# IB grade 9 Math book-Chapter2

August 25, 2017 | Author: aa1cc2 | Category: Sampling (Statistics), Hypothesis, Randomness, Survey Methodology, Scatter Plot

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CHAPTER

2

Linear Relations 2

Interpret the meanings of points on scatter plots and graphs.

2

Pose problems, identify variables, and formulate hypotheses about relationships between two variables.

2

Design and carry out an investigation or experiment involving relationships between two variables.

2

Describe trends and relationships observed in data, make inferences from data, compare the inferences with hypotheses, and explain any differences between them.

2

Construct graphs, using a variety of tools.

2

Construct tables of values, scatter plots, and lines or curves of best ﬁt.

2

Determine values of a linear relation by interpolating or extrapolating from the graph of the relation.

2

Describe a situation that corresponds to a graph of a relationship between two variables.

2

Determine a line of best ﬁt for a scatter plot, using an informal process.

2

Determine other representations of a linear relation, given one representation.

38

Relations This chapter introduces methods for analysing relationships between variables. These relationships occur in many areas, including business, science, sports, and the arts. Analysing these relationships helps you understand trends and make accurate predictions.

Vocabulary hypothesis statistics primary data secondary data sample population census random sample

simple random sampling systematic random sampling stratiﬁed random sampling non-random sampling bias inference dependent variable independent variable

outlier interpolate extrapolate linear relation line of best ﬁt curve of best ﬁt distance-time graph

Chapter Problem A coach is selecting students to compete in the high jump event for the school’s track and ﬁeld team. What factors should the coach consider? Explain your thinking. You will be designing an experiment to test how these factors affect an athlete’s performance in the high jump.

39

Bar Graphs

Cinema Ticket Sales 1600

This bar graph shows the number of tickets sold during one week at the Main Street Cinema.

1400 Ticket Sales

1200

The graph shows that the cinema sold the fewest tickets on Monday and the most on Saturday. The attendance increases from Monday to Saturday but drops on Sunday.

1000 800 600 400 200

1. This graph shows data from a a) What do the heights of the

unemployment rate? c) In what region did people have

15 10 5 0

Co B lu rit m ish bi a Sa Alb sk er at t ch a ew a M an n ito b On a ta rio Qu No ébe c va Ne Sc w ot Br i un a Pr in swi ce c Ed k Ne w I an wfo slan ard d u d La nd br la ad nd or

the best chance of finding work in 2003? Why? Adapted from Statistics Canada, CANSIM database, Table 109-5204, accessed via http://estat.statcan.ca, February 2006.

2. This graph shows exchange rates

U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates in 2005 1.26

a) What is the lowest value

1.25

of the U.S. dollar shown on the graph?

1.24

dollar the greatest compared to the Canadian dollar? c) Describe any pattern you

see in the graph.

between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar in 2005.

b) When was the value of the U.S.

s Fr i Sa t Su n

20 Rate (%)

b) Which province has the greatest

ur

Unemployment in 2003

survey taken by Statistics Canada. bars represent?

Th

M on Tu es W ed

0

1.23 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 0

Ja

40 MHR • Chapter 2

n

Fe

b

M

ar Apr ay Jun Jul ug ept Oct ov ec A S N D M

I

Scatter Plots

Age (years) 25 28 32 32 33 45 47 53 54 59 60 Income (thousands 35 75 34 37 36 44 60 51 58 68 72 of dollars)

You can use a scatter plot to display data involving two variables.

80 Income (thousands of dollars)

Here are the ages and annual incomes of 11 members of a family.

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

A

Age (years)

3. Every hour for 7 h, a biology student

4. This table shows the mean air pressure

counted the number of larvae that hatched from a batch of fruit fly eggs. Here are the student’s data. Time (h)

0

1

2

3

4

Number of Larvae

5

10

21

43

82

5

6

at various altitudes. Altitude (km)

0

5

10

15

Air Pressure 101.3 54.0 26.0 12.0 (kPa)

20

25

30

5.5

2.5

1.2

168 320

a) Make a scatter plot of the data. Put

altitude on the x-axis and air pressure on the y-axis. Label the axes, and include a title for the scatter plot.

a) Make a scatter plot of the data. Put time

on the x-axis and the number of larvae on the y-axis. Label the axes, and include a title for the scatter plot.

b) Estimate the air pressure at an altitude

of 18 km.

b) Estimate the number of larvae hatched

after 4.5 h.

Rates A rate compares quantities that are measured in different units. A rate of 348 km in 4.0 h is equivalent to a unit rate of

5. Calculate each unit rate.

348 km ⫽ 87 km/h. 4.0 h

6. Calculate each unit rate.

a) A printer prints 42 pages in 6 min.

a) A breakfast cereal costs \$4.19 for 750 g.

b) Dog food costs \$15 for a 5-kg bag.

b) A recipe calls for 500 mL of flour to

c) A car travelled 880 km in 11 h.

make 24 bran muffins. c) Jessie ran 5000 m in 38.6 min.

2.1 hypothesis 䊏

a theory or statement that is either true or false

statistics 䊏

numerical data, or the collection, organization, and analysis of numerical data

Hypotheses and Sources of Data

Some people think that drivers of red cars are more likely than other drivers to have an accident. How can you tell if this opinion is valid? First, write a hypothesis that clearly states what you want to prove or disprove. You can use statistics to test whether the hypothesis is likely to be true. For example, you could start with the hypothesis that the accident rate for red cars is higher than that for other cars. You could then use data from accident reports or insurance claims to see if your hypothesis is correct. Often, it is not practical to collect enough data to determine for certain whether a hypothesis is true.

Investigate How do you state a hypothesis? 1. Write a hypothesis for each question. a) What percent of students in your school will get a

driver’s licence this year? b) Is television advertising more effective than newspaper

advertising? c) Do people consider price or brand more important

when buying toothpaste? d) Do boys and girls have different study habits? e) How often do people use the phonebook? f) Which sport do teenagers like the most? 2. Do all hypotheses have to include numbers? How could

you classify different types of hypotheses? 3. Reflect What information would you need to test each

hypothesis in step 1? All hypotheses are either true or false. If a hypothesis is false, then its opposite must be true. 42 MHR • Chapter 2

Example 1 State a Hypothesis and Its Opposite Write a hypothesis about a relationship between the variables in each pair. Then, give the opposite hypothesis. a) a driver’s age and the risk of having an accident b) attendance at school and marks c) the heights of boys and the heights of girls

Solution There are many possible hypotheses. Here is one example for each pair of variables. a) Hypothesis: As drivers age, their risk of having an accident

increases. Opposite: As drivers age, their risk of having an accident does not increase. You can state the opposite another way: As drivers age, their risk of having an accident either decreases or stays the same. b) Hypothesis: Students’ marks decrease as they miss more classes.

Opposite: Students’ marks do not decrease as they miss more classes. c) Hypothesis: On average, boys and girls of the same age are the

same height. Opposite: On average, boys and girls of the same age are not the same height.

Data Sources Often, you need data to test a hypothesis. Researchers must decide whether to collect new data or use data that other people have already collected. Primary data come from experiments and surveys done by the researchers. Researchers can find secondary data in sources such as publications, the Internet, and surveys done by Statistics Canada.

primary data 䊏

original data that a researcher gathers specifically for a particular experiment or survey

secondary data

Example 2 Identify Primary and Secondary Data Explain whether each set of data is primary or secondary. What are the advantages and any disadvantages of each person’s choice of data source?

data that someone else has already gathered for some other purpose

a) Daniel telephoned 100 families in his town to ask them how many

pets they have. b) Cathy used data from Statistics Canada to determine the

proportion of households in Canada that have at least one car. c) Anja found a Web site with the results from a survey on the

spending habits of teenagers across Canada. d) Tomas checked the Web sites of 24 stores for the price of the latest

Harry Potter DVD. 2.1 Hypotheses and Sources of Data • MHR 43

Solution a) The telephone interviews produce primary data because Daniel

performed the survey himself. The telephone survey is easy to do, but time-consuming. Data on pets in his town are unlikely to be available from a secondary source. b) Cathy is using a secondary source since Statistics Canada gathered

the survey data. Statistics Canada is an excellent source because it collects data from a huge number of families all across Canada. Cathy could never gather that much data by herself.

c) The Web site is a secondary source since Anja did not collect the

survey data herself. The Web site is a convenient way to get survey results. It might take Anja a lot of time and expense to gather similar data herself. However, data on Web sites are not always reliable. Anja should check who did the survey and whether the results are complete and accurate. When a business or organization does a survey, they sometimes publish only data that are favourable to them. d) Tomas used the Web sites as a way to survey the prices that the

video stores charged for the DVD. So, Tomas collected primary data from the Internet. This method was probably faster and cheaper than phoning all the video stores.

Key Concepts 䊏

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested to determine if it is likely to be true.

Primary data are new information collected by a researcher.

Secondary data are existing data that were gathered for some other purpose.

a) Give an example of a hypothesis that involves numbers. b) Give an example of a hypothesis that does not involve numbers. c) Describe how you could test each hypothesis.

C2

44 MHR • Chapter 2

Is it always better to use primary data when testing a hypothesis? Explain why or why not.

Practise For help with questions 1 and 2, see Example 1. 1. State the opposite of each hypothesis. a) Most people’s favourite number is 7. b) Adults spend more time listening to classical music than to rap. c) In Ontario, more teenagers join soccer teams than hockey teams. d) Chocolate is not the most popular flavour of ice cream. 2. State a hypothesis about a relationship between each pair of

variables. Then, state the opposite of each hypothesis. a) a student’s age and time spent doing homework b) a mother’s height and the height of her children c) temperature and crime rates d) the cost of gasoline and the number of people using public transit

For help with questions 3 and 4, see Example 2. 3. Which of the following data are primary and which are secondary?

Explain. a) An office manager hands out a questionnaire to see if employees

want to work earlier hours during the summer. b) A student finds data on Internet use in a report published by

Statistics Canada. c) A researcher collects information about how far people travel on

public transit by talking to passengers on the buses. d) A researcher downloads data about the length of rides taken on

public transit from a transit authority’s Web site. 4. Identify each data source as primary or secondary. State one

advantage of each source of data. a) A researcher interviewed 100 students about their study habits. b) A sporting goods company searched on the Internet for data on

how Canadians spend their leisure time. c) A manufacturer surveyed 1000 recent customers about possible

changes to a product. d) A student found advertisements in out-of-town newspapers

at a library to check admission prices at theatres across the country.

Connect and Apply 5. a) Make a hypothesis about whether the students in

your class prefer cats or dogs as pets. b) Describe how you could test your hypothesis.

Explain whether you would use primary or secondary data. 2.1 Hypotheses and Sources of Data • MHR 45

6. Steve prepared the following table

Name

Eye Colour

Height (cm)

using data volunteered by eight male students in his science class.

Josanth

brown

167

Fred

green

181

Graham

green

185

Cho

brown

171

Seth

blue

154

Jamal

green

183

Juan

brown

160

Cameron

blue

173

a) Is Steve using primary or

secondary data? Explain. b) Make two hypotheses based on

these data. c) How could you test your

hypotheses?

7. a) Make a hypothesis about the number of phone calls Canadians

Reasoning and Proving Representing

Selecting Tools

Connecting

make. b) Describe how you could use primary data to test your hypothesis.

Problem Solving Reflecting Communicating

c) Describe how you could use secondary data to test your

hypothesis. d) Which set of data is more likely to give accurate results? 8. Chapter Problem A coach is selecting students to compete in the

high jump for the school’s track and field team. a) Make a hypothesis about a physical characteristic that could

help an athlete do well in the high jump. b) What data would you need to test your hypothesis? Would

you use primary or secondary data? Explain why. 9. a) Make a hypothesis about the relationship between the speed

of a computer and its price. b) Use Technology Use an Internet search engine to collect data

about computer prices. Compare the results when you use the key words “computer stores,” “computer memory,” and “computer prices.” c) Did you conduct primary or secondary research? Explain. d) Describe another method for gathering data about computer

speeds and prices. 10. Use Technology a) Make a hypothesis about how much milk a cow produces in

a day. Then, use an Internet search engine to find data to test your hypothesis. b) Make a hypothesis about how much hay a cow eats in a day.

Then, use data from the Internet to test your hypothesis. c) Did you gather primary or secondary data in parts a) and b)?

Explain.

46 MHR • Chapter 2

Achievement Check 11. This table shows the number of fish

that entrants in a fishing derby caught. Number of Fish

Number of Entrants

0

20

1

12

2

12

3

7

4

3

5

0

6

1

Before the fishing derby began, Heather predicted that most entrants would not catch any fish. George predicted that most entrants would catch either one or two fish. a) Is Heather’s hypothesis true? Explain. b) Is George’s hypothesis true? Explain. c) Write the opposite of Heather’s hypothesis

and of George’s hypothesis. d) Can the opposite of Heather’s hypothesis and the opposite of

George’s hypothesis both be true? Explain your reasoning. e) George found the results of the derby in a local newspaper.

Are these data primary or secondary? Explain. f) Modify Heather’s prediction and George’s prediction to make

new hypotheses that are true.

Extend

Did You Know ?

12. a) Make a hypothesis about the relationship between the latitude

of a city and the mean of its daily maximum temperatures in January. b) Use data from an atlas or an online source to test your hypothesis.

The coldest temperature ever recorded in North America was — 63ºC at Snag, Yukon on February 3, 1947.

13. a) Make a hypothesis about how the difference between the Olympic

records for men and women in the marathon has changed over the years. b) Use the Internet or other sources to collect data to test your

hypothesis. c) Explain how the data you found prove or disprove your

hypothesis. 14. Math Contest The mean of a list of n numbers is 6. When the

number 17 is added to the list, the mean becomes 7. What is the value of n?

2.1 Hypotheses and Sources of Data • MHR 47

2.2

Sampling Principles

Do radio call-in shows accurately reflect the opinions of all their listeners? Are these listeners likely to have the same opinions as people who do not listen to the program? How can you reduce the chances of inaccurate results from a survey?

Investigate How can you choose participants for a survey? A sportswear manufacturer is thinking of hiring a world-champion speed skater to help promote its products. Since the company wants someone who will appeal to teenagers, it surveyed 200 teenagers for their opinions about the speed skater. sample 䊏

any group of people or items selected from a population

1. Which of these samples is likely to accurately reflect

the opinions of teenagers in the whole country? Explain. a) 200 students at a school near the company’s office b) 200 teenagers selected from across Canada c) the first 200 teenagers willing to answer a questionnaire

at a shopping mall d) 10 teenagers from each of 20 schools chosen from across

Canada 2. Reflect How could you select a sample so that it properly

population 䊏

the whole group of people or items being studied

census 䊏

represents the whole population ?

a survey of all members of a population

48 MHR • Chapter 2

The population depends on what you are trying to measure or study. If you are studying the music preferences of teenagers in your school, the population is all the teenagers in the school. It is often not practical to survey all members of a large population. So, instead of doing a census , you survey a sample of the population.

Example 1 Identify the Population Identify the population in each situation. Then, indicate whether each researcher should survey a sample of the population or do a census. Explain your reasoning. a) A teacher wishes to know how early his students wake up in the

morning. b) The principal of a school with 2100 students wants to find out

how much homework her students have each day. c) A clothing store needs to find out whether its customers are happy

with its service. d) A newspaper wants to know the public’s opinion of a federal

political party. e) A polling firm wants to know how people will vote in the next

federal election.

Solution a) The population is the students in the teacher’s class. He should

do a census since the population is small and easy to survey. b) The population is the students in the school. The principal should

use a sample, since the school population is quite large and all students in any particular class may have the same amount of homework for that subject. c) The population is the store’s customers. A random sample is

probably best because it could be difficult and time-consuming to reach all of the store’s customers. d) The population is everyone in Canada. The newspaper will have

to use a sample since it is next to impossible to get the opinion of every person in Canada. e) The population is every person who can vote in the next federal

election. Again, a census is not practical. It will take far less time and expense to interview a sample of voters from across the country.

You can never be completely certain that a sample is representative of the population. However, a random sample usually gives reasonably accurate results. You can use several different methods to select a random sample.

random sample 䊏

a sample in which all members of a population have an equal chance of being chosen

2.2 Sampling Principles • MHR 49

Example 2 Choose a Random Sample A principal of a school with 1600 students wants to know whether they favour introducing school uniforms. Describe three methods he could use to select a random sample of 200 students.

Solution 1. The principal takes an alphabetical list of all the students at the

simple random sampling 䊏

choosing a specific number of members randomly from the entire population

systematic random sampling 䊏

choosing members of a population at fixed intervals from a randomly selected member

stratified random sampling 䊏

dividing a population into distinct groups and then choosing the same fraction of members from each group

school and numbers the names in sequence. He then uses a graphing calculator or a spreadsheet to generate 200 random numbers between 1 and 1600. He selects the names on the list that correspond to these numbers. This method is an example of simple random sampling . 2. The principal finds a starting point on the list of students by

picking a single random number between 1 and 1600. To get a random sample with 200 students, he then selects every eighth name before and after the starting point. This method is an example of systematic random sampling . 3. The principal uses lists of the students in each grade. He then

randomly selects the same fraction of students from the list for each grade. Since he wants a sample of 200 students out of a total 1 200 of 1600, he needs to choose ⫽ of the students in each 1600 8 grade. Thus, if there are 480 students in grade 9, he would 1 randomly select ⫻ 480 ⫽ 60 of these grade 9 students to be 8 part of the sample. This method is an example of stratified random sampling .

non-random sampling 䊏

using a method that is not random to choose a sample from a population

bias 䊏

error resulting from choosing a sample that does not represent the whole population

50 MHR • Chapter 2

Sometimes people use samples that are not randomly chosen. Non-random sampling can be cheaper or more convenient than random sampling, but the results are less likely to be accurate. Samples that are not random may tend to choose a certain type of member from the population. As a result of this bias , the sample does not properly represent the whole population.

Example 3 Identify Sampling Techniques Identify the type of sampling in each situation. Explain any bias that the samples could have. a) The personnel department sends questionnaires to 75 employees

randomly selected from a list of everyone working for the company. b) A computer randomly chooses one name from an alphabetical list

of a store’s customers and then also selects every 25th person listed before and after that name. c) The president of a restaurant chain interviews employees at

one branch. d) The student council of a school randomly selects a number

of students from each class. This number is proportional to the size of the class.

Solution a) simple random sampling b) systematic random sampling c) non-random sampling: This sample could be biased since the

employees of one branch may not be representative of the employees of the whole chain. d) stratified random sampling

Key Concepts 䊏

A population is the entire group of people or items that is being studied.

A sample is any part of the population.

A random sampling technique ensures that all members of a population are equally likely to be selected. As a result, a random sample is likely to be representative of the whole population.

Sampling methods include simple random, systematic random, stratified random, and non-random sampling.

Bias can make the results of a survey inaccurate.

2.2 Sampling Principles • MHR 51

The city council is considering building a new library. Your councillor surveys 75 people in your neighbourhood to see if they approve of this expense. Is this survey a good method for judging how the citizens of the city feel about the project? Use the words “population” and “sample” in your explanation.

C2

a) Describe two ways you could select a random sample to estimate

how many of the students in your school have access to the Internet at home. b) Describe a survey method that is unlikely to give an accurate

estimate.

Practise For help with questions 1 and 2, see Example 1. 1. Identify the population in each situation. a) Generally, girls learn to walk before boys do. b) The mean mark on yesterday’s test was 72%. c) As cars age, their repair costs increase. d) Most food stores charge more for cream than for milk. 2. Describe the data required to answer each question. Explain whether

you would use a census or a sample to collect each set of data. a) Do girls learn to walk before boys do? b) Is the mean mark on a test greater than 75%? c) Is the mean annual salary of employees in Canada less than

\$50 000? d) How are a person’s height and age related? e) What is the most common make of car in your school’s parking

lot? f) What is the most common colour among the cars that drive

by your school? For help with question 3, see Example 2. 3. Describe how you could choose a random sample to determine

each of the following. a) the type of coffee preferred by customers of a local cafe b) Ontario teenagers’ favourite magazines c) political parties supported by bilingual Canadians d) countries of origin for immigrants to Canada

52 MHR • Chapter 2

For help with question 4, see Example 3. 4. Identify the type of sample in each situation. Comment on any

possible bias in these samples. a) A career studies class interviews University of Waterloo graduates

to learn about career choices for university graduates. b) A town council randomly selects phone numbers from a town

directory to survey citizens’ opinions on a new park. c) Moviegoers leaving a cinema are interviewed to find out how

people spend their free time. d) Every fifth person entering the cafeteria is asked to fill out a

Connect and Apply

Did You Know ?

5. List three ways you could divide the students in your school into

Births in Canada peaked at 405 486 in 1990. As a result, total enrolment is high schools is now declining.

groups for selecting a stratified random sample. 6. A government agency wants to survey Ontario farmers. a) Identify the population. b) Suggest a stratified random sampling technique that the agency

could use. 7. A company wants to select 50 of its 325 employees for a survey. a) Identify the population. b) Describe a systematic random sampling technique that the

company could use. 8. The physical education department wants to survey the members

of school teams. a) Identify the population. b) Describe a method of randomly selecting 15% of the members

of the teams. 9. This table lists the enrolment at a high school. Grade

Number of Students

9

330

10

308

11

295

12

283

The school administration wants to interview a random sample of 150 students, stratified by grade. How many students should the administration select from each grade?

2.2 Sampling Principles • MHR 53

10. Use Technology Use this method to generate random integers with a

TI-83 Plus or TI-84 graphing calculator. • Press k. Cursor over to display the PRB menu. • Move the cursor down to 5:randInt(, and press e. • Press 1 , 10 , 20 ) e. The calculator will display 20 randomly selected integers between 1 and 10, inclusive. a) What command would you enter to produce a list of 25 random

integers between 12 and 36? b) How could you use a graphing calculator to randomly select

40 house numbers between 1 and 500? c) What command would you enter to randomly select 75 house

numbers between 100 and 1000? 11. A survey selects five students from each grade at 100 high schools

across Ontario. a) Explain why this sample is not completely random. b) How does this sampling method bias the results of the survey? 12. Identify the population for each of the following. Then, describe

how you could select an appropriate sample of each population. a) the popularity of various kinds of music in your school b) the popularity of various kinds of music in your community c) the effectiveness of a national campaign to convince people

between the ages of 18 and 30 not to smoke d) the spending habits of senior citizens in Ontario e) the quality of printing from various computer printers on sale

in Canada f) the mean cost of gasoline in your community 13. In a voluntary sample, people choose to answer the survey, rather

than being selected by the person doing the survey. For example, a Web site could ask people browsing the site to fill out an online survey form. Discuss whether this voluntary sample accurately represents a population. 14. Even in the 1920s, polling companies conducted surveys by calling

people randomly selected from telephone directories. a) Explain why using this sampling method in the 1920s would not

produce a representative sample of the opinions of everyone in the country. b) Describe two ways in which a telephone survey today could be

biased.

54 MHR • Chapter 2

15. Design and conduct a survey to determine how much exercise

students get. Present your results in a table and a graph. Explain your choice of sampling technique. 16. Design and conduct a survey to determine

• the percent of students in your school who buy lunch in the school’s cafeteria • the reasons for their choice Present your data in a table and a bar graph. Explain your choice of sampling technique.

Extend 17. Bias can occur in a survey if it uses non-random sampling. Describe

two other ways a survey can become biased. 18. To make sure that the Asian long-

Did You Know ?

horned beetle is not infesting trees in a large downtown park, the city’s forester decides to inspect 10% of the trees. Describe how the forester could choose which trees to inspect using

The Asian long-horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis is called long-horned because it has two long antennae.

a) simple random sampling b) stratified random sampling c) systematic random sampling d) non-random sampling

Which would be the best method to use? Explain your reasoning. 19. Survey companies often use convenience samples because they are

easy to do. Interviewing shoppers at a mall is one example of a convenience sample. a) Work with a partner to list two more examples of convenience

samples. b) Debate the statement “Convenience samples are true random

samples.” One partner argues for the statement, while the other argues against it. Debate for a maximum of 5 min. Then, decide if the statement is correct. 20. Math Contest How many odd three-digit numbers can be made by

choosing from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 if each number must contain three different digits?

2.2 Sampling Principles • MHR 55

2.3

Use Scatter Plots to Analyse Data 20 g fat

Doctors and dieticians often tell people to “eat smart.” By choosing your food carefully, you can get the nutrients that your body needs while avoiding the less healthy types of fats and carbohydrates. You can use graphs to analyse the relationship between these nutrients and the energy content of common fast foods.

40 g carbohydrates 95 kJ energy 15 g fat 80 g carbohydrates 125 kJ energy

Investigate A Tools 䊏

TI-83 Plus or TI-84 graphing calculator

grid paper

How can you use a scatter plot to analyse data? In a science fiction movie, Martians land on Earth. The scientists in the movie notice that the Martians have small hands and thin arms. The scientists measure the left forearm and left handspan of a sample of 10 Martians. The table lists these data. Name of Martian

56 MHR • Chapter 2

Left Forearm Length (cm)

Left Handspan (cm)

Enyaw

23.1

14.6

Yaj

27.3

17.2

21.0

11.5

Sset

21.5

12.4

Nairb

26.8

15.0

Eiggam

20.2

11.1

Derf

24.4

13.2

Sirhc

23.1

15.8

Narf

24.6

17.0

Yllor

22.1

12.7

The following steps outline how to use a graphing calculator to organize and display the data. 1. First, clear any old data from the calculator’s lists:

• Press n [MEM] to display the MEMORY menu. • Move the cursor down to 4:ClrAllLists, and press e twice.

2. To start entering a table of data, press q. Then, select 1:Edit

by pressing either 1 or

e.

3. Enter the data for left forearm length into list L1, pressing e

after each entry. Similarly, enter the data for left handspan into list L2.

4. Now, set the calculator to display a scatter plot of the data:

• Press n [STATPLOT] to display the STAT PLOTS menu. • Select 1:Plot1 to display the settings for Plot 1. • Select ON if it is not already highlighted. • Scroll down to Type and select the scatter plot symbol. • Xlist should be set to L1. If a different list is already selected, scroll down to Xlist: and enter L1. Similarly, Ylist should be set to L2. • Then, press z and select 9:ZoomStat.

5. What does the horizontal axis of the scatter plot represent? What

does the vertical axis represent? 6. Copy the scatter plot onto a sheet of graph paper. Label your

graph properly. 7. Reflect Describe the relationship between a Martian’s left forearm

length and left handspan. 8. Derf’s ordered pair on the graph is (24.4, 13.2). Describe the

meaning of this ordered pair. How does this ordered pair differ from the rest of the data?

Technology Tip Pressing the e key is like saying “Please do this.” It tells the calculator to carry out the command displayed on the screen. You can select a menu option either by pressing the number for the option or by moving the cursor to the option and pressing e.

9. Reflect What could cause the data for Derf to differ from the

pattern of the other data?

2.3 Use Scatter Plots to Analyse Data • MHR 57

Investigate B How do you conduct an experiment? Literac

onnections

Is there a relationship between a human’s forearm length and handspan? To answer this question, you need to collect and analyse data. 1. Objective: Outline the purpose of your experiment. 2. Hypothesis: Make a hypothesis based on the objective. Do you

think a person’s forearm length and handspan are related? If so, what pattern do you expect the data to have? 3. Procedure: Measure your own forearm length and handspan.

Then, gather more data from nine classmates. Record these data in a table similar to the one for the Martian data. 4. Observations: Make a scatter plot of your data. Describe any

pattern you see in the data. inference 䊏

conclusion based on reasoning and data

5. Conclusion: Make an inference based on your observations.

Does this inference support your hypothesis? Explain. 6. Evaluation: Did the experiment meet its objective? How could

you improve the experiment? 7. Reflect How could you compare the relationship between

a Martian’s forearm length and handspan that you found in Investigate A to the relationship between a human’s forearm length and handspan?

dependent variable 䊏

a variable that is affected by some other variable

independent variable 䊏

a variable that affects the value of another variable

58 MHR • Chapter 2

If you have a set of measurements of one variable, you can calculate statistics for that variable, such as the mean and the median. When you have data for two variables, you can look for a relationship between the two variables. Often, you use the data to determine whether the value of the dependent variable changes when the value of the independent variable changes.

Example 1 Identify Related Variables Identify the independent and dependent variable in each situation. a) Does the outdoor temperature affect the amount of fuel needed

to heat a house? b) Is there a relationship between people’s ages and their heights? c) Does the amount of rain in a region depend on its latitude?

Solution a) Since you want to know whether the outdoor temperature affects

the amount of fuel required for heating, the independent variable is the outdoor temperature and the dependent variable is the amount of fuel required. b) The independent variable is age and the dependent variable

is height. c) The dependent variable is the amount of rain and the independent

variable is the latitude. Note that the latitude might not actually affect the amount of rain. However, to analyse the data, you treat latitude as the independent variable and the amount of rain as the dependent variable.

h Height

Often, a scatter plot can help you see if there is a relationship between two variables. On such graphs, the horizontal axis usually represents the independent variable, while the vertical axis represents the dependent variable. A measurement of the independent variable and the corresponding measurement of the dependent variable make up an ordered pair, (x, y), which appears as a point on the scatter plot.

outlier

dependent variable

An outlier is a point separated from the main body of data on a graph. Sometimes, an outlier results from a measurement error or from some factor that affects only a few of the observed values for a variable. If you can show that an outlier is inaccurate or unrepresentative, you can leave it out of your calculations. Otherwise, you should include the outlier in the data set.

Age

a independent variable

outlier 䊏

measurement that differs significantly from the rest of the data

2.3 Use Scatter Plots to Analyse Data • MHR 59

Example 2 Draw a Scatter Plot A skateboarder starts from various points along a steep ramp and practises coasting to the bottom. This table lists the skateboarder’s initial height above the bottom of the ramp and his speed at the bottom of the ramp. Initial Height (m)

2.0

2.7

3.4

3.8

4.0

4.5

4.7

5.0

Speed (m/s)

4.4

5.2

5.8

6.1

4.5

6.5

6.6

6.9

a) Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Explain your reasoning. b) Make a scatter plot of the data. c) Describe the relationship between the variables. d) Identify any outliers. What might cause an outlier in the data?

Solution a) The skateboarder’s speed at the bottom of the ramp depends on

how high up the ramp he starts. So, the independent variable is the initial height, and the dependent variable is the skateboarder’s speed at the bottom of the ramp. b) Method 1: Use Pencil and Paper s 7.0

Speed (m/s)

6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0

1.0

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Initial Height (m)

6.0 h

Method 2: Use Fathom™

Click on the case table icon and drag it onto the desktop. case table icon

60 MHR • Chapter 2

Click on in the first column, and enter “InitialHeight.” Click on in the second column, and enter “Speed.” Enter the data in the case table. Click on the graph icon and drag it onto the desktop. graph icon

Drag the “InitialHeight” heading to the horizontal axis. Technology Tip You can use Ctrl-Z to undo an action. This shortcut works in many programs.

Drag the “Speed” heading to the vertical axis. Fathom™ then generates the scatter plot automatically.

2.3 Use Scatter Plots to Analyse Data • MHR 61

Technology Tip

You can delete the legend box from your graph.

Enter the data in the first two columns of the spreadsheet. Then, select these data.

In Quattro® Pro, click on the graph, then click Chart on the toolbar. Select Legend, click on the image of a graph without a legend, and click OK.

In Corel® Quattro® Pro, click Insert/Chart. Then, click Next. Uncheck the 3D box. For chart type, click on Scatter, and select the no line option. Click Next again. Enter the title for your graph and the labels for the axes. Click Finish. Then, move the cursor to where you want the graph to appear, and click to place it.

In Excel, right-click on the graph, select Chart Options, click the Legend tab, and uncheck the Show Legend box.

In Microsoft® Excel, click Insert/Chart. Under Chart type, click on XY (Scatter), and click the Next button twice. Enter the title for your graph and the labels for the axes. Click the Next button again, and then click Finish.

62 MHR • Chapter 2

You can make your graph easier to read by enlarging it. Click on the graph, then drag a side or corner. You can also adjust the scale of the axes. • In Quattro® Pro, click on the axis to select it, then right-click. Select Axis Properties, click on the Scale tab, and enter the settings you want. • In Excel, right-click on the axis and select Format Axis. Then, click on the Scale tab and enter the settings you want. c) As the initial height increases, the skateboarder’s speed at the

bottom of the ramp increases. The pattern of the data points is a curve rather than a straight line. d) The ordered pair (4.0, 4.5) is an outlier because it is separated

from the rest of the data. The speed is less than you would expect from looking at the rest of the data. The skateboarder could have dragged his foot or started at an angle that slowed him down.

Key Concepts 䊏

Graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and statistics software can plot graphs of data.

When the value of the independent variable changes, the value of the dependent variable may also change.

An outlier is separate from the main body of data. You can discard an outlier only if you know that it not representative of the relationship between the variables.

Explain how a scatter plot can show that two variables are related.

C2

Which statement is true? Why? A You should discard all outliers since they do not follow the

pattern of the rest of the data. B You should not discard an outlier unless you can show that

it does not accurately represent the relationship between the variables.

2.3 Use Scatter Plots to Analyse Data • MHR 63

Practise For help with question 1, see Example 1. 1. Identify the independent and the dependent variable in each pair. a) blood pressure and physical fitness b) income and level of education c) load in an airplane and length of runway needed for takeoff

For help with questions 2 and 3, see Example 2. 2. This scatter plot compares the body lengths and wingspans of

11 birds of prey.

Wingspan (cm)

w

Sizes of Birds of Prey

220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

10

20

30

40 50 60 Length (cm)

70

80

90

l

a) How would you change the graph to show wingspan

as the independent variable? b) Describe the relationship between length and wingspan

of the birds of prey. 3. This table shows the numbers of

days absent from science class and the report card marks for 15 students.

Mark (%)

2

81

0

73

12

50

7

63

1

77

b) Make a scatter plot of the data.

22

38

c) Describe the relationship

10

44

3

95

3

56

4

71

8

67

0

78

9

61

15

40

a) Identify the independent

variable and the dependent variable. Explain your reasoning.

between a student’s marks and attendance. d) Are there any outliers? If so,

explain how they differ from the rest of the data.

64 MHR • Chapter 2

Number of Days Absent

Connect and Apply In these questions, you can draw the scatter plots by hand or produce them with a graphing calculator, Fathom™, or a spreadsheet. 4. This table lists the data from an experiment to measure how high

a ball bounces after being dropped from six different heights. Initial Height (m) Bounce Height (m) 1.00

0.62

1.50

0.91

2.00

1.18

2.50

1.51

3.00

1.80

3.50

2.08

a) Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Explain your reasoning. b) Make a scatter plot of the data. c) Describe the relationship between the initial height of the ball

and its bounce height. d) If the data included the ordered pair (4.00, 1.62), would you

consider it to be an outlier? Would you discard this ordered pair from the data set? Explain your reasoning. 5. This table shows the distance it took a car to stop when travelling

at various speeds. Speed (km/h)

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

140

160

Stopping Distance (m)

12

14

21

35

41

51

62

84

122

159

a) Make a scatter plot of these data. b) Describe the relationship between the speed of a car and its

stopping distance. c) An additional measurement produces the ordered pair (85, 46).

Explain the meaning of this pair. Is it an outlier? Explain why or why not. 6. a) Make a hypothesis about the relationship between a person’s

height and shoulder width. b) Design and carry out an experiment to investigate the

relationship. What conclusions can you make from the data you collected? c) Compare your hypothesis with the results of your experiment.

Literac

onnections

Shoulder width is the distance from the outside of one shoulder to the outside of the other. Reasoning and Proving Representing

d) How could you improve your experiment?

Selecting Tools

Problem Solving Connecting

Reflecting Communicating

2.3 Use Scatter Plots to Analyse Data • MHR 65

7. Chapter Problem In Section 2.1, question 8, you made a hypothesis

about a physical characteristic that could help an athlete do well in the high jump. a) Outline an experiment to examine the relationship between

this physical characteristic and the height a person can jump. Describe how you could collect the data. b) Identify the independent and the dependent variable in

your experiment. c) Describe how you could use a scatter plot to analyse the data.

What pattern would you see in the scatter plot if your hypothesis were true? 8. This table shows the fat and energy content in typical servings of

fast food. Item

Serving Size (g)

Fat (g)

Energy (kJ)

Harvey’s Original Hamburger

157

20

410

Harvey’s Veggie Burger

142

9

317

Mr. Submarine Small Assorted Sub

179

6

280

Mr. Submarine Small Vegetarian Sub

117

3

180

Pizza Pizza Pepperoni Slice (walk-in)

277

19

630

Pizza Pizza Vegetarian Slice (walk-in)

326

14

580

KFC Chicken Breast

161

19

380

KFC Popcorn Chicken

114

21

380

Swiss Chalet Quarter Chicken Breast

159

12

300

Swiss Chalet Garden Salad (no dressing)

162

0

30

170

32

360

a) Calculate the amount of fat, in milligrams, per gram of each item.

Round to the nearest milligram. Then, calculate the energy content per gram of each item. List the results of your calculations in a table. b) Make a scatter plot of the two sets of data you calculated in

part a). Would you put the fat per gram or the energy per gram on the horizontal axis? Why? c) Identify and explain any outliers. Should they be removed

from the data set? Explain. d) Describe what you can learn from the scatter plot.

66 MHR • Chapter 2

Extend 9. The costume designers for a science-fiction movie decide to

make the Martians’ heights about 6 times their neck circumferences. North Americans’ heights are about 4.5 times their neck circumferences. Draw a graph of both relationships on the same grid. 10. This table lists the number of times at bat and the numbers of

doubles, home runs, and strikeouts for starting first basemen in American League baseball during the 2004 season. Player

At Bats

Doubles

Home Runs

Strikeouts

B. Broussard

418

28

17

95

458

26

32

115

495

29

7

74

J. Giambi

264

9

12

62

K. Harvey

456

20

13

89

S. Hatteberg

550

30

15

48

P. Konerko

563

22

41

107

T. Martinez

458

20

23

72

D. Mientkiewicz

391

24

6

56

J. Morneau

280

17

19

54

J. Olerud

425

20

9

61

R. Palmero

550

29

23

61

C. Pena

481

22

27

146

M. Sweeney

411

23

22

44

M. Teixeira

545

34

38

117

Did You Know ? The earliest known baseball game in Canada took place in Beachville, Ontario on June 14, 1838.

a) Make a scatter plot of doubles per at bat versus home runs

per at bat. b) Make a scatter plot of doubles per at bat versus strikeouts

per at bat. c) Make a scatter plot of home runs per at bat versus strikeouts

per at bat. d) Do any of the scatter plots show a relationship between the

variables? a c e ⫹ ⫹ b d f represents a different integer from 1 to 6 inclusive. Find the smallest a c e possible value for ⫹ ⫹ . b d f

11. Math Contest Each of the letters in the expression

2.3 Use Scatter Plots to Analyse Data • MHR 67

2.4

Trends, Interpolation, and Extrapolation Have you ever heard people say that the price of a comic book was only 10¢ when they were young? Or that their allowance was \$2 a week? Over the years, the prices of most items have increased. You can analyse these trends and use them to make predictions.

Investigate Tools 䊏

TI-83 Plus or TI-84 graphing calculator

grid paper

Technology Tip Enter negative values with the – key rather than the - key.

How can you use trends to make predictions? For a science project, Audrey recorded the minimum temperatures in her backyard for the first 10 days in March. Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Minimum Temperature (°C)

—9

—6

—3

—5

—4

—1

0

—1

2

3

Method 1: Use a Graphing Calculator 1. First, clear the calculator’s lists:

• Press n [MEM] to display the MEMORY menu. • Move the cursor down to 4:ClrAllLists, and press e twice. 2. To start entering the data, press q, and select 1:Edit. 3. Enter the days into list L1, pressing e

after each entry. Then, enter the minimum temperatures into list L2.

4. Set the calculator to display a scatter plot:

• Press n [STATPLOT] to display the STAT PLOTS menu. • Select 1:Plot1 to display the settings for Plot1. • Select ON if it is not already highlighted. • Scroll down to Type and select the scatter plot symbol. • Xlist should be set to L1. If a different list is shown, scroll down to Xlist: and enter L1. Similarly, Ylist should be set to L2. • Then, press z and select 9:ZoomStat.

68 MHR • Chapter 2

5. What does the horizontal axis of the scatter plot graph represent?

What does the vertical axis represent? 6. Copy the scatter plot onto a sheet of graph paper. Label your

graph completely. 7. Describe any trend you see in the temperatures on your graph. 8. Reflect Can you use a trend in the data to predict the minimum

temperatures on March 11 and 12? Explain. Describe how you could estimate what the minimum temperature was on February 26. Method 2: Use Fathom™ 1. Click on the case table icon and drag it onto the desktop. 2. Click on at the top of the first column. Enter the heading

“Day,” then press e. Enter the heading “MinTemp” in the second column. Then, enter the data in the appropriate cells.

3.

Click on the graph icon and drag it onto the desktop. Drag the “Day” heading to the horizontal axis. Then, drag the “MinTemp” heading to the vertical axis. You will see a scatter plot in the graph window.

graph icon

2.4 Trends, Interpolation, and Extrapolation • MHR 69

4. What does the horizontal axis of the scatter plot represent?

What does the vertical axis represent? 5. Print the scatter plot. Then, add a title and proper labels to

the axes on the printout. 6. Describe any trend you see in the temperatures on your graph. 7. Reflect Can you use a trend in the data to predict the minimum

temperatures on March 11 and 12? Explain. Describe how you could estimate what the minimum temperature was on February 26.

Graphs can help you recognize trends in a set of data. If you find a trend, you can use it to predict values of the variables. y

y

0

0

x upward trend

Literac

onnections

A fiscal year is a 12-month period used for accounting. The federal government and many businesses have a fiscal year that ends on March 31.

Did You Know ? Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious illness caused by a virus. An outbreak of SARS spread from China to North America, South America, and Europe in the spring of 2003. However, this outbreak was contained, and only a few isolated cases have appeared since.

70 MHR • Chapter 2

x downward trend

Example Use a Graph to Make Predictions This table shows the number of paid admissions to movies in Canada for 12-month periods (fiscal years) ending on March 31. Fiscal Year

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

2000

2001

2002

Attendance (millions)

83.8

87.3

91.3

99.1

111.6 119.3 119.3

no data

125.4 119.6

1999

2003

a) Graph the data. b) Describe any trends in movie attendance from 1994 to 2004. c) Statistics Canada did not survey movie attendance for the period

from April 2001 to March 2002. Estimate the movie attendance during this period. d) Predict the number of paid admissions to movies in Canada for

the 12-month period ending in March 2006. e) The SARS outbreak in Canada occurred in the spring and summer

of 2003. Would you change your prediction for 2005⫺2006 based on this additional information?

Solution a) The movie admissions are given for 1-year intervals. A bar graph is

a good way to display data for intervals.

Attendance (millions)

Paid Admissions to Movies 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 0

no data

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Fiscal Year Adapted from Statistics Canada, “Movie theatres and drive-ins: data tables,” Catalogue 87F0009XIE, 2003/2004, 2002/2003, 2000/2001, and from Statistics Canada, Motion Picture Theatres Survey, various years.

b) The attendance at movies increased by almost half from 1994

to 2000, but after 2000 there was little increase overall. c) You can interpolate an estimate of attendance at movies in the

2001⫺2002 period. A reasonable estimate is the mean of the numbers for 2000⫺2001 and 2002⫺2003, or about 122 million.

interpolate 䊏

d) You can extrapolate the trend in the data. Since there was only

a small overall increase since 2000, a reasonable estimate for the 2005⫺2006 period is 120 million paid admissions. e) During the SARS outbreak, many people avoided crowds,

estimate a value between two measurements in a set of data

extrapolate 䊏

estimate a value beyond the range of a set of data

especially in Toronto and Vancouver. The SARS outbreak likely caused a drop in movie attendance during the 2003⫺2004 period. So, the number of paid admissions during this period may not reflect the overall trend in movie attendance. If you leave out this outlier, then a reasonable prediction is that movie attendance will increase at the same rate as it did from 2000 to 2003. This trend gives an estimate of about 131 million paid admissions in the 2005⫺2006 period.

2.4 Trends, Interpolation, and Extrapolation • MHR 71

Key Concepts 䊏

A pattern in the graph of a set of data often indicates a trend.

You can interpolate values between those in a set of data.

You can extrapolate trends to predict values outside the range of a set of data.

C2

Amy collected the following data on the sales of cell phones at her store. What type of graph should she use to display these data? Explain. Year

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Number Sold

2451

3010

3559

4925

4388

6052

The national fertility rate is the mean number of children born of women between the ages of 15 and 49 in Canada. This graph shows Canadian fertility rates since 1950. f

4.0 3.5

2.0 1.5 1.0

05

t

20

00 20

95 19

90 19

85

80

19

19

75 19

70 19

65 19

60 19

19

0

55

0.5

50

National surveys by Statistics Canada require processing huge amounts of data. Often, the results of these surveys are not available until several years after the data were collected.

2.5

19

Did You Know ?

Fertility Rate

3.0

A newspaper reporter predicted, “If the trend continues, there will be no children born in 2030.” a) Has the reporter interpreted the graph correctly? Explain. b) What fertility rate would you predict for 2030? Explain how

72 MHR • Chapter 2

Practise For help with questions 1 and 2, see the Example. 1. This table shows the mean monthly rent for a two-bedroom

apartment in Guelph, Ontario, from 1996 to 2003. Year Rent (\$)

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

658

678

686

702

736

764

801

823

Adapted from CMHC Rental Market Reports, 1996—2003

a) Make a bar graph of the data. b) Describe the trend in rents. c) Predict the mean rent for a two-bedroom apartment in Guelph

in 2010. 2. This table lists the estimated population of the world over the

last 1000 years. Year

1000

1250

1500

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

310

400

500

790

980

1260

1650

2520

6060

Population (millions)

a) Make a scatter plot of the data. b) Describe the trend in world population growth. c) The United Nations predicts that the world population will

stabilize at about 10 billion people around the year 2200. Does this prediction follow the trend shown in your graph? Explain.

Connect and Apply 3. This table shows the height of a bean plant

Day

during the first 2 weeks after it germinated.

Height (cm)

a) Make a scatter plot of the data.

Day

b) Describe the growth trend of the bean

1

2

3

4

5

0.8

2.4

4.9

6.8

8.5

8

9

10

11

12

6

7

10.5 12.9 13

14

Height (cm) 15.0 16.9 18.6 20.7 22.5 24.7 26.8

plant during the 2 weeks. c) Predict what will happen to the trend

in future weeks. Explain your reasoning. 4. This table shows the approximate mean retail price

for 4 L of milk in southern Ontario since 1980. Year

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Price (\$)

1.87

2.85

3.30

3.56

3.82

4.70

a) Graph the data. Reasoning and Proving

b) Describe the trend in milk prices.

Representing

c) Estimate the cost of 4 L of milk in 1998.

Selecting Tools

Problem Solving

d) Predict when the price of 4 L of milk will reach \$6.00.

What assumption did you make for this prediction?

Connecting

Reflecting Communicating

2.4 Trends, Interpolation, and Extrapolation • MHR 73

5. This table summarizes the results of a survey of charitable donations

Donor Rate (%)

Mean Amount per Donor (\$)

15—19

58

114

20—24

70

122

25—34

77

229

35—44

85

242

45—54

83

338

55—64

81

316

65—74

80

294

75+

72

330

a) Make a bar graph of the data for the donor rates of the age groups.

Describe the trend in this graph. b) Make a bar graph of the data for mean donations by the age

groups. Describe the trend in this graph. c) Compare the trends in the two graphs. 6. This table summarizes data about Internet use in Canada. Households Using the Internet (%) Year

Ontario

1998

22.6

25.5

18.2

1999

28.7

32.0

23.6

2000

40.1

44.1

32.5

2001

48.7

53.4

40.2

2002

51.4

57.7

46.0

2003

54.5

59.7

50.6

a) Use a graph to compare

the trend in Internet use in Canada with the trends in Ontario and Saskatchewan. b) Statistics Canada stopped

this survey of Internet use after 2003. Estimate the percent of Canadian households that used the Internet in 2005. List any assumptions that you make.

74 MHR • Chapter 2

7. The table shows the number of music singles, cassettes, and CDs

sold in Canada between 1998 and 2004. Sales of Recorded Music in Canada (millions of units) Year

Singles

Cassettes

CDs

1998

0.9

8.4

57.7

1999

0.8

5.7

58.4

2000

0.5

2.8

57.3

2001

0.5

1.4

54.0

2002

0.6

1.0

50.9

2003

0.8

0.3

49.0

2004

0.5

< 0.1

51.3

a) Use graphs to help you describe the trends in the sales

of each type of recording. b) Predict the sales of each type of recording in 2005.

c) Use data from the Internet to check if your predictions

were correct. Did any of the trends change in 2005? Achievement Check 8. This table shows the time it takes a skateboarder to reach the bottom

of a ramp when starting from various points along the ramp. Initial Height (m)

Descent Time (s)

2.0

1.4

2.7

1.9

3.4

2.5

3.8

2.7

4.0

2.8

4.5

2.2

4.7

3.0

5.0

3.1

a) Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Explain your reasoning. b) Make a scatter plot of the data. c) Describe the relationship between the variables. d) Identify any outliers. Explain whether you would include

any of these outliers in the data set. e) Estimate the time it would take the skateboarder to reach

the bottom of the ramp from a starting height of 3.6 m. Explain how you made your estimate.

2.4 Trends, Interpolation, and Extrapolation • MHR 75

Extend Makin

9. This table shows some of the results of a survey of volunteer work

onnections

To earn a highschool diploma, you must do 40 h of volunteer community service. See your guidance teacher for details.

Mean Hours per Volunteer

Age Group

Ontario (%)

Ontario

15—24

29

28

130

150

25—34

24

19

131

149

35—44

30

29

153

163

45—54

30

31

158

151

55—64

28

28

181

157

65+

18

17

269

261

a) Compare the relationship between age and volunteerism for

Ontario residents with the relationship for all Canadians. b) Which age group in Ontario has the greatest volunteer rate?

Suggest why this age group volunteers more than others. c) Describe the relationship between age and hours volunteered

10. The Club of Rome is a group of scientists, teachers, economists, and

others who study world issues. In 1972, this group published a book called Limits to Growth. Use the Internet or a library to find one of the predictions made in this book. Describe the prediction. Discuss whether it is correct and how it relates to the topics in this section. 11. Math Contest At noon a group of boys and girl are in the cafeteria.

When 15 girls leave, the ratio of boys to girls becomes 2:1. Then, 45 boys leave. There are now 5 girls for each boy. The number of girls in the group at noon was A 29 B 40 C 43 D 50 12. Math Contest Find the greatest number of Saturdays that can occur

76 MHR • Chapter 2

Linear and Non-Linear Relations

2.5 l

l

Length for Age—Girls

90

90

80

80

Length (cm)

100

Length (cm)

100

70

70

60

60

50

50

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

a

Age (months)

Length for Age—Boys

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

a

Age (months)

These graphs are called growth charts. Doctors use them to help judge the health of young children. The graphs show the normal range of lengths for boys and girls from birth to age 3.

Investigate How do linear and non-linear graphs compare? Use the growth charts to answer the following questions. 1. What is the same about the growth of young girls and the growth

of young boys? 2. How does the growth of young girls differ from that of young boys?

linear relation 䊏

a relation between two variables that forms a straight line when graphed

3. A graph of a linear relation forms a straight line. For what age

range does the growth of girls and boys appear to be linear? 4. For what age range does the growth of girls and boys appear to

be non-linear? 5. Reflect How do changes in non-linear graphs differ from changes

in linear graphs?

2.5 Linear and Non-Linear Relations • MHR 77

line of best fit 䊏

a straight line that comes closest to the points on a scatter plot

curve of best fit 䊏

a curve that comes closest to the points on a scatter plot of a non-linear relation

Often, you can use a linear relation to model the data on a scatter plot. This linear relation corresponds to a line of best fit. Lines of best fit pass through or close to as many points as possible. Any points that are not on the line of best fit should be distributed evenly above and below it. A line of best fit can help you make interpolations and extrapolations. Many non-linear relations can be modelled with a curve of best fit. You can draw curves of best fit using the same method as for a line of best fit. A curve of best fit should pass through or close to as many points as possible, and any points that are not on the curve should be distributed evenly above and below it.

Example 1 Use a Line of Best Fit The gymnophthalmid lizard lives in the Amazon rainforest. Recent research found that this lizard keeps its body temperature close to the temperature of its surroundings. The table lists data from this research. Surrounding Temperature (°C)

25.0 24.8 27.9 30.3 28.2 24.8 25.6 29.9 25.5 28.4 28.5 28.0 27.9

Lizard’s Body Temperature (°C)

26.2 28.2 29.7 30.3 29.8 28.3 27.6 30.8 29.5 30.0 28.8 28.7 29.0

a) Graph the data. b) How are the two variables

related? Is this relationship linear or non-linear? Explain. c) Draw a line of best fit. d) Estimate the lizard’s body temperature

if the surrounding temperature is 26°C. e) Estimate the lizard’s temperature if the

surrounding temperature is 35°C.

a) Plot the data using a

scatter plot.

Lizard Temperatures

30 Lizard’s Body Temperature (°C)

Solution

L

29 28 27 26 25 24 0

24

25

26

27

28

29

Surrounding Temperature (°C)

78 MHR • Chapter 2

30

T

b) The data points show a clear trend. As the surrounding

temperature increases, so does the lizard’s body temperature. You can classify the relationship as linear since the data points lie close to a straight line. Although the relationship is not perfectly linear, a linear relation is a good model for the data. c) Method 1: Use Pencil and Paper

Draw a straight line as close as possible to the points on the graph. y

Lizard Temperatures

Lizard’s Body Temperature (°C)

30 29 28 27 26 25 24 0

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

x

Surrounding Temperature (°C)

Method 2: Use a Graphing Calculator

Clear all the calculator’s lists. Press q and select 1:Edit. Enter the surrounding temperatures in list L1 and the lizard’s body temperatures in list L2. Display the scatter plot: • Press n [STAT PLOT] to display the STAT PLOTS menu. • Select 1:Plot1 to display the settings for Plot1. • Select On and the scatter plot symbol if they are not already highlighted. • Make sure that Xlist is set to L1 and Ylist is set to L2. • Press z and select 9:ZoomStat. Add the line of best fit: • Press q, cursor over to display the CALC menu, and select 4:LinReg(ax + b). • Press v, and cursor over to display the Y-VARS menu. • Select 1:FUNCTION; then, select 1:Y1. • Press e to get to the LinReg screen, and press

g.

2.5 Linear and Non-Linear Relations • MHR 79

Method 3: Use Fathom™

Drag the case table icon onto the desktop. Enter the headings “SurroundTemp” and “LizardTemp” at the top of the first two columns. Enter the data into the case table. Drag the graph icon onto the desktop. Drag the “SurroundTemp” heading to the horizontal axis and the “LizardTemp” heading to the vertical axis. To add a line of best fit, click on Graph, and choose Least Squares Line.

Enter the data in the first two columns of a spreadsheet. Then, select these data. In Corel® Quattro® Pro, click Insert/Chart. Click Next. Uncheck the 3D box. For chart type, click on Scatter, and select the no line option. Click Next again. Enter the title for your graph and the labels for the axes. Click Finish. Then, move the cursor to where you want the graph to appear and click to place it. To add a line of best fit, select the scatter plot. Right-click on the data points, and select Series Properties. Then, click on the Trendline tab and select Linear fit. Technology Tip Ctrl-Z will undo an action in either Corel® Quattro® Pro or Microsoft® Excel. For example, you can use Ctrl-Z to restore something you deleted by mistake.

80 MHR • Chapter 2

In Microsoft® Excel, click Insert/Chart. Under Chart type, click on XY (Scatter), and click the Next button twice. Enter the title for your graph and the labels for the axes. Click the Next button again; then, click Finish. To add a line of best fit, click on Chart and select Add Trendline. In the dialogue box for Type, choose Linear, and click OK.

d) Interpolate using a line of best fit. Read up from 26°C on the

horizontal axis to the line of best fit. Then, read across to find that the lizard’s body temperature is about 28°C. L

Lizard Temperatures

Lizard’s Body Temperature (°C)

33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 0

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

T

Surrounding Temperature (°C)

e) Extrapolate using a line of best fit. Extend the line far enough that

you can read up to it from 35°C on the horizontal axis. Then, read across to the vertical axis to find the corresponding body temperature of the lizard. The temperature of the lizard will be about 33°C when the surrounding temperature is 35°C. This estimate is reasonable only if the relationship between the two temperatures is still linear at temperatures greater than those in the set of data.

2.5 Linear and Non-Linear Relations • MHR 81

Example 2 Decide Whether a Line of Best Fit Is Appropriate Why is a line of best fit not a good model for the data in each graph? a)

b)

y

0

c)

x

y

0

x

y

0

x

Solution a) There are not enough data points to determine the relationship

between the variables. b) The data points tend to follow a curve rather than a straight line.

The middle points are all below the line and the points near the ends are mostly above the line. The relation is non-linear. A curve of best fit is a better model for these data. y

0

x

c) The points have no apparent pattern.

82 MHR • Chapter 2

Key Concepts 䊏

Data that form a relatively straight line on a scatter plot indicate a linear relationship between the variables.

A line of best fit can model a linear relationship, but is usually a poor model for a non-linear relationship.

You can use a line or curve of best fit to interpolate values within a data set.

You can extrapolate values beyond the range of a set of data by extending a line or curve of best fit.

Dependent Variable

y

0

x Independent Variable

Which of these scatter plots shows a linear relationship? Explain. a)

b)

y

0 C2

y

0

x

x

Can you draw a line of best fit that does not pass through any of the data points? Explain your answer. Give an example if possible.

Practise 1. Does each graph show a linear relationship? Explain. a)

b)

y

0

x

y

0

x

2. Does each set of points have a linear relationship? Justify your answer. a) (⫺6, ⫺4), (⫺5, ⫺2), (⫺4, 0), (⫺3, 2), (⫺2, 4), (⫺1, 6), (0, 8), (1, 10),

(2, 12), (3, 14) b) (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25), (6, 36)

2.5 Linear and Non-Linear Relations • MHR 83

For help with questions 3 and 4, see Example 2. 3. State whether each of these lines of best fit is a good model for

b)

y

0

c)

x

0

d)

y

0

e)

y

x

y

x

0

x

y

0

x

4. Plot each set of points on a grid. If your plot shows a linear

relationship, draw a line of best fit. If the relation appears non-linear, sketch a curve of best fit. a)

x

1

2

7

4

9

3

6

2

y

—2

0

12

5

20

3

11

1

b) Time (s) Score

40

32

55

18

66

43

37

7

9.5

6

10

4

6

7.5

c) (⫺5, 3), (6, 1), (2, 2), (⫺3, 0), (⫺1, 2), (9, 10), (8, 4), (0, 1), (7, 5),

(⫺4, 1)

84 MHR • Chapter 2

Connect and Apply 5. A weather balloon recorded the air temperature at various altitudes. Altitude (m)

500

800

1000

1500

1700

2100

Temperature (°C)

16.2

14.5

13.1

11.2

9.8

8.1

Did You Know ? About 1800 weather balloons are launched every day to measure conditions high in the atmosphere.

a) Make a scatter plot of the data. b) Describe the relation and draw a line or curve of best fit. c) Use your line or curve of best fit to estimate the temperature

at an altitude of 600 m. d) Estimate the temperature at 2500 m. 6. Farmers have found that the spacing

between plants affects the crop yield. This table lists data for canola.

Density (plants/m2)

Plants With Good Yield (%)

20

57.0

a) Make a scatter plot of the data.

40

85.0

b) Describe any trends you see in the

60

91.5

80

94.0

100

95.5

120

96.5

140

96.0

160

95.5

180

95.0

200

94.5

300

91.5

400

86.5

500

85.0

scatter plot. What type of relation do these trends indicate? c) Is a line of best fit a good model for

the data? Explain why or why not. d) Suggest two factors that could affect

the relation between planting density and crop yields for canola.

7. a) This table lists the speed of a skydiver during the first 4 s of free

fall. Plot the data on a grid with time from 0 s to 12 s on the horizontal axis and speed from 0 m/s to 100 m/s on the vertical axis. Time (s)

0

1

2

3

4

Speed (m/s)

0

6

12

18

23

Did You Know ? Leonardo da Vinci drew designs for a parachute around 1492. However, the first known parachute jump was made by Faust Vrancic in 1617.

b) Extrapolate to estimate the skydiver’s speed after 12 s of free fall. c) This table gives the skydiver’s speed for the next 8 s of free fall.

Add these data to the graph you made in part a). Time (s) Speed (m/s)

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

28

33

37

40

42

43

43

43

d) Describe the trend in the enlarged set of data. What causes this

trend? e) Explain why extrapolations can be inaccurate.

2.5 Linear and Non-Linear Relations • MHR 85

8.

Conduct an experiment to investigate how a person’s heart rate changes immediately after exercise. Work with a partner. a) Objective: Describe the purpose of your experiment. b) Hypothesis: Make a hypothesis about the trend in a person’s heart

rate after exercise. c) Procedure: One partner runs on the spot for 2 min while the

other partner keeps track of the time. Then, the runner counts his or her pulse over 10-s intervals for a total of 80 s. The other partner records the data in a table. d) Observations: Graph your measurements. Draw a line or a curve

of best fit. Compare your graph with those drawn by your classmates. Do you see any pattern in the way your heart rates slow down? e) Conclusion: What inference can you make from the data? Do your

observations support your hypothesis? f) Evaluation: Did the experiment meet its objective? Could there be

any errors in your data? How could you improve the experiment? 9. Design and carry out an experiment to see if there is a linear relation ml 10 20 30 40

between the height of water in a graduated cylinder and the number of pennies dropped into the water. Write a report on your experiment. This report should include a) the objective of the experiment b) your hypothesis c) a description of your procedure

50

d) your observations e) your conclusions f) an evaluation of the experiment

Achievement Check 10. This table shows a series of measurements of water temperature at

various depths below a research ship. Depth (m)

100

200

300

400

500

800

1000

1200

Temperature (°C)

19.4

19.0

18.1

17.5

16.0

9.7

6.2

6.0

a) Make a scatter plot of the data. b) Draw a line or curve of best fit. c) Describe the relationship between the variables. d) Estimate the water temperature at a depth of 700 m. e) Extrapolate to estimate the temperature at a depth of 1600 m. f) Which of your two estimates is likely to be more accurate?

86 MHR • Chapter 2

Extend 11. Consider each set of data. How can you tell whether

the relation between the variables in each pair is linear without graphing the data? a)

b)

t

—2

—1

0

1

2

3

4

5

d

—9

—4

1

6

11

16

21

26

t

—3

—2

—1

0

1

2

h

5

0

—3

—4

—3

0

12. Gayle recorded the distances she drove and the readings

of the fuel gauge in her truck. Distance Travelled (km)

0

8 (full)

105

7

205

6

300

5

395

4

460

3

525

2

580

1

625

0

If the truck’s fuel efficiency was constant, what can you conclude about the relation between the fuel gauge reading and the amount of fuel left in the tank? Explain your reasoning. 13. Math Contest If n is positive, which of the following expressions

always has a value less than 1? 1 1⫺n A B n n 1⫹n n C D n n⫹1 14. Math Contest Determine the number of even three-digit numbers

that can be made by choosing from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 if each number must contain three different digits.

2.5 Linear and Non-Linear Relations • MHR 87

2.6

Distance-Time Graphs

Radar antennas on ships send out pulses of radio waves. By measuring the pulses that reflect back from objects, such as other ships, a radar system can determine the location of the objects. Sonic rangefinders work in a similar way. These devices send out pulses of sound waves. By measuring the time it takes a pulse to reflect back from an object, the rangefinder can calculate the distance to the object.

Investigate A How can you make distance-time graphs with a rangefinder?

Tools 䊏

TI-83 Plus or TI-84 graphing calculator

CBR™ (calculator-based rangefinder)

Work with a partner. There are several different models of rangefinders. Your teacher will tell you if the model you have requires any changes to the directions below. 1. Connect the CBR™ to a graphing calculator. 2. Set the calculator to record data from the CBR™:

• Press ∂, select CBL/CBR, and press e. • Select 3:RANGER, press e, and select 1:SETUP/SAMPLE. • Make sure that your settings match those shown here. With these settings, the rangefinder will record distances in metres for a period of 4 s. • Move the cursor up to START NOW at the top of the screen, and press e. 3. Stand about 3 m from a wall, and hold the

rangefinder with its sensor pointed at the wall. Press e and walk slowly toward the wall for about 2 s. Pause for a moment; then, back away from the wall, slowly at first, but steadily faster for the remaining 2 s. Keep the sensor pointed at the wall as you walk. You will hear a clicking sound from the CBR™ as it measures distances.

88 MHR • Chapter 2

4. When the measurements are complete, a distance-time graph will

distance-time graph

appear on the calculator’s screen. If you are not satisfied with your graph, press e, and select 5:REPEAT SAMPLE. Then, repeat step 3.

a graph that shows how distance varies with time

5. What does the horizontal axis of the graph represent? What does the

vertical axis represent? Which variable is independent? Explain. 6. a) Describe the graph of your motion toward the wall. b) Describe the graph of your motion away from the wall. c) Describe the graph when you are standing still. d) Which parts of your graph are straight? Which part is curved?

How does the motion represented by a straight part of your graph differ from the motion represented by the curved part? 7. Match each of the following distance-time graphs by pointing the

CBR™ at a wall and walking toward or away from the wall. Describe how you moved to match each graph. a)

b)

d

Distance

Distance

d

0

t

0

Time

t Time

8. Reflect Summarize how different kinds of motion appear on a

distance-time graph.

Investigate B Tools

How can you graph the motion of a falling object?

TI-83 Plus or TI-84 graphing calculator

CBR™ (calculator-based rangefinder)

large ball (such as a basketball or volleyball)

Work with a partner to produce a distance-time graph for a falling ball. 1. Connect the CBR™ to a graphing calculator. 2. Set the calculator to record data from the CBR™:

• Press ∂, select CBL/CBR, and press e. • Select 3:RANGER, press e, and select 1:SETUP/SAMPLE. • Make sure that your settings match those shown here. With these settings, the rangefinder will record distances in metres for a period of 1 s. • Move the cursor up to START NOW at the top of the screen, and press e.

2.6 Distance-Time Graphs • MHR 89

3. One partner holds the CBR™ steady

about 2.0 m above the floor and points the sensor downward. The other partner holds the ball 0.5 m directly below the CBR™. Press e and immediately release the ball. Let the ball bounce.

sensor 0.5 m

2.0 m

4. When the measurements are complete,

a distance-time graph will appear on the calculator’s screen. If you are not satisfied with your graph, press e, and select 5:REPEAT SAMPLE. Then, repeat step 3.

floor

5. What does the horizontal axis of the

graph represent? What does the vertical axis represent? 6. How you can identify the point on the

graph where the ball hit the floor? 7. Use the TRACE feature to find the

coordinates of this point. Press u, and use the arrow keys to move the cursor along the graph to the point where the ball hit the floor. What do the coordinates of this point represent? 8. Reflect Is the relation between distance and time linear from the

time you released the ball until it reached the floor? Explain how you can tell from the distance-time graph. What can you conclude about the speed of the ball?

Key Concepts 䊏

A distance-time graph shows an object’s distance from a fixed point over a period of time.

On these graphs, a rising line shows that the distance increases as time increases. A falling line shows a decrease with time, and a horizontal line shows that the distance remains constant.

d

Distance

Distance increases with time.

Distance decreases with time.

Distance is constant.

0

t Time

90 MHR • Chapter 2

d

State which phrase best describes each segment of this distance-time graph. Justify your answer. Distance

a) no movement b) fastest movement

C

B

c) slowest movement

D

E

A

d) backward movement

0

t Time

These graphs show a person’s distance from a wall. Describe the motion shown in the first graph. Then, explain how the motion in each of the other two graphs differs from that shown in the first graph. b)

Distance

d

c)

d

0

t

d

Distance

a)

Distance

C2

0

Time

0

t

t Time

Time

Practise 1. Describe the motion shown in each distance-time graph.

Write a few sentences describing a situation that could be represented by each graph. b)

0

t

0

e)

0

t

t

t Time

f)

d

Distance

d

Distance

Distance

d

0

d

Time

Time

d)

c)

d

Distance

Distance

d

Distance

a)

0

Time

t

0

t Time

Time

2. Which of the graphs in question 1 show linear relations between

2.6 Distance-Time Graphs • MHR 91

Connect and Apply 3. A canoeist starts from a dock and paddles to the end of a lake and

back. This graph shows the canoeist’s distance from the dock during this trip. d

Canoe Trip

7.0

Distance From Dock (km)

6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

t

Time (h)

a) How long did this trip take? b) How far is it to the end of the lake? c) What does the flat portion of the graph represent? d) Was the canoeist travelling faster on the way out

or on the way back? 4. This graph shows how far a cyclist has Distance

travelled from her starting point. Describe the cyclist’s motion in a few sentences.

d

0

t Time

5. a) You are holding a rangefinder pointed at

b) How would the distance-time graph

change if you walked faster?

d

Distance

a nearby wall. Describe how you would move in order to match this graph.

c) How would the graph change if you

walked slower? d) How would the graph change if you

0

t Time

stopped sooner? e) If a rangefinder and graphing calculator are available, use them to

92 MHR • Chapter 2

6. a) Sketch your own distance-time graph. b) Describe the motion shown in your graph. c) If a rangefinder and graphing calculator are available, use

them to check your answer to part b). 7. Draw a distance-time graph for this situation:

A student leaves home, walking at a steady pace. He slows down, then stops for a few seconds to mail a letter. He turns around and runs home at a constant speed. 8. Sketch a distance-time graph for a car that slowly speeds up after

stopping at a traffic light. 9. Water is flowing at a constant rate into each pail. The pails have the

same height and the same base. Draw a graph showing the depth of the water in each pail during the time it takes to fill the pails. a)

b)

10. Use Technology Carry out this activity with a small group. a) Connect a CBR™ to a graphing calculator. b) Press ∂, select CBL/CBR, and press e. Then, select

3:RANGER, press e, and select 3:APPLICATIONS. Select 1:METERS and then 1:DIST MATCH. c) Follow the instructions on the screen. Have each member

of the group try to match a different distance-time graph.

Technology Tip CLR/CBR may appear anywhere on the APPLICATIONS menu. If CBL/CBR is not among the first seven items, scroll down to see the rest of the list.

d) Write a brief summary of what you learned about

distance-time graphs.

Extend 11. a) Find the speed of the canoeist in question 3 during each of

the three segments of the trip. b) Draw a speed-time graph for the canoeist’s trip. c) How is the speed of the canoeist related to the shape of the

distance-time graph? d) What does negative speed represent in this situation?

2.6 Distance-Time Graphs • MHR 93

12. Use Technology Work with a partner to investigate the motion of a

bouncing ball. Use a large ball, such as a basketball or a volleyball. a) Connect a CBR™ to a graphing calculator. Clear all lists. b) Press ∂, select CBL/CBR, and press e. Then, select

3:RANGER, press e, and select 3:APPLICATIONS. Select METERS and then BALL BOUNCE. c) Follow the instructions on the screen. Hold

the CBR™ up high with the sensor pointed down. Drop the ball from a point about 0.5 m directly below the CBR™. Press the trigger on the CBR™ the moment the ball first hits the floor. Allow the ball to bounce at least five times. d) When the measurements are complete, a graph will appear on the

calculator’s screen. What does the horizontal axis of this graph represent? What does the vertical axis represent? e) Is there a linear relation between these two variables? Explain. f) Use the TRACE function to find the maximum height the ball

reaches on each bounce. Move the cursor to the top of the curve representing each bounce. Record the coordinates of these points in a table under the headings “Time” and “Bounce Height.” g) Enter the times into list L3 and the bounce heights into L4. h) To plot these coordinates, Press n

[STAT PLOT] and select 2:Plot2. Select On and the line graph icon. Enter L3 for Xlist and L4 for Ylist. Then, press g. i) Is there a linear relation between time

and bounce height? Explain. 13. Use Technology Carry out this activity with a small group. a) Connect a CBR™ to a graphing calculator. b) Press ∂, select CBL/CBR, and press e. Then, select

3:RANGER, press e, and select 3:APPLICATIONS. Select 1:METERS and then 2:VEL MATCH. c) Follow the instructions on the screen. Have each member

of the group try to match a different speed-time graph. d) Write a brief summary of what you learned about speed-time

graphs. 14. Math Contest In 2005, Shaheen’s age on her birthday was equal

to the sum of the digits of the year she was born. In what year was Shaheen born?

94 MHR • Chapter 2

Chapter 2 Review 2.1 Hypotheses and Sources of Data, pages 42⫺47 1. State a hypothesis about a relationship

5. Identify the population in each situation

and describe the sampling technique you would use.

between each pair of variables. Then, state the opposite hypothesis.

a) A department store wishes to know how

a) the temperature in a town during the

b) The Ontario government wants to find

summer and the volume of water used by the town’s residents b) a person’s height and marks in mathematics 2. State whether each data source is primary or

secondary. Then, discuss whether the source is a good choice. a) To determine the number of each size of

school uniform to buy, a principal surveyed 200 of the school’s students by telephone.

far away its customers live. out the incomes of people who camp in provincial parks. c) Your school librarian needs to find out

how to improve lunchtime services for students. 2.3 Use Scatter Plots to Analyse Data, pages 56⫺67 6. This table shows the heights and shoe sizes

b) To check trends in house prices across

Height (cm)

Canada, a real-estate agent found a database on the Internet.

157

7

168

8.5

162

8

151

6.5

c) To find data on the sizes of bears in

British Columbia, a student used an encyclopedia.

Shoe Size

d) To choose music for a school dance, the

186

12

dance committee checked a list of the top-selling CDs in Canada in a music magazine.

180

11

167

12

159

9

168

9.5

2.2 Sampling Principles, pages 48⫺55 3. You want to survey students’ opinions about

the extracurricular activities at your school. a) Identify the population. b) Describe how you could use a stratified

181

10

a) Make a scatter plot of the data. b) Describe the relationship between a

student’s height and shoe size. c) Identify any outliers. Should you discard

the outliers? Explain.

4. An airline wants to determine how its

passengers feel about paying extra for in-flight meals. a) Identify the population. b) Describe how the airline could use a

systematic random sample for its survey.

Chapter 2 Review • MHR 95

7. This table shows the

length of ten ferries and the number of cars each one can carry. a) Make a scatter plot of

the data.

Length (m)

Capacity (cars)

34.1

16

167.2

600

27.4

11

9. This table lists the winning heights in the

high jump for men and women at the Olympics from 1928 to 2004. Winning Heights in Olympic High Jump Year

Men (m)

Women (m)

1928

1.94

1.59

1932

1.97

1.66

1936

2.03

1.60

22.9

12

relationship between the length of a ferry and its capacity.

115.5

205

100.0

150

1948

1.98

1.68

15.2

4

1952

2.04

1.67

c) Identify any outliers.

51.2

35

1956

2.12

1.76

75.8

100

1960

2.16

1.85

110.8

80

1964

2.18

1.90

1968

2.24

1.82

1972

2.23

1.92

1976

2.25

1.93

1980

2.36

1.97

1984

2.35

2.02

1988

2.38

2.03

1992

2.34

2.02

1996

2.39

2.05

b) Describe the

What could cause these outliers?

2.4 Trends, Interpolation, and Extrapolation, pages 68⫺76 8. This table shows the Year

Population (millions)

population of Canada from 1861 to 2001.

1861

3.2

a) Make a scatter plot of

1871

3.7

1881

4.3

2000

2.35

2.01

1891

4.8

2004

2.36

2.06

1901

5.4

1911

7.2

1921

8.8

1931

10.4

1941

11.5

1951

13.6

c) Identify any outliers.

1961

18.2

d) Predict the winning heights in the men’s

1971

21.6

1981

24.8

1991

28.0

2001

31.0

the data. b) Describe the trend in

the population. c) Estimate the

population in 2021.

96 MHR • Chapter 2

a) Graph the data. Use one colour for the

men’s data and another for the women’s data. b) Compare the trends in the men’s and

women’s results.

and women’s high jump at the 2012 Olympics. Explain your reasoning.

2.5 Linear and Non-Linear Relations, pages 77⫺87

2.6 Distance-Time Graphs, pages 88⫺94 12. Describe a situation that corresponds to

10. Graph each set of points on a grid. Then,

draw a line of best fit. Is a line of best fit a good model for each set of data? Explain.

a)

y

4

—8

0

0.4

8

—14

1

1.7

—2

7

2

3.5

6

—11

3

4.4

0

1

4

5.1

—5

15

5

5.4

—2

5

6

5.7

3

—5

7

5.9

10

—17

7

—11

—3

8

Distance

b) Time (days) Height (cm)

x

d

0

b)

d

0

Time (h)

Separation (km)

0

575.5

1

534.3

2

501.5

d

Distance

on parallel courses that are 10 km apart. This table shows the distance between the two ships over a 12-h period.

t Time

c) 11. Two ships are travelling

t Time

Distance

a)

each distance-time graph.

0

t Time

3

447.2

the data.

4

412.1

b) Describe the

5

379.1

each situation.

6

330.6

a) A worker with a wheelbarrow filled with

7

299.0

8

255.8

9

210.6

10

177.2

11

134.1

12

95.3

a) Make a scatter plot of

relationship and draw a line of best fit. c) Identify any outliers. d) Estimate when the

ships will be closest to each other.

13. Draw a distance-time graph to represent

bricks starts at a point 50 m from the entrance to a construction site. The worker pushes the wheelbarrow away from the entrance at a speed of 1 m/s for 10 s, stops for 5 s to unload, and then moves back toward the entrance at a speed of 2 m/s for 20 s. b) A stone dropped from a height of 10 m

steadily increases in speed until it hits the ground after about 1.4 s.

Chapter 2 Review • MHR 97

Chapter 2 Practice Test Multiple Choice

Short Response

For questions 1 to 4, select the best answer.

Show all steps to your solutions.

1. Which of the following is a primary data

5. Write the opposite of each hypothesis.

source?

a) Caffeine can affect your sleep.

A finding a list of the year’s top-grossing

b) The more you study, the worse you do on

films in the newspaper B having 20 of your friends ask their family

tests. c) At least half of the students in your

members for their favourite colour C getting information on the world’s

school have a part-time job. d) Cell phone use has more than doubled in

longest rivers from an atlas D using the Internet to find the results of

the latest Paralympic Games 2. Which of the following is not an example of

random sampling?

the past 2 years. 6. A school board wishes to survey a

representative sample of its teachers. a) Identify the population. b) Describe a suitable stratified random

A using a random-number generator to

select 10% of the players in each division of a provincial soccer league B selecting every 10th person on a list,

beginning with the name corresponding to a randomly generated number between 1 and 10, inclusive

sample for this survey. c) Describe a suitable systematic random

sample. d) Give an example of a non-random

sample. e) Explain why the non-random sample

might not be representative of the population.

C standing on a street corner and asking

every 10th person who goes by for their opinions D writing names on slips of paper and

picking 10% of the slips out of a box after shaking the box thoroughly 3. Estimating values beyond the known data

for a relation is A extrapolation B interpolation C a line of best fit D discarding outliers 4. The final step in an experiment is the

7. Make a scatter plot of each set of data. Draw

a line or curve of best fit. State whether each scatter plot shows a linear or non-linear relationship. Justify your answer. a)

b) Time Distance

Time (s)

Mass (g)

0

106.1

2

7.0

0.5

51.4

1

7.0

1.0

28.9

2

9.5

1.5

13.5

0

4.0

2.0

5.8

7

16.5

(h)

(km)

2.5

3.7

4

11.0

A procedure

3.0

1.6

1

6.0

B conclusion

3.5

0.9

2

9.0

C evaluation

4.0

0.4

6

19.0

D hypothesis

98 MHR • Chapter 2

8. Briefly describe the motion represented by

each section of this distance-time graph. d

Distance

F A

E C

D

B 0

Time

t

Extended Response Provide complete solutions. 9. Outline an experiment to investigate the

relationship between the distance a person stands from a ceiling light and the length of the person’s shadow. Your outline should include a) a hypothesis b) a procedure for gathering data c) a description of how you will analyse the

data d) an explanation of how you can tell if the

data show a linear relation

10. After landing on Mars, a spacecraft shoots

out a probe to take measurements away from any possible contamination at the landing site. This table shows the probe’s height during the first 4 s of its flight. Time (s)

Height (m)

0

1.0

0.5

5.5

1.0

9.2

1.5

11.8

2.0

13.6

2.5

21.4

3.0

14.4

3.5

13.3

4.0

11.4

a) Make a scatter plot of the data. Label

your graph. b) Describe the relationship between time

and the height of the probe. c) Identify any outliers. What could cause

such outliers? d) Draw a line or a curve of best fit,

excluding any outliers. e) Estimate the probe’s height after 5 s.

Chapter Problem Wrap-Up

In Section 2.3, question 7, you outlined an experiment to examine the relationship between a physical characteristic and performance in the high jump. a) Carry out the experiment. Did you have

to make any changes to the procedure you described in Section 2.3? Explain. b) Draw a scatter plot of the data. Does

this scatter plot suggest a linear or a non-linear relationship? Explain.

c) Draw a line or a curve of best fit.

Comment on the accuracy of this line or curve of best fit. d) Compare the results of the experiment

with your hypothesis. What conclusion can you make?

Chapter 2 Practice Test • MHR 99
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