# Chapter 9 – Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

The following Topics and Sub-Topics are covered in this chapter and are available on MSVgo:

Introduction

Human beings can see electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 400 nm to 750 nm, which is called visible light. Light travels at the speed of 3 x 108 m/s and in a straight line. The path taken by it is called a ray of light, and a bunch of rays is called a beam of light. Through the chapter of Ray optics and optical instruments, we will study various concepts like reflection, refraction, dispersion, total internal reflection, etc.

#### Reflection of light by spherical mirrors

We have studied the laws of reflection and know that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection and the incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the reflecting surface lie in the same plane. In spherical surfaces, the normal is the line joining the point of incidence and the centre of curvature of the mirror.

Pole is the geometric center of a spherical mirror, and for a spherical lens, it is called optical center.

The principal axis of a spherical mirror is the line joining the center of curvature and the pole whereas, in a lens, it is the line joining the principal focus and the optical center.

Sign Convention: According to the Cartesian sign convention, all the distances are measured from the optical center of the lens or the pole of the mirror. The distances measured in the same direction as the incident light are positive and the distances measured in the opposite direction are negative. The heights measured upwards with respect to the x-axis or normal to the principal axis of the mirror or lens are positive, and those measured downwards are negative.

Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors: When a parallel ray of light is reflected on a concave mirror and a convex mirror, then the reflected rays from them either converge at a point and diverge from a point in the mirrors, respectively. This point is the principal focus. The focal length of the spherical mirror f is the distance between the focus F and the pole P. And f = R/2, where R is the radius of curvature of the mirror.

Mirror Equation: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f where v is the image distance, u is the object distance, and f is the focal length.

And, m = h’/h = -v/u, where m is the linear magnification of the mirror, h’ is the image height, and h is the object height.

#### Refraction

When an incident ray of light enters another medium and the direction of propagation changes at the interface of the two media, this phenomenon is called refraction of light. Snell’s laws of refraction are:

– The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.

– The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant. sin i/sin r = n21, where n21 is the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium.

These laws will help to understand refraction through a prism.

Total Internal Reflection

When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium, it is partly reflected in the same medium and partly refracted to the second medium, at the interface of the two media. The reflection taking place is called internal reflection. If the angle of incidence is larger than the critical angle, then refraction is not possible, and it gets totally reflected. This is called total internal reflection.

#### Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses

Spherical Surfaces

For any curved spherical surface n2/v –n1/u = (n2 – n1)/R which gives a relation between object and image distance in terms of the refractive index of both the mediums (n1 and n2) and the radius of curvature (R).

Lens

The thin lens formula is 1/v – 1/u = 1/f and the magnification is m = h’/h = v/u

where m is the linear magnification of the lens, h’ is the image height and h is the object height.

Power of a lens

Power of a lens is a measure of the convergence or divergence, which a lens introduces in the light falling on it. The power P of a lens is defined as the tangent of the angle by which it converges or diverges a beam of light falling at a unit distance from the optical centre.

P = 1/f

where f is the focal length.

The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre (D) 1D = 1m-1.

#### Dispersion by a prism

When a narrow beam of white light is incident on a glass prism, the emergent light consists of several colours. The sequence of these colours is violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red (acronym VIBGYOR).

The phenomenon of splitting of light into its component colours is known as dispersion. The pattern of colour components of light is called the spectrum of light.

The rainbow is an example of dispersion of sunlight by water drops in the atmosphere. The phenomenon is a combined effect of dispersion, reflection and refraction.

#### Optical Instruments

Using the reflection and refraction properties of mirrors, lenses and prisms, several optical devices and instruments are made such as telescopes, microscopes, binoculars, periscope etc. The human eye is the best example created by nature which is used to create these other devices.

These concepts of ray optics are also used to correct myopia and hypermetropia in human beings by using appropriate lenses and their power. This allows us to see our surroundings correctly. Visit www.MVSgo.com to know more.

### High School Physics

• Alternating Current
• Atoms
• Communication Systems
• Current Electricity
• Dual nature of Radiation and Matter
• Electric Charges and Fields
• Electricity
• Electromagnetic Induction
• Electromagnetic Waves
• Electrons and Photons
• Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
• Fluid Pressure
• Force and Acceleration
• Force And Laws Of Motion
• Gravitation
• Internal Energy
• Kinetic Theory
• Law of motion
• Light – Reflection And Refraction
• Magnetic Effects Of Electric Current
• Magnetism and Matter
• Management Of Natural Resources
• Mechanical properties of Fluids
• Mechanical properties of Solids
• Motion
• Motion in a plane
• Motion in a straight line
• Moving Charges and Magnetism
• Nuclear Energy
• Nuclei
• Oscillations
• Our Environment
• Paths of Heat
• Physical world
• Ray optics and optical instruments
• Semiconductor Devices
• Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
• Simple Machines
• Sound
• Sources Of Energy
• Specific and Latent Heats
• Spherical Mirrors
• Static Electricity
• Systems of Particles and Rotational motion
• Thermal properties of matter
• Thermodynamics
• Units and Measurement
• Vectors, Scalar Quantities and Elementary Calculus
• Wave Optics
• Waves
• Work, Power and Energy

### High School Chemistry

• Acids, Bases and Salts
• Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
• Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Alkyl and Aryl Halides
• Amines
• Analytical Chemistry
• Atomic Structure
• Atoms And Molecules
• Basic concepts of Chemistry
• Biomolecules
• Carbon And Its Compounds
• Carboxylic acids and Acid Derivatives
• Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structures
• Chemical Energetics
• Chemical Equilibria
• Chemical Kinetics
• Chemical Reactions And Equations
• Chemical Reactions and Their Mechanisms
• Chemistry in Everyday Life
• Chemistry of p-Block elements
• Chemistry of Transition and Inner Transition
• Classification of Elements
• Coordination Compounds
• Cyanide, Isocyanide, Nitro compounds and Amines
• Electrochemistry
• Electrolysis
• Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
• Environmental Chemistry
• Equilibrium
• Ethers and Carbonyl compounds
• Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• Hydrocarbons
• Hydrogen
• Ideal solutions
• Introduction to Organic Chemistry
• Ionic equilibria
• Matter
• Matter Around Us
• Matter In Our Surroundings
• Metallurgy
• Metals And Non-Metals
• Mole Concept and Stoichiometry
• Natural Resources
• Organic Chemistry – Basic Principles
• Periodic Classification of Elements
• Physical and Chemical Changes
• Physical and Chemical Properties of Water
• Polymers
• Preparation, Properties and Uses of Compounds
• Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
• Redox Reactions
• Relative Molecular Mass and Mole
• States of Matter
• Structure Of The Atom
• Study of Compounds
• Study of Gas Laws
• Study of Representative Elements
• Surface Chemistry
• The d-block and f-block elements
• The Gaseous State
• The p-Block Elements
• The Periodic Table
• The s-Block Elements
• The Solid State
• Thermodynamics

### High School Biology

• Absorption and Movement of Water in Plants
• Anatomy of Flowering Plants
• Animal Kingdom
• Bacteria and Fungi-Friends and Foe
• Biodiversity and Conservation
• Biofertilizers
• Biological Classification
• Biomedical Engineering
• Biomolecules
• Biotechnology and its Applications
• Biotic Community
• Body Fluids and Circulation
• Breathing and Exchange of Gases
• Cell – Unit of Life
• Cell Cycle and Cell Division
• Cell Division and Structure of Chromosomes
• Cell Reproduction
• Cellular Respiration
• Chemical Coordination and Integration
• Circulation
• Control And Coordination
• Crop Improvement
• Digestion and Absorption
• Diversity In Living Organisms
• Ecosystem
• Environmental Issues
• Excretory Products and their Elimination
• Flowering Plants
• Genes and Chromosomes
• Health and Diseases
• Health and Its Significance
• Heredity And Evolution
• Heredity and Variation
• How Do Organisms Reproduce?
• Human Diseases
• Human Eye And Colourful World
• Human Health and Disease
• Human Population
• Human Reproduction
• Hygiene
• Improvement In Food Resources
• Integumentary System- Skin
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protista
• Life Processes
• Locomotion and Movement
• Microbes in Human Welfare
• Mineral Nutrition
• Molecular Basis of Inheritance
• Morphology of Flowering Plants
• Neural Control And Coordination
• Nutrition in Human Beings
• Organism and Population
• Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
• Plant Growth and Development
• Plant Kingdom
• Pollination and Fertilization
• Pollution; Sources and its effects
• Principles of Inheritance and Variation
• Reproduction and Development in Angiosperms
• Reproduction in Organisms
• Reproductive Health
• Respiration in Human Beings
• Respiration in Plants
• Respiratory System
• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
• Structural Organisation in Animals
• Structural Organisation of the Cell
• The Endocrine System
• The Fundamental Unit Of Life
• The Living World
• The Nervous System and Sense Organs
• Tissues
• Transpiration
• Transport in Plants

### High School Math

• Algebra – Arithmatic Progressions
• Algebra – Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
• Algebra – Linear Inequalities
• Algebra – Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
• Algebra – Polynomials
• Algebra – Principle of Mathematical Induction
• Binomial Theorem
• Calculus – Applications of Derivatives
• Calculus – Applications of the Integrals
• Calculus – Continuity and Differentiability
• Calculus – Differential Equations
• Calculus – Integrals
• Geometry – Area
• Geometry – Circles
• Geometry – Conic Sections
• Geometry – Constructions
• Geometry – Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry
• Geometry – Three-dimensional Geometry
• Geometry – Lines and Angles
• Geometry – Straight Lines
• Geometry – Triangles
• Linear Programming
• Matrices and Determinants
• Mensuration – Areas
• Mensuration – Surface Areas and Volumes
• Number Systems
• Number Systems – Real Numbers
• Permutations and Combinations
• Probability
• Sequence and Series
• Sets and Functions
• Statistics
• Trignometry – Height and Distance
• Trignometry – Identities
• Trignometry – Introduction

### Middle School Science

• Acids, Bases And Salts
• Air and Its Constituents
• Basic Biology
• Body Movements
• Carbon and Its Compounds
• Cell – Structure And Functions
• Changes Around Us
• Chemical Effects Of Electric Current
• Coal And Petroleum
• Combustion And Flame
• Components Of Food
• Conservation Of Plants And Animals
• Crop Production And Management
• Electric Current And Its Effects
• Electricity And Circuits
• Elements and Compounds
• Fibre To Fabric
• Food production and management
• Force And Pressure
• Forests: Our Lifeline
• Friction
• Fun With Magnets
• Garbage In, Garbage Out
• Getting To Know Plants
• Health and Hygiene
• Heat
• Hydrogen
• Life Processes: Nutrition in Animals and Plants
• Materials: Metals And Non-Metals
• Matter and Its States
• Metals and Non-metals
• Micro Organisms: Friend And Foe
• Motion And Measurement Of Distances
• Motion And Time
• Nutrition In Animals
• Nutrition In Plants
• Organization in Living Things
• Our Environment
• Physical And Chemical Changes
• Pollution and conservation
• Pollution Of Air And Water
• Reaching The Age Of Adolescence
• Reproduction In Animals
• Reproduction In Plants
• Respiration In Organisms
• Rocks and Minerals
• Separation Of Substances
• Simple Machines
• Soil
• Some Natural Phenomena
• Sorting Materials Into Groups
• Sound
• Stars And The Solar System
• Structure of Atom
• Synthetic Fibers And Plastics
• The Living Organisms And Their Surroundings
• Transfer of Heat
• Transformation of Substances
• Transportation In Animals And Plants
• Universe
• Waste-water Story
• Water: A Precious Resource
• Weather, Climate And Adaptations Of Animals To Climate
• Winds, Storms And Cyclones

### Middle School Math

• Area and Its Boundary
• Boxes and Sketches
• Data Handling
• Fun With Numbers
• Heavy and Light
• How Many
• Long And Short
• Mapping
• Measurement
• Money
• Multiplication and Factors
• Multiply and Divide
• Numbers
• Parts and Wholes
• Pattern Recognition
• Patterns
• Play With Patterns
• Rupees And Paise
• Shapes And Angles
• Shapes And Designs
• Shapes and Space
• Similarity
• Smart Charts
• Squares
• Subtraction
• Tables And Shares
• Tenths and Hundredths
• Time
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