# Intervals of Existence

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```					                         Intervals of Existence
Lecture 5
Math 634
9/10/99

Maximal Interval of Existence
We begin our discussion with some deﬁnitions and an important theorem of
real analysis.

Deﬁnition Given f : D ⊆ R × R n → R n , we say that f (t, x) is locally Lipschitz
continuous w.r.t. x on D if for each (t0 , a) ∈ D there is a number L and
a product set I × U ⊆ D containing (t0 , a) in its interior such that the
restriction of f (t, ·) to U is Lipschitz continuous with Lipschitz constant L
for every t ∈ I.

Deﬁnition A subset K of a topological space is compact if whenever K is con-
tained in the union of a collection of open sets, there is a ﬁnite subcollection
of that collection whose union also contains K. The original collection is
called a cover of K, and the ﬁnite subcollection is called a ﬁnite subcover of
the original cover.

Theorem (Heine-Borel) A subset of    R n is compact if and only if it is closed
and bounded.

Now, suppose that D is an open subset of R × R n , (t0 , a) ∈ D, and
f : D → R n is locally Lipschitz continuous w.r.t. x on D. Then the Picard-
o
Lindel¨f Theorem indicates that the IVP
˙
x = f (t, x)
(1)
x(t0 ) = a
has a solution existing on some time interval containing t0 in its interior and
that the solution is unique on that interval. Let’s say that an interval of
existence is an interval containing t0 on which a solution of (1) exists. The
following theorem indicates how large an interval of existence may be.

Theorem (Maximal Interval of Existence) The IVP (1) has a maximal interval
of existence, and it is of the form (ω− , ω+ ), with ω− ∈ [−∞, ∞) and ω+ ∈

1
(−∞, ∞]. There is a unique solution x(t) of (1) on (ω− , ω+ ), and (t, x(t))
leaves every compact subset K of D as t ↓ ω− and as t ↑ ω+ .

Proof.
Step 1: If I1 and I2 are open intervals of existence with corresponding
solutions x1 and x2 , then x1 and x2 agree on I1 ∩ I2 .
Let I = I1 ∩I2 , and let I ∗ be the largest interval containing t0 and contained
in I on which x1 and x2 agree. By the Picard-Lindel¨f Theorem, I ∗ is
o
∗               ∗
nonempty. If I = I, then I has an endpoint t1 in I. By continuity,
x1 (t1 ) = x2 (t1 ) =: a1 . The Picard-Lindel¨f Theorem implies that
o

˙
x = f (t, x)
(2)
x(t1 ) = a1

has a local solution that is unique. But restrictions of x1 and x2 near t1 each
provide a solution to (2), so x1 and x2 must agree in a neighborhood of t1 .
This contradiction tells us that I ∗ = I.
Now, let (ω− , ω+ ) be the union of all open intervals of existence.
Step 2: (ω− , ω+ ) is an interval of existence.
Given t ∈ (ω− , ω+ ), pick an open interval of existence I that contains t, and
˜
let x(t) = x(t), where x is a solution to (1) on I.
˜              ˜                         ˜ Because of step 1, this
determines a well-deﬁned function x : (ω− , ω+ ) → R n ; clearly, it solves (1).
Step 3: (ω− , ω+ ) is the maximal interval of existence.
An extension argument similar to the one in Step 1 shows that every interval
of existence is contained in an open interval of existence. Every open interval
of existence is, in turn, a subset of (ω− , ω+ ).
Step 4: x is the only solution of (1) on (ω− , ω+ ).
This is a special case of Step 1.
Step 5: (t, x(t)) leaves every compact subset K ⊂ D as t ↓ ω− and as
t ↑ ω+ .
We only treat what happens as t ↑ ω+ ; the other case is similar.
Let a compact subset K of D be given. For each point (t, a) ∈ K, pick
numbers α(t, a) > 0 and β(t, a) > 0 such that

[t − 2α(t, a), t + 2α(t, a)] × B(a, 2β(t, a)) ⊂ D.

Note that the collection of sets

(t − α(t, a), t + α(t, a)) × B(a, β(t, a)) (t, a) ∈ K

2
is a cover of K. Since K is compact, a ﬁnite subcollection, say
m
(ti − α(ti , ai ), ti + α(ti , ai )) × B(ai , β(ti, ai ))   i=1
,
covers K. Let
m
K :=         [ti − 2α(ti , ai ), ti + α(ti , ai )] × B(ai , 2β(ti, ai )) ,
i=1

let
m
˜
α := min α(ti , ai )      i=1
,
and let
˜                         m
β := min β(ti , xi )      i=1
.
Since K is a compact subset of D, there is a constant M > 0 such that f is
bounded by M on K . By the triangle inequality,
˜
[t0 − α, t0 + α] × B(a, β) ⊆ K ,
˜       ˜
for every (t0 , a) ∈ K, so f is bounded by M on each such product set.
According to the Picard-Lindel¨f Theorem, this means that for every (t0 , a) ∈
o
˜ ˜
K a solution to x = f (t, x) starting at (t0 , a) exists for at least min{α, β/M}
˙
˜ ˜
units of time. Hence, x(t) ∈ K for t > ω+ − min{α, β/M}.
/

Corollary If D is a bounded set and D = (c, d) × D (with c ∈ [−∞, ∞) and
d ∈ (−∞, ∞]), then either ω+ = d or x(t) → ∂D as t ↑ ω+ , and either
ω− = c or x(t) → ∂D as t ↓ ω− .

Corollary If D = (c, d) × R n (with c ∈ [−∞, ∞) and d ∈ (−∞, ∞]), then
either ω+ = d or |x(t)| ↑ ∞ as t ↑ ω+ , and either ω− = c or |x(t)| ↑ ∞ as
t ↓ ω− .

If we’re dealing with an autonomous equation on a bounded set, then the
ﬁrst corollary applies to tell us that the only way a solution could fail to exist
for all time is for it to approach the boundary of the spatial domain. (Note
that this is not the same as saying that x(t) converges to a particular point
on the boundary; can you give a relevant example?) The second corollary
says that autonomous equations on all of R n have solutions that exist until
they become unbounded.

3
Global Existence
˙
For the solution set of the autonomous ODE x = f (x) to be representable
by a dynamical system, it is necessary for solutions to exist for all time. As
the discussion above illustrates, this is not always the case. When solutions
do die out in ﬁnite time by hitting the boundary of the phase space Ω or by
going oﬀ to inﬁnity, it may be possible to change the vector ﬁeld f to a vector
˜
ﬁeld f that points in the same direction as the original but has solutions that
exist for all time.
For example, if Ω = R n , then we could consider the modiﬁed equation

f (x)
˙
x=               .
1 + |f (x)|

Clearly, |x| < 1, so it is impossible for |x| to approach inﬁnity in ﬁnite time.
˙
If, on the other hand, Ω = R n , then consider the modiﬁed equation

f (x)      d(x, R n \ Ω)
x=
˙               ·                  ,
1 + |f (x)| 1 + d(x, R n \ Ω)

where d(x, R n \ Ω) is the distance from x to the complement of Ω. It is not
hard to show that it is impossible for a solution x of this equation to become
unbounded or to approach the complement of Ω in ﬁnite time, so, again, we
have global existence.
It may or may not seem obvious that if two vector ﬁelds point in the same
direction at each point, then the solution curves of the corresponding ODEs
in phase space match up. In the following exercise, you are asked to prove
that this is true.

4
Exercise 4 Suppose that Ω is a subset of R n , that f : Ω → R n and g : Ω →
R n are (continuous) vector ﬁelds, and that there is a continuous function
h : Ω → (0, ∞) such that g(u) = h(u)f (u) for every u ∈ Ω. If x is the only
solution of

˙
x = f (x)
x(0) = a

(deﬁned on the maximal interval of existence) and y is the only solution of

˙
y = g(y)
y(0) = a,

(deﬁned on the maximal interval of existence), show that there is an in-
creasing function j : dom(y) → dom(x) such that y(t) = x(j(t)) for every
t ∈ dom(y).

5

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