirectly form ions and generate electrons while traveling through a substance or can create "free radicals" by moving the electrons of the substance to a higher-energy orbital. Those ions or free radicals (exited atoms/molecules), the precursor species of the curing process, are then directly generated by the EB in the substance to be cured and the use of photo-initiators is not required. The absence of photoactive fragments in electron beam curable coatings results in greater stability..There is also greater penetration of the radiation (greater depth of cure) with less interference from pigmentation.
In the process of polymerization, the unsaturated molecules of a low-molecular compound (monomer) combine with one another, thereby producing a polymer (high molecular weight compound). The molecules of polymers can be two-dimensional (flat structures), or three-dimensional (spatial polymers). Ionization radiation is capable of stimulating both the process of combination of monomer molecules into polymeric chains and the process of cross-linking creation, that build a three dimensional structure.
Non EB cured
As a result of the cross-linkage, structures with higher mechanical and thermal resistance are formed, that are insoluble in organic solvents. Clear coatings of up to 500 microns and pigmented coatings of about 380 microns can be cured with EB equipment depending on the dose available.
Some data comparing solvent based to EB curing
Advantages of EB Curing
- Environmentally friendly due to a 100 % solid system.
- EB generates absolutely no emissions.
- No substrate heating.
- Very low energy consumption.
- High Speed of cure: Substantial production increase compared with conventional heat treatment methods and UV-technology, also with pigmented layers.
- Low space requirement. Integration into existing coil coating lines without any problems.
- Exact repeatability of production conditions is obtained due to high dose accuracy. There is also no wastage when starting up and shutting down the plant.
- High levels of fastness and outstanding surface properties.
The surface of a EB cured coating is:
Free of harmful substances
Hard, Scratch Resistant
Resistant to organic solvents
Resistant to a wide range of chemicals.
Attention should be particularly put on:
- Ozone formation: a controlled atmosphere with less than 200 ppm oxygen is required.
- Various safety and handling aspects.
- Higher coatings prices
The entire process is completed in the time that it takes for the strip to pass through the electron beam. EB equipments are powerful enough to cure at highest speed (500 mpm). At these speeds, the entire process is completed in 0.024 seconds.
- Minimal Space in Line. The EB equipment length can be very short because the curing occurs so fast. Overall in-line length of the BroadBeam processor is less than 3 meters.
- No Solvents, No VOC's. Solvents are not used in the coatings. Unlike conventional coatings, the process does not require the removal of solvents in order to create a dry product. In other words, all of the chemicals in the "wet" product remain locked into the "dry" product. This is the reason that no VOC's are produced, and no incinerators or other devices are needed to treat pollution.
- High Electrical Efficiency. The process for creating the electron beam is highly efficient as is the interaction of the beam with the coatings. The electrical energy is carried directly into the coatings by the electrons, in contrast to heat set dryers in which a large volume of air must be heated and must in turn heat the product. Electron beam dryers can be as much as 100 times more efficient than thermal dryers. This high efficiency contributes to the favorable cost comparison to heat set printing.
- No Strip Heating. Because the electrical energy goes directly into the coatings, and the strip doesn't dwell in a hot gas, the temperature rise of the strip is typically less than a few degrees.
- Functional and Aesthetic Characteristics. High gloss, scuff resistance, depth of color, and strong bond to substrate are some of the best known properties of E-beam cured coatings. Not as well known is the way in which these features relate to recyclability of the finished product.
No, not always. As has been mentioned, ebeam is the "goto technology" if there is food packaging involved? sensitive substrates that might be damaged by heat? or thick and/or opaque inks, coatings or adhesives that need to be cured. But, not every printing process benefits by using ebeam curing. For instance, PostPress magazine - and most other commercial printing jobs - wouldn't benefit by having its inks cured using ebeam technology.
The major methods of heat transfer are:
Conduction: Heat transfer is by direct contact between the source and the object.
Convection: Heat transfer is by a flow of liquid or gas which is itself heated by a heat source.
Radiation: Heat transfer is by the emission of radiation from a hotter object such as the sun, an open fire or an infrared lamp to its cooler surrounding environment. Objects which receive this radiation from the heat source absorb it and become hotter. InfraRed (IR) radiation is an electromagnetic phenomenon, and it is a form of wave motion.
All bodies with a temperature above absolute zero emit InfraRed radiation. The heat loss or gain by infrared radiation can be significantly more than that from other modes of heat transfer such as convection and conduction. IR is transmitted by line-of-sight, and, like visible light, can be focused (concentrated) or reflected. The energy received at a surface from IR is a function of the distance from the source (emitter) and the angle of radiation incidence. The energy transferred will be greater if the object to be heated is perpendicular to the IR emitter. For industrial applications, infrared radiation is useable within the range of 0.76 to 10 ?m. IR is usually divided by convention into three classifications:
- Near InfraRed or Short-Wave InfraRed, from 0.76 to 2 ?m
- Medium-Wave InfraRed, from 2 to 4 ?m
- Long-Wave InfraRed, from 4 to 10 ?m
The wavelength of infrared radiation depends on the temperature of the emitter. The peak wavelength gets shorter with increasing emitter temperature. At surface temperatures below 650°C, virtually all of the emitted radiation is in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Above this value, more of the radiation emitted by the surface is in the visible spectrum (380 nm to 760 nm).
This behavior may be observed, for example, when a piece of steel is heated electrically or in a flame. Initially, the steel emits no light but with further heating glows a dull red. With increase in temperature it becomes brighter and the color shifts from red to orange to yellow and finally to white.
The infrared radiation striking a surface is either reflected, absorbed, or transmitted. The penetration ability of infrared radiation also varies with wavelength. Generally, the shorter the wavelength the more penetrating power the radiation has. The property that determines the amount of infrared that is absorbed by a surface is referred to as absorbance.
The emission spectrum of the infrared heater has in general to match with the absorption spectra of the material to be heated.
Radiant efficiency is highest for short wavelength sources. This behavior results because the heat transfer by the convection and conduction modes increases only in direct proportion with temperature increase, while heat transfer by infrared increases as the fourth power of temperature as governed by the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
Another important factor for efficiency is the use of parabolic reflector in order to guarantee a good diffusion of the energy on the substrate. Choice of polished extruded aluminum is key for further energy transfer and energy savings.
High-intensity NIR or SW infrared emitters can operate at up to 3000°K. When focused and concentrated they have the ability to surface melt almost all metals.
Focused, high-intensity infrared emitters are well suited for rapid heat treatment, with accurate power control, of low thicknesses substrates such as metal coils.
InfraRed, like other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as light, travels in a direct line at the speed of light through a vacuum as well as through a medium such as air.
The maximum amount of infrared radiation is emitted by an ideal radiator, called a black body, and is proportional to its surface area and the fourth power of its surface temperature rendered in absolute units. This has been expressed as the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation: E = k (T4 - T04) (Stefan-Boltzmann law) where E is radiated energy, T is the absolute temperature of the black body, T0 is the absolute temperature of the surroundings, and k is a constant.
Determining the infrared emission from real bodies, or gray bodies as they are referred to, requires the introduction of another proportionality factor called emissivity. Emissivity is a property of the material surface and, though it generally depends on temperature, is usually taken to be a constant. The value of emissivity varies from zero for an ideal reflector, to 1.0 for a black body.
For real or gray bodies, the Stefan-Boltzmann law becomes: E = ?k (T4 - T04). ("?", is the emissivity for a real body, at system temperature).
InfraRed systems can be used in coil coatings line for the curing of:
- Primer and backing coat
- Top coat
Curing is the oxidation or polymerization cross-linking chemical reactions which occur in addition to solvent removal from coatings.
When coatings are dried in a conventional convection oven, the paint must be dried slowly to prevent the formation of a solid skin on the surface. If a surface film forms, additional solvent, as it is heated and vaporizes, can cause blistering of the skin, resulting in a surface defect.
IR radiation can penetrate thin coatings and heat the underlying substrate. The substrate then conducts heat into the coating, curing the coating primarily from inside to outside (Some IR will be reflected from the substrate back through the coating, where it will either be absorbed or transmitted back to the atmosphere of the oven). This mechanism allows much faster curing rates with IR ovens.
The solvents from coatings which contain organic solvents can become explosive. Air flow within an IR oven for these drying applications is essential to avoid vapor accumulation. In general, cooling air is differentiated from process air and hot air to reach a maximum of 25 % LEL level is blown inside the oven.
The air saturated with solvent vapour is then sent to a regenerative thermal oxidizer. Different scenarios can be studied to minimize energy consumptions.
The colour of the absorbing surface is another factor that can be important in InfraRed heating. Dark colors, such as black, typically absorb infrared more readily than white or light colors. This behavior is observed more strongly at higher source temperatures.
IR ovens for curing coatings on metal substrate are designed and produced with SW/NIR because they provide the high intensity energy required to heat the metal surface rapidly. The percent electrical energy that is converted to radiant energy is higher with shorter wave lengths.
SW/NIR InfraRed heaters are often used as "booster" oven sections either before or after conventional convection oven sections. Their use can often allow significant line production speed-up due to the high intensity of the radiation.
InfraRed systems can be used in metal processing applications for efficient drying of :
- Passivation / antifingerprint dryer on galvanizing line
- Insulating coating on silicon steel process
- MgO slurry evaporation in GO electrical steel line
- Chemical treatment in coil coatings line
- Replacement of squeeze rolls
InfraRed has a distinct advantage over gas convection ovens for drying processes, as IR can apply heat quicker than can a convection oven. Quicker heating results in shorter processing times and smaller ovens.
Water exhibit behavior for short-wave infrared radiation that is very similar to that observed for visible radiation. Virtually all of this type of radiation is transmitted; i.e., water is transparent to light and short-wave radiation. However, infrared radiation above 2 µm is strongly absorbed by water.
For water, very low absorption values are seen at wavelengths below around 2 µm, but large absorption values are observed at longer wavelengths to about 3.3 microns. This behavior suggests that infrared radiation emitted between 2 to 3.3 microns will be readily absorbed and thus be effective in drying.
The missing energy will come from the substrate itself that will conduct the absorbed energy to the surface and contributes to the evaporation. For efficient drying, the air used for cooling the lamps is in general used for adding convection effect and required ventilation to extract water molecules.
We can design InfraRed equipments equipped with Near InfraRed lamps. These lamps have higher filament temperature (up to 3000°K) and shorter wavelength. The penetration of the radiation is quicker and may induce shorter drying / curing times.
Nevertheless the higher temperature of the filament has a strong impact on the life length of the emitters. We are working actively with our lamps manufacturer partner to achieve soon life length of 5000 hours or more. Today unfortunately, the life length is really depending on the usage of the equipment and it is difficult to give warranty.
The process of Ultra-Violet or UV curing is defined as the hardening of a liquid form of material when exposed to ultra-violet energy. The particular substance to be processed may vary widely depending upon its application and final use but basically it is composed of pigments, photoinitiators, additives and binders (monomers and oligomers).
Ultra-violet (UV) curable coatings require a 'high intensity' source of UV energy to initiate a chemical reaction. This reaction initiates and completes the hardening of UV coatings in fractions of a second.
The electromagnetic spectrum, of which UV forms a small part, is expressed in units of wavelengths and frequency (measured in Nanometers: 1 nm = 10-9 m). Longer wavelengths form radio and microwaves, and reducing wavelengths descend through infrared, visible light to UV and beyond. UV wavelengths are extremely short. They lie between 200 and 380 nanometers and are the most suitable UV wavelengths for the hardening of UV curable inks and coatings.
The UV spectrum is divided into three domains:
UV-C: 200-280 nanometers.
These high-energy rays, essential for the curing (or polymerization) of UV coatings, ensure a complete and fast reaction. This range is essential for surface curing of the ink or coating.
UV-B: 280-315 nanometers.
This range helps to maintain an extensive reaction. Due to its longer wavelengths, this UV energy enables a deeper penetration of the liquid form.
UV A: 315-380 nanometers.
This UV energy is the closest to the visible light part of the electromagnetic spectrum and is responsible for stimulating a deeper curing of the more substantial layers of coating film.
To understand better the process of UV curing it is important to understand the differences between the drying of conventional coatings and UV curable products.
Alternatively, UV curable products are converted to a solid state through the chemical process known as polymerization. This process starts when the coating film is exposed to UV energy and at this stage the photoinitiators contained within the UV coating are transformed into free radicals (atoms or groups of atoms containing a free electron).During the UV curing process, these radicals constantly seek a partner and in this case, the partner is represented by the oligomers and the monomers contained within the UV coating. The oligomers and monomers therefore become bound together and included within this binding process are contained the pigments and other additives within the polymer chain. The concluding effect of the UV curing process is that all of the elements within the UV curable product become bound into a strong polymer through crosslinking and it is at this stage that UV curable coating is fully stable. When this is the case, the UV curable coating is represented as a solid structure with a completely uniform surface.
Unlike conventional coatings there are no compounds to be oxidated or evaporated. Instead all of the reacted components participate in the instantaneous polymerization. Therefore, 100 % of the quantity of material remains in the cured film. This also makes UV curing technology one of the cleanest technologies from an environmental point of view
- Solvent-free formulations systems.
- Productivity: short curing times, high production speeds, and very compact units.
- Low energy costs.
- Minimal heating of the substrate.
- Ability to add easily a new coating section (3rd layer) to give extra functionalities to the top coat: dust pick-up, chemical resistance, anti graffiti..
- Increase versatility of a coil coating line
- Solvent-free paint and varnish systems: Preserve the environment
UV lamps are composed typically of a quartz tube, the inside of which contains mercury within an inert atmosphere). The body of the lamp is made from high quality quartz, assuring a minimum transparency of 90 % UV energy. The quartz body must be able to resist an inner temperature of up to 1100 ºC. Temperatures of up to 900 ºC are reached on the surface. To avoid damaging the lamp an effective heat management system has to be installed.
Vacuum tight tubes with sealed-in electrodes on both ends are used for the gas discharge. The filling consists of an ignition gas (mostly argon) and of liquid mercury spheres. A glow discharge is caused if the voltage above the cold electrodes is sufficient. When the electrodes are heated up, electrons are released out of the cathode. These cause a rapid growth of the electrons via shock ionization of the filling gas. There is an arc discharge in the noble gas. Electrical energy is transferred to the light arc via kinetic energy of the electrons. Impulses distribute the energy, the tube is heated up and the mercury evaporates. Formation and characteristic wavelengths of the UV energy depend specifically on the type of additives (e.g. mercury) used and the amount of energy absorbed. At the present time, mercury is the most commonly used additive in UV lamps as it emits UV energy over a very large wavelength spectrum, therefore providing the potential to cure the maximum number of colours typically used by printers in the UV graphic art applications.
In particular applications, the use of doped lamps (lead, iron, cobalt, gallium,.) can be very efficient. These metals cause the emitted spectrum to change, often to a more specific band of wavelengths. Whilst not as general in purpose as the mercury vapor spectrum, in certain cases this changes the output of the UV energy to fit better with the transmission characteristic of difficult colours or absorbance of specific photoinitiators.
UV mercury lamps do not usually suddenly fail. Generally, such lamps can operate for thousands of hours. However, a regular decline in UV energy efficiency can be noticed over a period of time. Towards the end of a lamp's usage life, the UV lamp can give the impression of functioning normally, but in fact the emission of UV energy is reduced. Also a deterioration of the quartz surface of the lamp, normally noticed by the lamp becoming more opaque in appearance, will cause a filtration of the required UV energy (mainly shorter wavelength) and therefore lower its output.
The lamp's lifetime depends mainly on the following parameters:
- Quality of the lamp
- Heat management
- Cleanliness of the lamp
- Frequency of switching on and off
UV energy received directly from the lamp represents typically only about 45 % of the UV energy received at substrate level. The presence of reflectors within the UV system provides for the recovery of the remaining UV energy. Since efficient reflectors are required to reflect about 55 % of UV energy, this explains the great interest of the UV equipment manufacturers to choose and design materials and equipment with a very high reflective surface for UV energy. Aluminum is one of the most reflective and readily available materials reflecting around 90 % of UV energy. Being sensitive to high temperatures, the surface of aluminum has to be specially treated to ensure efficiencies are maintained over a long period of time.
Importance of the shape of the reflector:
Over the past few years, reflectors with an interference coating have been gaining more and more acceptance. The reflective layer of the so called dichroic reflectors is composed of approximately 60 various metallicoxide layers and is a highly efficient reflector of UV energy in the required UV spectrum. Dichroic reflectors or cold mirror reflectors as they are also known, reflect the UV energy in the range 200 to 450 nanometers at around 98 % efficiency whilst allowing the infrared energy to be transmitted through the dichroic coatings and the cold mirror glass.
The importance of reflectors within a UV system should not be under-estimated. So much importance is placed on ensuring that the UV energy source, the lamp, is maintained in the best possible condition and changed regularly. Many current users of UV systems around the world neglect the operating conditions of the reflector and, where this equipment is responsible for reflection of around 55 % of the UV energy source, this very often means that UV lamps are being changed more frequently than is necessary to compensate for the poor condition of the reflectors.
All manufacturers of UV LEDs packaged for UV curing provide a specification of the irradiance or peak irradiance under the lamp, and typically at specific distances from the lamp face (watts/cm²). The model of the LED identifies the nominal wavelength.
But, what about exposure at various speeds? Many LED curing systems position the LEDs at 2 to 20 mm from the work surface. What if the distance between the lamp and the work is too small for an integrating type radiometer or dosimeter? Or, what if one simply can’t be sent through the system?
If you have a very thin, probe-type radiometer with a wavelength response that covers the particular LED, then you may be able to "map" the irradiance profile, as in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Series of static irradiance measurements made with 15W/cm²|44mm|385nm UV Lamp at 0.1-inch intervals, at 2mm distance and 0.5-inch distance.
This involves re-positioning the probe carefully at many equally spaced points and making the following calculation:
Where E is the exposure, in J/cm²;
v is the desired velocity in inches/second (or mm/s);
i is the irradiance at each measurement point; and
?d is the increment of distance in inches (or mm).
The profile is unlike most medium-pressure mercury lamps that have a sharply-peaked profile and irradiance that "tails" on either side of the peak. The shape of these profiles and the "tails" make it difficult to calculate exposure (Figure 2). To find the area under the curve, which is proportional to exposure, we are usually forced to use an integrating radiometer.
Figure 2. Characteristic irradiance profiles of tubular lamps with focusing reflectors — typical of medium-pressure mercury and additive types of lamp.
LEDs are arrays of packed LED dies, so they usually have a characteristically "soft" irradiance profile. Profiles will be similar, even if the array has some concentrating optics applied. When examining the typical LED profiles, observe that the space above the curve inside and the space below the curve outside of the 50% points are similar – they have similar areas. This leads to a very rough approximation:
E = Ip x D/v
E is exposure in joules per cm² (J/cm²);
Ip is peak irradiance under the lamp head in watts per cm² (W/cm²) at a specific distance;
D is the distance (in the travel direction) between the 50% irradiance points, in inches (or mm) [This is approximately the width of the LED array and may be similar to, but smaller than, the window dimension]; and v is the velocity of the surface under the lamp, in inches per second (or mm/s).
This method gives a good approximation of the exposure under an LED, or several LEDs, when a dosimeter or an integrating radiometer is not practical or available.
Units are customized for all applications to meet each customer's exact requirements.
- Effective heat management
- High efficiency of aluminium reflector technology
- Safe operator environment
- Long lamp life
- Compact design
- Operator terminal with input data and alarm logging.
The following are a few examples of what UV coatings can target today:
- Adhesion promotor for plastic films on metal substrate
- Antifingerprint and Drylube varnishes
- Added value Clear coat (3rd layer) / New functionality
- Coil Coating Pretreatment primer
- Coil Coating Backing coat (foamable, glueable)
- Insulating coating (C3 and C5 grades) for electrical steel
- Temporary protection for tubes and sheets
- Scratch-resistant coatings
- UV-powder coating primer and top coats
- Weldable primer for automotive industry | <urn:uuid:3d6d6b31-c788-4310-83ae-84b70b4be56a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.radsys.eu/faq-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510520.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929154432-20230929184432-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.926882 | 7,845 | 3.734375 | 4 |
When Your Invention Goes to Washington (Mar, 1936)
When Your Invention Goes to Washington
Through the doors of the Patent Office in Washington has passed all of the progress of America. Here came the first telephone, locomotive, automobile, wireless. The inventors of today will create the progress of tomorrow. What comes next?
THIS article is addressed to the man with a new idea and who wishes to obtain a bullet-proof patent and who wishes to make money with that idea. It is to be borne in mind at the outset that a good idea covered by a weak patent will be practically worthless and that a poor idea covered by a strong patent will be equally worthless. It behooves the inventor, then, to make sure that these cardinal mistakes are avoided.
What is a good idea? When is an idea worthy of patent protection? To best answer these questions the inventor should determine whether or not his invention can satisfactorily meet the following specifications:
Does the invention fill a real human need? Can it be manufactured and sold at a price that will be commensurate with the services that it will perform? Is the idea reduced to its simplest possible form? Has it been made to resist undue wear? Is it made of the cheapest possible materials consistent with good performance? Does it contain any superfluous parts? Can it be assembled easily?
Can it be manufactured easily and cheaply?
Is the market for it, large enough to justify domestic and foreign patent protection?
How does it compare with articles already on the market?
If these questions are answered soberly and honestly, the inventor is ready to find his patent attorney. Before doing this, however, he must take the precaution of making out a date of conception. To do this he draws out his idea in pen and ink and writes a brief but intelligible description of it on the same piece of paper. The result is taken to a notary public and properly witnessed which will cost twenty-five cents. Uncle Sam has decreed in his Patent Law that the inventor will then have two years from the date on his paper in which to apply for his patent. If the inventor does not act within this period of time, the invention automatically becomes public property and no patent can ever issue covering the invention.
With this important matter properly taken care of, the inventor then fully explains his invention to several members of his family or to several intimate friends. The object of this is that of providing himself with important witnesses if he is called upon in court to prove his right and title to the idea.
The next step is that of selecting the right attorney. There should be no fear of the attorney stealing the inventor’s idea. The writer has never heard of a single instance where an attorney appropriated an invention. He would have to perjure himself if he did and that, once proven, would bring a long prison sentence.
Having selected his attorney, the inventor lays all of his cards on the table. Not the smallest detail is neglected. If a personal visit to the attorney is possible, it is to be advised. The more the attorney knows about the invention, the better the resulting patent will be. It should be remembered at all times that we have patents and PATENTS. There are good, bad and indifferent patents, depending upon how they are worded and written.
When the inventor files his invention with an attorney he must pay the attorney initial fee and he must also remit the first government fee of $30.00. After filing, the patent application is placed in the hands of one of the several hundred Patent Office examiners who specializes along the line to which the patent applies.
Having familiarized himself with the full details of the patent application, the examiner then consults his file of patents to determine whether or not any similar idea has been patented before. If so, the examiner notifies the attorney and that is the end of the matter. The inventor will not be wasting his money in attempting to patent something already covered.
Inventors have the right to prepare and file their own patent applications under the Patent Law but this is to be advised against on the whole. Many a patent has been found invalid after issue, a point which stresses the importance of expert preparation of the patent application. | <urn:uuid:10679246-0cf5-4011-9343-4b23df7d182e> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://blog.modernmechanix.com/when-your-invention-goes-to-washington/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945448.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421203546-20180421223546-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.969855 | 865 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In this article we’ll examine examples of how you can perform a firm level value chain analysis. The Value Chain was first introduced by Michael Porter during the 1980’s in his bestselling book, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. In addition to examining value chains from a firm level, it is also possible to examine them at an activities level. We will only cover firm level value chains in this article.
Value Chain Definition
Value Chain analysis is premised on the belief that competitive advantage can only be understood by looking at the firm as a whole. Competitive advantage and marketplace differentiation can be found, according to Porter, by examining the chain of activities a firm undertakes to deliver value to its customers.
The most commonly used graphic to represent a firms value chain is shown below:
As you can see from the diagram the value chain is created at the business unit level. You can gain some appreciation of how a business works at the top level by examining this value chain. Products pass through the value chain from left to right, and with each activity performed, the product gains some value.
Again, as you can see from the diagram, our generic business consists of support activities such as Infrastructure, Human Resources Management, Technology development, and Procurement. It also consists of primary activities such as Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales, and Service. The total cost of all these described activities combined in relation to the cost charged to the customer will determine the profit margin, or lack thereof.
Value Chain Examples
At a firm level the value chain can be used in a number of ways. The most basic of which is simply to describe visually the company or a competitor. This is done by simply adapting the generic model to suit your company. In the example below marketing and sales have been separated into different distinct business units, perhaps because these represent such large business units in this particular business:
Another way to use the diagram is to quickly see the company’s strengths or weaknesses. In the example below, strengths are highlighted in blue, with this particular business being strong in Technological Development and Marketing/Sales:
Whilst this might appear simplistic it is useful when you want to compare the strengths and weaknesses of your organization with another, to understand how this impacts disparities in differentiation and margin between the two businesses.
The final way to use the diagram is as a quick way to identify a potential partner for strategic alliances, mergers, or even an acquisition. In the diagram below two companies are compared according to their strengths:
In the example above it appears, at least at the top level, as though the two companies being compared would be a good match. This is because each businesses individual strengths complements nicely the others. Of course, in the real world things are rarely this clear cut, but the idea is still very applicable for gaining a quick appreciation of how two similar businesses might align.
The value chain can be used to understand differentiation in a graphical way at a firm level. These graphics can then be used to visualize a company, highlight strengths or weaknesses, compare strengths or weaknesses, or identify matches for strategic partnerships. This latter example is particularly important to understand if you’re a program manager responsible for M&A activities – the Value Chain fit will act as a constant memory aid guiding your decisions when running and structuring the program of work. | <urn:uuid:1f0912ff-f7c2-4fcd-8e82-78df62d5e1b0> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.expertprogrammanagement.com/2011/05/value-chain-examples/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706298270/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121138-00006-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951367 | 692 | 3.125 | 3 |
By Mieke Prent
This quantity files the advance of Cretan sanctuaries and linked cults from the top of the past due Bronze Age into the Archaic interval (c.1200–600 BC). The e-book offers updated website catalogues and discusses routine kinds of sanctuaries, the historical past in their use and their spiritual and social features, providing new insights into the interval as a complete. historic Crete is named an island whose faith screens a powerful continuity with ‘Minoan’ traditions. The interval of 1200–600 BC typically, even if, is taken into account as one in every of profound socio-political and cultural switch. This research explores the belief of ‘continuity’ via detailing the various techniques and mechanisms serious about the upkeep of older cult traditions and gives stability through putting the saw alterations in cult customs and using sanctuaries within the broader context of societal swap.
Read or Download Cretan Sanctuaries and Cults: Continuity and Change from Late Minoan IIIC to the Archaic Period (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World) PDF
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This quantity records the advance of Cretan sanctuaries and linked cults from the tip of the overdue Bronze Age into the Archaic interval (c. 1200–600 BC). The e-book provides updated website catalogues and discusses habitual forms of sanctuaries, the heritage in their use and their spiritual and social features, supplying new insights into the interval as an entire.
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Additional info for Cretan Sanctuaries and Cults: Continuity and Change from Late Minoan IIIC to the Archaic Period (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World)
11 Bosanquet 1901-02, 231, n. 1. 12 De Tournefort 1718, 6-37; Pococke 1745; see also Warren 1972, 80-90. 13 For Crete: Dapper 1703, 385-484. See also Sphyroeras, Avramou & Asdrahas 1985, 159. 10 40 chapter two as the birth place of Zeus and the home of such mythical beings as the Minotaur, Kouretes and Daktyls. The scarcity of unequivocal historical sources on Crete was commented on by several early scholars, among them the 18th-century historian W. Mitford and the 19thcentury Frenchman G. Perrot.
63 However, opinions vary as to the inherently liminal character of such sites and the resulting likelihood of attracting cult. Thus Edlund, in a study of sanctuaries in Magna Graecia follows M. Eliade and presupposes the existence of ‘holy places’ in an absolute sense. Their holy nature may or may not be ‘revealed’ to man through visions and signs. 66 Burkert acknowledges the complexities of human spatial organisation by granting importance to ‘internal explanations’ such as visions and miracles (to which prehistoric archaeologists of course have no access).
6 Some exploration, however, was done, most notably by Italian scholars during the period of Venetian occupation. 8 Although generally educated as natural historians or scientists, Italian scholars also began the association of place names known from ancient literary sources with specific sites in the Cretan landscape. In 1591 the botanist Giuseppe Casabona identified a cave high in the Psiloritis mountains as the Idaean Antron, which 2 Savary 1788, 165. The roads remained ill-kept until well into the 20th century: Hawes & Boyd Hawes 1916, 1, 9; Allsebrook 1992, 87-88.
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Abstract:We review the evidence on the sex ratio among children below the age of six. International evidence shows that the sex ratio at birth is slightly biased towards boys, but boys suffer greater mortality, a pattern consistent with Darwinian evolution. With economic development, the male bias in the child sex ratio increases. South and East India show levels and trends in the child sex ratio that are consistent with this evidence. However, unbalanced sex ratios in the northern and western states since the first ce… Show more
scite is a Brooklyn-based startup that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health. | <urn:uuid:a03a8bd5-9669-4c76-91d3-df5951121afe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scite.ai/reports/india-s-missing-girls-biology-customs-Eme4QW | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00776.warc.gz | en | 0.927255 | 178 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Will gold leaf a black mark on skin?Asked by: Gail Morar
Score: 4.1/5 (1 votes)
Because gold is a relatively soft metal, most jewelers mix it with other metals such as silver, copper and nickel to increase its hardness and durability. ... Elements such as sulphur and chlorine react with the other metals in the gold jewelry, causing it to corrode and turn black, thus blackening the skin underneath.
What causes gold to leave black marks on skin?
The most common reason why skin discolors when wearing gold jewelry is metallic abrasion. Metallic abrasion is a result of makeup on skin or clothing. ... Gold itself does not corrode, but its primary alloys of silver or copper will do so, forming very dark chemical compounds, under moist or wet conditions.
Does gold leave a black streak?
A milky substance appears if your gold contains sterling. Cosmetics may also help you determine if your gold is real or fake. Use liquid foundation and powder to your forehead. Rub the jewelry in that area; real gold will usually leave a black streak if it is in direct contact with the foundation.
Does real gold tarnish your skin?
Quality yellow gold rarely tarnishes, so it will rarely cause the appearance of green traces on your skin. On the other hand, rose gold contains alloys that turn green more often. Thanks to rhodium plating, white gold jewelry won't discolor your skin.
What does it mean when a ring leaves a black mark?
When a ring turns your finger green or black it's either because of a chemical reaction between acids in your skin and the metal of the ring or a reaction between another substance on your hand, such as a lotion, and the metal of the ring. ... Acids cause the silver to oxidize, which produces tarnish.
Why Does Gold Turn Your Skin Black?
Why do my silver rings leaving black marks?
Silver becomes black because of hydrogen sulfide (sulfur), a substance that occurs in the air. When silver comes into contact with it, a chemical reaction takes place and a black layer is formed. ... These things influence the acidity of your skin, which can cause a reaction.
Should my engagement ring leave a mark?
Wearing or putting on a ring should never hurt, tingle or swell. One that's too tight could actually cut off the blood circulation, preventing the skin from breathing, and that could cause serious damage. It doesn't leave indent marks.
Does 14K gold tarnish in the shower?
While you can enjoy wearing them every day without worry about chemicals or water ruining them, this is not a good idea for everyday use if you are regularly taking hot showers. Gold metal contains sulfur and other elements that make it tarnish over time when exposed to heat and moisture (humidity).
Will real gold tarnish?
*While pure gold does not tarnish, almost all gold jewelry is an alloy, as mentioned above. Depending on the percentage of other metals mixed with the gold, there is chance for tarnish. Better safe than sorry!
Does 14K gold tarnish?
14 karat gold rings or greater will see very little tarnishing if any at all. Gold rings that are below 14 karat will have less pure gold and will most likely be tarnished over a period of time. The higher the karat of gold means the less base metals used and the less likely to tarnish.
How do you check if gold is real?
All you have to do is place your gold piece into the water! If it's genuine gold, then it will immediately sink to the bottom of the cup. Pure gold is heavy due to its high density (19.32 g/ ml). If your gold item floats or hovers above the cup's bottom, then it's fake or plated gold.
What does it mean if you rub a ring on your face and it turns black?
Livestrong says it could be contact dermatitis -- an allergic reaction that causes discoloration. Sometimes, if your skin is acidic, it can react with copper in gold jewelry.
Can gold stain your skin?
Virtually no discussion of jewelry metals would be complete without mentioning this age-old issue. And the answer is, “Oh, yes, even 24K gold can cause skin discolorations for some people.” That's no test of quality of a precious metal.
Why does my necklace turn my neck black?
If copper or other jewelry has left greenish or black marks on your skin, you are not alone. Even though some people have metal allergies, most often the discoloration is caused by a reaction between our skin and the alloys (a mix of metals), especially when the jewelry touches areas that perspire.
Why Does My ring stain my finger?
The most common reason your finger gets discolored when wearing a gold ring is. This is caused by makeup, or other cosmetics, on the skin. Cosmetics contain compounds that are harder than the gold (remember gold is soft). ... Another reason that that your finger may discolor is corrosion of the metals in your ring.
What gold will not tarnish?
If you are looking for gold jewelry that is less likely to tarnish, you are going to want to look for a higher karat gold. For example, 24 karat gold will not tarnish as it is pure gold. You will see more tarnishing in jewelry under 14 karats of gold. To play it safe, look for jewelry in the 14-18 karats of gold.
Does real gold change color?
Gold is available in three colours: yellow, white, and rose. Over time, the colour of gold jewellery can change due to wear and chemical reactions with the environmental elements it comes into contact with. The biggest change will happen to a white gold ring.
How long can 14k gold last?
14k gold-filled can last beautifully for many years. But we've found that the wrong chemicals, when left on the surface of your pieces, can cause the gold to darken more quickly than it should.
Can you shower 14 karat gold?
Solid Gold (10k, 14k)
Solid gold is a great choice if you're looking for a lifetime piece you can wear everyday and everywhere - yes, even in the shower! Polish with a soft cloth.
Can you shower with 14k gold jewelry?
Even if the the gold is comprised of 14 karats, the answer to can I shower in 14k gold is typically no. Showering with jewelry on is not advisable on a frequent basis. If it happens once and awhile, or very rarely, the jewelry will be fine.
Can you get 14 karat gold wet?
Pure gold is not affected by water and can get wet, though sustained time showering with gold can cause the shine to diminish. However, while pure gold is resistant to chemicals, gold alloys may become damaged by harsh chemicals that could be present in the water, such as chlorine.
How long before ring indentation goes away?
If you wore your ring every day for numerous years, don't expect the indentation to disappear overnight 1. Eventually, given enough time, the indentation will go away and your finger will look as it did before you wore it.
Is it bad if a ring leaves an indent?
A wedding b and shouldn't be really tough to remove or leave an indent on your skin when you take it off. That's too small. If the ring slips off without any effort, it's likely too big and could easily be misplaced.
Are ring indents normal?
Wearing a wedding band every day for many years can actually create a small indentation in your ring finger. ... Eventually, depending on how long you've worn the ring, your finger will return to normal. Wearing a wedding band every day for many years can actually create a small indentation in your ring finger. | <urn:uuid:820fca01-825b-41b2-bbdd-7693a22dd8ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://moviecultists.com/will-gold-leaf-a-black-mark-on-skin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103669266.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630062154-20220630092154-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.931933 | 1,660 | 2.5625 | 3 |
USDA Foods & Processing
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) purchases foods through direct appropriations from Congress, under the surplus removal program and price support activities. The foods are distributed to State agencies for use by eligible outlets, including schools.
Participating Schools and Institutions
Idaho works with several programs throughout the state and offers a variety of food items to these programs. These programs include schools and institutions participating in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and Summer Food Service Program (SFSP).
Products available through the USDA-donated USDA Foods Program are items such as meats, vegetables, fruits, grains, and dairy products.
Idaho has a strong processing program. Through the USDA programs, the State of Idaho has contracted with commercial food processors to convert bulk or raw USDA Foods into more convenient ready-to-use products. Most of the USDA Foods processed through this program go to schools participating in NSLP.
Our mission is to support Child Nutrition Programs throughout the State of Idaho by providing USDA Foods to eligible programs. | <urn:uuid:0b69ec37-5078-42bf-8d64-bb9c9e3163fc> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.sde.idaho.gov/cnp/usda/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703529331.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122113332-20210122143332-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.938293 | 213 | 2.625 | 3 |
Jeremy White of Wired writes on how Lego perfected the recycled plastic brick.
- In 2015 Lego announced that it would invest $155 billion into a new Sustainable Materials Center to find a more eco-friendly method of manufacturing its signature blocks.
- After some experimenting, Lego has found a new way to make its products out of recycled plastic water bottles.
- By creating its products from recycled materials, Lego is lowering its carbon footprint and benefiting our environment.
“Over the past three years, Lego’s 150-strong Sustainable Materials team has tested more than 250 variations of PET materials. The resulting prototype, according to Tim Brooks, vice president of environmental responsibility at Lego, nails one of the toughest hurdles for a non-ABS brick: clutch power.”
Read the full article here. | <urn:uuid:f70ae7c0-bd05-4ccd-b133-96aacc4baf8c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://c3newsmag.com/how-lego-perfected-the-recycled-plastic-brick/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.944076 | 163 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The period from 1789 to 1849 is one of the most eventful in U.S. history. It includes the growth of the United States from the first Congress, through the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the territorial expansion of the United States. Through nearly 4000 annotated entries, this bibliography provides references to New England and New Englanders in U.S. government publications issued during that period. It traces the origin of many of the social, fiscal, and foreign policies that were instrumental in the development of the country and whose consequences still affect us today. It encompasses the development of the postal system and the Treasury Department, the distribution of the public lands, the exploration of the West, systems of defense and fortification, boundary disputes, the annexation of Texas, and the origin of the divisive differences between the South and North over tariffs and slavery. During these first 30 congresses, the United States government published and distributed a wealth of primary and secondary source material documenting these historical events and issues. Historians researching the history of New England and its peoples can find a variety of information in these publications on New England topics and concerns. Speeches from New England Representatives and Senators also offer their views and the views of their constituents on the regional and national issues of the day. Included in this bibliography are references in published government documents by and to the New England states, covering Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Speeches by congressmen from these states, memorials and petitions voicing the opinion of thepeople of these states, and congressional and executive reports, documents, and references specifically about the states and their concerns are cited. Each citation is accompanied by a brief annotation. The volume has chapters on each state, and within each chapter, the entries are arranged chronologically by Congress and Session. Thus the reader can browse through a chapter to get a sense of the issues facing a state during the period, or can consult the extensive indexes to locate specific information more precisely. | <urn:uuid:358c0087-4d34-4c05-9069-e7a48b2af2e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/new-england-in-u-s/9780313281280-item.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188891.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00465-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952346 | 406 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Does a large difference in electronegativity mean the covalent bond is weaker?
In a covalent bond between two atoms of different electronegativities, the bonding electrons are pulled towards the more electronegative electron. This makes the bond polar (eg. $HCl$).
In a diatomic molecule, the electronegativity is the same so the electrons are equally attracted to either atom. Does this make diatomic covalent bonds stronger than the former? And if so, as the difference in electronegativity increases, does the strength of the covalent bond decrease? | <urn:uuid:96d3bfd2-716f-48f2-a06e-4d2b71981451> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/133902/covalent-bond-nature-in-electronegativity-gap | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649343.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603201228-20230603231228-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.87951 | 126 | 2.78125 | 3 |
As high-level security systems transition to gathering biometric data via facial recognition, iris scans, and fingerprints, researchers such as USC's Dr. Wael Abd-Almageed are creating AI neural nets to spot fakes.
Because these days, downloading a CTO's headshot to create a 3D replica and break into a secret lab is not just the stuff of espionage movies—it could happen.
We spoke with Dr. Abd-Almageed, Research Team Lead and Senior Scientist at USC's Viterbi School of Engineering Information Sciences Institute, from his office in Marina del Rey about creating new artificial intelligence techniques and applying them to computer vision, biometrics, and multimedia problems. Here are edited and condensed excerpts of our conversation.
Dr. Abd-Almageed, is it an oversimplification to say that you are not teaching machines to think like humans but to approach vision, identity, criminal biometric fakes in an entirely new way?
[WAA] That's exactly right. We are not teaching machines to think like humans, simply because we do not yet know how humans think. We are developing AI algorithms, software, and sensors that will enable biometric authentications systems to be more robust and resilient against spoofing attacks.
To do that, we're inspired by how the human brain is wired. We're teaching AI to mimic one of the human functions. As an example, humans recognize faces, even if they're occluded with a beard, glasses, or hat, and can also tell if the face is a real person or printed face on a piece of paper. It's very difficult for computers to differentiate between real and fake people, but that's what we're training our system to do.
Currently you're the Principal Investigator on a project known as Biometric Authentication with a Timeless Learner (BATL), which runs until 2021. Can you talk about your work there, and what you've been tasked to achieve?
Existing biometric sensors, like cameras, fingerprint, and iris sensors are not inherently designed to be anti-spoof. The image can be great for identification, but it doesn't tell you whether this person is an actual person or maybe just a 2D image. In BATL, we are developing new anti-spoof face, fingerprint, and iris sensors that provide rich data, and AI algorithms that use the sensor data to tell if the biometric presentation is real or fake.
Or a fine mesh scan of the CTO's face held up to a camera to gain entry?
Right. So there's a problem with the existing technology and we were tasked with fixing that using a system which contains new sensing modalities like laser-speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) and short wave infrared (SWIR) to make authentication more accurate. In the case of fingerprint sensors, the laser can tell if there's blood pulsing through the digit.
As opposed to someone using a 3D-printed silicon device with the correct fingerprint. Or, being a bit gruesome here, the finger off a cadaver?
Exactly. Our systems combine the laser technology—to see if there's blood present—with AI and neural networks which make predictions on whether it's a live or fake sample each time.
How often does your system get it right?
We're improving all the time, reaching new milestones, but the last number we hit for fingerprint was a 97 attack percent detection accuracy, at very low false alarm rate (one in 500).
Impressive. On the way to being foolproof enough for high-level security edifices.
Indeed. But I must say, everything we do is a result of hard work of a great team of students, engineers, and scientists and not just my work.
What other biometrics research have you been involved in?
Large-scale face recognition. We developed a complex system in which we identify 68 facial "landmarks"—eyebrows, mouth, nose, and so on—and build a 3D render of the face. We use the rendered face along with an AI system to digitally rotate the face and identify the person, even when occluded by glasses or so on. A paper connected to this research was published recently by IEEE, and there we propose our "Pose-Aware Models (PAM) process," a face image using several pose-specific, deep convolutional neural networks.
The AI you're using was trained on significantly large pictorial datasets, including—curiously—Painter by Numbers?
Right. This was a very interesting problem to address and this paper is part of a series of papers that discusses the issue of "fake news" and repurposed images with corresponding fake text. In computer vision, this is pretty much a new area so we have to use proxy data sets, [and] one of them is painter by numbers. The system learns to question whether a painting is a Van Gogh or a Renoir by examining the image itself, along with the metadata or captions, which could be faked. Our framework for doing this is called Adversarial Image Repurposing Detection (AIRD) and is designed for large-scale image repurposing detection.
You grew up in Egypt then came to the US to continue your education, receiving your PhD. with Distinction from the University of New Mexico in 2003. When did you first become interested in this field of biometric spoofing and machine vision?
Actually many years ago. When I finished my bachelors in Egypt and started on my masters, computer memory was so limited so I became interested in image processing and compression. That led me to early interest in computer vision.
What was the computing power back then?
Intel had just brought out the 486DX processors but, in 1989 when I got my first personal computer, computers didn't even have a hard drive. I used to write assembly and C code. Essentially it was very primitive compared to today, but we learned coding the hard way.
What brought you to USC ISI?
It's an interesting question because, when I joined ISI in 2013 they don't even have a computer vision department back then. But I had worked with Dr. Prem Natarajan, the incoming director, during my time at the University of Maryland and he brought me here to start this group.
When not working, do you have any geek credential worthy pursuits?
Quite honestly, not really. Essentially I have an engineering background and, even when I was a child, preferred to build things with Lego and Meccano. My desire, and dream, was to be an engineer and build systems. I switched to computer science later on, but then came full circle because for biometrics, we are not just developing algorithms on standard datasets and publishing papers, we are actually building prototypes and systems. They're not production-quality systems but could be easily converted to be so, in time. So what I do now is a good combination of engineering and computer science.
Dr. Wael Abd-Almageed will be speaking at the 12th IAPR International Conference On Biometrics (ICB), which runs until June 7 in Crete, Greece. | <urn:uuid:313e4acb-8040-4c46-85b3-612615fea12d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.pcmag.com/news/is-that-your-fingerprint-or-a-fake-this-ai-can-tell | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038092961.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416221552-20210417011552-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.962864 | 1,484 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Title: Using flue gas desulfurization gypsum to remove dissolved phosphorus from agricultural drainage waters Authors
|Bose, Salil -|
|Allen, Arthur -|
Submitted to: Journal of Environmental Quality
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: January 5, 2012
Publication Date: May 1, 2012
Citation: Bryant, R.B., Buda, A.R., Kleinman, P.J., Church, C., Saporito, L.S., Folmar, G.J., Bose, S., Allen, A.L. 2012. Using flue gas desulfurization gypsum to remove dissolved phosphorus from agricultural drainage waters. Journal of Environmental Quality. 41(3):664-671. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0294. Interpretive Summary: USDA-ARS scientists and scientists from the University of Maryland Eastern Shore designed, constructed, and monitored a filter within an agricultural drainage ditch to remove dissolved phosphorus (P), thereby protecting receiving water bodies against P losses from upstream areas. Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, a readily-available, low-cost coal combustion product, was used as the reactive ingredient in the ditch filter. Although the hydraulic conductivity of FGD gypsum was too low to treat large flow events during which water bypassed the filter and flowed to the Manokin River, the ditch filter did remove approximately 22 % of the total dissolved P load over a 3.6 year period. Arsenate, which is present in elevated levels in poultry litter amended soils, has similar chemical behavior as phosphate, and the gypsum filter effectively removed dissolved Arsenic from ditch drainage waters. Mercury concentrations in the influent and the effluent were approximately the same, indicating that mercury, which is present as a minor contaminant in the FGD gypsum, does not leach from the gypsum at concentrations that might cause concern. The gypsum filter also acted as a sediment trap for particulate-bound P, arsenic, and mercury. At the end of the study, the gypsum was enriched with all three of these elements that would otherwise have had negative impacts on downstream water quality.
Technical Abstract: After several decades of applying chicken litter to meet crop demands for nitrogen, high levels of legacy phosphorus (P) in soils of the Delmarva Peninsula are a major source of dissolved P entering drainage ditches that empty to the Chesapeake Bay. The objective of this study was to design, construct, and monitor a filter within the ditch to remove dissolved P, thereby protecting against P losses from upstream areas. In April, 2007, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, a readily-available, low-cost coal combustion product, was used as the reactive ingredient in the construction of a ditch filter to remove dissolved P. The ditch filter was monitored through 2010 during which time 29 storm-induced flow events were characterized. For storm-induced flow, the event mean concentration efficiency for dissolved P capture for water passing through the gypsum bed was 73% +/- 27% confidence interval (alpha = 0.05), and by the summation of load method we observed a 65% +/- 27% reduction (confidence interval alpha = 0.05). FGD gypsum contains slightly higher levels of arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) than is found in naturally occurring mined gypsum. Arsenate, which is present in elevated levels in poultry litter amended soils, has similar chemical behavior as phosphate, and the gypsum filter effectively removed dissolved As in ditch drainage waters. Hg concentrations in filtered water were approximately the same as those in unfiltered water (2 ug L-1), indicating that Hg does not leach from the gypsum at concentrations that might cause concern. The gypsum filter also acted as a sediment trap for particulate-bound P, As, and Hg. Although chemically effective, the hydraulic conductivity of FGD gypsum was too low to treat large flow events during which water topped the weir, allowing unfiltered water to flow to the Manokin River. When bypass flow and base flow were taken into consideration, the ditch filter removed approximately 9 % of the total dissolved P load over the 3.6 year period. | <urn:uuid:bd153a77-86b4-4b72-877e-69f1e87388a4> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=271705 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537308.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00253-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945708 | 900 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Patents are viewed as a necessary evil in the United States. Monopolies are considered evil in the United States but patent laws which have monopoly like characteristics are designed to promote the Sciences in that it gives inventors an exclusionary right (i.e., monopoly like right) for a limited period of time in exchange for the inventor’s disclosure of the invention to the public. The government does not want to the power of the patent to influence the marketplace after the patent term has expired.
Based on the foregoing, any royalties collected as a result of the patent license must stop upon expiration of the patent term. In contrast, royalties may be paid to the licensor indefinitely for non patent related rights such as trade secrets and know how licensing. The problem comes when a patent license is extended to a licensee for patent as well as non patent related rights and the agreement dictates that the licensee will pay royalties to the licensor even after expiration of the patent. If the royalty being paid after expiration of the patent is in fact a royalty on the patent, then the patent license is unenforceable even if a portion of the royalty payment is attributable to non-patent rights. (e.g., trademark, know-how and trade secrets).
In Kimble v Marvel, Kimble approached Marvel with a spider man toy where kids could spread a web of string upon mimicking spider-man’s classic hand motion. Marvel rejected Kimble’s idea but went on to market and manufacture a similar product. At the time, Kimble had a pending patent application which later matured into a U.S. patent.
Kimble asserted the patent against Marvel. During litigation, the parties settled the matter with Marvel agreeing to pay a royalty to Kimble. The basis for the royalty payment was in part due to the patent and also a verbal agreement (i.e., contract claim) between Kimble and Marvel at the time of the disclosure. When Kimble disclosed the toy idea to Marvel, they had a verbal agreement for Marvel to pay Kimble money should Marvel incorporate Kimble’s idea into a toy. A part of the royalty was based on the verbal agreement. A part of the royalty was due to the patent rights in Kimble’s issued patent. The agreement between Kimble and Marvel required Marvel to pay Kimble royalties indefinitely even after expiration of the patent. The royalty rate was the same before and after expiration of the patent. As a result, the court concluded that the royalty collected after expiration of the patent must be attributed to the patent. If so, the power of the patent is being leveraged even after expiration of the patent term. Hence, the agreement was unenforceable. Kimble could not reform or rewrite the agreement to collect a smaller royalty for the contract claim in an attempt to apportion out the royalties due to the patent.
The court reviewed prior case law on the subject and held that there should be a two tier royalty payment structure for the agreement to survive. The two tiers must include different royalty rates for royalties for rights during patent rights and another royalty rate for rights surviving expiration of the patent.
The bottom line is that patent license agreements for patent and non patent related rights may cause the patent license agreement to be unenforceable for the part after expiration of patent term unless the royalties for the patent and non patent rights are clearly distinguishable in the royalty rate structure.
I invite you to contact me with your patent questions at (949) 433-0900 or [email protected] Please feel free to forward this article to your friends. As an Orange County Patent Attorney, I serve Orange County, Irvine, Los Angeles, San Diego and surrounding cities. | <urn:uuid:e9e610a9-ccf5-4fdd-a276-9afa747f3fd9> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://ocpatentlawyer.com/patent-license-unenforceable-because-of-nonpatent-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316194.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821194752-20190821220752-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.946319 | 753 | 2.609375 | 3 |
New CBRN Standard for Canada Issued
This voluntary standard is the first national standard for PPE to be used by fire, police, and paramedics, officials said.
CSA Standards and the government of Canada announced Jan. 25 that the country's first national standard for protective equipment for fire, police, and paramedics is now available. Officials who announced said it is vital for first responders in Canada to have access to the right protective equipment in case of a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) incident.
The announcement was made during a re-enactment of such an incident. "Our government understands how essential it is for those who put their lives on the line for Canadian families to have the best support and equipment possible," said Vic Toews, Canada's Public Safety minister. "With today's announcement of new equipment standards for our first responders, we are working to ensure that firefighters, police officers, paramedics, and health care workers have the highest standard of protective equipment available while working to protect Canadians in extraordinary urgent situations."
The standard's designation is CAN/CGSB/CSA-Z1610, Protection of First Responders from Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Events. It specifies requirements for the selection, use, and care of PPE for first responders in a CBRN incident, including deliberate attacks or releases and contagious outbreaks.
"Canada's front-line emergency workers form the backbone of our society by answering the call of duty without question when people are in need," said Bonnie Rose, president of CSA Standards. "The work that the Canadian General Standards Board and the CSA technical committees have done in developing this voluntary national standard is a model of cooperation and one that will help lead to improved protection for our heroic first responders across jurisdictions from coast to coast."
"The development of a single recognized standard will ensure protection for police, firefighters, and military and emergency medical services personnel across the country," said Terrence Davies, director of Public Works and Government Services Canada's Canadian General Standards Board. Funding for the development of the standard was provided by the government of Canada's CBRNE Research and Technology Initiative, while personnel and facilities in-kind assistance came from Public Safety Canada and many other stakeholders, CSA Standards said. | <urn:uuid:f7098797-4bb3-4804-8e89-e4b5f36ba245> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://ohsonline.com/articles/2011/01/29/new-cbrn-standard-for-canada-issued.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583850393.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122120040-20190122142040-00613.warc.gz | en | 0.953169 | 463 | 2.53125 | 3 |
2.8 Effects of Drug Abuse on Health
2.8.1 What are Drugs?
1. Drugs are chemical substance which can affect a person’s mind, emotion and body functions.
2. Useful drugs are used to treat patient in medicine.
3. Drug abuse occurs if it is used not for medical purposes.
4. Drug abuse can lead to addiction and health deterioration.
Types of drug and their characteristics
2.8.2 Effects of Drug Abuse on Body Coordination and Health
Drugs and their adverse effects | <urn:uuid:b571698a-2fbd-4bab-a012-9bc45a1ceecb> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://spmscience.blog.onlinetuition.com.my/2017/08/28-effects-of-drug-abuse-on-health.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575515.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922135356-20190922161356-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.909089 | 112 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Manage Bovine Respiratory Disease with Performance Trace Minerals
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) impacts the beef cattle industry by an estimated $800 to $900 million USD in annual losses, plus an additional loss of $110 million USD annually in processing sick animals. Research shows that BRD is responsible for 80 percent of all deaths of calves entering commercial feed yards in the United States.
The negative impact BRD has on production and on a beef producer’s bottom line can be reduced with proper management strategies and performance trace mineral nutrition.
Factors Contributing to Bovine Respiratory Disease
First and foremost, an animal that is not getting adequate energy, protein or trace minerals in their ration will suffer from a weakened immune response and are, therefore, going to be more susceptible to BRD and other viral infections.
A calf that has not been vaccinated is at a much higher risk for BRD after 4 to 5 months of age. Younger calves that are still nursing their dam will have high levels of immunoglobulin in their blood from colostrum they consumed in the first hours after birth. However, at about 4 to 5 months of age, levels of those antibodies, or immunoglobulins in the bloodstream, start to decline, leaving calves more susceptible to BRD.
Bovine respiratory disease is a multifactorial infection — viral and bacterial diseases working together against the calf’s immune system. Oftentimes a viral pathogen invades the animal that suppresses the animal’s immune system, allowing various BRD bacteria to take over, cause extensive lung damage, allowing these bacteria to have a much more damaging impact than the bacteria would have had on its own. This could ultimately lead to the death of a calf. Controlling other viral infections can prevent BRD from becoming as severe.
Weather also contributes to beef cattle becoming infected with BRD. Calves dealing with rain, high winds, dust or cold temperatures will become stressed, which can also weaken their immune response.
Bovine Respiratory Disease Affects Performance and Immunity
When calves become infected with BRD and get a fever, their water intake will decrease, and they may become dehydrated. When calves become dehydrated, their blood flow slows down. When this happens, white blood cells don’t leave their blood vascular space to go into the upper respiratory tract or to the lungs to fight off BRD infections. This greatly limits the animal’s ability to defend against invading pathogens.
Bovine respiratory disease also causes a decrease in production performance. Calves that become infected with BRD will consume less feed and will therefore have less weight gain and will face an increased risk of mortality.
Management Strategies to Control Bovine Respiratory Disease During Weaning
With proper management strategies, beef producers can reduce the incidence of BRD and its impact on their beef operation. Some best practices for managing BRD during weaning include the following:
- Vaccinate calves twice, two to four weeks apart during weaning: When calves get a second dose of the same vaccine within four or five weeks of the first dose, they will experience a higher level of antibody production and a much higher level of protection from BRD and other bacterial and viral infections.
- Practice low-stress cattle handling techniques when vaccinating. This includes applying proper pressure when processing, minimizing noise when moving calves and ensuring calves can see you.
- Fence line weaning: Weaning calves at the fence line adjacent to where their dam is housed is much less stressful compared to loading calves onto a trailer and moving them to a different site or facility. Ensure the calf and the cow can see each other and touch nose-to-nose. By conventional weaning age (6 to 7 months), calves are fully competent to graze or eat a mixed ration; they no longer rely on the dam’s milk solely for their diet. But by allowing the calf to see and communicate with the cow, the calf’s stress is greatly reduced. Reducing stress in calves will improve their immune response and increase the effectiveness of their vaccines.
- Provide calves with performance trace minerals free choice while they are growing and nursing on the dam. This will help them improve their ability to mount a rapid and robust immune response following pre-weaning vaccination.
Performance Trace Minerals Help Control Bovine Respiratory Disease Before Birth
When cows are fed performance trace minerals during the last trimester of gestation, they produce more and a higher-quality colostrum. This colostrum is then passed on to the calf. The immunoglobulins in colostrum that are consumed by the calf during the first 12 hours after birth are a significant part of the calf’s immune system for the next four to five months, through weaning, and throughout their life.
A research study conducted by Zinpro at Oregon State University revealed that calves born from cows fed Availa®4 during the third trimester had a significant reduction in bovine respiratory disease treatment rates in the feed yard.
- Twenty percent of the calves from cows fed Availa-4 were treated for BRD, compared to 42 percent of calves from cows with no supplementation and 59 percent of calves from cows fed inorganic trace minerals. It should be noted that treatment rates for control and inorganic treatments were not significantly different.
- The reduction in BRD incidence reduces not only cost of the treatment drug for the producer but also labor and stress on the animals.
The study was conducted as part of Zinpro’s Generational Nutrition® program which highlights how feeding performance trace minerals to gestating cows helps improve the wellness and performance of their offspring. Availa-4 is a unique combination of copper, zinc, manganese and cobalt that is research-proven to deliver strong performance benefits to the beef cow herd and a solid economic return to the cow/calf producer.
Controlling Bovine Respiratory Disease in the Feed Yard
Management strategies must continue once the calves enter the feed yard. Best practices for managing BRD in the feed yard include the following:
- Vaccinate the calves once more between one and four days after they enter the feed yard. This will further help to fortify their immune system and help with their ability to mount a rapid and robust immune response against BRD challenges.
- Limit stress by ensuring you’re not overcrowding the animals. Producers should provide at least 120 square feet (11 square meters) per animal in the feed yard — much more if pen conditions are wet.
- Feed performance trace minerals. Many calves enter the feed yard with a trace mineral deficiency. When beef calves haven’t consumed enough trace minerals in their ration, they will not have as rapid and robust of an immune response to a BRD challenge or to vaccination. Performance trace minerals are absorbed into the calf more efficiently and used by the calf much more effectively to build immunity. Calves fed performance trace minerals will see an improvement in antibody production and, therefore, will respond better to vaccines. Performance trace minerals also improve white blood cell function, enhancing their ability to eat up and kill bacteria and viruses.
To learn more about the research-proven benefits of feeding Availa-4 to beef cows as part of the Generational Nutrition Program, download this Availa-4 research report or contact your Zinpro representative. To discover additional highlights from this research, download our research summary: Feeding the Beef Cow Availa-4 Improves Productivity and Economic Returns of the Calf. | <urn:uuid:22b9c65c-0b6f-43a5-9ed6-71bd4c2297d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://essentialfeed.zinpro.com/2019/04/manage-bovine-respiratory-disease-with-performance-trace-minerals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141203418.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129214615-20201130004615-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.948504 | 1,552 | 3.109375 | 3 |
What percentage of Greece was fertile farmable land?
Arable land (% of land area) in Greece was reported at 16.58 % in 2018, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources.
Does Greece have fertile valleys?
Greece is a mountainous peninsula (island) located in the Mediterranean region. The high mountain ranges enclosed fertile valleys.
What percentage of Greece was farmable?
Agricultural land (% of land area) in Greece was reported at 47.35 % in 2018, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources.
Did Greece had large amounts of fertile farmland?
The Greeks did not have enough fertile farmland. How did they get enough grain crops to feed their people? How would you describe the climate in Greece? … How did living in an area with a lot of mountains impact Greek life?
How much did farmers get paid in ancient Greece?
The farmers would take food to the marketplace and they would set up stores. An average farmer would make around 2 drachmas each day when they sold their crops.
Does Greece have a lot of arable land?
In 2018, arable land as a share of land area for Greece was 16.6 %. Arable land as a share of land area of Greece fell gradually from 23.4 % in 1969 to 16.6 % in 2018.
How does Greece depend on their environment?
Ancient Greeks raised crops and animals well suited to the environment. … Because farming didn’t produce huge surpluses, and travel across the terrain was difficult, the Greeks came to depend on the sea. People living near the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Ionian Seas became fishers, sailors, and merchants.
How did the geography of Greece affect Greek history?
Geography had an enormous impact on the ancient Greek civilization. The people of ancient Greece took advantage of all this saltwater and coastline and became outstanding fishermen and sailors. There was some farmland for crops, but the Greeks could always count on seafood and waterfowl to eat.
Is Greek Greece?
The name of Greece differs in Greek compared with the names used for the country in other languages and cultures, just like the names of the Greeks. In English, however, the country is usually called Greece, which comes from the Latin Graecia (as used by the Romans). …
How many farmers are in Greece?
Greek agriculture employs 528,000 farmers, 12% of the total labor force. It only produces 3.6% of the national GDP (about $16 billion annually). Many of the country’s immigrants are employed in the agricultural sector of the economy, as well as construction and public works.
What crop did not grow well in ancient Greece?
As a result, crop failure was a regular problem in ancient Greece. Wheat crops may have failed once every four years, and barley crops once every 10 years, because of insufficient water supply. Some areas had different soils and weather conditions that made them more fertile than others. | <urn:uuid:d9422cf5-9c87-462a-9e3d-8ba17a0de83e> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://smilemontenegro.com/albanias/how-much-of-greece-was-covered-by-fertile-valleys.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103037089.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626040948-20220626070948-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.973133 | 630 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Mikhail Gorbachev is one of the greatest statesmen of the modern era. Serving as the last leader of the Soviet Union (1985-1991) he advocated a radical new trajectory for Russia, defined by the ideas of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). Gorbachev's commitment to developing relationships with the West and easing political tensions was instrumental in ending the Cold War and recognised with the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. Since leaving office, Gorbachev has continued to press for political reform both within Russia and on the international stage, establishing the Gorbachev Foundation which aims to promote democratic values and humanist principles worldwide. He has also consistently pushed for more concerted international efforts to tackle key global issues such as poverty and climate change, arguing that current leaders can learn much from the spirit of dialogue and cooperation that ended the Cold War. | <urn:uuid:b33ba896-f91f-4ab0-9456-8c6c288b387b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://politybooks.com/authorbio/?tag=Mikhail%20Gorbachev&blog_id=312 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815318.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224033332-20180224053332-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.948181 | 181 | 2.625 | 3 |
Chukkat | ???? | “Statute ” – One Ordinance for the Children of Israel and Stranger ( GER )
– Red Heifer, Connection with Feminine as Malchut (Kingdom) and red is indication as a passion for the husband in the context of life
– Oh! Listen! Servants of Most High and disciples of Messiah, Be as prudent as snakes and as harmless as doves
Chukat is the thirty-ninth reading from the Torah. Chukat means “decree” in Hebrew and the word chukat (????) also means “statute.” “This is the statute of the law which the LORD has commanded” -Numbers 19:2. Chukat presents the mysterious laws of the red-heifer ceremony for purification after contact with human death. This reading also contains the story of Moses striking the rock, the stories of the deaths of Aaron and Miriam and the wars with the Amorites.
- Numbers 19:1 – The Red Cow
- Numbers 20:1 – Miriam’s Death
- Numbers 20:3 – The People Complain for Lack of Water and Against the Manna
- Numbers 20:7 – YHVH Commands Moses to Bring Water from the Rock
- Numbers 20:9 – Moses Sins by Striking the Rock and Is Punished by Not Being Permitted to Lead the Israelites into the Promised Land
- Numbers 21:1 -Amalek Attacks the Israelites
- Numbers 21:4 -The Israelites Murmur Again; Complaining About the Manna and Lack of Water
- Numbers 21:6 – Fiery Serpents Attack the Complainers
- Numbers 21:8 – Moses Constructs a Serpent on a Pole and the People Are Healed of the Snake Bites
Now HaShem spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying,”This is the ordinance of the Torah which HaShem has commanded, saying: ‘Speak to the children of Israel, that they bring you a red heifer without blemish, in which there is no defect and on which a yoke has never come.’” -Numbers 19:1-2
Chukim (plural) are two levels; first one is, those decrees that could in principle be understood by human intelligence, but details of which are beyond comprehension, and second one is, those which are entirely beyond the scope of human understanding.
The law of the Red Heifer is alone in belonging to the second category. Even Solomon, who possessed great wisdom, said that the only part of G-d’s Torah that he could not explain were the commands concerning the red heifer.
The Chukim, Eidot , Pikudim and Mishpatim are not presented as distinct and separate in the Torah – they are dispersed throughout. G-d demands observance of and total commitment to all parts of His Torah, as the Torah is One – James 2:10.
It is our duty to obey HaShem not only in the things we understand (the mishpatim) but also in the things we do not understand (the chokim), and everything in between (the mitzvot).
I have inclined my heart to perform Your Chokim ( statutes ) forever, to the very end. -Psalms 119:54
HaShem, I hope for Your salvation, and I do Your mitzvot [commandments].
The entirety of Your word is truth, and every one of Your righteous mishpat ( judgements )endures forever. -Psalms 119:60
One Ordinance for the children of Israel and Stranger (Ger)
One ordinance shall be for you of the assembly and for the stranger (ger ) who dwells with you, an ordinance forever throughout your generations; as you are, so shall the stranger be before HaShem. One law and one custom shall be for you and for the stranger ( ger ) who dwells with you. -Numbers 15:15-16
It shall be a statute forever to the children of Israel and to the stranger ( ger ) who dwells among them. -Numbers 19:10
“The Kabbalists tell us that at one time the Hebrew word for “sin” was san which consists of two letters, samekh and nun. The samekh is for the word sam “poison” and the letter nun is for nahash “snake.” Thus sin was personified as “poisonous snake.”
– Rabbi S.Z. Kahana .
In Hebrew the word for Snake is nachash. This is related to the word for copper which nechoshet, which is a shiny metal. When G-d first gives Moses this instruction, the term found in the Hebrew text “serpent” is Saraph, a type of angel. Moses makes a physical representation of the Saraph in the form of a copper serpent. The word for serpent (nachash), is spelled Nun-Chet-Shin. The word for copper comes from the same three-letter root and is spelled Nun-Chet-Shin-Tav.
In Hebraic studies an important point is made that the gematria ( numerical value) of Mashiach (Messiah) and nachash (serpent) are both 358.
Yeshua directly compares His coming to earth and being “lifted up” to the actions of Moses lifting up the serpent on the stick – John 3:14
Just as Moshe lifted up the serpent in the desert, so must the Son of Man be lifted up; – John 3:14
“And the people spoke against God and against Moshe, “Why did you bring us up from Egypt to die in the wilderness? There is no bread, neither is there any water! And our soul loathes this worthless bread. And HaShem sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and many people of Israel died.”
G-d sent fiery serpents to afflict the people. He then gave Moses the curious instruction of placing a “serpent” on a stick for people to look upon in order to escape the punishment. In this sense, the Yetzer hara (evil inclination) that came with the fall of Adam (related to the serpent) will be transformed by the Messiah into a force which does good for G-d.
and I fear that somehow your minds may be seduced away from simple and pure devotion to the Messiah, just as Havah was deceived by the serpent and his craftiness. -II Corinthians 11:3
HaShem judged the people with the fiery serpents, and many died. This caused Israel to repent, and like the Targum says G-d will provide the cure in “the days of King Messiah,” .
so too here, HaShem provides the cure:
Therefore the people came to Moshe and said, “We have sinned, for we have spoken against HaShem, and against you. Pray to HaShem, that he take away the serpents from us. And Moshe prayed for the people. And HaShem said to Moshe, “Make yourself a fiery serpent , and set it upon a pole, and it shall come to pass, that whoever has been bitten, when he looks upon it, shall live. And Moshe made a serpent of copper, and put it upon a pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of copper, he lived.”
In truth, however, it was not the serpent that healed, but G-d, when an Israelite believed the word spoken to Moshe. It was by emunah (faith), as the Wisdom of Solomon states,
“For when the horrible fierceness of beasts came upon them, and they perished with the stings of crooked serpents, your wrath did not endure forever. Although they were troubled for a small season, that they might be admonished, they had a sign of salvation, to make them remember the commandments of your Torah. For he that turned himself toward it was not saved by the thing that he saw, but by You, because you are the Savior of all. . . . For you have power of life and death: You lead to the gates of Sh’ol, and bring up again.” –Wisdom of Solomon 16:5-13
In ancient Jewish literature records a belief of healing a fatal snake bite from another source:
“R. Eleazar b. Damah was bitten by a snake. And Jacob of Kefar Sama came to heal him in the name of Jesus ( Yeshua )…and R. Ishmael did not allow him [to accept the healing]. They said to him, “You are not permitted [to accept healing from him] ben Dama.” He said to him, “I shall bring you proof that he may heal me.” But he did not have time to bring the [promised] proof before he dropped dead.”
– Jerusalem Talmud, Shabbat 1:4, Ecclesiastes Rabbah 1:24, 7:39
In the book of Acts : Rabbi Shaul experienced something similar on the island of Malta,
“The natives showed us uncommon kindness; for they kindled a fire, and received us all, because of the present rain, and because of the cold. But when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks and laid them on the fire, a viper came out because of the heat, and fastened on his hand. When the natives saw the creature hanging from his hand, they said one to another, No doubt this man is a murderer, whom, though he has escaped from the sea, yet Justice has not allowed to live.However he shook off the creature into the fire, and wasnt harmed.” –Acts 28:2-5
THE ROD OF MOSHE
In the Torah, the staff of Moshe becomes the instrument of salvation for the Hebrews. HaShem changes the staff of Moshe into a snake:
“And the HaShem said unto him, “What is that in your hand? And he said, “A rod.” And he said, “Cast it on the ground.” And he cast it on the ground, and it became a serpent, and Moses fled from before it. And the HaShem said to Moshe, “Put forth your hand, and take it by the tail.” And he put forth his hand and caught it and it became a rod in his hand.” -Exodus 4:2-4
In Zohar comments: the rod of Moshe to “Metatron”, who is the Divine Angel of the HaShem : “The rod of the G-d” is Matatron, who has life on one side and death on the other, AS HE CHANGES FROM A SERPENT TO A ROD AND FROM A ROD TO A SERPENT.” -Zohar, Vol I:262, Beresheet A, Kabbalah Centre
MaTeh is MeTat (Staff), from whom comes life and also death.
Rebbe Nachman comments: “If he violates the Torah, he drinks from the bitterness of the Tree of Evil, which is the Evil Inclination…but if he repents, it is said of him: “G-d showed him a tree” – the Tree of Life – through which “the water turned sweet” (Exodus 15:25). This is Moshe-Mashiach, of whom it is said: “with the mateh (staff) of G-d in my hand ” -Exodus 17:9
“And Moshe and Aaron went to Pharaoh, and they did as HaShem had commanded. Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent. Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers. Now the magicians of Egypt also did in like manner with their enchantments. For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents. But Aaron’s rod swallowed up (vayivla) their rods.” -Exodus 7:10-12
“He will swallow up (bila) death in victory! The Lord HaShem will wipe away tears from all faces, and shall take away the rebuke of his people from all the
earth, for HaShem has spoken it.” -Isaiah 25:8
The Midrash Rabbah : “…when G-d created His world, there was no Angel of Death in the world…Messiah would arise, and in his days G-d would cause death to be swallowed up, as it says, He will swallow up death forever.” -Exodus Rabbah 30:3, Soncino Press Edition
Gardener in the Garden: Our Melech Messiah defeated death. And He arose from the dead.He first appears to Miryam of Magdala as the Gardener in the Garden.
“Yeshua said to her, “Woman, why are you weeping? Who are you looking for?”
She, supposing him to be the gardener, said to him, “Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have laid him, and I will take him away.”
Why she supposed him as a Gardener, We can find the answer in Genesis:
“The HaShem G-d planted a garden eastward, in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed.” -Genesis 2:8
and I fear that somehow your minds may be seduced away from simple and pure devotion to the Messiah, just as Havah was deceived by the serpent and his craftiness. -II Corinthians 11:3
As Adam is formed from the dust of the earth, so is the Son of Man raised from the dust. The Messiah is the ‘Gardener’ who desires to be close to us, and walk with us again. The Messiah speaks with the woman alone in the garden to bring Tikkun for the snake speaking with the first woman in the garden.
Now The Holy Mashiach has reversed the curse and will return us to the Garden of Eden. The Holy Snake has crushed the head of the primeval serpent, and he has destroyed death.
“I saw the holy city, New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from G-d, prepared like a bride adorned for her husband. I heard a loud voice out of heaven saying, “Behold, G-d’s dwelling is with people, and he will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and G-d himself will be with them as their G-d. He will wipe away from them every tear from their eyes. Death will be no more; neither will there be mourning, nor crying, nor pain, any more. The first things have passed away. He who sits on the throne said, “Behold, I am making all things new.”
Moshe’s staff that became a snake swallows up the snakes of Egypt, which is an earthly pattern of things in the Heavenly Realm.
Rabbi Yitzchak Ginsburg of the Gal Einai Institute states: “Just as Amalek represents the epitome of evil, so does the positive snake represent the epitome of good. Mashiach himself is referred to as “the holy snake,” as alluded to by the phenomenon that the numerical value of Mashiach (358) is the same as that of the word for “snake” (nachash). In the Zohar it is told that when the holy snake, Mashiach, will kill the evil snake (overcome the fear of insanity), he will thereby merit to marry the Divine princess, to unite with the origin of the souls of Israel and so to bring redemption to the world.”
Pay attention! I am sending you out like sheep among wolves, so be as prudent as snakes and as harmless as doves. -Matthew 10:16
This week’s Torah reading, Chukat begins with a discussion regarding the laws of the Red Heifer. The death of Miriam and Aaron. Moses is given the unusual ritual law(chukat hatorah) of the red heifer ( parah adumah), whose ashes purify those contaminated by contact with death.
RED HEIFER – PARAH ADUMAH :
The red heifer mitzva is an eternal statute – Numbers 19:10.
The red Heifer illustrates this idea:
From the time when the Red Heifer Mitzva was first given to the Jewish people until the destruction of the Second Temple, there were nine Red Heifers burned altogether. The first one was brought by Moshe, and its ashes were used during the entire existence of the First Beit HaMikdash with a little remaining, after its destruction. The second was brought by Ezra HaSofer (Ezra the Scribe); and the remaining seven were brought from Ezra until the destruction of the Second Beit HaMikdash (Temple). The tenth will be brought by the Mashiach, who will come speedily in our days.
- Moshe prepared the first one,
- Ezra prepared the second. “The Sages say,’Seven Parot Adumot since Ezra. And who prepared them,,,,,,,
- Simeon the Just
- Simeon the Just prepared two
- Johanan the High Priest
- Johanan the High Priest prepared two
- Eliehoenai the son of Hokkof (Caiaphas) and
- Hanamel the Egyptian and
- Ishmael ben Piabi prepared one each.”
Since all aspects of Torah are precise, it follows that there is a conceptual relationship between the laws of the Parah Adumah and the coming of Mashiach.
This is why the Rambam mentions the awaiting of Mashiach’s arrival in the laws of Parah Adumah, although the Mashiach is mentioned in Yad HaChazakah before the laws of the Parah Adumah. The ashes of the Parah Adumah, offering purification from the defilement of death, allude to the time of Mashiach’s coming, the time of redemption from exile, when all the Israel sunder their bonds with spiritual death, for they then all cleave to HaShem and are thus vitally alive.
May Mashiach come and redeem us speedily in our days. In the words of the Rambam: “May he be speedily revealed, Amen. May He so will it.
This is a requirement of the law that the Lord has commanded: Tell the Israelites to bring you a red heifer without defect or blemish and that has never been under a yoke.” -Numbers 19:2
The ritual of the Red Heifer described in Numbers 19:1-22 is considered to be one of the most mysterious concept in torah and has troubled interpreters throughout the ages.
Moshe was the humblest of men. He and only he understood that really, compared to G-d, none of us really understand anything at all. And that is the secret of the Red Cow. It is the deep awareness that we really understand nothing. When one understands that, one has understood a very great thing. As long as a person is not completely humble, and still tries to understand things with his own limited head, he cannot understand the Red Heifer. Even the wisest of men, Shlomo, said about the Red Heifer, “I tried to grow wise [regarding it] and it remained far from me.” As long as you are trying to figure it out, it remains a step away.
The main difficulties are (1) the special power of a red cow’s ashes to purify someone who came in contact with a dead body; and (2) the seeming paradox that while the ashes are able to purify. The Midrash reveals the wise King Solomon to have been incapable of solving the mystery of the Red Heifer (Kohelet Rabbah 8:5).
The Rabbis noted a link between the Golden Calf and the Red Heifer: “A maid’s child once dirtied the royal palace. Said the king: “Let his mother come and clean up her child’s filth.” By the same token, G-d says: “Let the Heifer atone for the deed of the Calf.”
The Sacrifice of the Red Heifer, and the Original Sin: “Mortality was the price that man was to pay for Adam’s sin in the Garden of Eden. Had Adam not eaten from the Tree of Knowledge, the human lifespan would have been endless. Because of this grave transgression, Adam and his progeny were sentenced to death. This said, the Red Cow acts to repair the world and to restore it to its former glory of before the Original Sin.”
This is the mission of Mashiach ben Yosef: “The need for the mission of Mashiach ben Yosef came about as result of the sin of Adam. In theory, had Adam not sinned and brought about tremendous spiritual damage to himself and the world, there would not have been a need for the tikun olam efforts of Mashiach ben Yosef, in every subsequent generation. Mashiach ben Yosef thus comes to rectify that damage and return mankind to the state of Adam before the sin.”
-Yonah the Navi as Mashiach ben Yosef, Daniel Krentzman
The Ramchal writes:“And from then onwards this characteristic of appearing in the mystical capacity of a snake is given to the Messiah, especially to MBY, who is the mystical embodiment of the left…Since then the tikkun has been prepared in the mystical mission of the two Messiahs…for the Messiah ben Joseph mystically represents the left, and he bears the character of the exterior which needs all these tikkinum, and the Messiah ben David mystically represents the right which needs to be joined to it [the left], and the Redemption will be complete.”
-R’ Moshe Hayyim Luzzato, Kinat HaShem Tzevaot
In tal-mudic literature, the Red Heifer is viewed as the quintessential example of a hok, a rule that cannot be understood through logic and reason (TB Yoma 67b).
Rashi, at the end of his commentary to Numbers 19:22, cites a midrashic reading from Rabbi Moshe ha-Darshan, which states that the Red Heifer ritu-al is an atonement for the worship of the Golden Calf. It is as if the mother cow seeks to expiate the sin committed through her offspring. This also ex-plains why the scriptures states that Aaron’s son Eleazar was to perform this service, his father being unworthy of the task due to his involvement with the Golden Calf. The color red is associated with sin (Isaiah. 1:18), so a red cow symbolised the ultimate sin of the Israelites, worshiping the Golden Calf.
In order to grasp the significance of the Red Heifer, we must first under-stand the meaning behind the Golden Calf. Why did the Israelites choose that particular animal as an object of worship? According to Ezekiel 20:7, the enslaved Israelites defiled themselves with the idols of Egypt, a land where rites associated with bulls and cows were widespread. Some scholars identify the Golden Calf with worship of the goddess Hathor, one of the leading Egyptian deities. Hathor was worshipped throughout Egypt, had many functions and was depicted either as a beautiful woman with bovine ears and horns or as a red cow. Hathor was sometimes referred to as “Nub the gold-en” or as “heifer with the golden neck”.
Rabbi Moshe ha-Darshan explains that the rite of burning the Red Heifer was a reenactment of the destruction of the Golden Calf at the foot of Mount Sinai. Thus, it would also be a symbolic destruction of the cow-goddess Hathor which the Golden Calf represented. This explains why a red cow was needed for the ritual. The association with cleansing from impurity as a result of contact with a dead body is understood, in light of the midrash in TB Avodah Zarah 22b, to mean that the Israelites attained a state of immortality at Mount Sinai, but lost it due to the sin of the Golden Calf. Purification from death thus involves rejection of the Golden Calf, demonstrated by the ashes of the Red Heifer. This is especially powerful considering that Hathor was associated in Egypt with life and reproduction.
Seen in this light, the Red Heifer ritual is a total rejection of Egyptian idolatry and its symbols. The ritual includes burning a crimson thread (Num. 19:6), which may likewise be a negation of the magic scarlet ribbon worn by the cow-goddess that was thought capable of binding evil spirits.
The sacrifice of the Red Heifer is thought to atone for the sin of the Golden Calf.
Rabbi Richman said: “The Institute continues its research and preparation in anticipation of locating a perfect red heifer in the near future, for the soon rebuilding of the Holy Temple and the resumption of purity, and the restoration of honor of the G-d of Israel,”
The sages’ words, “‘If you shall go in My statutes , You shall toil in Torah.” One must “go” in the Torah, walk in it and tread the path of effort in order to reach the level of the middos of love, fear, and dveikus and see Hashem’s attributes in everything around him. The final destination is the redemption itself, when Hashem’s presence is completely revealed in the lower worlds and the land.
The very interesting here is that a calf appears in one story in connection with a great sin of Israel and, ultimately, the death of those involved before they could reach the Promised Land, and then it appears in another story, the story of the Red Heifer, in the context of life. However, there is a parallel in the Talmud where we encounter an interesting passage on how the Torah can bring either life or death depending upon how one uses it.
“R. Hananel b. Papa said, ‘What is meant by, “Hear, for I will speak princely things?” Why are the words of the Torah compared to a prince? To tell you that just as a prince has power of life and death, so have the words of the Torah potentialities of life and death.’ Thus Raba said, ‘To those who go to the right hand thereof, it is a medicine of life. To those who go to the left hand thereof, it is a deadly poison.’” -B. Shabbat 88b
Hence, just as the Torah can be used for either life or death, so can something as mundane as a calf also be used to either enhance life or to hasten death.
Red Heifer – Connection with Feminine:
According to the Zohar, based on Rebbe Levik, the Red Heifer is the malchut. It might have consider that the Heifer is the mother principle, the ????? ???? corresponding to understanding because it comes to make amends for the calf (the Golden Calf). And it is red because of the harsh judgments.
Red is a symbol for passion, for passion for one’s husband. This is a very good thing when in holiness, as we say that if the husband and wife merit, the Divine Presence is between them.
In Maayan Hachochmah from Moshe Rabbeinu there are five levels of learning the words of Torah, the joy of the letters in Torah is malchut. The one who enjoys the meaning of the Torah is Rabbi Abba, Binah, understanding.
Now let’s begin to explore the deeper symbolism of the Red Heifer and its connection with the feminine. One of the first things to note is that a heifer is a young, female calf that has not given birth. Hence, we have an immediate connection with the feminine.
The next follows that the calf be should be red, and the answer is found in passages like Deuteronomy 12:23, “The blood is the life.” In other words, the ritual of the Red Heifer is meant to counteract the impurity that results from contact with death, and what better antidote to death is there than life? Additionally, blood is also connected with the female via menstruation, and thus, in Kabbalah we have that the color red is associated with the female while the color white is associated with the male, and these colors are both derived directly from female and male sexuality, i.e. the red menstrual blood of the woman and the white semen of the man.
The Zohar comments on the Red Heifer: “Sin is red, as it says, “Though your sins be as scarlet”; man puts the sacrificial animal on the fire, which is also red; the priest sprinkles the red blood round the altar, but the smoke ascending to heaven is white. Thus the red is turned to white. The attribute of Justice is turned into the attribute of Mercy. . . R. Issac said: ‘Red (blood) and white (fat) are offered for sacrifice, and the scent ascends from both. The spices of incense are in part red and in part white – frankincense is white, pure myrrh is red – and the scent ascends from red to white.” -Zohar, Volume III, Shemoth 20b.
Consequently, we again have a strong connection between the Red Heifer and the feminine. If we now delve into the Hebrew itself, we see that the word for heifer is (peh-resh-hey) and the word for red is (aleph-dalet-mem-hey).
What is interesting about the Hebrew word for heifer is that it can also be translated as “to be fruitful.” Furthermore, if we permute the letters to obtain (resh-peh-hey), then this gives us a word in Hebrew that can be translated as “to heal.” Similarly, the word for “red” noted above can also be translated as “land” or “earth.” Thus, the Hebrew phrase for Red Heifer could also be rendered in English as “the generative, healing earth.”
Furthermore, the earth is often seen by cultures as feminine since, just as new human life emerges from a female, new plant life, likewise, emerges from the soil.
Additionally, this is also reflected in the fact that the Hebrew word for earth, (aleph-dalet-mem-hey), is a feminine noun. To summarise, life emerges from the feminine, and the Red Heifer symbolises the generative power of the female that serves as an antidote to its antithesis, death.
The thing we learn from looking at the Hebrew in this chapter is that the word for calf that appears in Exodus 32 is spelled ayin-gimmel-lamed, and this is a masculine word that denotes a male calf. Hence, we might say that in the incident of the Golden Calf, the female principle was absent, and thus, strife ensued. On the other hand, in the story of the Red Heifer, the female principle is present, and it is used to restore balance.
Notice, too, that the story of the Red Heifer is found between two stories of rebellion, the rebellion of Korach and the rebellion at the water of Meribah, and in each instance of rebellion it can be argued that the female principle is missing.
This strongly highlights once again the importance of maintaining a balance between our male and female natures.
Zohar of the Torah with the feminine. “The voice of Jacob, which is the Torah, is thus attached to two females, to this inner voice which is inaudible, and to this outer voice which is heard.” -Zohar I:50b
The story of the Red Heifer once we understand the story’s references to the generative earth. Furthermore, while the male principle (our analytical side) can direct the focus of the female principle (our spiritually connected, generative, intuitive side), without the female principle the male principle has no life, no inner voice to guide its ship by, and ultimately it comes to ruin.
As Rav Huna suggested centuries ago, in order to be sound, we must all find the balance between our inner male and female natures. Not only our personal survival, but also the survival of humanity ultimately depends upon finding this balance within.
Process of Purifying:
Rashi explains: “‘This is the Torah’s decree’—I have engraved My decree [Note: the words for decree and engraving share the same root ?”? ] and you have no right to question it.” The Arizal revealed that the purification process of the red heifer parallels the elevation of the sefirah of Malchus, which itself relates to the mouth.
The purification of Malchus is accomplished by the “pure man who gathers.” One must elevate Malchus to the lofty level of the chotem, the “nose,” which is the source of Da’as, Divine awareness. The Arizal writes in Sefer Halikutim, Parshas Chukas: “‘And the pure man will gather the ashes of the heifer.’ This is the secret of the chotem, the ‘nose’ of Ze’ir Anpin, into which one gathers the five gevuros, judgements. [This is why the heifer is called the ??? —it is the ‘ ?? ? , the ‘cow of five.’] Because the man gathering is pure, it says that he will be defiled until the evening, since there are husks which correspond to him. But when the ashes are placed in the chotem, this elevates Binah to the chotem in an aspect of ruach—wind or spirit. This is the deeper meaning of the parallel usage in the verses: ” ?? ??? ??? ??????…???? ????? ?? ??? ???? “—‘Who gathered the wind [ruach] in His wings?’—‘And a man that is pure shall gather up the ashes of the heifer…’”
In terms of our own Divine service, this means that one must join Malchus to the light of Da’as, understanding. At times a person feels spiritually aroused through praying with devotion or from being in proximity to a tzaddik. When one feels such an arousal his main task is to reconnect his fervor and feeling to Hashem.
“And he [Moshiach] will smell [or ‘sniff out’] , the fear of Hashem, and he will not judge after the sight of his eyes, neither decide after the hearing of his ears.” –Yeshayah 11:3; Likutei Moharan I:2
This interpretation of the Red Heifer may enable us to fathom a seeming paradox: that while purifying the afflicted, contact with the ashes of the heifer defiled those who were themselves ritually clean (Numbers 19:21). One explanation could be that since the Red Heifer represented Egyptian idolatry, the state of impurity resulted from contact with an idol. In the Bible we find Jacob instructing his family to cleanse themselves after discarding the idols they had with them (Gen. 35:2), and impurity due to contact with idols is mentioned in the Mishnah (Shabbat 9:1). The impurity contracted by dealing with the Red Heifer is therefore associated with the idolatry that it represent-ed.
The slaughtering and preparation process for the red-heifer purification offering, given by G-d as “a lasting ordinance both for the Israelites and for the foreigners residing among them.” -Numbers 19:10
“The G-d of Israel determined through His wisdom that the ashes of the Red Heifer is the secret to the restoration of purity in the world,” red-heifer expert and Temple -Institute director Rabbi Chaim Richman
“There is a tradition that all throughout history there were nine perfect red heifers that were used for the cleansing and the purification, and that the appearance of the tenth red heifer is associated with the advent of the messianic era, and the rebuilding of the Temple,” Rabbi Richman said. “We look forward to the fulfillment of the verse in Ezekiel 36:25–26:
“Then I shall sprinkle pure waters upon you and you shall be clean from all your uncleanness, and from all your idols will I cleanse you. I will also give you a new heart and I will place within you a new spirit.” -Ezekiel 36:25–26
The priest would then watch as the cow’s “hide, flesh, blood and intestines” were burned into ashes, throwing onto the offering “some cedar wood, hyssop and scarlet wool.” -Numbers 19:5–6
In fact, the three men conducting the red-heifer purification offering became unclean from being in contact with death, and had to cleanse themselves before returning to the camp.
For those who failed to purify themselves after touching a dead person or grave would “defile the Lord’s tabernacle. They must be cut off from Israel. Because the water of cleansing has not been sprinkled on them, they are unclean.” -Numbers 19:13
The priest and the one conducting the heifer’s burning would have become impure through these tasks, and each would have had to wash his clothes and bathe in water before reentering the camp, remaining unclean until evening—the new day.
Finally, a third man, who was clean until touching the ashes, would “gather up the ashes of the heifer and put them in a ceremonially clean place outside the camp. They are to be kept by the Israelite community for use in the water of cleansing; it is for purification from sin.” -Numbers 19:9
During the sacrifice of the Parah Adumah, cedar wood, hyssop and scarlet wool were thrown onto the burning sacrifice. Each of these items still remain necessary ingredients for purification from death for Jews who are awaiting the Messianic era.
“The priest is to take some cedar wood, hyssop and scarlet wool and throw them onto the burning heifer.” -Numbers 19:6
We see these same ingredients mentioned in Leviticus 14. In this passage, they are paired with the blood of a clean bird for the purification of a person .
the Psalmist cites the aromatic cedars of Lebanon as “the trees of the Lord … that He planted,” while the hyssop carries both the symbolic and the actual characteristics of cleansing. – Psalm 104:16,
Hyssop was also used in Egypt to help save the firstborns from death.
“Take a bunch of hyssop, dip it into the blood in the basin and put some of the blood on the top and on both sides of the doorframe. None of you shall go out of the door of your house until morning.” -Exodus 12:22
Death of Righteous ones:
The Talmud brings down the principle, ????? ?? ?????? ?????, “the death of the righteous atones,” : “Said R. Ammi, ‘Wherefore is the account of Miriam’s death placed next to the [laws of the] red heifer? To inform you that even as the red heifer afforded atonement [by the ritual use of its ashes], so does the death of the righteous afford atonement [for the living they have left behind]. R. Eleazar said, “Wherefore is [the account of] Aaron’s death closely followed by [the account of the disposal of] the priestly vestments? [To inform you] that just as the priest’s vestments were [means] to effect atonement, so is the death of the righteous [conducive to procuring] atonement.”
Rabbienu Yeshua our Mashiach is the ultimate Tzaddik.
“My little children, I write these things to you so that you may not sin. If anyone sins, we have a Counselor with the Father, Yeshua the Messiah, the Tzaddik. And he is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not for ours only, but also for the whole world.” -1 John 2:1-2
Now, the Zohar says, that if there was even one tzadik who would do real teshuvah, for real, immediately the Mashiach would come.
That there is something more about teshuvah under the divine mandate of Mashiach ben Yosef ( Deut 30: 1 -10) than there is about Mashiach. We want Mashiach now, but as the sages say, greater is one moment in teshuvah in this world than all the life of the World to Come. Why? Because teshuvah reveals G-d’s essential pleasure and that by itself will bring down the essential will—the Mashiach.
The Yearning for the Red Heifer and the Third Temple
It is thought that the ninth and last Red Heifer to be sacrificed occurred about 2,000 years ago in AD 15. Maimonides (1135–1204), a preeminent Medieval scholar and sage, claimed that the 10th red heifer would herald the coming of the Messiah.
For the Temple to be rebuilt in fulfillment of Bible prophecy and Temple practices to be reinstituted, a spotless red heifer is the necessary precursor, since its ashes must be mixed with the purification water necessary for restoring ritual purity or ceremonial cleanliness.
“The latter glory of this house shall be greater than the former, says the LORD of hosts. And in this place I will give peace, declares the LORD of hosts.” -Haggai 2:9
He then recited a verse from Psalms (Psalms 8:2), “O L-rd, our Master, how mighty is Your Name throughout the earth. You who have placed Your majesty above the heavens.”
When Israel went out of Egypt, G-d wanted to take them into the Land and make them entirely spiritual like the holy angels above. And He intended to build for them a Holy Temple in Heaven, and then bring it down from the heavenly firmament and plant it in Israel in the same form as above, and this is what is written (Exodus 15:17), “You will bring them in and plant them on the mountain of Your inheritance, in the Dwelling Place that You alone made, O L-rd, the Holy Temple that Your hands have established.”
The first part of the verse says, “You will bring them in and plant them on the mountain of Your inheritance.” This refers to bringing the Children of Israel into the land and planting them [as spiritual beings] on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem where Abraham brought his son Isaac as an offering. The Temple Mount is the mountain of G-d’s inheritance.
he second part of the verse is, “In the Dwelling Place that You alone made O L-rd.” This is the Temple made by G-d in Heaven. The third and final part of the verse is, “the Holy Temple that Your hands, O L-rd, have established.” This is the heavenly Temple brought down to earth. The verse uses the metaphor of “Your hands, O L-rd” to indicate that this earthly Temple is also made by G-d alone. It is completely spiritual and constructed exactly the same as the Temple in heaven. These two spiritual Temples were to be the original First and Second Temples, one in heaven and the other on earth. Both were to be built by G-d and not by man. This is the true meaning of this verse in the Song of the Sea, the only verse in the Torah explicitly referring to the Holy Temple.
The Temples referred to in that verse are not the physical First and Second Temples at all, but the two spiritual Temples that originally were to be built by G-d and not by human beings.
In the future, however, it will be different. G-d alone will build the Holy Temple, and it is for this Temple we are waiting. It will not be built by humans, for if it were, it could not be everlasting. And it is written in the Book of Ezekiel 37:26, “Then the nations will know that I am the L-rd Who sanctifies Israel when My sanctuary will be among them forever.”
The two spiritual Temples will be brought down from Heaven by G-d Himself. The First Temple, the one built in Heaven, will be concealed for it corresponds to the Sephirah of Binah (Understanding), a spiritual level that transcends the world and is therefore concealed. The Second Temple, the earthly Temple built by the hands of the L-rd, will be revealed in its place on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, for it corresponds to the Sephirah of Malchut (Kingdom) which is revealed. The entire world will see that this Holy Temple is made by G-d Himself and there will be limitless joy and the fulfillment of every heart’s desire in all its permanence, for this Temple will never be destroyed. Thus it is written in the Zohar of Rebbe Shimon bar Yochai.
Indeed, there is also a traditional connection between the Third Temple and the Coming of the Prince of Peace. Even Israel’s sages state that when the Messiah comes, He will stand on the roof of the Temple and cry out: “Humble ones! The time of your redemption has arrived!”
The search for the Red Heifer, therefore, is intimately linked to the desire for redemption, the Messiah, and the Messianic Era.
Purification with the red heifer reminds us that man has the potential to rise above his transitory physical existence, with all its false sense of hopelessness and misery … the ‘impurity’ of death,” states the Temple Institute.
Temple Institute states: “The Divine ordinance of the heifer, beyond the grasp of man’s frail intellect, with all the details of its preparation and ceremony, calls out to Israel and to all who seek to cling to the living word of the G-d of Israel: ‘Purify yourselves! Shake off your despair! Death is an illusion!’ Thus it is written, ‘… but all of you who cling to the Lord your God are all alive today.’” -Deuteronomy 4:4
“Therefore you shall do My statutes and keep My rules and perform them, and then you will dwell in the land securely.” Leviticus 25:18
R’ Shneur Zalman, the author of the Tanya, writes: “This is what man is all about; this is the purpose of his creation and of the creation of all the worlds, higher and lower – that there be made for G-d a dwelling in the lower realms.”
“This is the role of the Third Temple for all mankind, and this is the Messianic vision of the future: The call for the true joy of living life to the fullest—with the knowledge of G-d.”
CHUKAS – By Rabbi Avraham Greenbaum
THE BEGINNING OF THE END
Now that we have passed the summer solstice, the days are still long but imperceptibly they are starting to get shorter, as we move inexorably closer to the end of the year and the coming New Year and Days of Awe. The Hebrew letters of the present month, Tammuz, are the initial letters of the phrase Z-MAN T-ESHUVAH M-MASHMESH U-VA, “the Time of Teshuvah is getting closer”. The letters of next month, AV, are the initial letters of ELUL BA – “Elul (month of repentance) is on the way”. After the month of Av comes Elul itself, and soon afterwards, Rosh HaShanah, Simchas Torah and the conclusion of the annual reading of the Torah.
In the previous parshah, KORACH, we passed the mid-point of the book of Numbers (Numbers 17:20). Korach’s conspiracy is not explicitly dated in the Torah narrative, but is considered to have taken place early on during the wanderings of the Children of Israel in the wilderness. The Torah passes over the 38 years of wandering after the sin of the Spies in almost complete silence — except for a list given later on of the stopping points on the journey, Numbers ch. 33, parshas MAS’EI. In our present parshah of CHUKAS, we move almost imperceptibly from the initial period in the wilderness following the Exodus and the Giving of the Torah, right to the end of the 40 years of wandering and the first stages of the conquest of the Land of Israel.
Parshas CHUKAS begins with the commandment of burning the Red Heiffer and using its ashes for purification from defilement from the dead. This commandment was among the first given to the Children of Israel directly after the Exodus and the Crossing of the Red Sea (Exodus 15:25, see Rashi there). The section about the Red Heiffer as we have it in CHUKAS (Numbers ch. 19) is also listed in the Midrash (Sifra) as one of those given to Moses on the 1st Nissan one year after the Exodus, the day the on which the Sanctuary was erected.
The positioning of the section of the Red Heiffer here — as we move into the latter part of the book of Numbers and on towards the end of the Torah — is bound up with its thematic relationship with other sections of our parshah. The commandment of the Red Heiffer, which comes to purify from defilement from contact with the dead, is followed immediately by the narrative of the death of Miriam. (“The death of Tzaddikim atones like the sacrifices” — Rashi on Numbers 20:1). The death of Miriam took place in the last year of wandering in the wilderness, on the 10th Nissan, exactly a year before the crossing of the Jordan and the entry into the Land. This is the first clue to dating the events in this parshah. The ensuing lack of water in the wilderness caused Moses and Aaron to strike the rock, leading to the decree that they would not enter the Land but die in the wilderness. Moses takes Aaron up Mount Hor to die, while Elazar, his son succeeds him as High Priest. We suddenly have to confront the loss of the elders and leaders of the generation. How do we deal with death?
Without our even noticing the transition, the older generation are leaving one by one, having been replaced by a whole new generation. The new generation — who are actually the old generation in new bodies — are now moving inexorably forward to the end and the goal – the Land of Israel. The Generation of the Wilderness have passed on, and the Generation of the Conquest now begin their advance.
As the Torah directs our eyes to the end goal of the wandering in the wilderness — entry into the Land to fulfill the Torah there — it first focuses our eyes upon the end goal of man, which is death: “This is the Torah: when a man dies.” (Numbers 19:14). For unless we come to terms with death, we cannot truly live. Death is a fact, perhaps the main fact, of life. We are forced to confront it at some time or another. In order to come to terms with it, we have to learn how to look at it.
Thus parshas CHUKAS takes its place in the series of parshas read during the bright summer months of Tammuz, time of Teshuvah, that teach us how to look at various different aspects of life in the correct perspective. BEHAALOSCHAH taught about the purity of vision in general. SHELACH LECHA taught about viewing the world — and our own selves — with the eyes of faith despite outward appearances. KORACH taught about how we look at others who may be better than ourselves. CHUKAS now comes to teach us how to look at our mortality, death, the end goal of life, in the right perspective — for with the right perspective, we can transcend death.
Today, only a decade after we were promised a new order of peace, the world has been plunged before our eyes into an era of global war. Every day we are bombarded with gruesome and horrific images of bloodied, burned, mutilated bodies. It has long ceased to be surprising to hear of new daily outrages in locations far and near. We are hardly aware of how dulled our sensitivities have become to injury, death and suffering. If we were to start weeping as we should, would we have enough tears for all the suffering in the world?
Rabbi Nachman of Breslov teaches that the only way we can transcend suffering is by trying to focus our vision on the faraway, ultimate goal of the entire creation, which is surely completely good. Rabbi Nachman says we must even close our eyes to this world — close them tight — so as to keep focussed on this ultimate, transcendent goal, which is to bring the entire universe to perfect unity and completeness through G-d’s hidden guidance and providence. (Likutey Moharan 1:65 “Garden of the Souls”.)
While no-one can fathom the depths of meaning of the Red Heiffer — any more than we can fathom the real meaning of death and of life — we are free to search for hints of meaning in this fascinating commandment, which is the key to complete redemption. This depends upon the restoration of the ashes of the Red Heiffer, because only when we are able to be purified from impurity from contact with the dead can we go up to the Temple, source of LIFE, and carry out all its rituals in the proper way.
What causes defilement from contact with the dead is not the soul of the dead person. It is the physical remains of his or her body. The death and decomposition of the body are very repugnant: they threaten us, both as health hazards and because they undermine our pride and dignity as living human beings. They remind us of our mortality — “You are earth, and to the earth you will return” — but we cannot live with such intense awareness of the vanity of the physical world. We are commanded to cover the body, bury it in the earth, put it out of sight. We should not pre-occupy ourselves with the dead (as did the Egyptians). Our job is to keep living, to keep marching to the end goal — “the Land of Israel”.
Thus the priest (son of Aharon, signifying light and vision) takes the pure Red Heiffer — its redness signifying the harshness of DIN, Strict Judgment, and GEVURAH, Might. The priest sheds the heiffer’s blood — breaking its power. The priest gazes towards the the Holy of Holies and sprinkles the blood of the heiffer towards it. This sprinkling of the blood of the Red Heiffer towards the Holy of Holies was integral to the whole ceremony, which was performed on the Mount of Olives at a spot directly aligned towards the gates of the Temple. The body of the heiffer was then burned on a woodpile and minute quantities of its ashes were mixed with water from a living source to be sprinkled with hyssop on people and utensils that had become defiled.
In breaking the power of Strict DIN, the priest had to look towards the Holy of Holies, because this is the ultimate goal of all creation, the place of complete unit, peace and perfection. Defilement from the dead is very depressing. (The chapters on this subject in Rambam’s Mishneh Torah can also be somewhat depressing, as they deal in detail with different parts of the body in varying stages of decomposition, etc.) In order to live we cannot occupy ourselves with death. We must be aware of our mortality, but we must separate ourselves from physical death. The souls of the dead go on living on their plane, and so must we on ours. The seven days of purification from defilement with the dead are seven days of separation from what ought to be the abnormal — the decaying dead body, which has to be buried and put away — in order to return to the Land of the Living. It is necessary to be sprinkled with the ashes of the Red Heiffer on the third and seventh days of the week in order to draw renewed strength by repeatedly looking toward the Holy of Holies.
Like the priest breaking the force of severe DIN by gazing towards the Holy of Holies, we too, in order to keep living, must keep our gaze focussed on the Holy of Holies. The Holy of Holies in our lives should be our times of prayer and Torah study, and, in the family context, quality time with our dear ones and especially spouses. These are the best support through all the vicissitudes of life.
“ARISE, O WELL.” (Numbers 21:17)
The living waters with which the ashes of the Red Heiffer are mixed are one of several references to water in our parshah. Notable among the other references are the “Waters of Strife” — the waters that Moses and Aaron extracted from the Rock, which cost them the privilege of leading the Children of Israel into the Promised Land. This section of the Torah is of course no less profound than the preceding section about the Red Heiffer. Rabbi Nachman saw his explanation of Moses’ striking the rock (Likutey Moharan I:20) as being the key to all of his Torah discourses. The bare essence of Rabbi Nachman’s teaching is that even the saintly Moses should not have sought “water” — Torah insight and inspiration — “by force”, i.e. in the merit of his good deeds, his “rod”, as a “right”. Rather, he should have wept and begged for the waters of Torah as a gift, through prayer. Thus Moses had to atone for his error with the 515 prayers that he offered in the hope of entering the Land of Israel.
It was the death of Miriam that led to the lack of water which made Moses strike the rock. For throughout the forty years of wandering, a miraculous well accompanied the Israelites in the merit of Miriam. Miriam (having the connotation of bitterness) symbolizes the soul of the suffering true Torah scholar (“eat bread with salt, drink water by measure”) through whose merit Torah insight comes into the world to inspire the generation. When this soul departs the world, there is a terrible thirst for water, with no one having the power to enlighten and inspire. Each generation needs to dig for the waters of the Torah anew.
The history of Miriam’s well is not written explicitly in the Torah text but only allusively. The allusions are brought out in the Aramaic Targum and in Midrashim brought by Rashi on certain verses in our parshah — such as Numbers 20:10-11 and 21:15ff. This well of the waters of inspiration accompanied the Israelites on all their journeys in the wilderness and provided water for the camp at each of their stopping places. When Miriam died, it disappeared, but it returned in the merit of Moses and traveled with the Israelites on the last stages of their journey through the wilderness. When they entered the Land under Joshua (on 10 Nissan, anniversary of the death of Miriam), the well also entered the land. It traveled to the Kinneret (Sea of Gallilee), where it is said to be visible from mountains to the east as a kind of “sieve” on the surface of the sea. From the depths of the Kinneret, the well is said to feed the waters of Israel’s most important water reserve. (The ARI is said to have taken R. Chayim Vital on a boat and given him a cup of this water to drink, after which R. Chayim Vital understood the teachings of his master.
The final stages of the journey of the Israelites through the wilderness and the first stages in the conquest of the Land of Israel are recounted in our parshah. Their geography is somewhat obscure to many, as they took place in what is today the kingdom of Jordan, which for political reasons remains temporarily out of bounds for Torah lovers. The Israelites were headed to ARVOS MO’AV, the “plains of Moab” east of the River Jordan facing Jericho. There they assembled prior to the entry into the Land in order to hear the final discourses of Moses, which make up the book of Deuteronomy.
Our present parshah describes their journey there. From the wilderness, they advanced around Edom (S.E. of Yam HaMelach, the “Dead” Sea) and Moab (to the east of the southern part of Yam Hamelach), crossing the River Arnon, which flows into the Yam HaMelach from the east, midway from north to south. The Arnon, which meets the sea via a spectacular mountain gorge, is the boundary between Moav, which the Israelites were forbidden to conquer, and the territories to the north, which had been conquered by the Emorites. The narrative of the Israelite conquest of the latter territories begins in our parshah.
The parshah relates that the miracles of the crossing of the Arnon were comparable with the miracles of the crossing of the Red Sea (Numbers 21:14ff.). The Emorites were waiting for the Israelites in caves in the gorge below, but the two sides of the gorge miraculously came together, allowing the Israelites to walk safely above. The Well of Miriam, which traveled with the Israelites, flushed the blood of the dead Emorites out of the gorge so that the Israelites could see the miracles performed for them.
Thus, forty years after the Generation of the Exodus had sung to G-d when they came up from the Red Sea, the Generation of the Conquest sang again as they witnessed the first miracles of the conquest. “That was the well of which HaShem said to Moses, gather the people and I will give them water. Then Israel sang (lit. WILL SING) this song: Arise, O well.!” (Numbers 21:16-17).
The conquest of the Land depends upon Miriam’s well — the well of Torah insight and inspiration. May we soon hear the song of the conquest of the Land for the Torah, for the Holy of Holies and for the glory of HaShem — quickly in our days!
Shabbat Shalom!!! – Rabbi Avraham Yehoshua Greenbaum
Haftarat Chukat – Ordinance – Judges 11:1-33
Then Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, saying, “Let me pass through your land. We will not turn aside into fields or vineyards; we will not drink water from wells. We will go by the King’s Highway until we have passed through your territory.” But Sihon would not allow Israel to pass through his territory. So Sihon gathered all his people together and went out against Israel in the wilderness, and he came to Jahaz and fought against Israel.
Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty man of valor, but he was the son of a harlot; and Gilead begot Jephthah. Gilead’s wife bore sons; and when his wife’s sons grew up, they drove Jephthah out, and said to him, “You shall have no inheritance in our father’s house, for you are the son of another woman.” Then Jephthah fled from his brothers and dwelt in the land of Tob; and worthless men banded together with Jephthah and went out raiding with him. -Judges 11:1-3
It came to pass after a time that the people of Ammon made war against Israel. And so it was, when the people of Ammon made war against Israel, that the elders of Gilead went to get Jephthah from the land of Tob. Then they said to Jephthah, “Come and be our commander, that we may fight against the people of Ammon.” So Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, “Did you not hate me, and expel me from my father’s house? Why have you come to me now when you are in distress?” And the elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, “That is why we have turned again to you now, that you may go with us and fight against the people of Ammon, and be our head over all the inhabitants of Gilead.” So Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, “If you take me back home to fight against the people of Ammon, and HaShem delivers them to me, shall I be your head?” And the elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, “HaShem will be a witness between us, if we do not do according to your words.”
And Jephthah made a vow to HaShem, and said, “If You will indeed deliver the people of Ammon into my hands, then it will be that whatever comes out of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the people of Ammon, shall surely be the HaShem’s, and I will offer it up as a burnt offering.” So Jephthah advanced toward the people of Ammon to fight against them, and HaShem delivered them into his hands…
When Jephthah came to his house at Mizpah, there was his daughter, coming out to meet him with timbrels and dancing; and she was his only child. Besides her he had neither son nor daughter. And it came to pass, when he saw her, that he tore his clothes, and said, “Alas, my daughter! You have brought me very low! You are among those who trouble me! For I have given my word to HaShem, and I cannot go back on it.” So she said to him, “My father, if you have given your word to HaShem, do to me according to what has gone out of your mouth, because HaShem has avenged you of your enemies, the people of Ammon.”
Jephthah approaches war:
Now Jephthah sent messengers to the king of the people of Ammon, saying, “What do you have against me, that you have come to fight against me in my land?” And the king of the people of Ammon answered the messengers of Jephthah, “Because Israel took away my land when they came up out of Egypt, from the Arnon as far as the Jabbok, and to the Jordan. Now therefore, restore those lands peaceably.” So Jephthah again sent messengers to the king of the people of Ammon, and said to him, “Thus says Jephthah: ‘Israel did not take away the land of Moab, nor the land of the people of Ammon… Judges 11:12-15
“Therefore I have not sinned against you, but you wronged me by fighting against me. May HaShem, the Judge, render judgment this day between the children of Israel and the people of Ammon.’” However, the king of the people of Ammon did not heed the words which Jephthah sent him.
-Judges 11: 27-28
When you go near a city to fight against it, then proclaim an offer of peace to it. And it shall be that if they accept your offer of peace, and open to you, then all the people who are found in it shall be placed under tribute to you, and serve you. Now if the city will not make peace with you, but war against you, then you shall besiege it. And when HaShem your G-d delivers it into your hands, you shall strike every male in it with the edge of the sword. But the women, the little ones, the livestock, and all that is in the city, all its spoil, you shall plunder for yourself; and you shall eat the enemies’ plunder which HaShem your G-d gives you. Thus you shall do to all the cities which are very far from you, which are not of the cities of these nations.
“But of the cities of these peoples which HaShem your G-d gives you as an inheritance, you shall let nothing that breathes remain alive, but you shall utterly destroy them: the Hittite and the Amorite and the Canaanite and the Perizzite and the Hivite and the Jebusite, just as HaShem your G-d has commanded you, lest they teach you to do according to all their abominations which they have done for their gods, and you sin against HaShem your G-d.
Blessed art Thou, HaShem, Who brings forth the Manifestation of Salvation. ( Baruch Atah HaShem, matzmiach keren Yeshuah )
We will see that the children of Israel return to Most High and Torah of Mashiach, And will hug in the Holy Land, and by obeying and listening the “VOICE of Most Ancient Holy One of Israel”, will bring offerings in a righteous way on the holy mountain and also bring the Ark of the covenant with pure heart in the right place ( i.e In Har HaBayit, on the foundation Stone) .
We will Welcome the son of David on Mount Zion, Jerusalem.
[ Ha Khadosh Baruch Hu – Baruch HaBa B’Shem Adonai ] – Gaddi, President, BeitYaaqov International.
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It's impossible to say which arm of the federal government has done the most to advance clean energy. The Department of Energy has played an invaluable role in incubating technologies and bringing costs down. The White House has driven change through executive actions like the Clean Power Plan. And the State Department negotiated the Paris agreement to curb global warming through greenhouse gas emissions reductions.
The military has stepped up its promotion of renewables too -- particularly the Navy.
Last week, the Navy inaugurated the 150-megawatt AC (210-megawatt DC) Mesquite 3 solar farm in Arizona, which will power about one-third of the electrical load at 14 California naval bases. It's the largest-ever federal procurement of solar power. And that's just the latest update on the way to installing 1 gigawatt of clean energy capacity by 2020.
In an era when simply acknowledging manmade climate change triggers political battles in Washington or the presidential debate stage, the Navy has quietly adopted the use of clean energy as a way to do its job better. Naval bases have a higher than average likelihood of being located next to the ocean, so sea level rise and changing climate patterns pose a direct strategic threat. But, even setting aside the long-term ramifications of decarbonization, the Navy has identified several immediate operational benefits to clean energy: greater resilience to grid disruptions, insulation from energy price shocks, cheaper overall energy and a nimbler footprint on deployment.
Following the success of initial demonstrations, the Navy's energy planners have gotten more and more creative. Now the initial directive to add clean generation has expanded to include energy storage, like a second-life program for the stockpile of used submarine batteries. Microgrids are underway as well. The lessons learned through these projects -- like how to corral third-party financing while facing constrained federal budgets -- could apply to subsequent procurements throughout the federal government.
Power and presence
John Kliem, a retired captain who runs the 1-gigawatt mission out of the Navy's renewable energy office, outlines the history of the Navy seeking out increasingly better sources of energy to propel the fleet around the world.
"We started out with sailing ships," Kliem said. "Pretty soon someone came along and said, 'You know, sometimes there's not wind; we could move better if we were to switch to coal.' So we put all these coaling stations all over the world so we could sail our ships on coal. That's how we got a lot of our bases."
It gave the Navy fleets more power and reliability. And then they switched again.
"Pretty soon we switched to fuel oil, and I'm sure there were people saying, 'Why did you do that? Coal comes out of the ground! Now you have to process something to get fuel!'" Kliem continued.
Next came nuclear fission. That technology greatly enhanced the time a vessel could spend at sea without refueling, and trickled down to civilian nuclear power in the decades that followed. More recently, the Navy has experimented with biofuels, partially powering a Great Green Fleet on fossil fuel alternatives.
Now comes the era of renewable electricity.
The Secretary of the Navy in 2009 declared the goal of powering half the Navy's onshore energy needs with renewable energy by 2020. That meant procuring 1 gigawatt by the end of 2015, to ensure the capacity is up and running on time. The Navy established REPO in 2014 to carry that out, and now 1.1 gigawatts have been built or procured.
"The Secretary of the Navy set that 1-gigawatt renewable goal to diversify our power portfolio and integrate renewable energy, so that we're not reliant on a single source," Kliem said. "There was an economic aspect of it, because renewable energy is cheaper than brown power. It's not going to escalate; it's not going to be as volatile."
Image credit: Department of Navy Renewable Energy Program Office
Buy or host
When deploying renewable generation, the Navy must determine whether to host it onsite.
Given the funding structure of the military, the Navy is not in the business of investing lots of capital in any particular project. That's better suited for private capital with enough tax equity to make use of the federal Investment Tax Credit. Instead, the Navy has identified ways to access clean power without putting money down.
One way is to pay to acquire it from an offsite location. The Navy has the legal power to enter into long-term power-purchase agreements. In this way, it functions much like MGM Resorts International, or Google, or Wal-Mart.
Another option is to leverage something the Navy has a lot of -- land. In these agreements, the Navy offers access to some of its 3.5 million acres for generating renewable energy that goes into the broader grid. In exchange, it receives the fair market value of the land in the form of infrastructure upgrades.
Such a deal recently closed for Naval Air Station Lemoore in California. Recurrent Energy will lease 930 acres of former agricultural land on the base to build 167 megawatts of solar PV. That power goes into the local grid, so it's not behind the meter on the base. But, as part of the deal, Lemoore will receive a gas- or biofuel-powered backup generator and other electrical infrastructure improvements. That leaves the home of the F-35C Joint Strike Fighter better prepared to power itself in the event of grid failure.
Lastly, the Navy may choose to work with a third-party developer to erect clean energy resources on a base for use onsite. Some of these are in the works, but they have not been announced publicly.
Second life for submarines
As it has procured hundreds of megawatts of renewables, the Navy learned something unexpected.
"We always knew we were going to get cost savings and diversification of portfolio," Kliem said. "We discovered we could write an RFP for more than renewable energy -- we could get batteries to support the grid."
Energy storage does not count toward the 1-gigawatt goal of renewable generation. But, said Kliem, the more his office looked into its value for energy security, the better it looked. That's when they started getting creative.
Batteries aren't new to the Navy. They play a vital emergency backup role on the fleet's nuclear submarines, for instance. After seeing use on the subs, these lead-acid batteries end up in Naval Support Activity Crane in Indiana, where they undergo charge and discharge testing to determine if they can go back in a submarine or need to be recycled.
Once lead-acid batteries come off a submarine, they could still prove useful for stationary energy storage on base. (Image credit: U.S. Navy)
By 2019, Kliem said, there will be 44 megawatt-hours of energy storage from used submarine batteries sitting at the base. It's not a huge jump from charging and discharging them for diagnostic purposes to charging and discharging them for local power and broader grid services.
REPO currently is figuring out if this could work, and reaching out to partners in the Navy and the power sector. The goal is to compile the used batteries into a stationary storage unit to provide uninterrupted power supply or power quality in a microgrid on the base, and then create a utility energy service contract. It's still early in the planning phase, however.
Second-life battery applications are an embryonic but growing field for the electric-vehicle industry. The initial challenge is to sync up batteries that have undergone different levels of wear and tear, and get them to function together with enough reliability to sell the service. Like with EVs, this submarine effort will pay off if the initial engineering challenge unlocks a vast supply of cheap energy storage that would otherwise go to waste.
The Navy is looking at more conventional battery applications, too, like power quality for sensitive operations. Naval bases host long-term, continuous scientific studies and missile testing, two cases where even a momentary loss of power can jeopardize the success of the study. Storage can also function as uninterrupted power supply for a base served by a microgrid, providing backup until load-following generators come online.
Diesel backup generators can do that much more cheaply, but they're far from ideal.
"There are so many things with the diesel that could go wrong," Kliem said. "If you don't religiously do your preventative maintenance, change the oil, make sure everything is lubed, make sure your fuel hasn't gelled...it may not start."
These kinds of battery applications are concentrated in California for the time being, since it boasts quite a few naval bases and offers the strongest incentives for energy storage. The Navy recently closed an RFI for storage projects at Naval Base San Diego, Naval Base Coronado, Marine Corps Base Pendleton and Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach detachment Norco. That request drew a significant number of responses, and the Navy is evaluating them before sending out the RFP.
Last week, the Navy and the California Energy Commission revealed that UniEnergy Technologies will supply a solar-plus-storage microgrid at Naval Base Ventura County. The 6-megawatt solar array and 4.5-megawatt/18-megawatt-hour vanadium flow battery will serve a third-party offtaker most of the time, but in the event of a blackout, the base gets access to the microgrid to maintain critical operations. That project typifies the REPO approach to hosting distributed energy projects to access their benefits without the upfront costs.
Along the way to the 1-gigawatt goal, Kliem said, the Navy's efforts have avoided the release of 22 million tons of carbon dioxide and have generated $1 billion of economic stimulus to local communities. Really, though, those represent "a happy second-order effect."
"The real story is, we're a more capable warfighter because we have a diversified energy portfolio and these resiliency projects that we got as a result of this power portfolio diversification," Kliem said. | <urn:uuid:688ebf6f-a62e-4b18-a2e7-b7518bcb5c11> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/navy-leads-federal-government-in-clean-energy-solar-storage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590127.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718095959-20180718115959-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.950227 | 2,087 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Youth Knowledge of Election Laws
A recent survey, analyzed by the Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, showed that young voters generally are ill informed about election laws and rules but that those with no college experience are less aware of these statutes and regulations than their peers who had some college. In particular:
- Young voters were least informed about deadlines for voter registration, with 65 percent of non-college youth unsure about whether they needed to register at least a month before Election Day in their states compared with 58 percent of those with some college experience.
- 51 percent of non-college youth were unsure about state voter ID laws compared with 39 percent of those with some college experience.
- 57 percent of non-college youth were unsure about early voting laws compared with 48 percent of those with some college experience. | <urn:uuid:6edb552a-1b34-4c6e-8a91-139e47a5ab16> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/analysis/2012/09/11/youth-knowledge-of-election-laws | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647475.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320130952-20180320150952-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.97576 | 167 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Eine jahrringanalytische Studie zum Nadelbaumsterben in der Schweiz
|Title||Eine jahrringanalytische Studie zum Nadelbaumsterben in der Schweiz|
|Year of Publication||1983|
|Authors||Schweingruber, FH, Kontic, R, Winkler-Seifert, A|
|Series Title||Berichte Rapports|
|Institution||Eidgenossische Anstalt fur das Forstliche Versuchswesen|
|Keywords||climate, damages, environment, fir, growth, growth reduction, pollution, Switzerland, tree ring|
Application of annual ring analysis in investigations of conifer die-back in Switzerland
Obviously unhealthy confiders show abrupt tree-ring growth reductions which are datable without measurements. By investigation of large amount of samples on different sites in Switzerland we calculated the areal distribution of damaged trees and the damage occurrence within time. Geographical distribution and time patterns yield to relations between climatic and pollution events. The heavy damages on fir started in Switzerland 1956. Approximately 75% of all firs in Switzerland's central plateau show growth reductions. Local damages exist in the Rhone-valley since 1920.
Copies of this are available through the Tree Ring Laboratory; please contact the lab for more information.
This edition of the reports is from the Swiss Federal Institute of Forestry Research. | <urn:uuid:b8e1987c-f146-481c-9f49-1f8caebbef36> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://ltrr.arizona.edu/content/eine-jahrringanalytische-studie-zum-nadelbaumsterben-der-schweiz | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711126.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207021130-20221207051130-00702.warc.gz | en | 0.762487 | 340 | 2.6875 | 3 |
TOOLS OF THE TRADE
Learn how whips, muzzles, bullhooks, and other tools
are used during circus acts
In the wild, bears don't ride bicycles, tigers don't
jump through fiery hoops, and elephants don't stand upright on their hind
Circuses portray a distorted view of wildlife.
Laws protecting animals in traveling shows are
inadequate and poorly enforced. The Animal Welfare Act establishes only
minimum guidelines and even these meager standards are often ignored.
Animals used in circuses live a dismal life of
domination, confinement, and violent training. It is standard practice to
beat, shock, and whip them to make them perform ridiculous tricks that they
Most elephants used by circuses were captured in the
wild. Once removed from their families and natural habitat, their lives
consist of little more than chains and intimidation. Baby elephants born in
breeding farms are torn from their mothers, tied with ropes, and kept in
isolation until they learn to fear their trainers.
Big cats, bears, and primates are forced to eat, drink,
sleep, defecate, and urinate in the same cramped cages.
Elephants often suffer crippling injuries from constant
chaining and performing physically difficult tricks.
Children, who are naturally fond of animals, would have
to be dragged kicking and screaming to the circus if they knew of the
suffering these animals endure for a fleeting moment of so- called
The circus deprives animals of their basic needs to
exercise, roam, socialize, forage, and play. Stereotypic behaviors such as
swaying back and forth, head-bobbing, pacing, bar-biting, and
self-mutilation are common signs of mental distress.
Using dangerous animals in performances jeopardizes
public safety and often puts children at greatest risk. Since 1990, 57
people have been killed and more than 120 seriously injured by captive
Animals in circuses are hauled around the country in
poorly ventilated trailers and boxcars for up to 50 weeks a year in all
kinds of extreme weather conditions. Access to the basic necessities of
food, water, and veterinary care is often inadequate.
A growing number of cities are restricting or banning
the use of animals in entertainment. More progressive circuses dazzle their
audiences solely with skilled human performers.
Fair Use Notice: This document may contain
copyrighted material whose use has not been specifically authorized by the
copyright owners. We believe that this not-for-profit, educational use on
the Web constitutes a fair use of the copyrighted material (as provided for
in section 107 of the US Copyright Law). If you wish to use this copyrighted
material for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain
permission from the copyright owner. | <urn:uuid:b24bd63c-c69c-44d8-9132-5ff7e372faae> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.all-creatures.org/adow/cam-taa-tools.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863410.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520112233-20180520132233-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.928923 | 595 | 3.40625 | 3 |
There is always a cycle, or rather a broken cycle that leads to many of the world's problems. Does over population lead to poverty, or does poverty lead to over population? Has world hunger been caused by land degradation or vice versa? These topics are always never ending debates in many of my environmental sociology classes. There are always arguments for both sides and every situation is different, especially when comparing the growth and development of first-world countries during the colonial era versus the third-world countries that are attempting to develop now for one example. One of the cycles that I feel is very important to connect to the current problem of trying to solve world hunger is the issue of land degradation and displacement from land.
The way that I see this new pattern, is it first begins with some reason that people are forced to make a shift in their lifestyle. Generally it involves some shift on the level of the how the people live and relate to their environment. A company comes in a buys land from the government rather than the people, a drought or some environmental new problem; either way, there becomes a disconnect from the land. In other times people could simply move to another area to solve their problems, however today people are more attached to their land, as sometimes there is no other place to move to. Global conglomerates have the ability to deal with governments directly and can been seen as a way to bring development into an area. However more often than not, this hurts the people rather than help. Companies have been known among other things, to destroy land, forcing more people off their land and into working the factories. At this step people no longer can survive off of what they are able to produce, since their work, all though might deal with picking or processing food goods, results in physical money. Now the price they pay for food is no longer the amount of effort put into growing or gathering but into predetermined amounts set by a third party. The amount they work does not equal what they are paid and thus they are often unable to sufficiently feed themselves or their families.
Another aspect of this is land degradation. The shift in global climates has caused many problems throughout the world. While one area is being flooded, another is suffering from a long drought. Either way unstable climate conditions can cause crops to fail. Another way crops can fail is if the land is being polluted by a factory or the natural settings are being harvested at an unsustainable rate. An example of this is from an article from BBC about logging in the Congo basin in Cameroon. The Ngola Baka are hunter-gatherers the rely on the forests for food. Despite attempts in proving their ownership of the land, the Ngola Baka cannot keep the loggers away. Removed from their food source, they are forced into poverty and can no longer feed themselves.
The Ngola Baka is just one example of how breaking the connection between land and people often leads to hunger. In a first world country where most people are entirely disconnected from any form of food production, this does not seem like a problem. The difference is we have the means to get money to pay for the food. Even so in the US there are still people going hungry, while we export our surplus elsewhere. In third world countries, there is often no means of obtaining money. People that could produce their own food have had no need for money. When land is removed, the people have no way of growing food, and thus have to rely on some form of making money to survive.
I believe that in order to best help many of these struggling areas is to force companies to take responsibility for their actions and either clean up the environment they polluted, pay their workers more, collect resources in a sustainable way that compensates the true owners of the land, or simply leave. Once a connection is made back to the land, that is no longer being harmed, there is once again hope that people will be able to support themselves. | <urn:uuid:d4231301-bee7-419d-9b3f-bf8c55e92149> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://rpi-fff.blogspot.com/2010/09/breaking-natural-cycle.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593223.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722120017-20180722140017-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.98001 | 797 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The brain development of many children in Wales may be harmed by everyday man-made chemicals, according to a new report.
The study has raised many concerns about the use of chemicals
Research by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in Wales has shown that some substances found in consumer products can cause problems for children - including reduced movement skills, poor memory and a lower IQ.
Details of studies showing that chemicals are seriously impacting on children's intelligence across Europe are highlighted today by WWF Cymru.
More than 150 Welsh volunteers underwent blood tests as part of the study.
The new report, Compromising our Children, brings together the latest research on the impacts of commonly-used man-made chemicals.
It reveals that some chemicals harm child brain development and co-ordination at levels that have been found in some of the general public.
The report shows that in the European Union, the effects include poorer memory, reduced visual recognition, and less well-developed movement skills.
The European Commission now regards the occurrence of developmental and learning disabilities as a "significant public health problem".
But WWF Cymru believes that most chemicals on the market do not carry sufficient safety information - particularly about their ability to cause developmental problems.
Morgan Parry, Head of WWF Cymru, said: "It seems unbelievable that although science has shown that chemicals are affecting children's mental abilities and their ability to make sense of their world, we are still missing vital safety data on most chemicals in use.
"In Wales, we took blood samples from mothers and grandmothers which demonstrated the extent to which we are all contaminated by a cocktail of hazardous chemicals.
"The fact that these chemicals are being passed onto children during pregnancy and affecting their intelligence and behaviour is unacceptable. In effect we are all living in a global chemical experiment of which we don't know the outcome.
"Our children are our future - and our future is under threat."
Gail Stewart, a practice nurse in Pontcanna, Cardiff, was one of 155 volunteers that participated in the WWF blood survey last year.
She said she was taken aback by the findings.
"As a mother of three children, I'm shocked to discover that, despite following a strict organic diet, I've been exposed unexpectedly to harmful chemicals that I may have passed onto my children through pregnancy and breast feeding.
"WWF's report demonstrates the impact these chemicals have on children's intelligence and behaviour, but will the European Union act on these findings or will they continue to allow our children to be guinea pigs in this uncontrolled chemicals experiment?" | <urn:uuid:58b0b9c6-335d-460f-b540-801e3b8878f7> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/3768113.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988310.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00274-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96458 | 525 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Who Should Take This Course?
A Job Hazard Analysis is a process used to identify and prevent hazards and injuries in a workplace before they occur. With this technique, the relationships between job tasks, tools, the work environment and workers are evaluated. The workplace hazards are identified so they can be reduced or eliminated. There are many alternate terms used to describe this process, such as Job Safety Analysis, Task Hazard Analysis, or Activity Hazard Analysis.
Our Online Introduction to Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) course helps workers learn basic information about: What is a Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)?; JHA Goals and Benefits; Prioritizing Jobs for JHA; Steps Included in a JHA; and more.
For information on OSHA Safety training requirements or the Safety training courses we offer, visit our OSHA Safety Training page. | <urn:uuid:0c968e5b-bd61-4300-8105-e2a2b5f280d0> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.hazmatstudent.com/classes/job-hazard-analysis-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948673.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327154814-20230327184814-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.902784 | 168 | 3.125 | 3 |
One of our favorite studies we have done is Elizabeth Foss’ Along the Alphabet Path. This is a Catholic literature study that includes Saint stories, a little bit of botany, poems from Cicely Mary Barker, books from favorite children’s authors, painting, music, and a well-written story by Elizabeth Foss herself. This year I will be doing this study with Genevieve (2nd grade), Kateri (1st grade), and Avila (pre-K). Here are our plans for this year’s Along the Alphabet Path journey.
***Disclosure: Some of the links below are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, I will earn a small commission if you click through and make a purchase. Thank you!
The core books and materials for this study are:
- Along the Alphabet Path (a free story written by Elizabeth Foss found here)
- A Flower Fairies Alphabet by Cicely Mary Barker
- The Flower Fairy Alphabet Coloring Book
- A Flower Fairy Alphabet CD
- An Alphabet of Catholic Saints
- Flower facts cards
- Saint prayer cards
The Alphabet Path is
a “letter of the week” type of study so it will take 26 weeks to complete. Since this is following the alphabet, it is super easy to organize because everything is alphabetical! The first part of the Alphabet Path is the Saints.
Each week we will read a story from An Alphabet of Catholic Saints followed by a coloring page. Depending on the child’s capability, they will use the fun little rhyme from the book for copywork. Avila (who is still learning to handwrite) will only be copying the saint’s name. I also have made saint prayer cards for each saint of the week to have displayed. We will say the prayer throughout the week together as a family.
Next is my girls’ favorite part, the flower fairies. Each week, we will also be reading the letter of the week’s flower fairy poem from Cicely Mary Barker’s A Flower Fairies Alphabet. After reading the poem the girls will paint a picture of the flower fairy. I printed the pictures onto cardstock so it would be better to paint on. Each girl has their own 24ct watercolor pallet by Master Touch that we found from Hobby Lobby for half off to use. We will be playing the flower fairy songs from the A Flower Fairy Alphabet CD while we paint which are actually really catchy and fun songs. I also made flower facts cards for each flower referenced from the Alphabet Flower Fairies so we can learn a little bit more about the real flowers and see what they really look like. These cards are meant for quick fun facts of the flowers and not for super in-depth learning. I wanted something that is easy and ready to go with minimal prep. The flower facts card will also be displayed next to the alphabet saint prayer card.
And to tie it the flower fairies and saints together is the Along the Alphabet story by Elizabeth Foss.
This is a fun and lovely story about a boy’s adventure trying to find flowers for his mother’s birthday through the woods where he encounters Mrs. Applebottom, her fairy children, and their heavenly friends.
Here is a look at what a week will typically look like…
We will also read a handful of children books that goes with the letter of the week and focus on an author who starts with that letter. Example:
Blueberries for Sal
Bedtime for Francis
The Run Away Bunny
The Bird House
Author: Jan Brett
These books will be kept in our morning/ tea time basket and also used as bedtime books.
There are our plans for this year’s Along the Alphabet Path journey. My girls are super excited to start. I will be posting every week what each letter of the week will look like and I will include any resources I use (like the links for saint coloring pages). Also, look out for photos I will post on Instagram. If you too are following along the alphabet path in your homeschool or use any of my printables please tag me, I’d love to see your pictures too!
You are free to download the alphabet saint and flower cards by clicking the link below. | <urn:uuid:9379843c-8275-4ea6-83aa-e355dc77f28a> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.catholichomebody.com/along-the-alphabet-path-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922000730-20200922030730-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.934702 | 886 | 2.78125 | 3 |
10 Shocking Facts About Modern-Day Pirates
Posted by Staff Writers on May 27, 2009
By Megan Jones
In April, when Somali pirates captured the MV Maersk Alabama and kidnapped the captain of the ship for four days, the news shocked many. While earlier reports of piracy may have made the news, they did not capture the public’s attention in the same way that this incident did. The fact is that piracy is not just a legend from days long past, but is a dangerous trend that is actually on the upswing and for the past few years. Read the following facts to discover what you might not know about modern-day pirates.
- Weapons used. Many modern pirates have heavy-duty firepower, including automatic weapons, mortars, and rocket-propelled grenades. Pirates are also often equipped with cell phones and other tech gadgets to keep in contact with organizers who feed them information about ships and their locations. Many pirates’ weapons are specialized to their geographic location, with the most dangerous usually being in the South China Sea and Somalia.
- Geographic occurrences. With the recent news about the pirate capture off Somalia, it may appear to some that modern pirates are isolated to this geographic area. While the political upheaval in Somalia does provide an ideal, lawless hideout for pirates, the fact is pirates are often found in many places around the globe. Some areas most frequented by pirates include the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the waters of Indonesia and Singapore.
- Financial loss. The estimated annual loss due to piracy worldwide is about $13 to $16 billion. Unfortunately, most carriers decide not to report piracy incidents due to the financial burden. When an incident of piracy is reported, ship owners experience insurance rates that can increase by as much as 30% as well as the daily loss incurred during an investigation that can often run about $1000 a day.
- Ties to government and organized crime. Many modern pirates have ties to the government and organized crime, such as the pirates in Somalia and the Far East, with some pirates in the South China Sea reportedly working under the protection of the Chinese government. Other pirates take advantage of a lack of government involvement, such as the pirates near Brazil, where there is no Coast Guard or its equivalent.
- Anchored ships vs. high seas kidnapping. Pirates boarding ships at sea and kidnapping the crew have been making the news but an older report suggests that 72% of pirate attacks occur on anchored ships where the pirates either steal the ships or take cargo and crew members’ belongings. Recent trends show that kidnapping the crew in order to get ransom money is on the rise, as pirates cannot only profit from the ransom but stolen goods as well.
- High ransom. When kidnapping is involved, ship owners sometimes must pay high ransom prices to help their kidnapped crew. Ransoms average around $120,000. Some owners will hire security organizations to escort their ships, at costs of around $120,000 per trip to avoid the high ransom payments, danger to their crew, and potential loss of the ship and its cargo.
- Frequency. Piracy is a frequent activity happening much more often than what makes the news. Take a look at the Live Piracy Report and the Live Piracy Map at the ICC Commercial Crime Services and you will see that reported piracy incidents are currently occurring at about 20-30 per month. While not all incidents result in kidnapping or theft, many do.
- Environmental pirates. Not all pirates use lethal weapons and are seeking riches. Some pirates, such as those in the group Sea Shepherd, are known to ram ships, throw rancid butter on their decks, or even sink ships in an attempt to disrupt their activities. Usually target ships are participating in whaling or fishing that harms other marine wildlife such as dolphins, seals, and sea turtles.
- Little deterrent. Due to the current legal situation, most pirates who are captured are merely questioned and released. Unfortunately, there are almost no laws against modern pirates. Local laws pertain specifically to citizens and may not apply to pirates, and finding witnesses and translators can be difficult once pirates are detained. Additionally, many countries do not want to take on the expense of imprisoning pirates, so they are often returned to their life of piracy–complete with few deterrents to slow them down.
- Help from London. London, the world headquarters of shipbroking and insurance, is also likely a hub for intelligence that is sent to Somali pirates. It is thought that at least one of the known pirate groups has "consultants" in London sending information to the pirates that include the layout of the ships, cargo, and routes. With this much information, the pirates have plenty of time and ability to carefully plan their attack so that the ships have little defense. | <urn:uuid:aa1b1d19-614b-41ed-b6a2-4d00853ae27c> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.criminaljusticeusa.com/blog/2009/10-shocking-facts-about-modern-day-pirates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590493.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719031742-20180719051742-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.966414 | 976 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What is it?
Celiac disease is a permanent intolerance to gluten, a protein that is found in oats, wheat, spelled, kamut, barley, rye, spelt and triticale. In Italy it is estimated that 1 in every 100 people suffer from this food intolerance. People with celiac disease is estimated to be 600,000, but to date records suggest that just over 100,000 have been diagnosed. Each year there are 20,000 new diagnoses with an annual increase of about 20%.
How to cure it
At present, the only way to treat celiac disease, is to eliminate some of the most common foods, such as bread, pasta, biscuits and pizza from your diet. It is also very important to pay attention to the smallest traces of gluten on your plate. This requires a strong commitment to nutrition education as the assumption of gluten, also in small quantities, can cause several more or less serious consequences.
A diet without Gluten is the only therapy
A seriously followed, gluten-free diet is currently the only way to treat a person with celiac disease giving them a guaranteed state of health.
The Gluten Free certification certifies and guarantees the absence of gluten in the product, both in terms of raw materials and during the production process. The inspection of the raw materials is carried out by careful selection. The inspection of the production process is done with proper management and with a temporal separation or a physical separation of the activities of preparation that ensures the absence of gluten.
How to obtain certification
- Signing a certification contract with an accredited entity;
- Auditing the company to verify the state of production;
- Drafting the Production Regulations where production process is detailed and will be inspected and managed in order to obtain gluten-free products;
- Organizing a training meeting with staff;
- Assistance activities to verify the implementation of the Production Regulations;
- Evaluation and verification in the company by inspectors of the institution chosen;
- Release of the certificate by the body | <urn:uuid:8bcdbb49-2651-432f-9663-e2ffbd093ee4> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.italianfoodexcellence.com/gluten-free-certification/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463614620.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530085905-20170530105905-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.950907 | 412 | 3.28125 | 3 |
A WordNet Stop List
What's a Stop List?
A stop list is a list of words that are excluded from some
language processing task, usually because they are viewed as
non--informative or potentially misleading. Usually they are
non--content words like conjunctions, determiners,
prepositions, etc. These are often called function words.
What's a WordNet Stop List?
Since WordNet only contains nouns, verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs, you might think that a stop list wouldn't really
be relevant. However, there are words that are normally
used as function words that have senses (usually obscure)
For example, consider the humble word "at". According to WordNet,
"at" is a noun that has two senses, one for the chemical element
astatine and the other for a Laotian monetary unit.
It is very likely that most systems using WordNet are NOT
using "at" in these senses. Thus, a WordNet stop list will list
those words that are typically used as function words and
yet have unrelated WordNet senses that are obscure and
Finding the WordNet Stop List
This project was undertaken by Satanjeev Banerjee, and arose
in the context of an implementation of Lesk's word sense
disambiguation algorithm that will likely yield many interesting
results. The first step was to build a list of likely stop list
words. He found the following:
The stop list formed based on these lists is shown
The next step was to determine which of these words have misleading
WordNet senses, which have related WordNet senses, and which have
no WordNet senses at all.
The following words are normally used as function words, but also turn
out to have rather odd (but correct) senses listed in WordNet:
I, a, an, as, at, by, he, his, me, or, thou, us, who.
This is our current WordNet stop list!
You can view the senses that cause us to arrive at this conclusion
here . The words in our
initial stop list that have no WordNet sense are shown here . And those function words
that also have WordNet senses that seem to be related are shown here
Please let us know if you have any other candidates for membership
in the WordNet stop list! These lists have been constructed using
our intuitive judgements and are not meant to be taken as anything
more than that! | <urn:uuid:de8e74da-21ca-4e65-b49d-b5904ca2c64d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.d.umn.edu/~tpederse/Group01/WordNet/wordnet-stoplist.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769374.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00122-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948943 | 523 | 3.25 | 3 |
For well over a century the main questions concerning animal rights have moved from whether some animals can reason and communicate to whether they can suffer. Beyond any reasonable doubt the most brilliant minds in biology have concluded that animals are capable of suffering both physically and emotionally. There is even an exciting new area of research which explores the spiritual dimension of animal suffering among the higher primates and intellectually superior creatures like dolphins.
But what if love is the real factor? Psychologist Charles Snowden describes love as a “preference for one other individual that is more or less exclusive and long lasting and that transcends other relationships.” If we take this definition as a starting place for examining the intrinsic value of animals we will find that countless animal species are indeed capable of experiencing and sharing the capacity for love.
For example, Cotton-top tamarin cuddle and have sex after long periods of separation. Albatross geese appear to form life long bonds and share elaborate courtship rituals. Mother and daughter elephants can form bonds which have been recorded to last as long as 50 years! Among mating flamingos there have been seen incredible levels of sophisticated team work and mutual aid. And when a baby chimp dies the mother will sometimes carry the dead body on her back until the bones begin to fall apart. Clearly animals can love. It would be inefficient for nature to produce the same behavior in a different way. Therefore, we can assume that the emotions are the same.
Having said all of that I would like to propose that the capacity for love makes all animals a candidate for universal protection and dignity, and that this categorical imperative is based on the moral principles established by the Golden Rule. The commandment to love thy neighbor as one would like to be loved does not in any way prohibit the inclusion of non- animals as neighbors in our vast circle of moral concern. Other animals can love and seek love, and that is the basis for their right to pursue life, liberty and happiness.
This matters. Until we are able to view animals as neighbors with innate rights, our laws and customs will continue to threaten their existence. In other words an animal ethic which is based on an animal’s capacity to suffer is not going to change the paradigm of exploitation and even genocide which still exists in many parts of the world. It’s that simple.
To reiterate, the question is not whether animals can reason or suffer but whether they can love and be loved. If this is the real question, then the only answer is a revolution which will change how we see other living beings. It is the next great leap in our development as a socially conscious lifeform with the blessed gift of compassion. This revolution is happening now. From the fight against extinction in the Amazon to the war against GMOs in the heartland of America, philosophical confusion and religious justification is giving way to scientific awareness and ethical courage. The revolution is happening and it is beautiful.
by George Payne, founder of Gandhi Earth Keepers International
George Payne is founder-director of Gandhi Earth Keepers International based out of Rochester, NY. He written blogs, essays, letters, and op-eds for a variety of local and national publications including the Rochester City Newspaper, the Democrat and Chronicle, the Minority Reporter, the Atlantic, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, Campaign Nonviolence, Veterans for Peace, and many more. He can be contacted directly at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:28c52648-9375-4c5f-9d54-920873729738> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://arroc.org/what-if-animals-can-love/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867050.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624180240-20180624200240-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.941429 | 695 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Job description for a data analyst
Do you have an interest in data science and a passion for data analysis? In this article, you will discover the mission of the Data Analyst and the job.
Do you have an interest in data? Are you passionate about data analysis? Would you like to help business leaders in their decision-making?
Digital data analysis is for you.
In this article, we will tell you everything you need to know about the data analyst job.
The explosion in digital data : Big data
The emergence of the internet and new storage technologies has resulted in an increasing amount of digital data in motion and stored in corporate databases.
These data relate to clients, suppliers, products, etc.
And yet, business leaders have been quick to understand that once analysed, data are a real source of value creation. Data allow them to make marketing, management, and financial decisions in order to increase their turnover.
As a result, there is an ever-growing demand for data analysts and data processors, who are in constant demand among businesses.
This is the case in particular for Data Analysts.
The career of a data analyst
Data Analysts are trained to process, structure, cross-reference, categorise, analyse, and present data in the form of graphs and tables that are legible and coherent.
One could describe them as data interpreters.
The objective of the Data Analyst is to advise businesses on their marketing decisions based on their analysis of the data.
To do this, the Data Analyst inherits data recorded in Excel tables, for example, containing hundreds of lines and columns. Using languages such as SQL and Python, he or she can arrange data in such a way that some sort of sense can emerge from the data. Data that have been converted into comprehensible information have real added value for a business. Managers will be able to use them to improve their decision-making and, in doing so, improve their production model, sales strategy, etc.
The Data Analyst is a veritable data technician. Their work is a combination of data analysis and marketing.
A Data Analyst must have an analytical mind and be rigorous. He or she must be able to master IT, in particular certain languages (Python, SQL) that will enable them to turn raw data into valuable information. A knowledge of open-source distributed calculation frameworks, such as Spark or Hadoop, is essential. He or she will also be familiar with certain areas of mathematics and statistics, so that they can predict certain trends that can result in recommendations for strategies to adopt.
Finally, the Data Analyst must have marketing skills that will allow them to best advise the managers they serve.
How to become a Data Analyst?
A business or STEM (science, technology, engineering or math) degree is usually required, or work experience with analytical focus. Knowledge of the different languages and an intellectual curiosity are a plus.
Data ScienceTech Institute offers its students the Applied MSc in Data Analytics. Thi RNCP certified programme (Master’s level) is delivered full-time, on the campus of Sophia-Antipolis and Paris, or online, for 1 year (6 months of classes and 6 months of internship). There are two entries per year, in Autumn and Spring.
DSTI offers a study mode that is flexible and personalised (SPOC mode), to allow working professionals who cannot stop working to study at their own pace and online. In the SPOC mode, admissions are open throughout the year.
This Applied MSc allows participants to acquire the skills of a Data Analyst and improve their prospects for employment by reinforcing decision-making through data analysis. During this programme, students learn how to use the techniques and tools necessary to deliver their analyses using relevant and structured reports. They also learn to develop an analytical mind, study business intelligence (BI) software in depth, acquire skills in various database technologies, familiarise themselves with Machine Learning for predictive analysis, and refresh their knowledge of mathematics.
Learn about the DSTI Applied MSc in Data Analytics programme.
Data Analyst salary
Data professionals such as Data Analysts are in increasing demand among businesses. The added value provided by these data experts is very significant. Therefore, businesses are able to offer these data specialists attractive high salaries even for a data analyst job.
A starting junior Data Analyst can earn around 3,000 euros per month, i.e. 36,000 euros per year.
Given that it is constantly changing, the salary of an experienced data analyst does not stagnate. Their remuneration increases regularly as a function of their years of experience.
After two or three years’ experience, their salary can increase to 3,500 (or even 4,000) euros a month.
If they wish, Data analysts can continue their training to become a Data Scientist, whose end-of-career remuneration can reach as high as 15,000 euros per month, i.e. 180,000 euros per year. | <urn:uuid:816dc2ed-194c-4685-8c7e-521c24521dc8> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.datasciencetech.institute/jobs/data-analyst/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510100.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925215547-20230926005547-00894.warc.gz | en | 0.933612 | 1,027 | 2.640625 | 3 |
4 Scenarios for Justified Use of Force by Civilians
Updated: Feb 10, 2019
The three branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial) are capable of creating four distinct types of constitutional crises, directly or indirectly, by:
1. Violation, infringement or destruction of the rights or powers of the civilian authority of We the People,
2. Over reach by assuming and exercising powers not delegated by We the People,
3. Exercise of legitimate power outside of the area of jurisdiction designated by We the People, and/or
4. Abnegation of the responsibility to exercise legitimate powers delegated by We the People to protect us from the above three constitutional crises caused by foreign or domestic, state or non-state actors.
Whenever and wherever the combined forces of the 3 branches of government fail to resolve the constitutional crisis in a timely and appropriate manner to the satisfaction of the Civilian Authority of We the People (the first branch of government), the people may legally intercede (as the force of last resort) by fully exercising our reserved governmental powers, duties and rights.
In the absence of legitmate competent government authority, the Declaration of Independence says that We the People are duty bound to exercise our powers to alter or abolish the government as we see fit to secure our rights and happiness when the government becomes destructive of our rights.
This is not to be seen as rebellion, treason, or vigilantism but rather it is the duty and right of every member of the civilian authority of We the People to secure our rights from acts of tyranny.
Government officials who violate the constitution against the interests of We the People are treasonous and rebel elements who must be impeached and removed from office by We the People.
Once impeached, these rogues are no longer designated as legitimate competent government authority, at which point, overthrowing the government becomes a moot point.
Rather, such corrective action by We the People would be enforcing, upholding, defending and reconstituting good government on constitutional grounds while removing the real enemies of We the People from office.
To secure our rights and our republic the first step We the People need to take is to fully document the above four types of outstanding violations and failed government responses to resolve them, in order to:
1) inform Civilian Authority decisions,
2) build concensus with We the People,
3) develop and implement domestic policy,
4) constitute an effective legitimate power,
5) enforce our policies with relative impunity, and
6) put violators on notice.
Once the threat is eliminated, We the People can alter and reestablish good government on constitutional grounds as we see fit.
1. The first step is to document the 4 types of constitutional crises.
2. The second step is to document the lack of competent government response to resolving those crises.
3. The third step is to develop an appropriate policy reponse by We the People.
4. The fourth step is to build concensus of enough US citizens needed to implement and enforce the policy and eliminate the threat(s).
5. The fifth step is to reestablish good government on constitutional grounds by any and all means.
For more information learn about the Constitutional Safe Zone initiative 12 step process for securing our rights at http://cszhq.gq
To document a constitutional crisis comment below!
List of Unresolved Active Constitutional Crises
Crisis #1: Every Gun Regulation Ever Enacted - Local, State and Federal.
Type: Rights Violation
Policy: Non-Compliance with unconstitutional regulations.
Crisis #2: Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Type: Overreach of Assumed Power not delegated by We the People
Policy: End the Fed, migrate to blockchain
The legal encyclopedia American Jurisprudence says the following in regard to constitutionality:
The general rule is that an unconstitutional statute, though having the form and the name of law, is in reality no law, but is wholly void and ineffective for any purpose since unconstitutionality dates from the time of its enactment and not merely from the date of the decision so branding it; an unconstitutional law, in legal contemplation, is as inoperative as if it had never been passed ... An unconstitutional law is void. (16 Am. Jur. 2d, Sec. 178) | <urn:uuid:1440e80f-9cb0-4a7e-ac5d-f74e0df0872a> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://uscfweb.wixsite.com/uscfhq/post/4-scenarios-for-justified-use-of-force-by-civilians | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735881.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804161521-20200804191521-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.931809 | 886 | 2.75 | 3 |
SURYA ARAFAT, OKTORIO (2009) AN ANALYSIS OF KAHLIL GIBRAN’S LOVE TO SELMA KARAMYIN HIS NOVEL “THE BROKEN WINGS”. Other thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Literature is the human expression. The work of literature is a creative expression that adresses the emotional, spiritual, or intelectual concerns of humanity. It also provides enjoyment and can bring over the readers into its story. Literary work expresses a series of happening of human life such as their problems struggles of life, conflict of life, and love. Here love is the point that is being disscussed. Meanwhile, the problems that are going to be disscussed are; (1) what are the reasons why Kahlil Gibran loves Selma Karamy? (2) what are the types of Kahlil Gibran’s love to Selma Karamy? (3) how is the end of Kahlil Gibran’s love? In performing the analysis, the writer of this thesis used descriptive research because it just interpreted the problem by using reasonable menthod without working with statistics. The technique applied was library research where every relevant document such as books and articles are taken as sources and the data are taken from the novel itself. The approach used in this study is an objective approach. The object of the study was the whole events in Kahlil Gibran novel’s “The Broken Wings”. While the data of this study were dialogues, paragraphs, and quotations related to the statements of the study. Based on this analysis, the reasons why Kahlil Gibran loves Selma Karamy were Selma Karamy’s physical appearances and characteristic. The types of Kahill Gibran’s love were eros love and first love. The last is the end of Kahlil Gibran’s love is a misery ending because Kahlil Gibran can’t marry Selma Karamy. Selma Karamy has become the victim of parent’s wealth. She finally died because of her suffering.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Other)|
|Subjects:||L Education > L Education (General)|
|Divisions:||Faculty of Teacher Training and Education > Department of English|
|Depositing User:||Anggit Aldila|
|Date Deposited:||30 Jun 2012 06:09|
|Last Modified:||30 Jun 2012 06:09|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:fcebd100-3007-4e5f-ae06-552f4d6c69a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://eprints.umm.ac.id/10537/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701150206.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193910-00288-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904476 | 538 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Huawei says it has made its first significant breakthrough in research it is conducting to see if the performance of Li-ion batteries can be improved by the introduction of graphene. According to the company, both temperature and energy benefits can be drawn from the new type of batteries.
Most notably for the average every day user, Huawei's research claims that the new graphene-assisted batteries will last twice as long as regular Li-ion units, which should mean that handsets with non-removable batteries would no longer become obsolete due to a decline in performance of the battery.
It could, of course, have a bigger effect beyond phones, as the batteries are also more heat-resistant than normal Li-ion units; the graphene-assisted versions continue working in temperatures up to 60 degrees Celcius (140 Fahrenheit), 10 degrees higher than regular batteries. This means that regions with high temperatures will be able to use batteries that both last longer (up to four years) and will continue working when the temperature rises.
Huawei says the batteries could also be a significant advantage for things like electric cars and drones, which both generate significant heat during operation.
Is this too much hype? Or is it genuinely innovative? Let us know in the comments below! | <urn:uuid:31bc1472-e59c-43d6-8683-2e5a1dd460a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.androidpit.com/huawei-s-li-ion-graphene-batteries-last-twice-as-long-as-regular-ones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541864.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00426-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96069 | 251 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In 2015, Ethiopia endured its worst drought in decades. While there is some indication that this April has been drier than normal in some areas, the intensity of the drought this year will not be clear until later in 2016.
For now, satellite data can help show the conditions on the ground that are relevant for agriculture. Ethiopia is now in its secondary crop season—the “belg”—a short rainy season from March to May. Successful harvest of belg crops depends on adequate rainfall.
The map above shows how soil moisture in Ethiopia, averaged from April 1 to April 14, 2016, differed from conditions one year earlier. The map is based on data from NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite, which can estimate soil moisture in the surface layer—the top 5 centimeters of the ground. That data, combined with other information such as temperature and previous rainfall amounts, can be used to estimate the amount of moisture even deeper—from the surface down to 1 meter. This so-called “root zone” is where the roots of most plants access water. Green indicates areas where root zone soil became wetter during the two-week period in April 2016; red areas became drier. (The resolution is about 9 kilometers per pixel.)
“The distinction between surface and root zone is also important in terms of the memory associated with the two layers,” said Rolf Reichle, a SMAP scientist at NASA Goddard. “Naturally, it takes much longer to recover from an anomaly in the much thicker root zone layer. In the context of droughts, a single rainstorm, no matter how large, isn’t enough to break the drought. But it could well fill up the surface layer to saturation.”
The belg rains came early in 2016. By starting in February, the rain allowed planting in the highlands to be underway by March, when the belg usually begins. It remained to be seen how and when plants would respond to early April’s relatively wetter root zone conditions in the highlands. At the time, satellite data indicated that vegetation in many areas of Ethiopia was still under more stress than usual, visible in the map below.
One way to gauge growing conditions is by analyzing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a measure of how plants absorb visible light and reflect infrared light. Drought-stressed vegetation is less green, and satellites, through NDVI measurements, can pick up on this.
The second map is based on data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite. The map shows the NDVI anomaly: it contrasts vegetation health from March 29 to April 5, 2016, relative to the long-term average from 2000–2015. Brown areas show where plant growth, or “greenness,” was below normal. Greens indicate vegetation that is more widespread or abundant than normal for the time of year. Grays depict areas where reliable data were not available, usually due to cloud cover.
Most of the country’s food is produced during the main growing season, the “meher,” which is a longer rainy season that begins in June and runs through at least August. While it remains to be seen what the 2016 meher will bring, the effects of the 2015 drought are still being felt. According to news reports, more than 10 million Ethiopians are relying on food aid, and others need farming supplies to revive the area’s agriculture.
Correction: This image and caption were updated on April 27, 2016, to show 2016 minus 2015 conditions (as opposed to 2015 minus 2016 conditions), and to show soil moisture throughout the root zone (as opposed to just the surface layer).
NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens and Jesse Allen, using SMAP L4 data courtesy of JPL, GSFC, the National Snow and Ice Data Center, and the SMAP science team, and MODIS NDVI data. Caption by Kathryn Hansen. | <urn:uuid:8464f856-cbef-4a62-bd2e-9cb59e0edd43> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/87886/soil-moisture-in-ethiopia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660231.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015182235-20191015205735-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.952408 | 831 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Is going off-grid easy?
For some, the idea of doing without municipal services is a nightmare. For others, it’s the culmination of a long-held dream. Living off the grid means it’s just you and nature existing harmoniously side-by-side. No building codes, no dependency on the power grid, no monthly payment to the trash collection service. If you currently live in a home that depends upon the energy grid, it’s not just a matter of snipping the wires. It requires resourcefulness and the ability to adapt to an unfamiliar way of life.
If you are going to go off grid then consider your food and health freedom – It is essential that you choose your locale wisely; find a local government that is supportive of food freedom, or encourage your current government to declare food sovereignty. With the massive increase in health raids, farm raids, and EPA regulations that are strangulating independent food production, the first concern should be where will you be most left alone to pursue your inherent right to pursue health and happiness.
After you have identified your location, then learn the best methods for off-the-grid food production, such as permaculture and aquaponics. Lastly, there are clear mental health benefits to being in good physical condition, as well as learning the skills that will lead you to an independent lifestyle. A mentally healthy individual has positive attributes that include:
The ability to deal successfully with the common stresses of everyday life.
The ability to recognize and use your native talents and skills.
And the ability to contribute to society through your work or your volunteer activities.
What you need to consider when going off grid:
1. The Right Mindset
A spirit of independence and a commitment to a sustainable lifestyle is required to make a successful go of off-grid living. You won’t escape society entirely; even self-sufficient residents pay property taxes. Living off grid means different things to different people. Some want modern conveniences and large power-generating stations.
Others are happier taking a step back in time and living with rustic forms of heating and food storage. Going off-grid can be an expensive proposition if you try to replace all the modern amenities you now have. If you don’t mind hard work, sacrifice and jack rabbits as your nearest neighbors, an off-gird lifestyle might be in your future.
One of the most important items to find when preparing to go off grid is land with running water on it. Everything else can be brought in but water is essential, one must have a good water source. Ideally, it would be nice if you also had a well on the land. Not only do you need water for drinking but you also must have it to irrigate plants, support animals and if you have a decent running stream of water you can have all the electricity you want for FREE! However, even if you can’t find a tract of land that has a stream or creek on it you can still set up a water catchment system so don’t despair if you can’t find water on the land…it’s still in the sky!
A site with a reliable water supply is essential to off-grid living, and buyers can stipulate finding potable water on the property as a contingency of their land-buying contract. A drilled water well is standard and requires the use of a pump and a large collection tank for water storage. Wells used for drinking water should be regularly tested and treated, if necessary, to ensure water safety.
Rain barrels can supplement supply, especially for gardening needs, or depending on your location’s annual rainfall, provide most or all of the water for household needs. Collecting water from a nearby stream sounds simple, but the risk of contamination from animal feces, bacteria and other pollutants necessitates the use of water filtration and purification systems, which might require additional solar power units to operate.
3. Power Generation System
With today’s alternate power technology, off-grid residents can generate their own electricity, but power systems can be expensive and they require the use of large batteries for energy storage. A sustainable power source depends upon the geography of the lot. High trees can block the wind, making a wind turbine unsuitable, and southern exposure is necessary to power a solar system.
To use hydro-power, the lot must have an all-season river or creek. On a calm or cloudy day, wind and solar systems won’t produce energy. Running the refrigerator, water heater and stove on propane, and using wood to produce heat, will conserve electricity. It’s also a good idea to invest in a backup generator. Through 2016 and maybe longer, taxpayers can receive an energy credit when filing their income taxes for installing some types of renewable energy systems.
4. The Right Site
The best spot for an off-grid home is in a remote region where building codes don’t apply. This doesn’t mean you have to buy an isolated lot at the top of a rugged mountain. Look for sparsely populated counties in regions where you like the climate and scenery. A quick call to the county building authority will determine whether restrictive codes and covenants exist. You need legal access as well. During the purchase of the land, make sure you will always have a legal right to use any existing roads, paths or waterways to reach your land.
5. Waste Disposal System
Even in areas without building codes, you’ll probably run into sewage regulations. Indiscriminately disposing of waste isn’t healthy for anyone and most local health departments, in addition to the Environmental Protection Agency, require safe waste disposal. Allowable off-grid options include septic tanks with buried leach fields and open-air lagoon pits. Composting toilets are acceptable in many regions. Personal septic systems require ongoing maintenance and inspections to keep them functioning correctly.
6. Be Able to Appreciate Nature
I don’t know if this is an actual requirement, but it sure seems to be a common thread in off-gridders. Is it because we are so dependent on the forces of nature that we learn to appreciate her?
Wind, clouds, storms, fog and freezes become very relevant. You will become a keen observer of the quality of sunlight, wind speed and direction. You’ll take more than a passing interest in weather forecasts. As people have done for thousands of years, you’ll adjust your lifestyle to the weather. And you’ll grow to appreciate events that have nothing to do with energy…a beautiful sunrise, the power in a thunderstorm, a full moon, the fury of a north wind.
It’s no exaggeration to hear me describe my home as a living thing. I maintain and nurture its systems. In return, it keeps me safe and comfortable. Living off-grid can be a wonderful, life changing event.
By Cabal Martin, CS Globe; | <urn:uuid:f40c88e8-f94c-4471-93a5-b48e6c2925e2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://humansbefree.com/2013/10/6-things-you-need-for-off-grid-living.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923194908-20230923224908-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.932061 | 1,487 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Built in 1930 during the Great Depression, the assembly plant measures nearly 500,000 square feet (46,450 m²). The factory was a major stimulant to the local and regional economy and was an important development in Richmond's inner harbor and port plan. Ford became Richmond's third largest employer, behind Standard Oil and the Santa Fe Railroad. It is also an outstanding example of 20th-century industrial architecture designed by architect Albert Kahn, known for his "daylight factory" design, which employed extensive window openings that became his trademark. The main building is composed of a two-story section, a single-story section, a craneway, a boiler house and a shed canopy structure over the railroad track.
To ensure that America prepared for total war by mobilizing all the industrial might of the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt banned the production of civilian automobiles during WWII. The Richmond Ford Assembly Plant switched to assembling jeeps and to putting the finishing touches on tanks, half-tracked armored personnel carriers, armored cars and other military vehicles destined for the Pacific Theater. By July 1942, military combat vehicles began flowing into the Richmond Ford plant to get final processing before being transported out the deep-water channel to the war zones. The "Richmond Tank Depot" (only one of three tank depots in the country) as the Ford plant was then called, helped keep American fighting men supplied with up-to-the-minute improvements in their battle equipment. Approximately 49,000 jeeps were assembled and 91,000 other military vehicles were processed here.
In mobilizing the wartime production effort to its full potential, Federal military authorities and private industry began to work closely together on a scale never seen before in American history. This laid the groundwork for what became known as the "military-industrial complex" during the Cold War years. This Assembly Plant was one cog in the mobilization of the "Arsenal of Democracy" and a historic part of what is today's industrial culture of the United States.
After the war, the devastation to the local economy as a result of the closing of the Richmond Shipyards would have been crippling had it not been for the continued production of the Ford Plant. The last Ford was assembled in February 1953, with the plant being closed in 1956 and production transferred to the San Jose Assembly Plant because of the inability to accommodate increased productivity demands.
The plant was featured in the movie "Tucker: The Man and His Dream" Principal photography started with first unit shooting on April 13, 1987 in the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Richmond, California
In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake severely damaged the plant. After the earthquake, the City of Richmond repaired and prepared the Ford Assembly building for rehabilitation and selected Orton Development as the developer of the rehabilitation project. In 2008, after the building's rehabilitation was completed, tenants including SunPower Corporation and Mountain Hardwear made the building their new home. The craneway ("Craneway Pavilion") of the building is also used for banquets, weddings, and corporate events. | <urn:uuid:682db5de-bd5b-47de-81b0-30ee1970c33a> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company_Assembly_Plant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1433195036742.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150601214356-00009-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970446 | 616 | 3.515625 | 4 |
So far as we’re concerned, effective assessment is instrumental to pedagogical success. "Research shows that teachers who moderate regularly assess more consistently."Research, such as that by Judith Warren Little at the Graduate School of Education at UC Berkeley, shows that teachers who moderate regularly are found to be able to assess more consistently, and to be more confident about their ability to accurately judge a pupil’s work. Therefore, our strategy is to show that in a seemingly ever-changing environment of Primary assessment, a collaborative approach is truly empowering for teachers.
We have now set out to develop a tool to facilitate the process. I led assessment in my school for five years; I know how important moderation is, but also how difficult it can be. I felt there was a problem to solve here. With Pobble Assessment, moderation can be done anywhere,Moderation can be done anywhere, at any time.",?span> at any time. What this means for you is fewer moderation meetings and less travel time between schools, making collaboration within trusts, chains and Local Authorities a lot easier.
I’d love to think we have a truly amazing tool here, one that will save teachers time and will empower them to focus on inspiring their children to learn. Our assessment tool is open to teachers that are keen to use it in their day-to-day teaching. Registration for free access is open, but keep in mind that places are limited and access will be given on a first-come, first-served basis. | <urn:uuid:859f64d9-84c1-4a6b-81b6-4a94393f30ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.innovatemyschool.com/case-studies/our-new-approach-to-assessment-get-involved-with-pobble | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189198.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00159-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974188 | 310 | 2.625 | 3 |
French is a "Romantic Language" globally spoken by about 77 million people as a first language, by 50 million as a second language, and by about another 200 million people as a foreign language. The language originated in France.
French is a descendant of the Latin language. Its development was also influenced by the native Celtic languages of Roman Gaul and by the Germanic language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders.
It is an official language in 29 countries, most of which form what is called, in French, La Francophonie, the community of French-speaking nations. It is an official language of all United Nations agencies and a large number of international organizations. According to the European Union, 129 million (26% of the 497,198,740) people in 27 member states speak French, of which 65 million (12%) are native speakers and 69 million (14%) claim to speak it either as a second language or as a foreign language, which makes it the third most spoken second language in the Union, after English (2nd rank) and German (1st rank). In addition, prior to the mid 20th century, French served as the preeminent language of diplomacy among European and colonial powers as well as a lingua franca among the educated classes of Europe. In addition, many creole languages have been created based on the French language. For example, Mauritian creole is a creole of French spoken on the island of Mauritius. | <urn:uuid:b5979aea-1118-4620-ab40-2660fc5e7b37> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://chen-i.webs.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931014329.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155654-00134-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974779 | 300 | 3.484375 | 3 |
A Step-by-Step Guide to On-Demand Manufacturing
Leverage additive manufacturing to print parts when and where they are needed.
In this guide, find out how your company can develop its on-demand manufacturing strategy to build a more robust supply chain.
What is On-Demand Manufacturing?
On-demand manufacturing produces low- to mid-volume goods when and where they’re needed using 3D printing, CNC machining, and water jetting technologies. The widespread adoption of on-demand manufacturing requires changing the current manufacturing paradigm to evolve in close harmony with all Industry 4.0 elements, including decentralization, interoperability, big data, and industrial internet of things (IIoT).
Why is On-Demand Manufacturing Important?
Although globalization enabled a manufacturing culture of cheap, ‘just-in-time’ goods, the events of the last few years, including global supply chain constraints due to the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical conflicts, have underlined the importance of economic self-reliance and decentralized manufacturing.
The allure of on-demand manufacturing is its ability to make organizations more reactive to changing circumstances. For example, suppose a critical spare part breaks, and replacement parts are located at an off-site warehouse.
In that case, on-demand manufacturing methods can step in to produce the part with shorter production lead time and less operational downtime. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a central player in this transition away from rigid manufacturing mechanisms and precarious supply chains.
ASTM International defines AM as “a process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies.”1 Additive manufacturing offers benefits such as design flexibility to create parts conventionally made out of multiple components into a singular printed piece. In addition, its ‘freeform’ layer-by-layer printing capabilities empower lightweight designs, critical for industries like aerospace and defense.
The potential of additive technology to support on-demand initiatives is also gaining high-level support in government. For example, in May of 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden announced the Additive Manufacturing Forward program to accelerate the adoption of additive manufacturing technology between major U.S. original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and their small and medium enterprise (SME) suppliers.
The partnership program is designed for OEMs to send ‘demand signals’ to SME suppliers to encourage suppliers to invest more in AM technology with less perceived financial risk. As a result, SME suppliers will be able to utilize OEM expertise to invest in new machines, gain access to technical assistance, train workers, and work together to develop AM standards.2
The AM Forward program is a significant indicator that additive technology is piercing traditional manufacturing barriers, demonstrating that the global manufacturing industry is more receptive to on-demand manufacturing opportunities.
Who is the On-Demand Manufacturing Guide For?
A Step-by-Step Guide to Scale Your On-Demand Additive Manufacturing Strategy is designed to assist companies and organizations with existing AM strategies to scale up their additive initiatives in preparation for on-demand manufacturing.
Specifically, this guide is meant to assist companies that focus on low and mid-volume production identify opportunities to harness additive manufacturing capabilities to produce spare parts on demand. Successful candidates for this guide are maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) companies, OEMs, and suppliers who experience:
- Limited knowledge of additive manufacturing in the organization, which slows adoption and efficiency.
- Increased storage costs each year due to overstocking and significant waste of unused parts.
- Financial losses due to long production lead-time to produce low-volume spare parts.
- Costly operational downtime when equipment breaks or malfunctions and parts are no longer available or in stock.
- Difficulty sourcing suppliers to manufacture legacy or obsolete parts.
Example industries that may benefit from this guide include automotive, energy, defense and aerospace, and railway. However, this list is by no means exhaustive.
It’s also important to note that this guide offers a framework for starting your on-demand manufacturing journey. However, it is not comprehensive due to individual companies and industries' unique needs and demands.
Want to learn more?
Download the guide to learn how your company can scale up its additive manufacturing strategy for on-demand. | <urn:uuid:05c2114e-049a-450a-bb56-ab5225ddba89> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.3yourmind.com/news/a-step-by-step-guide-to-develop-your-on-demand-additive-manufacturing-strategy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943698.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321131205-20230321161205-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.928232 | 892 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Fluorescent staining for the cytoskeleton of atrial cardiac cells (red) and ventricular cardiac cells (green) shows that stem cell cardiac patches consist of heterogeneous cell types. Cell nuclei are stained blue.
The Beat Goes On
Stem cells show promise in regulating arrhythmia
issue 17 | fall/winter 2012
For those suffering from heart disease, stem cell biology represents a new medical frontier. A cutting-edge method developed at the University of Michigan Center for Arrhythmia Research uses stem cells to create human heart muscle patches capable of mimicking the heart's crucial squeezing action.
The cardiac patches displayed activity similar to most people's resting heart rate. At 60 beats per minute, the rhythmic electrical impulse transmission of the engineered cells in the U-M study is 10 times faster than in most other reported stem cell studies.
Stem cell therapy could help the 2.5 million people with an arrhythmia, an irregularity in the heart's electrical impulses that can impair the heart's ability to pump blood.
"To date, the majority of studies using induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiac muscle cells have focused on single cell functional analysis," says Todd J. Herron, Ph.D., assistant research professor in the departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology at U-M. "For potential stem-cell-based cardiac regeneration therapies for heart disease, however, it is critical to develop multicellular tissue-like constructs that beat as a single unit."
The research team's objectives included developing a bioengineering approach using stem cells generated from skin biopsies to create large numbers of cardiac muscle cells that can transmit uniform electrical impulses and function as a unit.
"Action potential and calcium wave impulse propagation trigger each normal heart beat, so it is imperative to record each parameter in bioengineered human cardiac patches," Herron says.
The velocity of the engineered cardiac cells, while faster than previous reports, is still slower than the velocity observed in the beating adult heart. Still, the velocity is comparable to commonly used rodent cells, and researchers suggest human cardiac patches could be used rather than rodent systems for research purposes.
In October, U-M celebrated a new collaboration of heart researchers who will work together in the Cardiovascular Research Center laboratories at the North Campus Research Complex. The bioengineering method created at U-M can be readily applied in most cardiac research laboratories and opens the door for the use of cardiac stem cell patches in disease research, testing of new drug treatments and therapies to repair damaged heart muscle. | <urn:uuid:64127901-44cc-4516-8fcf-14dfdc65186c> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.med.umich.edu/CIC/2012-fall-winter/the-beat-goes-on.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988399.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00265-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88811 | 526 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Researchers in China have developed tiny nanocrystals that could be used in the next generation of medical imaging technologies to light up cancer cells. In a study published in the inaugural issue of the journal Applied Materials Today, a new rapid, online only publication, the team of researchers describe how they make these films which are based on the heavy metals lanthanum and europium.
Dr. Yaping Du of Xi’an Jiaotong University, China, and colleagues have developed a way to make high-quality nanocrystals of lanthanide oxybromides, where the lanthanide metal can be lanthanum, europium, gadolinium or terbium. They produce the materials by heating a readily available precursor material, which also allows them to incorporate triply charged europium ions, Eu3+, as "dopants" into any of the LaOBr nanocrystals.
In the study team explains that their process allows them to very precisely control the exact size and shape of the nanocrystals and it is this that allows them to fine tune the color of the light these materials produce when stimulated with ultraviolet light or electricity. Their tests with transmission electron microscopy on the nanocrystals, which form as ultrathin films, plates and tiny particles, reveal the desired quality and uniformity. X-ray crystallography and ultraviolet spectroscopy provide additional detailed evidence about the internal structure of the nanocrystals at the atomic level.
Once they had established the chemical and physical details about the nanocrystals, the team then tested the particles as "staining" agents on a tissue sample containing liver cancer cells held on a microscope slide. They found that these diseased cells could take up the nanocrystals, whereas healthy cells do not; they preferentially "stain" the cancer cells, which can clearly be seen under the microscope through their bright luminescence. Such targeting and ease of identification of cancer cells could allow oncologists to spot even tiny numbers of diseased cells in a biopsy sample.
The team also suggests that the bright luminescence of their lanthanide oxybromides might also be used in low-energy lighting applications as an alternative to compact fluorescent bulbs and light emitting diodes (LEDs).
"The results reported by Du et al could have significant impact on the fields of nanomaterials for medical imaging and lighting," says Prof Manish Chhowalla of Rutgers University, and Editor-in-Chief of Applied Materials Today. "We are pleased that the authors have chosen Applied Materials Today to publish their work; since its launch several months ago the journal has received very high quality papers for review and hope to see this trend continue." | <urn:uuid:fb9ebc57-188a-49c1-a8d8-d6a3a33304c1> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.azonano.com/news.aspx?newsID=33536 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363134.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205005314-20211205035314-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.939939 | 569 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Published originally in the 15th century, Niccolo Machiavelli’s book, THE PRINCE, discusses the use of manipulation and power as a technique for controlling other people. Are you Machiavellian?
Controlling people quiz
THE TERM “Machiavellian” has come to be used to describe devious, manipulative people who are motivated only by their own self-interest.
How Machiavellian are you? This test may help
you find out. Respond to each statement below
by using the following scale:
I = Disagree strongly
2 = Disagree mildly
3 = Neutral; no opinion
4 = Agree mildly
5 = Agree strongly
ONE: the best way to handle people is to tell
them what they want to hear.
TWO: when you ask someone to do
something, it’s better to give the real reasons than
reasons that might carry more weight.
THREE: anyone who trusts anyone else is
asking for trouble
. FOUR: it’s hard to get ahead without cutting
corners a little.
FIVE: it’s safest to assume that everyone has
a vicious streak that will come out if given the
SIX: you should act only when your action is
SEVEN: most people are basically good and
EIGHT: there is no excuse for lying.
NINE: most people get over more easily the
death of a parent than the loss of a property.
TEN: most people won’t work hard unless
they’re forced to.
Scoring: for items 2, 6, 7, and 8, reverse your
score so that 5 becomes 1, 4 becomes 2, and so on.
Then add up all ten numbers for your total score.
A score of 25 is average. A higher score, 38 for
example, would classify you as High Mach.
A significantly lower score makes you a Low
"True eloquence consists in saying all that is necessary, and only that which is."
François Duc de La Rochefoucauld | <urn:uuid:8b531e98-3471-4987-9847-f94cddf4f045> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.diychatroom.com/f39/controlling-people-quiz-58274/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919892 | 446 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Making cigarettes have had the same principle for decades. A pinch of shredded tobacco was put on paper, and the worker, with a strip of felt on the palm of his hand, rubbing over the pit, so grabbing the protruding part of the paper and forming the cigarette lighter with a rolling movement. The ends were then sealed with glue. The stocks were kept on the table and the finished cigarettes were removed by other workers; packagers grabbed twenty cigarettes and placed them in ordered rolls and enclosed them in paper boxes. The manufacturing work and packaging was indeed very slow. They therefore sought new solutions, using machines that could reduce the cost of production and in order to obtain a production on a larger scale. Lucky for humanity, we are at a stage where we have invented V2 ecigs promo codes.
In 1880 a new machine was developed which was used to produce 200 cigarettes per minute, equivalent to 96,000 pieces in 8 hours, able to replace the work of about 48 human reels. Soon the technical innovation led to the collapse of the sale price of cigarettes. In 1886 the William H. Kerr machine was able to pack 90,000 packets per day compared to 600 for an average worker. In 1896 machines were producing automatically and accurately weighed each piece of tobacco. The stage was set for mass production.
Now it was necessary to prepare the market or create demand prompting the need for consumption and the only way to do that was through the strong marketing and advertising campaigns. The first who understood the importance of the dual marriage was James Buchanan Duke regarded as one of the people who contributed most to popularize the use of cigarettes in the world. Unlike V2 ecigs that market themselves, the tobacco industries resorted to mechanisms to induce addiction.
In 1880, at age 24, Duke opened a cigarette factory in Durham. In the following years he started a collaboration with James Bonsack, a young mechanic who had invented a machine to produce cigarettes. The invention of Bonsack, after being perfected, allowed them to produce about 120,000 cigarettes a day, an amount roughly equal to one-fifth of the whole supply at the time in the United States. Duke then had to try to increase the number of smokers. To this end, he sponsored sporting events, gave cigarettes to beauty contests, bought advertising space in magazines and included trading cards in packs of cigarettes.
In 1889 spending on advertising was over 800 thousand dollars, about 25 million current dollars. The strategy was spot on. Duke, in 1890 covered 40% of the US cigarette market. In that year he took control of the four rival companies in the sector and founded the American Tobacco Company, a real monopoly. In 1906 the company was convicted of violating antitrust law and was forced to split into three separate companies.
Meanwhile his success grew: he managed to expand into new countries, spreading the habit of smoking among women. In the nineteenth century in fact the only women who used to smoke were prostitutes. Duke realized that to convince the rest of the female population to smoke, he had to change the social significance of smoking and so relied on advertising cigarettes that transformed into a symbol of the emancipation of the female. In the films of the early decades of the ’90s almost all the stars were smoking dramatically, just to set a good example to the masses. Beautiful women and charismatic actors smoked to increase the charm of the gesture, a phenomenon that was not accidental: it was indirect advertising, implemented by means of payments handed out by the tobacco companies. They were leaving no stone unturned. The advent of v2 ecigs and others is a threat and these companies are trying to force their way into this market as well.
It was not just advertising to spread the use of cigarettes, but also the war. Military rations allocated to different countries to enlisted soldiers to fight in World War I included cigarettes, in this way the production tripled from 1914 to 1919. On their return from conflicts soldiers became regular smokers because they had developed the typical form of nicotine addiction. The same dynamic occurred during the Second World War. Subsequently cigarettes became products used by governments to finance themselves through taxes. V2 electronic cigarettes will stand firm in the face of greedy manipulation and not become a means of selling gift wrapped death to their consumers. | <urn:uuid:54a0eca3-b0e9-450a-8daf-471865c738e4> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.frederickdouglassfoundation.com/history-v2-ecigs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202889.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323161556-20190323183556-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.976579 | 859 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Lactose intolerance is one of the most common food intolerances, affecting up to 65% of the world’s adult population. (1) Many people choose to completely cut out dairy as a way to avoid the gastrointestinal symptoms that frequently come along with eating dairy foods. But is true lactose intolerance really the cause of their digestive distress, or are many people prematurely eliminating dairy because of a perceived inability to digest milk products? And is it possible to cure lactose intolerance, even as an adult?
The major reason some people can’t digest dairy products is they lack the enzyme lactase, which is necessary to break down lactose in the small intestine. It has been determined that continued genetic expression of this enzyme, known as lactase persistence, is dependent on ancestry and racial background. (2) The ability to consume dairy probably gave early herdsmen a distinct survival advantage, allowing for the spread of the gene in certain regions of the world such as northern Europe and parts of Africa; today, only about 40% of the world’s adult population maintain full lactase function following childhood. (3, 4) Lactase deficiency makes digesting dairy products more challenging for these individuals.
However, true lactose intolerance is rarely diagnosed by medical testing, and adults frequently mistake their gastrointestinal symptoms as a sign that they are unable to digest dairy products at all. Studies have shown that even diagnosed “lactose malabsorbers” are capable of consuming moderate amounts of dairy, tolerating an average 12 grams of lactose when administered in a single dose (the lactose content found in 1 cup of milk) with little to no symptoms. (5) Additionally, many adults who believe they have lactose intolerance are actually suffering from other gastrointestinal disorders such as SIBO, celiac disease, or IBS, and do not see significant benefit from eliminating dairy. Ultimately, there are many people who avoid dairy products without reason for doing so.
Why dairy is worth eating
You may be wondering why eating dairy even matters; after all, there are many examples of ancestral cultures that had no dairy in their diets and maintained superb health. However, it is believed that certain ethnicities may have had physical adaptations to their low calcium diet, and also traditionally consumed animal foods that are higher in calcium but probably not so appetizing to us Westerners, such as fish heads, bones, and skin. (6, 7) Therefore, they were able to meet their individual calcium needs without milk and dairy.
Calcium is a mineral that is difficult to get adequate amounts of in a modern Western diet without the inclusion of dairy. While the adequate levels of fat soluble vitamins A, D, and K2 reduces the amount of calcium an adult needs to maintain bone health, it can still be challenging to get enough calcium simply from leafy greens and bone-in fish. Several studies have shown that individuals with lactose intolerance have lower bone density and are at higher risk for fractures and osteoporosis, likely due to their inadequate calcium intake. (8, 9, 10) This risk is possibly exacerbated by low K2 consumption, as grass-fed dairy is one of the best sources of vitamin K2.
Pastured dairy products, in particular, are also a good source of the fat soluble vitamins A, D and K2 – which can also be difficult to obtain elsewhere in the diet. In fact, the only other significant sources of K2 are goose liver and natto, foods that aren’t typically eaten or easy to find. And, as I pointed out in a recent article, dairy is the primary source of the natural trans-fat conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which may have anti-cancer and other beneficial properties.
So what can you do if you believe you truly have lactose intolerance but want to begin eating dairy again? It may surprise you to learn that the quality and quantity of your gut bacteria can play an important role in your ability to tolerate dairy products. By taking certain kinds of probiotics and consuming fermented dairy on a regular basis you can improve, if not eliminate, many of the symptoms of lactose intolerance that come with eating dairy.
Using probiotics to cure lactose intolerance
Studies have shown that supplementation with probiotics, in addition to consuming yogurt that has been enhanced with certain types of bacteria, can alleviate symptoms of lactose intolerance by modifying the metabolic activity of microbiota in the colon. (11, 12, 13) These bacteria may even produce their own lactase enzyme, and consuming lactose from dairy products can promote the growth of these bacteria in the colon. Over time, these effects can lead to greater lactase content in the gut, improved lactose digestion, and eventually the elimination of intolerance symptoms.
If you plan to use yogurt and probiotics to improve your digestion of dairy products, it’s important to start slowly and build up tolerance gradually. Often, negative effects from dairy consumption come from simply eating more lactose in one sitting than one’s gut can completely metabolize. I recommend starting with probiotic supplementation first, and focusing on bifidobacterium longum, a strain that has been shown to efficiently metabolize lactose. (14)
Jarro-Dophilus, a shelf-stable probiotic that doesn’t require refrigeration, is one option. Taking prebiotics is another way of significantly increasing bifidobacterium levels; in fact, some studies suggest prebiotics are more effective than probiotics at doing this. Biotagen is the prebiotic I use in my clinic. Remember to start at a very low dose and build up slowly over time with both pre- and probiotics to avoid any unpleasant side effects.
In addition to this supplement, I suggest consuming a few spoonfuls of a high quality full-fat yogurt every day, with each meal if possible. This will introduce beneficial bacteria into your gut that are effective lactose metabolizers, and by slowly increasing the amount of yogurt you eat every day, you may be able to work up to eating two or more servings of fermented dairy every day.
If you tolerate the yogurt well, and want to try diversifying your dairy intake, my next recommendation is to start including full-fat hard cheeses (raw if possible); these cheeses are great sources of calcium and vitamin K2 and are very low in lactose. One ounce of hard cheese contains about a third of the recommended intake of calcium, and gouda is the best source of vitamin K2 of all cheeses. (15) These hard cheeses are extremely low in lactose, and make a nutrient-dense addition to a whole foods diet. As you become more tolerant of dairy products, you can try higher lactose items such as soft cheeses, cream, and even fluid milk. Just remember to stick to the full fat and grass-fed versions as often as possible.
Of course, another option to try is raw milk. Anecdotal evidence from raw milk drinkers around the country suggests that many people who cannot tolerate pasteurized milk have no trouble drinking raw milk. (16) Research conducted on this theory, however, indicates that truly lactose intolerant individuals do not experience any benefit from drinking raw milk over pasteurized milk. (17) Some feel this result suggests that while many people believe themselves to be lactose intolerant, there is only a small percentage of people who are truly lactose intolerant from a clinical perspective.
The best way to figure out which dairy products work for you and your digestive system is simply to try them yourself. By taking the time to introduce lactose fermenting bacteria through probiotics and high quality yogurt, you may find your lactose intolerance symptoms decreasing over time. Of course, if you’d rather eat fish heads to get your calcium, feel free to skip the dairy!
Have any of you ever cured yourself of lactose intolerance? What method did you use? Let me know in the comments below! | <urn:uuid:7164d156-a64d-4dc8-af67-c1da9f56f517> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://chriskresser.com/how-to-cure-lactose-intolerance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864776.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622182027-20180622202027-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.954119 | 1,636 | 3.234375 | 3 |
What is a Drone?
Drones are small, unmanned aerial or ground-based vehicles that are operated for fun, hobby, and even commercial use (with special permission from the Federal Aviation Authority). Many are equipped for photography and allow you to capture images from angles you cannot normally reach.
Flying drones, also called UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), are remote controlled multirotors. Quadcopters are a type of multirotor aircraft with four rotors. Most drones are operated with radio remote controllers, but can also be programmed and controlled via tablet or smartphone.
Which Photography Drone is right for you?
Photographers of all skill levels can use drones to capture pictures from unique perspectives. Whether it’s taking video of your friends surfing, or capturing a scenic mountain panorama, having a camera in the sky can bring new life to your photos and movies. If you already own an action camera, you may want to check out models that are equipped with a camera mount rather than a built-in camera. Some models come with a built-in camera and a stabilizing gimbal. Most photography drone systems provide mobile apps for iOS and Android devices that let you watch the video live via Wi-Fi. Photography drones can be classified into three categories based on the operator’s experience level and intended use: Casual Enthusiast, Hobbyist, and Pro.
Out-of-the-Box Drone Flying
For easy setup, choose a drone that is ready-to-fly (RTF) right out of the box. Many entry-level drones require minimal setup and come with everything you need to take off, including, battery, charger, controller, and manual.
All that is needed is to charge the battery, attach any accessories (like prop guards), and connect the controller to your smartphone. To start your filming adventure, you’ll need to mount an action camera to your drone or purchase a drone with a built-in camera. Before you takeoff, read the drone’s instruction manual and check out the “Know Before You Fly” campaign at Know Before You Fly.
Holy Stone HS170 Predator Mini RC Helicopter Drone 2.4Ghz 6-Axis Gyro 4 Channels Quadcopter Best Choice for Drone Trainer
Important Tips: 1.Suitable for experienced RC quadcopter pilots aged 14 years or more, or who will follow the instruction manual carefully. 2.For technical support, operation, maintenance, please contact us:+16264657134 (PST 4:30pm-02:00am) 3.Need professional installation 4.This quadcopter has powerful, responsive motors. … Continue reading
Features: 1. Brand: Cheerson 2. Model: CX10 3. Main Rotor Diameter: 2.9cm 4. Speed Control: Integrated 5. Required Radio: 4Channel 6. Frequency: 2.4G 7. Flight Time: Approx. 4-8 minutes 8. Charging Time: About 30-40 minutes 9. Battery: Rechargeable 3.7V 100mAh … Continue reading
The Phantom 3 Advanced continues the proud tradition of DJI’s Phantom series and brings several important innovations to the Phantom’s rich feature set. The Phantom 3 Advanced carries a fully stabilized 3-axis 1080p full HD video camera for smooth, crisp … Continue reading | <urn:uuid:1c8b8dba-a89d-4737-9927-ef2a136e5bd2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.myactionphotography.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510179.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926075508-20230926105508-00648.warc.gz | en | 0.879506 | 695 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Green computing – The New Era of Energy Efficient Computing
- Rupali Dhir
- International Journal of Computers & Technology ico_openaccess
Green computing is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently. It aims to reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. The plan towards green IT should include new electronic products and services with optimum efficiency. Green computing strategies can help us to build a safe place for us to live in .If each one of us becomes successful in constructing a healthy environmental balcony for ourselves then trust us we can together make our mother earth a healthy and a happy place for us to survive here.
조회 가능한 데이터가 없습니다.
해당 참고문헌을 고객센터를 통해 등록해주시면
빠른 시간안에 노출하겠습니다. | <urn:uuid:c44bec4d-6815-413d-aa37-7d8bb6adc0eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://academic.naver.com/article.naver?doc_id=81418426 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948531226.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213221219-20171214001219-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.843985 | 286 | 2.96875 | 3 |
DOS Command Prompt: The DOS command prompt is a critical part of the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) command line interface. It is the fundamental setting for the interface, where the prompt sets the stage for executing command lines of code. Up until the emergence of new Windows-oriented graphical interfaces, the DOS command prompt.
How to format C drive in Command Prompt? (Windows Setup CD required) Though you cannot format C drive within Windows like you format other drives, you can format C drive outside of Windows. To do that, you need to boot your computer from the Windows setup media (CD, DVD or bootable USB device), and use the Command Prompt to format C drive.
Batch File (). The script is kept inside a batch file, with the extension .bat or .cmd. Although .bat is more recognisable, as it was used in the MS-DOS environment that preceded the Command Prompt, the Command Prompt's interpretations of batch files is very different to the manner of interpreting DOS batch files, and .cmd files are only interpreted by the Command Prompt, so using the .cmd.
DOS commands are small programs, which are made to perform a particular job. Every DOS command performs different task. It is not possible to work on the computer without these commands. There are two types of DOS command.
MS-DOS Command Reference Cheat Sheet As a PeopleSoft admin and a PeopleSoft developer, you will have plenty of occasions to create batch files and having competitive MS-DOS skills will go a long way helping you write super efficient code.
COMMAND.COM is the default command-line interpreter for DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98SE and Windows ME.In the case of DOS, it is the default user interface as well. It has an additional role as the usual first program run after boot (root process), hence being responsible for setting up the system by running the AUTOEXEC.BAT configuration file, and being the ancestor of all processes.
If you write to a file that uses MS-DOS encoding, then you must set the system locale language of the computer that is running Microsoft Dynamics NAV Server to match the language of the data that you want to write to the file. We recommend that you use the File data type for files that were created in earlier versions of Dynamics NAV.
In this tutorial, we explain how you can format a hard drive using the command prompt.. The only way to truly erase a disk is to have it do a 0 write pass. The more the better too. | <urn:uuid:64e4d8c2-b629-4bd2-96e7-a5070e165476> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://fmgent.b0tnet.com/randy/How-To-Write-Dos-Command-In-C.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206763.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922192512-20200922222512-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.8929 | 519 | 3.015625 | 3 |
When the press for the Nauvoo Expositor arrived in Nauvoo on May 7, 1844, it stirred great excitement among the citizens of Nauvoo, Mormons and non-Mormons alike. Within three days the owners, all leaders of the opposition movement, issued a broadside prospectus for the paper. On June 7, 1844, the first and only issue of the Nauvoo Expositor appeared and caused an immediate furor in the community. Nauvoo residents were incensed at what they saw as its sensational, yellow-journalistic claims about Nauvoo religion, politics, and morality. The newspaper's polemics against the Church and Joseph Smith were threatening and polarizing. The anti-Mormons were exultant about the Nauvoo Expositor, but Church members demanded that something be done.
As mayor of Nauvoo, Joseph Smith summoned the city council. After fourteen hours of deliberation in three different sessions, the council resolved on the evening of June 10, 1844, that the newspaper and its printing office were "a public nuisance" and instructed the mayor "to remove it...without delay." Joseph Smith promptly ordered the city marshal to destroy the press and burn all copies of the paper. That night the marshal carried out the mayor's orders, an action that played into the hands of the opposition. It riled antimormon sentiment throughout Hancock County and provided substance for the charges used by the opposition to hold Joseph Smith in Carthage Jail, where he was murdered on June 27, 1844. | <urn:uuid:1458e85d-80d2-492e-a1e6-3dc625a07b29> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.mormonwiki.com/Nauvoo_Expositor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317113.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822110215-20190822132215-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.966108 | 319 | 2.875 | 3 |
Cartographic symbol sizes in points are often confusing when dealing with different map scales and symbols. Symbol sizes in ArcGIS are specified in points (Points are a standard graphic measurement unit equal to 1/72 of and inch). Symbols are drawn at their point size with respect to a scale (typically scale is controlled for a map by
setting a reference scale). This sample
provides two simple calculations on one form to help move between points, map units, and map scales.
The first section converts point size at one scale to point size at another scale. This conversion allows you to convert a point size at one scale to point size
at another scale and maintain the same geographic size. For instance, 8 point text at a scale of 1:1200 is the same geographic height as 16 point text at 1:2400. A common use for this conversion is to model multiple scales of text in one annotation feature class. Since annotation feature classes only have one scale, modeling different scales of text will require this calculation.
The second section of this calculator sample converts geographic units to points at a specific scale. Cartographic specifications often note symbol and
text sizes in map units. Since ArcGIS symbols are specified in points, calculation can be difficult. This sample allows you to simply specify the size in the
map units and the reference scale of the map. The correct point size is then calculated. Note: Font sizes refer to the size of the text block body, not the size of any specific character(s). Very few fonts contain characters that occupy the entire height of the block. Therefore, text and character based symbols will most likely not draw at the exact geographic size.
How to use:
Platforms: WindowsMinimum ArcGIS Release: 9.0
- Run the PointSizeCalculator.exe to launch the sample.
- Enter the values for the conversion you wish to perform and press the appropriate Convert button.
Download the files for all languages
||Form containing the GUI and main conversion code for this sample
||The Visual Basic project for this sample.
Download the VB6 files | <urn:uuid:c9ca4a11-cf33-4956-aa8a-af5b18ced085> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://resources.esri.com/help/9.3/arcgisdesktop/com/samples/Cartography/Labeling_and_Annotation/PointSizeCalculator/a2b8686d-673f-4954-92c8-8f2568125164.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423512.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720222017-20170721002017-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.805002 | 430 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Need some fun and free activities for science? Try our Mushrooms Life Cycle Worksheets! You’ll be amazed at what your child can retain by using simple diagrams and label charts to get their curiosity jumping!
Building key science skills is important at an early age — it keeps them curious while strengthening their retention and memory with fascinating facts. Find more science worksheets including plant cell worksheets here.
Learn all about the life cycle of a mushroom from seed to full bloom!
Can you student name all 7 parts of a mushroom? Find out with our mushroom label worksheet!
Label all 7 parts of a mushroom with this handy worksheet. Your student will identify scales, cap, stem, ring, cup, root and gills. Grab some scissors, glue, and simply paste the labels.
Need a more challenging mushroom life cycle worksheet for older kids? Challenge them with these fancy mushroom labels like pinhead, primordium, and mycelium!
Got younger students who are curious too about amazing mushrooms? Download this fun filled mushroom coloring page perfect for preschoolers and younger.
Need the answer key for all 7 parts of a mushroom? Start here to teach your little one the parts of a mushroom with this mushroom chart.
What did your student learn today about the mushroom? Practice writing skills and knowledge with this fabulous and free mushroom journal page.
Grab this fun coloring page for your young students. From germination to full bloom, this amazing mushroom has 7 stages of life cycles.
Mushroom Facts for Kids
Before we get to the good stuff, let’s find out a little more about mushroom facts for kids. Mushrooms are a bit funny looking — and a bit fun to kick for kids! However, when you see them in a yard or at the park, it’s a opportunity to teach your children about life cycles.
Anything that is alive, changes and grows has a life cycle. Since a mushroom is a fungus, it sometimes gets a bad rap and the “gross” label. However, there are some mushrooms you can eat, while others, stay away!
Here are some fun facts for mushrooms: What’s different about a plant vs. a mushroom? A mushroom doesn’t use the sun to gain it’s energy. And, did you know that the act of looking for mushrooms is called “mushrooming”? It’s true!
Life Cycle of a Mushroom
Now that we’ve gain a little knowledge about these freaky fungus, let’s talk about some freebies for you. Below you’ll find free mushroom cycle worksheets, making great additions to your growing science centers in a homeschool or classroom setting. Each printable mushroom worksheet provides a unique opportunity to learn about their environment growing right outside their room! | <urn:uuid:b50c9f95-c8c5-4b12-b227-9840715e5090> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://superstarworksheets.com/science-worksheets/mushroom-life-cycle-worksheets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107891203.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026090458-20201026120458-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.923895 | 590 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Today, political correctness demands that we say in French droits humains [human rights] when we used to say droits de l’homme [rights of man]. This demand, which also occurs in other areas, is made because the French homme, like ‘man’ in English, does not distinguish between the human race and the male gender. German is better equipped, differentiating between Mensch and Mann. Latin distinguishes between vir and homo, Greek between anèr and anthropos, etc.
We could discuss the reasons for this. However, it is also important to note the introduction of another ambiguity. The adjective ‘human’ in French has a value that corresponds to the usual meaning we now give to the term ‘humanist’ and, more generally, to the moral qualities of ‘care’ (a word which has recently been imported unchanged from English into French), ‘compassion’ or ‘charity’.
The English language attributes this value to the word ‘human’, further ascribing to it a more specific term, ‘humane’. German has introduced, along with menschlish, the words human, humanitär, and Humanität as terms of ethical evaluation.
In other words, human rights can be seen as rights basking in the aura of humanity, since this term, in its currently impoverished and rather ridiculous sense, has taken on the meaning of a ‘love of mankind’ or ‘friendship’ (in French, this is the meaning frequently ascribed to philia).
Now philanthropy — which was actually a secular displacement of the ostensibly all too Christian charity — is based upon a more or less hidden axiom of condescension: it is the act of the rich, cultivated and dominant, who feel benevolence, compassion and pity for the social misfortune of others. For all that, philanthropists have never sought to challenge the social order, except in minor ways.
Philanthropy contains an implicit negation of the respect for the unconditional dignity of all human beings, which appears at the beginning of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 (hereafter referred to as ‘Declaration’) and is repeated further on. It can even be said to represent an interpretation of dignity that is conservative, selfish and gushing with sentimentality.
Without arguing against the use of the term ‘human rights’, it is necessary to draw attention to the extent of its ambivalence. For whatever the term used, human rights are marked by a certain degree of philanthropy mixed with a promise of ‘social progress’, which is always linked to a ‘larger freedom’. In this sense, freedom prevails over social justice through the resonance, tone and emphasis of the text.
Moreover, the Declaration affirms that ‘the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people.’ But what is proclaimed here and cannot be challenged should not be considered the ‘highest aspiration.’ One can and must think that freedom (of speech and belief) does not limit the aspirations of the common people [hommes].
It would not be wrong to say that the people can expect and want different things — engagements, collaborations, relations — things that are larger, infinitely larger and more, than freedoms. Being ‘free from fear and want’ is not the only reality of freedom; there are other stakes that lie beyond any human freedom. Spinoza, for example, who can hardly be accused of being inhuman or an enemy of freedom, considered ‘freedom’ to only exist as the freedom of the entire world (which he called ‘nature or god’).
The independence and autonomy of persons has a long way to go before it reaches its limits, if limits exist. Autonomy should be conceived in relation to the sense of existence, or more exactly, in relation to existence itself — of each, of all and of the world as sense.
Some will object, ‘What do you expect from a declaration of rights? You’re not considering the extent to which your words go beyond the predetermined sphere that constitutes a kind of minimum necessary to free humanity from oppression. You’re departing the realm of right for philosophy, if not for dreams or speculation.’
My response is that it is indeed necessary to enter a philosophical register since the text of the Declaration — and the huge body of texts inspired by it and by the defence of ‘human’ rights — carry an implicit or latent ideology that should be brought to light. In fact, this is the price to be paid in order to avoid the self-righteous inanity of such ‘rights’. The self-righteousness here is that of a ‘humanism’ of European origin, which one must always remember ‘does not think the humanitas of man high enough’, as Heidegger wrote.
Pascal, another European, said the same thing much earlier but in a different way: ‘Man infinitely surpasses man’. Pascal was a Christian. Heidegger, on the contrary, believed that he could find the force of re-foundation in an anti-Christian direction. Today, all these references are written off, and human rights float more or less on the surface of the ‘icy water of egotistical calculation’.
The Declaration is based — as a declaration of rights, that is to say, as a juridical production or juris-dictio — on the following sentence:
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law.
This is the third of seven ‘considérants’ (‘whereas’) after which the text proceeds with the actual declaration. The French text reads:
Considérant qu’il est essentiel que les droits de l’homme soient protégés par un régime de droit pour que l’homme ne soit pas contraint, en suprême recours, à la révolte contre la tyrannie et l’oppression.
We will pass quickly over the complex and fragile character of a proposition that seeks to avoid a resort to rebellion. It is clear that this resort is seen as something ‘compelled’ and that this compulsion can engender ‘tyranny and oppression.’ In 1948, in a text drafted by a committee of nine members whose political and intellectual composition calls for lengthy analysis, tyranny and oppression focused on the fascisms that had just been defeated.
In a sense, the Declaration is part of the general movement that, somehow nebulously, fosters the condemnation of ‘fascism’ and what this word would, over a long period, ignominiously signify. However, any questioning of the underlying reasons for the rise of fascisms is relegated to the background, if not even further.
There is no examination, from the perspective of democracy and 20th century capitalism, of what could have facilitated or even caused the emergence of fascisms. There is, therefore, no opportunity to consider other possibilities of oppression — and consequently of rebellion — like those represented by the abominable figure of a Head of State or Leader flanked by party apparatus, police and mythology.
Here, again, some will protest. The preceding sentences will be criticised for being unacceptably suspicious of the virtuous words of the Declaration. I was careful above to write, ‘in a sense’, and to limit myself to pointing out the absence of examination, nothing more.
In all sincerity, I am not trying to construct a machinery of denunciation. Yet it is difficult to dispute that the question of ‘humanism’ has been continually refined or deepened, according to different views. This has occurred along the road from the defeat of fascism to the unbridled expansion of capitalism, which is undermining human rights in an increasingly obvious way.
It is a road that passes through the other collapse of so-called ‘socialisms’ and, today, through the various tensions in religious and/or communitarian movements. ‘Humanism’ is strictly coeval with mercantile civilization, techno-scientific development and democracy. ‘Human rights’ are not absolutely pristine, as their prehistory in Roman law [droit] after a certain period already shows. They derive from Roman legal culture, transported first out of Roman civil religion and then out of Christianity to fertilise the spirit of modern law [droit] and especially so-called ‘natural’ law [droit].
Now, it is here that we must consider the other clause of this ‘whereas’. The French version provides a striking statement: Human rights must be protected by the rule of law [régime de droit]. The English distinguishes rights and law, the Italian distinguishes diritti and norme giuridiche, whereas other languages (e.g. Greek or German) repeat, like the French, the same term. Perhaps the Latin translation best clarifies the distinction in stating that: hominum jura civitatis forma quae justa est tegi (human rights must be covered by a just civil form).
This is much more than a linguistic curiosity. Repeating a single term (droit) or distinguishing two terms (rights and law), indicates the same difficulty: do rights [droits] exist that have not been established by law [droit]? Here the Declaration declares its own necessity: it is not just a formulation, words solemnly declared.
The Declaration is the legal institution of the rights it declares. If we leave aside the well-known American and French antecedents that paved the way, prior to the Declaration only factual rights and not legal rights [droits de droit] existed. At most, some of these rights pre-existed as rights of certain States, the United Kingdom, the USA and France in particular. But what are ‘factual’ rights or national rights with regard to international law? These two distinct questions are in part intertwined.
These questions share a concern about the foundation of a right in general. The idea of ‘human rights’ brings to light the extraordinary difficulty of founding right, if not the impossibility of such a foundation. We have sought to dismiss the idea of ‘natural rights’, which represents an internal contradiction because their non-positive (in the legal sense) character prevents legal enforcement and sanction.
Yet we have invoked a ‘minimum norm’ (Rawls) which is necessary for the constitution of a just State or of the State under the rule of ‘law’ [Etat de ‘droit’] as it is popularly called today. This is no less lacking in foundations, in the fullest sense of the word, than ‘natural’ rights.
Hannah Arendt also showed how the national appropriation of ‘human rights’ gave rise to categories of persons without rights (refugees, displaced and stateless persons). It follows from these analyses that forms of non-right have not stopped imposing their iron law within positive rights, with the help of economic, technical, and political chaos.
Undoubtedly, the ‘right to have rights’, as Arendt formulated it, is plain to see: we can recognise neither the quality of the human being, nor, perhaps, that of the existent in general, without the involvement of this right. However, this again says nothing about the nature of this singular ‘right’ or about the possibility of its recognition, which should be universal and prior — if not superior — to any determined legal institution.
It is well known that the powerlessness of international law [droit] — of what passes under this name — or perhaps the basic impossibility of such a law [droit] (yet called for, desired and proclaimed by philosophical humanism for more than two centuries and formally declared in the 20th Century) impedes its effective implementation.
But as Hegel says, what is well known is not known at all. What remains here unknown is nothing other than the absence of foundation of right in general. This absence is not temporary or contingent: it is constitutive, I would even say that it is ‘constituent’ of right.
Indeed, right can only exist or be guaranteed by a divine authority, whatever that may be. In such a case, it is not a question of right, if something worthy of this name requires the continuing possibility of recovery, transformation and re-creation in the various practical circumstances — technical, political, cultural and spiritual — to which it must respond.
Both the history of legislated rights of the Roman type as well as the customary rights of the Anglo-Saxon type clearly show that an essential plasticity of right exists within the fixity that the law, no less essentially, requires.
Both the interminable ascent to the ‘basic norm’ in a pyramid of norms (Kelsen) and the recourse to an ultimate power to decide the exception (Schmitt), the right to exceed right, converge towards a passage to the limit.
Right can only be exposed to such a passage; it is by nature the institution of what cannot be instituted, in other words of justice in the non-legal sense of the word. And it is not by seeking a categorical legal imperative that we can hope to found such a justice since the universal can be found neither here nor in a Kantian imperative, where it is reduced to the representation of ‘nature’ as a ‘type’ or nondeterministic model of morality.
In a sense, which itself passes on to the limit of sense, justice consists in rendering justice. This is not ‘to render the justice’, which assumes a determined or instituted justice. This is rendering to someone or something the justice that this person or thing — event, work, any form of existent — deserves.6 But what does each X deserve? Each X deserves an infinite recognition of its singularity. In other words, the justice that must be rendered to X is a justice whose nature and extent or non-naturalness and incommensurability only X can determine.
This justice must be effectively rendered, given back, returned to any X. This justice must be recognised for every X. Justice must be done to X and yet it is not it — whatever it is, tree or man [homme] — that can produce its due and present it as ‘justice’ or as ‘right’. This justice rests on the unfoundable certainty that it is just that that exists. On the certainty, therefore, that it is just that the world exists even though nothing can justify its existence.
Unjustifiable justice, far from founding any kind of rights — as extensive as these may be — opens up instead an infinite perspective that exceeds all possibility of right. From this infinity and to this infinity, all things and every singularity proceed and return.
This perspective must remain present beyond the horizon of right; for without an appeal or a sign towards it, right can only fall back into its inevitable fragility, whether of impotence, arbitrariness, relativity or rigidity. The greatest merit of ‘human rights’ is to bring out all these difficulties and all of these exigencies. The aim of these two simple remarks was, within their narrow limits, to draw attention to this.
Translated from the French by Gilbert Leung.
The photo shows, “The Fair” by Vladimir Egorovich Makovsky, painted in 1885. | <urn:uuid:c5b854df-16ac-4173-9b2e-27db12166693> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.thepostil.com/on-human-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.94129 | 3,315 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A bizarre and controversial plan to split California into three states has qualified for the November ballot, and if approved by the voters would begin the process to permanently change the U.S. Congress.
Here’s what happened
The proposition is supported by billionaire venture capitalist Tim Draper, who believes that the state has become too large to properly serve its citizens, and argues that the rest of the country should encourage the effort.
“Three states will get us better infrastructure, better education and lower taxes,” he explained. “States will be more accountable to us and can cooperate and compete for citizens.”
The initiative depends on Article IV, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, where the document sets the conditions under which a state can split itself up.
The plan calls for three states to be created: Northern California, California and Southern California. It would divide the population of the state roughly into even parts.
What if it wins in November?
If the plan was approved by the voters, it would need to be approved by both houses of the California Legislature, an unlikely prospect.
The plan would also need approval in the U.S. Congress, but would likely meet stiff opposition there as well because it would increase the number of senators, and take away the advantage that Democrats have by being able to reliably claim all of California’s electoral votes.
The voters will be able to vote on the initiative in California on Nov. 6.
If the unlikely plan is successful, it would be the first time an existing U.S. state split since West Virginia was created in 1863. | <urn:uuid:31e5b396-e5fa-43c5-b826-d1d1e579ec68> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.theblaze.com/news/2018/06/12/theres-a-bizarre-plan-to-split-california-and-it-just-qualified-for-the-ballot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864822.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622220911-20180623000911-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.96867 | 331 | 2.578125 | 3 |
by Paul Bianchina
For many carpenters, woodworkers and home improvement enthusiasts, a router is one of the essential tools in their collection.
Routers are extremely versatile, and once you have one, you’ll no doubt find any number of uses for it.
A router is actually a fairly simple tool, comprising only a few basic elements.
The heart of the router is a compact, high-speed electric motor, capable of rotating a shaft at speeds of 20,000 revolutions per minute (RPM) or more. At one end of the shaft is a collet into which different bits are secured, which is what gives the router is great versatility. The motor is held into a base with handles attached, giving the router stability, height adjustment for the bit, and a way for you to guide the tool when in use.
Routers can be used in one of two ways. By holding the handles with the bit facing down, you can move the router over the surface or along the edge of the wood to shape the edge of a board, or cut slots or patterns into the board’s face.
The other option is to mount the router in a table, so that the bit is facing up through the table’s surface. In this application, the wood is moved into the router, rather than the other way around. Table-mounted routing makes it easier to shape edges, especially on smaller pieces, and gives more control and repeatability for certain operations.
ROUTER BITS Once you have the router, you will find hundreds of bits that can be used with it. They range from simple straight bits for cutting a groove or routing a sign, to large and complex shapes for making moldings and cabinet doors. Bits are available in both high-speed steel (HSS), which are less expensive, and carbide-tipped, which hold their edges considerably longer between sharpenings.Bits are also available in two basic shaft diameters — 1/4 inch and 1/2 inch. The 1/4-inch bits are typically less expensive, while the 1/2-inch bits are sturdier, especially when using large profiles. Some of the lower-end routers are available only with a 1/4-inch collet, meaning it will accept only bits with a 1/4-inch shaft. Better routers have interchangeable collets and are capable of accepting both sizes.
ROUTER BASES There are three basic types of router bases available. The most common is the fixed base, which has two matching curved or rounded handles that are mounted opposite one another near the base’s bottom, giving you solid, two-handed control when holding the router. A fixed base can also be mounted upside down into a table, to allow table-mounted routing.Another common base is called a plunge base. It looks somewhat similar to a fixed base, except that the motor can move up and down vertically on a pair of shafts. When performing routing operations where the bit will start and/or stop in the middle of the wood without going all the way to edge — routing a mortise or a slot, for example — a plunge base makes the operation much easier, safer and more accurate.
The third type of base is the D-handle, which is similar to a fixed base but has one small handle and a second, larger, D-shaped handle opposite it. For many people, the D-handle configuration feels more stable, and it also has the advantage of having a trigger built into the handle to make it more convenient to start and stop the router.
COMBINATION KITS Wander through any tool department and you’ll quickly see that routers range from inexpensive to pretty costly, depending on the brand, features and overall quality. As with just about any tool out there, you get what you pay for, and you’re definitely better off investing the money in a top-quality router that will be more accurate, safer to operate, and far outlast the bargain brands.
One way to lower the cost of a high-end router is to shop for a combination kit, which combines two or three different bases with one interchangeable motor. When shopping for a professional-quality kit that will meet all your routing needs, the DeWalt DW618B3 is a perfect example of what to look for. The kit begins with a very powerful and durable 2 1/4-horsepower, 12-amp motor with electronic variable speeds ranging from 8,000 to 24,000 RPM. Routers this powerful have a lot of torque that can twist the tool somewhat in your hands as it starts. DeWalt solves this problem with a “soft start” feature that winds the motor up to full speed slowly, giving you a lot more comfort and control when you fire it up.
The motor is combined with all three of the available bases — fixed, plunge and D-handle. Motor change-out between the bases is pretty straightforward, especially between the fixed and D-handles, and the motor locks in easily and firmly. The motor and each of the bases are precisely machined and have smooth and precise depth adjustments. The vertical plunge mechanism on the plunge base moves smoothly through its full range of motion, and locks firmly in place for accurate depth settings. The rubber overmolded handles are very comfortable to grip, and there’s even a spindle lock to make changing the bits an easy, one-wrench operation.
The DeWalt DW618B3 kit gives you everything you need, including the motor pack, three bases, vacuum adaptor, 1/4-inch and 1/2-inch collets, sub-base concentricity gauge (a handy tool for precisely aligning the base to the bit), a large-hole sub-base for use with larger bits, and a fitted, hard-shell case to keep it all organized.
The DeWalt kit is around $260. There’s also a smaller kit — DW618PK — that doesn’t have the D-handle base for around $205.
Remodeling and repair questions? E-mail Paul at [email protected]. What’s your opinion? Leave your comments below or send a letter to the editor. To contact the writer, click the byline at the top of the story.
Copyright 2008 Inman News
See Paul Bianchina’s feature, Choosing the Right Weatherstripping.
American Apartment Owners Association offers discounts on products and services related to your commercial housing investment including REAL ESTATE FORMS, tenant debt collection, tenant background checks, insurance and financing. Find out more at www.joinaaoa.org.
To subscribe to our blog, click here. | <urn:uuid:d9904f73-c79d-4775-a0db-90345a23b442> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.american-apartment-owners-association.org/property-management/latest-news/when-it-comes-to-routers-spare-no-expense/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369721.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305030131-20210305060131-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.942672 | 1,394 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Children and Hope
Gifts for Today and Tomorrow
A standard IQ test includes a "picture arrangement" task. When the picture cards are assembled correctly, they tell a story with a logical progression. The child is timed as he or she attempts to rearrange the cards in the proper order. There is one set of cards that begins negatively with a boy stuck on one side of a ravine. It ends positively when he discovers a nearby plank that can be used to build a bridge to the other side. Interestingly, children who have been diagnosed as more hopeful finish this task in significantly less time. In a sense, they can more quickly envision how to turn a bad situation into a good one.
Children represent the future. They embody change, possibility and growth, thus symbolizing the hopes of all humanity. This chapter helps readers to better understand ways in which children of various ages express hope and hopelessness. We also expose the myth of a "protected childhood", the false belief that children are never depressed or hopeless. Using case examples and research findings, we identify signs of hopelessness in children and adolescents and offer ways of helping them to overcome their sense of despair. Our hope-based interventions include parenting and coaching suggestions as well as therapeutic games, hope inspiring books and videos.
Related issues covered in our book
Hope Tip #17: Hope Videos for Kids
In Hope in the Age of Anxiety we present a variety of strategies of restoring hope in children. For example, you will find the results of a research study we conducted to establish a ranking of the ten most hopeful children's videos. We did this by rating the attachment, mastery, and survival content present in the most popular children's films. A perfect example of a hope classic is The Wizard of OZ. Do you remember who led the journey to find the Wizard? IT WAS A CHILD (Dorothy, the hope symbol). Do you remember what the lion, scarecrow, and tin man were looking for?
So the next time you go a video store with your child or teenager, think about the likely hope content of your selection. Are there lessons in attachment, mastery or survival in the film you are considering? As you think about your son, daughter, younger siblings or students, ask yourself which of the hope motives is (are) in need of stimulation. | <urn:uuid:decfd513-eb45-409a-8d17-6583b6c33aac> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://www.gainhope.com/hope/childrenandhope.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056392.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918093220-20210918123220-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.950852 | 472 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The CSK8 Research Group (Maya Israel, Quentin Wherfel, Melinda Snodgrass, and Saad Shehab) will lead a discussion about the wide-ranging initiatives to include computer programming and computational thinking in K-12 instruction, and implications for academically diverse learners. They will also share their approach to studying computing education and some implications for K-12 instruction.
Getting students to embrace computational thinking and creative problem solving is not easy. But if done successfully, it can bring great benefits to the students now, and in the future. In this talk, Hon-Wai will discuss how he uses fun problems and activities to get students to unconsciously think about computational thinking. Some of these examples include MatheMagic, solving problems with graph coloring, CS UnPlugged activities (sorting networks, parity-based-puzzles, etc), creative use of induction, zero-knowledge proofs, pancake flipping problems.
Kenwood Elementary in Champaign Unit 4 embraced the mission of technology and literacy for the community less than 18 months ago. With strong partnerships, and a dedicated staff, they are re-envisioning educational experiences for students and families. Explore how educators are engaging students, teachers, and the community using code.org, computational thinking lesson planning, unplugged activities, the collaborative framework, Etoys & Scratch, and Community Tech Time.
Daniel Wendel from MIT will be Skyping in to present. He will be talking about their BioGraph project, an NSF-funded effort to study the impact of complex systems understanding and computational thinking (by way of making and using StarLogo TNG models) in introductory Biology classes. He will talk about tools and curriculum, their original experimental design, and the modifications they've had to make to get the teacher buy-in needed. | <urn:uuid:16205892-69e7-476d-a17e-4268ace7db3b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://fridaylunch.mste.illinois.edu/tags/computational-thinking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.934946 | 376 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Red-Black Tree Rules
- Every node is either red or black.
- The root is black.
- Every leaf (NIL) is black.
- If a node is red, then both its children are black.
- For each node, all simple paths from the node to descendant leaves contain the same number of black nodes.
We insert node into the tree T as if it were an ordinary Binary Search Tree, and then we fix the tree to preserve the red-black properties.
We will try to understand using few examples how insertion of new nodes cause violation of red-black tree rules and how we can fix these violation as they arise.
- Add 24, 17, 13
- Add 24, 17, 20
- Add 24, 17, 28, 13, 15, 20, 22, 23
Add nodes 24, 17, 13.
Since tree is initially empty, the first node 24 will become the root node. Its color would be black as it is the root node (See rule 2). A node can be linked to a left child and/or a right child. If it is not linked to a child node, we will consider it linked to a leaf node. Since root node 24 is not yet linked to any child nodes, it will have two leaf nodes.
Next we add 17. Since it is lesser than 24, it will add itself as the left child. According to rule 1, the color could be red or black. If the color of the node is black, it will violate rule 5 as we will end up with paths of different black heights 2 (17->left leaf), 2 (17->right leaf) and 1(root’s right leaf). If the color is red, we won’t be violating any rules so we will add it as a red node.
New node is RED
When we add a node, we would like to keep the no. of violations minimum. If the color of the new node is red as it is less likely that it will violate the red-black rules compared to the case where the new node is black. This is because if the new red node is attached to a black one, no rule is broken. It doesn’t change the black height in any of the paths (Rule 4) as the color is red. If we attach a new red node to a red node, rule 3 will be violated. However, this will only happen half the time as at least half of the nodes will be black as we are dealing with a balanced tree. If the new node is black in color, it would always change the black height for its path, violating Rule 4. It’s easier to fix violations of Rule 3 (parent and child are both red) than Rule 4 (black heights differ) which will always involve rotations. This is the reason why we will add the new node as red node. Next we add 13. Since it is lesser than 17, it will add as the left child to 17. Since the color of the node is red, it will violate rule 4 as 13′s parent 17 is also a red node. To fix this we flip the color of its parent and grandparent. It is important that we flip the color of grandparent also so that rule 5 of the tree above it is not violated. Since 17 becomes a black node, we end up with lesser black nodes on the right side branch thus violating rule 5. It also violates rule 2 as the root node 24 is red. To fix this, we right rotate the grandparent 24 so that the tree is balanced.
Add nodes 24, 17, 20.
This is similiar to example 1, except that instead of adding 13 we add 20 so that it adds as the right child of 17. Since the new node’s color is red, it violates rule 4. We end up with two red nodes linked to each other. To fix this we left rotate 17 so that the child node and its parent, both are on the same side of its grandparent. In this example, after left rotation, we end up with 17 and 20 on left side of 24. Now the tree structure is exactly same as example 1 and to fix the tree we apply the same set of changes as in example 1.
Add 24, 17, 28, 13, 15, 20, 22, 23.
In example 3, we will first deal with the new node 28. Since 28 > 24, it will be add as the right child to root node 24.
Next we add 13.
It will add as left child to node 17. It now violates rule 4. Nodes 17 and 13 both are red. If we flip the color of 17 to black, we must also do it for the grandparent 24 and the uncle 28 else we will be violationg rule 5 as we will end up with different black heights. After the flip, root node 24 gets red color and violates rule 2 so we change its color back to black.
Add 15 to the above tree.
Since 13<15<17, it will add as the right child to 13. Since the new node is red, it now violates rule 4. The current tree structure is similar to example 2. We left rotate 13 so that the child node and its parent, both fall on the same side of its grandparent 17. Now we flip colors of the parent and grandparent so that rule 4 is restored. Since the parent node’s 15 color is now black, there is a difference in the number of black nodes int the paths originating from its grandparent 17. The left subtree of the grandparent 17 has now two black nodes since 15′s color is flipped to black whereas the right subttree still has one black node. This violates rule 5. To fix this we right rotate at the grandparent node 17.
Add 20 to the above tree.
Since 20>17, it adds as right child to node 17. This results in violation of rule 4. We flip the color of its parent and grandparent nodes. Since the color of its uncle, node 13, is red. We flip its color to black so that rule 5 is not broken.
Add 22 to the above tree.
Since 22>20, it adds as right child to node 20. This results in violation of rule 4. We flip the color of its parent (20) and grandparent (17). Since the uncle is a leaf node here, its color will be black so we don’t have to flip its color. The paths originating from the grandparent 17 will now have different number of black nodes. The right path will have an extra black node because of the flip. This violates rule 5. To fix it we left rotate at node 17.
Add 23 to the above tree.
Since 23>22, it adds as right child to node 22. This results in violation of rule 4. To resolve this we need to flip the colors of parent and grandparent. Since the uncle of node 23, node 17 is red in color, we need to flip its color too to black. Now the grandparent 20 becomes the node in context for further verification. Since its parent 15 is red, it violates rule 4. Before we flip the colors, we need to make sure node 20 is in the same side of the tree as its parent. Its parent 15 is on left side of grandparent 24 but 20 is in right side of the parent 15. To fix this, we left rotate node 15 so that both 15 and 20 are on the left side of grandparent 24.
Now we flip the colors of the parent and grandparent. Since color uncle 24 is black, we don’t have to flip its color. This results in violation of rule 5 as the black height of node 24 will differ on the right side path. Note that the flip operation performed resulted in an extra black node in the left path. To fix this we right rotate node 24. Now 20 becomes the new root node. | <urn:uuid:700cfab0-dd55-4536-9175-95c2058d2a17> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.javarticles.com/2012/06/tree-insertiontreemap-4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710777.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130225142-20221201015142-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.917149 | 1,749 | 3.671875 | 4 |
One-dimensional left-right views of politics are no more accurate or useful to navigation than a map of the flat earth surrounded by angels. The main purpose of common political labels is to claim “us vs. them” which is why simple labels are so often used.
Today, we use Einstein’s multi-dimensional physics to derive physical position in GPS systems but persist in the one-dimensional political classifications arising from the habitual seating choices of members of the French National Assembly of 1789. Even then, observers noted a second dimension, front and back which denoted a degree of engagement with prevailing views on either side.
In the French National Assembly of 1789; royalists and papists tended to cluster on the right; less religious, more liberal republicans and capitalists on the left. The affinities reflected in this ancient choice of seats evolved over time but the terms and behavior spread to other legislative bodies and slowly into general conventions of political classification outside of France.
The reality is that politics is profoundly multidimensional and relative. Political interests cannot be located on a single two-dimensional plane of belief, let alone more narrowly along a single line of belief. Additionally belief is itself only one factor in political outcomes.
Interacting factors of belief, coercive threats, and productive benefits determine political-economic outcomes. The factors are fungible at rates of exchange that are always in flux. The “status quo” in political-economic systems is never static and often involves a combination of trends actually experienced as rapid change with highly uncertain outcomes.
Belief is certainly useful in understanding and guiding political action and alliances. Varying belief about matters of fact can be critical to inclinations toward particular action. For instance history is full of calamitous decisions in war and commerce resulting from incorrect information. If you think the world is flat you will behave accordingly.
Belief also covers predispositions or values which influence the perception of fact and the political actions one chooses to take. A belief in moderation favors a point between extremes. A belief in progress posits the achievement of specific goals over time. Conservatism is an attitude or approach of caution, humility and limited commitment of resources. Liberality is a philosophy of individual moral equality, justice, and freedom. A radical advocates rapid and profound change. A reactionary opposes change. A revolutionary advocates the usually violent attempt by many people to end the rule of one government and start a new one.
Most commonly used labels are not mutually exclusive. A revolutionary can be a radical or reactionary depending on the nature of the government they seek to overthrow and can be a progressive and possibly a liberal but probably not a conservative or moderate. A liberal can be conservative, progressive, moderate, radical, reactionary or revolutionary depending on their circumstances of justice and freedom. A conservative can believe almost anything philosophically but cannot be a radical or a strong reactionary and very rarely a revolutionary. A progressive can believe almost anything philosophically and attitudinally, depending on what goals they seek to achieve although the word tends to connote moderation. A moderate on one issue can be radical or reactionary along some other line of thought.
We are political animals and our amazing brains probably evolved to handle the complexity of social and political life. That does not mean we need to depend only on our primitive political intuitions of friend or foe. The individual and social disciplines of science and reason have allowed the human race to multiply and prosper spectacularly but also to endanger ourselves on a global scale. In most realms of human life, we look to science for solutions to ancient problems like disease and starvation, and to the new problems created by applied science such as global warming and the threat of nuclear war.
We need to practice better political science and move beyond the concept of the politically flat earth. A new world of possibilities awaits! | <urn:uuid:67bf2404-b0b6-4a9a-9cfe-35e8ee0b5846> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.civicdecisions.com/why_are_we_listening_to_political_flat_earthers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690340.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925055211-20170925075211-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.935918 | 775 | 3.359375 | 3 |
When the Camera is facing toward the Sun and a person is standing to and We're capturing his photo , all we get is a black shadow even when we capture with the flash light or anything. Why does it happen ?
Her face is black because the number of photons reflected from her face is negligible relatively to the huge number of photons that are coming directly from the Sun next to her. So the camera chooses a very short exposure time because there seem to be lots of photons (those from the Sun) so that the Sun looks reasonably yellow. No surprise that her face is dark in comparison.
However, if you carefully photographed just the region where her face is located and you would make sure that the exposure time is reasonable for a human face and you used flash (and no undesirable nonlinear transformations of the brightness inspired by the bright Sun would be applied, all such things may occur in digital cameras etc.), the face would look fine.
This won't be a very detailed explanation, but this is because of the concept of a dynamic range.
The reason the person appears so dark against the sun is because the brightness of the two objects differs vastly and the camera determines exposure according to the overall brightness of the light illuminating the sensor. Since there is one main contributor (i.e. the Sun), which is much brighter than other objects, it will always look much brighter in a photo.
You may ask why do we see it differently than the sensor does that. It is because our sensors in the eyes (the rods and cones) are adapted to do a much better job. As I understand it (I haven't read about it, it's just my opinion), it's either the brain doing its job and reducing the apparent brightness of very bright objects, or it's some safety mechanism which turn on on particular cones and rods which makes parts of the whole image dimmer.
If you want to make photos with higher dynamic range, consider about HDR technology, or overexposing the sensor, but then you'll lose detail in the background. | <urn:uuid:c51eb664-b0d0-4946-88a2-6da592957677> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/48607/why-photo-cannot-be-captured-while-facing-toward-the-sun | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898611.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00095-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972407 | 413 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Friday 24th of September was a historic day. The UN assembly and all 193 states passed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which set the ground for the improvement of social, ecological and economic welfare of the planet in the upcoming 15 years. These global goals are to be implemented until 2030 and overlap strongly with the aims of the Fish Forward project.
The 17 goals:
1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
Fish Forward and the sustainable development goals
Both goal 12 (Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns) and goal 14 (Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development) are of particular importance to the Fish Forward project. In order to promote sustainable seafood consumption and production, transparency throughout the whole supply chain as well as extensive awareness raising amongst and the provision of sufficient information to consumers are crucial. Only educated consumers can make responsible buying decisions.
Fish Forward explains the social, ecological and economic impacts of seafood choices on developing countries. It highlights the importance of sustainable consumption for the wellbeing of oceans and people around the globe. In order to achieve the SDGs, it is imperative to link social and economic matters with a sustainable treatment of nature and its resources. In this regard, WWF aims at building a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.
The SDGs replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and set the direction for the post-2015 agenda. In the course of the UN conference on sustainable development in 2012, the Rio+20 summit, working groups were implemented and have been preparing the final document being passed by all 193 states. “Transforming our World – The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development“ is an opportunity for governments to get serious by building on the success of the first Earth Summit in 1992, and the sustainable development successes since then.
WWF has worked at many levels globally to integrate conservation and social equity into development policies – especially those related to basic rights, food security, access to energy and resources, and adaptation to climate change. WWF has strongly advocated from the beginning of the process to make certain that the plan puts the planet on the path towards truly sustainable development. WWF will work to ensure that leaders live up to their commitments while also partnering with governments, business and communities to see the job through. | <urn:uuid:45d4b515-ce6f-43dd-a7ad-3ebc61e9f1cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.fishforward.eu/sl/world-leaders-agree-sustainable-development-goals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258621.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526025014-20190526051014-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.923552 | 719 | 3.703125 | 4 |
SOURCE: The Guardian
DATE: February 28, 2019
SNIP: Australia has endured its hottest summer ever, according to the Bureau of Meteorology, breaking the previous record set six years ago.
The 2018-19 summer, which produced near 50C days and topped temperature highs across the country, has officially exceeded the previous record set in 2012-13, which was 1.28C above what is considered normal. Climate analysts say it falls into a pattern of human-induced global warming.
January alone had already been confirmed as the hottest month ever recorded in Australia, with a mean temperature across the nation of 30.8C, which was 2.9C above the average for January temperatures (calculated between 1961–1990) of 27.9C.
On Thursday, the BoM revealed the whole season was officially the hottest ever recorded.
While exact figures are not yet confirmed, the bureau said this summer’s mean temperature was at least 2C above the 27.5C benchmark of what is considered normal, based on 1961-1990. | <urn:uuid:25c2cff3-5827-42d1-8a5b-7e2160d57b71> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.fasterthanexpected.com/2019/02/28/australia-breaks-weather-records-with-hottest-ever-summer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224651325.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605053432-20230605083432-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.972105 | 217 | 2.828125 | 3 |
We all eat fruits, salads, green veggies and even meat on a regular basis but did you know that majority of what you ingest is never available for use? It is because nutrients are released from food cells only when they are ruptured. This is where our teeth and jaw come into action. Mastication helps break down food and release nutrients. Unfortunately, what we eat usually goes through our digestive system without much change and is excreted with hardly any absorption of nutrients.
With a juicer, you can overcome this problem as a juicer tends to destroy cells in fruits and vegetables, releasing everything into a liquid medium, which is easier to digest. It does something that your teeth and jaw together can never achieve – complete mastication. Because of this, nutrients that were previously not available to your body now become part of your daily diet.
In a recent research paper, it was shown that raw plant extracts juiced into a puree state helps release over 700 percent of all nutrients present in them. Moreover, did you know that juicing also releases a lot of hidden flavors? This is one major reason why juice tastes different from the actual fruit or vegetable.
The Nutritional Advantage Derived From Juiced Foods
Juicing never destroys the entire fiber content of food. Furthermore, if you use a masticating or twin gear juicer then you retain almost all of the fiber content. These insoluble fibers help in relaxing constipation and digestion issues. Moreover, they help in increasing concentration of good bacteria in the colon.
Juicing efficiently by using double or even triple pass helps maximize the yield because of which you end up using less fruits than what you would otherwise eat. This directly affects the sugar levels in your body. Less fruits and veggies used equals lower glucose levels and reduced risk from diabetes and heart conditions.
Join these two major advantages together and you can easily see how high fiber and low sugar content can curb diabetes and other dangerous diseases.
One last reason why you should juice more often is because the skin of greens and fruits are rich in enzymes that improve digestion. Moreover, they contain high levels of prebiotics that keep the digestive tract healthy through cell regeneration.
Why Juicing Is Better?
- Easy – Frankly, it is efficient and an easy process. Making juice takes just minutes while eating takes a long time. Moreover, juices can be taken along to the office, outdoor or anywhere else as a quick snack.
- Healthy – Loads of nutrition, fiber, vitamins, enzymes, minerals and lower sugar levels all combine together to create a complete health conscious drink. Juice is also easy on the digestive system letting the body absorb nutrients faster.
- Tasty – Ever tried making juice from raw vegetables mixed with sweet fruits? They taste hundred times better than raw veggies taken as such. Best of all, because juicing changes the taste of vegetables and fruits you can experiment with different combinations and ingest veggies that you previously could not stand the taste of.
** If you have comments, tips, or questions – we would LOVE to hear from you! Leave us a comment on the below form. | <urn:uuid:f30eeaf6-bb4f-4b41-bdf5-72df3c60d808> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.juicerreviewsdirect.com/juicing-health-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424586.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723182550-20170723202550-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.943474 | 632 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Yeast infection which impacts the mouth is recognized as thrush. It is brought on by a fungus known as candida. It can affect anyone but is more common amongst toddlers, infants and more mature people. Thrush can be brought on by certain elements this kind of as being pregnant, steroids, autoimmune diseases, cancers, powerful medications, uncontrolled diabetes and germs present in the mouth. Signs and symptoms of thrush might include white patches in mouth, tongue and inner partitions of the cheeks.
While your eyes may be the mirror to your soul, your pores and skin is the mirror to your level of well being. Those pores and skin rashes, spots and bumps are indicators of malcontent in your internal organs this kind of as the kidneys and liver. Those scales and blotches can be clues to potential disorders this kind of as viral infections and autoimmune illnesses this kind of as lupus.
Canine Autoimmune Diseases
There are therapy options for this type of mange. When you consider your cat to the veterinarian for possible mange, you vet will carry out a thorough well being exam. This will rule out autoimmune diseases and other forms of parasites this kind of as worms. An oral medication known as Ivermectin can be used. Even though this drug is not approved by the Food and drug administration to use for mange, a great deal of vets discover this therapy highly effective. An additional therapy choice is dipping your cat in a prescribed pesticide. This is highly efficient, but it can trigger issues for example vomiting and seizures in cats. In addition, the treatment is poisonous, and it ought to not be applied with expecting cats or by people who are pregnant. This dip is generally carried out weekly for up to 6 weeks.
Some have stated that all great well being starts in the colon. If your digestive method, and elimination system are not working nicely, the odds are they you will become ill autoimmune diseases . Your physique needs to absorb vitamins, and get rid of waste products.
Nearly all community health campaigns use the phrase "prevention." This tends to make autoimmune diseases feeling. If a big percentage (hopefully all) of the populace apply the conduct in query, for example not cigarette smoking, many cases of disease are prevented. In a big population, staying away from tobacco stops numerous instances of lung most cancers.
Fatal Autoimmune DiseasesWhat is it that leads to us to behave in a way that is dangerous to other people or ourselves in ways that affect our well being, our associations, and our life? Why do individuals smoke when they know it causes Most cancers? Why do individuals drink espresso when they know caffeine impacts their adrenal gland, which eventually prospects to exhaustion? Why is it that individuals eat sugar when they know it has untold well being effects past diabetic issues? The answer is easy but difficult to take.
Omega three's maintain you young too. A study conducted by the College of California discovered volunteers who ate much more of these nutrients aged at a slower pace than those who didn't eat more of them.
Before I go into briefly what omega three is, I would like to forewarn you that you should not rely on 1 specific complement to lose excess weight. This rather comes from a selection of factors - remarkably simple to apply, but nonetheless a multitude of elements to consider.
Moreover, boron is related with aging hold off; it has the capability to block the enzymes that trigger irritation and serious pains. It is also very helpful to these who have weak bones, as it can stop the loss of calcium and magnesium. The most typical way to intake boron is through autoimmune diseases meals; nuts and veggies are rich in boron. Prunes, grapes, pears and avocados contain sufficient portions of boron. Raisins and nuts as nicely.
Autoimmune Diseases Of Oral Cavity
Skin and emotional care are also often prescribed. An arthritis basis will offer a great deal much more information to help you to cope. Stress-reduction therapy might be recommended by your physician. Individuals will also be taught to attempt and avoid infections, colds and fake remedies for R.A. The atmosphere also performs a large component in R.A. You can reduce swelling, redness and pain by carrying out movement workouts clicca qui and attempting warm compresses or heat treatment. Begin stretching workouts and steer clear of individuals who get your emotions up too far. Look for psychological and psychological assistance if you have R.A. Try not to suppress your emotions too a lot as this prospects to chemical imbalance and tension.
The major function of vitamin D is to preserve regular blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D aids in the absorption of calcium, helping to type and maintain strong bones. Current study also suggests it may offer protection from osteoporosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, certain cancers and several autoimmune diseases such as diabetes.
A-Z List Of Autoimmune DiseasesI traveled to the mainland from Hawaii one summer time for about three weeks, and I experienced locked up the home restricted and safe autoimmune diseases . When I returned, I was shocked to see mold and and mildew growing on locations I experienced not expected. There were small patches of mildew growing on our eating room chairs and starting to develop on my sofa. I had to scrub and scrub to get it out. Now whenever I go absent for an prolonged amount of time, I make sure I leave the followers heading, so there is some circulation of air to minimize the humidity.
Workout an hour following consuming. If you determine to exercise with weights, the very best time to exercise is an hour following you consume, because there is more blood available to the muscles.
Boredom or anxiousness can trigger a canine to lick its paws repeatedly and constantly, resulting in "lick granulomas". These are raised nodules, frequently tough and scaly. There is also a team of autoimmune illnesses called Pemphigus which cause scaly skin, scabs and pustules. Some breeds are particularly vulnerable to the illness. | <urn:uuid:2df6351b-5d7e-4235-8534-b82bcfef0b8f> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://gioiellidimodaperledonne59371.thezenweb.com/A-Wonderful-Anti-Aging-Encounter-Diet-13905266 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647782.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322073140-20180322093140-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.952536 | 1,235 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Your LGBQ Officers are:
Your Trans Officers are:
If you would like to get involved in the LGBTQ Campaigns Group, contact one of the Officers who will add you to the Facebook group.
If you experience bullying, harrassment or discrimination, whether you are a student or member of staff, you can report it here!
LGBTQ is an acronym that stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Queer, and is used to designate a community of people whose sexual or gender identities can create shared political and social concerns (this includes people who do not fall into the LGBTQ acronym such as intersex people and asexuals).
Lesbian: A woman who is attracted to other women.
Gay: A man who is attracted to other men.
Bisexual: An individual who is attracted to more than one gender.
Trans: An umbrella term that seeks to incorporate individuals whose gender identities do not match their biological sex.
A distinction is posed between sex (male/female) which is a biological given at birth, and gender (man/woman) which is a sociological and psychological construction concerned with characteristics that are not biological.
There are many identities including but not limited to: transgender, transsexual, trans man, trans woman, genderfluid, non-binary, genderqueer, bigender, nongender.
Queer: Individuals who experience fluidity in their experience of sexuality or gender and therefore do not identify strictly as LGB or T. The term ‘Queer’ can also include those who do not identify as either gender.
Experiences of being LGBTQ:
LGBTQ people are still discriminated against both institutionally and in day to day lives:
Gay men in the UK remain unable to donate blood if they are sexually active.
65% of young LGB school pupils experience homophobic bullying. 3 in 5 never report the abuse and when they do nothing is done about it 62% of the time.
Many individuals continue to experience homophobia, biphobia and transphobia in the workplace from both their colleagues and their employers.
The austerity measures outlined by the current government will hit specialist services that LGBTQ people disproportionately rely upon for health and welfare provisions.
Surveys have shown that as many as 1 in 5 LGBT people have experienced abuse ranging from verbal insults to physical assaults over the last three years.
The number of physical assaults rises significantly in the case of LGBT people who are also from minority ethnic backgrounds.
1 in 8 LGB victims of physical assault in the last three years were sexually assaulted during the incident.
Every year thousands of LGBT people across the world are imprisoned, tortured and executed by their own governments.
1 in 3 LGBT people will attempt suicide at some point in their lives. This is significantly higher than our heterosexual and cisgendered peers.
Whether it’s being bullied in the playground, beaten for who you date, denied access to critical services or experiencing insults as part of everyday existence, the LGBTQ campaign seeks to educate and encourage LGBTQ people to raise our own voices, demand liberation for ourselves and for our brother and sister campaigns, recognising that we cannot achieve liberation in isolation from those who are oppressed on any grounds.
Connect with the LGBTQ Students' Campaign | <urn:uuid:cf43708f-b093-4969-ab80-ebb4d2cfbcc6> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://manchesterstudentsunion.com/lgbtqstudentscampaign | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824059.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212155747-20181212181247-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.960162 | 665 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Autism News | English By Leslie Toldo | ABC 12 | Associated Press One of the biggest challenges for parents and therapists is predicting and understanding the emotions and feelings of a child with autism. Now, robots may be able to “understand what humans can’t. About one out of every 150 babies born in the U.S.
Read the rest here:
HealthFirst-Robot helps crack autism code | <urn:uuid:843d8eb1-4834-482b-accd-687126bcb037> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.icare4autism.org/news/2009/08/healthfirst-robot-helps-crack-autism-code/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802766292.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075246-00169-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911761 | 87 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Bird's-Eye View Published Jan 1871 from information gathered in 1870.
Items to look for
Bridges (from left):
1. Over Little Lake Butte des Morts
“In 1853, the first bridge across Lake Butte des Morts was built, giving direct communication with the farming country to the west.
This bridge was replaced by a float bridge with a draw, in 1856, and in 1861, a pile bridge was constructed, which is still standing but for the past two or three years has been impassable. “ Harney's History of Winnebago County p. 219
2. Railroad bridge
3. Washington St. in two parts: large section over the river; smaller section over the canal can be raised.
4. Mill Street . The current bridge is at a different angle and enters at Racine Street .
Canal and Lock:
The canal runs from Little Lake Butte des Morts on the left to Lake Winnebago . The lock is on the Little Lake Butte des Morts end
Note streets are laid out in straight lines. They make rectangular blocks except in two places. One is where they are angled to follow the river. The other is the road to Kaukauna at the upper right. Why was Kaukauna important? Because it was below the waterfalls. Goods could be moved by boat upriver from Green bay to Kaukauna, then they had to be moved to wagons for the trip to Menasha, where they could be loaded onto boats again for the trip to Fond du Lac , Oshkosh , or further upriver.
1870's Main Street is what is now Broad St. ; modern Main Street was Kaukauna St . Many streets were named for other cities in Wisconsin . “The Avenue” is now Nicolet Avenue .
Where are the largest buildings? What are they?
Answer: Factories. They are along the water so they could receive materials and ship goods easily, but more importantly so they could use the power of the falling water to operate machinery.
St. Patrick's Church is near the same location as at present.
The new hotel was featured on this map.
On Naymut Street , the small trees in rows are fruit trees in an orchard.
There is a matching view of Neenah looking south from Doty Island .
Author: Mara Munroe | <urn:uuid:f534e7d1-9a75-40e3-946b-6ac1d63f629e> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.uwosh.edu/archives/menasha/teachermaterials/guidebirdseye.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297587.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00028-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95958 | 499 | 3.328125 | 3 |
In addition to two domestic breeds, the Light Goose class includes the wild Canada Goose and the Egyptian Goose, which is not a true goose at all.
Goose continues to struggle to win the hearts and wallets of American consumers. The USDA’s most recent figures compare sales in 2002 and 2007, which showed a decline. I’m optimistic that more recent figures would show an increase.
Chinese and Roman Geese
The Chinese and the Tufted Roman are domestic geese, long favored on farms. They are light compared to their heavy and medium cousins, weighing 10 to 12 pounds and standing about three feet tall. They are usually kept for ornamental purposes and make good companions. As Samuel Cushman says in the article included in the 1912 edition of Harrison Weir’s The Poultry Book’s chapter on The Domestic Goose, the Chinese are “more on the bantam order.”
Chinese geese are the best egg producers of all goose breeds. Occasional reports claim more than 80 eggs a year, but 30-40 is more realistic. Geese remain seasonal layers, a legacy of their wild past.
Chinese Geese are good foragers, making them welcome as weeders. Schlitz Goose Farm of South Dakota, which now produces two-thirds of the commercial geese sold in grocery stores, got its start from hatching goose eggs for other farmers, who wanted the geese as weeders for their crops. “In the late 1940's, the geese went to the cotton fields of Texas and California, the strawberry beds of Michigan and the asparagus and mint fields of Washington. These farmers found geese to be economical and effective labor to weed the fields, as the geese literally worked for food,” according to the farms’ corporate history. Schlitz, which began with heavy Toulouse geese, now raises its own variety of geese, bred for meat production.
Like their larger African cousins weighing 18 to 22 pounds, they are knobbed geese. The knob between their eyes develops to its full size over several years. Although generally males are larger and have larger knobs than females, this is not a reliable way to sex African or China Geese. Both sexes vary too much in size. The Brown have black knobs and the Whites have orange knobs. White Chinese are more popular than the original Brown color variety. Their relation to the wild Swan Goose is apparent in their graceful necks. The Brown variety shows a dark brown stripe down the back.
Both were separately recognized in the first Standard of Excellence in 1874, but with different weights, separated by only four pounds between African and Chinese geese, according to Willis Grant Johnson’s 1912 edition of The Poultry Book, p. 1103, which gives weights of 20 pounds (now 22) for the African gander and 18 (now the same) for the goose, 16 for a Chinese gander (now 12), 14 (now 10) for a goose.
“Many people prefer a small table goose,” said James Konecny, president of the International Waterfowl Breeders Association. “They want a goose that’s about the size of a big duck.”
Cold weather doesn’t bother them. Their close feathers protect them and may make them appear smaller than their muscular bodies are. Their knobs are subject to frostbite, showing up as orange patches on black knobs, which fade back to black over time.
The hens develop a lobe during laying season, but otherwise they have a slim, graceful silhouette. They have a short body and carry the head upright on a long, arched neck. In 1902, Harrison Weir in Our Poultry and All About Them, considered Swan Goose an alternate name for Chinese Geese, which he said were also known as Spanish, Guinea, Cape and African. “In carriage or deportment it differs widely from the goose tribe in general, being upright and stately, sometimes exceedingly so, with its long crane-like neck erected to the uttermost,” he wrote.
Tufted Roman Geese are named for the round tuft of feathers on their heads. These are photographed by Metzer Farms in California. They have a long European history, going back to Juno’s temple in Ancient Rome, where they were sacred. They originated in the Danube area and are related to Sebastopol Geese. Despite that long history, they were not added to the Standard until 1977.
They have a compact body without keel, lobe or dewlap and make a good roasting bird, despite their relatively small size. The tuft is present from hatching. They are now raised in several colors, although White is the only recognized color. Their eyes are blue and bill and legs and feet may be pinkish or reddish orange.
Only the white variety is recognized, but breeders can’t resist breeding other colors into these popular and hardy geese. Gray tufted geese have been developed but the buff is the most popular.
Buff Tufted Roman geese were developed by Ruth Book of Book Farms in Granby, Missouri. She crossed the Buff Goose with the Tufted Roman Goose and selectively bred them to get a buff bird as large as the American Buff goose with the Tufted Roman conformation. Metzer Farms in Gonzalez, California purchased her entire breeding stock and is continuing her work.
“We hope to introduce them throughout the United States,” said John Metzer, owner of Metzer Farms. “Our ultimate goal is to have them recognized as a distinct breed by the American Poultry Association.”
Andrea Heesters of The Netherlands bought some from Metzer Farms and continues to breed them. She finds them affectionate and loyal. “They are curious and talkative and can be very opinionated, although in a nice way,” she says “They are vigilant when they see strangers and make quite a lot of noise at that moment but, in general, they are quiet geese and certainly not noisy.” Their curiosity can lead them into adventures. Mrs. Heesters reports that “One of our ganders, Jules, found it extremely interesting to see how we opened the gate and stood there a few times watching us intensely. A few days later, Jules opened the gate himself!”
Ideally, they should have the same type as the white variety: the same size, with a medium-length neck, a fat head and a short, stout beak. The bill and feet should be pinkish red.
“It should be small, stocky, rounded plump little goose,” said Konecny.
Other unrecognized light geese include Cotton Patch Geese and other traditional American farm geese, such as Choctaw geese. They are local variations that developed from the West of England or Old English geese which probably came to America with early English settlers. These are Tom T. Walker's Cotton Patch geese in Texas.
Shetland geese are the smallest of the autosexing geese, which have different plumage on males and females, making it easy to select birds for the breeding pen. Females are saddlebacked or gray and white. Males are white with blue eyes. So few of these birds are in American breeding pens that the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy recommends that additional birds be imported to increase the genetic pool.
The Classic Roman goose has no tuft. The absence of the tuft disqualifies a Tufted Roman goose in the show ring, but smooth-headed Roman geese are the norm in Europe. Smooth-headed Roman geese are a separate breed. Metzer Farms is developing a flock that will be available in the future.
Dave Holderread has developed the Oregon Mini Goose at his Holderread Waterfowl & Preservation Center in Corvallis, Oregon. They are small geese, bred to weigh four to ten pounds, in white, splashed, belted, saddleback and solid varieties. They mature early and are attracting an enthusiastic following.
Canada Geese and Egyptian Geese are technically not domesticated. They are tamed but still considered wild.
The Egyptian is not a true goose, but a bird between a dabbling duck and a goose. It’s biologically classified as a Shelduck, a subfamily in the duck, goose and swan family. They are the smallest of the recognized breeds and the smallest geese raised domestically, at 5 ½ pounds for ganders and 4 ½ pounds for geese. Egyptian geese were considered sacred by the ancient Egyptians, and appeared in much of their artwork.
Although not recognized for exhibition, the Nene Goose is sometimes kept in captivity. Because of its status as a federally Endangered Species, special permits are required. It’s a small wild goose, related to Canada Geese, typically, weighing around five pounds, females slightly smaller than males. It’s Hawaii’s state bird, but nearly became extinct in the 20th century. Its attractive ‘striped’ plumage (actually, diagonal rows of white feathers with black skin showing through), buff-colored cheeks and black head are distinctive. It’s so friendly and tame that the public is cautioned against making pets of it in its native state. Being too friendly can expose it to dangers, such as becoming road kill.
Bakers prize goose eggs for baked goods. They can substitute for chicken eggs but not one-for-one. Weigh them and use the appropriate amount, or figure roughly one goose egg equals two chicken eggs. The white is thicker and won’t whip up as well as chicken egg whites do.
Goose eggs are popular for decorative crafts, called eggeury. They are offered as a separate product, in five sizes, by Schlitz Foods, the supplier for most commercial table-ready goose. Metzer Farms sells its duck and goose eggs, making use of infertile eggs, in ten sizes for goose eggs, seven for duck.
Ukrainian Pysanky is an intricate art of dying eggs with progressive colors in delicate geometric designs. The dyes are applied from the lightest to the darkest, with layers of bees’ wax protecting the lighter colors. They have many mythical and religious meanings. Adriana, a Ukrainian artist in California, relates on her site that the first Pysanky were decorated by the tears of the Blessed Virgin Mary, who was taking eggs to Pontius Pilate as a ransom for her son. Climbing the stairs, she tripped, and the Pysanky scattered all over the world.
Eggs can be blown out through two holes, one in each end. Shake the egg and most of the contents will pour out. The rest can be blown out. Repair the hole with spackling or tissue paper and white glue.
“I save all my goose eggs,” said Mr. Konecny. He identifies them by hen and compares them from year to year, to determine how each hen is doing.
The bible for raising geese remains Dave Holderread’s The Book of Geese: A Complete Guide to Raising the Home Flock, of Holderread’sWaterfowl Farm and Preservation Center in Corvallis, Oregon. My book, How to Raise Poultry, includes color photos of goose breeds in the chapter on geese. John Metzer of Metzer Farms keeps a blog of duck and goose information. | <urn:uuid:36d5b3b8-2802-4e79-8067-e97071715dbe> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://poultrybookstore.blogspot.com/2013/06/light-geese.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982293150.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195813-00037-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958473 | 2,396 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Emily Seeber recommends approaches that build students’ understanding of their practical work over time, and quick wins that could boost their ability to recall practical knowledge before exams
We often bemoan students’ lack of understanding of their practical work. To tackle this we need to build understanding explicitly and consistently into practical teaching. The focus on practical skills in the ‘new’ GCSE exams also means those teaching this need to give students the means to approach practical-based questions. There are quick ways to boost students’ confidence and approaches that build their skills across a two or three year course.
Compare and contrast practical methods
Students can feel they are drowning in the different practicals they have done for various purposes throughout their course. Supporting students to bring together all of the related methods, and summarise their pros, cons and quirks really builds confidence.
List different methods for, say, measuring rate of reaction. Ask students to complete an apparatus diagram, explain how the method works, and list pros and cons for each method. I usually model the first one on the board, have students help me with the second and third, and then let them get on with the rest in pairs. This activity gives an opportunity to remind them why you put cotton wool in the neck of the flask when measuring rate by mass loss, why you shouldn’t collect carbon dioxide over water, and why mass loss shouldn’t be used to measure rate if hydrogen is produced. Students also finish with a clear, succinct summary sheet, which they can revise from directly.
There is a view that students don’t have the required background knowledge to plan practicals. In chemistry, some argue that letting students plan is too dangerous, and takes too much lesson time. I disagree. Of course students won’t develop the knowledge required for planning if we never get them to plan. Students can learn to assess risks and teachers should check their plans. In my experience, students learn such a vast amount when supported to plan investigations that it’s worth any time it takes.
To support students with their planning, I recommend assessment grids so they know what a strong plan looks like. To get the most out of these, students first need to learn how to evaluate a plan. I provide students with an imperfect plan for investigating the relationship between the size of marble chips and the rate of reaction with hydrochloric acid, and ask them to mark it using an assessment grid provided, and suggest improvements. I then give them a different assessment grid and ask them to plan an investigation into how different catalysts affect the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide: it’s amazing how good their plans are.
Download this assessment grid for planning an investigation into the rate of a reaction (MS Word or pdf) and this assessment grid for planning an investigation in the rate of a catalysed reaction (MS Word or pdf).
The thought process that goes into designing questions is a pathway to subject mastery. It’s also a great way of differentiating, as students tend to design the most conceptually challenging questions they can; the highest achievers love getting creative and designing devilish questions.
Students get better at inventing questions over time, and if this approach is planned into the curriculum, you can increase the cognitive challenge in stages. The first time a group writes practical-based questions, you might give them the method and data, and ask students to design a question using them, which may involve graph plotting. The second time, they could use data from their own practical to write the question. The third time, planning a method for the practical might be part of their brief for writing the question. By the end of their GCSE, students know the experiments well enough to make up their own data, and recall the details of specific practicals as they include them in their questions.
I think designing exam questions is so useful for students it can be a good ‘quick win’ as well, even if they aren’t practiced at it. Choose a practical they struggle with, show them a YouTube video of it, give them any data they need, and task them with designing a 10 mark question and a mark scheme. Setting a specific number of marks makes students think harder. Once you’ve checked the questions, they can answer each other’s. Best of all, this takes minimal teacher preparation and means maximal student learning.
Great practical teaching should focus on the slow burners, the strong pedagogical approaches. But if throwing in some quick wins along the way builds students’ confidence (and exam results), that’s a bonus.
Emily Seeber is a chemistry teacher and head of sciences at Bedales School in Hampshire.
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Ever find yourself in the grocery store squinting at that tiny font on the Nutrition Facts label, wondering why it's so complicated? You’re not alone!
That FDA-mandated, standardized Nutrition Facts label has been around since 1993, with little subsequent change. The label was instated to help inform the countless diet decisions we make daily in an effort to tackle climbing rates of obesity and chronic disease—and their resulting high costs to treat. Since the label’s early days, however, our eating habits have changed (mostly grown!). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) estimates that greater than 50 percent of U.S. adults will be obese by 2030, and the rate of childhood obesity has already tripled in the past 30 years. Even obese children and adolescents can develop cardiovascular disease and diabetes, in addition to social stigmatization and poor self esteem.
The Food and Drug Administration has recognized the need to update the label’s information to help us make more sense of our current eating habits and dietary needs, so they're developing a new label which, after finalized, would start appearing on products within the next 2 years.
Will the new labeling format help? In addition to growing serving sizes, we also have newer information about what nutrients contribute to chronic disease risk. The formatting and emphasis on the new label attempts to highlight what is of top concern for consumers. For now, these are all only proposed changes, available for public comment through June 2. It is estimated that the average adult makes about 200 food decisions daily, so speak up to make your nutrition decisions easier!
Here is a breakdown to help make sense of the proposed Nutrition Facts label changes and how you can use them to make healthier choices. | <urn:uuid:6ff2cde0-1b2e-4a05-b63e-4bcd59cb84d5> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://verilymag.com/2014/03/what-to-expect-on-the-new-nutrition-label | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529664.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723193455-20190723215455-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.9418 | 353 | 3 | 3 |
(Charlotte Higgins’s article appeared in the Guardian, 11/10.)
Think of Greek tragedy and we tend to think of sad stories of the death of kings. Or, if not their deaths, then at least their comeuppances: Agamemnon killed in his bath by his wife; Ajax made mad and murderous by the gods; Oedipus blinded by his own hand; Jason destroyed after his wife, Medea, kills their children.
But only 32 complete plays survive, by just three playwrights – out of hundreds, or perhaps as many as 1,000 texts by around 80 authors. And, according to Matthew Wright, professor of Greek at the University of Exeter, the works we have by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides are neither necessarily the best plays of their time, nor especially representative. Some of these lost works, he believes, were likely to have been masterpieces: “There is no evidence that quality played a part in the transmission of the surviving texts.” | <urn:uuid:d36c2125-be57-43cb-9268-a24389d72a42> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://stagevoices.com/2016/11/16/lost-classics-of-greek-tragedy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824119.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212203335-20181212224835-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.987948 | 215 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion.
- Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves. (Of course, we shouldn't judge all Australians on the basis of one example.)
- I asked six of my friends what they thought of the new spending restraints and they agreed it is a good idea. The new restraints are therefore generally popular.
Identify the size of the sample and the size of the population, then show that the sample size is too small. Note: a formal proof would require a mathematical calculation. This is the subject of probability theory. For now, you must rely on common sense.
Barker: 189, Cedarblom and Paulsen: 372, Davis: 103
The content of this Fallacy originated from Stephen Downes Guide to Logical Fallacies. | <urn:uuid:cfd7b84c-b37f-462f-9dd5-ffb46189fe38> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.dogoodgauge.com/site/DoGoodGauge/fallacies/display/14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539447.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00208-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91482 | 173 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The Social Construction of Crime In the Atlantic World: Piracy as a Case Study
The eighteenth century was a hotbed of piracy. For years merchants and the British Navy employed seamen with steady work and pay, which made seafaring a respectable career. Unfortunately, the men who ventured onto the waters were faced with low and sporadic pay (the majority of which had to be sent home to families), frequent injury due to unsafe working environments, illness from spoiled food and rancid drinking water, and untimely deaths thanks to accidents and infections from the lack of proper medical care.
Superiors were cruel masters who often beat those stationed below them for the most minor infractions because they were corrupt and immobile in their rules and regulations. It is not surprising to find that many seamen abandoned ship in port cities throughout the world. However, what is especially notable is just how many of these seamen actively chose to leave what was deemed a respectable job for a life among pirates.
In contrast to the Navy and merchant ships, it has been suggested that pirates ran a democratic order where the men voted on rules, regulations, and leaders. Their plundering brought them quick wealth, which, in turn, led to higher-quality food and drinkable water. Pirates were given compensation for their illnesses and injuries and overall received better treatment due to the strict rules that they placed upon themselves. Indeed, it is not difficult to see why this life of crime proved to be a more desirable existence even when faced with social ostracism, persecution, and ultimately execution for their actions.
What makes a person a criminal? What makes a man a pirate? How and why were these people seen as law-breakers? What was licit versus illicit behavior and how were they differentiated from each other? This essay seeks to answer these questions by examining the social constructs of eighteenth-century colonial America and the Atlantic world primarily through newspapers, pamphlets, laws, and speeches as some key indicators of the societal norms of time. Legally, a crime has three components: mens rea, the mental state of the criminal; actus reus, acts committed; and locus, where the crime occurred. This made classifying pirates as criminals a difficult task because although the actus reus remained fairly consistent, the locus did not. The real threat of piracy came from its implied challenges to the laws and because they removed themselves from the states’ jurisdiction, formed extraterritorial enclaves, and waged private war for pecuniary ends. Newspapers were littered with articles detailing their misdeeds and foul ways.
Pirates were synonymous with criminals and their actions were always seen villainous. The very definition of a crime stems from the common actions of pirates: mutiny, robbery, and destruction of property. In one instance, a group of pirates stole aboard a ship and were said to have taken “Linen and other Goods … [and] from the Sloop about thirty Barrels of Flower.” This article describes a fight that broke out between the pirates and sailors in which the latter ended up being victorious despite suffering from wounds. There was another report that a group of pirates led by a man named Paul Williams stole aboard another ship and “took him 350 Ounces of Silver.” When the captain of this ship attempted to escape, the pirates “barbarously” beat him and left him within an inch of his life. All of these crimes warranted death sentences and nearly all caught and convicted pirates were executed for their misdeeds.
Most striking is how reports of piracy consistently acknowledged behaviors that had little to do with their actual crimes: public drunkenness and swearing. These types of actions were considered irreligious and therefore a crime in colonial America. The early American ideas of crime stemmed from moral and religious origins rather than just economic and political origins. According to crime historian, Samuel Walker, “crime and sin were virtually synonymous in this religion-centered society. An offence against God was a crime against society; and a crime against society was an offence against God.” Religious and moral ideals prevalent throughout Puritan and Protestant early American society were the driving forces behind the social construction of crime, especially in regards to piracy. To analyze this argument, this essay will first look at the crime of piracy as a whole and then at the religious construction of crime in the eighteenth century.
A brief survey of Britain’s North American colonies demonstrates that seventeenth and eighteenth-century codes of justice were heavily based upon the religious moral ideals of the time. In New England, people regarded crime as a sin and therefore their courts were seen as the guardians of Biblical precepts. Even natural disasters such as earthquakes, epidemics, and storms at sea were interpreted as divine responses to everyday mortal vices. Citizens regarded the law as a mechanism to secure a pure religious community that was free from sin and corruption. Puritan colonists believed that work was pleasing to God when performed in a regular and disciplined manner. Irregular work in the maritime world that alternated between frantic activity and idleness was a moral failing. In the colonies, the most prosecuted crimes were moral offenses, such as drunkenness and theft. The justice system was such that the majority of defendants could be terrorized into confessing crimes that they may not have committed. It has been argued that the New England and Chesapeake colonies were the most successful than any other British colonies throughout the Atlantic as suppressing crime and social disorder thanks to their harsh sentences.
In the eighteenth century the focus of crimes shifted from moral offenses to economic offenses, such as property destruction and theft, in the eighteenth century. However, it must be taken into account that primary research of newspapers shows no decrease in their reports of moral crimes. Moral crimes, such as swearing and drunkenness, clearly remained to be an issue throughout colonial America. This is evidenced in the newspapers, which consistently made references to these pirates’ habits – behaviors that were not mentioned in other articles detailing crimes such as murder or theft by other criminals. This is further supported by the fact that Massachusetts continued to undertake prosecutions of moral offenses throughout the eighteenth century. Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony saw themselves as on “‘an errand of the wilderness’ to build a model community of righteousness that would be a beacon to the world.” Other colonists, along with the Puritans, generally held a pessimistic view of humankind – “man was a depraved creature, cursed by original sin. There was no hope of Ôcorrecting’ or Ôrehabilitating’ the offender.” Punishments were always harsh, with branding and mutilation as the most common forms of sentences. The Puritans of Massachusetts, for example, sought to suppress Quakerism by cropping ears and administering severe whippings. Corporal punishments such as these were considered to be the norms in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The moral sentiments behind criminal laws extended from familial situations because the “family” was seen as the main social institution in colonial American life. A 1650 Connecticut law specified the death penalty for any sixteen-year-old child who “shall curse or smite their natural father or mother.” Respect for parental authority was seen as the necessary and proper training for religious discipline, which would carry on into the punishments directed at pirates. In retaliation, pirates would take these punishments and direct them towards civilians they chose to terrorize. Statistical analysis has shown that over one third of colonial American crimes were considered violent and less than one-fifth property. Pirates throughout colonial America and the Atlantic world uniformly committed moral and violent crimes, which people heard of throughout the colonies.
Violence has always been a source of fascination for the public. Early modern English men and women absorbed violent stories from newspapers as much as people do today. When the pirate Captain Kidd was sentenced to hanging by the British government, broadsheets detailing his career and dying moments were circulated around London because this was a public that doted on scandalous lives. Court records and popular entertainment in the Atlantic World during the early modern period frequently referenced brutal acts from drunken brawls, state-sponsored maimings, and executions. These accounts often claimed to offer moral lessons to readers, but it was the entertainment value that overruled any virtuous intent. Reports of piracy in seventeenth and eighteenth-century newspapers contained compelling accounts of violence, drunkenness, and swearing – three major acts that went against the reigning Protestant values.
The analysis behind the definition of violence enacted by government officials and pirates is strikingly similar. Melanie Perreault believes that the English saw violence as situational and that any act of violence had to be considered before it could be properly evaluated. She argues that the early modern English had three general classifications of righteous violence: state-sanctioned punishment or military action, actions taken in defense of community standards, and violence in the name of religion. Similarly, Robert C. Ritchie argues that there were three types of pirates: state-sanctioned pirates hired by governments to terrorize their political enemies, commercial piracy in which merchants hired pirates for their own profits, and deep-sea marauders who roamed the seas looking for targets. These latter types of pirates used organized marauding (remaining attached to a base of operation) and anarchistic marauding (leaving the base and wandering for months or years at a time). This particular study focuses on violence in the name of religion and the deep-sea marauders namely because the colonial-era newspapers do not distinguish between any of these three groups of definitions that were created by modern-day historians.
Society and pirates used a dialectic of terror against each other that was practiced in two ways. The first type was practiced namely by ministers, royal officials, and wealthy men who sought to eliminate piracy as a crime against mercantile property. These men would use terror to protect property, punish those who resisted its law, “to take vengeance against those they considered their enemies, and to instill fear into sailors who might wish to become pirates.” All of this was one in the name of the social order. The other type of terror that is the kind that was practiced by common seamen “who sailed beneath the Jolly Roger.” Pirates used terror to accomplish their aims: gain wealth, attack their enemies, and intimidate sailors, captains, merchants, and officials who might strike against or resist them. These types of attacks were detrimental to merchants and sailors, whose livelihoods depended on the goods they transported on their ships. Among the merchants, for instance, both the elite and the lesser ship-owners risked pirate aggression because trading vessels were not built for speed and if these businessmen were being pursued at sea it could take them several days to escape hostility.
Simple colonial American sailors had extreme concerns about their assets because they earned tiny wages that afforded them little more than basic necessities. Entire livelihoods were constantly at stake and when it came to individual property all classes were threatened. A 1717 report from the Boston Newsletter describes this: “…a Pirate Ship and Sloop are upon the Coast of Virginia, have taken several Vessels from Europe, some they plundered, and some they sunk.” Much of the colonial American economy depended on maritime business and trade so the newspapers would emphasize this threat to the local readers. Hearing reports of pirates sinking European ships right off the colonial coasts would have undoubtedly caused concern for those who depended on trade goods the ships may have possessed. Another article from the Boston Newsletter lists specific plundered items: “They took from the Sloop about thirty Barrels of Flower two Pipes of Wine…and from all the four Vessels such Provisions and other things as pleased them.” With these two social groups against each other, the line becomes blurred between the villain and the victim, the justifiable action and the crime.
The fear instilled in sailors and civilians was completely legitimate because pirates were known to torture their captives. Torture was their method to elicit information, punish governmental officials for attempting to capture them, and to punish unscrupulous merchant captains. Articles gave detailed descriptions of pirates “barbarously beating” ship captains and giving them threats such as, “to be skin’d and barbacu’d.” By instilling fear into governmental officials, the political leaders were able to turn around and plant that terror into civilians’ minds, which continued the reputation that pirates were violent, loathsome creatures. To emphasize this, harsh punishments were enacted against pirates who were captured. In one case, a convicted pirate named Joseph Andrews was sentenced to death and “hanged pursuant to his sentence. After he was dead, his body was cut down, and hanged in chains…” A public display such as this would serve as a dire warning to thieves upon the high seas as the laws against them tightened.
Crime was not a universal term in colonial America, nor did it have a single definition. The word “crime” was used as a genus composed of many offences or breaches of the law in order for a case to be considered or charged as a crime in the colonies. The action therefore had to include acts of treason, robbery, murder, or piracy. Other unlawful acts that were tried were those that included seizure of property, which was commonly associated with pirates during the eighteenth century. If such a robbery occurred, then the attitude was that those responsible for whatever theft were to be brought to punishment “for the public good of all commercial countries.” Piracy had been considered a capital offence since the Middle Ages and it was an act that was defined by being unique to the seas. Ever since waterways and the seas have been used for transport, there have been sea robbers ready to emulate their land-bound colleagues by taking the ocean’s bounty through plundering the remains of shipwrecks or seizure. These rogues were almost always sent to the gallows if they were caught with stolen property that was worth hundreds of pounds.
In addition to being criminals, pirates were also seen as synonymous with thievery and murder. Right before the breakout of the American Revolution, a man in Bristol, England, wrote to his friend in Salem to say that the British’s “conduct towards the Americans is horrid, cruel and detestable; they call you all thieves, pirates and rebels, for which in return I make no scruple to call them knaves, scoundrels, and spiritless slaves”. In retaliation to the British view of Americans, the colonists also pointed fingers back at their mother country during the outbreak of the war:
Why should we timidly look up any longer for protection to that unnatural power, which hath already tried its force to distress and subdue us by every cruel method of oppression and bloodshed…and after having tried in vain to subdue us by land, is now exerting her last feeble efforts to rob us, like pirates…
At this time, the English colonists at least had the assurance that the British Navy would protect their ports and ships. However, after the War the Americans found themselves to be at the mercy of North African pirates since they no longer had British naval protection. To the English, the Americans were no better than pirates for their rebellion; to the Americans, their British counterparts were at the same level as the sea rogues with the seizure of their maritime property.
The socialization of crime did not concentrate solely on the destruction of property that pirates engaged in; it also came straight from the bible so the colonial systems of punishment reflected the equation of crime and sin. Criminal codes were specifically designed to enforce public and private morals. Crimes of piracy could be used as a source of propaganda to keep religious order alive. One particular case study details the ordeal of a man named Philip Ashton who was forced into pirate captivity for three years. He wrote a memoir of his experience and Reverend John Barnard who preached about “God’s Ability to Save His People from All Danger immediately capitalized his trials,” immediately capitalized on the account to spread religious fervor.
The eighteenth century saw a period of secularization throughout the Colonies in which religious practice became institutional rather than individual. To combat this, ministers reached out to all levels of society with a personal, evangelical form of piety by publishing sermons and narratives to emphasize God’s control over creation. People were reminded that they had not been case aside by an indifferent God and that their lives were not without significance. Because the eighteenth century was a time of rapid change in colonial America, these types of narratives became a popular way for the clergy to impose order upon the people. New Englanders in particular felt that they had been offered evangelical hope on national and individual levels, which reaffirmed their identity as a people of God.
Ashton’s memoir also described the pirates’ plentiful drinking and swearing habits and claimed that they “were at an open Defiance with their Maker” and that they made an “agreement with Hell.” This further emphasizes the consistent pattern of moral judgments made when reporting cases of piracy as nearly every newspaper article made a mention of these habits. Propaganda and sensationalism made its way into the colonial newspapers. In one case in London, a Captain James Lowry was on trial for piracy and murder:
James Lowry being put to the Bar, and arraigned on an Indictment for Murder, which set forth, that he, James Lowry, late Commander of the Merchant Ship Molly, not having the Fear of God before his Eyes, but being moved by the Instigation of the Devil, did, on the 24th Day of December…board the said Ship Molly…cruelly and violently assault, strike, and beat Kenneth Hussack…of which Beatings, Wounds and Bruises, he instantly died.
This news made its way across the Atlantic and the Pennsylvania Gazette published a transcript of the court testimony and throughout the trial the defendant’s chief mate, James Gatharah, is quizzed about their habits, included drinking, which he emphatically denied. This implies that courts began their trials with preconceived notions of the justice’s outcome. Whether or not pirates were guilty of their crimes, their habits were highly sensationalized for the sake of readership and the moral and religious agendas of the times.
The religious principles of the eighteenth century stipulated that pirates were no better than savage barbarians and therefore must be feared and prosecuted. The popular opinion was that people felt their demise would brighten human nature and cause the seas to become a pleasant place one more. One man in New England wrote a letter to his friend in Glasgow, Scotland to express his personal feelings on the matter:
…And it is not self-evident there is no other Love to Men among them, but a mere Counterfeit such as may be found among Pirates, Robbers, Publicans, and Sinners? A disinterested Love to Enemies being what they are void of; a sure Evidence they are not the Children of our Father which is in Heaven.
Ministers emphasized these points against pirates by preaching that “Every willful Sinner is an Enemy to GOD” and that “God is able to inflict the deserved punishment, upon all that are in a State of Enmity against him.” Pirates were seen as the most depraved examples of self-indulgence because they were said to engage in “all sinful Compliances” while challenging God’s authority. They were “the worst of Men upon all Accounts.” To the distinguished citizens of colonial America, pirates had no place for God in their lives and therefore God could not accept them.
Merely having the idea of pirates removed from the grace of God in his mind echoed how people felt towards pirates on both sides of the Atlantic, although a minority of people in the upper echelon felt that all they needed to do was make themselves more useful to society. The Boston Newsletter urged is readers to “instruct, to admonish, preach and pray for them” because the pirates who had been executed for their crimes were without salvation. The public felt that some pirates’ attitudes might be “softened by the practice of agriculture, and the influence of religion. They might become defenders of the state, where they had a fixed settlement…” Pirates were seen as no better than the gravest of sinners who kept themselves in company of the devil.
This was no concern for the pirates, as they did not see themselves as religious men nor did religion matter to them. They saw themselves removed from any form of authority, particularly beyond the church. In terms of societal norms, it has been suggested that cursing, swearing, and blaspheming may have been defining traits of pirate-speech. Marcus Rediker notes an example of their tongue with source-description that shows how pirate Bartholomew Roberts swore at a British official “like any Devil.” In response, the British official fell to the ground “swearing and cursing as fast or faster than Roberts; which made the rest of the Pirates laugh heartily.” This suggests that not only was this a common type of speech, but it was also amusing. Pirates were gleeful when faced with a gentleman who spouted foul language with equal fervor. As explained above, swearing and any forms of blasphemy went against Protestant teachings and moral codes, which was clearly of no matter to pirates on the high seas.
Other popular papers deemed pirate behavior as barbarous and foul due to the way they spoke. Additional sources described them as “scandalous” and insolent. Papers encouraged people to “instruct, admonish, preach, and pray for them” as they led a “wicked and vitious[sic] life” hardened in their sin. Religious tracts in colonial America’s stance against crime can be dated back to 1648 with the Book of the General Lawes and Libertyes. This book was carried out by the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which carried a stronger religious influence than could be found in England. Due to the Puritan ideal of this colony, the Old Testament would often find its way into the English Common Law Heritage. This book would cite direct references from the Bible for authoritative purposes behind local laws. For example, one law states, “If any man or woman be a WITCH…they shall be put to death. Exod. 22. 18 Levit. 20. 27. Deut. 18. 10. 11.” The death penalty in colonial America stems from its popular usage in England. Although the colonists sentenced execution much less than the English, colonies such as Pennsylvania sentenced eleven crimes with the death penalty. With the Bible as support, crime and punishment relations took on a distinctly religious tone.
In 1797, the Committee of the Special Constables and the Society for the Reformation of Manners published an abstract, which included a section that was devoted to the laws against swearing. If any person was convicted of cursing or swearing (verbal blaspheme), then he was punished with fines that would double or triple, depending on how many times he was convicted. What is interesting to note is that a common day laborer, sailor, or soldier were fined one sterling; any other person “under the Degree of a Gentleman” was fined two sterling; and “every Person of or above the Degree of a Gentleman” was fined up to five sterling. This suggests that the higher rank in society a person kept, the higher standards they were held to. However, other evidence shows that money was not always sufficient enough to pay for a verbal assault. Edward Vickars, a servant, was arrested when he cursed and swore in public. At his trial, he was judged to be “highly guilty of Common & frequent Curseing and sweareing in a most prophane & blasphemous manner.” The Judge did not fine Vickars. Instead, he was whipped for his crime. Such examples had to be made or else the colonies would run wild with illicit chaos.
Irreligious behavior among lawful sailors has undergone analysis by historians such as Christopher Magra who argues that eighteenth century fishermen, merchant mariners, and naval seamen frequently drank to excess, used profane language, and spent much of their money on alcohol and prostitutes. These types of activities were considered to be classic maritime diversions. Social drinking drew fishermen together in the comfort of warm taverns and also because this culture allowed them to mock Puritan teachings. The colonies maintained strict religious observance on land so it is interesting to note how maritime laborers’ religious fervor diminished rapidly. Their irreligiousness was undoubtedly influenced by rigorous and dangerous work at sea that left men far from the influences of their homes and churches. These influences are further demonstrated by the fact that swearing and rough language was prominent among ships. Without homes and churches to discourage this behavior, which was particular frowned upon by Protestant sermons during the eighteenth century, sailors fell into the habit as an escape from their land-locked lives. Sea life was notoriously dangerous with poor food and water, dangerous working environments, harsh punishments, and land appointments surrounding taverns and brothels full of temptation. Life at sea was extremely lonely so it is not surprising to discover that seamen frequently spent their money on prostitutes because they “felt very lonesome, and had to go to Taverns, and spend evenings improperly.”
There were strict opinions of what was licit versus illicit behavior and one description showed up commonly in the newspapers when describing pirate behavior: drinking. The London Gazette reported that when pirates raided and took over a Boston-based ship, they would get drunk on Madera wine and then pass out on the decks, which ultimately led to their capture. In another case, two pirates named France Pye and Richard Paddy, were convicted and executed for robbery and murder on a ship. When they raided the vessel, Pye carried out his deeds while drunk on brandy. As shown, drinking and drunkenness were not condoned activities in the colonies. According to the abstract of the laws mentioned above, proper decorum dictated that one must not appear drunk in public or else they would face a large fine and spend hours in the stocks. These regulations included the alehouse keepers as well: if they were found to be inebriated for all to see, their establishments would get shut down for up to three years.
Maritime employees were also prone to excess drinking and alcoholic tendencies. Alcohol was extremely common among seamen because liquor numbed workers to their rigorous labors and provided an escape from their hard lives. Alcoholism was so prevalent that the navies had to resort to regular punishments for drunkenness. In fact, in 1650 the General Court in Boston prohibited sailors from drinking all spirits because the habit resulted in “the great dishonor of God, and reproach of religion and governments here established, which also oftentimes occasions much prejudice and damage to the masters and owners of such ships and vessels to which they belong.”
Daniel Vickers’s analysis of maritime drinking argues that fishermen did not drink as a form of escape but rather to deliberately mock Puritan ideals. Drinking was an activity to defy colonial norms and to create an insular community among sailors separate from their land counterparts. While Vickers does acknowledge that drinking in company was important because the warmth of the taverns provided comfort to men who worked in cold and wet conditions, he stresses that the public houses provided a cultural release for men for mock Puritan teachings. The purpose of drinking was to isolate them from society so the sailors could maintain their autonomy from colonial establishments.
With religion as a cultural backing, the public took a moral stance against crime and piracy. Newspapers often described murders with sensationalism, mirroring their own personal opinions on the matters. When pirates murdered the British Captain, Christopher Brooks, in 1734, the newspapers described the perpetrators as ruffians and deceitful wretches who wounded the sailors in the “most inhumane manner.” The disgust in this crime and those similar to it can once again be found in the above-mentioned be letter from a gentleman in New England to his friend in Glasgow, who stated that there is no love form men such as pirates, robbers, publicans, and sinners who “are not the Children of our Father which is in Heaven.” This reiterates the notion that pirates and similar criminals were among the fallen and could not rejoin the righteous. These common thieves had no business in society.
Piracy was a common problem in Colonial America and the Atlantic world. These crimes were rampant both on land and on the waters. Although Marcus Rediker argues that pirates chose their lives in search for a better living, society placed the label “criminal” onto them. Their actions of drinking and swearing went against common moral tracts that were printed and circulated in order to ensure a common code of behavior among the Protestant folk. Murder and robbery were offences punishable by death thanks to biblical influences, which dictated Commandments that specifically ordered execution to take place. To reiterate Samuel Walker’s point: “An offence against God was a crime against society; and a crime against society was an offence against God.” A person became a criminal by terrorizing the law and society. Illicit behavior was socially constructed to define codes of moral behaviors, such as anti-drinking and swearing laws that led to hefty fines and occasional imprisonment for land-based offenses. Pirates were unique in that they faced the death penalty for committing crimes at sea that would only be considered felonies on land. People feared pirates and the godlessness behind their actions not just for economic reasons such as theft and destruction, but because they represented everything that struck against early modern law and societal norms. They did not answer to any authority, government, state, or religion – the key factors that maintained a cohesive Atlantic world. Many newspapers exaggerated accounts and dramatized crimes for the sake of readership but this did not make the pirate issue any less of a concern for the Atlantic world. Pirates were not just economic foes against the British and colonists. They represented every blasphemy that the early modern Protestant society recoiled against.
Books and Pamplets
Adams, Reverand John. The Flowers of Modern History. Zachariah Jackson: Dublin,
Shurtleff, Nathaniel B. Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts
Bay in New England. Boston: William White Printing, 1854.
Abstract of the Laws Against Sabbath-Breaking, Swearing, and Drunkenness. Stockport:
Letter from a Gentleman in New England. 1742.
The State of Religion in New England. Glasgow: 1742.
“A Letter From Portsmouth, Dated February 1.” The New York Gazette. New York:
March 28, 1757.
“An Account of the Trial of Captain James Lowry, before the Court of Admiralty, held
on Tuesday, the 13th of February, 1752, at Justice-Hall in the Old Bailey.”
Pennsylvania Gazette. Philadelphia: June 25, 1752.
“Bermudas, July 30.” London Gazette. London: September 21 – September 24, 1717.
“Defence[sic] the II.” Pennsylvania Packet. Philadelphia: February 21, 1774.
“Georgia, Nov. 1, 1775: To All Men in all civilized Kingdoms, States, Provinces, and
Islands.” Pennsylvania Ledger. Philadelphia: January 6, 1774.
“From a New York Paper.” Continental Journal. June 6, 1776.
“Further Advices by the Packet, London, June 1.” The New York Gazette. New York:
August 14, 1769.
“London, August 2.” Salem Gazette. Salem: October 30, 1783.
“New York, May 6.” The Boston Newsletter. Boston: May 6 – May 13, 1717.
“New York, May 17.” The Boston Newsletter. Boston: June 17 – June 24, 1717.
“New York, May 29.” The New York Chronicle. New York: May 22 – May 29, 1769.
“New York, June 17.” The Boston Newsletter. Boston: June 17 – June 24, 1717.
“Philadelphia, June 20.” The Boston Newsletter. Boston: June 24 –July 1, 1717.
“Philadelphia, October 5: Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman in Bristol to his friend in
this city, dated July 20, 1774.” Essex Gazette. October 18 – October 25, 1774.
“Philadelphia, November 11, Extracts from the Votes of the Honourable House of
Representatives, October 31, 1775.” New York Gazette. New York: November 20,
“Piscataqua, July 19.” The Boston Newsletter. Boston: July 15 – July 22, 1717.
“St. John’s (Antigua) November 3.” New York Evening Post. New York: December 18,
“The Following Account of the Murder of Capt. Christopher Brooks, Commander of the
Ship Haswell of London, with his first and second Mate, we have extracted from the
Barbados Gazette, of the 27th of April past; written by James Hill, a Passenger on
board the said Ship.” The Weekly Rehearsal. Boston: June 9, 1735.
[No Title] The Boston Newsletter. Boston: June 26 – July 3, 1704.
Burgess, Jr., Douglas R. The Pirates’ Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History’s Most
Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008.
Hatfield, April Lee. Atlantic Virginia: Intercolonial Relations in the Seventeenth
Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
Leeson, Peter T. The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economies of Pirates. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 2009.
Rediker, Marcus. Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. Boston:
Beacon Press, 2005.
Ritchie, Robert C. Captain Kidd and the War Against the Pirates. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1986.
Vickers, Daniel. Farmers and Fishermen: Two Centuries of Work in Essex County,
Massachusetts, 1630 – 1850. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994.
Vickers, Daniel. Young Men and the Sea: Yankee Seafarers in the Age of Sail. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
Walker, Samuel. Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1980.
Armitage, David. “Three Concepts of Atlantic History.” The British Atlantic World
1500 – 1800, ed. David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick, Palgrave MacMillan,
Canny, Nicholas. “Writing Atlantic History; or, Reconfiguring the History of Colonial
British America.” Journal of American History 86, December, 1999.
Games, Alison. Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges, and Opportunities.” American
Historical Review, 2006.
Greenberg, Douglas. “Crime, Law Enforcement, and Social Control in Colonial
America.” The American Journal of Legal History 26, October, 1982.
Henrietta, James A. “The Northern Colonies as a Family-Centered Society.” Major
Problems in American History Volume 1: To 1877, ed. Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman and
Jon Gjerde. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Magra, Christopher P. “Faith at Sea: Exploring Maritime Religiosity in the Eighteenth
Century.” International Journal of Maritime History 19, 2007.
Perreault, Melanie. “‘To Fear and to Love Us:’ Intercultural Violence in the English
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Williams, Daniel E. “Providence and Pirates: Philip Ashton’s Narrative Struggle for
Salvation.” Early American Literature 24, 1989.
Marcus Rediker, Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004), 6 – 10. It must be noted that many pirates chose a life sea crimes if they had no other choice and frequently because they were rarely professionally qualified for any profession based on land. Pirates were generally young men who had once been in the Navy or employed on merchant ships. Additionally, many of them were runaway slaves who could not safely obtain employment anywhere else.
In order to connect the topic to the wider Atlantic world, this study is going to provide a different kind of study. In her essay ” Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges, and Opportunities” (American Historical Review, 2006, p. 750), Alison Games argues that the examination of the Atlantic world cannot simply be fixed in any one location. Studying the Atlantic world involves an examination of European movement from the continent to North America, the Caribbean, and South America. Colonial America will serve as my base, but the story takes place on the high seas. Marcus Rediker argues in his book, Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004) , that this type of lifestyle would appeal especially to the eighteenth-century pirates who thought of themselves as belonging to all nations. Nicholas Canny argues in his essay, “Writing Atlantic History; or, Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America,” Journal of American History 86 (December, 1999), when studying piracy, crime, and their societal constructions, the subject must encapsulate what has been called the “new social history.” The historians who originally pioneered this field of history came to prominence thanks to their extensive and groundbreaking studies of the demographics of towns, counties, and colonies in colonial British America. However, to take this a step further, examining the social construction of crime and piracy must honor scholastic pioneers. The questions stated above will be answered with a new constructional idea of these sea villains. David Armitage has broken up Atlantic history into three branches: circum, trans, and cis. To utilize his definitions, the project will fit into his idea of circum-Atlantic history in that I am taking away political borders by tracing crime and piracy as a whole. Armitage defines this specifically as “the history of the Atlantic as a particular zone of exchange and interchange, circulation, and transmission. It is therefore the history of the ocean as an arena distinct from any of the particular, narrower, oceanic zones that compose it. David Armitage, “Three Concepts of Atlantic History” from The British Atlantic World 1500 – 1800, ed. David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick (Palgrave MacMillan: 2009), 16.
Douglas R. Burgess, Jr., The Pirates’ Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History’s Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America (New York: McGraw Hill, 2008), 14 – 19. Burgess also points out that the term “pirate” may have been used loosely because they committed the same common crimes at sea that were committed on land: theft and murder. However, because they remained outside of state jurisdiction and terrorized at will, their crimes were tried harsher than felonies.
James A. Henrietta, “The Northern Colonies as a Family-Centered Society” Major Problems in American History Volume 1: To 1877, ed. Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman and Jon Gjerde (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company), 80.
For a detailed analysis of Philip Ashton’s experience, see Daniel E. Williams’ essay, “Providence and Pirates: Philip Ashton’s Narrative Struggle for Salvation,” Early American Literature 24 (1989), 170
“An Account of the Trial of Captain James Lowry, before the Court of Admiralty, held on Tuesday, the 13th of February, 1752, at Justice-Hall in the Old Bailey,” Pennsylvania Gazette, June 25, 1752.
Atlantic historian, Christopher Magra, has discussed irreligious behaviors among legal sailors in his article “Faith at Sea: Exploring Maritime Religiosity in the Eighteenth Century,” published in the International Journal of Maritime Studies, where he argues that sailors chose to leave their religious education behind on land in order to adapt to sea life. However, there has been little discussion on how and why pirates chose to lead irreligious lives.
“The Following Account of the Murder of Capt. Christopher Brooks, Commander of the Ship Haswell of London, with his first and second Mate, we have extracted from the Barbados Gazette, of the 27th of April past; written by James Hill, a Passenger on board the said Ship,” The Weekly Rehearsal, June 9, 1735. | <urn:uuid:2d65091f-d1c1-40b1-af6a-57f75dc1e856> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.earlyamerica.com/early-america-review/volume-16/atlantic-piracy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097757.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00164-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971571 | 8,550 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The United Macedonian Diaspora (UMD) honors the 116th Anniversary of the Ilinden Uprising when Macedonians rebelled against the Ottoman Empire on August 2, 1903 to regain their freedom, founding the first-ever democratic republic in the Balkans in Krusevo. For 10 days and nights, Macedonians experienced the freedom that they had risked their lives to achieve. The short-lived Krusevo Republic fell after an overwhelming offensive by the Ottoman armies that resulted in 200 villages burned as well as 6,000 soldier and 5,000 civilian casualties.
It is vital that Macedonians preserve the memory of Ilinden, and ensure that our historical figures like Goce Delčev, Pitu Guli, Dame Gruev, Jane Sandanski remain an integral part of the Macedonian anthem.
On this day, we also celebrate the 75th Anniversary of the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the People’s Liberation of Macedonia, ASNOM, which acted as the executive and legislative representative body of Macedonia and Macedonians from August 2, 1944 to the end of World War II. ASNOM laid the foundations of an autonomous Macedonian state where Macedonian culture, language, and heritage would be preserved.
Ilinden serves as a reminder to Macedonians of the battle for independence and the sacrifices our people made to achieve it. But the price of freedom is not cheap, and the preservation thereof not automatic. Macedonians must take a greater role in public service, not just in Macedonia, but also around the world where Macedonian communities thrive. Here at UMD, we encourage and support young Macedonians who are interested in politics and government to pursue their dreams. The ideals of democracy and freedom must be upheld for the sake and prosperity of future generations. Freedom is a gift achieved through sacrifice and selfless acts of bravely, both individual and collective, and it must be constantly safeguarded and protected.
When the Macedonian government ignored the results of the September 30, 2018 referendum and without respect of the Macedonian constitution changed Macedonia’s name, it gravely damaged and jeopardized the Macedonian cause and freedoms. We cannot sit idly while our basic human freedoms are infringed upon. To do so would be a disgrace to those who fought in the Ilinden Uprising. We urge Macedonians everywhere to take part in our efforts, work harder to unite our people, to let your opinion be known, and to engage with one another civilly so we become stronger. United, We Can!
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Key Stage 3
A small number of Year 7 and 8 students may require specific support with literacy and numeracy which can be taught in small Nurture Groups. Here the student’s individual needs can be addressed by specialist teaching and support staff.
Key Stage 4
In addition to their normal English and Maths lessons, many of our students also receive additional support in these subjects either through small group sessions during the school day, subject specific interventions or individual tuition during lessons. Progress in literacy and numeracy is also supported by the form tutor sessions that all students attend daily with their form tutor. | <urn:uuid:be930db5-fb26-4a60-a645-c1768446f378> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.colchesteracademy.org.uk/SEND-Curriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476374.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303111005-20240303141005-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.965563 | 121 | 2.796875 | 3 |
-Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564 -Oldest of seven children -His father wanted his son to study medicine because there was more money in medicine. -At the age of eleven, Galileo was sent off to study in a Jesuit monastery.
-After four years, Galileo told his father that he wanted to be a monk. -This was not exactly what father had in mind, so Galileo withdrew from the monastery. -In 1581, at the age of 17, he gave into his father’s wishes and entered the University of Pisa to study medicine, as his father wished. -By 1585 he gave up his courses in medicine and left without a degree to become a mathematics teacher.
-Galileo began teaching maths privately in Florence. -Public appointments. -Books and sharing his thoughts.
-Galileo was one among the first scientists who questioned the ancient ideas and disproved them. -The discovery of isochronism -Two objects with different weights fall down at the same speed
-Galileo invented a telescope that had 3x the magnification then Hans Lippersney Invented in 1608. -With this telescope he could see magnified, upright images of earth. -First to report lunar mountains and craters, made the conclusion that the moon is rough and uneven just like Earth. -Also he observed Venus, Milky way, and Saturn.
Galileo’s astronomical observations He observed that Jupiter had four satellites with revolving periods of about 2 to 17 days. He proved then that Earth is not the only center of motion in the universe.
Galileo’s astronomical observations He found that Venus goes through phases just like the moon. This disproves the Ptolemaic system wherein Venus will only have a 45 degree elongation and will only show a crescent phase according to geocenric model.
-Showing Planets were disks, not points of light -The great “cloud” the Milky way was composed of enormous numbers of stars that had not been shown before. -Planet Saturn had “ears” the rings of Saturn but his telescope wasn’t good enough to show them as more than extensions on either side of the planet. -Showing moon was not smooth.
Galileo’s astronomical observations He discovered that the surface of the moon is uneven, rough, full of cavities and prominences that contradicts the long held belief that heavenly bodies are perfect, smooth and incorruptible. He hypothesized that dark areas on the moon are marias or seas.
Galileo’s astronomical observations He observed blemishes on the Sun that we know as sun spots. Sun spots are large, comparatively cool areas on the Sun that appear dark because of their contrast with the brighter and hotter solar surface. Galileo observed that spots would move day and after some time disappear, and about two weeks same spots would reappear.
Galileo’s astronomical observations According to Galileo sunspots could be located either on the surface of the Sun or very close to it. And that these sun spots are carried around by its rotation. He also estimated that Sun’s rotation is a little under a month.
Galileo’s Experiments in Mechanics Galileo greatest contributions were in the field of mechanics. Mechanics is the study of motion and the actions of forces on bodies. He conceptualized that falling bodies of different mass would hit the ground at the same time but on Earth the event described could be affected by resistence.
Galileo discovered laws that invariably described the behavior of physical objects. The most far reaching is the law of inertia. Inertia of a body is that property of the body that resists any change of motion. If a body is at rest, it tends to remain at rest. Some outside influence is requiered to start it in motion Galileo’s Experiments in Mechanics
Rest was regarded as the natural state of matter. But Galileo showed that motion is as natural as rest. He reasoned that if an object is slid on a material that is frictionless it would continue to slide on. Friction is the resistance encountered by an object moving relative to another object with which it is in contact.
Galileo’s Experiments in Mechanics He also thought that force is required to 1. 1. Slow down 2. 2. Stop 3. 3. Speed up 4. 4. Or change the direction of a moving object.
Galileo’s Experiments in Mechanics Galileo also studied the way bodies accelerate. There is acceleration when bodies change their speed as they fall freely or roll down inclined planes.
Galileo’s Experiments in Mechanics He found that bodies accelerate uniformly. That is to say,in equal intervals of time,they gain equal increments in speed. Galileo formulated these in precise mathematical terms
-It is commonly believed that the Catholic Church persecuted Galileo for abandoning the geocentric (earth-at-the-center) view of the solar system for the heliocentric (sun-at-the-center) view. -He was sentenced to imprisonment, but that was later condemned to house arrest. -During this period, personal interpretation was a sensitive subject. In the early 1600s, the Church had just been through the Reformation experience, and one of the chief quarrels with Protestants was over individual interpretation of the Bible. | <urn:uuid:925ec511-e23b-403b-b9d9-e66fbf8b2097> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/2870427/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689624.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923104407-20170923124407-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.968875 | 1,118 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Food Sensitivity Testing
Why is it important to know what foods one might be sensitive to. Food allergy/intolerance is extremely common in the United States. Up to perhaps 50% of symptoms seen in the offices of general or family medicine practitioners are related to food sensitivity.
Symptoms maybe mild to debilitating. Some food allergy reactions occur immediately, but the majority maybe be delayed up to several days, making food allergen identification more difficult. Your doctor can perform several effective tests to help diagnose your food sensititivies, and many effective self-testing measures are also available.
Knowing and eliminating food allergies will usually make a significant difference in how you feel day to day and may even lessen your chances of developing a chronic illness. Some food allergies are “fixed” and lifelong, but most are temporary. Any two people allergic to the same food can be affected in an entirely different area.
Food allergy reactions can show up in nearly any organ or part of the body, either by excitation (stimulation) or inhibition. They are capable of giving rise to any set of symptoms these tissues or organs are able to produce.
To give you a better understanding of how people get ill, we need to describe some mechanisms of these inflammatory agents derived from allergic or allergic-like reactions. The lysosomal enzymes digest and destroy tissue. Histamine causes leakage from capillaries and produces tissue swelling, constriction of bronchioles, excessive mucus production, and more. Toxic oxygen radicals destroy cellular membranes, accelerate the aging process, and contribute to a list of illnesses.
Wether you have an autoimmune condition, hay fever, or food allergies, allergic or allergic-like phenomena all create inflammation. If the inflammation occures on the skin, a rash will develop. If it occures in the nose or sinuses, hay-fever-like symptoms will develop.
If the site of the inflammation happens to be in the brain, swollen and irritated brain cells can produce a host of symptoms: depression, fatigue, head pressure, dizziness, mental fogginess, difficulty concentrating. Other reactions of cerebral allergy include mood swings, learning disorders, hyperactivity, paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, manic behavior, poor memory, and seizures.
If the inflammation happens to be in the joints, arthritis, stiffness, pain occures. If it is in the muscles, there can be myalgias or muscle aches. If it’s in the bladdder, the symptoms are increased frequency of urination or recurrent bladder infections. If in the kidneys, unexplained blood cells or protein can appear in the urine. Inflammation in the bowel can cause diarrhea, constipation, spastic colon, mucuous colitis, bloating, nausea, gas and itchy anus. Any part of the body can be involved.
Your primary care physician will not discuss that with you, let us help you. | <urn:uuid:cd74f181-bce2-4a4c-acb8-b279e60068ef> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.drardiesingh.com/food-sensitivity-testing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487634616.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618013013-20210618043013-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.918855 | 594 | 3.46875 | 3 |
"Title VI of the Civil Rights Act at 50: An Unfulfilled Promise at EPA,"by Marianne Engelman Lado July/August 2014 issue of Poverty & Race
In 1987, Toxic Waste and Race in the United States, a report of the United Church of Christ’s Commission for Racial Justice, served as a wake-up call about the unequal distribution of health hazards in the United States. Researchers analyzed demographic factors and found that the race of the nearby population was the single most significant explanatory factor associated with the location of commercial hazardous waste facilities and uncontrolled toxics waste sites. Commission for Racial Justice, United Church of Christ, Toxic wastes and Race in the United States: A National Report on Racial and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites (1987). This finding has been replicated and further substantiated over time. See Luke W. Cole & Sheila R. Foster, “An Annotated Bibliography of Studies and Articles That Document and Describe the Disproportionate Impact of Environmental Hazards by Race and Income,” in From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement (2001), 167-183; see also U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Not in My Backyard: Executive Order 12898 and Title VI as Tools for Achieving Environmental Justice (2003), pp. 17-20; see also Manuel Pastor, Jr., Rachel Morello-Frosch & James Sadd, The Center for Justice, Tolerance & Community, Univ. of Cal. Santa Cruz, Still Toxic After All These Years…Air Quality and Environmental Justice in The Bay Area (2007); Joint Center For Political and Economic Studies, Breathing Easier: Community-Based Strategies To Prevent Asthma 2 (2004); Robert D. Bullard & Glenn S. Johnson, “Just Transportation,” in Just Transportation at 10 (Robert D. Bullard & Glenn S. Johnson eds., 1997). Most recently, a study published by the Environmental Justice and Health Alliance for Chemical Policy Reform found that residents living in proximity to facilities that store or use highly hazardous chemicals are disproportionately African-American or Latino. “Who’s In Danger? Race, Poverty and Chemical Disasters” (2014), at 2. Researchers and residents have analyzed the reasons for the fundamental inequality in exposure to toxic contaminants, which in turn leads to disparities in health, property value and basic quality of life. Urban affairs professor Myron Orfield wrote, for example: “The existence of racially segregated and high poverty neighborhoods, along with political powerlessness, contributes to serious environmental risks for communities of color.” Orfield, “Segregation and Environmental Justice,” 7 Minn. J.L. Sci. & Tech.147, 153 (2006). Mary Lou Mares, a California activist who fought a toxic dump near her Latino neighborhood, commented: “I thought it was just us until I began to hear about the Untied Church of Christ study and other studies…. Then I realized we were part of a national pattern.” Cole & Foster, at 25.
Reflecting on the sweeping promise of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color and national origin by recipients of federal funds, it is impossible to ignore continuing and extreme inequality in exposure to health hazards. Every day, across the country, states and localities approve permits for the operation of toxic facilities, and private actors—owners and operators of incinerators, refineries, scrap metal recycling sites, landfills —make decisions about where to site such facilities and also what safety precautions they are willing to take. Every day, school districts decide whether to locate a new school on a contaminated site and, if so, how far they’ll go to clean up the grounds, and municipalities are reopening brownfields for development. Yet even today, rarely do they analyze the potential risks and impacts on nearby communities and whether this permit, this facility, this decision exacerbates long-standing inequalities—for example, whether the facility will contribute additional risks to a population that is already exposed to multiple health hazards and suffering from poor health.
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination by all persons—including public and private actors, with bold language: “No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”
Title VI can be seen as a vehicle for accountability: If a state, locality or private actor takes federal money, it cannot engage in exclusionary or discriminatory activities on the basis of race, color or national origin. The legislation also empowers each federal agency that disburses federal funds to issue rules and regulations to achieve the objectives of the statute. With so much federal money from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of Energy, the Department of Agriculture and other federal agencies flowing to state and local agencies, as well as facilities that have environmental impacts, Title VI is a powerful tool for fighting discrimination based on race and ethnicity. As now Secretary of Labor Tom Perez wrote: “Title VI has been called the ‘sleeping giant’ of civil rights law. Title VI’s breadth of coverage is extensive and it can address a huge array of injustices….” Thomas Perez, Memorandum to Federal Funding Agency Civil Rights Directors (August 19, 2010), at 4. Yet, as Mr. Perez went on to say, “[A]ll too frequently this authority is underutilized.”
Historically, agencies were charged with implementing Title VI and ensuring that recipients of their funding complied with the law, and private parties could also go to court and challenge discriminatory practices. In 2001, the Supreme Court sharply curtailed the ability of victims of discrimination to enforce the law. In Alexander v. Sandoval, the Supreme Court ruled that victims of discrimination could only go to court if they could demonstrate that the discrimination was intentional, see Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275 (2001), despite the broad language of the statute and the fact that federal agencies such as EPA had interpreted Title VI to prohibit actions that have an unjustified disproportionate impact on the basis of race and ethnicity. As a result of the ruling, the public must rely on miniscule offices of civil rights (OCRs) at each federal agency for enforcement. According to a government website, EPA, for example, disburses more than $1.9 billion in federal money to more than 15,500 individual transactions, and yet Title VI compliance at EPA is theoretically policed by approximately seven or eight staff, who are also charged with responsibility for the agency’s equal opportunity in employment program. If the country were serious about addressing discrimination by recipients of federal funds, oversight of these federal dollars wouldn’t depend exclusively on such an anemic effort. The level of funding and staffing at EPA’s OCR is grossly inadequate.
Indeed, perhaps no agency has as infamous a record on civil rights enforcement as the EPA. As with other federal agencies, EPA is both responsible for enforcing Title VI and is also governed by Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations (59 Fed. Reg. 7629, Feb. 16, 1994), requiring that each agency “shall make achieving environmental justice part of its mission by identifying and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental effects of its programs, policies, and activities on low-income and minority populations” and must develop an “agency-wide strategy” to effect this.
Despite clear legal mandates, however, EPA has not yet made civil rights enforcement a priority. One explanation for this failure may be that EPA was established in 1970, at the tail end of the civil rights revolution. Unlike the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services, each of which have their roots in what was formerly known as the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, which brought enforcement actions under Title VI to desegregate hospitals receiving federal funds as well as schools, see David Barton Smith, Health Care Divided: Race and Healing a Nation (1999), EPA came of age during the backlash to the Civil Rights Movement and ultimately found itself on the defensive as it attempted to implement environmental laws. Civil rights complaints filed with EPA have simply languished. In Rosemere Neighborhood Association v. EPA (9th Cir. 2009), a federal appellate court observed that the “EPA failed to process a single complaint from 2006 or 2007 in accordance with its regulatory deadlines,” and showed a “pattern of delay.” In fact, EPA still has not completed investigations of at least four cases filed in the 1990’s. See “Complaints Filed with EPA Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,” available at http://www2.epa.gov/ocr/complaints-filed-epa-under-title-vi-civil-rights-act-1964. In 2012, an audit by Deloitte Consulting, LLP, which was requested by Administrator Lisa Jackson, reported that just keeping cases on track is a challenge for the agency. Deloitte characterized EPA’s OCR as “inadequate” and found that EPA lacked the skills and expertise necessary to accomplish its civil rights work. Deloitte, “Developing a Model Civil Rights Program for the Environmental Protection Agency,” at 8, 12.
To develop a meaningful civil rights enforcement program, EPA has work to do. The agency will need to develop and train skilled staff, clarify the applicable legal standards, work with recipients of federal funds to ensure compliance at the front end, when funds are disbursed, and engage stakeholders in a manner consistent with principles of environmental justice. Most of all, EPA needs to develop the political will to establish zero tolerance for discrimination and to impose meaningful remedies.
Meanwhile, communities of color across the country are bearing the burden of air pollution, water contamination and exposure to toxic sources. Whether or not lawyers can prove that governmental and private decisions affecting their lives are intentionally discriminatory, no community should be the dumping ground for hazardous waste, landfills and polluting industries.
In the words of Dr. Robert Bullard, often called the father of the environmental justice movement: “All Americans, white or black, rich or poor, are entitled to equal protection under the law. Just as this is true for such areas as education, employment and housing, it also applies to one’s physical environment.” Bullard, “Dumping in Dixie,” (1990), at 7. After 50 years, it is now time to fulfill the promise of Title VI.
As we look ahead to the future of civil rights in this country, there are signs of change, but the need to enforce the Civil Rights Act cries for action. The Environmental Justice Movement itself is reason for hope. Since the 1980s, when members of Warren County Citizens Concerned About PCBs protested against the construction of a PCB landfill in their neighborhood, people in overburdened urban and rural areas all across the country have been a force for change at the local, state and national levels. They have protested, testified, gathered evidence, educated the public, mobilized and even gone to court. Moreover, there are some signs of change at EPA, and advocates are hopeful that EPA can finally develop and implement a program to ensure civil rights compliance among recipients of its funds. While robust administrative enforcement of Title VI is critical, Congress should also restore a right of action for private parties to bring Title VI disparate impact claims in the courts. We have waited 50 years for meaningful enforcement of Title VI— equality and the right of all people to clean air, clean water and healthy environments demand action now.
Marianne Engelman Lado is a Managing Attorney at Earthjustice, a nonprofit environmental law firm that uses the power of law and the strength of partnership to protect people’s health, preserve magnificent places and wildlife, to advance clean energy and to combat climate change. She chairs Earthjustice’s Environmental Health Practice Group. mengel [email protected]
|Poverty & Race Research Action Council | 740 15th St. NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005|
©Copyright 1992-2018 Poverty & Race Research Action Council | <urn:uuid:3234e236-74fc-4e46-81e2-0203f921de4a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.prrac.org/full_text.php?text_id=1491&item_id=14956&newsletter_id=136&header=Environment&kc=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886794.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117023532-20180117043532-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.942074 | 2,570 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Translation is the act of taking written materials and converting it from one language into a target language. Any language can be translated into another, however, the degree of ease during which this happens can vary with the language chosen. A translator may work freelance, for a translation agency, or even in-house. Regardless of where at translator works, the act of translation is a creative process that is very much like writing. Some translators say that translating is similar to writing but is not the same, as the translators voice must not appear in the text. Others believe the process of translation has inherent creative processes that are similar or the same as the creative processes that occur during writing. Here are five ways in which they are very similar.
Translators are reading the written work for the first time, just as a writer does.
For some translators, the process of reading the book is one of discovery. The story has been written; however, the translator is discovering the written work for the first time. Just as “the writer hadn’t read the book before he wrote it.”, the translator is also discovering the book or written work for the first time, in a way that is separate from the reader. A reader is discovering the work but making no alterations to it.
The authorial voice of the book may shift from the writer’s to the translator’s.
During the process of translation, the voice of the translator may show up, whether it is intended to or not. Many translators work hard to limit their voice from speaking through the words chosen, but their contributions to the new version of the story may stand out. Translators make important decisions on how to convey the story’s meaning through the new language, and in doing so, the story may partially take on the translator’s voice, which creates something a work of art that is even more dynamic.
Translation is a creative process.
Every act of translation is a creative process, just as writing the original is a creative art form. Considering the definition of creativity, translation, then, means something new is formed. Translators read the original piece and make important decisions on what is happening, what to keep within the written work, what can be sacrificed, and what kind of voice to put to the text based on the nuances and cultural elements of the new language.
Translation expresses meaning and beauty.
What makes writing an art form is that both meaning and beauty are expressed to the literary audience. Translators are also faced with the task of communicating the meaning as well as the beauty of expressions, in the same way a writer conveys meaning and beauty through their original words.
Translation adds something to the original.
Some say that a translated version of a written work is very different form the original. Every word or phrase can be different from the original text, given the complexities of the translated language. This means there will be additions, deletions, but also certain elements may be emphasized, and in this way, the original is built upon.
Translation is a creative process that communicates, shifts, and builds upon the original written piece. Writing and translation together is a marriage of art forms – like a silent, fluid dance between the author and the translator that balances the complexities of two languages in a harmonious way. | <urn:uuid:45abfc24-5ecc-4dae-b18f-5b1294c9d9d8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.atia.ab.ca/tag/write/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474533.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224112548-20240224142548-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.964879 | 681 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Great photography is about depth of feeling, not depth of field.”
— Peter Adams
This post, and the next two are part of a series in which I’m addressing the topic of black-and-white. In the two first posts I provided an overview of what black-and-photography is about, in the third one I started a discussion on visualizing black-and-white images. So, in the next three ones I’ll provide some advice in order to start shooting images with the idea of converting them to black-and-white.
This series will include posts and videos that can be easily located by using the tag “learning-black-and-white” either in the search box above, or by directly clicking on the tag name at the bottom of this post.
This topic will be broken down in three different posts corresponding to the three aspects that I recommend to keep in mind when shooting black-and-white image:
- Understanding exposure
- Using filters to improve image quality, and
- Shooting RAW images.
The first aspect mentioned above really applies to photography in general, whereas the last two even though also apply to photography in general, in black-and-white photography are particularly relevant, we’ll see why during the development of the rest of the topic. Let’s get started with the first aspect.
Regardless the type of photography you do, getting a good exposure in-camera is a must in order to get good quality images to convert to black-and-white. In very simple terms, exposure is a combination of three metrics: Aperture, Shutter Speed, and ISO. So, first of all let’s take a look to a basic definition of each of these metrics:
Aperture: It controls the lens’ diaphragm, which opens or closes in order to control the amount of light going through the lens. Usually the lens aperture is measured in f-stops, going typically from f/1.2, f/1.4, etc all the way to f/22 and more depending on the type of lens. The higher the number, the closer the diaphragm, which results in a larger image Depth of Field (DoF). So, the lens aperture controls the DoF of the image, which according to Wikipedia “is the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image. In some cases, it may be desirable to have the entire image sharp, and a large DoF is appropriate. In other cases, a small DoF may be more effective, emphasizing the subject while de-emphasizing the foreground and background.”
Figure 1 is an example of using an small aperture in order to get all the image in focus (sharp). This image was shot at f/25, 1/80 sec, ISO 320. Using an aperture bigger than f/25 would probably get some of the areas in the foreground or background out of focus. Now, take a look to figure 2, this image was shot with a big lens aperture (f/1.4, 1/500 sec, ISO 200), so clearly the background is de-emphasized by using a very narrow DoF in order to focus the viewer’s attention on the subject, in this case the leaf.
Shutter Speed: It’s the speed in which the shutter opens then closes, determining this way the time the digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light. Usually shutter speed is measured in fractions of a second ½ sec, ¼ sec, ⅛ sec, etc all the way up to 1/4000 and more depending on the characteristics of your camera — longer exposures all the way up to hours, are totally possible depending the kind of camera you have, I´ll talk more about this topic when we cover long exposure photography as part of this series. Shutter speed controls the image motion. In simple terms, if the shutter speeds is equal or greater than the speed of the moving object, this will be recorded tack sharp, otherwise a blur will appear. Figure 3 is an example of using a fast shutter speed in order to freeze the action in the image, this image was shot at 1/200 sec, f/4, ISO 640.
ISO: In film, ISO indicated how sensitive a film was to light, whereas in digital photography ISO is an arbitrary measure of the relationship between exposure and the sensor data values that determines the amplification of the signal on the sensor in order to mimic film sensitivity. In real film photography high ISO values produced a bigger grain, whereas in digital photography higher ISO values produce noise. Now, the advantage of the digital approach is that much higher ISO values than in film can be achieved, and thanks to in-camera and post-processing technologies, noise can be highly reduced. Nevertheless, in general terms the safest ISO values for digital cameras today — regardless of the manufacturer — are between 100 and 400. At more than 400 you will start getting some noticeable noise in your images. Figure 4 is an example of using a high ISO value to capture an image. Given the low light conditions in circuses a high ISO value had to be used to shot this image (ISO 1250, 1/500 sec, f/9). Thanks to the use of different techniques in post-processing to eliminate noise, this image can easily be printed in a large format, in subsequent posts in this series I’ll address some techniques you can use to get rid of noise but again, in my book, high ISO values must be used just as a last option.
As you may already know, these three metrics are obviously interconnected, most photographers and educators have tried for years to represent the interaction among the three into the context of the “mythical” exposure triangle, but don’t get obsessed on the “triangle” representation, actually it’s a triangle only because there are three aspects to control, but the interaction among the three of them has nothing to do neither with a triangle side proportion nor vertex proportion. We’ll get back to this topic in another post later in this series, but for now it’s enough to remember the following three aspects before you go ahead and start practicing using different combinations of these three variables by yourself, which in my opinion is the best approach to grab the way these three variables work together. So, here you go:
- The more available light, the the smaller aperture you can use. Remember, every stop value is a fraction number — so, for example f/22 is smaller than f/1.2. The smaller aperture, the larger DoF.
- The more available light, the faster shutter speed you can get. The faster shutter speed, the sharper moving subjects you’ll capture. Remember you are measuring the time the sensor is exposed to light, so 1/1000 sec. means a faster shutter speed than 1/500 sec.
- The more available light, the lower ISO you can use, and in this way you can get good quality images! Remember ISOs values higher than 400 will get noisy images.
As I said, as part of this series I’ll publish more specific posts regarding exposure that hopefully will help you to reinforce the concept, but for now all you need to know in order to start practicing, and make sense by yourself how to play with these three exposure variables (aperture, shutter speed, and ISO) is here. So, go ahead and practice, and let me know how it goes.
In the next post I’ll start discussing using filters to improve your in-camera captures and after that, we’ll close this topic discussing why it’s so important to shoot RAW. So, keep in touch.
I do appreciate your comments and suggestions. If you are interested in more information regarding the making of my images, as well as general information about black-and-white photography, please subscribe to my blog to receive automatic notifications every time I publish a new post.
Website – http://www.enrique-pelaez.com/
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ARI SHAPIRO, HOST:
Now, we're going to talk about kids and screens. Here in the U.S., the struggle is to keep screens away from kids, limiting screen time and all of that. In rural Ghana, there is the opposite problem. Children at the Betenase M/A Junior High School want to use computers or even just know what they look like, but the school doesn't have any. A computer teacher came up with a creative solution to the problem, and photos of his classroom went viral. NPR's Malaka Gharib of our global health blog Goats and Soda corresponded with him and is here to tell us more. Hi.
MALAKA GHARIB, BYLINE: Hello.
SHAPIRO: You corresponded with him because the phone lines aren't very good, so you've been texting this teacher.
SHAPIRO: Explain what he does to teach computers.
GHARIB: So Owura Kwadwo Hottish - he's the name of the teacher - he's 33 years old. He basically draws these extremely painstaking illustrations of Microsoft Word and other computer programs on a chalkboard using colored chalk. And he draws every single icon, every single feature and with extreme...
SHAPIRO: The bold, the italic...
GHARIB: The bold, the italics, the horizontal scroll, the vertical scroll bar - with extreme detail. And so it takes him about 30 minutes to draw the drawings on the chalkboard. And he has to erase the chalkboard after every class because there's another teacher who needs to come and use the chalkboard.
SHAPIRO: Why is he doing this? What's he hoping to teach the kids by drawing in chalk the layout of Microsoft Word?
GHARIB: Well, he hopes that when the students actually do confront a computer, maybe in their professional - these are just junior high school students - that they'll know how to use the computer and at least to be able to turn the computer on and off and navigate the actual physical computer.
SHAPIRO: Tell me about his background because he's clearly familiar with computers and yet he doesn't have one in the classroom.
GHARIB: And doesn't have one at home really - a functioning one. He's got something that - he says his battery dies a lot and he can't bring that to school. But he studied computers in school and just has a passion for it.
SHAPIRO: And his story has totally taken off. When you were texting him about this, what was his reaction?
GHARIB: He said that he was really surprised that the world had cared so much about his story. I think that he thinks that his drawings were the things that fascinated people the most.
SHAPIRO: They're very intricate.
GHARIB: They're very intricate, yeah, and he has gotten just so much international press and social media buzz for having shared the photos that he posted on Facebook.
SHAPIRO: There are a lot of schools in rural Ghana and other rural parts of the developing world that don't have computers. Is this the typical way to teach computers in those kinds of places?
GHARIB: Yes, absolutely, and that's why he was surprised with all the fanfare around his chalkboard drawing. This is a standard of teaching computers in this part of the world. And, yeah, he said that it's just a normal thing for him to do.
SHAPIRO: Since this story took off, there has been talk of nonprofits sending computers to his school. Microsoft weighed in. Any word on what's going to happen?
GHARIB: Since the last time we spoke about a couple of days ago, he said that he - a lot of people have promised but none have actually delivered yet.
SHAPIRO: NPR's Malaka Gharib. Thanks, Malaka.
GHARIB: Thank you.
SHAPIRO: And you can see photos of the chalkboard renditions of Microsoft Word and read Malaka's correspondence with the teacher at npr.org/goatsandsoda.
(SOUNDBITE OF HEXSTATIC'S "CHASE ME")
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Housing is essential for society and the economy, as well as for individuals and households. The right to adequate housing is vital and represents a base for all economic, social, and cultural rights [1
]. According to the UN, adequate housing was recognised as part of the right to an adequate standard of living in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights [2
]. The right to housing enshrined by the UN is not just a right to a basic shelter, but to adequate housing, which includes a set of interlinked factors in terms of the physical structure of the housing. These include affordability, legal security of tenure, the immediate housing environment; the availability of services, facilities, and infrastructure; and the community, i.e., neighbourhood and social relationships, cultural adequacy, and collective efficacy [3
The housing situation is also a critical social determinant of health [5
]. A shortage of suitable housing and poor housing situations affect health. Nearly 200 years ago, the New York Board of Health wrote in Reports of Hospital Physicians (1832): “The real suffering of the poor is easily explained. They lived in the worst houses in the most crowded portions of the city and could not afford to flee when threatened by the epidemic”.
COVID-19 has significantly affected the world’s economy, demographics, and human behaviour [7
]. The housing sector was important during the pandemic, which brought extended periods of lockdowns [8
]. During lockdowns, people were forced to do all activities at home. The lengthy periods indoors created various health, physical, psychological, and social challenges, as well as challenges associated with dwelling characteristics, such as maintaining physical distance in apartment buildings where lobbies, elevators, or laundry facilities are shared. Housing thus became a focus during the pandemic [11
The first case of COVID-19 in the Nordic region was in northern Finland on 29 January 2020, and the second two days later in Sweden. A month later, the virus began spreading in the Nordic countries, mainly from individuals returning from winter holidays in Northern Italy. In Sweden, the second case was confirmed on 26 February. Thereafter, the virus began to spread mainly in Stockholm and at the largest Swedish skiing resort in the Jämtland Härjedalen region, with the Stockholm region accounting for around 40% of all national cases by the end of April [12
Sweden suffered during the early phase of the epidemic compared to the rest of Scandinavia, with very many people infected and a high number of deaths, especially among those over 70 living in elderly care facilities. The measures introduced by Sweden were less strict than other Nordic countries and focused on guidelines and recommendations instead of imposing restrictions and lock-downs, with the measures being voluntary rather than compulsory to a high degree [12
The Public Health Agency of Sweden introduced a set of recommendations such as encouraging individuals to avoid public transport, crowding, social gatherings, and all non-essential travels, including that between regions; to work from home when possible, to make arrangements to secure social distancing, and to move to distance teaching in high schools and universities [12
With the start of the epidemic in 2020, data showed a rise in mortality and morbidity from COVID-19 among immigrants in Scandinavian countries. Until the mid-20th century, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden had a relatively similar immigration history. Since the 1970s, Sweden has received the largest share of refugees per capita in Europe, reflected in the proportion of immigrants in Scandinavian countries: 19.6% in Sweden, 14.7% in Norway, and 10% in Denmark. Given the large number of infections and deaths, Sweden represents the most substantial evidence of disparities in the effect of COVID-19 by country of birth in Scandinavian countries. Immigrants suffer from poorer socioeconomic conditions in terms of lower incomes and lower employment rates, is the gap in employment rates between immigrants and the rest of the population reaches 25% in Sweden. In addition, residential segregation occurs, where immigrants live in immigrant-dense neighbourhoods with a high overall population density [14
Socioeconomic status (education, income, and employment status), number of working-age household members, and neighbourhood population density explain up to half of the increased COVID-19 mortality risks among migrants in Stockholm [15
]. Sigurjónsdóttir et al. (2021) examined the factors relating to increased risk of COVID-19 infection in Scandinavian countries at the city-district level in socio-economically vulnerable, low-income districts in Oslo, Helsinki, Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Malmö [12
]. The studied factors were annual income, the share of residents with foreign backgrounds, the share of inhabitants working in exposed occupations, and overcrowded housing conditions. In addition, in in-depth studies at the sub-district level in Stockholm and Malmö, the study used more variables, such as household sizes, educational level, car ownership, and spatial density. The results indicate a higher spread of COVID-19 among the population with foreign backgrounds, with low-income earners and vulnerable immigrants suffering most. Place of birth, spatial segregation, socioeconomic inequalities between neighbourhoods, and housing conditions impact the daily lives of this population and, depending on where they live, can increase the risk of being infected with COVID-19 [12
Similarly, Florida and Mellander (2020) studied the geographic factors associated with the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden. They found an association between the geographic variation of COVID19 cases and factors such as density, population size, socioeconomic characteristics, household size, and predominance of elderly homes. However, they concluded that all these variables provide little explanation for the variation of COVID-19 across Sweden [13
Our objective is to investigate the connection of the spread of COVID-19 per capita in Sweden’s municipalities with housing and the housing situation in these municipalities. Hence, the main research question we seek to answer is: does a relationship exist between housing and the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden’s municipalities? That is, our purpose is to analyse the impact of housing conditions on the spread of COVID-19 and not the impact COVID-19 has had on the housing market.
Our main contribution to the research is empirical. Unlike previous studies, we focus on the importance of the housing situation to general health and the spread of COVID-19 in particular. Admittedly, many of the relationships that appear are not causal, but it is nevertheless interesting to make them visible. The focus has been on the importance of housing, but a picture emerges of the importance of socioeconomic factors, showing vulnerability and clarifying how society should prepare to manage future crises.
There are several reasons that vaccination rates could differ between two groups of people: vaccine accessibility, vaccination priority based on risk level, vaccine acceptance, and hesitancy due to historical or cultural reasons [16
]. A recent study in Sweden shows that a large portion of the population (around 20%) firmly say no to getting vaccinated [17
]. A noticeable limitation in this paper that would have improved our analysis is the availability of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons in different municipalities. We also did not discuss various communication channels that health agencies and municipalities utilised in sharing information related to COVID-19.
The rest of the paper is divided into five main sections. Section 2
provides a literature review for the importance of housing and its relationship to COVID-19 and health. Section 3
describes the different data sets used and explains our research methodology. Section 4
presents the description of the empirical results. Section 5
discuss the results, and the last section includes conclusions drawn from the study.
2. Literature Review
The World Health Organisation [18
] emphasises that housing conditions and quality have significant implications for peoples’ health and can reduce disease, save lives, and increase quality of life. In addition to its role in achieving several Sustainable Development Goals, including good health and wellbeing (SDG 3) and sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), housing is important because the world’s urban population is predicted to double by 2050, with commensurate increases in demand for housing in developing and developed countries.
illustrates the importance of housing for individuals and households. The home protects the individual in the form of shelter. Housing that meets the most basic requirements also enables physical, mental, and social wellbeing. The individual feels that they are part of a community, which is vital for feeling well. The essential factors that create belonging are associated with home, memory, familiarity, and local social relations. In addition to the continuity of residence as a determining factor for belonging to a neighbourhood, housing also provides security, privacy, and a perceived sense of safety. People’s overall happiness or quality of life correlates with housing satisfaction and conditions. Housing characteristics and types significantly impact residential satisfaction [19
]. Housing is more than just shelter; it also fulfils several human social needs. Housing satisfaction can also be viewed as an indicator of individual happiness and wellbeing [21
The community-health aspects of housing go back to the social reformers of the 19th century [23
]. The link between poor housing and poor health was established as early as 1842, in Edwin Chadwick’s ‘Report into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain’ [24
]. John Snow (1855) indicated the impact of housing on people’s health and wellbeing by providing statistical evidence of the relationship between residence and cholera infection in London [25
This still holds today. During the COVID-19 pandemic, housing played an essential role in the progression of the pandemic and responses to it [26
]. Housing is a significant social determinant of health [27
]. One of the most important inequality dimensions impacting the pandemic is housing [28
There is a wide-ranging and growing body of knowledge about health and housing [29
]. Taylor (2018) classifies research on housing’s impact on health into four main pathways [31
First, the ‘stability’ pathway concentrates on housing insecurity’s physical and mental health effects, including significantly higher morbidity [32
]. Pollack et al. (2004) examined the association between housing conditions in terms of tenure and self-rated health for a sample of the population in Germany. The study provides evidence of a significant relationship between house ownership and self-rated health in Germany. People living in rented homes have poor self-rated health [33
Second, the ‘safety and quality’ pathway focus on the health effects of conditions inside the house, where environmental factors such as inadequate ventilation, high humidity, and residential crowding, which represent the most frequently used indicators of housing conditions, are all correlated with poor health [24
]. Many studies indicate the possibility of improving health through enhancing housing quality. Jacobs et al. (2009) analysed the relationship between health status and housing quality over time by studying housing and health trends from about 1970 to 2000 for the US population and its housing. The results indicated consistent relationships between housing conditions and certain health trends over time [29
]. Bonnefoy (2007) refers to the housing environment and conditions as significant factors affecting human health [34
]. Moreover, housing conditions can be related to poorer health outcomes and the spread of infectious diseases [35
Third, the ‘affordability’ pathway describes the health effects of unaffordable housing. Bailey (2020) emphasises the association between housing and health and the role of affordable housing in supporting people’s health. High housing costs worsen low-income families’ health and forces them to make difficult choices between spending on essential needs—such as medicines, food, and heating—and paying rent. The absence of affordable housing obliges families to live in housing or neighbourhoods that lack proper health and safety conditions, increases the number of family members living in one house together, and worsens adults and children’s physical and mental health conditions [36
Fourth, the ‘neighbourhood’ pathway focuses on the health effects of the environmental and social characteristics of the neighbourhoods in which the people live. Neighbourhood segregation, crime rates, and social capital affect health [31
Our study can be characterised as combining some of the housing characteristics described in the pathways above. Low-income households living in rental apartments with high rents might be subject to overcrowding, contributing to poor health and the spread of diseases such as COVID-19.
3. Data and Methods: Explanatory Analysis
The exploratory analysis will consist of several steps. The theoretical starting point is that the geographical spread of COVID-19 is affected by many factors. How people live and how their homes are shaped is an essential piece of the puzzle in understanding the spatial spread of COVID-19. First, we present the dependent variable in the analysis. This, of course, refers to the number of COVID-19 cases per capita in 290 municipalities in Sweden in 2020/2021. Then, several underlying independent control variables are included in the analysis, such as population characteristics and socioeconomic factors. The main focus of this study is the variables that measure housing and housing conditions in the municipality. We use a large number of variables that are quite highly correlated. Therefore, we begin the exploratory analysis by analysing the correlations between included variables. Then, we perform a principal component analysis, where a number of new variables are created that consist of all components included in the analysis, but in which the new variables are not correlated. In the last step of the exploratory analysis, these new variables are used to estimate direct and indirect effects in a spatial regression analysis.
The variables consist of aggregated data at the municipal level. The sources for the data are Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Public Health Agency. The number of COVID-19 cases per municipality refers to the pandemic period, February 2020 through April 2021. Data regarding population and socioeconomic factors refer to the most recent available year, usually 2019. This also applies to the factors that measure the housing situation in the municipalities. Table 1
below illustrates descriptive statistics regarding the number of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and the variables that describe the housing situation in the municipalities.
The variation in COVID-19 cases between Swedish municipalities is considerable, from only 167 up to 9700 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The mean number of COVID-19 cases was over 653, with a standard deviation of 889. Of course, the large spread is explained because the municipalities have different total and elderly populations sizes.
illustrates the spread of COVID-19 cases per municipality. The redder the municipality, the more COVID-19 cases reported. Some geographical clusters have more cases of COVID-19. The three metropolitan regions, for example, have more cases per 100,000 inhabitants compared with many other cities. The purpose of the exploratory analysis is to investigate whether the housing situation in the municipality can explain this geographical variation.
The distribution of COVID-19 cases between the municipalities in Sweden is random, as partially stated earlier in the literature, but we hypothesise that variables that measure the housing situation in the municipality play an essential role. The housing variables included in the analysis are described below.
3.1.2. Housing Characteristics
Our theoretical starting point is that housing and living conditions impact health and the spread of COVID-19. We analyse several variables, all of which are intended to quantify housing in the municipality in different dimensions, namely, (1) housing stock, (2) special housing for the elderly, (3) type of tenure, (4) housing situation, and (5) segregation.
First, we relate the number of dwellings to the number of residents in the municipality. The fewer homes, the higher the housing density on average. The number of dwellings is also related to the municipality’s area. Higher housing density can have a negative impact on the spread of COVID-19. In other words, there is a positive correlation between housing density and COVID-19 cases. The variation in size between the 290 municipalities is considerable. On average, the municipalities have just over 17,000 homes, but the standard deviation is as much as 37,000. The smallest municipality has only 1140 homes, while the largest (Stockholm) has 498,000 homes.
Second, the amount of elderly housing per capita varies between the municipalities. An increased proportion of special housing for the elderly probably negatively impacts the spread—the average number of elderly housing units per municipality is 478. However, the variation is considerable between the municipalities, with only 24 units in the municipality with the lowest number of units and 11,587 in the municipality with the most. This variation is also a result of population variation across municipalities in general, and specifically the variation of the population over 85.
Third, another group of variables intends to measure the tenure form of housing in the municipality. Here, we use the ratio of the number of dwellings in multi-family houses to single-family houses. The hypothesis is that a higher proportion of dwellings in multi-family houses increases the spread. We have also included the number of owner-occupied housings related to the total number of dwellings. Again, there is no clear hypothesis, although it can be expected that homeowners have a higher average income and a lower housing density, which have influenced the spread of the virus. All the housing tenure variables interact with demographics, education, and place of birth variables in our extended models. On average, the housing of Sweden’s population is divided among 10% condominiums, 65% single-family homes, and about 23% rental stock. However, the variation between Sweden’s municipalities is significant. There is a complete lack of condominiums in some municipalities, while in others, almost two-thirds are condominiums. We can observe the most significant variation within the group of single-family houses, between 3% and 88%. The proportion of residents in rental housing also varies considerably.
Fourth, we have also included variables intended to measure how “difficult” the housing situation is in the municipality. We measure this, among other things, by comparing housing prices to the average income of municipality inhabitants. We have also included the proportion of households that cohabitate with adult children. We hypothesise that the housing situation in the municipality has meant that the spread of COVID-19 has been greater than would otherwise have been expected. Two measures of housing market strain are used. Both measure housing affordability in some form. House prices indicate how limited the housing supply is in relation to demand in the local housing market. Of course, demand is affected by many factors, such as income and other socioeconomic factors, but housing prices are undoubtedly a function of both demand and supply. Low supply in relation to demand means that prices are higher. On average, the price of a single-family house in Sweden is SEK 2.2 million, with a standard deviation of as much as SEK 1.7 million. The cheapest single-family house costs just SEK 300,000 and the most expensive SEK 11 million. The second variable used to measure affordability is the proportion of households with adult children (over 18 years of age) cohabitating. On average, that proportion amounts to 40%, with a variation of 16 to 78%.
Finally, we measure how housing-segregated the municipality is in terms of ethnic background. This variable’s expected effect on the spread of COVID-19 is not apparent, but a cautious hypothesis could be that increased segregation of low-income households’ harms health and thus has a positive impact on the spread of COVID-19. The segregation index measures the proportion of the population that must move to achieve a completely even distribution of all residents in the municipality. The variation is noticeable from only 1.6% to 46.8%, with an average of 23%, i.e., a quarter of the population must move in order for us to achieve an even ethnic distribution in the municipality. The measure is most suitable for analysing segregation within a municipality over time and not comparing municipalities. Figure 3
below illustrates the correlation between the housing variables used in the analysis.
The correlation between the number of dwellings in the municipality and the number of elderly dwellings is significant, with a positive correlation coefficient of 0.98. We can also note that the correlation between housing prices and the proportion of condominiums is positive and relatively high (0.76). The proportion of single-family houses is unsurprisingly negatively correlated (−0.84) with the proportion of condominium housing, and the shares of rental apartments and single-family houses are also highly negatively correlated (−0.77). We can also note a high negative correlation between housing prices and single-family houses.
The correlation indicates that it will be difficult to draw any conclusions if all variables explain the spread of COVID-19 between Sweden’s municipalities. Therefore, we have chosen to use a method called Principal Component Analysis. What we do, in principle, is group the variables that have a high mutual correlation and create so-called components or factors. These constructed components will be mutually uncorrelated by definition and can be used as independent variables in the regression models.
3.1.3. Control Variables
Housing variables impact the spread of COVID-19 between the municipalities, but several underlying factors are also important, as indicated by, for example, Florida and Mellander (2021) [13
]. These include the age distribution in the municipality, the proportion of migrants, income level, and level of education. We include these as control variables in the exploratory analysis and these variables interact with the housing variables. The higher the average age in the municipality, the more people are hypothesised to be infected with COVID-19. The proportion of migrants and the education level can affect the spread, as migrants and the low-skilled may be less informed about protecting themselves. These groups may also be more likely to drive buses or taxis, clean, work in elderly care, or do other jobs significantly affected by the pandemic. Increased income is thus expected to reduce the spread of COVID-19 cases.
As mentioned earlier, we are using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to analyse the housing and control variables. PCA is a statistical transformation to convert a set of correlated variables into linearly uncorrelated variables, enabling us to reduce the dimensions while retaining most of the information and identifying the most influential variables [37
]. PCA was performed with one as the Eigenvalue threshold value. Table A1
in Appendix A
illustrates the PCA results for the housing variables, and Table A2
in Appendix A
illustrates the PCA results for all housing and the interaction variables between the housing and control variables.
As Table A1
illustrates, two factors were extracted, each with Eigenvalues above one, explaining 74% of the total variance. The analysis shows that about 50% of the total variation is explained by the first principal component and 24% by the second component. Table A2
also shows the factor loadings for the variables, where the variables with factor loadings lower than 0.60 indicate that those variables do not fit the factor solution well and should possibly be dropped from the analysis [38
The components hh1 and hh2 can be described based on the factor loadings. The component hh1 measures the total housing stocks, housing price, and non-owner-occupied houses, which can be hypothesised to be positively related to COVID-19. This component can be categorised as a combination of the stability and affordability pathways. The component hh2 includes mostly variables indicating the degree of the populations living in rental apartments in segregated areas (the neighbourhood pathway), which can also be hypothesised as positively related to COVID-19. However, unexpectedly, the proportion of households with adult children at home has a negative loading.
Two tests were used to test the data’s suitability for Principal Component Analysis. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measures the sampling adequacy for each variable and the complete model. The test value is between 0 and 1, and a KMO test value of more than 0.5 is considered adequate [39
]. As Table 2
shows, the KMO test value is 0.591. The second test is Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (X
2 = 3707.978, p
= 0.00), where a significant p
-value of less than 0.05 indicates that Principal Component Analysis is adequate and valid for our data.
illustrates five extracted factors, each with Eigenvalues above one, explaining 81.31% of the total variance. The analysis shows that about 41% of the total variation is explained by the first principal component, 18% by the second component, and around 12% by the third component—together, 71% of the cumulative explained variance for the first three components. The last two components explain about 10% of data variance. Regarding the measurement of sampling adequacy, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) value is 0.855 > 0.5, and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (X
2 = 14626.423, p
= 0.00 < 0.05). This indicates that Principal Component Analysis is adequate and useful for our data.
The components h1–h5 can be described based on the factor loadings. The component h1 comprises older people and is expected to positively relate to COVID-19 infection per capita (socioeconomic factors). The component h2 can be characterised as younger individuals with higher educations and living in owner-occupied dwellings with children (stability and affordability pathways). The expected relationship to COVID-19 cases is positive. In Sweden, kindergartens and schools for children aged 6–16 remained open during the pandemic, with few exceptions. According to the assessment of Public Health Sweden, closing all schools in Sweden was not an effective measure. This decision was based on analysing the situation and the potential consequences of school closures on Swedish society. Thus, the expected relationship to COVID-19 cases is positive, with schools remaining open during the pandemic. Component h3 measures the degree of unemployed persons born abroad and primarily living in rental apartments (stability pathway), and is positively related to COVID-19. Component h4 measures the housing quality and percentage of adult children living with parents (affordability and quality pathway); the higher the housing quality and the fewer adult children living with parents, the fewer COVID-19 cases expected. Component h5 measures the geographical size of the municipality (neighbourhood pathway); larger size and less density should result in lower COVID-19 cases.
presents the descriptive statistics regarding the components focusing on their rank. The first two components used in Model 1 (baseline model) are hh1
. By definition, the mean value will be equal to 0 and the standard deviation will be equal to 1. However, we can note that component hh1
has a skewed distribution towards positive values, while hh2
is negative. The component hh1
shows a higher variation across municipalities than component hh2
. The range for hh1
is equal to 9, while for hh2,
it is around 6. In Model 2 (extended model), we will use the components h1
. The first three components have a positive skew, while the last two have a negative skew. It is primarily component h1
that shows considerable variation across municipalities. The range for h1
is equal to 14.23, indicating that variation is high. The other components have much less variation, around half for h2
compared to h1
. Figure 4
and Figure 5
below illustrate the spatial distribution of components hh1
, and components h1–h5
By definition, the components are not correlated. Nevertheless, one can see relatively clear patterns in geography. Housing component hh1 (blue map) has a concentration in the metropolitan regions and municipalities in central Sweden also have positive values for the component hh1. This does not apply as clearly to component hh2 (red), which is concentrated in Sweden’s central and southern parts.
Component h1 (red) is mainly concentrated along the coasts of Sweden, including the metropolitan regions, while component h2 (green) is more spatially concentrated in municipalities in and around the metropolitan regions. Component h3 (blue), on the other hand, is primarily concentrated in the middle and southern parts of Sweden, excluding the metropolitan regions. Component h4 (purple) is predominantly concentrated in central Sweden, excluding the metropolitan regions, and component h5 (grey) is primarily concentrated in northern Sweden’s interior.
In order to examine the relationship between COVID-19 cases per capita and the variables created through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the housing and control variables, we have estimated a linear regression model; the results are presented in Table 3
. In the regression model, housing and control variables were considered explanatory variables, and COVID-19 cases per capita were the dependent variable.
The explanatory variables explain approximately 39% of the variation in the dependent variable in Model 1 (baseline model). All the explanatory variables are statistically significant with expected signs. Component hh1 is significantly stronger than component hh2, in that the estimated parameter has a significantly higher magnitude. The standard deviation of parameter estimation is also more minor than the coefficient compared to hh2. That is, housing stock and housing prices (affordability pathway) seem more important than rental housing market size and degree of segregation (neighbourhood pathway).
In Model 2 (extended model), the degree of explanation is much stronger. Almost 72% of the variation between Sweden’s municipalities in the spread of COVID-19 can be explained. Moreover, the variables that describe the housing situation are significantly more convincing when interacting with the background variables. Component h1 has the greatest impact and is statistically significant at a 1% statistical level (socioeconomic and demographic factors). Hence, the size of the housing market and special housing for the elderly can explain a large portion of COVID-19 cases per capita and municipality. This also applies to component h3, which measures the number of foreign-born persons, unemployment, and rental apartments (socioeconomic factors and the stability pathway). However, all components are significant at a 5% level. As expected, h1–h3 positively affect the spread of COVID-19, while h4 and h5 have a negative effect (affordability and quality pathway). Thus, all these effects are in line with expectations.
We have also analysed whether the parameter estimates are constant between the municipalities and the municipality types. We have partly analysed large and small markets by analysing the municipalities with fewer homes than average, compared with those with more than average. We have also analysed the municipalities with low and high housing prices. The results of these analyses can be found in Table 4
The analysis of parameter heterogeneity is interesting and very clear. In smaller and more affordable municipalities, h2 and h3 (the affordability, neighbourhood, and stability pathways) play a role in spreading COVID-19. At the same time, in larger regions, components h1 and h3 (socioeconomic and demographic factors and the stability pathway) are the prominent explanatory factors. It is also clear that the degree of explanation differs markedly between the smaller and larger municipalities. In smaller localities with lower housing prices, only about one-quarter of the spread of COVID-19 can be explained by the housing variables, but in larger municipalities where housing prices are higher, almost 80% of the variation can be explained. The spread of COVID-19 in smaller municipalities with lower housing prices can be explained by other things not included in our models, and the housing and the other independent variables included can explain a large part of the spread in larger municipalities. Hence, in the smaller municipalities, there is a risk that we have excluded variables that should be included and that this may have created an omitted variable bias.
Spatial data tends to be spatially dependent, caused by either spatial heterogeneity or spatial dependence. Therefore, we have analysed the results by estimating spatial autoregressive (SAR) models and spatial error models (SEM). We use the inverse distance between the municipalities as a spatial weight matrix (row standardised). The results from these models are presented in Table 5
The spread of COVID-19 between the municipalities does have spatial dependence. The results from the SAR and SEM models are partly different in that all parameter estimates are not statistically significant. Similar to the OLS estimates, the models in which the interaction variables are included better explain the variation in the spread; Models 3 and 4 have greater explanatory power than Models 1 and 2, according to AIC. Component h1 clearly still best explains the variation in the dependent variable. The other components have a lower significance level, with components h4 and h5 differing from zero at a 5% level of statistical significance in Model 4.
Housing characteristics and health factors associated with human wellbeing may seem obvious in our daily life. Nonetheless, after the COVID-19 pandemic, a better understanding of the potential outcomes of their interactions is necessary. Proximity and prolonged contact between household members could contribute to the spread of the viruses in households and subsequently in the broader community, including workplaces, schools, and houses of worship where individuals interact outside the home. Numerous studies have sought to establish the extent and the direction of any perceived relationship between housing and health factors. The contributions of numerous essential factors to household wellbeing are already well established. However, the simultaneous role of housing as a sanctuary, providing comfort, privacy, and security as well as minimising the spread of the COVID-19, has not been previously explored.
The main focus of this study is to ascertain the existence and the extent of any perceived relationship between housing and the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden’s municipalities. First, several variables concerning housing and housing conditions that could capture availability, crowding, and quality effects in each municipality were collected and analysed. Not surprisingly, many of the variables, especially those associated with housing stocks and tenures, were highly correlated with each other. Including all the variables in the analysis of possible relation to the spread of COVID-19 would make drawing any reliable conclusions difficult. Thus, exploratory and principal component analysis (PCA) allowed us to generate a set of uncollated relevant variables suitable to estimate the direct and indirect effects of the spread of COVID-19 in different municipalities in Sweden.
To a certain degree, our results provide a plausible explanation of how the combination of various housing characteristics and socioeconomic factors would have helped or hindered the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden. The PCA’s two main components, measuring housing stocks and housing tenures and the degree of the population living in rental apartments in segregated areas, indicate spatial dependence and a positive relationship to COVID-19. Similarly, the other five components obtained from the PCA (based on control variables) indicate geographical patterns related to the spread of the COVID-19. For instance, a high number of COVID-19 cases were reported on the coast of Sweden, where major cities are located, and a high concentration in older people is evident.
Furthermore, based on parameter heterogeneity analysis, our results show that housing stocks and house prices in different regions play a role in the spread of COVID-19. In other words, housing availability and affordability contribute to how different municipalities experienced the pandemic during the study period. Concerning the spatial distribution aspect, the component representing the number of elderly houses and older persons best explains the variation of COVID-19 cases observed in different municipalities. To a lesser extent, two other components, representing housing quality and geographical size in different municipalities, are statistically significant and thus seem to contribute to the spread of COVID-19.
A couple of important suggestions could be derived from our exploratory analysis of housing and the distribution of COVID-19. Although this study was carried out at the municipal level rather than specific areas of each municipality, the availability of more affordable and better housing qualities in most vulnerable areas would create an environment where housing stocks can fulfil both the sanctuary and quarantine needs during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. These improvements in the quality and affordability of housing might also contribute to the wellbeing of households living in the so-called miljonprogram, who experience overcrowding and other socioeconomic challenges. Elderly housing is another sector that requires comparative assessment since the older population was the segment of society that experienced the most significant share of COVID-19 cases.
Preparedness for health crises such as COVID-19 and the implementation of policies and strategies to minimise socioeconomic consequences necessitate the allocation of necessary resources and prior knowledge of vulnerable groups in the society that might not be easily observed before a pandemic occurs. The policy implication of this study is that municipalities should strive to provide proper housing to curtail the spread of diseases in vulnerable groups such as low-income households and the elderly population.
One of housing’s main characteristics is an intrinsic connection with the surrounding neighbourhood. Thus, further investigation and more focused analysis of specific areas in different municipalities could yield meaningful relationships between housing conditions and the overall wellbeing of households. | <urn:uuid:f2644227-7e4a-4f69-9e65-8f89b4806d6c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/1/71 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500356.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206145603-20230206175603-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.952104 | 7,871 | 3.484375 | 3 |
falks i need some hard questions on projectiles & newton's laws of motion....
for starters think about the motion of a projectile with drag that is proportional to the square of velocity. Express the position in terms of cartesian coorinates and then transform to cylindrical. Comment on what set is better for a given set initial conditions.
To make things more complicated add invariable wind (or a constant applied force in an inertial direction)
Another complicated problem is to consider a particle attached to 2 springs. Each spring is connected to the ceiling and makes some angle between the horizontal and the particle. Each spring has a different spring constant. Find the equations of motion of the particle. Plot the phase between the x and y coordinates. Design spring 1 such that the particle will retrace its path with each cycle. Determine the maximum amplitide of the particles displacement from the equilibrium position. Assume m = 1 kg, theta1 = 30 deg, theta 2 = 60 deg, k2/k1 = sqrt(2). for the EOMs assume k1 = 1 N/m.
Derive the equations of motion for a spherical simple pendulum. (This is a pendulum that is free to rotate is both the horizontal and vertical planes)
Separate names with a comma. | <urn:uuid:08b2d884-2488-4ca8-ac56-4fe95e7b88d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/questions-on-projectiles-newtons-laws-of-motion.98444/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118743.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00466-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89879 | 270 | 3.71875 | 4 |
A Brief History Leading to Botnets
It all started with a moth. In 1947, Grace Murray Hopper, a researcher at Harvard, notes a system failure and finds a moth trapped in relay panels - and there you have it, the first computer bug. Skip to 1981, the first virus (the term hadn't been coined virus until '83) is released into the wild. The Elk Cloner reflected the camp spirit of the frontier days of computing in the early '80s. It was written by 15-year-old Rich Skrenta for Apple II's DOS 3.3 operating system and passed along on floppy disks to his friends (as you can imagine, Skrenta went on to work in Silicon Valley and co-founded the search engine blekko). The next milestone was the coinage of the phrase computer virus; in 1983 Professor Len Adleman at Lehigh University demonstrates the concept at a seminar.
Fast forward to 2008, and enter Conficker: the worm that infected so many computers that as of February 13, 2009, Microsoft is offering a $250,000 reward for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the individuals behind the creation and/or distribution of Conficker.
Now, looking at spam and how much spam can be sent, check out this wikipedia link
for a full list of the most notorious pieces of malware ever to slime their way into your system. We know around 200 billion spam emails
are sent per day. Yeah, per day.
So this brings the series to a close. I want you to take an active part in making malware a thing of the past. But it will only happen if you are constantly on guard. It doesn't take much effort, just a few simple good habits to live by. Don't open any attachments from people you don't know or open files you aren't expecting to receive. Do not click on any pop-ups that encourage you to download anti-malware software; reputable anti-malware companies DO NOT advertise in that manner. Keep your anti-malware programs up to date. But most importantly, DO NOT PIRATE YOUR OPERATING SYSTEM; this leaves you vulnerable to a plethora of hazards that can bring your computer and your IP address to the mercy of the botnet bandits. | <urn:uuid:84c3fad1-819f-41a3-8abc-e9da9f70ac5f> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.benchmarkemail.com/blogs/detail/who-can-fatten-your-inbox-the-spammer-man-can-part-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375091751.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031811-00046-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955105 | 465 | 3.15625 | 3 |
It's a magical moment.
First an egg, then a caterpillar, then a chrysalis, and then a butterfly, Danaus plexippus.
We took some images of a monarch eclosing back on Sept. 10, 2016. It was late in the season. While other monarchs were migrating to coastal California, some were fluttering into our yard in Vacaville, Calif., nectaring on blossoms, mating, and laying eggs on milkweed, their host plant.
The caterpillar, from the first instar to the fifth instar, munches the milkweed like there's no tomorrow (maybe there isn't?), and then forms an emerald green chrysalis, dotted with gold that's reminiscent of royalty. When it turns transparent, you can see the familiar black and orange wings, a promise of what's to come.
It takes about two weeks for an adult butterfly to emerge from its chrysalis and then it slides out--swoosh!--and hangs upside down, pumping fluids into its expanding wings. When the wings dry, off it goes. Sometimes it soars high into the sky. Sometimes it just lingers.
If you're a butterfly aficionado, you never get tired of watching that magical moment when a monarch ecloses.
Here's to Independence Day and to America's favorite butterfly, the monarch.
We first saw her at 10 a.m. on Oct. 27, 2017.
She was eating. That's what monarch caterpillars do best. They eat. A lot.
"Where have you been?" I asked. "Where have you been hiding? Your siblings have long gone. Your buddies passed through here in late August and September on their way to their overwintering sites in Santa Cruz and beyond."
How could I have missed her? This one was a fifth in-star and almost ready to pupate.
"Let's see. When your mama laid the egg, you hatched in about three to four days. You'll be a caterpillar for 10 to 14 days. Then you'll be in the pupa stage for 10 to 14 days. But that's all under normal conditions, summer conditions. This is fall, not normal conditions, little buddy."
The chubby black, yellow and white monarch caterpillar kept eating. "YOU could have been eaten, little buddy," I told her, glancing at the hungry California scrub jays vocalizing in the cherry laurels. True, milkweed contains a poisonous toxin that protects monarchs from predators, but birds do eat them. "Just not as much," says Louie Yang, associate professor of entomology at the University of California, Davis.
Then there are the other deadly encounters. Tachinid flies and braconid wasps parasitize the caterpillars and chrysalids. And some fall victim to that dreaded disease, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, caused by an obligate, protozoan parasite.
Give her a chance, just a chance...
So, awed by her unexpected appearance, we prepared the indoor butterfly habitat for its last tenant of the season. Our monarch-rearing kit features a Patron tequila bottle; the narrow neck prevents the 'cats from drowning, and the broad, heavy base assures stability (this is one bottle that doesn't get tipsy!). Just add water, milkweed stems and the caterpillar, and center the bottle in the zippered habitat. Then you wait for the caterpillar to create a silk button and form a J. And then a chrysalis. And then an adult ready to generate more generations.
This November tenant, however, chose the most fragile, overhanging milkweed stem in the bottle to pupate. No mesh ceiling for her!
When the jade-green chrysalis formed on Nov. 4, it looked like a jeweled ornament dangling from a Christmas tree. Or a mid-life chrysalis.
Now, "hurry up and wait." In ideal conditions, a monarch ecloses in 10 to 14 days. In ideal conditions.
Nothing happened for 10 days. Then 12. Then 14. Then 18.
On Day 19, Nov. 22 (the day before Thanksgiving), the chrysalis darkened, revealing the orange, black and white wings in all its transparency. The chrysalis bulged, throbbed and swayed. Out slipped the butterfly, wings flat, wings pumping. She clung to the pupal case as her wings expanded. A big, strong and healthy girl.
On Thanksgiving Day, four adults, two dogs and one butterfly celebrated in Casa de la Garvey. At least we think the butterfly celebrated. She dropped to the floor of her habitat and sipped orange juice and a honey/water mixture. Then, sustained, she fluttered up to her perch, and began searching for an opening, an escape.
She. Wanted. Out.
Hmm...No way would she be able to fly three hours to the overwintering site in Santa Cruz in the cold and rain. And then there are those hungry California scrub jays hanging out in the cherry laurels...Just waiting...
It just so happened that a friend and pollinator advocate, Rita LeRoy, the self-described "farm keeper" at the Vallejo School District's Loma Vista Farm, Vallejo, was heading to Santa Cruz on Friday, the day after Thanksgiving, to show her out-of-town relatives the overwintering migratory butterfly sanctuary at the Natural Bridges State Beach Park. That's about a 100-mile trip from Vallejo.
Could Ms. Monarch hitch a ride?
She could. And she did.
Rita, who delights in showing area schoolchildren the monarchs that frequent Loma Vista Farm--she's also a Monarch Mom who rears and releases monarchs and is active in the Bay Area Pollinator Posse--unzipped the mesh habitat at the butterfly sanctuary.
Her sister-in-law captured an image of Miss Monarch in freedom's hands.
Wow! Just wow! From a caterpillar to a chrysalis to an adult. And there she was! In Rita's hands. In Santa Cruz. In the migratory butterfly sanctuary. With her buddies. Or soon-to-be buddies.
"She flew so fast that we didn't get a picture of her flying away," Rita lamented. "She was anxious to join her new friends."
"It was a beautiful day," Rita said, adding "Thank you for allowing me the pleasure of setting her free. I was so sad that my last ones (monarchs) didn't survive. It was really nice to have this happy experience."
Once upon a monarch...thanks to Rita, the ending could not have been better...
The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, has butterflies in its gift shop that will never leave you, never migrate and never die.
Think stuffed animal/puppet in a zippered pouch that resembles a chrysalis. Unzip one section and out pops the familiar black, yellow and white caterpillar. Unzip another section and out pops the iconic monarch butterfly.
Monarchs are just part of the animal menagerie in the Bohart Museum gift shop. Besides the monarchs, you'll see stuffed animals resembling bed bugs, lice, tardigrades and mosquitoes. You'll find t-shirts, sweatshirts, books, posters, jewelry, insect collecting equipment and insect-themed candy, all ready for gift-giving. Proceeds benefit the Bohart's many educational and public outreach activities.
And now, mark you calendar! In keeping with the widespread interest in monarchs and other butterflies, the Bohart Museum is hosting a special open house, "Eggs to Wings: Backyard Butterfly Gardening," on Sunday, March 19. The event, free and open to the public, takes place from 1 to 4 p.m.
Meanwhile, other open houses, all scheduled from 1 to 4 p.m., will share the spotlight:
Sunday, Jan. 22: 1 to 4 p.m.: “Parasite Palooza: Botflies, Fleas and Mites, Oh, My”
Saturday, Feb. 18: (varying times throughout campus): Biodiversity Museum Day, an opportunity to explore 11 UC Davis collections
And toward the end of the academic year is the campuswide UC Davis Picnic Day, an annual open house set Saturday, April 22. The Bohart Museum will greet thousands of visitors from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.
The insect museum's regular hours are from 9 a.m. to noon and 1 to 5 p.m. Mondays through Thursdays. The gift shop is open year around. The museum is closed to the public on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays and on major holidays. Admission is free.
So here's this newly eclosed male monarch trying to sip a little nectar from a Mexican sunflower (Tithonia).
A female longhorned bee, probably Melissodes agilis, seeks to claim it. There's no such thing as sharing, especially when nectar is at stake and it's first-come, first-served. However, the monarch is well positioned. There's no room for both a butterfly and a bee. Not at the same time.
Then a male longhorned bee (probably Melissodes agilis) targets the monarch. Shoo, monarch! Outta here! I'm saving that flower for my girl!
If you look closely at the male bee/male monarch photo, you can see the monarch's wings don't seem quite right. They're not. Greg Kareofelas, associate at the Bohart Museum of Entomology, UC Davis, points out that "the wings are deformed; they did not fully expand and dry straight."
As for the longhorned bee, Melissodes agilis is one of more than 1600 species of undomesticated bees that populate California.
To learn more about bees in California, get a copy of the landmark California Bees and Blooms: A Guide for Gardeners and Naturalists (Heyday), the work of bee experts Gordon W. Frankie of UC Berkeley and Robbin W. Thorp of UC Davis, photographer/entomologist Rollin E. Coville, and UC Berkeley botany expert Barbara Ertter.
All have UC Berkeley connections. Thorp, distinguished emeritus professor of entomology at UC Davis, received his doctorate in entomology from UC Berkeley. Coville, who took the amazing, incredibly detailed photos for the book, also received his doctorate in entomology from UC Berkeley.
The book also includes information on 53 bee friendly plants--like Tithonia!--and how to grow them.
Tithonia, a member of the sunflower family Asteraceae, is a favorite of insects. Pull up a chair at a Tithonia patch near you and observe the diversity of foraging insects. Among them: honey bees, bumble bees, sweat bees, longhorned bees, and assorted butterflies, including monarchs, Western tiger swallowtails, Gulf Fritillaries, skippers, California buckeyes, mournful duskywings, painted ladies, and cabbage whites. And oh, some predators, too, including praying mantids and wasps (insects) and crab spiders and orb weavers (spiders).
There's never a dull moment in the Tithonia patch.
For the last several months, we've seen monarchs laying eggs on our narrow-leafed milkweed.
A daily check yielded "zero" caterpillars. Zero. Nada. Zilch. One reason is apparent: two nearby nests of Western scrub jays filled with chirping babies. Birds aren't known for eating a large quantity of monarch caterpillars--they don't taste good--but they will still eat a few.
They didn't eat this one.
It was tucked away, hidden from sight. Then we found another caterpillar, also hidden.
In the interests of conservation--and to prevent predation--we placed them inside our indoor butterfly habitat, purchased last year from the gift shop at the Bohart Museum of Entomology, the University of California, Davis.
The rest, as they say, is history and herstory. A male eclosed from the first chrysalis, and a female from the second.
It's one of Nature's miracles. From an egg, to a caterpillar to a chrysalis to an adult Danaus plexippus.
One week, it's a hungry fifth-instar caterpillar...then it's a gold-dotted, jade-green chrysalis, a joy to see. When the chrysalis turns transparent, you can make out the colorful butterfly inside--Nature's gift that's soon to eclose.
From chrysalis to adult, the male took 10 days.
From chrysalis to adult, the female took 9 days.
We've already released the male. He soared high into the sky, at least 80 feet, and headed for an oak tree as a Western scrub jay eyed him. Whew! The predator did not pursue him.
The second monarch, the female, just eclosed this afternoon. It's Freedom Day tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:f04efd38-3e65-44b5-b128-e9bc33b87492> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://ucanr.edu/blogs/bugsquad/index.cfm?tagname=monarch%20butterfly | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592150.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721012433-20180721032433-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.941781 | 2,795 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Back in 1964, a Zambian teacher vowed that his country would beat America as the first country to put a man on the moon, and then they would go on to Mars. Unfortunately, his dream never came to fruition. The Zambians worked hard, though. His "astronauts" rolled down hills in barrels to get used to traveling through space. They practiced walking on their hands, as their leader assured them that was the only way to get around on the moon. But it all came to nought, because the United Nations wouldn't give him the $700 million he needed to fund the space program.
|Liveleak on Facebook| | <urn:uuid:fb50d4a6-f270-4e19-b964-5d6a256df14d> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=852_1295304798&comments=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644068184.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025428-00139-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983293 | 132 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Wherever there is moisture, moderate temperatures, and a supply of organic food there are fungi. Since they digest their food outside of their bodies, they literally live within their food supplies. When the area around them is depleted, they grow into a new supply. They occur worldwide, although there may be more taxa in the tropics—an assertion that is difficult to support because while there are an estimated 1.5 million species of fungi, less than 10 percent of them have been described. About 500 species are marine; the rest are terrestrial with several thousand described symbionts and plant and animal pathogens.
Fungi usually are the primary decomposers in their natural habitats and are capable of digesting a wide array of organic materials—including, unfortunately, some substances of economic importance to humans. Most are saprobes, but some, like their animal relatives, attack living prey, a notorious example being the fungus that sets hyphal traps, ensnares and then digests nematodes. Many fungi are parasitic and the major pathogens of many crop plants such as corn and wheat. | <urn:uuid:f8f4812e-8661-4c47-bcb8-ff249fda340a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/biology/plant-biology/fungi-not-plants/ecology-of-fungi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689471.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923033313-20170923053313-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.965225 | 221 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Latest Metalloids Stories
LA CANADA, Calif., Aug. 8, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- California Gold Corp. (OTCBB:CLGL; the "Company") is pleased to announce it has completed an initial closing with Mexivada Mining Corp.
LA CANADA, Calif., June 27, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- California Gold Corp. (the "Company" or "California Gold") (OTCBB: CLGL) has commenced its 2011 exploration program at its AuroTelurio project near the city of Moctezuma in Sonora, Mexico.
LA CANADA, Calif., June 20, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- California Gold Corp.
Is There Arsenic In Your Drinking Water? Henderson, NV USA (PRWEB) May 19, 2011 Many Municipalities in the United States and worldwide are facing a growing problem of Arsenic in the ground water supplies.
Germanium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. This is a lustrous, hard, silver-white, metalloid that is chemically similar to tin. Germanium forms a large number of organometallic compounds and is an important semiconductor material used in transistors. Notable characteristics Germanium is a hard, grayish-white element that has a metallic luster and the same crystal structure as diamond. In addition, it is important to note that...
- A transitional zone between two communities containing the characteristic species of each.
More Images (3 images) » | <urn:uuid:236fcc8d-3170-4422-8e3d-525c1d4f6b8b> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.redorbit.com/topics/metalloids/?page=8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770815.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00008-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909716 | 321 | 2.578125 | 3 |
When you are debugging a program, it is not unusual to realize that you have gone too far, and some event of interest has already happened. If the target environment supports it, GDB can allow you to “rewind” the program by running it backward.
A target environment that supports reverse execution should be able to “undo” the changes in machine state that have taken place as the program was executing normally. Variables, registers etc. should revert to their previous values. Obviously this requires a great deal of sophistication on the part of the target environment; not all target environments can support reverse execution.
When a program is executed in reverse, the instructions that have most recently been executed are “un-executed”, in reverse order. The program counter runs backward, following the previous thread of execution in reverse. As each instruction is “un-executed”, the values of memory and/or registers that were changed by that instruction are reverted to their previous states. After executing a piece of source code in reverse, all side effects of that code should be “undone”, and all variables should be returned to their prior values6.
If you are debugging in a target environment that supports reverse execution, GDB provides the following commands.
Beginning at the point where your program last stopped, start executing in reverse. Reverse execution will stop for breakpoints and synchronous exceptions (signals), just like normal execution. Behavior of asynchronous signals depends on the target environment.
Run the program backward until control reaches the start of a different source line; then stop it, and return control to GDB.
reverse-step will only stop
at the beginning of a source line. It “un-executes” the previously
executed source line. If the previous source line included calls to
reverse-step will step (backward) into
the called function, stopping at the beginning of the last
statement in the called function (typically a return statement).
Also, as with the
step command, if non-debuggable functions are
reverse-step will run thru them backward without stopping.
Reverse-execute one machine instruction. Note that the instruction
to be reverse-executed is not the one pointed to by the program
counter, but the instruction executed prior to that one. For instance,
if the last instruction was a jump,
reverse-stepi will take you
back from the destination of the jump to the jump instruction itself.
Run backward to the beginning of the previous line executed in
the current (innermost) stack frame. If the line contains function
calls, they will be “un-executed” without stopping. Starting from
the first line of a function,
reverse-next will take you back
to the caller of that function, before the function was called,
just as the normal
next command would take you from the last
line of a function back to its return to its caller
reverse-nexti executes a single instruction
in reverse, except that called functions are “un-executed” atomically.
That is, if the previously executed instruction was a return from
reverse-nexti will continue to execute
in reverse until the call to that function (from the current stack
frame) is reached.
Just as the
finish command takes you to the point where the
current function returns,
reverse-finish takes you to the point
where it was called. Instead of ending up at the end of the current
function invocation, you end up at the beginning.
Set the direction of target execution.
set exec-direction reverse
GDB will perform all execution commands in reverse, until the
exec-direction mode is changed to “forward”. Affected commands include
step, stepi, next, nexti, continue, and finish. The
command cannot be used in reverse mode.
set exec-direction forward
GDB will perform all execution commands in the normal fashion. This is the default.
Note that some side effects are easier to undo than others. For instance, memory and registers are relatively easy, but device I/O is hard. Some targets may be able undo things like device I/O, and some may not.
The contract between GDB and the reverse executing target requires only that the target do something reasonable when GDB tells it to execute backwards, and then report the results back to GDB. Whatever the target reports back to GDB, GDB will report back to the user. GDB assumes that the memory and registers that the target reports are in a consistant state, but GDB accepts whatever it is given.
Unless the code is too heavily optimized. | <urn:uuid:29fc2cf6-2ee9-4119-bc3d-eec37aa6e496> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/Reverse-Execution.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644877.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317100705-20180317120705-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.925051 | 987 | 3.703125 | 4 |
History at Port Angeles
Clallam County, Washington
This historical scene of Port Angeles, Clallam County, Washington, was photographed in the early
1900's, looking north along Laurel Street. The port was originally named Puerto de Nuestra Señora
de los Ángeles by Spanish explorer Francisco de Eliza y Reventa in 1791. Several wagons can be seen
out in front of the Livery and Feed Stable, and City Fish Market, at the foot of the west side of the Morse
Dock. South of the City Fish Market is the 2½ -story Merchants Hotel, on the northwest corner of the
intersection of Laurel Street and Front Street. The Merchants Hotel was previously named the Olympian House.
The steamer ferry S.S. Whatcom can be seen heading east from the Morse Dock. The location of the Morse
Dock was filled in 1914 and it is now the landing for the ferry M.V. Coho, which goes to Victoria, Canada.
The Ediz Hook Lightstation buildings can also be seen in the upper right portion of the photograph, out
near the horizon.
This scene, photographed in 1906, is also looking north along Laurel Street, but from the street
level. Many of the same buildings can be seen in these first two photographs. Visible from left to right are
a blacksmith's shop, a steam laundry, a bazaar, the Merchants Hotel, the City Fish Market, a livery and
feed stable, the Morse Dock, a clothing store, and a shoe store. In 1906, Laurel Street was unpaved and
used more by horse drawn buggies and wagons than by automobiles.
This scene, photographed by 1910, is looking east along Front Street, from the southwest corner of
the intersection of Front Street and Laurel Street. The man shown near the right edge of the photograph
is walking across Laurel Street, which crosses Front Street in the foreground of this photograph.
When this scene was photographed, the downtown city streets were still dirt roads, and the sidewalks
were wooden boardwalks. Note the dog lying in the middle of Front Street. Times were
definitely much slower paced back then!
This scene, also photographed by about 1910, is looking east along Front Street. The parade is
likely a Flag Day celebration organized by the Port Angeles Elks Lodge No. 353. In 1907, the
Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (B.P.O.E.) was first to designate June 14 as Flag Day.
Over a half dozen American flags can be seen in this photograph, and some of the buildings along
the parade route are also decorated with pleated fan banners and bunting, undoubtedly in patriotic
red, white, and blue colors. The sign banner hanging over Front Street, at what appears to be
the start of the parade route, says “Naval Lodge B.P.O.E. 353”. The next sign
banner hanging over the parade route says “Ball Game Today 3 p.m. Tacoma -
Angeles”. The tall power pole shown to the right of the top center of the photograph is
on the northwest corner of the intersection of Front Street and Laurel Street. The Merchants
Hotel can also be seen on this same street corner. The two-story building with the awning,
across Laurel Street to the east from the Merchants Hotel, was at the time of the photograph,
the Kirschberg Clothing Company. The same clothing store can also be seen on the far left
side of the previous photograph.
Andrew Craig Magnuson
March 7, 2005 | <urn:uuid:3c87723d-c290-478c-9565-b252039c91e6> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.craigmagnuson.com/pa1900s.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398462709.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205422-00309-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943839 | 762 | 2.734375 | 3 |
|> Other English exercises on the same topics: Frequent mistakes | Quantities [Change theme]|
|> Similar tests: - Placement test beginners: Check your spelling - Past simple or present perfect - Placement test 1 - Countable or Uncountable? - Although / in spite of / despite - Some / Any / Much / Many - Some and any - Again/ back|
|> Double-click on words you don't understand|
No one, nobody, nothing, nowhere
No one, nobody, nothing, nowhere.
No one, nobody, nothing, nowhere are indefinite pronouns.
No one, nobody, nothing, nowhere are used to refer to an absence of people, things or places. They are used with a singular verb.
-Nobody ever visits the old lady. She's very lonely.
-One normally has to wait for a long time. Nothing happens in a hurry here.
-There was nowhere we could have gone last Sunday.
The pronoun they is often used to refer back to (singular) no one or nobody when it is not known whether the person is male or female.
-No one remembers the names of the places they've visited.
No one or nobody?
No one and nobody mean the same. Nobody is a little less formal than no one. No one is used more than nobody in writing.
-We knew nobody at the ballroom competition.
-No one moved, no one said anything.
Nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere are stronger and more definite than not ... anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere.
-We did nothing (stronger than we didn't do anything).
-My friend told no one, not even his best friends. (stronger than he didn't tell anyone ... ).
Not + anyone/anything/anywhere is not used as the subject of a clause.
-Nothing will make me change the way I work.
Not: Not anything will make me change the way I work.
Nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere are not used after no, not, never or other words which have a negative meaning (hardly, seldom).
Anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere are used.
-They can't do anything to improve the current situation.
Not: They can't do nothing.
-The new student talks to hardly anyone.
Not: She talks to hardly no one.
I hope this helps.
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Other English exercises on the same topics : Frequent mistakes | Quantities | All our lessons and exercises | <urn:uuid:72cda40d-7eb7-4a59-bb86-f4c91d7abbdd> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-117036.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583722261.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120143527-20190120165527-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.936265 | 598 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Peasants’ heads, recently removed, rolled across barren
campgrounds. Wooden mallets jolted the heads across the field.
Known as the Game of Kings, polo was first introduced over 2,000
years ago by the Persians. The sport, a comparable form of hockey
on horses, has also been used to train British cavalry.
Today, polo is seen as a rich man’s game, played by the
privileged and proper.
“It does cost a lot of money to compete in polo, but it all
depends on the time and effort you are willing to put in,” said Ana
Miaskiewicz, a CSU two-year polo player. “Playing at CSU is a great
opportunity because you don’t have to buy a horse and practically
anyone can play.”
Many things have changed since the introduction of polo. The
sport is now played with a fist-sized ball made of plastic or wood
and with mallets ranging from 48 to 54 inches, depending on the
size of the horse. Played in four periods, known as chukkers, that
last seven-and-a-half minutes, the game is intense and
“Traveling at high speeds trying to hit a ball that size is very
tough,” said Dan Lafferman, a sophomore with seven years
experience. “Hand-eye coordination is big and a background in
Polo was officially brought to CSU in 1977 and since then the
sport has advanced as the Rams boast one of the top club teams in
the nation. The men have won three national championships and the
women are contenders every year as well. Both teams are currently
ranked No. 2 in the nation.
There are two types of polo: arena and outdoor. The CSU teams
partake in outdoor polo, which is played with three players per
team with one alternate. The start of play begins as both teams
line up along side each other. The forwards, midfielders and
defense from both teams are paired and the referee rolls out the
ball. The midfielders then fight to gain possession and score goals
by making the ball cross the goal line.
A polo goal is 20 feet high and 10 feet wide. The ball can
travel anywhere in that area to be considered a goal. Shots taken
from behind half field are worth two points while all others yield
For the CSU polo teams, the highlight of this fall season came
at the Pumpkin Festival, which was played in Santa Fe, N.M., on
Oct. 16 to 17 and hosted various polo teams from around the
country. The CSU men’s and women’s teams went to participate in
front of crowds as big as 3,000 people. Both teams went undefeated
in their first matches of the year. The men are 2-0 on the year,
and the women are 4-0.
Pepsi, Bill, Torah and Ophelia are key members of the CSU men’s
polo team. These horses do all of the running while the players
ride. Polo is one of the few sports that rely on animals and a
serious amount of trust is needed in order to be successful.
“There is a saying in polo that it is 80 percent the horse and
20 percent the rider,” said Miaskiewicz. “But it’s team work.”
Many players learn to play polo at a young age and as the sport
continues to grow, it can often be seen at the high school
“I’ve been playing since I was seven,” said the men’s team
president John Graham. “My dad got me into it. He played in college
and won a national championship with the University of
Others, like Lafferman, played in high school and actually
traded in lacrosse sticks and football pads for a horse and
“(Polo) is just a really awesome sport,” Lafferman said. “When
some of my friends found out I wanted to play, they were surprised.
But then they came out and saw it. They really thought the sport
Next up, the polo teams face New Mexico State at home with the
women saddling up at noon on Saturday and the men taking the arena
on Sunday at 11 a.m. All games are played at the CSU Equine Center
north of the Sonny Lubick Field at Hughes Stadium on Overland | <urn:uuid:b0b5dbf3-60c9-4608-aa73-764c93d7a7d6> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://archives.collegian.com/2004/10/31/polo_brings_man_and_horse_together/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363292.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206103243-20211206133243-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.974775 | 1,012 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Many women don’t have a choice when their birth becomes medicalized and a c-section is imminent. You want your baby safely delivered, as well as you don’t want to endanger your own life. C-sections do save lives, but there is no question that the actual rates of c-sections are much higher than are medically necessary, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
According to WHO, the following risks are associated with c-sections:
Limited awareness of harms that are more likely with cesarean section
Cesarean section is a major surgical procedure that increases the likelihood of many types of harm for mothers and babies in comparison with vaginal birth. Short-term harms for mothers include increased risk of infection, surgical injury, blood clots, emergency hysterectomy, intense and longer-lasting pain, going back into the hospital and poor overall functioning. Babies born by cesarean section are more likely to have surgical cuts, breathing problems, difficulty getting breastfeeding going, and asthma in childhood and beyond. Perhaps due to the common surgical side effect of “adhesion” formation, cesarean mothers are more likely to have ongoing pelvic pain, to experience bowel blockage, to be injured during future surgery, and to have future infertility. Of special concern after cesarean are various serious conditions for mothers and babies that are more likely in future pregnancies, including ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa, placenta accreta, placental abruption, and uterine rupture (Childbirth Connection 2006).
According to new Finnish research, you can add to the above description of c-section risks obesity for the child. Probiotic bacteria in the birth canal actually protects children from obesity or being overweight throughout childhood.
The Brisbane Times explains:
Professor Isolauri, of the University of Turku in Finland, found that children with lower levels of ”good” gut bacteria were more likely to be obese. “The good bacteria that babies pick up during the natural birth process play an important role in reducing an infant’s risk of becoming overweight or obese in their early years of life,” she said.
”With obesity set to be one of the greatest health challenges of the next decade, we need to be giving our children the best start possible to maintain a healthy weight.”
Researchers go on to say that if a c-section is necessary, breastfeeding is the next best way to give children this beneficial bacteria. Combine vaginal birth with breastfeeding, and our children have the best start towards healthy weight. | <urn:uuid:923d9be4-4eba-4962-b9db-838c4f4d8e30> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://ecochildsplay.com/2012/03/18/probiotics-in-the-birth-canal-obesity-risk-higher-for-babies-born-via-c-section/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131376.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00120-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952519 | 534 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Suicide Prevention Month
A miscommunication teens keep to themselves.
Is among the ten causes of death in adolescents and young adults worldwide. Suicide is mainly a problem associated with adolescence, particularly between 15 and 19 years of age.
In the United States, suicide is the second or third cause of death in adolescents. There are about 2000 deaths per year. And it should still be borne in mind that probably a certain number of deaths attributed to accidents, such as vehicles and firearms, are actually suicides. There are many more young people who attempt suicide than those who achieve it.
A survey conducted in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showed that 28% of high school students had suicidal thoughts and that 8% had tried to commit suicide.
Often, suicide attempts involve the existence of a certain ambivalence in relation to the desire to die and are often a way of asking for help. American teens, boys outnumber girls in completed suicides in a ratio greater than 4 to 1. However, girls are 2 to 3 times more likely to attempt suicide.
Why do teens commit suicide?
Adults play a main role in how their children will develop and adapt to their surroundings. Many of the times when there is problems at home and school teens will struggle to communicate with others to express how they are feeling. Parent’s Thoughts. This is what parents had to say. Claudia Camarillo, mother of three said, “ Yo pienso que los adolescentes piensan que nadie los comprende que nunca encontrarán una salida a un problema que realmente tiene salida, pero para su corta edad ellos crean que nunca tendrán una salida a sus problemas qué es el fin del mundo.”
Camarillo pointed out that as humans we always see the bad side of us instead of what makes us great individuals, she said that we need to start making a change in how we see ourselves.
Mila Obnial mother and grandmother believes that suicide is a miscommunication, she thinks that teens are not opened to their parents or friends and they just want to keep their problems to themselves, but if teens start to express their problems to an adult she believes the high rates of suicide can be lowered down.
How can Suicide be Prevented?
- Do not let a teenager’s depression or anxiety increase without control. Maybe your child is just having a bad day, but it could be something else if it lasts more than a couple of weeks.
- Listen to your teenager, even when he is not talking (look for symptoms). Not all, but most children who are thinking about suicide show their mental state through conflicting behaviors. Behaviors such as aggressiveness, isolation, and lack of reflexivity.
- Seek professional help. If your child’s behavior has you worried look for professional help, contact a mental health provider in your area who works with children to evaluate your child.
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline # 1-800-273-8255 | <urn:uuid:bb9e463c-87c6-45e5-a244-aaece60f090c> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://www.redgoldnews.com/teen-suicide/1082/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989006.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509153220-20210509183220-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.935149 | 636 | 2.875 | 3 |
Among the most diverse and abundant plant and animal species on the planet can be found in the dense tropical forests that cover much of Indonesia’s landscape. It’s on Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan) that you’ll find the archipelago’s largest national parks. These are vital because they contain both human habitations and species that are on the verge of extinction.
At a number of Indonesia’s national parks, you can see these rare animals in their natural habitat. Of the 2.5 million acres of Tropical Rainforest Heritage on Sumatra, three national parks stand out. These include Gunung Leuser, Kerinci Seblat, and Bukit Barisan Selatan. Many of Sumatra’s endangered species, as well as the majority of the island’s diverse biota, can be found here. More than 10,000 plant species, 200 mammal species, and 580 bird species are found in the protected area, 465 of which are permanent residents and 21 of which are endemic. The Sumatran orang-utan is one of 15 species found only in Indonesia, which is home to two-thirds of the world’s mammals. On the site, you can see how the island’s biogeography has changed over time.
Sumatran forests, which once stretched from Aceh to Bandar Lampung, are represented by three major “islands” left in the Bukit Barisan Mountain Range by three separate national parks. Biodiversity and ecological processes are preserved because of the property’s variety of ecosystems, forest types, elevations, and topographies. Gunung Tujuh and Gunung Kerinci, two of Sumatra’s most stunning mountains, can be found at this location.
Preconditions for Protection
Since the TRHS is made up of three national parks, it is protected at the highest level under Indonesian law. The Directorate General of Forest Protection and Conservation of the Ministry of Forestry oversees all three parks (PHKA). The property’s three distinct sections must be clearly identified on the ground. Only a small portion of the property’s perimeter can be marked each year for effective property management and the inclusion of important habitat national resources. It took until 2004 to demarcate the Kerinci Seblat National Park boundary after 14,160 hectares of former production forest were added to Sipurak Hook.
It is directly across from the Krakatau Volcano from the southernmost tip of Java where Indonesia’s first national park, Ujung Kulon, can be found. In spite of being the most well-known national park in the country, it receives very little tourism. Because of the park’s well-preserved ecosystem, this could be a good thing. Umang Island, one of the park’s neighboring islands, has become a popular ecotourism destination in recent years.
An Indonesian national park for rare and endangered species is only one aspect of Alas Purwo National Park. According to locals, a park in East Java’s Banyuwangi district is where the Earth first emerged from the sea. “Ancient or Premordial Forest” is the meaning of the name Alas Purwo. During Suro, the Javanese New Year, many mystics and seekers of spiritual enlightenment visit. | <urn:uuid:1a98ffbd-c4a4-4e20-9719-32dec3cf8210> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://the-primitives.co.uk/time-for-a-break-form-the-rate-race-indonesias-rainforests-and-parks-is-a-must/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104248623.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703164826-20220703194826-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.920225 | 705 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The primary role of an uninterrupted power supply is to provide back-up power when the mains power supply fails. The term ‘uninterrupted’ may be misleading as not all uninterrupted power supplies provide a no-break supply.
UPS Systems are group and classified according to EN/IEC 62040-3 into three distinct types based on their electrical performance characteristics and design topology. The three types are: On-line UPS (VFI), Line Interactive (VI) and Standby (VFD).
Only an on-line VFI-type UPS system provides a true uninterrupted power supply. The inverter constantly powers the load with a digitally generated sinewave output which is independent of the input power source’s voltage and frequency. Hence the classification term: Voltage and Frequency Independent (VFI).
A line interactive UPS almost produces an uninterrupted power supply. The inverter may be energized but only connects to the load when the mains power supply fails. In this instance there may be a small millisecond break in supply to the load. Computers, servers, IT and modern electronic equipment use switch mode power supplies that are capacitive (as opposed to inductive) type loads. The power supplies store energy within their circuits that can cover small millisecond breaks in the supply. When mains power is present, a line interactive UPS does not interact with the frequency. Only the voltage is corrected, either using a built-in automatic voltage stabiliser or when the inverter engages. Line interactive UPS systems therefore are termed ‘voltage independent’.
Standby UPS are voltage and frequency dependent. As with a line interactive UPS the power supply generated can have small millisecond breaks in supply. These are typically longer than in a line interactive UPS and the output waveform may be more of a step or square-wave rather than a sinewave. Standby UPS again, almost produce an uninterrupted power supply and rely on energy stored within capacitive loads to cover inverter activation times.
For critical power applications including servers and datacentre environments requiring an uninterrupted power supply, On-line VFI UPS systems are the preferred choice. As their inverter systems are rated for continuous running, on-line uninterruptible power supplies also provide the additional advantage of being able to provide long runtimes through the use of additional battery extension packs. | <urn:uuid:f7ca9d8a-c9e7-4cd2-86cb-db09dff0c263> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.ecopowersupplies.com/blog/what-is-an-uninterrupted-power-supply | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315681.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820221802-20190821003802-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.90665 | 481 | 3.15625 | 3 |
If your struggling with Mental Health issues, please take our survey to see the severity
The Disorder disorder – Conflicts of Interest in the Medical or Mental Health Arena
Recently in the media it was announced that there is now a new mental health disorder called ODD being used in the diagnosis of children. This so called disorder equates to Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The condition could be identified where a child has a repetitive pattern of disobedient and disruptive behaviours towards authority figures, which persists for at least 6 months.
ODD is what you and I as parents, adults, and even once children ourself would have called naughty behaviour which has now been quantified into a major mental health disorder. Quite a few of us may consider we had ODD at some stage in our childhood but we emerged and evolved through any such stage of disruptive behaviour.
If children’s disruptive behaviour is a continuum then at the worse end of that spectrum is another disorder known as Conduct Disorder (CD). The Cluster of behaviours under CD include vandalism, lighting fires and cruelty to animals. It starts to look like anti-social and psychopathic disorder behaviours when you read the description of these other disorders.
This alarming trend at Psychiatry in particular, and psychology in general, to apply reductionistic thinking in breaking down the spectrum of human behaviours into behavioural clusters, and naming them as conditions and disorders, matches the physical equivalent in medicine. Both fields are rooted in the same scientific principles of quantifiable and measurable empirical sciences.
Even as far back as Freud we had the coining of the various personality types, various mental health disorders, and conceptual frameworks of the mind as named entities. This convention is needed to allow each one of us to understand and agree on what we are defining, measuring and discussing.
A more recent enabler of condition naming has been the gradual evolution of a psychiatric “bible” of mental health conditions which is known as the “DSM-IV”. This reference manual has the full name of Diagnostic and Services Manual – Release IV (4)” and is the standard and hence “bible” of both psychiatry and psychology.
Psychiatry has in its origins longed for acceptance as a medicine, a psychology or a science. In the pre WW2 era it was denounced as being almost as bad or quackery just like the cure-all tonic sellers of the day.
The industry was given a boost in WW2 and afterwards as a medical science when the U.S. military was to discover the clinical results of the inhumane concentration camp medical research that the Nazis and the Japanese conducted on inmates.
The military and the USA government had its military reasons to “warehouse” this knowledge behind the Psychiatry industry. Released CIA files show the U.S. military colluded with psychiatrists in continuing secret research on the effects of drugs on humans for brain washing, mind control and espionage matters.
Think of the film “The Manchurian Candidate” which while fictional was based on experiments and aims attempted by both American and Chinese/North Korean military “Psychops” sciences at the time to create assassins activated by subconsciously encoded “trigger words”.
The enormous budgets consumed by military functions often lead to the commercialisation of their techniques and findings over time. So it was with psychiatry which benefited from a close post WW2 association with the military and established itself as a mainstream commercial medical/psychological bridge in the 1950’s.
Over time the DSM-IV manual came to represent that body of knowledge which was the pharmacological or drug solutions as applied to mental/emotional conditions and which were explained being primarily a neurological (brain) condition or chemical in-balance.
Psychiatry found a legitimate home in both the medical and psychological communities models and started to receive referrals from both. Many psychiatrists used psycho-analytical techniques we commonly see in counselling/psychology/psychotherapy where past childhood events are examined for links to current conditions. Drug therapy was often complementary to this for quite some time.
The body of mental conditions in the DSM-IV for a long time was considered a useful body of reference knowledge that helped in the diagnostic process for new clients. Psychiatrists were trained with good analytical skills and often provided a client service not unlike that of psychologists albeit though they could prescribe the strong medications needed for some of the more severe and often psychotic conditions they dealt with.
The act of being referred to a Psychiatrist was considered a significant event. It could be done by either a GP or a psychologist, politician, police officer or medical person. There was often significant powers attached to the decision to do so, including the power of involuntary admission, restraint, isolation and detention in facilities without the right to discharge oneself.
In recent time the DSM-IV has blossomed with a range of new disorders such as ODD and CD that start to question the real agenda behind such disorder creation in Psychiatry. This then calls into question the wider ethics and impartiality of the industry.
There is now a common view that the medical model triangle of GP, Psychologist and Psychiatrist live and work in a major conflict of interest. These 3 professions are now considered by numerous commentators as being compromised by the funding and marketing techniques of major drug companies.
Each of these 3 professions has a basic dictum to “do no harm” and the old symbol of the two entwined snakes around the rod is a symbology that reinforces the “Hippocratic Oath”. However the rise of the multinational reach and incomes of drug companies has seen these 3 professions potentially beholden in varying degrees.
Drug companies are capitalist profit motive entities who do not have a social responsibility ethic nor a “do no harm” ethic. Think of drug companies as being like cigarette companies. Their sole responsibility in their own minds is to make profits for shareholders. There are no other real stakeholders to such companies and their impact and effect on the community is met with a narcissistic indifference.
The impact of their products and services on society and its members is not their concern and they fight aggressively when others try to make them accountable for their conduct or efficacy of their products. The drug companies and some medical technology companies are no different. It’s just that their product is different and the market segment they occupy is different.
Drug companies have worked out long ago that the “black mail” point for GP’s, Psychologists, and Psychiatry is in the area of funded professional training and conferences. These 3 professions have a professional ethic of continuous training and professional development. The rapid advances in medical technology, drugs, and psychology/neurosciences make that a must in order for any professional within these 3 professions to keep up.
There are no clear service providers in the industry to provide such a service in a co-ordinated or funded way as to assist these 3 professions maintain their professional qualifications and standing. The Drug companies and medical technology companies instead often “host” their own professional conferences, trainings and events which satisfy the criteria for ongoing professional development.
The 3 professions (GP’s, Psychologists and Psychiatrists), would normally find such training expensive to attend. They must attend to satisfy the professional development criteria that if not met may render them unable to meet their legal requirements to get professional insurance, to be part of their industry professional bodies, or to practice with competency with these new technologies and drugs.
The drug companies and technology providers know this and the evidence has been that the Sales Representatives who leave company branded note pads, pens, gimmicks and incentives with these 3 professions as they work their rounds, are also those who can get the same professionals onto “conferences” and events.
There is an implied loyalty or mutuality here that creates in my and others minds a conflict of interest. GP’s are under pressure to prescribe drugs and they also are often a primary referral source for psychologists and psychiatrists.
Many members of the public cannot get into seeing a Psychologist or Psychiatrist without a GP referral, and are increasingly referred to specialists for more tests of various kinds. More and more the general public is becoming cynical with these self serving behaviours and believe that many in the 3 professions are working to a “Hippocritic Oath” more so than a “Hippocratic Oath”.
The GP gets paid for the non medical act of writing a referral to another specialist. In addition, most GP’s I know are not trained to work with anxiety, depression or mental health issues but regularly write prescriptions for drugs along the DSM-IV categories of some of these conditions.
There is a predominant attitude of GP’s medicating patients without necessarily first having a proper assessment taken place by a mental health professional. GP’s are trained to work with the body not the mind but the industry allows this boundary to be crossed in professional practice.
It is common that clients on these medications are basically told they are now on these for life or are not given advice on alternatives which may look at causes and cures rather than just numbing out their symptoms to stabilise them which many of these drugs do. In some cases they may be alternatively referred to a psychiatrist or psychologist which is where the relationship between these 3 professions are reinforced.
The various classes of drugs often produce a stunning array of side effects depending on the chemistry of the patient. This is known as the “iatrogenic effect” and means how medicine makes you sick through its side effects. Drug companies produce an origami like folded brochure stuffed inside the packaging of their drugs.
The SSRI Anti-Depressant medication ones I have been given by clients are of such a small font as to be almost unreadable, and the list of possible side effects is such that the cure may be worse than the disorder!! I have yet to meet a client to whom this leaflet was taken out and read to, and explained to them, by anyone in the 3 professions who prescribed them in the first place.
The federal government has for some time had in place a Mental Health Plan which allows GP’s to refer clients to Clinical Psychologists and Psychiatrists for subsidised sessions. There are reporting obligations and invariably a number of GP medical appointment sessions occur between the client and these other professions leading to income generation for all.
The evidence is that many clients get offered or pressured in adopting drug solutions in this environment. The dependency on client referrals, income from both the government Mental Health Fund and those with the required Mental Health Provider numbers locks everyone into a comfortable system.
The learnt dependency on this system was shown recently when the Federal Government announced earlier in 2012 that the subsidy amounts and the number of sessions that were authorised under the Mental Health Scheme was being wound back. The squeals from the trough where the attendant professions gather to feed from this billion dollar subsidy system was pronounced.
The drug and some medical technology companies sit outside this system feeding everyone inside with samples, trainings, paid for trips, holidays, and incentives. If one thinks this is not true then just look to the Western Australian Health Department scandals of recent years.
There has been two separate instances and investigations of public servants in the W.A. Health Department being found to have been compromised by medical technology companies with free trips, free trainings, free air flights and accommodation, free gifts and incentives. These same companies lobbied and were involved in tendering for contracts with this same Department before and during these instances of “gifting”.
The governance of tenders means that companies participating in tenders are legally not to cross boundaries by compromising the integrity of the tender process through solicitation or gifting or inducing favours, and the Department public servants are to resist and report any attempt to do so.
The scandals revealed a culture of entitlement within this department and a systemic or pervasive set of compromised relationships or interactions between the public servants and the companies concerned. The investigations concerned contracts for the public health system potentially worth hundreds of millions of dollars over time.
This was reported by commentators as being the tip of the iceberg in terms of the manner in which Drug and Medical technology companies pursue their aggressive marketing agendas with stakeholders and market “touchpoints”. The 3 professions are “touchpoints” under this marketing speak
There is no leap of faith here required to think that Drug companies would not exploit their relationships with the 3 mentioned professions if they could. The evidence is that this has been occurring for many years in other countries and within Australia.
The tie-in with the DSM-IV manual and the rise of disorders is seen by concerned commentators as being yet another strategy to legitimise the selling of more drugs to a wider population over time. A global strategy of drug companies is to normalise the lifestyle and behaviour of taking drugs and medication as part of a “normal lifestyle”.
The goal then becomes to get as many members of a population as possible being medicated under some legitimate guise. The 3 professions are the camouflage and delivery channels that execute this strategy.
The American experience and commentary is that for some time there has been a widening number of new disorders being coined within the 3 professions. The logic is that the more disorders that exist means the more new drugs that can be created or the number of existing drugs that can be associated with new disorders. This legitimises their existence.
An example was ADD and ADHD conditions that hit Western Australia like a plague 10 to 15 years ago. Western Australia had the highest incidence by state population of these two disorders in Australia by some 130% according to some reports. Was it something in our water that singled us out?
These two conditions were treated with some strong drugs such as Ritalin, and sometimes in a cocktail of other drugs mixed in. The disturbing conclusion reached in some quarters since then is that we medicated a vast number of school children with serious amphetamine–like drugs as a result.
Not only that but we labelled these inattentive and distracted youth with a negative connotation and disorder label that probably traumatised them just as much as whatever was going on for them. There is evidence from neuroscience circles now emerging that these children were exhibiting a form of inattention based on early childhood trauma.
Childhood developmental trauma is now increasingly being understood as the field of Neurobiology evolves. Schools of thought within neuroscience see ADD and ADHD behaviours as possibly a lack of attachment with parental figures, which created a hyper-aroused nervous system.
Such children have been found to as a result have a defence where their brains are distracted by tracking their environments in a form of “hyper-vigilance” arising from living more or less in “fight or flight” mode of their Autonomic Nervous System.
What is disturbing now and which parallels the cigarette industry is that year’s later evidence is emerging that these Ritalin style drugs have created health issues only now being realised and understood. There is statistical evidence showing a high proportion of Ritalin style medical child drug users growing up and becoming adult addicts of heavy illegal drug users, particularly with “Speed”, “Ice”, and the Methyl-Amphetamine class of illegal drugs.
We may come to regret the choices we were guided or forced into those years ago with our children. There is now debate about how and if this condition really exists outside it being trauma and if the drugs recommended by the 3 professions are fit for purpose. Drug companies remain silent.
The American commentary and arguments are that the drug companies are looking around for new disorders to coin and classify such that they can create a new class of drugs for, and then legitimise them through inclusion in the 3 professions via lobbying, training, and inclusion in journals and “bibles” such as DSM-IV.
Psychologists are saying that ODD does not involve the prescribing of drugs but it does normalise the labelling of children as they having something wrong with them. Some senior psychologists claim ODD “is not rare” and may represent 6 to 10% of the population of children. It is also not considered a serious mental health problem by the same senior psychologists.
Why then do we create a negative label over our vulnerable children and start to shape their emerging identities in a negative way so young. Research has repeatedly shown that children give negative nicknames, labels and outcomes such as ugly, stupid or bad, then are likely to go onto have social adjustment issues, low self esteem issues, depression, addictions and suicidal ideation issues as adults.
Why then would we create and impose another negative label over our children. The condition is considered not to be a serious mental health disorder but the outcome of being negatively labelled can in fact produce later serious mental health disorders and low happiness and achievement outcomes.
Could we just be paving the way for normalising more of us to be in need of drugs or medication because we are found to be medically having a disorder of some type? It is far easier to start with a less severe disorder and then shape and shift perceptions over time towards a more severe outcome. The negative label may be the agent that creates that real outcome and so is the gateway to a true later mental health issue.
There has also been numerous scandals over the last 40 years around the so called “independent” research undertaken by drug companies. This research is often later outed and exposed as being a heavily conflicted research carried out by drug industry appointed professors and researchers, paid and funded by the drug company concerned.
An example was the drug Vioxx which was a heart condition drug that was allowed into the Australian market. It was later found to have contributed to fatal heart attacks in some users. A government enquiry found misleading sales techniques, altered research, and conflicts of interest by the company concerned and sales representatives when promoting the drug.
In general, the research is compromised from the start and the pressure is on to distort or falsify results to a favourable result for the drug and the company creating the drug or medicine. The medical and drug industries have become corporatized and now we find even doctors surgeries becoming corporate entities where doctors are “employee”.
The existence of these scandals reveals the tentacles that exist in the whole industry where drug companies are stakeholders. The same problem exists that exists with training of the 3 professions. Who pays for the research?
It is legitimate that drug companies do extensive product research as this is a valid part of the methodology of developing and commercialising drugs to market. This process can take 7 to 10 years to execute and may involve the investment of hundreds of millions of dollars. There is a lot at stake as each new drug is what creates the “pipeline” of business for these drug companies.
A drug trial that fails or produces bad side effects can cost the sponsoring drug company billions of dollars in future earnings. The company is typically only concerned with shareholder outcomes and profit motives so the risk of corruption is real and has been shown to exist as they seek to satisfy these drivers.
At the other end of the drug service delivery chain we have the 3 professions. The advent of the corporatized medical centre run on business principles means that these entities are now setup to serve shareholders and the profit motive. The owners are typically entrepreneurs who by definition are seeking wealth.
To whom do the employees who are often one of the 3 professions now serve and make primary in their ethics? The patient or the boss? The medical centres and surgeries are end-to-end supply chains of medical services often with a cluster of pathology, eye services, hearing, pharmacy, physiotherapy and psychology all bundled up in one centre.
As in any business the profit motive is primary and customer service is secondary. One notices that many of the Medicare subsidised services are clustered under one roof. The pressure is on for GP’s to over-service as this creates the highest income return from any one customer or patient.
This strategy is borrowed from banking which worked out long ago that it costs five times as much to attract a new customer than to over-service and up-sell to an existing customer. There are certain business sectors that deal with customers in emotional or vulnerable circumstances and so can effectively exploit their customer base in these emotional or vulnerable moments. Think of funeral services.
Patients at Doctors’ surgeries or with Mental Health Professionals are also in an “emotional contract” with their clients. What I mean is that when we go to the doctor or a mental health professional our physical or mental health brings emotionally to a place of vulnerability and concern. We are ripe emotionally for exploitation.
A simple raised eyebrow by a doctor, a simple “tut-tut” while he looks down our throat with his torch, a pronouncement of a disorder by a mental health professional, and we are rushing to get out our Medicare and HBF cards to pay for and line up for those battery of tests or take the drugs he/she now feels we better take in case it is something serious.
In many cases the drugs serve a useful purpose in a short term setting. One may need to stabilise and become functional and in present time consciousness. The severe disorders and the severe drugs have a place in our understanding and treatment of human bodymind disorders and conditions.
The growth of new disorders and the growth industry of medication of the masses based on suspect motives and justifications is the elephant in the room very few speak about. There are too many benefitting from a system that sloshes with billions of dollars in federal and state funding, private health care and consumer dollars.
The whole industry has degenerated into a morass of conflict of interest. Just watch out for when you next mention to your GP or your psych that your 5 year old son and your 4 year old daughter were fighting over crayons.
You may get that feigned look of concern and the writing of a referral to your local psychiatrist or a script for some form of drug for your now ODD or CD labelled children. | <urn:uuid:464df02e-8dfd-4a59-8771-de1c39676923> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.energeticsinstitute.com.au/articles/conflicts-medical-mental-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667767.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114002636-20191114030636-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.968259 | 4,516 | 2.8125 | 3 |
RFID WRISTBANDS IN THE MEDICAL FIELD
Many hospitals, as well as other organizations, are considering the use
of RFID wristbands for identification and record-keeping abilities on
patients and equipment. One such company, presently in France, has been
using RFID wristbands on their patients for a while now. They find that the
information on the wristbands are accurate and due to the chance of human
reading or writing errors, not to mention the case of the missing hospital
file- can in fact save lives.
Details such as patient injuries, medical conditions, and treatment can be
stored in the electronic RFID wristband at any emergency site or even in the
ambulance. The information can quickly be relayed to the hospital by radio
link; as well, the information can be obtained at the hospital. Imagine
getting the wrong blood type at the hospital, the horror stories of babies
being mixed up, and even the occasional mix up in medical files. All of
these incidents are dramatic, deadly, and even costly to both the patient
and the hospital. The RFID wristbands will take the guess work and the paper
work out of the medical world and allows them to do their jobs more
efficiently and accurately.
All of the information on these RFID wristbands is also available to just
certain staff, which cuts down on the privacy issue in hospitals. Only
certain staff that wear an RFID badge may have access to the personal
information, a hand held device is used in the hospital rooms to read the
information, more can be added with a personal hand held computer or a PDA.
Pilot programs are going on throughout the states, as well. Fortunately, the
cost of these RFID wristbands have decreased over the last 5 years and so
has the software to run the system. As more hospitals and institutions
decide to use the technology, there is a greater chance that the price will
continue to fall over the next few years. However, when considering the life
threatening human errors that occur daily in hospitals around the country
and abroad, the cost of a life is so much more than the few bucks you will
spend on an RFID wristband.
There is also a method of getting an RFID chip pierced into your body to
make it permanent. You can see more on our | <urn:uuid:ecbdd7e4-052f-425a-9317-975569aa4584> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://a1-rfid.com/rfid-wristbands.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516071.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023044407-20181023065907-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.947305 | 494 | 2.53125 | 3 |
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What are stem cells?
A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to renew itself and differentiate into other kinds of cells. There are many types of stem cells, some of which are more valuable from a medical point of view than others. The most therapeutically valuable stem cells, called hematopoietic stem cells, are found in the greatest numbers in the cord blood of newborns. There are two primary reasons for preserving your newborn baby’s stem cells: (i) access to existing and emerging stem cell therapies if you or a family member needs them; and (ii) the promise of regenerative medicine. Stem cells have been used to treat over 80 serious diseases and have the potential to treat conditions that have no cure today.
How are stem cells used?
Stem cells are typically used in transplant medicine to reconstitute a patient’s blood and immune system after they have been treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation. In addition to destroying cancer cells, chemotherapy and radiation also destroy stem cells. Therefore, cancer patients require an infusion of stem cells or a stem cell transplant after chemotherapy and/or radiation treatments are finished. The stem cell infusion or transplant migrates to the patient’s bone marrow where the stem cells then multiply and reconstitute all of the cells to create a new blood and immune system for the patient.
What diseases are being treated with stem cells?
Stem cells are in use in medical therapies for more than 80 diseases and conditions, including some a child may be more susceptible to as a result of family medical history, such as leukemia and lymphoma. Stems cells can also be used to treat certain genetic diseases, including sickle cell anemia and thalassemia that are more common in particular ethnic populations. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation is a standard treatment for certain diseases. For some it is the only therapy, for others it is employed when front-line therapies have failed or the disease is aggressive. Not all treatable diseases have been treated with hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood. Other sources of hematopoietic stem cells include the placenta, bone marrow and peripheral blood. Click here for a list of treatable diseases.
Are human clinical trials being done with stem cells?
Stem cell treatments have been shown beneficial but have not been adopted as standard therapy for a number of diseases. For some of these diseases, stem cell transplants only slow the progression of the disease, but do not produce a cure. For other diseases, stem cell treatments may offer a cure, but the optimum dosage and usage of the stem cells is still under investigation. In the United States, patients with these diagnoses can usually only get access to stem cell treatments if they are enrolled in a clinical trial. Click here for a list of diseases for which stem cell treatments have been shown to be beneficial and are currently in clinical trials.
Are experimental treatments being done with stem cells?
Yes, experimental treatments are the subject of research for diseases and conditions including Parkinson’s Disease, arthritis, Alzheimer’s Disease and stroke recovery. Click here for a list of diseases for which stem cell treatments are the subject of ongoing research.
Can stem cells be used to treat adults?
Yes, stem cells can be used to treat adults. The problem is that adults, or any patient over approximately 65 pounds, require a larger volume of stem cells than is, on average, available from umbilical cord blood alone. This is why harvesting stem cells from cord blood in the placenta in addition to the umbilical cord blood is important. Later this year Americord will launch its proprietary product, CordAdvantage, which will harvest stem cells from cord blood in the placenta.
Can cord blood stem cells be multiplied?
For more than ten years, biotechnology companies and cord blood banks have been studying how to expandcord blood stem cells in a lab setting. Unfortunately, this has not yet been proven to be a reliable or viable therapeutic approach. When cultured, stem cells rapidly begin to differentiate into other tissue types, rather than multiplying into more stem cells.
Can stem cells from multiple donors be combined for use in a single transplant?
Finding two stem cell units that are a match for the patient is much more difficult than finding one. Using multiple cord blood transplants is another approach that has been studied for some time.
Who should save placental and umbilical cord blood stem cells?
While everyone should consider saving their newborn’s stem cells, some groups should give it even more consideration.
- Saving stem cells is a prudent choice if you or your spouse/partner have a family history of a disease that is treatable with stem cells, such as leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma.
- Ethnic minorities and families of mixed ethnicity should consider saving stem cells because these groups have greater difficulty finding stem cell donors when needed. Many genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia are more common in certain ethnic populations. Both of these diseases have been successfully treated with stem cells.
- Families preparing to adopt a newborn should consider saving stem cells since, if they are ever needed, the cord blood and placenta stem cells may be the only available genetic source of stem cells for the adopted baby. In addition, depending upon the terms of the adoption, complete family medical histories may not be available and stem cells might provide valuable medical information for the purposes of personalized medicine.
- Couples using fertility treatments that involve a donor egg and/or sperm should consider saving stem cells because this may be the only opportunity to secure a genetically related sample of stem cells for their child.
Should you save stem cells from each of your children?
Children are genetically unique and so are their stem cells. Saving stem cells for each child ensures an exact genetic match is available. In addition, it increases the likelihood of a useful match for other family members. Stem cells from a sibling’s umbilical and placental cord blood are up to twice as likely to be useful for a transplant as compared to stem cells from a sibling’s bone marrow. Even with identical twins, it is important to save as many stem cells as possible, and it is recommended that stem cells be collected from both babies. In general, the collection volume per baby in multiple births is smaller, so collecting placenta and cord blood stem cells for both babies helps ensure an adequate stem cell yield for transplantation if needed.
Who should save cord tissue and placenta tissue stem cells?
Parents-to-be who want to expand their baby’s options for future medical treatment should consider banking stem cells from their baby’s cord tissue and placenta tissue. The physical tissue of the umbilical cord and the physical tissue of the placenta (not to be confused with cord blood drained from the umbilical cord and placenta) contain mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are a different type of stem cell than those collected from cord blood in the umbilical cord and placenta. While MSCs are not currently being used for medical therapies, they are the subject of over 200 clinical trials. Research has indicated that MSCs hold the promise of being able to someday treat debilitating conditions such as heart disease, type 1 diabetes, lung cancer, Parkinson’s Disease, and injuries to bones and cartilage.
What is the difference between cord blood and cord tissue?
The physical tissue of the umbilical cord, (not to be confused with the cord blood that is drained from the umbilical cord), contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are a different type of stem cell than those that are collected from cord blood in the umbilical cord. The type of stem cells that exist in great numbers in cord blood are called hematopoietic stem cells. | <urn:uuid:6bb1cdb1-2550-471f-827f-3d4f6a1acb96> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://americordblood.com/faq/about-cord-blood | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930256.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00313-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935599 | 1,645 | 3.65625 | 4 |
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