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1 + has become 0 Maths in School has become 0 Fraction Calculations in School by Kate Robinson

2 Fractions Calculations in School Contents Introduction p. Simplifying fractions (cancelling down) p. Adding and subtracting fractions p. Adding fractions with different denominators p. Subtracting fractions with different denominators p. Fraction calculations with a total above one whole p.9 Multiplying fractions by whole numbers p.0 Multiplying mixed numbers by whole numbers p. Multiplying fractions by fractions p. Dividing fractions by whole numbers p. Decimals and fractions p.7 Turning decimals into fractions p.7 Turning fractions into decimals p. Percentages and fractions p.9 Multiplying fractions game p.0 Resource sheets p. Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School

3 Fractions Calculations in School Introduction Once children are confident using fractions they can begin to calculate with them. In this booklet, you ll find out how your child is taught to calculate with fractions in school. You ll also find a wide range of games and activities that you can use at home to build your child s skills and confidence in calculating with fractions. Simplifying fractions (cancelling down) When your child starts to calculate with fractions, they ll find that it s simpler to use a fraction when the denominator is as small as possible. It is easier to find than. We can simplify to to make it easier to use. This is sometimes called cancelling down. Simplifying a fraction means finding the equivalent fraction with the smallest denominator. We do it by finding the biggest number that we can divide both the numerator and denominator by: 0 Sometimes, when we haven t divided by the biggest possible number to begin with, we need to do it again: 6 Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School

4 Adding and subtracting fractions Children begin to calculate with fractions by learning to add and subtract fractions with the same denominator, where the answer comes to less than one whole thing. All they have to do is add, or subtract, the numerators: Sometimes the answer to a fraction addition or subtraction needs to be simplified (as explained on page ): + Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School

5 You can: Help your child to add and subtract with the pizza fractions on page. Make sure they only use slices from one pizza in any one calculation. Can they name the fractions they start with and the fraction in the answer? Ask your child to practise adding and subtracting fractions when you share any sort of food that you cut into equal slices. You can ask questions like: What fraction of the pizza have you had? What fraction have I had? How much have you and I had altogether? Adding fractions with different denominators Children then learn how to add and subtract fractions with different denominators: + Fractions with different denominators represent different sized parts of something: one of these fifths is smaller than the one quarter. Before we can add together these pizza fractions they have to be the same type of fraction: we have to cut them into slices of the same size. There s a mathematical way of working out how to do this: We take the two denominators, in this case and, and find the smallest number that can be divided by both of them the smallest number that s in both of their times tables. (This is known as the Lowest Common Multiple, or LCM, of and.) The smallest number that s in both the and times tables their LCM is 0. Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School

6 This tells us that a pizza that s already been split into quarters and a pizza that s already been split into fifths can both still be split into twentieths: We can see that: has become and has become 0 Without a real pizza or a picture to help us, we can work out how many twentieths these fractions make like this: Find what number we have to multiply each denominator by to turn it into the LCM. Then multiply the numerator by the same number: To turn into 0 we must multiply by. So we multiply by, which gives us. To turn into 0 we must multiply by. So we multiply by, which gives us. Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School 6

7 We now have two fractions with the same denominator two pizzas with the same size slices, and we can now add them together just by adding the numerators: So, You can: Cut out the pizza fractions on page. Group the pizzas that are cut into halves, quarters and eighths together, those in thirds and sixths together and those in fifths and tenths together. Choose a group and show an addition calculation, such as of pizza plus 6 of pizza, to your child. Can they use the method above to help them add the fractions and then demonstrate the calculation by cutting, or drawing on, the pizza slices? Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School 7

8 Subtracting fractions with different denominators We subtract fractions with different denominators in exactly the same way as above. We find the Lowest Common Multiple of the two denominators and then change both fractions accordingly (see Adding fractions with different denominators on page for a detailed explanation): The LCM of and is We then take the two new fractions with the same denominators and subtract one numerator away from the other: So, Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School

9 Fraction calculations with a total above one whole Sometimes, a fraction calculation will have an answer of more than one whole thing. Look at this example here: + 77 Even without the picture, we know that the answer comes to more than whole cake because the answer is an improper fraction the numerator is higher than the denominator. If the answer to a fraction calculation is more than, we need to turn the answer from an improper fraction to a mixed fraction. So: + 7 You can find out more about mixed numbers and improper fractions in the Fractions in School booklet. Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School 9

10 Multiplying fractions by whole numbers Later in primary school, children are shown how to multiply fractions by a whole number: Dan knows that each of the 6 people in his family will eat of a pie at tea time. To work out how much pie he needs altogether, he must calculate: 6 lots of three quarters or 6 We can see there are quarters, or, of pie altogether. To calculate this without a picture we can say: 6 (the numerator) So we have. But is an improper fraction, so we then need to turn this answer into a mixed fraction : How many groups of quarters in quarters? or remainder Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School 0

11 So, he needs pies altogether. Sometimes we will also need to simplify the fraction (see page ) So, he needs pies altogether. So to multiply a fraction by a whole number: Multiply the numerator by the whole number. Turn the answer into a mixed number if needed. Simplify the mixed number if needed. Or, in short: Multiply numerator by whole number. Make a mixed number. Simplify. You can: Print off multiple copies of the pizza fractions on page. Can your child multiply a fraction of pizza by a whole number (e.g. of pizza), either by writing out a calculation on paper, or in their head? Can they check and show their answer with the pizza fractions? Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School

12 Multiplying mixed numbers by whole numbers Children will also learn how to multiply a mixed number by a whole number, e.g. First turn the mixed number into an improper fraction. 7 Then, multiply the numerator by the whole number: 7. So we have. Turn the answer into a mixed number if needed. How many s in?. How many left over?. So we have (no need to simplify). Multiplying fractions by fractions Children also learn how to multiply fractions by fractions. But what does this actually mean? For example, if we re asked to calculate, what are we actually looking for? We re looking for: of Multiplying anything by leaves it exactly the same. So, multiplying anything by a proper fraction (less than ) makes it smaller. Really, when we multiply something by a fraction we re finding a part of it. Children can find this concept difficult to grasp; practical examples can help. So, if a recipe asks for of a cup of flour and we want to halve the ingredients, we ll need to find of of a cup, or: You can: Check that your child has an understanding of what it is they are really looking for. Can they find another word for the sign? If not, you can explain that it means of. Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School

13 So we want to find of of a cup of flour, or: AW Cup Finding of of a cup is pretty tricky, because there are parts and therefore it s not easy to split into. So we split all of the quarters in the cup into : we multiply to get a total of parts: AW Cup Now each of the quarters is split into equal pieces. We can take out of ( ) from each of the quarters with flour in: We re taking part times over or AW Cup In total we have out of a possible parts in the cup, or of a cup. Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School

14 So: (and can t be simplified) So, to multiply a fraction by a fraction: Multiply the numerators. Multiply the denominators. (Simplify if possible.) Here s a quicker example: 6 : multiply the numerators : simplify : multiply the denominators You can: Play the Multiplying fractions game on page 0 with your child to help them practise multiplying fractions by fractions. Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School

15 Dividing fractions by whole numbers Children also learn how to divide fractions by whole numbers. Here s a whole cake. children have been told they can share of the cake between them. They want to work out what fraction of the cake they will each have. So they need to calculate: The children split their half of the cake into equal pieces. They also split the other half into pieces of the same size, to see what fraction of the whole cake they ll be getting. The children have split each of the pieces into, so they now have pieces of cake 6 pieces of cake 6 Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School

16 Each child can have of these pieces: out of 6, or 6: So: no change 6 (and it s not possible to simplify 6) So, to divide a fraction by a whole number: Multiply the denominator by the whole number. Simplify if needed. You can: Cut out the pizzas on page. Can your child choose a fraction of a pizza and divide it by a whole number? Can they name the fraction in the answer? Can they show a written method, as above, as well as cutting or drawing on the pizza fractions? Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School 6

17 Decimals and fractions Our children learn that fractions can be expressed in other ways, such as decimals numbers.. is a decimal number It contains a decimal point. Any digits before the decimal point (purple) are whole numbers that represent whole things. Any digits after the decimal point (blue) represent parts, or fractions, of whole things. Look at the same number on this place value chart: Hundreds 00 Tens 0 Units.. Tenths 0 Hundredths 00 We can see that the digit straight after the decimal point (the ) is worth tenths of a whole thing, in this case 0. Digits two places after the decimal point (the ) are worth hundredths of a whole thing, in this case 00. Digits in the next column are worth thousandths ( 000 s). In the next column they re worth ten thousandths ( 0000 s) and so on. Turning decimals into fractions To turn a decimal into a fraction we simply write it over 0 if there is one digit after the decimal, over 00 if there are two digits, over 000 if there are three digits and so on. Then, if it s possible, we simplify the fraction. Here are some examples: Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School 7

18 Turning fractions into decimals Children will also learn how to turn fractions into decimals. Take a look at this fraction: We ve seen that the line in a fraction can be said as out of, e.g. We have out of slices of pie left. The line can also be said as divided by : divided by. If we had whole pies and divided them into equal pieces we d have exactly this amount of pie in each piece! And if we actually do the calculation, if we divide by, we turn the fraction into a decimal that also describes exactly how much of one whole pie we have left (children can use a calculator if they need to): 0 7, So 0 7, and we have 0 7 of a pie! In school, children are helped to remember some common decimal and fraction pairs, without always having to work them out mathematically. For example: Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School

19 Percentages and fractions In their later years at primary school, children learn about percentages: 9% Percentages have the same value as fractions with a denominator of 00. So: 9% or out of 00 So, to turn a percentage into a fraction we: Put the percentage over 00. Simplify if needed. Here s another example: : put the % over 00 % 00 : simplify if needed Children are helped to remember some common percentage and fraction pairs, so that they don t always have to work them out mathematically. You can: Help your child to practise matching fractions, decimals and percentages by playing the Fractions, Decimals and Percentages Treasure Hunt game in the Fun Activities section of the Oxford Owl website. The more our children identify, discuss, use and play with fractions in their everyday lives, when eating or playing or when out and about, the easier they will find using them in all aspects of their lives. Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School 9

20 Multiplying fraction madness game Cut out the fraction cards. Place them all upside down on a table. One player: Set a time limit for the game. Pick two cards. Multiply the two fractions, using paper as needed. See how many calculations you can complete in the given time. Two players: Each player picks two cards. Who can multiply their fractions first? (Use the method in the Multiplying fractions by fractions section on page to help you check your answers) Oxford University Press 0 Fractions Calculations in School 0

21 Resource sheets Pizza fractions halves thirds quarters fifths sixths Oxford University Press 0 eighths Fractions Calculations in School

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