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# Chapter 4: Introduction to Matrices

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Chapter 4: Introduction to Matrices
Fletcher Dunn Valve Software Ian Parberry University of North Texas 3D Math Primer for Graphics and Game Development

What You’ll See in This Chapter
This chapter introduces matrices. It is divided into three sections. Section 4.1 discusses some of the basic properties and operations of matrices strictly from a mathematical perspective. Section 4.2 explains how to interpret these properties and operations geometrically. Section 4.3 puts the use of matrices in this book in context within the larger field of linear algebra, and is not covered in these notes. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Word Cloud Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Section 4.1: Matrix: An Algebraic Definition
Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Definitions Algebraic definition of a matrix: a table of scalars in square brackets. Matrix dimension is the width and height of the table, w x h. Typically we use dimensions 2 x 2 for 2D work, and 3 x 3 for 3D work. We’ll find a use for 4 x 4 matrices also. It’s a kluge. More later. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Matrix Components Entries are numbered by row and column, eg. mij is the entry in row i, column j. Start numbering at 1, not 0. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Square Matrices Same number as rows as columns. Entries mii are called the diagonal entries. The others are called nondiagonal entries Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Diagonal Matrices A diagonal matrix is a square matrix whose nondiagonal elements are zero. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
The Identity Matrix The identity matrix of dimension n, denoted In, is the n x n matrix with 1s on the diagonal and 0s elsewhere. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Vectors as Matrices A row vector is a 1 x n matrix. A column vector is an n x 1 matrix. They were pretty much interchangeable in the lecture on Vectors. They’re not once you start treating them as matrices. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Transpose of a Matrix The transpose of an r x c matrix M is a c x r matrix called MT. Take every row and rewrite it as a column. Equivalently, flip about the diagonal Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Facts About Transpose Transpose is its own inverse: (MT)T = M for all matrices M. DT = D for all diagonal matrices D (including the identity matrix I). Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Transpose of a Vector If v is a row vector, vT is a column vector and vice-versa Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Multiplying By a Scalar
Can multiply a matrix by a scalar. Result is a matrix of the same dimension. To multiply a matrix by a scalar, multiply each component by the scalar. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Matrix Multiplication
Multiplying an r x n matrix A by an n x c matrix B gives an r x c result AB. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Multiplication: Result
Multiply an r x n matrix A by an n x c matrix B to give an r x c result C = AB. Then C = [cij], where cij is the dot product of the ith row of A with the jth column of B. That is: Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Example Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Another Way of Looking at It
Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
2 x 2 Case Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
2 x 2 Example Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
3 x 3 Case Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
3 x 3 Example Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Identity Matrix Recall that the identity matrix I (or In) is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal entries are all 1. Now that we’ve seen the definition of matrix multiplication, we can say that IM = MI = M for all matrices M (dimensions appropriate) Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Matrix Multiplication Facts
Not commutative: in general AB  BA. Associative: (AB)C = A(BC) Associates with scalar multiplication: k(AB) = (kA)B =A(kB) (AB)T = BTAT (M1M2M3…Mn)T = MnT …M3TM2TM1T Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Row Vector Times Matrix Multiplication
Can multiply a row vector times a matrix Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Matrix Times Column Vector Multiplication
Can multiply a matrix times a column vector. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Row vs. Column Vectors Row vs. column vector matters now. Here’s why: Let v be a row vector, M a matrix. vM is legal, Mv is undefined MvT is legal, vTM is undefined DirectX uses row vectors. OpenGL uses column vectors. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Common Mistake MvT  (vM)T, but MvT = (vMT)T – compare the following two results: Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Vector-Matrix Multiplication Facts 1
Associates with vector multiplication. Let v be a row vector: v(AB) = (vA)B Let v be a column vector: (AB)v = A(Bv) Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Vector-Matrix Multiplication Facts 2
Vector-matrix multiplication distributes over vector addition: (v + w)M = vM + wM That was for row vectors v, w. Similarly for column vectors. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Section 4.2: Matrix – a Geometric Interpretation
Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Matrices and Geometry A square matrix can perform any linear transformation. What’s that? Preserves straight lines Preserves parallel lines. No translation: the axes do not move. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Linear Transformations
Rotation Scaling Orthographic projection Reflection Shearing More about these in the next chapter. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
A Movie Quote “Unfortunately, no-one can be told what The Matrix is – you have to see it for yourself.” Actually, it’s all about basis vectors. Look back to Chapter 3 if you’ve forgotten about those. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Axial Displacements Can rewrite any vector v = [x y z] as a sum of axial displacements. V = [x y z] = [x 0 0] + [0 y 0] + [0 0 z] = x [1 0 0] + y [0 1 0] + z [0 0 1] Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Basis Vectors Define three unit vectors along the axes: p = [1 0 0] q = [0 1 0] r = [0 0 1]. Then we can rewrite the axial displacement equation as v = xp +yq +zr p, q, r are known as basis vectors Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Arbitrary Basis Vectors
Can use any three linearly independent vectors p = [px py pz] q = [qx qy qz] r = [rx ry rz] Linearly independent means that there do not exist scalars a,b,c such that: ap + bq + cr = 0 Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Orthonormal Basis Vectors
Best to use an orthonormal basis Orthonormal means unit vectors that are pairwise orthogonal: p.q = q.r = r.p = 0 Otherwise things can get weird. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Matrix From Basis Vectors
Construct a matrix M using p, q, r as the rows of the matrix: Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

What Does This Matrix Do?
Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Transformation by a Matrix
If we interpret the rows of a matrix as the basis vectors of a coordinate space, then multiplication by the matrix performs a coordinate space transformation. If aM = b, we say that vector a is transformed by the matrix M into vector b. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Conversely See what M does to the original basis vectors [1 0 0], [0 1 0], [0 0 1]. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Visualize The Matrix Each row of a matrix is a basis vector after transformation. Given an arbitrary matrix, visualize the transformation by its effect on the standard basis vectors – the rows of the matrix. Given an arbitrary linear transformation, create the matrix by visualizing what it does to the standard basis vectors and using that for the rows of the matrix. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
2D Matrix Example What does the following 2D matrix do? Extract the basis vectors (the rows of M) p = [2 1] q = [-1,2] Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

What’s the Transformation?
It moves the unit axes [1, 0] and [0, 1] to the new axes. It does the same thing to all vectors. Visualize a box being transformed from one coordinate system to the other. This is called a skew box. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Before After Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
So What Does It Do? Rotates objects counterclockwise by a small amount. Scales them up by a factor of two. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Transformation Example
After Before Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
What’s the Matrix? Get rows of matrix from new basis vectors. So what does it do? Rotates objects clockwise by 45°. Scales them up along the y axis. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

Constructing & Deconstructing Matrices
By interpreting the rows of a matrix as basis vectors, we have a tool for deconstructing a matrix. But we also have a tool for constructing one! Given a desired transformation (e.g. rotation, scale, etc.), we can derive a matrix which represents that transformation. All we have to do is figure out what the transformation does to basis vectors, and then place those transformed basis vectors into the rows of a matrix. We'll use this tool repeatedly in Chapter 5 to derive the matrices to perform the linear basic transformations such as rotation, scale, shear, and reflection that we mentioned earlier. Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev
That concludes Chapter 4. Next, Chapter 5: Matrices and Linear Transformations Chapter 4 Notes 3D Math Primer for Graphics & Game Dev

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