ONLINE INSTRUCTORâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SOLUTIONS MANUAL INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR BUSINESS, ECONOMICS, AND THE LIFE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ARAB WORLD EDITION Ernest F. Haeussler, Jr. The Pennsylvania State University

Richard S. Paul The Pennsylvania State University

Richard J. Wood Dalhousie University

Saadia Khouyibaba American University of Sharjah

The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. Copyright ÂŠ 2012, Pearson Education Limited All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN-13: 978-1-4082-8641-8 ISBN-10: 1-4082-8641-6

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1

Chapter 1

19

Chapter 2

56

Chapter 3

109

Chapter 4

139

Chapter 5

167

Chapter 6

239

Chapter 7

306

Chapter 8

329

Chapter 9

376

Chapter 10

414

Chapter 11

485

Chapter 12

555

Chapter 13

592

Chapter I

635

Chapter II

675

Chapter III

701

iii

Chapter 0 Problems 0.1

Problems 0.2 1. False, because 0 does not have a reciprocal.

1. True; –13 is a negative integer. 2. True, because −2 and 7 are integers and 7 ≠ 0.

2. True, because

3. False, because −3 is not positive.

3. False; the negative of 7 is −7 because 7 + (−7) = 0.

0 4. False, because 0 = . 1

5. False, it is fairly easy to see (although the details are not relevant for a course using this text) that n , for n an integer, is either an integer (if n is a perfect square) or irrational (if n is not a perfect square). The perfect squares are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ... and since 3 is not among these, 3 is not rational. 6. False, since a rational number cannot have 7 denominator of zero. In fact, is not a number 0 at all because we cannot divide by 0. 7. False, because integer. 8. True;

7 3 21 ⋅ = = 1. 3 7 21

25 = 5, which is a positive

2 is an irrational real number.

9. False; we cannot divide by 0.

4. True; 1(x ⋅ y) = (1 ⋅ x)(1 ⋅ y) 5. False; –x + y = y + (–x) = y – x. 6. True; (x + 2)(4) = (x)(4) + (2)(4) = 4x + 8. 7. True;

x+2 x 2 x = + = + 1. 2 2 2 2

⎛ b ⎞ ab 8. True, because a ⎜ ⎟ = . ⎝c⎠ c

9. False; 2(x ⋅ y) = 2xy while (2x) ⋅ (2y) = (2 ⋅ 2) ⋅ (x ⋅ y) = 4xy. 10. True; by the associative and commutative properties, x(4y) = (x ⋅ 4)y = (4 ⋅ x)y = 4xy. 11. distributive 12. commutative

10. False, we have 3 < π < 4 so that π is at best rational and not an integer. It can be shown that π is irrational (but the details are not relevant for our purposes).

13. associative 14. definition of division and commutative property 15. commutative and distributive

11. True 16. associative 12. False, since the integer 0 is neither positive nor negative.

17. definition of subtraction

13. True

18. commutative

14. False; 2.78 and integers

5 are real numbers but not

19. distributive and commutative 20. distributive

15. True

21. 2x(y − 7) = (2x)y − (2x)7 = 2xy − (7)(2x) = 2xy − (7 · 2)x = 2xy − 14x

16. True 17. False; negative integers are not natural numbers.

1 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

22. (a − b) + c = [a + (−b)] + c = a + (−b + c) = a + [c + (−b)] = a + (c − b)

45. (−a ) ÷ (−b) =

23. (x + y)(2) = 2(x + y) = 2x + 2y

46. 2(–6 + 2) = 2(–4) = –8

24. x[(2y + 1) + 3] = x[2y + (1 + 3)] = x[2y + 4] = x(2y) + x(4) = (x · 2)y + 4x = (2x)y + 4x = 2xy + 4x

47. 3[–2(3) + 6(2)] = 3[–6 + 12] = 3[6] = 18

25. x(y − z + w) = x[(y − z) + w] = x(y − z) + x(w) = x[y + (−z)] + xw = x(y) + x(−z) + xw = xy − xz + xw 26. (1 + a)(b + c) = 1(b + c) + a(b + c) = 1(b) + 1(c) + a(b) + a(c) = b + c + ab + ac

−a a = −b b

48. (−a)(−b)(−1) = ab(−1) = −ab 49. (−12)(−12) = (12)(12) = 144 50. X(1) = X 51. 3(x – 4) = 3(x) – 3(4) = 3x – 12 52. 4(5 + x) = 4(5) + 4(x) = 20 + 4x

27. –2 + (–4) = –6

53. −(x − y) = −x + y = y − x

28. −a + b = b − a

54. 0(–x) = 0 29. 6 + (–4) = 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 8 ⋅1 8 55. 8 ⎜ ⎟ = = ⎝ 11 ⎠ 11 11

30. 7 – 2 = 5 31. 7 – (–4) = 7 + 4 = 11 32. −5 − (−13) = −5 + 13 = 8 33. −(−a) + (−b) = a − b

56.

5 =5 1

57.

14 x 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x 2 x = = 21 y 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ y 3 y

58.

2x 2 ⋅ x = = −x −2 −1 ⋅ 2

59.

2 1 2 ⋅1 2 ⋅ = = 3 x 3 ⋅ x 3x

60.

a a(3b) 3ab (3b) = = c c c

34. (–2)(9) = –(2 · 9) = –18 35. 7(–9) = –(7 · 9) = –63 36. (–2)(–12) = 2(12) = 24 37. 19(−1) = (−1)19 = −(1 · 19) = −19 38.

−1 ⎛ a⎞ = −1⎜ − ⎟ = a − 1a ⎝ 1⎠

⎛ 7 ⎞ 61. (5a ) ⎜ ⎟ = 7 ⎝ 5a ⎠

39. –(–6 + x) = –(–6) – x = 6 – x 40. –7(x) = –(7x) = –7x 41. –12(x – y) = (–12)x – (–12)(y) = –12x + 12y (or 12y – 12x)

62.

a 1 a ⋅1 a ⋅ = = b c b ⋅ c bc

63.

2 5 2 ⋅ 5 10 ⋅ = = x y x ⋅ y xy

64.

1 1 3 2 3+ 2 5 + = + = = 2 3 6 6 6 6

42. –[–6 + (–y)] = –(–6) – (–y) = 6 + y 43. −3 ÷ (3a ) =

−3 1⋅ 3 1 =− =− 3a 3⋅ a a

44. −9 ÷ (−27) =

−9 9 9 ⋅1 1 = = = −27 27 9 ⋅ 3 3

2 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

65.

5 3 5 9 5 + 9 14 2 ⋅ 7 7 + = + = = = = 12 4 12 12 12 12 2 ⋅ 6 6

66.

3 7 9 14 9 − 14 −5 5 ⋅1 1 − = − = = =− =− 10 15 30 30 30 30 5⋅6 6

67.

a c a+c + = b b b

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

X 5

Y 5

=

Section 0.3

7.

= 6÷

l w

m −x y2 z xy

=

(b 4 )5

X −Y

y2

÷

b 20 7

7

2

⎛ w2 s 3 ⎞ ( w2 s 3 ) 2 ( w2 ) 2 ( s3 ) 2 w2⋅2 s3⋅2 = = = 10. ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ y2 ⎟ ( y 2 )2 y 2⋅2 y4 ⎝ ⎠

5

x y 6y = 6⋅ = y x x

x

a 21

7

=

11.

w4 s 6 y4

x9 x5

= x 9 −5 = x 4

⎛ 2a 4 12. ⎜ ⎜ 7b5 ⎝

l m l 1 l ÷ = ⋅ = w 1 w m wm

=−

b 4⋅5

=

9. (2 x 2 y 3 )3 = 23 ( x 2 )3 ( y 3 )3 = 8 x 2⋅3 y 3⋅3 = 8 x6 y9

2 3 16 15 16 − 15 1 − = − = = 5 8 40 40 40 40

x y

a3⋅7

=

⎛ w ⎞ ⎛ w ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 17 1 8. ⎜ = = = = ⎜ ⎜ 2⎟ 3⎟ 2⎟ 2 7 (w ) w14 ⎝w ⎠ ⎝ w⋅ w ⎠ ⎝w ⎠

3 1 1 18 3 2 18 − 3 + 2 17 − + = − + = = 2 4 6 12 12 12 12 12

6

(a 3 )7

6

⎞ (2a 4 )6 ⎟ = ⎟ (7b5 )6 ⎠ 26 ( a 4 ) 6 = 76 (b5 )6 =

z x xy x2 =− ⋅ =− xy yz y2 z

74. 0 = 0 7

=

13.

Problems 0.3

( x 2 )5 ( x3 ) 2 x 4

=

64a 4⋅6 117, 649b5⋅6 64a 24 117, 649b30 x 2⋅5 x3⋅2 x 4

=

x10 x6 x4

25 = 5

1. (23 )(22 ) = 23+ 2 = 25 (= 32)

14.

2. x6 x9 = x6+9 = x15

15.

4

81 = 3

3. a5 a 2 = a5+ 2 = a 7

16.

7

−128 = −2

4. z 3 zz 2 = z 3+1+ 2 = z 6

17.

3

0.027 = 3 (0.3)3 = 0.3

18.

4

4 1 1 1 = = 16 4 16 2

5.

x3 x5 y9 y5

=

x 3+ 5 y 9+5

=

x8 y14

6. ( x12 )4 = x12⋅4 = x 48

3 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

=

x10 x6+ 4

=

x10 x10

=1

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

19.

3

8 3 –8 = = 27 27

3

–8

3

27

=

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

−2 2 =− 3 3

35. (9 z 4 )1/ 2 = 9 z 4 = 32 ( z 2 )2 = 32 ( z 2 ) 2 = 3z 2

20. (49)1/ 2 = 49 = 7

4

3 36. (27 x6 )4 / 3 = ⎛⎜ 27 x6 ⎞⎟ = (3 x 2 )4 = 81x8 ⎝ ⎠

21. (64)1/ 3 = 3 64 = 4 22. 27

2/3

( 27 ) 3

=

23. (9) −5 / 2 =

24. (32)

–2 / 5

2

2

=3 =9

1 (9)

⎛ 27t 3 ⎞ 37. ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 8 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

=

5/ 2

1

( 9)

5

1

=

1 5

3

=

1

1 243

38.

1

39.

1 = = = = 2/5 2 2 4 5 (32) (2) 32

( )

1

1

1 25. (0.09) –1/ 2 = = = 1/ 2 0.09 0.3 (0.09) 1 10 = = 3 3

2/3

⎛ ⎡ 3t ⎤ 3 ⎞ = ⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎟ ⎜⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

5 2 3 –10

c2

2

9t 2 ⎡ 3t ⎤ =⎢ ⎥ = 4 ⎣2⎦

= x 2 / 5 y 3 / 5 z –10 / 5 =

x y z

a5b −3

2/3

= a5 ⋅ b −3 ⋅

1 c2

= a5 ⋅

1

x2 / 5 y3 / 5

1

b3 c 2

z2

=

a5 b3 c 2

1 1 2 40. 2a −1b −3 = 2 ⋅ ⋅ = 3 a b ab3 1 y

41. x + y –1 = x +

10

⎛ 1 ⎞ 26. ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 32 ⎠

4/5

⎛ 27 ⎞ 27. ⎜ − ⎟ ⎝ 64 ⎠

4/3

4

4 ⎛ 27 ⎞ 34 81 ⎛ 3⎞ = ⎜3 − ⎟ = ⎜− ⎟ = = ⎜ ⎟ 4 64 ⎠ 256 ⎝ 4⎠ 4 ⎝

50 = 25 ⋅ 2 = 25 ⋅ 2 = 5 2

28.

44.

5

1 (3 − z )4

5 x 2 = (5 x 2 )1/ 5 = 51/ 5 ( x 2 )1/ 5 = 51/ 5 x 2 / 5

3

2

46.

3

2 x3 = 3 2

3 3

3

4x = 4 x = 2 x

47.

48.

4

x x x = = 16 4 16 2

⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠

−2

2

⎛ Y2 ⎞ Y4 =⎜ = ⎟ ⎜ X2 ⎟ X4 ⎝ ⎠

x − y = x1/ 2 − y1/ 2 u −2 v −6 w3 vw−5

25 y 6 = 25 ⋅ y 6 = 5 y 3 4

9t 2

x =x

3

4

1

2 =3 2

30.

34.

43. (3 − z ) –4 =

=

⎛ X2 45. ( X 2Y −2 )−2 = ⎜ ⎜ Y2 ⎝

54 = 27 ⋅ 2 = 27

32.

(3t )

2

3

29.

31.

1

3

3

33.

42. (3t ) –2 =

4

4 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ = ⎜⎜ 5 ⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 16 ⎝2⎠ ⎝ 32 ⎠

4

=

w3−( −5) u 2 v1−( −6)

=

w8 u 2 v7

a −3b −2 a5b −4 = (a −3b −2 )1/ 4 a5b −4 = a −3 / 4b −1/ 2 a5b −4 = a17 / 4 b −9 / 2

3 3 13 39 39 39 = ⋅ = = = 2 13 13 13 13 13 132

4 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

=

a17 / 4 b9 / 2

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

49. x 2 4 xy –2 z 3 = x 2 ( xy –2 z 3 )1/ 4 = x 2 x1/ 4 y –2 / 4 z 3 / 4 =

Section 0.3

y

60.

2y

x9 / 4 z 3 / 4 y1/ 2

50. (a + b − c) 2 / 3 = 3 (a + b − c)2 4

51. (ab 2 c3 )3 / 4 = 4 (ab 2 c3 )3 = a3b6 c9 52. x –4 / 5 =

1 x

=

4/5

1

3

54. 3w−3 / 5 − (3w) −3 / 5 = =

5

w3

1 5

12

(3w)3

=

3/ 5

w 3

5

w3

5

1

5

64.

27 w3

55. (( x −5 )1/ 3 )1/ 4 = ( x −5 / 3 )1/ 4

65.

2

y (2 y )1/ 2 1/ 2

(2 y )

2 3y2 / 3

=

56.

57.

5 3 4

=

4

58.

2x =

59.

8

=

2a 3

=

51/ 2 3 81/ 4 =

=

=

6 ⋅ 51/ 2 51/ 2 ⋅ 51/ 2 3 ⋅ 21/ 4 81/ 4 ⋅ 21/ 4

4 (2 x)1/ 2

=

=

34 2 4

16

=

4(2 x)1/ 2 (2 x)1/ 2 (2 x)1/ 2

34 2 2

=

4a 2a

2

67.

3

1/ 3

( 2a)

=

1(2a)2 / 3

5

=

2

2

=

3 21/ 3

=

5

=

20

3 ⋅ 22 / 3 21/ 3 ⋅ 22 / 3

u 5 / 2 v1/ 2

1/ 3

( 2a)

( 2 a)

2/3

=

( 2a) 2 / 3 2a

y 2y 2y

2 y1/ 3 2 3 y = 3y 3y

2 ⋅ a1/ 2 b3 / 4

16a10 b15 ab 3

=

3 ⋅ 22 3⋅3 4 = 2 2

2 x6 y3

3 ⋅ u1/ 2 v1/ 2 u 5 / 2 v1/ 2 ⋅ u1/ 2 v1/ 2

=

3u1/ 2 v1/ 2 u 3v

68. {[(3a3 ) 2 ]−5 }−2 = {[32 a 6 ]−5 }−2

= {3−10 a −30 }−2

4 2x = 2x

=

=

12 = 4=2 3

3

= 320 a 60 243

69. 1

=

3 y 2 / 3 ⋅ y1/ 3

(24 a10b15 )1/ 20 = ab 3

6 5 = 5

2 2x x

1 3

6

(2 y )

2 ⋅ y1/ 3

66. 2 x 2 y –3 x 4 = 2 x6 y –3 = 6

1/ 2

2 / 4 1/ 4 a1/ 2b1/ 4 ⋅ a1/ 2 b3 / 4 a b a b 21/ 5 a1/ 2b3 / 4 24 / 20 a10 / 20b15 / 20 = = ab ab 4 2

=

= x −5 /12 1 = 5 /12 x 1 = 12 5 x

=

18 = 9 =3 2

63.

(3w)3 / 5 1

(2 y )

=

3

x

1/ 2

=

33 y 2

5 4

53. 2 x1/ 2 − (2 y )1/ 2 = 2 x − 2 y

3

2

62.

y

2y 2

=

61.

=

70.

3

=

243 = 81 = 9 3

30

(3−3 x1/ 3 y −3 )2 =

36 y 6 ⋅ x1/ 3 x 2 / 3 ⋅ x1/ 3

5 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

=

=

1 3−6 x 2 / 3 y −6

(3 y )6 x1/ 3 x

=

36 y 6 x2/3

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

71.

s5

s5 / 2

=

3 2

s2 / 3

s

72. 73.

(4 3)

8

s15 / 6

=

s4 / 6

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

= (31/ 4 )8 = 38 / 4 = 32 = 9

83. −

x yz 3 3 xy 2 = 3 ( x 2 yz 3 )( xy 2 ) = 3 x3 y 3 z 3 = xyz

74. 3 (32)

−2 / 5

2

5 −2 / 5

2

−2

(–6)2 ≠ −6 since –6 < 0.

Note that

3 2

2

(–6)(–6) = 36 = 6

82.

= s11/ 6

84.

8s –2 2s

4

=−

3

s s

( x3 y−4 z )

5

4 s5

= ( x3 y −4 z1/ 2 )5 = x15 y −20 z 5 / 2

= 3 (2 )

=

= 3 (2 ) 1 = 32 ⋅ 22 9 = 4

=−

3 2

x15 z 5 / 2 y 20

⎛ 3 x3 y 2 ⎞ 85. (3x y ÷ 2 y z ) = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 y 2 z −3 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

4

2 −3 4

3 2

4

⎛ 3 x3 z 3 ⎞ =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ (3x3 z 3 ) 4 = (2)4

3/ 5

5 75. ⎛⎜ a 2 b ⎞⎟ = (a 2 / 5b1/ 5 )3/ 5 = a 6 / 25b3/ 25 ⎝ ⎠ = (a 6 b3 )1/ 25

76. (2 x –1 y 2 )2 = 22 x –2 y 4 =

77.

3 3

=

y4 x

3 y1/ 3 x1/ 4

=

4 y4

=

x2

3 x3 / 4 y 2 / 3 = xy

78.

24 81x12 z12 = 16

3 ⋅ y 2 / 3 x3 / 4 y1/ 3 x1/ 4 ⋅ y 2 / 3 x3 / 4

86. LCD = 3 x + h ⋅ 3 x 3 3

3

x+h

3

x x 2 y3 xy 2 = x1/ 2 ( x 2 y 3 )1/ 2 ( xy 2 )1/ 2

75k 4 = (75k 4 )1/ 2 = [(25k 4 )(3)]1/ 2

87.

= [(5k 2 ) 2 3]1/ 2 = 5k 2 31/ 2

80.

81.

3 7(49)

3

2

88.

3 3

= 7⋅7 = 7 = 7

2

=x ÷ = x2 ÷

1

x6 x12 1 x6

2

= x ÷x

6 −12

2

1

= x ÷x

1+ 2

1− 2 1+ 2 2

89. −6

2− 3

2+ 3 2− 3

2

⎡ x3 ⎤ x6 ( x3 ) 2 ÷⎢ = ÷ ⎥ 3 2 x4 x 4 ( x6 )2 ⎣⎢ ( x ) ⎦⎥

( x 2 )3

x

= =

= x1/ 2 ( xy3 / 2 )( x1/ 2 y ) = x 2 y5 / 2

79.

34 x12 z12

3− 6

=

2

(

= x 2 ⋅ x 6 = x8

6 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

3

33 x + h

x + h3 x 3 x + h3 x 3 3 x −3 x+h

(

)

3

=

=

3

x+h x

2− 3 = 2− 3 4−3

1+ 2 1+ 2 = = −1 − 2 1− 2 −1

3+ 6 3+ 6

3+ 6 3−6

33 x

)=

6 + 12 6+2 3 =− −3 3

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

5

90.

6+ 7

=

91. = =

5

(

6− 7

6− 7

6− 7

−1

) =5

=

(

5

(

6− 7

Section 0.4

)

P = 2 × (length × width) = 2(4 x + x )

6−7

7− 6

= 10 x

)

The area A is given by

2 5 3+ 7 ⋅ 3− 7 3+ 7 2 5 3+ 7

(

2

= 4x ⋅ x

)

3−7 15 + 35

(

A = length × width = 4x

)

Problems 0.4

−4 15 + 35 =− 2

92.

93.

94.

1. 8x – 4y + 2 + 3x + 2y – 5 = 11x – 2y – 3 2. 4a 2 − 2ab + 3 + 5c − 3ab + 7

t− 7

3

= 4a 2 − 5ab + 10 + 5c

3t − 3 7

⋅ = t+ 7 t− 7 t2 − 7 ( x − 3) + 4

x −1

x +1

=

(

5 2− 3

x −1

)

3. 8t 2 − 6s 2 + 4 s 2 − 2t 2 + 6 = 6t 2 − 2 s 2 + 6

x +1

x +1

=

( x + 1)

(

4 1+ 2

(

)

x +1

x −1

=

(

(

5x2 4 x + 12

(

6. 3a + 7b − 9 − 5a − 9b − 21 = −2a − 2b − 30 7. 7 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 − 2 z + 2 xy − 2 = 7 x 2 + 7 xy − 2 z x +2 x − x −3 x = − x

) (

9.

x + 2 y − x − 3z = 2 y − 3z

−1

)

=

5x2

x −3

4( x − 9)

10. 8z – 4w – 3w + 6z = 14z – 7w

4 x − 12

4 x + 12 4 x − 12 2 x −3 20 x x − 60 x 2 20 x = = 16 x − 144 16( x − 9) =

a + 2 3b − c + 3 3b = a + 5 3b − c

8.

(

2

5x2

x +2 x + x +3 x = 7 x

) − 4 (1 + 2 )

= 5 2 − 3 + 4 1 + 2 = 4 2 − 5 3 + 14

95.

5.

1− 2

5 2− 3 1

4.

)

( 2 + 3 )( 2 − 3 ) (1 − 2 )(1 + 2 ) 5 ( 2 − 3 ) 4 (1 + 2 ) = − 4−3

2

)

)

12. 4s − 5t − 2s − 5t + s + 9 = 3s − 10t + 9 13. 5 x 2 − 5 y 2 + xy − 3 x 2 − 8 xy − 28 y 2 = 2 x 2 − 33 y 2 − 7 xy

Apply It 0.4

14. 2 – [3 + 4s – 12] = 2 – [4s – 9] = 2 – 4s + 9 = 11 – 4s

1. If x is the width of the rectangle, then 4x is the length.

The perimeter P is given by

11. 9x + 9y – 21 – 24x + 6y – 6 = –15x + 15y – 27

15. 2{3[3x 2 + 6 − 2 x 2 + 10]} = 2{3[ x 2 + 16]} = 2{3x 2 + 48} = 6 x 2 + 96

7 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

16. 4{3t + 15 – t[1 – t – 1]} = 4{3t + 15 – t[–t]} 2

2

= 4{3t + 15 + t } = 4t + 12t + 60

= 3x 4 + 2 x3 − x 2 − 12 x 2 − 8 x + 4

17. −{−6a − 6b + 6 + 10a + 15b − a[2b + 10]} = −{4a + 9b + 6 − 2ab − 10a} = −{−6a + 9b + 6 − 2ab} = 6a − 9b − 6 + 2ab 2

33. x 2 (3 x 2 + 2 x − 1) − 4(3x 2 + 2 x − 1) = 3x 4 + 2 x3 − 13x 2 − 8 x + 4

34. x( x 2 + x + 3) + 1( x 2 + x + 3)

= x3 + x 2 + 3 x + x 2 + x + 3 = x3 + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3

2

18. u + (5 + 2)u + 2(5) = u + 7u + 10

35. t{3(t 2 − 2t − 8) + 5[3t 2 − 21t ]} 19. x 2 + (4 + 5) x + 4(5) = x 2 + 9 x + 20 2

= t{3t 2 − 6t − 24 + 15t 2 − 105t} = t{18t 2 − 111t − 24}

2

20. w + (−5 + 2) x + 2(−5) = w − 3w − 10 21. x 2 + (−4 + 7) x − 28 = x 2 + 3 x − 28

= 18t 3 − 111t 2 − 24t

36. [(2 z )2 − 12 ](4 z 2 + 1) = [4 z 2 − 1](4 z 2 + 1) = (4 z 2 ) 2 − 12 = 16 z 4 − 1

22. (2 x)(5 x ) + [(2)(2) + (3)(5)]x + 3(2) = 10 x 2 + 19 x + 6

37. x(3x + 2y – 4) + y(3x + 2y – 4) + 2(3x + 2y – 4) = 3x 2 + 2 xy − 4 x + 3xy + 2 y 2 − 4 y + 6 x + 4 y − 8

23. (t)(2t) + [(1)(7) + (−5)(2)]t + (−5)(7)

= 3x 2 + 2 y 2 + 5 xy + 2 x − 8

= 2t 2 − 3t − 35 24. X 2 + 2( X )(2Y ) + (2Y )2 = X 2 + 4 XY + 4Y 2

38. [ x 2 + ( x + 1)]2 = ( x 2 )2 + 2 x 2 ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)2

25. (2 x)2 − 2(2 x)(1) + 12 = 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1

= x 4 + 2 x3 + 2 x 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 1 = x 4 + 2 x3 + 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1

26. 7 2 − 2(7)( X ) + X 2 = 49 − 14 X + X 2 27. (1 ⋅ 2)

( x)

2

39. (2a )3 + 3(2a )2 (3) + 3(2a )(3) 2 + (3)3

= 2x + 3 x − 5

28.

(

3x

)

2

+2

(

40.

)

3 x (5) + (5)

= 3x + 10 3x + 25 29.

( y)

2

= 8a3 + 36a 2 + 54a + 27

+ [(1)(5) + (–1)(2)] x + (–1)(5)

− 32 = y − 9

= 8a3 − 36a 2 + 54a − 27

2

41. (2 x)3 − 3(2 x )2 (3) + 3(2 x)(3)2 − 33 = 8 x3 − 36 x 2 + 54 x − 27

42. x3 + 3x 2 (2 y ) + 3 x(2 y ) 2 + (2 y )3 = x3 + 6 x 2 y + 12 xy 2 + 8 y 3

30. (2 s )2 − 12 = 4 s 2 − 1 31. (a 2 ) 2 − (2b)2 = a 4 − 4b 2 32. x 2 ( x + 4) − 3( x + 4) = x3 + 4 x 2 − 3x − 12

(2a)3 − 3(2a) 2 (3) + 3(2a)(3) 2 − 33

43.

z 2 18 z − = z − 18 z z

44.

2 x3 7 x 4 4 − + = 2 x2 − 7 + x x x x

8 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

45.

46.

6u 5 3u 2

+

9u 3 3u 2

1 3u 2

= 2u 3 + 3u −

Section 0.4

x3 − x 2 + 4 x − 4

1 3u 2

50. x + 1 x 4 + 0 x3 + 3x 2 + 0 x + 2 x 4 + x3

3y − 4 − 9 y − 5 3y −6 y − 9 = 3y −6 y 9 = − 3y 3y 3 = −2 − y

− x3 + 3 x 2 − x3 − x 2 4x2 + 0 x 4x2 + 4 x −4 x + 2 −4 x − 4 6

Answer: x3 − x 2 + 4 x − 4 +

x

47. x + 5 x 2 + 5 x − 3 x2 + 5x

x2 − 2 x + 4

−3

51. x + 2 x3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x + 0

−3 x+5

x3 + 2 x 2 −2 x 2 + 0 −2 x 2 − 4 x 4x + 0 4x + 8 −8

x −1 2 4 x x − − 5x + 4 48. x2 − 4 x –x + 4 –x + 4 0 Answer: x – 1

Answer: x 2 − 2 x + 4 − x−2 52. 3x + 2 3 x 2 − 4 x + 3

3 x 2 − 8 x + 17 49. x + 2 3x3 − 2 x 2 + x − 3

3x2 + 2 x –6 x + 3 –6 x − 4 7

3 x3 + 6 x 2 –8 x 2 + x –8 x 2 − 16 x 17 x − 3 17 x + 34 – 37

Answer: 3x 2 − 8 x + 17 +

8 x+2

–37 x+2

7 3x + 2

z+2 53. z − z + 1 z 3 + z 2 + z 2

z3 − z 2 + z 2z2 2z2 − 2z + 2 2z − 2

9 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

2z − 2 2

z − z +1

6 x +1

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Problems 0.5

25. ( xy ) 2 − 2( xy )(2) + 22 = ( xy − 2)2

1. 5b(x + 1)

26. [2(2 x + 1)]2 = 22 (2 x + 1)2

2. 2y(3y – 2)

= 4(2 x + 1)2

3. 5x(2y + z) 2

27. 2 x 2 [2 x(1 − 2 x)]2

2

4. 3x y (1 − 3xy ) 3

= 2 x 2 (2 x)2 (1 − 2 x) 2

2

3

= 2 x 2 (4 x 2 )(1 − 2 x)2

2

5. 4bc(2a − 3ab d + b cd )

= 8 x 4 (1 − 2 x)2

6. z 2 − 7 2 = ( z + 7)( z − 7)

28. x( x 2 y 2 − 16 xy + 64) = x[( xy) 2 − 2( xy)(8) + 82 ] = x( xy − 8) 2

7. (x + 2)(x − 3) 8. (s – 4)(s – 2)

29. x(5x + 2) + 2(5x + 2) = (5x + 2)(x + 2)

9. ( p + 3)( p + 1)

30. x( x 2 − 4) + 2(4 − x 2 ) = x( x 2 − 4) − 2( x 2 − 4)

10. (5 y) 2 − 22 = (5 y + 2)(5 y − 2)

= ( x 2 − 4)( x − 2) = (x + 2)(x – 2)(x – 2)

11. (x + 6)(x – 4)

= ( x + 2)( x − 2)2

12. (2t )2 − (3s )2 = (2t + 3s )(2t − 3s ) 2

2

13. x + 2(3)( x) + 3 = ( x + 3)

31. (x + 1)(x – 1) + (x – 2)(x + 1) = (x + 1)[(x – 1) + (x – 2)] = (x + 1)(2x – 3)

2

14. (t − 6)(t − 12)

32. y 2 ( y 2 + 8 y + 16) − ( y 2 + 8 y + 16) = ( y 2 + 8 y + 16)( y 2 − 1)

15. 5( x 2 + 5 x + 6) = 5( x + 3)( x + 2)

= ( y + 4)2 ( y + 1)( y − 1)

16. 3(t 2 + 4t − 5) = 3(t − 1)(t + 5)

33. tu (t 2 − 3) + w2 (t 2 − 3)

17. 3( x 2 − 12 ) = 3( x + 1)( x − 1)

= (t 2 − 3)(tu + w2 )

(

)(

)

= t + 3 t − 3 (tu + w2 )

18. (5x + 1)(x + 3) 19. (4x + 3)(x – 1)

34. b3 + 43 = (b + 4)(b 2 − 4(b) + 42 ) = (b + 4)(b 2 − 4b + 16)

20. 2s (6 s 2 + 5s − 4) = 2 s (3s + 4)(2s − 1)

35. x3 − 13 = ( x − 1)[ x 2 + 1( x) + 12 ]

21. (3z ) 2 + 2(3 z )(5) + 52 = (3 z + 5) 2

= ( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)

22. u 3 / 5 v(u 2 − 4v 2 ) = u 3 / 5 v(u + 2v)(u − 2v) 23. (2 x3/ 5 ) 2 − 12 = (2 x3/ 5 + 1)(2 x3/ 5 − 1)

36. ( x3 )2 − 12 = ( x3 + 1)( x3 − 1) = ( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)

24. 2 x( x 2 + x − 6) = 2 x( x + 3)( x − 2) 10 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

37. 33 + (2 x)3 = (3 + 2 x)[32 − 3(2 x) + (2 x)2 ]

Section 0.6

3.

= (3 + 2 x)(9 − 6 x + 4 x 2 )

38. ( x + 4)2 ( x − 2)[( x + 4) + ( x − 2)]

4.

2

= ( x + 4) ( x − 2)(2 x + 2) 2

= 2( x + 4) ( x − 2)( x + 1)

x 2 − 9 x + 20 2

x + x − 20

=

( x − 5)( x − 4) x − 5 = ( x + 5)( x − 4) x + 5

3 x 2 − 27 x + 24 3

2

2 x − 16 x + 14 x 3( x − 8) = 2 x( x − 7)

=

3( x − 8)( x − 1) 2 x( x − 7)( x − 1)

39. [P(1 + r)] + [P(1 + r)]r = [P(1 + r)](1 + r) = P(1 + r )2

5.

40. (3 X + 5 I )[( X − 3I ) − ( X + 2 I )] = (3 X + 5I )(−5I ) = −5I (3 X + 5I )

6.

41. ( x 2 )2 − 42 = ( x 2 + 4)( x 2 − 4) = ( x 2 + 4)( x + 2)( x − 2)

15 x 2 + x − 2 2

3x + 20 x − 7

=

12 x 2 − 19 x + 4 2

6 x − 17 x + 12

(5 x + 2)(3x − 1) 5 x + 2 = x+7 (3x − 1)( x + 7)

=

(4 x − 1)(3x − 4) 4 x − 1 = (2 x − 3)(3x − 4) 2 x − 3

7.

y 2 (–1) y2 =− ( y − 3)( y + 2) ( y − 3)( y + 2)

8.

(a + b)(a − b)(a − b)2 (a − b) 2 = 2(a − b)(a + b) 2

42. (16 y 2 ) 2 − ( z 2 ) 2 = (16 y 2 + z 2 )(16 y 2 − z 2 ) = (16 y 2 + z 2 )(4 y + z )(4 y − z )

43. ( y 4 ) 2 − 12 = ( y 4 + 1)( y 4 − 1) = ( y 4 + 1)( y 2 + 1)( y 2 − 1)

9.

= ( y 4 + 1)( y 2 + 1)( y + 1)( y − 1)

44. (t 2 ) 2 − 22 = (t 2 + 2)(t 2 − 2) ⎡ = (t 2 + 2) ⎢t 2 − ⎣

(

= (t 2 + 2) t +

( 2 ) ⎤⎥⎦ 2 )( t − 2 ) 2

45. ( X 2 + 5)( X 2 − 1) = ( X 2 + 5)( X + 1)( X − 1)

10.

X 2 4 4X 2 X ⋅ = = 8 X 8X 2

11.

2( x − 1) ( x + 4)( x + 1) ⋅ ( x − 4)( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x − 1)

46. ( x 2 − 9)( x 2 − 1) = ( x + 3)( x − 3)( x + 1)( x − 1) 47. b(a 4 − 8a 2 + 16) = b(a 2 − 4) 2 2

= b[(a + 2)(a − 2)]

= b(a + 2)2 (a − 2) 2

Problems 0.6 1.

2.

a2 − 9 2

a − 3a

=

(a − 3)(a + 3) a + 3 = a(a − 3) a

x 2 − 3x − 10 x2 − 4

=

( x + 2)( x − 5) x − 5 = ( x + 2)( x − 2) x − 2

(ax − b)(c − x) (ax − b)(−1)( x − c) = ( x − c)(ax + b) ( x − c)(ax + b) (ax − b)(−1) = ax + b b − ax = ax + b

=

2( x − 1)( x + 4)( x + 1) ( x − 4)( x + 2)( x + 1)( x − 1)

=

2( x + 4) ( x − 4)( x + 2)

12.

3x 2 14 3 x 14 3(14) x ⋅ = ⋅ = =6 7x x 7 x 7x

13.

15u v 4 15uv 4 ⋅ = = 5v v3 3u 3uv3

14.

c + d 2c 2c(c + d ) 2(c + d ) ⋅ = = c c−d c (c − d ) c−d

11 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

15.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

4x 4x 1 4x 2 ÷ 2x = ⋅ = = 3 3 2x 6x 3

25.

4 x 2 x 4 x(2 x) 8 x 2 16. ⋅ = = 1 3 3 3

17.

18.

19.

–9 x3 3 –27 x3 ⋅ = = −27 x 2 1 x x 21t 5 t2

22.

23.

=

(2 x + 3)(2 x − 3)(1 + x)(1 − x) ( x + 4)( x − 1)(2 x − 3)

=

(2 x + 3)(1 + x)(–1)( x − 1) ( x + 4)( x − 1)

=−

1 21t 5 =− = −3t 3 2 −7 −7t

26.

x −3 x−4 x −3 1 x−3 ⋅ = ⋅ = =1 1 ( x − 3)( x − 4) 1 x−3 x−3

10 x3 x +1 10 x3 ( x + 1) 2 x2 ⋅ = = ( x + 1)( x − 1) 5 x 5 x( x + 1)( x − 1) x − 1

( x − 3)( x + 2) ( x + 3)( x − 1) ⋅ ( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 2)( x − 2) x + 2 ( x + 3)( x − 1) = ⋅ x + 3 ( x + 2)( x − 2) ( x + 2)( x + 3)( x − 1) = ( x + 3)( x + 2)( x − 2) x −1 = x−2

(2 x + 3)(1 + x) x+4

y (6 x 2 + 7 x − 3) x( y − 1) + 4( y − 1) ⋅ x( y – 1) + 5( y − 1) x 2 y ( x + 4) =

=

( x + 3) 2 ( x + 3)2 1 20. ÷ ( x + 3) = ⋅ x x x+3 ( x + 3)2 x + 3 = = x ( x + 3) x

21.

(2 x + 3)(2 x − 3) (1 + x)(1 − x) ⋅ ( x + 4)( x − 1) 2x − 3

y (3 x − 1)(2 x + 3)( y − 1)( x + 4) ( y − 1)( x + 5) x 2 y ( x + 4)

(3 x − 1)(2 x + 3) x 2 ( x + 5)

27.

x 2 + 5 x + 6 ( x + 3)( x + 2) = = x+2 x+3 x+3

28.

−1 + x x − 1 = =1 x −1 x −1

29. LCD = 3t 2 1 6 1 6 +1 7 + = + = = t 3t 3t 3t 3t 3t 30. LCD = X 3 9 1 9 X 9− X − = − = 3 2 3 3 X X X X X3

( x + 6)( x + 2) ( x − 5)( x + 3) x + 2 x + 3 ⋅ = ⋅ ( x + 6)( x + 3) ( x − 5)( x + 2) x + 3 x + 2 ( x + 2)( x + 3) = ( x + 3)( x + 2) =1

31. LCD = x3 − 1 1−

x3 x3 − 1

= =

( x + 3) 2 (3 + 4 x)(3 − 4 x) ⋅ 24. 4x − 3 7( x + 3)

=

2

( x + 3) (3 + 4 x)(3 − 4 x) = 7(4 x − 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)(3 + 4 x)(−1)(4 x − 3) = 7(4 x − 3) ( x + 3)(3 + 4 x) =− 7

=

x3 − 1

x3

x3 − 1 x3 − 1 x 3 − 1 − x3 x3 − 1 −1 x3 − 1 1 1 − x3

32. LCD = s + 4 4 4 s ( s + 4) 4 + s ( s + 4) +s = + = s+4 s+4 s+4 s+4 =

s 2 + 4s + 4 ( s + 2)2 = s+4 s+4

12 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis 33. LCD = (3x − 1)(x + 1) 1 x x +1 x(3x − 1) + = + 3x − 1 x + 1 (3x − 1)( x + 1) (3 x − 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1) + x(3x − 1) = (3x − 1)( x + 1) 3x2 + 1 = ( x + 1)(3 x − 1) 34. LCD = (x – 1)(x + 1) x + 1 x − 1 ( x + 1)( x + 1) ( x − 1)( x − 1) − = − x − 1 x + 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1) =

( x + 1)2 − ( x − 1)2 ( x + 1)( x − 1)

=

x 2 + 2 x + 1 − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) 4x = ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)

35. LCD = ( x − 3)( x + 1)( x + 3) 1 1 x+3 x +1 + = + ( x − 3)( x + 1) ( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x − 3)( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x − 3)( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 3) + ( x + 1) = ( x − 3)( x + 1)( x + 3) 2x + 4 = ( x − 3)( x + 1)( x + 3) 2( x + 2) = ( x − 3)( x + 1)( x + 3)

36. LCD = (x − 4)(2x + 1)(2x − 1) 4 4(2 x − 1) x x(2 x + 1) − = − ( x − 4)(2 x + 1) ( x − 4)(2 x − 1) ( x − 4)(2 x + 1)(2 x − 1) ( x − 4)(2 x + 1)(2 x − 1) 4(2 x − 1) − x(2 x + 1) = ( x − 4)(2 x + 1)(2 x − 1) =

−2 x 2 + 7 x − 4 ( x − 4)(2 x + 1)(2 x − 1)

37. LCD = (x – 1)(x + 5) 4 −3x 2 4( x + 5) 3( x − 1)( x + 5) 3x 2 −3+ = − + x −1 −( x − 1)( x + 5) ( x − 1)( x + 5) ( x − 1)( x + 5) ( x − 1)( x + 5) =

4 x + 20 − 3( x 2 + 4 x − 5) + 3x 2 ( x − 1)( x + 5)

=

35 − 8 x ( x − 1)( x + 5)

13 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Section 0.6

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

38. LCD = (2x − 1)(x + 2)(3x − 1) x +1 x −1 1 ( x + 1)(3 x − 1) ( x − 1)(2 x − 1) (2 x − 1)( x + 2) − + = − + (2 x − 1)( x + 2) (3 x − 1)( x + 2) 3x − 1 (2 x − 1)( x + 2)(3 x − 1) (2 x − 1)( x + 2)(3x − 1) (2 x − 1)( x + 2)(3 x − 1) ( x + 1)(3 x − 1) − ( x − 1)(2 x − 1) + (2 x − 1)( x + 2) = (2 x − 1)( x + 2)(3x − 1) 2 3x + 8 x − 4 = (2 x − 1)( x + 2)(3 x − 1) 2

2

2

x2 + 2 x + 1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ x 1⎞ ⎛ x +1⎞ 39. ⎜1 + ⎟ = ⎜ + ⎟ = ⎜ = ⎟ ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x x⎠ ⎝ x ⎠ x2 2

2

2

–1

⎛ 1 − xy ⎞ =⎜ ⎟ ⎝ x ⎠

⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ y ⎛ y+x⎞ y 2 + 2 xy + x 2 x ⎞ 40. ⎜ + ⎟ = ⎜ + ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = x2 y 2 ⎝x y⎠ ⎝ xy xy ⎠ ⎝ xy ⎠ ⎛1 ⎞ 41. ⎜ − y ⎟ ⎝x ⎠

–1

⎛ 1 xy ⎞ =⎜ − ⎟ ⎝x x ⎠

2

2

1⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ab 1 ⎞ ⎛ ab + 1 ⎞ 42. ⎜ a + ⎟ = ⎜ + ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ b b b ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠ a 2b 2 + 2ab + 1 = b2

–1

=

x 1 − xy

2

43. Multiplying numerator and denominator by x gives

44. Multiplying numerator and denominator by x gives

5x + 2 . 3x x+3 2

x −9

=

x+3 1 = . ( x + 3)( x − 3) x − 3

45. Multiplying numerator and denominator by 3(2 x)( x + 2) − 1( x + 2) ( x + 2)[3(2 x) − 1] ( x + 2)(6 x − 1) 2x(x + 2) gives = = . x(2 x)( x + 2) + x(2 x) 2 x 2 [( x + 2) + 1] 2 x 2 ( x + 3) Review Problems

3

2

6. x − 3x[2 x − 2(4 − 3x) + 1] 3

2

3

2

1. The integers of S are −2, 0, 2.

= x − 3 x [2 x − 8 + 6 x + 1]

2. The rational numbers of S are 7 −2, − , 0, 2,1.34 . 3

= x − 3 x [2 x + 6 x − 7] 3

3

2

= x − 6 x − 18 x + 21x 3

3. The irrational numbers of S are − 3, π ,

e

2

= −5 x − 18 x + 21x .

2

2

7. (2m − 3n) − (3m + 2n)(m − 2) 2

2

2

4. The natural numbers of S consist of 2 only.

= (4 m − 12 mn + 9n ) − (3m − 6 m + 2nm − 4n )

5. The real numbers of S are 7 e −2, − , − 3, 0, 2, π ,1.34, (all except 3 2

= 4 m − 12 mn + 9n − 3m + 6 m − 2mn + 4 n

2

−2 ).

2

2

2

2

= m − 14mn + 9 n + 6 m + 4 n

14 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Chapter 0 Review

2

8. ( x − 3 x + 1)(5 x + 1) − 3 x + 4 3

2

1

2

= 5 x + x − 15 x − 3 x + 5 x + 1 − 3 x + 4 3

12.

2

= 5 x − 14 x − x + 5 2

u

2

9. 2 x − {3 x [ x − (2 x − 1)] − (4 − 3 x ) + 1} 2

2

3

2

2

3

= 2 x − {3 x − 6 x + 6 x − 3} 2

=

2

x +x−2 = = =

+

4 x+2

3x

+

( x + 2)( x − 1) 3x

x+2

( x + 2)( x − 1)

3 x + 4( x − 1) − x ( x + 2)

b

13.

ab

x −1

4( x − 1)

+

( x + 2)( x − 1)

x

−a

−2

− ba

1 = b a

( x + 2)( x − 1)

b

2

=

−1

x ( x + 2) ( x − 1)( x + 2)

3x + 4 x − 4 − x − 2 x ( x + 2)( x − 1)

2

=

− x + 5x − 4

=

( x + 2)( x − 1) − ( x − 4)( x − 1) ( x + 2)( x − 1)

=−

x−4 x+2

−2

1

2 2

a b

a = b

a

3

2 2

a b

2

a b − ab a −b

2

=

−2(1 − u )

−1

2

=

u (1 + u )(1 − u )

2

x −1

4

=

u (1 + u )

=−

x

2

2(u − 1)

2

3x

2

u (1 − u )

= 6x − x − 6x + 3 10.

u

2

3

= 2 x − 3x + 6 x − 6 x + 3 3

2

⎛1 ⎞ ⎜ − u ⎟ u − u3 ⎝u ⎠ = = 2 ⎞ 2u − 2 2⎛2 u ⎜ − ⎟ ⎝ u u2 ⎠

= 2 x − {3 x − 6 x + 3 x − 4 + 3 x + 1}

2

−u

u

2

= 2 x − {3 x [ x − 2 x + 1] − 4 + 3 x + 1} 2

u 2

2

3

=

⎛1 1⎞ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎝b a⎠

⎛a b ⎞ ⎜ 2− 2⎟ ⎝b a ⎠ ab( a − b ) 2

2

( a − b )( a + ab + b )

ab 2

a + ab + b

2

14. x 3 − 4 x 2

11.

2

x+3 2

x − 4x + 4 = = =

÷

x + 6x + 9 2

x − 2x 2

x+3

2

x − 2x 2

x − 4x + 4 x + 6x + 9 x+3 ( x − 2)

2

x ( x − 2) ( x + 3)

x ( x − 2)( x + 3)

2

= x( x − 4) = x( x + 2)( x − 2) 2

2

2

15. 2 x ( x + 3) ( x − 2) − x ( x − 2) ( x + 3)

= x ( x + 3)( x − 2)[ 2( x + 3) − x ( x − 2)] 2

= x ( x + 3)( x − 2)[2 x + 6 − x + 2 x ] 2

= x ( x + 3)( x − 2)( − x + 4 x + 6) 16. 5 x 2 − 7 x − 6 = (5 x + 3)( x − 2)

15 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

17. 3 x 2 − 5 x + 6 is prime (cannot be factored)

4 10 6

3

27 x y z

25.

2 xyz

18. 9 x 2 − 12 x + 4

= (3 x − 2)(3 x − 2) = (3 x − 2)

=

2

2

19. x − 6 x + 9 − y

2

1

3y z x

3

1

y

3 23

3 xy z

=

2 xyz 1

3

3x

=

2

xy

7

3

y

3

z

2

2

5

2

26.

= ( x − 3 + y )( x − 3 − y )

20. x 2 + 9 is prime (cannot be factored)

3

4 4

4

7

16 x y ⋅ 4 x y = 2 3x y

5

2 ⋅ 2x x y

5

=

3

4

5

=

= 8( x + 64) = 8( x + 4 )

7

16 x y ⋅ 5 4 x y 2 3x y

21. 8 x 3 + 512 3

6

2 xyz

=

= ( x − 6 x + 9) − y

9

3 x xy yz

2

2

2

= ( x − 3) − y

3 3

3

10

5

5

6 11 5

2 x y 2 3x y

1

2

=

2

3x y

2 x y5 2 x 2

3x y

=

2( 2 x ) 3

2

= 8( x + 4)( x − 4 x + 16)

1

27.

⎛ 8 x 4 y −6 ⎞ 22. ⎜ −2 3 ⎟ ⎝ 27 x y ⎠ ⎛ 8x6 ⎞ =⎜ 9 ⎟ ⎝ 27 y ⎠

1

⎛ m3 n −4 ⎞ −5 2 ⎟ ⎝ 4m n ⎠

1

1

3

8

=

3

1

27

6

x

3

3

9

y

= 3

2x

2

3y

3

=

−2

x+

−2

2

⎛m ⎞ ⎛ 4n ⎞ 16n = ⎜ 8 ⎟ = 16 6 ⎟ m ⎝ 4n ⎠ ⎝m ⎠ 6

x+2

x− 2 x −

x−

x − x+2

x − x+2

x+2

( ) (

=

x+2

x+2

−2

=

)2

x − x+2

=

x − ( x + 2)

x+2−

x

2

12

=⎜

⎛ 13 4x 24. ⎜ −2 ⎜⎜ 3 ⎝ 9x

1

=

23. ⎜

8

x + x+2

3

x

28. 3

2x 4 y 2

1

⎞2 ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎠

⎛ 4x =⎜ ⎜ 9 ⎝

1+2 3 3

= ⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎠

1

1

2

=

4x 9

=

2 x 3

=

2x

2

=

x 3

2x 4 y 2

x 3 22 x 2 y 3

23 x 6 y3

3

16 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

3

22 x 2 y

3

22 x 2 y =

x 3 4x 2 y 3 4x 2 y = 2x 2 y 2xy

5

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Chapter 0 Test

x

29.

8.

x+h+

x

x

=

x+h+

x

x+h−

x

)= = ( x + h) − ( x) x

(

x

x+h−

x+h− 2

2

)

=

1

(2 ) (x 1/ 2 2

1/ 2 2

–2 2

=

)

3 2

1 2 x –4 16 x6

=

1 1 8 x10

) (x )

(16

x+h−x

= −12u 3 − 8u 2 + 8u − 20

10. 3 y (4 y 3 + 2 y 2 − 3 y ) − 2(4 y 3 + 2 y 2 − 3 y ) = 12 y 4 + 6 y 3 − 9 y 2 − 8 y 3 − 4 y 2 + 6 y = 12 y 4 − 2 y 3 − 13 y 2 + 6 y

30. If x is the width of the base, then the height is x + 3. The area of triangle is therefore

base × height 2

=

3 x − 12

2

x( x + 3)

=

2

x + 3x

cm

2

11. 2 x + 3 6 x 2 + 8 x + 1 6x2 + 9 x −x +1 − x − 32

2

Chapter Test 1. a[b + (c + d)] = a[(b + c) + d] = a[d + (b + c)] = a[(d + b) + c]

5 2 5

2.

1 Answer: 3x − + 2 2 2x + 3

−aby −a ⋅ by by = = −ax −a ⋅ x x

12. 5r 2t 2 ( s + 2rs 2 t − 3)

0 3. is not defined (we cannot divide by 0). 0 4.

( x 2 )3 ( x 3 ) 2 ( x3 ) 4

=

x 2⋅3 x3⋅2 x3⋅4

=

x6 x6 x12

=

13. (a + 7)(a + 5) 14. (3y − 4)(3y − 2)

x12 x12

15. (a + 5)2 (a + 1) 2 [(a + 5) + (a + 1)]

x12−12 = x0 = 1

= (a + 5)2 (a + 1)2 (2a + 6) = 2(a + 5)2 (a + 1) 2 (a + 3)

5. 2 8 − 5 27 + 3 128 = 2 4 ⋅ 2 − 5 9 ⋅ 3 + 3 64 ⋅ 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 2 − 5 ⋅ 3 3 + 43 2 = 4 2 − 15 3 + 4 3 2 ⎛ 256 ⎞ 6. ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ x12 ⎠ =

7.

4

−3

x −9

4 ⎞ −3 / 4

⎛⎡ 4 ⎤ = ⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎟ ⎜ ⎣ x3 ⎦ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ x9 x9 = 43 64

−3 / 4

=

(a 2b −3c 4 )5 (a −1c −2 ) −3

=

= 8 x10

= −2(6u 3 + 4u 2 − 4u + 10)

h

A=

2x 16 x3

2

= −2(6u 3 + 6u 2 − 2u 2 + 10 − 4u)

x( x + h) − x

=

(

–2

9. −2(6u 3 + 6u 2 − 2(u 2 − 5 + 2u ))

x ( x + h) − x

x

1

a10b −15c 20 a 3c 6

⎡4⎤ =⎢ ⎥ ⎣ x3 ⎦

−3

=

4

−3

16. 2 x(2 x 2 − 3 x − 2) = 2 x(2 x + 1)( x − 2) 17.

3 −3

a 7 c14 b15

t (t + 3)(t − 3)

2

=

t t −3

(x )

18.

=

(t + 3)(t − 3) t 2

x( x + 2) ( x − 2)2 ⋅ 3( x − 4)( x − 2) ( x − 3)( x + 2) =

x( x + 2)( x − 2)2 3( x − 4)( x − 2)( x − 3)( x + 2)

=

x( x − 2) 3( x − 4)( x − 3)

17 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

19. Multiplying numerator and denominator by 3(x + 3)(x + 2) gives 3( x − 1) − 1(3)( x + 3) 3(3)( x + 3)( x + 2) + ( x − 7)( x + 3)( x + 2) =

21.

2 3 3+ 5

−12 12 =− . ( x + 3)( x + 2)[9 + ( x − 7)] ( x + 3)( x + 2)2

20. LCD = 3 + x ⋅ x x x 3+ x

+

2 x

= =

x x⋅ x

+

2 3+ x

3+ x x 3+ x x x + 2 3+ x 2

3+ x x

18 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

3− 5 3− 5

=

2 3

(

3− 5

3−5 2 ⋅ 3 − 2 15 = −2 = −3 + 15

)

Chapter 1 3. x 2 + x − 6 = 0; 2, 3

Apply It 1.1 1. a. If 1 Bahraini dinar is 15.64 Egyptian pounds, then x Bahraini dinars are equivalent to 15.64x Egyptian pounds. b. x Egyptian pounds equate to

x Bahraini 15.64

dinars. 2. Let x be the profit realized by the company in 2009. We know that in 2010 the profit increased by 22.2%, so

x + 0.222 x = 45 1.222 x = 45 45 x= ≈ 36.825 1.222 Therefore, the company realized a profit of 36.825 million dinars in 2009. Problems 1.1

Set x = 2: (2)2 + 2 − 6 =? 0 4 + 2 − 6 =? 0 0=0 2 Set x = 3: (3) + 3 − 6 =? 0 9 + 3 − 6 =? 0

6≠0 Thus, 2 satisfies the equation, but 3 does not.

4. x(6 + x) – 2(x + 1) – 5x = 4; −2, 0 Set x = –2: (−2)(6 − 2) − 2(−2 + 1) − 5(−2) =? 4

−2(4) − 2(−1) + 10 =? 4 −8 + 2 + 10 =? 4 4=4 Set x = 0: 0(6) − 2(1) − 5(0) =? 4

–2 ≠ 4 Thus, –2 satisfies the equation, but 0 does not. 5. x( x + 1)2 ( x + 2) = 0; 0, −1, 2 Set x = 0: 0(1) 2 (2) =? 0

2

1. 9 x − x = 0; 1, 0 Set x = 1: 9(1) − (1) 2 =? 0 9 − 1 =? 0

0=0 Set x = –1:

8≠0 Set x = 0:

(–1)(0)2 (1) =? 0 0=0 Set x = 2: 2(3)2 (4) =? 0

0=0 Thus, 0 satisfies the equation, but 1 does not.

72 ≠ 0 Thus, 0 and –1 satisfy the equation, but 2 does not.

9(0) − (0)2 =? 0 0 − 0 =? 0

2. 12 − 7 x = − x 2 ; 4, 3 Set x = 4: 12 − 7(4) =? − (4)2 12 − 28 =? − 16 −16 = −16 Set x = 3: 12 − 7(3) =? − (3) 2 12 − 21 =? − 9

−9 = −9 Thus, 4 and 3 satisfy the equation.

6. Adding 5 to both sides; equivalence guaranteed 7. Dividing both sides by 8; equivalence guaranteed 8. Raising both sides to the fourth power; equivalence not guaranteed 9. Dividing both sides by 2; equivalence guaranteed 10. Dividing both sides by x; equivalence not guaranteed

19 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

11. Multiplying both sides by x – 1; equivalence not guaranteed 12. Dividing both sides by x + 1; equivalence not guaranteed 13. Multiplying both sides by

2x − 3 ; equivalence 2x

not guaranteed 14. Adding 9 – x to both sides and then dividing both sides by 2; equivalence guaranteed 15. 4x = 10 10 5 x= = 4 2 16. 0.2x = 7 7 x= = 35 0.2 17. 7 y 2 = 0 y=0 18. 2x – 4x = –5 –2x = –5 –5 5 x= = –2 2 19. −8 x = 12 − 20 −8 x = −8 −8 =1 x= −8 20. 4 − 7 x = 3 −7 x = −1 −1 1 = x= −7 7 21. 5x – 3 = 9 5x = 12 12 x= 5 22.

3x + 2 = 11 3x = 9 9 9 3 x= = =3 3 3 3

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

23. 7x + 7 = 2(x + 1) 7x + 7 = 2x + 2 5x + 7 = 2 5x = –5 –5 x= = −1 5 24. 4s + 3s − 1 = 41 7 s − 1 = 41 7 s = 42 42 s= =6 7 25. 5( p − 7) − 2(3 p − 4) = 3 p 5 p − 35 − 6 p + 8 = 3 p − p − 27 = 3 p −27 = 4 p 27 p=− 4 26. t = 2 – 2[2t – 3(1 – t)] t = 2 – 2[2t – 3 + 3t] t = 2 – 2[5t – 3] t = 2 – 10t + 6 11t = 8 8 t= 11 27.

28.

x = 3x + 5 7 x = 21x + 35 −20 x = 35 35 7 =− x=− 20 4 5y 6 − = 2 − 4y 7 7 5y – 6 = 14 – 28y 33y = 20 20 y= 33

4x x = 9 2 Multiplying both sides by 9 · 2 gives 9 · 2 · 7 + 2(4x) = 9(x) 126 + 8x = 9x x = 126

29. 7 +

20 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

30.

x x −4 = 3 5 Multiplying both sides by 15 gives 5x – 60 = 3x 2x = 60 x = 30 4 r −5 3 Multiplying both sides by 3 gives 3r = 4r − 15 −r = −15 r = 15

31. r =

32.

Section 1.1

t t t 36. t + − + = 10 3 4 36 Multiplying both sides by 36 gives 36t + 12t − 9t + t = 360 40t = 360 t =9

37.

2 x 11x + =4 11 2 Multiplying both sides by 22 gives 4 x + 121x = 88 125 x = 88 88 x= 125 y y y y + − = 2 3 4 5 Multiplying both sides by 60 gives 60y – 30y + 20y – 15y = 12y 35y = 12y 23y = 0 y=0

38.

33. y −

34.

35.

2y − 3 6y + 7 = 4 3 Multiplying both sides by 12 gives 3(2y – 3) = 4(6y + 7) 6y – 9 = 24y + 28 –18y = 37 37 y=− 18 t 5 7 + t = (t − 1) 4 3 2 Multiplying both sides by 12 gives 3t + 20t = 42(t − 1) 23t = 42t − 42 42 = 19t 42 t= 19

39.

40.

7 + 2( x + 1) 6 x = 3 5 Multiplying both sides by 15 gives 35 + 10(x + 1) = 18x 35 + 10x + 10 = 18x 45 = 8x 45 x= 8 x+2 2− x − = x−2 3 6 Multiplying both sides by 6 gives 2(x + 2) – (2 – x) = 6(x – 2) 2x + 4 – 2 + x = 6x – 12 3x + 2 = 6x – 12 2 = 3x – 12 14 = 3x 14 x= 3

x 2( x − 4) + =7 5 10 Multiplying both sides by 10 gives 2x + 2(x – 4) = 70 2x + 2x – 8 = 70 4x = 78 78 39 x= = 4 2 9 3 (3 − x) = ( x − 3) 5 4 Multiplying both sides by 20 gives 36(3 – x) = 15(x – 3) 108 – 36x = 15x – 45 153 = 51x x=3

21 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

41.

42.

2 x − 7 8 x − 9 3x − 5 + = 3 14 21 Multiplying both sides by 42 gives 14(2 x − 7) + 3(8 x − 9) = 2(3x − 5) 28 x − 98 + 24 x − 27 = 6 x − 10 52 x − 125 = 6 x − 10 46 x = 115 115 5 x= = 46 2 4 (5 x − 2) = 7[ x − (5 x − 2)] 3 4(5 x − 2) = 21( x − 5 x + 2) 20 x − 8 = −84 x + 42 104 x = 50 50 25 x= = 104 52

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

48.

49.

50.

(2 x − 5)2 + (3x − 3) 2 = 13x 2 − 5 x + 7

43.

4 x 2 − 20 x + 25 + 9 x 2 − 18 x + 9 = 13x 2 − 5 x + 7 13x 2 − 38 x + 34 = 13x 2 − 5 x + 7 −33 x = −27 −27 9 x= = −33 11

44.

45.

46.

5 = 25 x 5 = 25x 5 x= 25 1 x= 5

51.

52.

4 =2 x −1 4 = 2(x – 1) 4 = 2x – 2 6 = 2x x=3

53.

3x − 5 =0 x −3 3x − 5 = 0 3x = 5 5 x= 3

54.

47. Multiplying both sides by x + 3 gives 5 = 0, which is false. Thus there is no solution, so the solution set is ∅.

3 7 = 5 − 2x 2 3(2) = 7(5 − 2 x ) 6 = 35 − 14 x 14 x = 29 29 x= 14

x+3 2 = x 5 5(x + 3) = 2x 5x + 15 = 2x 3x = –15 x = –5 q 1 = 5q − 4 3 3q = 5q – 4 –2q = –4 q=2 5q =2 3− q 5q = 2(3 − q) 5q = 6 − 2 q 7q = 6 6 q= 7

2x − 3 =6 4x − 5 2x – 3 = 24x – 30 27 = 22x 27 x= 22 1 2 = p −1 p − 2 p – 2 = 2(p – 1) p – 2 = 2p – 2 p=0 1 1 3 + = x 7 7 1 3 1 = − x 7 7 1 2 = x 7 7 x= 2

22 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

55.

56.

2 3 = x −1 x − 2 2( x − 2) = 3( x − 1) 2 x − 4 = 3x − 3 −x = 1 x = −1

Section 1.1

x=3 But the given equation is not defined for x = 3, so there is no solution. The solution set is ∅. 62.

x 2 − 3x − x 2 − 3x = 3x − 4 –6x = 3x – 4 –9x = –4 4 x= 9

2t + 1 3t − 1 = 2t + 3 3t + 4 (2t + 1)(3t + 4) = (3t − 1)(2t + 3) 6t 2 + 11t + 4 = 6t 2 + 7t − 3 4t = −7 7 t=− 4

(

( 65.

(

2

y − 18 y + 72 = y + 6 y 72 = 24y y=3 y−2 y−2 = y+2 y+3 y2 + y − 6 = y2 − 4 y=2

z−2

)

2

= 32

2x + 3 − 4 = 0 2x + 3 = 4 2x + 3

)

2

= 42

2 x + 3 = 16 2 x = 13 13 x= 2

42 =

−5 7 11 = + 2 x − 3 3 − 2 x 3x + 5 −5(3 x + 5) = −7(3 x + 5) + 11(2 x − 3) −15 x − 25 = −21x − 35 + 22 x − 33 −15 x − 25 = x − 68 −16 x = −43 43 x= 16

9 3x = x −3 x −3 9 = 3x

= 42

66. 4 − 3x + 1 = 0 4 = 3x + 1

(y − 2)(y + 3) = (y − 2)(y + 2)

61.

2

z–2=9 z = 11

y−6 6 y+6 − = y y y−6 y 2 − 12 y + 36 − 6 y + 36 = y 2 + 6 y

60.

)

z−2 =3

64.

( y − 6)2 − 6( y − 6) = y ( y + 6)

59.

x+5

x + 5 = 16 x = 11

3x − x 2 + 6 − 2 x + x 2 − 1 = 0 x+5=0 x = –5

2

x+5 = 4

63.

x + 2 x +1 + =0 57. x −1 3 − x (x + 2)(3 – x) + (x + 1)(x – 1) = 0

58.

x x 3x − 4 − = x + 3 x − 3 x2 − 9 x(x – 3) – x(x + 3) = 3x – 4

(

3x + 1

16 = 3 x + 1 15 = 3 x x=5

67.

x 2 +1 = 2 3 2

2 ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛2⎞ + = 1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎝3⎠ ⎝ ⎠ x 4 +1 = 2 9

23 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

)

2

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

x 5 =− 2 9 10 ⎛ 5⎞ x = 2⎜ − ⎟ = − 9 9 ⎝ ⎠

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

36y = 49 49 y= 36 74.

x = x +1 +1

68. ( x + 6)1/ 2 = 7

( x) = ( 2

[( x + 6)1/ 2 ]2 = 7 2 x + 6 = 49 x = 43

(

4x − 6

(

−1 = x + 1 , which is impossible because

) = ( x) 2

a ≥ 0 for all a. Thus there is no solution. The solution set is ∅.

2

75.

) =( 2

2x − 3

x +1 = 2x − 3 − x = −4 x=4

)

⎛ a 2 + 2 a ⎞ = ( 2 + a) 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ a 2 + 2a = 4 + 4a + a 2 −2 a = 4 a = −2

2

76. ( x − 5)3 / 4 = 27

71.

[( x − 5)3 / 4 ]4 / 3 = 27 4 / 3 x − 5 = 81 x = 86 y2 − 9 = 9 − y

72.

2

⎛ y 2 − 9 ⎞ = (9 − y ) 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ y 2 − 9 = 81 − 18 y + y 2 18y = 90 90 y= =5 18 y + y+2 =3

73.

y + 2 = 3− y

(

y+2

) = (3 − y ) 2

y+2 = 9−6 y + y 6 y =7

(

6 y

)

2

a 2 + 2a = 2 + a 2

x +1 = 2x − 3 x +1

2

−2 = 2 x + 1

4x – 6 = x 3x = 6 x=2 70.

)

x +1 +1

x = x +1+ 2 x +1 +1

4x − 6 = x

69.

x − x +1 = 1

2

1 2 − =0 w 5w − 2 1 2 = w 5w − 2 2

⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ w⎠ ⎝ 5w − 2 ⎠ 1 2 = w 5w − 2 5w – 2 = 2w 3w = 2 2 w= 3

2

77. I = Prt I r= Pt p ⎞ ⎛ 78. P ⎜ 1 + ⎟−R = 0 100 ⎝ ⎠ p ⎞ ⎛ P ⎜1 + ⎟=R ⎝ 100 ⎠ P=

= 72

24 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

R p

1 + 100

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 1.1

1/ n

79. p = 8q – 1 p + 1 = 8q p +1 q= 8 80.

⎛S⎞ ⎜P⎟ ⎝ ⎠ 1/ n

⎛S⎞ ⎜P⎟ ⎝ ⎠

p = 10 − 2q 2q = 10 − p 10 − p q= 2

86.

2mI B (n + 1) r[ B (n + 1)] =I 2m rB (n + 1) I= 2m

q=

87. r =

84.

(1 + i ) n − 1 R[1 − (1 + i ) − n ] i Ai 1 − (1 + i )− n

x −a x −b = b−x a−x (x – a)(a – x) = (x – b)(b – x) (x – a)(a – x)(–1) = (x – b)(b – x)(–1) (x – a)(x – a) = (x – b)(x – b) 2

2

x − 2ax + a = x − 2bx + b 2

2

a − b = 2ax − 2bx (a + b)(a – b) = 2x(a – b) a + b = 2x (for a ≠ b) a+b =x 2 S = P(1 + r )n S = (1 + r )n P

85.

1/ n

⎛S⎞ ⎜P⎟ ⎝ ⎠

= [(1 + r )n ]1 / n

2mI B (n + 1)

2mI B 2mI n +1 = rB 2mI n= −1 rB

Si

2

pf p− f

r (n + 1) =

Si = R[(1 + i ) n − 1]

R=

1 1 1 + = p q f

1 p− f = q pf

R[(1 + i )n − 1] 82. S = i

83. A =

−1 = r

1 1 1 = − q f p

81. r =

R=

= 1+ r

2

88. P = 2l + 2 w 660 = 2l + 2(160) 660 = 2l + 320 340 = 2l 340 l= = 170 2 The length of the rectangle is 170 m. 89.

V = πr 2 h 355 = πr 2 (16) 355 = 16πr 2 355 r2 = 16π 355 r= 16π The radius of the can is 355 ≈ 2.66 centimeters. 16π

90. c = x – 0.0825x = 0.9175x

25 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

91. Revenue equals cost when 450x = 380x + 3500. 450x = 380x + 3500 70x = 3500 x = 50 50 toddlers need to be enrolled. n⎞ ⎛ 92. V = C ⎜ 1 − ⎟ ⎝ N⎠ ⎛ n⎞ 2000 = 3200 ⎜ 1 − ⎟ ⎝ 8⎠ 2000 = 3200 – 400n 400n = 1200 n=3 The furniture will have a value of \$2000 after 3 years.

93. Reem’s weekly salary for working h hours is 47h + 28. She saves one quarter of this amount. 1 (47 h + 28) = 550 4 47h + 28 = 2200 47 h = 2172 2172 h= ≈ 46.2 47 Reem must work approximately 46.2 hours per week. 94. y = a(1 – by)x y = ax(1 – by) y = ax – abxy y + abxy = ax y(1 + abx) = ax ax y= 1 + abx

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

x = 276 The maximum number of customers is 276. d r −c t(r – c) = d tr – tc = d tr − d = tc tr − d d c= =r− t t

97. t =

98. Let x be the horizontal distance from the base of the tower to the house. By the Pythagorean

theorem, x 2 + 1002 = ( x + 2)2 . x 2 + 10, 000 = x 2 + 4 x + 4 10, 000 = 4 x + 4 9996 = 4 x 9996 x= = 2499 4 The distance from the base of the tower to the house is 2499 meters.

99. Let e be Maram’s expenses in Nova Scotia before the HST tax. Then the HST tax is 0.15e and the total receipts are e + 0.15e = 1.15e. The percentage of the total that is HST is 0.15e 0.15 15 3 = = = or approximately 1.15e 1.15 115 23 13%. 100. s = 30 fd Set s = 45 and (for dry concrete) f = 0.8. 45 = 30(0.8)d 45 = 24d

1.4 x 1 + 0.09 x With y = 10 the equation is 1.4 x 10 = 1 + 0.09 x 10(1 + 0.09x) = 1.4x 10 + 0.9x = 1.4x 10 = 0.5x x = 20 The prey density should be 20.

95. y =

(45) 2 =

(

24d

)

2

2025 = 24d 2025 675 3 d= = = 84 ≈ 84 m 24 8 8

Apply It 1.2

96. Let x = the maximum number of customers. 8 10 = x − 92 x − 46 8(x − 46) = 10(x − 92) 8x − 368 = 10x − 920 552 = 2x

3. a. The year 2010 corresponds to t = 20, so we replace t by 20 in the given formula: N = 175.15 × 202 + 3641.68 × 20 + 26032

= 70060 + 72833.6 + 26032 = 168925.6 Thus, in 2010, the number of female secondaryschool teachers in Saudi Arabia was approximately 168,926.

26 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 1.2 (u − 4)(u − 9) = 0 u–4=0 u=4

b. To find the year in which the number of teachers is 252,041 we solve the equation 2

175.15t + 3641.68t + 26032 = 252041 2 175.15t + 3641.68t − 226009 = 0

8. 2( z 2 + 4 z + 4) = 0 2( z + 2) 2 = 0 z+2=0 z = −2

Applying the quadratic formula with a = 175.15, b = 3641.68 and c = −226009 gives −3641.68 ± (3641.68)2 − 4(175.15)(−226009) 2(175.15) −3641.68 ± 13099.76 = ≈ −47.7, 27.0 350.30

t=

As t is the number of years after 1990, the positive solution 27 is the reasonable one, so the number of female secondary-school teachers will be 252,041 in 2017. Problems 1.2 2

1. x − 4 x + 4 = 0 ( x − 2)2 = 0 x–2=0 x=2

2. (t + 1)(t + 2) = 0 t+1=0 t = –1 3.

or t + 2 = 0 or t = –2

2

t − 6t + 8 = 0 (t − 4)(t − 2) = 0 t − 4 = 0 or t − 2 = 0 t = 4 or t=2

4. (x – 2)(x + 5) = 0 x–2=0 x=2

or x + 5 = 0 or x = –5

5. x 2 − 2 x − 3 = 0 (x – 3)(x + 1) = 0 x–3=0 x=3

or x + 1 = 0 or x = –1

6. (x – 4)(x + 4) = 0 x–4=0 x=4 7. u 2 − 13u = −36 2

u − 13u + 36 = 0

or u – 9 = 0 or u = 9

9. x 2 − 4 = 0 (x – 2)(x + 2) = 0 x–2=0 x=2

or x + 2 = 0 or x = –2

10. 3u (u − 2) = 0 u=0 u=0

or u − 2 = 0 or u = 2

11. t 2 − 5t = 0 t (t − 5) = 0 t=0 t=0

or t – 5 = 0 or t = 5

12. x 2 + 9 x + 14 = 0 (x + 7)(x + 2) = 0 x+7=0 x = –7

or x + 2 = 0 or x = –2

13.

9 x 2 + 4 = −12 x 9 x 2 + 12 x + 4 = 0 (3x + 2)2 = 0 3x + 2 = 0 3 x = −2 2 x=− 3

14. 2 z 2 + 9 z − 5 = 0 (2z – 1)(z + 5) = 0 2z – 1 = 0 or z + 5 = 0 1 z= or z = –5 2 15. v(3v − 5) = −2

or x + 4 = 0 or x = –4

3v 2 − 5v = −2 3v 2 − 5v + 2 = 0 (3v − 2)(v − 1) = 0 3v – 2 = 0 2 v= 3

27 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

or v − 1 = 0 or v = 1

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

16.

−6 x 2 + x + 2 = 0

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

24. 6 x3 + 5 x 2 − 4 x = 0

6 x2 − x − 2 = 0 (2 x + 1)(3x − 2) = 0 2x +1 = 0 or 3x − 2 = 0 1 2 x=− or x= 2 3

x(6 x 2 + 5 x − 4) = 0 x(2x – 1)(3x + 4) = 0 x = 0 or 2x – 1 = 0 or 3x + 4 = 0 4 1 or x = − x = 0 or x = 3 2

25. x 2 + 2 x + 1 − 5 x + 1 = 0

u 2 = 2u

17.

x2 − 3x + 2 = 0 (x – 1)(x – 2) = 0 x–1=0 x=1

u 2 − 2u = 0 u(u − 2) = 0 u = 0 or u − 2 = 0 u = 0 or u=2

26. 18. 2 p 2 = 3 p 2 p2 − 3 p = 0 p(2p – 3) = 0 p=0

p=0 19. r 2 + r − 12 = 0 (r – 3)(r + 4) = 0 r–3=0 r=3

or 2p – 3 = 0 3 or p = 2

( x − 3)( x 2 − 4) = 0 ( x − 3)( x − 2)( x + 2) = 0 x − 3 = 0 or x−2=0 x=3 or x=2

27. 7( z − 4)( z + 1)( z + 7) = 0 z − 4 = 0 or z + 1 = 0 or z = 4 or z = −1 or

x+2=0 x = −2 z+7 = 0 z = −7

( p − 3) 2 [ p − 4( p − 3)] = 0

or r + 4 = 0 or r = –4

( p − 3) 2 (12 − 3 p ) = 0 3( p − 3)2 (4 − p) = 0 p–3=0 or 4 – p = 0 p=3 or p = 4

29. ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 − 2) = 0

21. ( w − 3)2 ( w + 1)2 = 0 or w + 1 = 0 w−3=0 w=3 or w = −1

(

( x + 1)( x − 1) x + 2

s3 − 16s = 0 s( s 2 − 16) = 0 s( s + 4)( s − 4) = 0 s = 0 or s + 4 = 0 or s − 4 = 0 s = 0 or s = −4 or s=4

23. x( x − 4 x − 5) = 0 x(x – 5)(x + 1) = 0 x = 0 or x – 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 x = 0 or x = 5 or x = –1

)( x − 2 ) = 0

x + 1 = 0 or x − 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x − 2 = 0 x = −1 or x = 1 or x = − 2 or x = 2 30. x 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0

x 2 − 2 x = 15 2

2

or or

28. p( p − 3) 2 − 4( p − 3)3 = 0

20. x(x + 4)(x – 1) = 0 x = 0 or x + 4 = 0 or x – 1 = 0 x = 0 or x = –4 or x = 1

22.

or x – 2 = 0 or x = 2

⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞ x 2 − 2 x + ⎜ ⎟ = 15 + ⎜ ⎟ 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ( x − 1) 2 = 16 x − 1 = ± 16 = ±4 x = 1 ± 4 = 5, − 3

28 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

2

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

31. Before completing the square, divide through by 3 to make the coefficient of x2 equal to 1.

x2 − 2 x = 8 2

⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞ x2 − 2 x + ⎜ ⎟ = 8 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

2

x − 1 = ± 9 = ±3

x=

x = 1 ± 3 = 4, − 2

=

2

32. x + 4 x = 6 2

⎛4⎞ ⎛4⎞ x2 + 4 x + ⎜ ⎟ = 6 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠

2

x = 10 − 2 or − 10 − 2 33. Before completing the square, divide through by 4 to make the coefficient of x2 equal to 1. 2

1

2

4 1

x −x=

⎛ −1 ⎞ x − x+⎜ ⎟ = +⎜ ⎟ ⎝2⎠ 4 ⎝2⎠ 2 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 1 1 ⎜x− ⎟ = + = ⎝ 2⎠ 4 4 2 2

x=

2 1 2

1

=± +

2 2

2

=± or

34. x 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0 a = 1, b = –2, c = –15 x=

–b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

=

–(–2) ± 4 − 4(1)(–15) 2(1)

=

2 ± 64 2

2−8 = −3 2

–b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

–2 ± 4 − 4(1)(–24) 2(1)

36. q 2 − 5q = 0 a = 1, b = −5, c = 0 −b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a 5 ± 25 − 4(1)(0) = 2(1) 5 ± 25 = 2 5±5 = 2 5+5 q= =5 or 2

q=

=0

4 2 ⎛ −1 ⎞

x=

–2 ± 100 2 −2 ± 10 = 2 −2 + 10 −2 − 10 x= = 4 or x = = −6 2 2

x + 2 = ± 10

x −x−

or

=

( x + 2) 2 = 10

1

2±8 2 2+8 x= =5 2

=

35. x 2 + 2 x − 24 = 0 a = 1, b = 2, c = –24

( x − 1) 2 = 9

x−

Section 1.2

1

2 2 1 2

2 2

2

q=

5−5 =0 2

37. 16 x 2 − 40 x + 25 = 0 a = 16, b = −40, c = 25 −b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a −(−40) ± 1600 − 4(16)(25) = 2(16) 40 ± 0 = 32 5 = 4

x=

29 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

42. w2 − 2w + 1 = 0 a = 1, b = −2, c = 1

38. p 2 − 2 p − 7 = 0

a = 1, b = −2, c = −7 p=

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

w=

−(−2) ± (−2) 2 − 4(1)(1) 2(1) 2± 0 = 2 =1

−(−2) ± (−2)2 − 4(1)(−7) = 2(1) 2 ± 32 = 2 = 1± 2 2 p = 1+ 2 2

or

=

p = 1− 2 2

x2 − 2 x + 2 = 0 a = 1, b = –2, c = 2 –(–2) ± 4 − 4(1)(2) x= 2(1)

w= =

2 ± −4 2 no real roots =

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

−(–0.3) ± 0.09 − 4(0.02)(–20) 2(0.02)

0.3 ± 1.69 0.04 0.3 ± 1.3 = 0.04 0.3 + 1.3 w= = 0.04 0.3 − 1.3 w= = 0.04 =

40. 4 x 2 + 5 x − 2 = 0 a = 4, b = 5, c = –2 −b ± b − 4ac 2a −5 ± 25 − 4(4)(−2) = 2(4) −5 ± 57 = 8 −5 + 57 −5 − 57 x= or x = 8 8

x=

43. 0.02w2 − 0.3w = 20 0.02 w2 − 0.3w − 20 = 0 a = 0.02, b = –0.3, c = –20

39. 2 − 2 x + x 2 = 0

2

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

1.6 = 40 or 0.04 –1.0 = −25 0.04

44. 0.01x 2 + 0.2 x − 0.6 = 0 a = 0.01, b = 0.2, c = –0.6 x=

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

=

n 2 − 2n + 4 = 0 a = 1, b = –2, c = 4

–0.2 ± 0.04 − 4(0.01)(–0.6) 2(0.01)

=

–b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

–0.2 ± 0.064 0.02

=

−(−2) ± 4 − 4(1)(4) 2(1)

–0.2 ± (0.0064)(10) 0.02

=

–0.2 ± 0.08 10 0.02

41. 4 − 2n + n 2 = 0

n= =

2 ± −12 2 no real roots =

= −10 ± 4 10 x = −10 + 4 10 or x = −10 − 4 10

30 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

3x2 + 2 x = 6

45.

Thus X 2 = 5 or X 2 = −2, so the real solutions

3x 2 + 2 x − 6 = 0 a = 3, b = 2, c = −6 x= = = = = x=

are X = ± 5. 2

⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 49. 3 ⎜ ⎟ − 7 ⎜ ⎟ + 2 = 0 x ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ x⎠ 1 Let w = . Then x

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a −2 ± 4 − 4(3)(−6) 2(3) −2 ± 76 6 −2 ± 2 19 6 −1 ± 19 3

3w2 − 7 w + 2 = 0 (3w − 1)( w − 2) = 0 1 w= , 2 3 1 Thus, x = 3, . 2

−1 + 19 −1 − 19 or x = 3 3

50. ( x −1 ) 2 − x −1 − 6 = 0

Let w = x −1. Then

2

w2 − w − 6 = 0 ( w − 3)( w + 2) = 0 w = 3, − 2

46. −2 x − 6 x + 5 = 0 a = –2, b = –6, c = 5 x= =

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

1 1 Thus, x = − , . 2 3

–(–6) ± 36 − 4(–2)(5) 2(−2)

51. ( x –2 )2 − 9( x –2 ) + 20 = 0

6 ± 76 −4 6 ± 2 19 = −4 −3 ± 19 = 2 −3 + 19 −3 − 19 x= or x = 2 2 =

Let w = x –2 . Then

w2 − 9 w + 20 = 0 (w – 5)(w – 4) = 0 w = 5, 4 1 1 1 1 Thus, = 5 or = 4, so x 2 = or x 2 = . 2 2 5 4 x x 5 1 x=± ,± . 5 2

47. ( x 2 )2 − 5( x 2 ) + 6 = 0

2

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 52. ⎜ ⎟ − 9 ⎜ ⎟ + 8 = 0 2 ⎝x ⎠ ⎝ x2 ⎠ 1 . Then Let w = x2

2

Let w = x . Then

w2 − 5 w + 6 = 0 (w – 3)(w – 2) = 0 w = 3, 2 Thus x 2 = 3 or x 2 = 2, so x = ± 3, ± 2 . 48. ( X 2 ) 2 − 3( X ) 2 − 10 = 0

Let w = X 2 . Then w2 − 3w − 10 = 0 ( w − 5)( w + 2) = 0 w = 5, −2

Section 1.2

w2 − 9 w + 8 = 0 (w – 8)(w – 1) = 0 w = 8, 1 1 1 1 = 8 or = 1, so x 2 = or x 2 = 1. Thus, 2 2 8 x x 2 x=± , ± 1. 4

31 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

53. ( X − 5)2 + 7( X − 5) + 10 = 0 Let w = X − 5. Then

gives 3x + (x – 3)(x – 4) = 2x(x – 4) 3x + x 2 − 7 x + 12 = 2 x 2 − 8 x

w2 + 7 w + 10 = 0 ( w + 2)( w + 5) = 0 w = −2, −5 Thus, X − 5 = −2 or X − 5 = −5, so X = 3, 0.

54. (3x + 2) 2 − 5(3x + 2) = 0 Let w = 3x + 2. Then

x 2 − 4 x + 12 = 2 x 2 − 8 x

0 = x 2 − 4 x − 12 0 = (x – 6)(x + 2) Thus, x = 6, –2. 59.

w2 − 5 w = 0 w( w − 5) = 0 w = 0, 5

x + 1 + 6 x + 2 = 9 x 2 + 12 x + 3

2 Thus 3x + 2 = 0 or 3x + 2 = 5, so x = − , 1. 3

0 = 9x2 + 5x 0 = x(9 x + 5)

2

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 55. ⎜ − 7⎜ ⎟ ⎟ + 12 = 0 ⎝ x−4⎠ ⎝ x−4⎠ 1 . Then Let w = x−4

5 Thus, x = 0, − . 9 60.

2

w − 7 w + 12 = 0 ( w − 4)( w − 3) = 0 w = 4, 3 1 1 1 = 3, so x − 4 = or = 4 or x−4 x−4 4 1 17 13 x−4 = . x = , . 3 4 3

3x + 2 2 x + 1 − =1 x +1 2x Multiplying both sides by the LCD, 2x(x + 1), gives 2 x(3 x + 2) − (2 x + 1)( x + 1) = 2 x( x + 1) 6 x 2 + 4 x − (2 x 2 + 3x + 1) = 2 x 2 + 2 x

Thus,

56. x 2 =

1 2 + =3 3x + 1 x + 1 Multiplying both sides by the LCD, (3x + 1)(x + 1), gives x + 1 + 2(3 x + 1) = 3(3x + 1)( x + 1)

4 x2 + x − 1 = 2 x2 + 2 x 2 x2 − x − 1 = 0 (2 x + 1)( x − 1) = 0

x+3 2

1 Thus, x = − , 1. 2

2 x2 = x + 3 2x2 − x − 3 = 0 (2x – 3)(x + 1) = 0 3 Thus, x = , − 1. 2

61.

6( w2 − 1) + 2 w − w2 = 3(– w2 + 3w − 2)

x 7 5 57. = − 2 x 2 Multiplying both sides by the LCD, 2x, gives

5w2 + 2 w − 6 = −3w2 + 9 w − 6 8 w2 − 7 w = 0 w(8w – 7) = 0 7 Thus, w = 0, . 8

2

x = 14 − 5 x x 2 + 5 x − 14 = 0 (x – 2)(x + 7) = 0 Thus, x = 2, –7.

3 x −3 + =2 58. x−4 x Multiplying both sides by the LCD, x(x – 4),

6( w + 1) w + =3 2−w w −1 Multiplying both sides by the LCD, (2 – w)(w – 1), gives 6(w + 1)(w – 1) + w(2 – w) = 3(2 – w)(w – 1)

62.

2 r +1 − =0 r−2 r+4 Multiplying both sides by the LCD, (r – 2)(r + 4), gives 2(r + 4) – (r – 2)(r + 1) = 0

32 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 1.2

2r + 8 − (r 2 − r − 2) = 0

Thus, x =

−r 2 + 3r + 10 = 0

r 2 − 3r − 10 = 0 (r – 5)(r + 2) = 0 Thus, r = 5, –2. 63.

66.

2 x 2 − x ( x + 1) = 2( x + 1)( x − 1)

2 x2 − x2 − x = 2 x2 − 2 x2 − x = 2 x2 − 2

3 1− x = . x x Multiplying both sides by x gives 5x – 3 = 1 – x 6x = 4 2 x= 3

67. If x ≠ –3, the equation is 5 −

2x − 3 2x + =1 2 x + 5 3x + 1 Multiplying both sides by the LCD, (2x + 5)(3x + 1), gives (2x – 3)(3x + 1) + 2x(2x + 5) = (2x + 5)(3x + 1) 6 x 2 − 7 x − 3 + 4 x 2 + 10 x = 6 x 2 + 17 x + 5 10 x 2 + 3 x − 3 = 6 x 2 + 17 x + 5

68.

2

4 x − 14 x − 8 = 0

2 x2 + 4 x + 3x2 + 9 x + 6 = 4 x2 + 4 x 5 x 2 + 13 x + 6 = 4 x 2 + 4 x

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

−9 ± 92 − 4(1)(6) 2(1) −9 ± 57 = 2 =

2x − 3

)

2

= ( x − 3)2

0 = x 2 − 8 x + 12 0 = (x – 6)(x – 2) x = 6 or x = 2 Only x = 6 checks.

2 3 4 + = x +1 x x + 2 Multiplying both sides by the LCD, x(x + 1)(x + 2), gives 2 x( x + 2) + 3( x + 1)( x + 2) = 4 x( x + 1)

x=

(

2 x − 3 = x2 − 6 x + 9

2x2 − 7 x − 4 = 0 (2x + 1)(x – 4) = 0 1 Thus, x = − , 4. 2

x2 + 9 x + 6 = 0 a = 1, b = 9, c = 6

0 = x2 + x − 2 0 = (x + 2)(x − 1) x = –2 or x = 1 But x = 1 does not check. The solution is –2.

2t 2 − 11t + 15 = 0 (2t − 5)(t − 3) = 0 5 Thus, x = 3, . 2

65.

1 2 = x − 1 x( x − 1) x 2 Multiplying both sides by the LCD, 2

x 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1), gives

t −1 t − 3 t −5 + = 2 t − 2 t − 4 t − 6t + 8 Multiplying both sides by the LCD, (t − 2)(t − 4), gives (t − 1)(t − 4) + (t − 3)(t − 2) = t − 5 t 2 − 5t + 4 + t 2 − 5t + 6 = t − 5

64.

2

−9 + 57 −9 − 57 , . 2 2

69.

(2

x +1

)

2

= ( x + 3)2

4( x + 1) = x 2 + 6 x + 9

0 = x2 + 2 x + 5 a = 1, b = 2, c = 5 −b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a −2 ± 4 − 4(1)(5) = 2(1) −2 ± −16 = 2 There are no real roots. x=

(

70. (q + 2) 2 = 2 4q − 7

)

2

q 2 + 4q + 4 = 16q − 28

33 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

q 2 − 12q + 32 = 0 (q – 4)(q – 8) = 0 Thus, q = 4, 8.

71.

( x)

2

+2

x − 4 x + 4 = 2x − 8 −4 x = x − 12

( −4 x )

( x)−5 = 0

0 = x 2 − 40 x + 144 0 = (x – 4)(x – 36) x = 4 or x = 36 Only x = 4 checks.

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

(

2

(

z +3

) =( 2

)

3z + 1

75.

(− z + 1) 2 = 2

(

3z

)

2

) =(

2x − 8

2

2y + 3

y−2

)

2

= ( y + 1) 2

0 = y 2 − 14 y + 33 0 = (y – 11)(y – 3) Thus, y = 11, 3.

76.

( (

) = (3 x )

x + 3 +1

2

2

x+3

)

2

= (4 x − 2) 2

x + 3 = 16 x 2 − 16 x + 4

x − 2 = 2x − 8 x −2

) =(

x + 3 + 2 x + 3 +1 = 9x 2 x + 3 = 8x − 4 x + 3 = 4x − 2

−(−5) ± (−5)2 − 4(1)(1) = 2(1) 5 ± 21 = 2 5 − 21 checks. Only z = 2

(

y−2 +2

16 y − 32 = y 2 + 2 y + 1

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

2

( (4

z 2 − 5z + 1 = 0 a = 1, b = −5, c = 1

73.

2

4 y − 2 = y +1

z − 2 z + 1 = 3z

z=

)

)

2

)

2

y − 2 + 4 y − 2 + 4 = 2y + 3

2

z + 3 = 3z + 2 3z + 1 −2 z + 2 = 2 3 z − z + 1 = 3z

3x + 1

x = 0 or x = 1

= 7 − 2 6.

z + 3 = 3z + 1

72.

2

0 = 2x − 2 x = 2 x

does not check. Thus w = −1 + 6, so

)

) =(

x +1

x + 2 x + 1 = 3x + 1

Since w = x and −1 − 6 < 0, w = −1 − 6

(

x + 1 = 3x + 1

74.

−2 ± 4 − 4(1)(−5) w= 2(1) −2 ± 24 = 2 −2 ± 2 6 = 2 = −1 ± 6

x = −1 + 6

= ( x − 12)2

16 x = x 2 − 24 x + 144

Let w = x , then w2 + 2 w − 5 = 0 a = 1, b = 2, c = −5 w=

2

0 = 16 x 2 − 17 x + 1 0 = (16 x − 1)( x − 1) 1 or x = 1 16 Only x = 1 checks. x=

77.

(

t +2

)

2

=

(

3t + 1

t + 2 = 3t + 1 t = 3t − 1

34 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

)

2

(

)

x −1

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

( t)

2

X = ± 36 X = 6 or X = –6 The temperature has been rising 6 degrees per day for 6 days.

= (3t − 1)2

t = 9t 2 − 6t + 1

0 = 9t 2 − 7t + 1 a = 9, b = −7, c = 1

82. M =

−b ± b 2 − 4ac t= 2a −(−7) ± (−7) − 4(9)(1) 2(9) 7 ± 13 = 18 7 + 13 Only checks. 18

0 = Q 2 + 10Q – 44 M From the quadratic formula with a = 1, b = 10, c = −44 M ,

=

Q=

2

–(−2.7) ± (−2.7) − 4(0.04)(8.6) 2(0.04)

–10 + 2 25 + 44M 2

= −5 ± 25 + 44M

83. g = −200 P 2 + 200 P + 20 Set g = 60.

79. x 2 + (0.1) x − 0.2 = 0 a = 1, b = 0.1, c = −0.2

60 = −200 P 2 + 200 P + 20

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a −0.1 ± 0.01 − 4(1)(−0.2) = 2(1) −0.1 ± 0.81 = 2 −0.1 ± 0.9 = 2 x = 0.40 or x = −0.50. x=

200 P 2 − 200 P + 40 = 0 5P 2 − 5P + 1 = 0 From the quadratic formula with a = 5, b = −5, c = 1, 5 ± 25 − 4(5)(1) 5 ± 5 P= = 2(5) 10

80. Let l be the length of the picture, then its width is l – 2. l(l – 2) = 48

l 2 − 2l − 48 = 0 (l – 8)(l + 6) = 0 l–8=0 or l + 6 = 0 l=8 or l = –6 Since length cannot be negative, l = 8. The width of the picture is l – 2 = 8 – 2 = 6 cm. The dimensions of the picture are 6 cm by 8 cm. 81. The amount that the temperature has risen over the X days is

(X degrees per day)(X days) = X 2 degrees. X 2 = 36

=

–10 ± 100 – 4(1)(–44M ) 2(1)

Thus, −5 + 25 + 44M is a root.

≈ 64.15 or 3.35

X 2 + 15 = 51

Q(Q + 10) 44

44 M = Q 2 + 10Q

2

78. x =

Section 1.2

P ≈ 0.28 or P ≈ 0.72 28% and 72% of yeast gave an average weight gain of 60 grams. 84. a.

(2n − 1)v 2 − 2nv + 1 = 0 From the quadratic formula with a = 2n – 1, b = –2n, c = 1, v=

–(–2n) ± 4n 2 − 4(2n − 1)(1) 2(2n − 1)

v=

2n ± 4n 2 − 8n + 4 2(2n − 1)

v=

2 2n ± 2 n 2 − 2n + 1 n ± (n − 1) = 2(2n − 1) 2n − 1

Because of the condition that n ≥ 1, it follows that n – 1 is nonnegative. Thus, (n − 1)2 = n − 1 and we have

35 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

v=

n ± (n − 1) . 2n − 1

v = 1 or v = b.

86. The revenue covers the cost when R = C, that is, when

1 . 2n − 1

−5 x 2 + 600 x = 10000 + 150 x −5 x 2 + 450 x − 10000 = 0

nv 2 − (2n + 1)v + 1 = 0 From the quadratic formula with a = n, b = –(2n + 1), and c = 1, 2

v= v=

−[−(2n + 1)] ± [−(2n + 1)] − 4(n)(1) 2n

Using the quadratic formula, we get 2

x=

=

2n + 1 ± 4n 2 + 1 2n

Because 4n 2 + 1 is greater than 2n, choosing the plus sign gives a numerator greater than 2n + 1 + 2n, or 4n + 1, so v is 4n + 1 1 = 2 + . Thus v is greater than 2n 2n greater than 2. This contradicts the restriction on v. On the other hand, because

85. a.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

−450 ± 450 − 4( −5)( −10000) 2( −5)

−450 ± 50 −10

= 40 or 50

So when 40 or 50 laptops are sold, the revenue covers the cost; since profit equals revenue minus cost, the university’s profit is zero in this case. (Note that for x between 40 and 50 we have R > C, so revenue more than covers cost and the university makes a positive profit.) To find household consumption expenditure in 2011, replace x by 11 in the equation H = 0.138 x 2 + 0.416 x + 2.57 to get

87. a.

4n 2 + 1 is greater than 1, choosing the minus sign gives a numerator less than 2n, 2n = 1. This meets the so v is less than 2n condition on v. Thus we choose

H = 0.138 × 112 + 0.416 × 11 + 2.57

2n + 1 − 4n 2 + 1 v= . 2n

For the year 2023, replace x by 23:

When the object strikes the ground, h must be 0, so 0 = 39.2t − 4.9t 2 = 4.9t (8 − t ) t = 0 or t = 8 The object will strike the ground 8 s after being thrown.

b. Setting h = 68.2 gives 68.2 = 39.2t − 4.9t 2 4.9t 2 − 39.2t + 68.2 = 0

39.2 ± ( −39.2)2 − 4(4.9)(68.2) 2(4.9) 39.2 ± 14.1 ≈ 9.8 t ≈ 5.4 s or t ≈ 2.6 s. t=

= 16.698 + 4.576 + 2.57 = 23.844

2

H = 0.138 × 23 + 0.416 × 23 + 2.57 = 73.002 + 9.568 + 2.57 = 85.14 Therefore, the household consumption expenditure amounts in 2011 and 2023 are \$23.844 billion and \$85.14 billion, respectively. b. To determine when household consumption expenditure will be \$100 billion, we replace H by 100 in the equation H = 0.138 x 2 + 0.416 x + 2.57 and solve for x, as follows:

100 = 0.138 x 2 + 0.416 x + 2.57 0.138 x 2 + 0.416 x − 97.43 = 0 −0.416 ± 0.4162 − 4(0.138)(−97.43) 2(0.138) x ≈ 25 or − 28 x=

36 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Since x is the number of years after 2000, we accept only the positive solution, 25. Hence household consumption expenditure in Qatar will be \$100 billion in 2025. Problems 1.3 1. Let w be the width and 2w be the length of the plot. 2w w

Considering the area of the remaining forest, we have (2 − 2 w)(1 − 2 w) = 2 − 6 w + 4 w2 =

3 4

3 4

8 − 24w + 16 w2 = 3

16w2 − 24w + 5 = 0 (4w – 1)(4w – 5) = 0 1 5 5 Hence w = , . But w = is impossible since 4 4 4 one dimension of original forest is 1 km. Thus 1 the width of the strip should be km. 4

w 2w

Then area = 800. (2w)w = 800 2w2 = 800

w2 = 400 w = 20 m Thus the length is 40 m, so the amount of fencing needed is 2(40) + 2(20) = 120 m. 2. Let w be the width and 2w + 3 be the length. 2w + 3 w

Section 1.3

w

5. Let n = number of ounces in each part. Then we have 2n + 1n = 16 3n = 16 16 n= 3 Thus the turpentine needed is 16 1 (1)n = = 5 ounces. 3 3

2w + 3

Then perimeter = 300. 2w + 2(2w + 3) = 300 6w + 6 = 300 6w = 294 w = 49 m Thus the length is 2(49) + 3 = 101 m. The dimensions are 49 m by 101 m. 3. Let n = number of cubic meters in each part. Then we have 1n + 3n + 5n = 765 9n = 765 n = 85 Thus he needs 1n = 1(85) = 85 m3 of portland cement, 3n = 3(85) = 255 m3 of sand, and 5n = 5(85) = 425 m3 of crushed stone. 4. Let w = width (in km) of strip to be cut. Then the remaining forest has dimensions 2 – 2w by 1 – 2w.

6. Since diameter of circular end is 140 mm, the radius is 70 mm. Area of circular end is π(radius)2 = π(70)2 . Area of square end is x 2 .

Equating areas, we have x 2 = π(70)2 . Thus x = ± π(70)2 = ±70 π . Since x must be positive, x = 70 π ≈ 124 mm. 7. Let w = “width” (in meters) of the pavement. Then 5 − w is the radius of the circular flower bed. 10 m w

10 m

w

2 – 2w w 1 – 2w w

60 m 2

w w

1

w 2

37 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

w

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

Thus

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

12. Following the procedure in Example 34 we obtain the total value at the end of the second

2

πr = A

year to be 1, 000, 000(1 + r ) 2 . So at the end of the third year, the accumulated

π(5 − w)2 = 60 60 w2 − 10 w + 25 = π 60 ⎞ ⎛ 2 w − 10w + ⎜ 25 − ⎟ = 0 π⎠ ⎝ 60 a = 1, b = −10, c = 25 − π

amount will be 1, 000, 000(1 + r ) 2 plus the interest on this, which is 1, 000, 000(1 + r )2 r. Thus the total value at the end of the third year will be 1, 000, 000(1 + r ) 2 + 1, 000, 000(1 + r )2 r

60 ⎞ ⎛ −b ± 100 − 4(1) ⎜ 25 − ⎟ π⎠ ⎝ w= ≈ 9.37, 0.63 2 Since 0 < w < 5, w ≈ 0.63 m.

8. Let q = required number of units. Profit = Total Revenue – Total Cost 150, 000 = 50q − (25q + 500, 000) 150, 000 = 25q − 500, 000 650, 000 = 25q, from which q = 26, 000 9. Let q = number of tons for \$560,000 profit. Profit = Total Revenue – Total Cost 560, 000 = 134q − (82q + 120, 000) 560, 000 = 52q − 120, 000 680, 000 = 52q 680, 000 =q 52 q ≈ 13, 076.9 ≈ 13, 077 tons. 10. Let x = amount at 4% and 120,000 − x = amount at 5%. 0.04 x + 0.05(120, 000 − x) = 0.045(120, 000) −0.01x + 6000 = 5400 −0.01x = −600 x = 60, 000 The investment consisted of \$60,000 at 5% and \$60,000 at 4%. 11. Let x = amount at 6% and 1 20,000 – x = amount at 7 %. 2 x(0.06) + (20,000 – x)(0.075) = 1440 –0.015x + 1500 = 1440 –0.015x = –60 x = 4000, so 20,000 – x = 16,000. Thus the investment should be \$4000 at 6% and \$16,000 1 at 7 %. 2

= 1, 000, 000(1 + r )3 . This must equal \$1,125,800.

1, 000, 000(1 + r )3 = 1,125,800 1,125,800 (1 + r )3 = = 1.1258 1, 000, 000 1 + r ≈ 1.04029 r ≈ 0.04029 Thus r ≈ 0.04029 ≈ 4%.

13. Let p = selling price. Then profit = 0.2p. selling price = cost + profit p = 3.40 + 0.2p 0.8p = 3.40 3.40 p= = \$4.25 0.8 14. Let n = number of bookings. 0.90n = 81 n = 90 seats booked 15. Following the procedure in Example 34 we obtain 3, 000, 000(1 + r ) 2 = 3, 245, 000 649 (1 + r ) 2 = 600 649 1+ r = ± 600 649 r = −1 ± 600 r ≈ −2.04 or 0.04 We choose r ≈ 0.04 = 4%.

16. Let n = number of people polled. 0.20p = 700 700 p= = 3500 0.20 17. Let x be Aramex’s profit in the first half of 2009. The profit realized in the same period of 2010 is equal to the profit in 2009 plus an extra 10%, so we have

38 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

x + 0.1x = 102 1.1x = 102 102 x= ≈ 92.73 1.1 Hence, the profit realized by Aramex in the first six months of 2009 was approximately 92.73 million dirhams. 18. Yearly salary before strike = (7.50)(8)(260) = \$15,600 Lost wages = (7.50)(8)(46) = \$2760 Let P be the required percentage increase (as a decimal). P(15,600) = 2760 2760 P= ≈ 0.177 = 17.7% 15, 600

Section 1.3

23. If I = interest, P = principal, r = rate, and t = time, then I = Prt. To triple an investment of P at the end of t years, the interest earned during that time must equal 2P. Thus 2P = P(0.045)t 2 = 0.045t 2 t= ≈ 44.4 years 0.045 24. Let q = required number of units. Equate the incomes of each proposal. 5000 + 0.50q = 50, 000 0.50q = 45, 000 q = 90, 000 units 25. Let w = width of strip. The original area is 80(120) and the new area is (120 + w)(80 + w). w

120

19. Let q = number of cartridges sold to break even. total revenue = total cost 21.95q = 14.92q + 8500 7.03q = 8500 q ≈ 1209.10 1209 cartridges must be sold to approximately break even. 20. Let v = total annual vision-care expenses (in dollars) covered by program. Then 35 + 0.80(v – 35) = 100 0.80v + 7 = 100 0.80v = 93 v = \$116.25 21. a.

0.031c

b. c – 0.031c = 600,000,000 0.969c = 600,000,000 c ≈ 619,195, 046 Approximately 619,195,046 bars will have to be made. 22. Revenue = (number of units sold)(price per unit) Thus ⎡ 80 − q ⎤ 400 = q ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 4 ⎦ 1600 = 80q − q 2 q 2 − 80q + 1600 = 0 (q − 40)2 = 0 q = 40 units

80 80 + w w 120 + w

Thus (120 + w)(80 + w) = 2(80)(120) 9600 + 200w + w2 = 19, 200 w2 + 200 w − 9600 = 0 (w + 240)(w – 40) = 0 w = –240 or w = 40 We choose w = 40 m.

26. Let x = original value of the blue-chip investment, then 3,100,000 – x is the original value of the glamour stocks. Then the current 1 11 value of the blue-chip stock is x + x, or x. 10 10 For the glamour stocks the current value is 1 (3,100, 000 − x) − (3,100, 000 − x), which 10 9 simplifies to (3,100, 000 − x). 10 Thus for the current value of the portfolio, 11 9 x + (3,100, 000 − x) = 3, 240, 000 10 10 11x + 27,900,000 – 9x = 32,400,000 2x = 4,500,000 x = 2,250,000 Thus the current value of the blue chip 11 investment is (2, 250, 000) or \$2,475,000. 10

39 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

27. Let n = number of \$20 increases. Then at the rental charge of 400 + 20n dollars per unit, the number of units that can be rented is 50 – 2n. The total of all monthly rents is (400 + 20n)(50 – 2n), which must equal 20,240. 20,240 = (400 + 20n)(50 – 2n)

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

300 – 2w w

w

AREA

20, 240 = 20, 000 + 200n − 40n 2

40n 2 − 200n + 240 = 0

PLANT

n 2 − 5n + 6 = 0 (n – 2)(n – 3) = 0 n = 2, 3 Thus the rent should be either \$400 + 2(\$20) = \$440 or \$400 + 3(\$20) = \$460.

28. 10, 000 = 800 p − 7 p 2 7 p 2 − 800 p + 10, 000 = 0 800 ± 640, 000 − 280, 000 14 800 ± 360, 000 800 ± 600 = = 14 14 800 + 600 = \$100. For p > 50 we choose p = 14 p=

29. Let p be the percentage change in market value. (1 + p ) P ⎛P⎞ (1 + 0.15) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎝ E ⎠ (1 − 0.10) E

1+ p 0.90 1.035 = 1 + p p = 0.035 = 3.5% The market value increased by 3.5%.

150

Thus w(300 – 2w) = 11,200 2w(150 – w) = 11,200 w(150 – w) = 5600 0 = w2 − 150w + 5600 0 = (w – 80)(w – 70) Hence w = 80, 70. If w = 70, then length is 300 – 2w = 300 – 2(70) = 160. Since the building has length of only 150 m, we reject w = 70. If w = 80, then length is 300 – 2w = 300 – 2(80) = 140. Thus the dimensions are 80 m by 140 m.

32. Let s = length in centimeters of side of original square. s 3

3

3

3

1.15 =

3

3

3

s–6

3 p 2 − 3 p − 20 = 0 a = 3, b = −3, c = −20 p=

s

3

2 p 2 − 3 p = 20 − p 2

30.

s–6

Considering the volume of the box, we have (length)(width)(height) = volume (s – 4)(s – 4)(2) = 50

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 2a

( s − 4) 2 = 25 s − 4 = ± 25 = ±5 s=4±5 Hence s = –1, 9. We reject s = –1 and choose s = 9. The dimensions are 9 cm. by 9 cm.

−(−3) ± (−3) 2 − 4(3)(−20) 2(3) 3 ± 249 = 6 p ≈ 3.130 or p ≈ −2.130 The equilibrium price is p ≈ 3.13. =

31. Let w = width (in meters) of enclosed area. Then length of enclosed area is 300 – w – w = 300 – 2w.

33. Original volume = (10)(5)(2) = 100 cm3 Volume increase = 0.50(100) = 50 cm3 Volume of new sweet = 100 + 50 = 150 cm3 Let x = number of centimeters that the length and width are each increased. Then

40 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis 2( x + 10)( x + 5) = 150

–32 + 36 = 100. Thus the 0.04 number of machines that must be sold is 600 + 100 = 700.

We choose n =

x 2 + 15 x + 50 = 75 x 2 + 15 x − 25 = 0 a = 1, b = 15, c = −25 −15 ± 152 − 4(1)(−25) ≈ 1.51, − 16.51 2 We reject −16.51 as impossible. The new length is approximately 11.51 cm, and the new width is approximately 6.51 cm. x=

34. Volume of old style candy = π(7.1)2 (2.1) − π(2)2 (2.1) 3

= 97.461π mm Let r = inner radius (in millimeters) of new style candy. Considering the volume of the new style candy, we have π(7.1)2 (2.1) − πr 2 (2.1) = 0.78(97.461π) 29.84142π = 2.1πr 2 2

14.2102 = r r ≈ ±3.7696 Since r is a radius, we choose r = 3.77 mm.

35. Let x = amount of loan. Then the amount actually received is x − 0.16x. Hence, x − 0.16 x = 195, 000 0.84 x = 195, 000 x ≈ 232,142.86 To the nearest thousand, the loan amount is \$232,000. In the general case, the amount received from a loan of L with a compensating p balance of p% is L − L. 100 p L− L=E 100 100 − p L=E 100 100 E L= 100 − p 36. Let n = number of machines sold over 600. Then the commission on each of 600 + n machines is 40 + 0.04n. Equating total commissions to 30,800 we obtain (600 + n)(40 + 0.04n) = 30,800 24, 000 + 24n + 40n + 0.04n 2 = 30,800 0.02n 2 + 32n − 3400 = 0 n=

Section 1.3

–32 ± 1024 + 272 −32 ± 36 = 0.04 0.04

37. Let q = number of units of product sold last year and q + 2000 = the number sold this year. Then the revenue last year was 3q and this year it is 3.5(q + 2000). By the definition of margin of profit, it follows that 7140 4500 = + 0.02 3.5(q + 2000) 3q 2040 1500 = + 0.02 q + 2000 q 2040q = 1500(q + 2000) + 0.02q(q + 2000) 2040q = 1500q + 3, 000, 000 + 0.02q 2 + 40q 0 = 0.02q 2 − 500q + 3, 000, 000 q=

500 ± 250, 000 − 240, 000 0.04

500 ± 10, 000 0.04 500 ± 100 = 0.04 = 10,000 or 15,000 So that the margin of profit this year is not greater than 0.15, we choose q = 15,000. Thus 15,000 units were sold last year and 17,000 this year. =

38. Let q = number of units of B and q + 25 = number of units of A produced. 1000 Each unit of B costs , and each unit of A q

costs

1500 . Therefore, q + 25

1500 1000 = +2 q + 25 q 1500q = 1000(q + 25) + 2(q)(q + 25) 0 = 2q 2 − 450q + 25, 000 0 = q 2 − 225q + 12,500 0 = (q – 100)(q – 125) q = 100 or q = 125 If q = 100, then q + 25 = 125; if q = 125, q + 25 = 150. Thus the company produces either 125 units of A and 100 units of B, or 150 units of A and 125 units of B.

41 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

39. To find the year in which Bahrain’s birth rate will be 10, we replace y by 10 in the equation y = -0.268x + 565.179 and solve for x, as follows:

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

x<−

1 2

1⎞ ⎛ ⎜ −∞, − 2 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

10 = −0.268 x + 565.179 0.268 x = 555.179 x=

–1 2

555.179 = 2071.56 0.268

The birth rate of Bahrain (per 1000) will be 10 by the middle of the year 2071.

3. 5 x − 11 ≤ 9 5 x ≤ 20 x≤4 (−∞, 4] 4

Apply It 1.4 4. Because 549,130 is 549.13 thousand, we solve the inequality 131.18 + 32.15t ≥ 549.13 for t:

131.18 + 32.15t ≥ 549.13 32.15t ≥ 549.13 − 131.18 = 417.95 417.95 t≥ = 13 32.15

1

Hence the number of internet users in Libya will be at least 549,130 from the year 2015 onward. 5. Since x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0, x3 ≥ 0, and x4 ≥ 0, we have the inequalities 150 − x4 ≥ 0 3x4 − 210 ≥ 0 x4 + 60 ≥ 0 x4 ≥ 0 Problems 1.4 1. 5 x > 15 15 x> 5 x>3 (3, ∞)

4. 5 x ≤ 0 0 x≤ 5 x≤0 (−∞, 0]

5. –4x ≥ 2 2 x≤ −4 1 x≤− 2 1⎤ ⎛ ⎜ – ∞, − 2 ⎥ ⎝ ⎦ –1 2

6. 3z + 2 > 0 3 z > −2 2 z>− 3 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎜− 3, ∞⎟ ⎝ ⎠ –2 3

3

2. 4x < –2 –2 x< 4

7. 5 – 7s > 3 –7s > –2 2 s< 7 2⎞ ⎛ ⎜ −∞, 7 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ 2 7

42 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

8. 4s – 1 < –5 4s < –4 s < –1 (–∞, –1)

Section 1.4 14. 5 − ( x + 2) ≤ 2(2 − x) 5 − x − 2 ≤ 4 − 2x x ≤1 (−∞, 1]

–1

9. 3 < 2y + 3 0 < 2y 0<y y>0 (0, ∞)

15. 2(4 x − 2) > 4(2 x + 1) 8x − 4 > 8x + 4 −4 > 4, which is false for all x. Thus the solution set is ∅. 0

10.

1

4 ≤ 3− 2y 1 ≤ −2 y 1 − ≥y 2 1 y≤− 2 1⎤ ⎛ ⎜ – ∞, − 2 ⎥ ⎝ ⎦ –1 2

16. x + 2 < 3 − x 2x < 3 − 2 x< ⎛ ⎜⎜ – ∞, ⎝

3 −2⎞ ⎟ 2 ⎟⎠ 3−2 2

2( x + 2) > 8(3 − x)

17.

2( x + 2) > 2 2(3 − x) x + 2 > 2(3 – x) x + 2 > 6 – 2x 3x > 4 4 x> 3 ⎛4 ⎞ ⎜ 3 , ∞⎟ ⎝ ⎠

11. t + 6 ≤ 2 + 3t 4 ≤ 2t 2≤t t≥2 [2, ∞) 2

12. –3 ≥ 8(2 – x) –3 ≥ 16 – 8x 8x ≥ 19 19 x≥ 8 19 ⎡ ⎞ ⎢ 8 , ∞⎟ ⎣ ⎠

3 −2 2

4 3

2 x>6 3 –x > 9 x < –9 (–∞, –9)

18. −

19 8

–9

13. 8(x + 1) + 1 < 3(2x) + 1 8x + 9 < 6x + 1 2x < –8 x < –4 (–∞, –4) –4

19.

5 x < 40 6 5x < 240 x < 48 (–∞, 48) 48

43 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

20.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

[−12, ∞)

5y + 2 ≤ 2 y −1 4 5y + 2 ≤ 8y − 4 −3 y ≤ −6 y≥2 [2, ∞)

–12

26.

2

21.

3y − 2 1 ≥ 3 4 12 y − 8 ≥ 3 12 y ≥ 11 11 y≥ 12 ⎡ 11 ⎞ ⎢ 12 , ∞ ⎟ ⎣ ⎠

2 3

27.

11 12

22. −3x + 1 ≤ −3( x − 2) + 1 −3x + 1 ≤ −3x + 7 1 ≤ 7, which is true for all x. The solution is –∞ < x < ∞. (–∞, ∞)

– 14 25

1 x−7 3 6 x + 39 ≥ x − 21 5 x ≥ −60 x ≥ −12

25. 2 x + 13 ≥

2 5 r< r 3 6 4 r < 5r 0<r r>0 (0, ∞) 0

28.

23. 0x ≤ 0 0 ≤ 0, which is true for all x. The solution is –∞ < x < ∞. (–∞, ∞) 5(3t + 1) 2t − 4 t > + 24. 3 6 2 10(3t + 1) > 2t − 4 + 3t 30t + 10 > 5t − 4 25t > −14 14 t>− 25 ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎜ − 25 , ∞ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

1 5 3x − ≤ x 3 2 18 x − 2 ≤ 15 x 3x ≤ 2 2 x≤ 3 2⎤ ⎛ ⎜ −∞, ⎥ 3⎦ ⎝

7 8 t>− t 4 3 21t > –32t 53t > 0 t>0 (0, ∞) 0

29.

y y y < + 2 3 5 30 y + 15 y < 10 y + 6 y 29 y < 0 y<0 (–∞, 0) y+

0

2 − 0.01x 0.2 1.8 – 0.02x ≤ 2 – 0.01x –0.01x ≤ 0.2 x ≥ –20 [–20, ∞)

30. 9 − 0.1x ≤

–20

44 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

31.

3 y − 1 5( y + 1) < −3 −3 3 y −1 > 5 y + 5 −6 > 2 y −3 > y y < −3 (−∞, −3) –3

32. 12(50) < S < 12(150) 600 < S < 1800 33. t ≥ 3 and t ≤ 5 or 3 ≤ t ≤ 5. 34. The measures of the acute angles of a right triangle sum to 90°. If x is the measure of one acute angle, the other angle has measure 90 – x. x < 3(90 – x) + 10 x < 270 – 3x + 10 4x < 280 x < 70 The measure of the angle is less than 70°. 35. Let d be the number of disks. The stereo plus d disks will cost 219 + 18.95d. 219 + 18.95d • 360 18.95d • 141 141 d≤ ≈ 7.44 18.95 The student can buy at most 7 disks. Problems 1.5 1. Let q = number of units sold. Profit > 0 Total revenue – Total cost > 0 20q – (15q + 600,000) > 0 5q – 600,000 > 0 5q > 600,000 q > 120,000 Thus at least 120,001 units must be sold. 2. Let q = number of units sold. Total revenue – Total cost = Profit We want Profit > 0. 7.40q – [(2.50 + 4)q + 5000] > 0 0.9q – 5000 > 0 0.9q > 5000 5000 5 q> = 5555 0.9 9 Thus at least 5556 units must be sold. 3. Let x = number of miles driven per year. If the auto is leased, the annual cost is 12(420) + 0.06x. If the auto is purchased, the annual cost is 45 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Section 1.5

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

4700 + 0.08x. We want Rental cost ≤ Purchase cost. 12(420) + 0.06x ≤ 4700 + 0.08x 5040 + 0.06x ≤ 4700 + 0.08x 340 ≤ 0.02x 17,000 ≤ x The number of miles driven per year must be at least 17,000. 4. Let q = number of clocks produced during regular work week, so 11,000 – q = number produced in overtime. Then 2q + 3(11,000 – q) ≤ 25,000 –q + 33,000 ≤ 25,000 8000 ≤ q At least 8000 clocks must be produced during the regular workweek. 5. Let q = number of magazines printed. Then the cost of publication is 1.30q. The number of magazines sold is 0.80q. The revenue from dealers is (1.50)(0.80q). If fewer than 100,000 magazines are sold, the only revenue is from the sales to dealers, while if more than 100,000 are sold, there are advertising revenues of 0.20(1.50)(0.80q − 100,000). Thus, if 0.8q ≤ 100, 000 ⎧1.5(0.8)q Revenue = ⎨ 1.5(0.8) q 0.2(1.5)(0.8 q 100, 000) if 0.8q > 100, 000 + − ⎩ q ≤ 125, 000 ⎧1.2q =⎨ 1.44 q 30, 000 q − > 125, 000 ⎩ Profit = Revenue − Cost q ≤ 125, 000 ⎧1.2q − 1.3q =⎨ − − > 125, 000 1.44 q 30, 000 1.3 q q ⎩ q ≤ 125, 000 ⎧−0.1q =⎨ ⎩0.14q − 30, 000 q > 125, 000 Clearly, the profit is negative if fewer than 125,001 magazines are printed. 0.14q − 30, 000 ≥ 0 0.14q ≥ 30, 000 q ≥ 214, 286 Thus, at least 214,286 magazines must be printed in order to avoid a loss. 6. Let L be current liabilities. Then current assets Current ratio = current liabilities 570, 000 3.8 = L 3.8L = 570,000 L = \$150,000 Let x = amount of money they can borrow, where x ≥ 0. 570, 000 + x ≥ 2.6 150, 000 + x 570,000 + x ≥ 390,000 + 2.6x 180,000 ≥ 1.6x 112,500 ≥ x Thus current liabilities are \$150,000 and the maximum amount they can borrow is \$112,500.

46 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

7. Let q be the number of units sold this month at \$4.00 each. Then 2500 – q will be sold at \$4.50 each. Then Total revenue ≥ 10,750 4q + 4.5(2500 – q) ≥ 10,750 –0.5q + 11,250 ≥ 10,750 500 ≥ 0.5q 1000 ≥ q The maximum number of units that can be sold this month is 1000. 8. Revenue = (no. of units)(price per unit) ⎛ 200 ⎞ q⎜ + 3 ⎟ > 9000 q ⎝ ⎠ 200 + 3q > 9000 3q > 8800 q > 2933. 3 At least 2934 units must be sold. 9. For t < 40, we want income on hourly basis > income on per-job basis 9t > 320 + 3(40 − t ) 9t > 440 − 3t 12t > 440 t > 36.7 hr

Section 1.6

Problems 1.6 1.

−13 = 13

2.

2 –1 =

1 1 = 2 2

3. 8 − 2 = 6 = 6 4.

−3 − 5 −8 = = −4 = 4 2 2

5.

⎛ 7⎞ 2 ⎜ − ⎟ = −7 = 7 ⎝ 2⎠

6. |3 − 5| − |5 − 3| = |−2| − |2| = 2 − 2 = 0 7.

x < 4 , –4 < x < 4

8.

x < 10, –10 < x < 10

9. Because 3 − 10 < 0 ,

(

10. Let s = yearly sales. With the first method, the salary is 35,000 + 0.03s, and with the second method it is 0.05s. 35, 000 + 0.03s > 0.05s 35, 000 > 0.02 s 1, 750, 000 > s The first method is better for yearly sales less than \$1,750,000. 11. Let x = accounts receivable. Then 450, 000 + x Acid test ratio = 398, 000 450, 000 + x 1.3 ≤ 398, 000 517,400 ≤ 450,000 + x x ≥ 67, 400 The company must have at least \$67,400 in accounts receivable.

10. Because

5 − 2 > 0,

11. a.

x−7 < 3

b.

x−2 <3

c.

x−7 ≤ 5

d.

x−7 = 4

e.

x+4 < 2

f.

x <3

g.

x >6

h.

x − 105 < 3

i.

x − 850 < 100

Apply It 1.6 6.

w − 500 ≤ 13

)

3 − 10 = − 3 − 10 = 10 − 3 .

47 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

5 − 2 = 5 − 2.

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

12. |f(x) − L| < ε 13.

p1 − p2 ≤ 9

14.

x − μ < 3σ

–3σ < x – μ < 3σ μ – 3 σ < x < μ + 3σ 15.

x =7

x = ±7 16.

−x = 2

–4x = –2 or –12 1 x = or x = 3 2 23. 5 − 3 x = 7 5 − 3 x = ±7 −3 x = −5 ± 7 −3x = 2 or −12 2 x = − or x = 4 3 24.

−M < x < M (–M, M) Note that M > 0 is required.

–x = 2 or –2 x = ±2 17.

18.

19.

x =7 5 x = ±7 5 x = ±35 5 = 12 x 5 = ±12 x 5 x=± 12

20.

25.

26.

27.

x 1 > 3 2

x 1 <− or 3 2 3 or x<− 2 3⎞ ⎛3 ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ −∞, − 2 ⎟ ∪ ⎜ 2 , ∞ ⎟ . ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

4 + 3x = ±6 3x = –4 ± 6 3x = –10 or 2 10 2 x= − or x = 3 3

22. 7 − 4 x = 5 7 – 4x = ±5 –4x = –7 ± 5

x >2 4 x x < −2 or >2 4 4 x < –8 or x > 8, so the solution is (–∞, –8) ∪ (8, ∞).

4 + 3x = 6

21. 5 x − 2 = 0 5x – 2 = 0 2 x= 5

−x < 3 x <3 –3 < x < 3 (–3, 3)

x −5 = 9

x – 5 = ±9 x=5±9 x = 14 or x = −4

x <M

28.

x 1 > 3 2 3 x > , so the solution is 2

x+7 <3 −3 < x + 7 < 3 −10 < x < −4 (−10, −4)

29. |2x − 17| < −4 Because –4 < 0, the solution set is ∅.

48 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

30.

x−

36. |d − 35.2 m| ≤ 20 cm or |d − 35.2| ≤ 0.20

1 1 > 2 2

1 1 x− < − 2 2 x<0 (–∞, 0) ∪ (1, ∞)

31. 1 − 3 x > 2 1 – 3x > 2 –3x > 1 1 x<– 3

37. Let T1 and T2 be the temperatures of the two chemicals. 5 ≤ T1 – T2 ≤ 10

1 1 or x − > 2 2 or x > 1

38.

or x > 1

39.

32. 5 − 8 x ≤ 1

–1 ≤ 5 – 8x ≤ 1 –6 ≤ –8x ≤ –4 3 1 ≥ x ≥ , which may be rewritten as 4 2 1 3 ≤x≤ . 2 4 ⎡1 3⎤ The solution is ⎢ , ⎥ . ⎣2 4⎦ 33. 3x − 2 ≥ 0 is true for all x because a ≥ 0 for

all a. Thus –∞ < x < ∞, or (–∞,∞). 3x − 8 ≥4 2 3x − 8 ≤ −4 2 3x – 8 ≤ –8 3x ≤ 0

3x − 8 ≥4 2 or 3x – 8 ≥ 8 or 3x ≥ 16 16 x≤0 or x ≥ 3 16 ⎡ ⎞ The solution is (– ∞, 0] ∪ ⎢ , ∞ ⎟ . ⎣3 ⎠ x−7 35. ≤5 3 x−7 −5 ≤ ≤5 3 −15 ≤ x − 7 ≤ 15 −8 ≤ x ≤ 22 [−8, 22]

or

x − μ > hσ

Either x – μ < –hσ, or x – μ > hσ. Thus either x < μ – hσ or x > μ + hσ, so the solution is (–∞, μ – hσ) ∪ (μ + hσ, ∞).

or 1 – 3x < –2 or –3x < –3

1⎞ ⎛ The solution is ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ (1, ∞). 3⎠ ⎝

34.

Chapter 1 Review

x − 0.01 ≤ 0.005

Chapter 1 Review Problems 1. 3x − 1 ≥ 2( x − 3) 3x − 1 ≥ 2 x − 6 x ≥ −5 [−5, ∞) 2. 2x – (7 + x) ≤ x 2x – 7 – x ≤ x –7 ≤ 0, which is true for all x, so –∞ < x < ∞, or (–∞, ∞). 3. –(5x + 2) < –(2x + 4) –5x – 2 < –2x – 4 –3x < –2 2 x> 3 ⎛2 ⎞ ⎜ 3 , ∞⎟ ⎝ ⎠ 4. –2(x + 6) > x + 4 –2x – 12 > x + 4 –3x > 16 16 x<− 3 16 ⎞ ⎛ ⎜ −∞, − 3 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ 5. 3 p (1 − p ) > 3(2 + p ) − 3 p 2 3 p − 3 p2 > 6 + 3 p − 3 p2 0 > 6, which is false for all x. The solution set is ∅.

49 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

5 ⎞ ⎛ 6. 2 ⎜ 6 − p ⎟ < 7 2 ⎠ ⎝ 12 − 5 p < 7 −5 p < −5 p >1 (1, ∞)

7.

8.

9.

11.

13. |2z − 3| < 5 −5 < 2 z − 3 < 5 −2 < 2 z < 8 −1 < z < 4 (−1, 4) 14. 4 <

2 x+5 > 4 3 2 or x > −1 3 3 or x > − 2 27 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎛ ⎞ The solution is ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ ⎜ − , ∞ ⎟ . 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎝ ⎠

5x − 6 =0 13 5x − 6 =0 13

or

15. 3 − 2 x ≥ 4

1 1 s − 3 ≤ (3 + 2 s ) 4 8 2s – 24 ≤ 3 + 2s 0 ≤ 27, which is true for all s. Thus –∞ < s < ∞, or (–∞,∞).

4 − 3x = 9

2 x+5 3

2 x + 5 < −4 3 2 x < −9 3 27 x<− 2

x x x − > 3 4 5 20 x − 15 x > 12 x 5 x > 12 x 0 > 7x 0>x (−∞, 0)

4 − 3 x = ±9 −3x = −4 ± 9 or −3x = −13 −3x = 5 5 13 or x=− x= 3 3

12.

5x – 6 = 0 6 x= 5

x+5 1 − ≤2 3 2 2(x + 5) – 3(1) ≤ 6(2) 2x + 10 – 3 ≤ 12 2x ≤ 5 5 x≤ 2 5⎤ ⎛ ⎜ −∞, 2 ⎥ ⎝ ⎦

1 1 10. (t + 2) ≥ 3 4 4(t + 2) ≥ 3t + 48 4t + 8 ≥ 3t + 48 t ≥ 40 [40, ∞)

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

3 – 2x ≥ 4 –2x ≥ 1 1 x≤− 2

or 3 – 2x ≤ –4 or –2x ≤ –7 7 or x ≥ 2 1⎤ ⎡7 ⎛ ⎞ The solution is ⎜ – ∞, − ⎥ ∪ ⎢ , ∞ ⎟ . 2 2 ⎝ ⎦ ⎣ ⎠

16. Let p = selling price, c = cost. Then p – 0.40p = c 0.6p = c c 5c ⎛2⎞ p= = = c + ⎜ ⎟c 0.6 3 ⎝3⎠

Thus the profit is

2 2 , or 66 %, of the cost. 3 3

17. Let x be the number of issues with a decline, and x + 48 be the number of issues with an increase. Then x + (x + 48) = 1132 2x = 1084 x = 542 18. Let x = purchase amount excluding tax. x + 0.065 x = 3039.29 1.065 x = 3039.29 x = 2853.79 Thus tax is 3039.29 − 2853.79 = \$185.50. 50 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

19. Let q units be produced at A and 10,000 – q at B. Cost at A + Cost at B • 117,000 [5q + 30,000] + [5.50(10,000 – q) + 35,000] • 117,000 –0.5q + 120,000 • 117,000 –0.5q • –3000 q • 6000 Thus at least 6000 units must be produced at plant A.

Chapter 1 Test

x 1 − 5 = + 5x 5 5 Multiplying both sides by 5 gives 15x + x – 25 = 1 + 25x 16x – 25 = 1 + 25x –9x = 26 26 x=− 9

3. 3x +

4.

20. Total volume of old tanks = π(10)2 (25) + π(20)2 (25) = 2500π + 10, 000π

2 x 2 − 9 x + 9 + 4 x 2 − 2 x − 6 = 6 x 2 − 12 x − 18

3

= 12,500π ft Let r be the radius (in feet) of the new tank. Then 4 3 πr = 12,500π 3 r 3 = 9375 r = 3 9375 ≈ 21.0858 The radius is approximately 21.0858 feet.

21. Let c = operating costs c < 0.90 236, 460 c < \$212,814

1. z + 3( z − 4) = 5;

17 ,4 4

17 : 4 17 ⎛ 17 ⎞ + 3 ⎜ − 4 ⎟ =? 5 4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 17 51 ? + − 12 = 5 4 4 5=5 Set z = 4: 4 + 3(4 − 4) =? 5 4 + 0 =? 5

Set z =

5. S = P(1 + rt) S = P + Prt S – P = r(Pt) S–P r= Pt vf 334.8 v(2500) 495 = 334.8 165, 726 = 2500v 165, 726 = 66.2904 v= 2500 Since the car is traveling at 66.2904 km/h on a 65 km/h highway, the officer can claim that you were speeding. F=

7. Let P be the amount in the account one year ago. Then the interest earned is 0.073P and P + 0.073P = 1257. 1.073P = 1257 1257 P= ≈ 1171.48 1.073 The amount in the account one year ago was \$1171.48, and the interest earned is \$1171.48(0.073) = \$85.52.

4≠5

Thus,

6 x 2 − 11x + 3 = 6 x 2 − 12 x − 18 x = −21

6.

Chapter Test

1 2 −6 + = x +1 x − 3 3 − 2x ( x − 3)(2 x − 3) + 2( x + 1)(2 x − 3) = 6( x + 1)( x − 3)

17 satisfies the equation, but 4 does not. 4

2. Multiplying both sides by x – 2; equivalence not guaranteed

8. − x 2 + 3 x + 10 = 0 x 2 − 3x − 10 = 0 (x – 5)(x + 2) = 0 x–5=0 x=5

51 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

or x + 2 = 0 or x = –2

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

9.

1

u2 − u = 1 u2 − u −1 = 0 a = 1, b = −1, c = −1

0

−b ± b 2 − 4ac x= 2a −(−1) ± 1 − 4(1)(−1) = 2(1) 1± 5 = 2 x=

1+ 5 2

or

0

25

Young’s rule prescribes less than Cowling’s for ages less than one year and greater than 10 years. Cowling’s rule prescribes less for ages between 1 and 10.

x=

1− 5 2

2

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 10. 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 7⎜ ⎟+3 = 0 ⎝ x+4⎠ ⎝ x+4⎠ 1 Let w = . Then x+4

2 w2 + 7 w + 3 = 0 (2w + 1)(w + 3) = 0 1 w = − , −3 2 1 1 1 = − or Thus, = −3 . x+4 2 x+4 13 x = −6, − 3

11.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

12. Let n = number of grams in each part. Then we have 4n + 5n = 145 9n = 145 1 n = 16 9 4 ⎛ 1⎞ Thus there should be 4 ⎜ 16 ⎟ = 64 grams of A 9 ⎝ 9⎠ 5 ⎛ 1⎞ and 5 ⎜ 16 ⎟ = 80 grams of B. 9 ⎝ 9⎠ 13. Total revenue = variable cost + fixed cost 100 q = 2q + 1200 50 q = q + 600 2500q = q 2 + 1200q + 360, 000

A A +1 d= d. 24 A + 12 Dividing both sides by d and then multiplying both sides by 24(A + 12) gives 24A = (A + 12)(A + 1)

24 A = A2 + 13 A + 12

0 = A2 − 11A + 12 From the quadratic formula, 11 ± 121 − 48 11 ± 73 = . A= 2 2 11 + 73 11 – 73 ≈ 10 or A = A= ≈ 1. 2 2 The doses are the same at 1 year and 10 years. A +1 = 1, which c = d in Cowling’s rule when 24 occurs when A = 23. Thus, adulthood is achieved at age 23 according to Cowling’s rule. A c = d in Young’s rule when = 1, which is A + 12 never true. Thus, adulthood is never reached according to Young’s rule.

0 = q 2 − 1300q + 360, 000 0 = (q – 400)(q – 900) q = 400 or q = 900

14. Let n = number of shares. total investment = 5000 + 20n 0.04(5000) + 0.50n = 0.03(5000 + 20n) 200 + 0.50n = 150 + 0.60n −0.10n = −50 n = 500 500 shares should be bought. 15. To have supply = demand, 2 p − 10 = 200 − 3 p 5 p = 210 p = 42 16. Let n = number of acres sold. Then n + 20 acres 7200 were originally purchased at a cost of n + 20 each. The price of each acre sold was ⎡ 7200 ⎤ 30 + ⎢ ⎥ . Since the revenue from selling n ⎣ n + 20 ⎦ acres is \$7200 (the original cost of the parcel), we have

52 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

7200 ⎤ ⎡ n ⎢30 + = 7200 n + 20 ⎥⎦ ⎣

⎡ 30n + 600 + 7200 ⎤ n⎢ ⎥ = 7200 n + 20 ⎣ ⎦ n(30n + 600 + 7200) = 7200(n + 20) 30n 2 + 7800n = 7200n + 144, 000 30n 2 + 600n − 144, 000 = 0

n 2 + 20n − 4800 = 0 (n + 80)(n – 60) = 0 n = 60 acres (since n > 0), so 60 acres were sold. 17. 3(2 – 3x) > 4(1 – 4x) 6 – 9x > 4 – 16x 7x > –2 2 x>− 7 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎜− 7 , ∞⎟ ⎝ ⎠

Chapter 1 Test

3 21. Let x = amount at 6 % and 30,000 – x 4 3 = amount at 5%. Then interest at 6 % 4 1 + interest at 5% ≥ interest at 6 % 2 x(0.0675) + (30,000 – x)(0.05) ≥ (0.065)(30,000) 0.0175x + 1500 ≥ 1950 0.0175x ≥ 450 x ≥ 25,714.29 Thus at least \$25,714.29 must be invested at 3 6 %. 4

22. 7 x + 3 = x Here we must have x ≥ 0. or –(7x + 3) = x 7x + 3 = x 6x = –3 –7x – 3 = x 3 1 x=− <0 x=− <0 8 2 There is no solution.

–2 7

1 − t 3t − 7 < 18. 2 3 3(1 − t ) < 2(3t − 7) 3 − 3t < 6t − 14 −9t < −17 17 t> 9 ⎛ 17 ⎞ ⎜ , ∞⎟ ⎝ 9 ⎠

23.

3x − 8 ≥4 2 3x − 8 ≤ −4 2 3x – 8 ≤ –8 3x ≤ 0

3x − 8 ≥4 2 or 3x – 8 ≥ 8 or 3x ≥ 16 16 x≤0 or x ≥ 3 ⎡ 16 ⎞ The solution is (– ∞, 0] ∪ ⎢ , ∞ ⎟ . ⎣3 ⎠

17 9

or

24. Let x be the first even integer. Then the second and third consecutive even integers are x + 2 and x + 4. We want these three numbers to satisfy the equation

19. 0.1(0.03x + 4) ≥ 0.02x + 0.434 0.003x + 0.4 ≥ 0.02x + 0.434 –0.017x ≥ 0.034 x ≤ –2 (–∞, –2]

x + 2( x + 2) = 4( x + 4) Expanding and solving for x, we get

–2

20. Let N = required number of shirts. Then Total revenue = 3.5N and Total cost = 1.3N + 0.4N + 6500. Profit > 0 3.5 N − (1.3 N + 0.4 N + 6500) > 0 1.8 N − 6500 > 0 1.8 N > 6500 N > 3611.1 At least 3612 shirts must be sold.

x + 2 x + 4 = 4 x + 16 4 − 16 = 4 x − 2 x − x −12 = x Hence, the integers are −12, −10, and −8.

53 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 1: Equations and Inequalities

25. To find the year in which electricity production will be 25.5 billion kWh, we substitute 25.5 for E in the equation E = 1.0366 x − 2064.185 and solve for x:

25.5 = 1.0366 x − 2064.185 2089.685 = 1.0366 x 2089.685 x= ≈ 2015.9 1.0366 Therefore the electricity production in Qatar will be 25.5 billion kWh around the year 2016. 26. Revenue = (number of units sold) × (price per unit). So

⎛ 80 − q ⎞ ⎟ ⎝ 4 ⎠

400 = q ⎜

1600 = 80q − q

2

2

q − 80 q + 1600 = 0 2

( q − 40) = 0 q = 40 For the revenue to be \$400, 40 units need to be sold. 27. Given M =

Q (Q + 10) 44

, we have

2

44 M = Q + 10Q 2

Q + 10Q − 44 M = 0 Using the quadratic formula with a = 1, b = 10, and c =

Q= =

−44 M , we get

−10 ± 100 − 4(1)( −44 M ) 2 −10 ± 2 25 + 44 M 2

= −5 ± 25 + 44 M Thus, −5 + 25 + 44M is a root.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis Explore & Extend⎯Chapter 1 1 1. Here m = 120 and M = 2 (60) = 150. For LP, 2 t of the 120 r = 2, so the first t minutes take up 2 available minutes. For SP, r = 1, so the 150 − t of the remaining 150 − t minutes take up 1 120 available. t 150 − t + = 120 2 1 t + 300 − 2t = 240 −t = −60 t = 60 Switch after 1 hour. 1 2. Here m = 120 and M = 2 (60) = 150. For EP, 2 t r = 3, so the first t minutes will take up of the 3 120 available minutes. For SP, r = 1, so the 150 − t of the remaining 150 − t minutes take up 1 120 available. t 150 − t + = 120 3 1 t + 450 − 3t = 360 −2t = −90 t = 45 Switch after 45 minutes.

3. Use the reasoning in Exercise 1, with M unknown and m = 120. t M −t + = 120 2 1 t + 2 M − 2t = 240 −t = 240 − 2 M t = 2 M − 240 The switch should be made after 2M − 240 minutes.

4. Use the reasoning in Exercise 2, with M unknown and m = 120. t M −t + = 120 3 1 t + 3M − 3t = 360 −2t = 360 − 3M 1 t = (3M − 360) 2 54 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Explore & Extend⎯Chapter 1

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

The switch should be made after 1 (3M − 360) minutes. 2

t of the m available R M −t minutes, the remaining M − t minutes use r of the m available. t M −t + =m R r t M t + − =m R r r M ⎛ 1 1⎞ t⎜ − ⎟ = m− r ⎝R r⎠ ⎛ r − R ⎞ mr − M t⎜ ⎟= r ⎝ rR ⎠ R (mr − M ) t= r−R

7. The first t minutes use

5.

x = 600

x = 310 6. Both equations represent audio being written onto 74-minute CDs. In the first equation, 18 hours (1080 minutes) are being written to a CD using a combination of 12-to-1 and 20-to-1 compression ratios. Here, x gives the maximum amount of audio (600 minutes or 10 hours) that can be written using the 12-to-1 compression ratio. In the second equation, 26.5 hours (1590 minutes) is being written using 15-to-1 and 24-to-1 compression ratios. A maximum of 310 minutes can be written at 15-to-1.

55 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2 Apply It 2.1 1. a.

The formula for the area of a circle is πr 2 , where r is the radius. a(r ) = πr 2

b. The domain of a(r) is all real numbers. c.

2. a.

Since a radius cannot be negative or zero, the domain for the function, in context, is r > 0. The formula relating distance, time, and speed is d = rt where d is the distance, r is the speed, and t is the time. This can also be d written as t = . When d = 300, we have r 300 t (r ) = . r

b. The domain of t(r) is all real numbers except 0. c.

Since speed is not negative, the domain for the function, in context, is r > 0. 300 . x x ⎛ x ⎞ 300 600 = Replacing r by : t ⎜ ⎟ = . x x 2 ⎝2⎠ 2

d. Replacing r by x: t ( x) =

x ⎛ x ⎞ 300 1200 . Replacing r by : t ⎜ ⎟ = = x 4 x ⎝4⎠ 4

e.

3. a.

When the speed is reduced (divided) by a constant, the time is scaled (multiplied) by ⎛ r ⎞ 300c the same constant; t ⎜ ⎟ = . r ⎝c⎠ If the price is \$18.50 per large pizza, p = 18.5. q 18.5 = 26 − 40 q −7.5 = − 40 300 = q At a price of \$18.50 per large pizza, 300 pizzas are sold each week.

b. If 200 large pizzas are being sold each week, q = 200. 200 p = 26 − 40 p = 26 – 5 p = 21 The price is \$21 per pizza if 200 large pizzas are being sold each week. c.

To double the number of large pizzas sold, use q = 400. 400 p = 26 − 40 p = 26 – 10 p = 16 To sell 400 large pizzas each week, the price should be \$16 per pizza.

4. Revenue = price ⋅ quantity = pq From the table, the weekly revenue is: pq = 500 ⋅ 11 = 5500 pq = 600 ⋅ 14 = 8400 pq = 700 ⋅ 17 = 11,900 pq = 800 ⋅ 20 = 16,000 Problems 2.1 1. The functions are not equal because f(x) ≥ 0 for all values of x, while g(x) can be less than 0. For example, f (−2) = (−2) 2 = 4 = 2 and g(−2) = −2, thus f(−2) ≠ g(−2). 2. The functions are different because they have different domains. The domain of G(x) is [−1, ∞) (all real numbers ≥ −1) because you can only take the square root of a non-negative number, while the domain of H(x) is all real numbers. 3. The functions are not equal because they have different domains. h(x) is defined for all nonzero real numbers, while k(x) is defined for all real numbers. 4. The functions are equal. For x = 3 we have f(3) = 2 and g(3) = 3 − 1 = 2, hence f(3) = g(3). For x ≠ 3, we have x 2 − 4 x + 3 ( x − 3)( x − 1) = = x − 1. f ( x) = x−3 x−3 Note that we can cancel the x − 3 because we are assuming x ≠ 3 and so x − 3 ≠ 0. Thus for

56 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 2.1

x ≠ 3, f(x) = x − 1 = g(x). f(x) = g(x) for all real numbers and they have the same domains, thus the functions are equal. 5. The denominator is zero when x = 1. Any other real number can be used for x. Answer: all real numbers except 1

f(3) = 2(3) + 1 = 7 f(–4) = 2(–4) + 1 = –7 16. H ( s ) = 5s 2 − 3 H (4) = 5(4)2 − 3 = 80 − 3 = 77 H

6. Any real number can be used for x. Answer: all real numbers

17. F(x) = −7x + 1 F(s) = −7s + 1 F(t + 1) = −7(t + 1) + 1 = −7t − 6 F(x + 3) = −7(x + 3) + 1 = −7x − 20 18. γ (u ) = 2u 2 − u

γ (−2) = 2(−2) 2 − (−2) = 8 + 2 = 10

9. Any real number can be used for z. Answer: all real numbers

γ (2v) = 2(2v) 2 − (2v) = 8v 2 − 2v

γ ( x + a) = 2( x + a)2 − ( x + a)

10. We exclude values of x for which x+3=0 x = –3 Answer: all real numbers except –3

= 2 x 2 + 4ax + 2a 2 − x − a 19. h(v) =

11. We exclude values of x where 2x + 7 = 0 2x = –7 7 x=− 2

h(16) =

7 2

v 1

=

1 4

4

h(1 − x) =

2

y − 4 y + 4 = 0. y − 4 y + 4 = ( y − 2) , so we

exclude values of y for which y − 2 = 0, thus y = 2. Answer: all real numbers except 2. 13. We exclude values of x for which 2

1

16 1 1 ⎛1⎞ h⎜ ⎟ = = =2 1 1 ⎝4⎠ 2

12. We exclude values of y for which 2

− 3 = 10 − 3 = 7

2

8. For z − 1 to be real, z − 1 ≥ 0, so z ≥ 1. We exclude values of z for which z − 1 = 0, so z − 1 = 0, thus z = 1. Answer: all real numbers > 1

Answer: all real numbers except −

2

20 7 ⎛2⎞ ⎛2⎞ H ⎜ ⎟ = 5⎜ ⎟ − 3 = −3 = − 9 9 ⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠

7. For x − 3 to be real, x – 3 ≥ 0, so x ≥ 3. Answer: all real numbers ≥ 3

2

( 2 ) = 5( 2 )

x + x−6 = 0 ( x + 3)( x − 2) = 0 x = −3, 2 Answer: all real numbers except −3 and 2

20.

1 1− x

f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1 f (1) = 12 + 2(1) + 1 = 1 + 2 + 1 = 4 f (–1) = (–1) 2 + 2(–1) + 1 = 1 − 2 + 1 = 0

f ( x + h) = ( x + h) 2 + 2( x + h) + 1 = x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 2 x + 2h + 1

21. H ( x) = ( x + 4) 2

14. r 2 + 1 is never 0. Answer: all real numbers

H (0) = (0 + 4) 2 = 16

15. f(x) = 2x + 1 f(0) = 2(0) + 1 = 1

H (t − 4) = [(t − 4) + 4]2 = t 2

H (2) = (2 + 4)2 = 62 = 36

57 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

22. k ( x) = k (5) =

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

x −5

b.

x2 + 1 5−5

=0 52 + 1 2x − 5 2x − 5 = k (2 x) = 2 (2 x) + 1 4 x 2 + 1 ( x + h) − 5 x +h−5 k ( x + h) = = 2 2 ( x + h) + 1 x + 2 xh + h 2 + 1

23. k ( x) = x − 3

28.

k ( x + 1) − k ( x) = ( x + 1) − 3 − x − 3 = x −2 − x −3 f ( x) = x 4 / 3

29.

( )

4 f (64) = 644 / 3 = 3 64 = (4) 4 = 256

4/3

b.

2

30.

g (t10 ) = (t10 )2 / 5 = t 4

1 3

f ( x + h) = 3( x + h) 2 − 2( x + h) − 1

f ( x + h) = ( x + h) 2 + 2( x + h)

f ( x + h) − f ( x ) h =

( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 2 x + 2h) − ( x 2 + 2 x) h

=

2 xh + h 2 + 2h = 2x + h + 2 h

f ( x) = 3 − 2 x + 4 x 2

a.

f ( x + h) = 3 − 2( x + h) + 4( x + h)2 = 3 − 2 x − 2h + 4( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 )

26. f(x) = 4x – 5 f(x + h) = 4(x + h) – 5 = 4x + 4h – 5

f ( x + h) − f ( x ) h (4 x + 4h − 5) − (4 x − 5) 4h = = =4 h h x 27. f ( x) = 3 x+h a. f ( x + h) = 3 b.

=

= x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 2 x + 2h

25. g ( x) = x 2 / 5

a.

h

f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x

4

( 5 32 ) = (2)2 = 4 2 g (−64) = (−64)2 / 5 = ( 5 −64 ) 2 2 = ( 5 −32 5 2 ) = ( –2 5 2 ) = 4 5 4

h 3

f ( x + h) − f ( x ) h (3x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 − 2 x − 2h − 1) − (3 x 2 − 2 x − 1) = h 6 xh + 3h 2 − 2h = h = 6 x + 3h − 2

a.

4 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ = ⎜3 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ 8⎟ 16 ⎝2⎠ ⎝ ⎠

g (32) = 322 / 5 =

h

=

= 3 x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 − 2 x − 2h − 1

k (3) = 3 − 3 = 0 = 0

⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ f ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ ⎝8⎠ ⎝8⎠

− 3x

= 3( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) − 2 x − 2h − 1

b.

f (0) = 04 / 3 = 0

x+h 3

f ( x) = 3x 2 − 2 x − 1

a.

k (4) = 4 − 3 = 1 = 1

24.

f ( x + h) − f ( x ) = h

b.

f ( x + h) − f ( x ) h 3 − 2 x − 2h + 4 x 2 + 8 xh + 4h 2 − (3 − 2 x + 4 x 2 ) = h −2h + 8 xh + 4h 2 = h = −2 + 8 x + 4h

58 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

31.

32.

f ( x ) = x3

a.

f ( x + h) = ( x + h)3 = x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3

b.

f ( x + h) − f ( x) ( x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3 ) − x3 3x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3 = 3x 2 + 3xh + h 2 = = h h h

f ( x) =

x +8 x ( x + h) + 8 x + h + 8 = x+h x+h

a.

f ( x + h) =

b.

f ( x + h) − f ( x ) = h =

33.

Section 2.1

f ( x) =

2

x + h +8 x+h

h

x +8 x

(

)

x( x + h) x +x +h h+8 − x +x 8 x ( x + h + 8) − ( x + h)( x + 8) = = x ( x + h) h x ( x + h) h

2

−8h x + xh + 8 x − x − hx − 8 x − 8h 8 = =− x ( x + h) h x ( x + h) h x ( x + h) 1 x −1 1 x + h −1

a.

f ( x + h) =

b.

1 1 −1 f ( x + h) − f ( x) x + h −1 − x −1 ( x −1)( x + h −1) = = = h h h ( x − 1)( x + h − 1)

x −1−( x + h −1)

34.

35.

f (3 + h) − f (3) [5(3 + h) + 3] − [5(3) + 3] = h h [15 + 5h + 3] − [15 + 3] = h 18 + 5h − 18 = h 5h = h =5 f ( x) − f (2) 2 x 2 − x + 1 − (8 − 2 + 1) = x−2 x−2 2x2 − x + 1 − 7 = x−2 2x2 − x − 6 = x−2 = 2x + 3

36. 9y – 3x – 4 = 0

3x + 4 shows that for 9 3x + 4 each input x there is exactly one output, . 9 Thus y is a function of x. Solving for x gives 9y − 4 x= . This shows that for each input y 3 9y − 4 there is exactly one output, . Thus x is a 3 function of y.

The equivalent form y =

37. x 4 − 1 + y = 0 The equivalent form y = − x 4 + 1 shows that for each input x there is exactly one output, − x 4 + 1. Thus y is a function of x. Solving for x gives

59 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

x = ± 4 1 − y . If, for example, y = –15, then

x = ±2, so x is not a function of y. 38. y = 7 x 2 For each input x, there is exactly one output 7 x 2 . Thus y is a function of x. Solving for x

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

supply is q = 48(19.49) = 935.52 kg per week. The amount supplied increases as the price increases. 46. a. b.

y . If, for example, y = 7, then 7 x = ±1, so x is not a function of y. gives x = ±

f(0) = 1 – 1 = 0 ⎛ 200 ⎞ f (100) = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 300 ⎠ ⎛2⎞ = 1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎝3⎠ 8 = 1− 27 19 = 27

39. x 2 + y 2 = 1 Solving for y we have y = ± 1 − x 2 . If x = 0, then y = ±1, so y is not a function of x. Solving for x gives x = ± 1 − y 2 . If y = 0, then x = ±1, so x is not a function of y. 40. a. b.

c.

⎛1⎞ = 1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎝5⎠ 1 = 1− 125 124 = 125

f (ab) = a 2 (ab)3 + a3 (ab) 2 = a 2 a 3b 3 + a 3 a 2 b 2 = a 5 b3 + a 5 b 2 = a5b 2 (b + 1)

3

⎛ 200 ⎞ 0.5 = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 200 + t ⎠

3

3

⎛ 200 ⎞ ⎜ 200 + t ⎟ = 0.5 ⎝ ⎠ 200 = 3 0.5 200 + t 200 = 200 3 0.5 + t 3 0.5

42. Depreciation at the end of t years is 0.02t(30,000), so value V of machine is V = f(t) = 30,000 – 0.02t(30,000), or V = f(t) = 30,000(1 – 0.02t). 43. Yes; for each input q there corresponds exactly one output, 1.25q, so P is a function of q. The dependent variable is P and the independent variable is q.

The actor will star in 2 films per year. To star in 4 films per year the actor should charge 1, 200, 000 p= = \$300, 000 per film. 4

3

d. Solve

is exactly one output, πr 2 .

44. Charging \$600,000 per film corresponds to p = 600,000. 1, 200, 000 600,000 = q q=2

3

⎛ 200 ⎞ f (800) = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 1000 ⎠

f ( a ) = a 2 a 3 + a 3 a 2 = a 5 + a 5 = 2a 5

41. Yes, because corresponding to each input r there

3

t=

200 − 200 3 0.5

≈ 51.98 0.5 Half the group was discharged after 52 days.

47. a.

3

3 1000 ) ( f (1000) =

2500

4

=

104 10, 000 = =4 2500 2500 4

b.

(

)

⎡ 3 1000(2) ⎤ 10 3 2 ⎣ ⎦ f (2000) = = 2500 2500 3

=

10, 000 24 3 = 4 23 ⋅ 2 = 83 2 2500

45. The function can be written as q = 48p. At \$8.39 per kg, the supply is q = 48(8.39) = 402.72 kg per week. At \$19.49 per kg, the 60 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

4

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

c.

f (2 I 0 ) =

(2 I 0 ) 4 / 3 24 / 3 I 04 / 3 = 2500 2500

⎡ I4/3 ⎤ = 23 2 ⎢ 0 ⎥ = 23 2 f ( I0 ) ⎢⎣ 2500 ⎥⎦

Section 2.2

50. a.

b. –581.77 c.

Thus f (2 I 0 ) = 2 3 2 f ( I 0 ) , which means that doubling the intensity increases the response by a factor of 2 3 2.

51. a.

1 1 1 48. P (1) = 1 − (1 − 0.344)0 = 1 − (1) = 2 2 2 1 1 P (2) = 1 − (1 − 0.344)1 = 1 − (0.656) = 0.672 2 2

52. a.

49. a.

53. a.

b. Domain: 10, 12, 17, 20 g(10) = 3000, g(17) = 2300

–18.51 –5.13

b. 2.64 c.

Domain: 3000, 2900, 2300, 2000 f(2900) = 12, f(3000) = 10

–18.97

–17.43 1,997,723.57

b. 1,287,532.35 c.

2,964,247.40 7.89

b. 63.85 c.

1.21

Apply It 2.2 5. a.

Let n = the number of visits and p(n) be the premium amount. p(n) = 125

b. The premiums do not change regardless of the number of doctor visits. c.

This is a constant function.

6. a. The degree of each term of d(t) is a nonnegative integer, so d(t) is a polynomial. b. The leading term is 0.0022t 2, which has power 2, so the degree of d(t) is 2. c.

7. The cost C of using n units of electricity is if n ≤ 3000 ⎧0.03n ⎪ if 3000 < n ≤ 5000 C ( n ) = ⎨0.03 × 3000 + 0.09( n − 3000) ⎪⎩0.03 × 3000 + 0.09 × 2000 + 0.16( n − 5000) if n > 5000 if n ≤ 3000 ⎧0.03n ⎪ = ⎨0.09 n − 180 if 3000 < n ≤ 5000 ⎪⎩0.16n − 530 if n > 5000

8. Think of the bookshelf having 7 slots, from left to right. You have a choice of 7 books for the first slot. Once a book has been put in the first slot, you have 6 choices for which book to put in the second slot, etc. The number of arrangements is 7 · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 7! = 5040.

61 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

19. G(8) = 8 − 1 = 7 G(3) = 3 − 1 = 2

Problems 2.2 1. yes 2.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

G (−1) = 3 − (−1)2 = 2

3

x + 7x − 3 1 3 7 = x + x − 1, which is a 3 3 3 polynomial function. f ( x) =

3. no

G (1) = 3 − (1)2 = 2

20. f(3) = 4 f(–4) = 3 f(0) = 4

4. yes 21. 6! = 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 720

5. yes 6. yes

22. (3 − 3)! = 0! = 1

7. no

23. (4 – 2)! = 2! = 2 · 1 = 2

8. g ( x) = 4 x –4 =

4 x4

, which is a rational function.

9. all real numbers 10. all real numbers

24. 6! ⋅ 2! = (6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1)(2 ⋅1) = (720)(2) = 1440 25.

11. all real numbers 12. all x such that 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 13. a.

26.

2

b. 9 14. a.

7

b. 1 15. a.

0

b. 9 16. f(x) = 8 f(2) = 8 f(t + 8) = 8

(

)

f − 17 = 8

17. F(12) = 2

(

)

F − 3 = −1

F(1) = 0 ⎛ 18 ⎞ F⎜ ⎟=2 ⎝ 5⎠ 18. g ( x) = x − 3 g (10) = 10 − 3 = 7 = 7 g (3) = 3 – 3 = 0 = 0

g (–3) = –3 − 3 = −6 = 6

n! n ⋅ (n − 1)! = =n (n − 1)! (n − 1)!

8! 8! = 5!(8 − 5)! 5! ⋅ 3! 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = (5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1)(3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1) 8⋅7⋅6 = 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 8⋅7 = 56

27. Let i = the passenger’s income and c(i) = the cost for the ticket. c(i) = 6.24 This is a constant function. 28. Let w = the width of the prism, then w + 3 = the length of the prism, and 2w – 1 = the height of the prism. The formula for the volume of a rectangular prism is V = length · width · height. V ( w) = ( w + 3)( w)(2w − 1) = 2w3 + 5w2 − 3w This is a cubic function.

29. a. b.

C = 850 + 3q 1600 = 850 + 3q 750 = 3q q = 250

62 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

30. The interest is Prt, so principal and interest amount to f(t) = P + Prt, or f(t) = P(1 + rt). Since f(t) = at + b where a (= Pr) and b (= P) are constants, f is a linear function of t. 31. For a committee of five, there are 5 choices for who will be member A. For each choice of member A, there are 4 choices for member G. Once members A and G have been chosen, there are 3 choices for member M, two choices for member N, then one choice for member S once members A, G, M, and N have been chosen. Thus, there are 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 = 5! = 120 ways to label the members.

32. P (5) =

( )( ) 1 4

5!

5

3 4

0

=

5!(0!)

(

5!

1 1024

) (1) =

5!(1)

Section 2.3

Apply It 2.3 9. The customer’s price is (c o s )( x) = c( s ( x)) = c( x + 3) = 2( x + 3) = 2x + 6 10. g ( x) = ( x + 3) 2 can be written as g ( x) = a(l ( x)) = (a o l )( x) where a( x) = x 2 and l(x) = x + 3. Then l(x) represents the length of the sides of the square, while a(x) is the area of a square with side of length x.

Problems 2.3 1 1024

1. f(x) = x + 3, g(x) = x + 5 a.

33. P (2) =

( 14 ) ( 43 ) 2

3!

2!(1!)

1

=

6

( 161 )( 43 ) = 2(1)

9 64

( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = ( x + 3) + ( x + 5) = 2x + 8

b. (f + g)(0) = 2(0) + 8 = 8 34. a. b.

35. a.

all T such that 30 ≤ T ≤ 39 1 11 5 11 16 (30) + = + = f (30) = =4 24 4 4 4 4 1 11 6 11 17 (36) + = + = f (36) = 24 4 4 4 4 4 175 175 33 f (39) = (39) − = 52 − = 3 4 4 4

742.50

b. −20.28 c.

1218.60

36. a.

1182.74

c.

( f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x) = ( x + 3) − ( x + 5) = −2

d.

( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = ( x + 3)( x + 5) = x 2 + 8 x + 15

e.

( fg )(–2) = (−2) 2 + 8(−2) + 15 = 3

f.

f f ( x) x + 3 ( x) = = g g ( x) x + 5

g.

( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x + 5) = ( x + 5) + 3 = x+8

h.

( f o g )(3) = 3 + 8 = 11

i.

( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x + 3) = ( x + 3) + 5 = x+8

j.

( g o f )(3) = 3 + 8 = 11

b. 4985.27 c. 37. a.

252.15 19.12

b. –62.94 c. 38. a.

57.69 2.21

b. 9.98 c.

–14.52 63 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

2. f(x) = 2x, g(x) = 6 + x a.

( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = (2 x) + (6 + x) = 3x + 6

b.

( f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x) = (2 x) − (6 + x ) = x−6

c.

(f – g)(4) = (4) – 6 = –2

e.

f f ( x) 2x = ( x) = g g ( x) 6 + x

f.

f 2(2) 4 1 (2) = = = g 6+2 8 2

i.

f g

g.

( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x))

= ( x 2 + x)2 − 1 = x 4 + 2 x3 + x 2 − 1

h.

( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x))

= g ( x 2 − 1) = ( x 2 − 1)2 + ( x 2 − 1) = x4 − 2 x2 + 1 + x2 − 1 = x4 − x2

( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g (2 x) = 6 + 2 x

i.

( g o f )(2) = 6 + 2(2) = 6 + 4 = 10

4.

2

f ( x) = x − 1, g ( x) = x + x

a.

3 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ − 2 −1 − 2 − = = =3 ⎜ 2⎟ − 12 − 12 ⎝ ⎠

f.

= f ( x 2 + x)

( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (6 + x) = 2(6 + x) = 12 + 2 x

2

f ( x) = x 2 + 1, g ( x) = 5

a.

( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)

( g o f )(−3) = (−3) 4 − (−3)2 = 72

( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = ( x 2 + 1) + 5

= ( x 2 − 1) + ( x 2 + x )

= x2 + 6

2

= 2x + x −1

b.

2

( f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x) = ( x 2 − 1) − ( x 2 + x) = −x −1

c.

1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ( f − g) ⎜ − ⎟ = −1 = − 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2

d.

( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)

x2 − 1

x2 + x ( x + 1)( x − 1) = x( x + 1) x −1 = , x ≠ −1 x

( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = 2 x(6 + x) = 12 x + 2 x 2

h.

f f ( x) ( x) = g g ( x) =

d.

g.

3.

e.

b.

58 ⎛2⎞ ⎛2⎞ ( f + g) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ + 6 = 9 ⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠

c.

( f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x) = ( x 2 + 1) – 5 = x2 – 4

d.

( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = ( x 2 + 1)(5)

= ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 + x)

= 5x2 + 5

= x 4 + x3 − x 2 − x

64 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

e.

Section 2.3

( fg )(7) = 5(7 2 ) + 5 = 245 + 5 = 250

(G o F )(t ) = G ( F (t ))

( t) 2 = 2( t ) − 2( t ) +1 =G

2

f.

f f ( x) x + 1 ( x) = = g g ( x) 5

= 2t − 2 t + 1

g.

( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (5) = 52 + 1 = 26

h.

( f o g )(12, 003) = 26

i.

( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x 2 + 1) = 5

= f

5. f(g(2)) = f(4 – 4) = f(0) = 0 + 6 = 6 g(f(2)) = g(12 + 6) = g(18) = 4 – 36 = –32 6. ( f o g )( p) = f ( g ( p )) ⎛ p–2⎞ = f⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 4 = p –2 3

=

12 p–2

⎛4⎞ ( g o f )( p) = g ( f ( p )) = g ⎜ ⎟ = ⎝ p⎠

9. ( f o g )(v) = f ( g (v))

4 p

–2 3

7. ( F o G )(t ) = F (G (t )) ⎛ 2 ⎞ = F⎜ ⎟ ⎝ t −1 ⎠

=

= F (2t 2 − 2t + 1) = 2t 2 − 2t + 1

1 v+2

)

)

2

+1

1 v + 2 +1 1 = v+3 ( g o f )(v) = g ( f (v)) ⎛ 1 ⎞ = g⎜ ⎟ ⎝ v2 + 1 ⎠ 1 = +2 2 v +1 =

= 4 – 2p = 3p

=

1 + 2(v 2 + 1) v2 + 1 2v 2 + 3 v2 + 1

= f ( x 2 + 2 x − 1) = ( x 2 + 2 x − 1)2 + 2( x 2 + 2 x − 1) − 1

2

8. ( F o G )(t ) = F (G (t ))

v+2

10. ( f o f )( x) = f ( f ( x))

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ =⎜ ⎟ + 7⎜ t –1 ⎟ +1 t – 1 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 4 14 = + +1 (t − 1) 2 t − 1 (G o F )(t ) = G ( F (t ))

= G (t 2 + 7t + 1) 2 = 2 (t + 7t + 1) –1 2 = 2 t + 7t

(

(

= x 4 + 4 x3 + 4 x 2 − 2

11. Let g(x) = 11x and f(x) = x − 7. Then h(x) = g(x) − 7 = f(g(x)) 12. Let g(x) = x 2 – 2 and f ( x) = x . Then h( x) = x 2 – 2 = g ( x) = f ( g ( x))

13. Let g ( x) = x 2 + x + 1 and f ( x) = h( x ) =

3 2

x − x +1

=

3 . Then x

3 = f ( g ( x)) g ( x)

14. Let g ( x) = 9 x3 – 5 x and f ( x) = x3 – x 2 + 11. Then h( x ) = [ g ( x)]3 – [ g ( x)]2 + 11 = f ( g ( x))

65 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

15. Let g ( x) =

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis 22. a. −0.13

x2 − 1 and f ( x) = 4 x . x+3

b. 18.85

Then h( x ) = 4 g ( x) = f ( g ( x)).

23. a. 16. Let g(x) = 3x − 5 and f ( x) = h( x ) =

17. a.

2 − (3x − 5) 2

(3x − 5) + 2

2− x x2 + 2

. Then

The revenue is \$9.75 per pound of coffee sold, so r(x) = 9.75x.

Profit = revenue – expenses. (r – e)(x) = 9.75x – (4500 + 4.25x) = 5.5x – 4500.

18. v( x) =

4 π(3 x − 1)3 can be written as 3

4 3 πx 3 and l(x) = 3x – 1. Then l(x) represents the radius of the sphere, while f(x) is the volume of a sphere with radius x. v( x) = f (l ( x)) = ( f o l )( x) where f ( x) =

19. ( g o f )(m) = g ( f (m)) ⎛ 40m – m2 ⎞ = g⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 4 ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ 40m – m 2 ⎞ = 40 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 4 ⎝ ⎠ = 400m − 10m2 This represents the total revenue received when the total output of m employees is sold.

20. ( f o g )( E ) = f ( g ( E ))

= f (7202 + 0.29 E 3.68 ) = 0.45(7202 + 0.29 E 3.68 – 1000)0.53

= 0.45(6202 + 0.29 E 3.68 )0.53 This represents status based on years of education.

14.05

b. 1169.64

Problems 2.4

f −1 ( x) =

x 7 − 3 3

2. g −1 ( x) =

x 3 + 5 5

1.

3. F −1 ( x) = 2 x + 14 4.

x 5 + 4 4

f −1 ( x) =

5. r ( A) =

A π

6. r (V ) = 3

3V 4π

7. f(x) = 5x + 12 is one-to-one, for if f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) then 5 x1 + 12 = 5 x2 + 12, so 5 x1 = 5 x2 and thus x1 = x2 .

= 10(40m − m2 )

21. a.

0.45

b. 1.61

b. The expenses are e(x) = 4500 + 4.25x. c.

b. 0.29 24. a.

= f ( g ( x)).

194.47

8. g ( x) = (3x + 4) 2 is not one-to-one, because g ( x1 ) = g ( x2 ) does not imply x1 = x2 . For ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 7⎞ example, g ⎜ − ⎟ = g ⎜ − ⎟ = 9. ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 5 9. h( x) = (5 x + 12)2 , for x ≥ − , is one-to-one. 12

If h( x1 ) = h( x2 ) then (5 x1 + 12)2 = (5 x2 + 12)2 . Since x ≥ −

5 we have 5x + 12 ≥ 0, and thus 12

(5 x1 + 12)2 = (5 x2 + 12)2 only if 5 x1 + 12 = 5 x2 + 12, and hence x1 = x2 .

66 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 2.5

10. F ( x) = x − 9 is not one-to-one, because

Apply It 2.5

F ( x1 ) = F ( x2 ) does not imply x1 = x2 . For example, F(8) = F(10) = 1.

11. The inverse of f ( x) = (4 x − 5) 2 for x ≥ f −1 ( x ) =

5 is 4

x 5 + , so to find the solution, we 4 4

find f −1 (23). f −1 (23) =

23 5 + 4 4

The solution is x =

23 5 + . 4 4

12. The inverse of f ( x) = 2 x3 + 1 is f −1 = 3

x −1 , 2

so the solution is f −1 (129) = 4. 1, 200, 000 1, 200, 000 , we get q = . q p Since q > 0, p is also greater than 0, so q as a 1, 200, 000 , p > 0. function of p is q = q ( p ) = p

13. From p =

⎛ 1, 200, 000 ⎞ p(q( p )) = p ⎜ ⎟ p ⎝ ⎠ 1, 200, 000 = 1,200,000 p

= 1, 200, 000 ⋅

p 1, 200, 000

=p Similarly, q(p(q)) = q, so the functions are inverses.

q , we get q = 48p. Since q > 0, p is 48 also greater than 0, so q as a function of p is q = q(p) = 48p, p > 0. q ⎛ q ⎞ q( p (q )) = q ⎜ ⎟ = 48 ⋅ =q 48 ⎝ 48 ⎠ 48 p p(q ( p )) = p (48 p ) = =p 48 Thus, p(q) and q(p) are inverses.

14. From p =

15. yes, it is one-to-one.

11. Let y = the amount of money in the account. Then, after one month, y = 7250 – (1 · 600) = \$6650, and after two months y = 7250 – (2 · 600) = \$6050. Thus, in general, if we let x = the number of months during which Amal spends from this account, y = 7250 – 600x. To identify the x-intercept, we set y = 0 and solve for x. y = 7250 – 600x 0 = 7250 – 600x 600x = 7250 1 x = 12 12 ⎛ 1 ⎞ The x-intercept is ⎜12 , 0 ⎟ . ⎝ 12 ⎠ Therefore, after 12 months and approximately 2.5 days Amal will deplete her savings. To identify the y-intercept, we set x = 0 and solve for y. y = 7250 – 600x y = 7250 – 600(0) y = 7250 The y-intercept is (0, 7250). Therefore, before any months have gone by, Amal has \$7250 in her account. 12. Let y = the cost to the customer and let x = the number of rides he or she takes. Since the cost does not change, regardless of the number of rides taken, the equation y = 12.6 represents this situation. The graph of y = 12.6 is a horizontal line whose y-intercept is (0, 12.6). Since the line is parallel to the x-axis, there is no x-intercept. 13. The formula relating distance, time, and speed is d = rt, where d is the distance, r is the speed, and t is the time. Let x = the time spent biking (in hours). Then, 12x = the distance traveled. Yassine bikes 12 · 2.5 = 30 km and then turns around and bikes the same distance back to the rental shop. Therefore, we can represent the distance from the turn-around point at any time x as 30 – 12x . Similarly, the distance from the rental shop at any time x can be represented by the function y = 30 – 30 – 12 x . x

0

1

2

2.5

3

4

5

y

0

12

24

30

24

12

0

67 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

y

Miles

36

(2.5, 30)

24 12

(0, 0)

(5, 0) 1 2 3 4 5

x hours

14. The monthly cost C of using x IG of water is

⎧ if x ≤ 6000 ⎪0.35 x ⎨ C ( x ) = 0.35 × 6000 + 0.4( x − 6000) if 6000 < x ≤ 12000 ⎪ ⎩0.35 × 6000 + 0.4 × 6000 + 0.46( x − 12000) if x > 12000 ⎧ if x ≤ 6000 ⎪0.35 x = ⎨0.4 x − 300 if 6000 < x ≤ 12000 ⎪ ⎩0.46 x − 1020 if x > 12000 The graph of C(x) is as follows: C(x) 6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 0

χ 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000

3. a.

f(0) = 1, f(2) = 2, f(4) = 3, f(–2) = 0

Problems 2.5 b. Domain: all real numbers 1.

10

Q. II

(–

1 3,

y

c.

)

4

d. f(x) = 0 for x = –2. So a real zero is –2.

(1, 0) (3, –1)

x 10

4. a.

Q. IV

Q. III

c. 10 Q. II (–4, 5)

f(0) = 2, f(2) = 0

b. Domain: all x ≥ 0

(–2, –5)

2.

Range: all real numbers

Range: all y ≥ 2

y

d. f(x) = 0 for x = 2. So a real zero is 2.

Q. I (1, 1) (3, 0) (0, –6)

5. a. x 10

f(0) = 0, f(1) = 1, f(–1) = 1

b. Domain: all real numbers c.

Range: all nonnegative real numbers

d. f(x) = 0 for x = 0. So a real zero is 0. 68 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

6. y = 2x If y = 0, then x = 0. If x = 0, then y = 0. Intercept: (0, 0) y is a function of x. One-to-one. Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers 5

y

Section 2.5

9. y = 3x – 5

If y = 0, then 0 = 3x – 5, x =

5 . 3

⎛5 ⎞ If x = 0, then y = –5. Intercepts: ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , (0, –5) ⎝3 ⎠ y is a function of x. One-to-one. Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers 10

x

y

5

–5

7. y = x + 1 If y = 0, then x = –1. If x = 0, then y = 1. Intercepts: (–1, 0), (0, 1) y is a function of x. One-to-one. Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers 5

10. y =

x2

5

y

5

(1, 2)

(–1, 2)

(–2, 12 )

(2, 12 )

x 5

8. y = 3 – 2x

If y = 0, then 0 = 3 – 2x, x =

3 . 2

⎛3 ⎞ If x = 0, then, y = 3. Intercepts: ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , (0, 3) ⎝2 ⎠ y is a function of x. One-to-one. Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers y

3

2

, which has no solution. x2 Thus there is no x-intercept. Because x ≠ 0 , Not one-to-one. Domain: all real numbers except 0 Range: all real numbers > 0

x

–1

2

If y = 0, then 0 =

y

1

x 10

5 3

3 2

11. y = x3 + x

If y = 0, then 0 = x3 + x = x( x 2 + 1), x = 0. If x = 0, then y = 0. Intercept: (0, 0) y is a function of x. One-to-one. Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers

x

5

5

y

x 5

69 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

12. y = 4 x 2 – 16

5

If y = 0, then 0 = 4 x 2 – 16 = 4( x 2 − 4) , 0 = 4( x + 2)( x − 2) , x = ±2. If x = 0, then y = –16. Intercepts: (±2, 0), (0, –16) y is a function of x. Not one-to-one. Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers ≥ –16 20

y

x 2

–2

y

3

x 5

16. x = −|y| If y = 0, then x = 0. If x = 0, then 0 = −|y|, y = 0. Intercept: (0, 0) y is not a function of x.

5

5

y

–16

x 5

13. x = 0 If y = 0, then x = 0. If x = 0, then y can be any real number. Intercepts: every point on y-axis y is not a function of x. 5

y

17. x 2 = y 2

If y = 0, then x 2 = 0, x = 0 . If x = 0, then 0 = y 2 , y = 0 . Intercept: (0, 0) y is not a function of x.

x 5

5

y

x

14. y = x3

5

If y = 0, then 0 = x3 , x = 0. If x = 0, then y = 0. Intercept: (0, 0). y is a function of x. One-to-one. Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers 5

y

x 5

18. 2x + y – 2 = 0 If y = 0, then 2x – 2 = 0, x = 1. If x = 0, then y – 2 = 0, y = 2. Intercepts: (1, 0), (0, 2) Note that y = 2 – 2x. y is a function of x. One-to-one. Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers 5

15. x = 3 is a vertical line. Intercept: (3, 0) y is not a function of x.

y

2 x 1

70 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

5

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

19. x + y = 1 If y = 0, then x = 1. If x = 0, then y = 1. Intercepts: (1, 0), (0, 1) Note that y = 1 – x. y is a function of x. One-to-one. Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers 5

Section 2.5

Range: all real numbers ≤ 5 5 – √10

√10 2

2

x 1

20. u = f (v) = 2 + v

22. y = h(x) = 3 Because y cannot be 0, there is no x-intercept. If x = 0, then y = 3. Intercept: (0, 3) Domain: all real numbers Range: 3

5

5

2

y

3

If u = 0, then 0 = 2 + v 2 . No intercept. If v = 0, then u = 2. Intercept: (0, 2) Domain: all real numbers Range: [2, ∞)

x 5

y

23. g(s) = –17 Because g(s) cannot be 0, there is no s-intercept. If s = 0, then g(s) = –17. Intercept: (0, –17) Domain: all real numbers Range: –17

2 x 5

20

21.

x 5

y

1

5

f(x)

y

f ( x) = 5 – 2 x 2 . If f(x) = 0, then 0 = 5 – 2x 2 2 x2 = 5 5 x2 = 2 5 10 . x=± =± 2 2 If x = 0, then f(x) = 5. ⎛ 10 ⎞ Intercepts: ⎜ ± , 0 ⎟ , (0,5) ⎜ ⎟ 2 ⎝ ⎠ Domain: all real numbers

x 20

–20

–20

24. y = h( x) = x 2 – 4 x + 1

If y = 0, then 0 = x 2 – 4 x + 1 , and by the 4 ± 12 = 2 ± 3 . If 2 x = 0, then y = 1. Intercepts: (2 ± 3, 0), (0,1) Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers ≥ –3

71 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

y

5 2–

1

3

1

x 2+

p

q

–1

3

5

(2, – 3)

25. y = f ( x) = − x 2 + x + 6

If y = 0, then 0 = − x 2 + x + 6 = ( x − 3)( x + 2), so x = 3, −2. If x = 0, y = 6. Intercepts: (3, 0), (−2, 0), (0, 6) Domain: all real numbers 25 ⎞ ⎛ Range: ⎜ −∞, ⎟ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 10

28. F (r ) = –

1 , which has no solution. r Because r ≠ 0, there is no vertical-axis intercept. Intercept: none. Domain: all real numbers ≠ 0 Range: all real numbers ≠ 0

If F(r) = 0, then 0 = –

y

5

6 –2

1 r

3

F(r)

x 10

r 5

26.

f (t ) = – t 3

If f(t) = 0, then 0 = –t 3 , t = 0 . If t = 0, then f(t) = 0. Intercept: (0, 0) Domain: all real numbers Range: all real number 5

29. s = f (t ) = t 2 − 9 t 2 − 9 ≥ 0, so t 2 ≥ 9, and |t| ≥ 3. If s = 0, then

0 = t 2 − 9, 0 = t 2 − 9, or t = ±3. Because |t| ≥ 3, we know t ≠ 0, so no s-intercept exists. Intercepts: (−3, 0), (3, 0) Domain: all real numbers t ≤ −3 and ≥ 3 Range: all real numbers ≥ 0

f(t)

t 5

10

y

x

27. p = h(q) = 1 + 2q + q 2

If p = 0, then 1 + 2q + q 2 = 0, (1 + q) 2 = 0, so q = −1. If q = 0 then p = 1. Intercepts: (−1, 0), (0, 1) Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers ≥ 0

t 2 − 9 to be a real number,

Note that for

–3

3

10

30. v = H (u ) = u – 3

If v = 0, then 0 = u – 3 , u – 3 = 0, so u = 3.

72 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

If u = 0, then v = –3 = 3 . Intercepts: (3, 0), (0, 3). Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers ≥ 0 10

2 , which has no x–4 1 solution. If x = 0, then y = – . 2 1⎞ ⎛ Intercept: ⎜ 0, – ⎟ 2⎠ ⎝ Domain: all real numbers except 4 Range: all real numbers except 0

x ≠ 4. If y = 0, then 0 =

v

3 3

Section 2.5

u 10

10

31. f(x) = |3x + 2|

2 If f(x) = 0, then 0 = |3x + 2| and x = − . 3 If x = 0, f(x) = |2| = 2. ⎛ 2 ⎞ Intercepts: ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ , (0, 2) ⎝ 3 ⎠ Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers ≥ 0 5

y

x 10

4

–1 2

34. Domain: [0, ∞) Range: (−∞, 6] 10

y

γ

6 2 x

– 23

32. F (t ) =

5

35. Domain: all real numbers ≥ 0 Range: all real numbers 1 ≤ c < 8

16 t

2

If F(t) = 0, then 0 =

10 8

16

, which has no solution. t2 Because t ≠ 0, there is no vertical-axis intercept. No intercepts Domain: all nonzero real numbers Range: all positive real numbers 10

x 10

2

c

p 6

10

F(t)

36. Domain: all positive real numbers Range: all real numbers > 1

t 10

10

f(x)

4

2 33. y = f ( x) = x–4 Note that the denominator is 0 when x = 4. Thus

1

73 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

x 3

5

10

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

37. From the vertical-line test, the graphs that represent functions of x are (a), (b), and (d).

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

43.

1000

y

38. From the horizontal line test, the graphs which represent one-to-one functions of x are (c) and (d). 39. Let y = credit card balance. Then y = 9200 − 325x. 9200 ≈ 28.31 ⎯the time to pay If y = 0, then x = 325 off the debt (29 months). If x = 0, then y = 9200⎯the amount originally owed. 40. The cost of an item as a function of the time of day, x is ⎧9, if 10:30 A.M. ≤ x < 2 : 30 P.M. ⎪8, if 2:30 P.M. ≤ x < 4 : 30 P.M. ⎪ y = ⎨13, if 4:30 P.M. ≤ x < 6 : 00 P.M. ⎪18, if 6:00 P.M. ≤ x < 8 : 00 P.M. ⎪13, if 8:00 P.M. ≤ x ≤ 10:00 P.M. ⎩ y

Cost (dollars)

7

44.

14

x 21

y 4 x 12

4 5

45. 0.39 46. −0.50, 0.57 47. –0.61, –0.04 48. 0.62, 1.73, 4.65

20

49. –1.12

16 12

50. No real zeros

8

51. −1.70, 0

4 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 P.M.

x

52. –0.49, 0.52, 1.25

A.M.

41. As price increases, quantity supplied increases; p is a function of q. 50

300

53.

25

p

4

1 –15

a.

maximum value of f(x): 19.60

10 q 30

b. minimum value of f(x): –10.86

210

54.

4

42. As price decreases, quantity increases; p is a function of q. 25

p 1

–1

–2

a.

5 5

q 25

maximum value of f(x): 3.94

b. minimum value of f(x): –1.94 74 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

55.

6

3

Section 2.6

59.

3

a.

2

5

5 15

a.

maximum value of f(x): 5

maximum value of f(x): 34.21

b. minimum value of f(x): 18.68

b. minimum value of f(x): 4 56.

35

c.

10

range: [18.68, 34.21]

d. no intercept 60. The points of intersection are where the two graphs cross each other. From the diagram, the coordinates of these two points are estimated to be (1989.5, 10.1) and (1992.9, 10.6). This means that around the middle of year 1989, imports to and exports from Kuwait were the same amount, approximately \$10.1 billion. Similarly, near the end of 1992, imports and exports were both about \$10.6 billion.

5

–5

–5

a.

range: (– ∞, ∞)

b. intercepts: (–1.73, 0), (0, 4) 35

57.

Apply It 2.6 15. The line describing the relationship between the price per share and the year passes through the points (2005, 24.75) and (2010, 3.55).

5

–5 –5

a.

Price( p) per share

maximum value of f(x): 28

25

b. range: (−∞, 28] c.

15

real zeros: −4.02, 0.60

10

5

58.

(2005, 24.75)

20

5

(2010, 3.55)

2006

5

–5

m=

range: (−∞, ∞)

b. intercepts: (0, 0.29), (−1.03, 0) c.

real zero: −1.03

2008

2009

2010

year(t)

The slope of the line is

–5

a.

2007

3.55 − 24.75 2010 − 2005

= −4.24

This is a negative number, which means that the share price was decreasing at a rate of \$4.24 per year.

75 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

16. If enrollment is growing by 14 students per year, the number S of students in the program can be described by the equation of a line whose slope is 14. Since the program had 50 students when t = 3 (in the third year), the line passes through the point (3, 50). Using the point-slope form of the equation of a line with m = 14 and (t1, S1) = (3, 50), we get S − S1 = m(t − t1 ) S − 50 = 14(t − 3) S − 50 = 14t − 42 S = 14t + 8

17. Let F stand for the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and C for the temperature in degrees Celsius. The line passing through the points (25, 77) and (17, 62.6) has slope

m=

62.6 − 77 17 − 25

= 1.8

Using the point-slope form of the equation of a line with m = 1.8 and (C1, F1) = (25, 77), we get

F − F1 = m(C − C1 ) F − 77 = 1.8(C − 25) F − 77 = 1.8C − 45 F = 1.8C + 32 18. To find the slope and y-intercept, let a = 1000, then write the equation in slope-intercept form. 1 y= (t + 1)a 24 1 y= (t + 1)1000 24 1000 1000 y= t+ 24 24 125 125 y= t+ 3 3 125 125 and the y-intercept, b, is . Thus the slope, m, is 3 3 19. The total cost of club membership is given by the fixed one-time fee of \$400 plus the monthly fees of \$50. For x months, the total comes to

C = 400 + 50 x The graph is a line that passes through (0, 400) and (1, 450). cost

C = 400 + 50x (1, 450)

450 400 (0, 400)

1

Number of months

76 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 2.6

F

20.

100

–100

100

C

–100

To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, locate the Celsius temperature on the horizontal axis, move vertically to the line, then move horizontally to read the Fahrenheit temperature of the vertical axis. 21. Right angles are formed by perpendicular lines. The slopes of the sides of the triangle are: 0−0 0 ⎧ = =0 AB ⎨m = 6−0 6 ⎩

7−0 7 ⎧ = =7 BC ⎨m = 7−6 1 ⎩ 7−0 7 ⎧ = =1 AC ⎨m = 7−0 7 ⎩ Since none of the slopes are negative reciprocals of each other, there are no perpendicular lines. Therefore, the points do not define a right triangle.

Problems 2.6 1. m =

10 − 2 8 = =2 7−3 4

2. m =

10 − 3 7 = = −1 −2 − 5 −7

3. m =

−3 − (−2) −1 1 = =− 8−6 2 2

4. m =

−4 − (−4) 0 = =0 3− 2 1

9.

10

6 − (−4) 10 = 3−0 3

7. m =

−2 − (−2) 0 = =0 4−5 −1

8. m =

y

x 5

5. The difference in the x-coordinates is 5 – 5 = 0, so the slope is undefined. 6. m =

y − 7 = −5[ x − (−1)] y − 7 = −5( x + 1) y − 7 = −5 x − 5 5x + y − 2 = 0

10.

y − 0 = 75( x − 0) y = 75 x 75 x − y = 0 y 100

x 10

0 − (−7) 7 = 9 −1 8

77 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

11.

1 y − 5 = − [ x − (−5)] 2 2( y − 5) = −( x + 5) 2 y − 10 = − x − 5 x + 2y −5 = 0 y 5

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

2 − (−4) 6 = = −6 5−6 −1 y − 2 = −6( x − 5) y − 2 = −6 x + 30 6 x + y − 32 = 0

14. m =

y 50

x

x 10

5

12.

1 ⎡ ⎛ 5 ⎞⎤ ⎢x − − ⎥ 3 ⎣ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎦ 5⎤ ⎡ 6( y − 5) = 2 ⎢ x + ⎥ 2⎦ ⎣ 6 y − 30 = 2 x + 5 2 x − 6 y + 35 = 0 y −5 =

10

y 20

y 35 6

x

x 10

20

−2 − 0 2 = −3 − 0 3 2 y − 0 = ( x − 0) 3 2 y= x 3 3y = 2x 2x − 3 y = 0

16. m =

4 −1 3 13. m = = 1 − (−6) 7 3 ( x − 1) 7 7( y − 4) = 3( x − 1) 7 y − 28 = 3x − 3 3x − 7 y + 25 = 0 y−4 =

10

−8 − (−4) −4 = = −4 −2 − (−3) 1 y − (−4) = −4[ x − (−3)] y + 4 = −4 x − 12 4 x + y + 16 = 0

15. m =

y

y 5

x

x

10

78 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

17.

y = 2x + 4 2x – y + 4 = 0 10

Section 2.6

21. A horizontal line has the form y = b. Thus y = –5, or y + 5 = 0.

y

y 5

4 x –2

10

x 5

18.

y = 5x – 7 5x – y – 7 = 0 10

y

22. A vertical line has the form x = a. Thus x = –1, or x + 1 = 0. y

x 10

7 5

5

–7

x (–1, –1)

1 y = − x−3 19. 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 y = 2 ⎜ − x − 3⎟ 2 ⎝ ⎠ 2 y = −x − 6 x + 2y + 6 = 0

23. A vertical line has the form x = a. Thus x = 2, or x − 2 = 0.

y

5

5

5

y

x

x –6

5

3 (2, –3)

–3

20.

y = 0x − 1 2 2 y = −1 2 y +1 = 0

1 2

24. A horizontal line has the form y = b. Thus y = 0.

y=−

5

5

y

y x (0, 0)

5x –1 2

79 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

5

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

25. y = 4x – 6 has the form y = mx + b, where m = 4 and b = –6. 10

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

29. x = –5 is a vertical line. Thus the slope is undefined. There is no y-intercept.

y

y

5

x 10

x –5

26. x + 9 = 2 or x = −7, is a vertical line. Thus the slope is undefined. There is no y-intercept. y 5

x

5

30. x − 9 = 5 y + 3 5 y = x − 12 1 12 y = x− 5 5 1 12 m= ,b= − 5 5

2

5

y

x 20

27. 3x + 5 y − 9 = 0 5 y = −3 x + 9 3 9 y = − x+ 5 5 3 9 m=− ,b= 5 5 5

– 12 5

31. y = −2x y = −2x + 0 m = −2, b = 0 y 5

y 9 5

x

x

5

5

28. y + 4 = 7 y=3 y = 0x + 3 m = 0, b = 3 5

32. y − 7 = 3( x − 4) y − 7 = 3 x − 12 y = 3x − 5 m = 3, b = –5

y

3

y

3

x 5

x 5

–5

80 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis 33. y = 3 y = 0x + 3 m = 0, b = 3

3 x 2y − + = −4 2 3 4 ⎛ x 2y ⎞ ⎛ 19 ⎞ 12 ⎜ − + ⎟ = 12 ⎜ − ⎟ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ −6 x + 8 y = −57 6 x − 8 y − 57 = 0 (general form) −8 y = −6 x + 57 3 57 (slope-intercept form) y = x− 4 8 1 40. y = x + 8 is in slope-intercept form. 300 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 300 y = 300 ⎜ x + 8⎟ ⎝ 300 ⎠ 300 y = x + 2400 x − 300 y + 2400 = 0 (general form)

39.

y

5 3

x 5

34. 6 y − 24 = 0 y=4 y = 0x + 4 m = 0, b = 4 5

y

41. The lines y = −5x + 7 and y = −5x − 3 have the same slope, −5. Thus they are parallel. x

42. The lines y = 4x + 3 and y = 5 + 4x (or y = 4x + 5) have the same slope, 4. Thus they are parallel.

5

35. 2x = 5 – 3y, or 2x + 3y – 5 = 0 (general form) 2 5 3y = –2x + 5, or y = − x + (slope-intercept 3 3 form) 36. 5x − 2y = 10, or 5x − 2y − 10 = 0 (general form) 5 −2y = −5x + 10, or y = x − 5 (slope-intercept 2 form) 37. 4x + 9y – 5 = 0 is a general form. 4 5 9y = –4x + 5, or y = − x + (slope-intercept 9 9 form) 38. 3( x − 4) − 7( y + 1) = 2 3x − 12 − 7 y − 7 = 2 3x − 7 y − 21 = 0 (general form)

−7y = −3x + 21, or y = form)

Section 2.6

3 x − 3 (slope-intercept 7

43. The lines y = 5x + 2 and –5x + y – 3 = 0 (or y = 5x + 3) have the same slope, 5. Thus they are parallel. 44. The line y = x has slope m1 = 1 and the line

y = −x has slope m2 = −1 . m1 = −

1 so the m2

lines are perpendicular. 1 5⎞ ⎛ 45. The line x + 3y + 5 = 0 ⎜ or y = − x − ⎟ has 3 3⎠ ⎝ 1 slope m1 = − and the line y = −3x has slope 3 1 m2 = −3. Since m1 ≠ m2 and m1 ≠ − , the m2 lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular. 1 ⎞ ⎛ 46. The line x + 2y = 0 ⎜ or y = − x ⎟ has slope 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 m1 = − and the line x + 4y − 4 = 0 (or 2 1 1 ⎞ y = − x + 1⎟ has slope m2 = − . Since 4 4 ⎠

81 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

1 , the lines are neither m2 parallel nor perpendicular. m1 ≠ m2 and m1 ≠ −

47. The line y = 3 is horizontal and the line x = −

1 3

is vertical, so the lines are perpendicular.

2 . An equation of the desired line is 3 2 2 y − 1 = ( x − 3), or y = x − 1. 3 3 57. y = −3 is a horizontal line, so the perpendicular line must be vertical with equation of the form x = a. Since that line passes through (5, 2), its equation is x = 5.

slope

48. Both lines are vertical and thus parallel. 49. The line 3x + y = 4 (or y = –3x + 4) has slope m1 = –3, and the line x – 3y + 1 = 0 1 1⎞ 1 ⎛ ⎜ or y = 3 x + 3 ⎟ has slope m2 = 3 . Since ⎝ ⎠ m2 = −

1 , the lines are perpendicular. m1

50. The line x − 2 = 3 (or x = 5) is vertical and the line y = 2 is horizontal, so the lines are perpendicular. 51. The slope of y = 4 x + 3 is 4, so the slope of a line parallel to it must also be 4. An equation of the desired line is y − 3 = 4( x − 2) or

y = 4x − 5. 52. x = –4 is a vertical line. A line parallel to x = –4 has the form x = a. Since the line must pass through (2, –8), its equation is x = 2. 53. y = 2 is a horizontal line. A line parallel to it has the form y = b. Since the line must pass through (2, 1) its equation is y = 1. 54. The slope of y = 3 + 2x is 2, so the slope of a line parallel to it must also be 2. An equation of the desired line is y − (−4) = 2(x − 3), or y = 2x − 10. 55. The slope of y = 3x − 5 is 3, so the slope of a line 1 perpendicular to it must have slope − . An 3 1 equation of the desired line is y − 4 = − ( x − 3), 3 1 or y = − x + 5. 3 3 56. The line 3x + 2y − 4 = 0, or y = − x + 2, has 2 3 slope − . A line perpendicular to it must have 2

58. The line 3 y = −

2x 2x ⎞ ⎛ + 3 ⎜ or y = − + 1⎟ has 5 15 ⎝ ⎠

2 , so the slope of a line perpendicular 15 15 . An equation of the to it must have slope 2 15 desired line is y − (−5) = ( x − 4) or 2 15 y = x − 35. 2 2 59. The line 2x + 3y + 6 = 0 has slope − , so the 3 2 slope of a line parallel to it must also be − . An 3 equation of the desired line is 2 2 29 y − (−5) = − [ x − (−7)], or y = − x − . 3 3 3 60. The y-axis is vertical. A parallel line is also vertical and has an equation of the form x = a. Since it passes through (–4, 10), its equation is x = –4.

slope −

61. (−1, −2), (4, 1) 1 − (−2) 3 m= = 4 − (−1) 5

3 Point-slope form: y − 1 = ( x − 4). When the 5 x-coordinate is 3, 3 y − 1 = (3 − 4) 5 3 y − 1 = (−1) 5 3 y −1 = − 5 2 y= 5 ⎛ 2⎞ Thus the point is ⎜ 3, ⎟ . ⎝ 5⎠

82 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

62. m = 3, b = 1 Slope-intercept form: y = 3x + 1. The point (−1, −2) lies on the line if its coordinates satisfy the equation. If x = −1 and y = −2, then −2 = 3(−1) + 1 or −2 = −2, which is true. Thus (−1, −2) lies on the line.

Price per share (dollars)

63. Let x = the time (in years) and y = the price per share. Then, In 1996: x1 = 1996 and y1 = 37 In 2006: x2 = 2006 and y2 = 8 The slope is −29 8 − 37 = = −2.9 m= 10 2006 − 1996 The stock price dropped an average of \$2.90 per year. y (price)

40

20 10

x (time)

0

1996

2001 Year

2006

64. The number of goals scored increased as a function of time (in months). The given points are ( x1 , y1 ) = (3, 14) and ( x2 , y2 ) = (5, 20) . y −y 20 − 14 6 m= 2 1 = = =3 5−3 x2 − x1 2 Using the point-slope form with m = 3 and ( x1 , y1 ) = (3, 14) gives

y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) y − 14 = 3( x − 3) y − 14 = 3x − 9 y = 3x + 5

65. The owner’s profits increased as a function of time. Let x = the time (in years) and let y = the profit (in dollars). The given points are ( x1 , y1 ) = (0, − 100, 000) and y2 ) = (5, 40, 000) .

y2 − y1 40, 000 − (−100, 000) 140, 000 = = x2 − x1 5−0 5 = 28,000 Using the point-slope form with m = 28,000 and m=

( x1 , y1 ) = (0, − 100, 000) gives y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )

y − (−100, 000) = 28, 000( x − 0) y + 100, 000 = 28, 000 x y = 28, 000 x − 100, 000

66. Solve the equation for t. L = 1.53t – 6.7 L + 6.7 = 1.53t ( L + 6.7) =t 1.53 0.65L + 4.38 = t The slope is approximately 0.65 and the y-intercept is approximately 4.38. 67. A general linear form of d = 184 + t is –t + d – 184 = 0. 68. a.

30

( x2 ,

Section 2.6

Using the points (3.5, −1.5) and (0.5, 0.5) −1.5 − 0.5 2 =− . gives a slope of m = 3.5 − 0.5 3 2 An equation is y − 0.5 = − ( x − 0.5) or 3 2 5 y = − x+ . 3 6

b. Using the points (0.5, 0.5) and (−1, −2.5) −2.5 − 0.5 −3 = = 2. gives a slope of m = −1 − 0.5 −1.5 An equation is y − 0.5 = 2(x − 0.5) or 1 y = 2x − . 2

These two paths are not perpendicular to each other because the slopes are not negative reciprocals of each other. 69. The slopes of the sides of the figure are: 4−0 4 ⎧ AB ⎨m = = = undefined (vertical) 0−0 0 ⎩ 7−3 4 ⎧ = = undefined (vertical) CD ⎨m = −2 0 2 ⎩

3−0 3 ⎧ AC ⎨m = = 2−0 2 ⎩ 7−4 3 ⎧ = BD ⎨m = 2−0 2 ⎩

Since AB is parallel to CD and AC is parallel to BC , ABCD is a parallelogram.

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Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

70. Let x = the distance traveled and let y = the altitude. The path of descent is a straight line with a slope of –1 and y-intercept of 3600. Therefore, using the slope-intercept form with m = –1 and b = 3600 gives y = mx + b y = (–1)x + 3600 y = –x + 3600 4000

4000

–500

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

76. The line passes through (a, 0) and (0, b), so b−0 b m= = − . Thus 0−a a b y − b = − ( x − 0) a b y −b = − x a b x+ y =b a x y + =1 a b Apply It 2.7

–1000

If the airport is located 3800 meters from where the plane begins its landing approach, the plane will crash 200 meters short of the airport. 71. The line has slope 59.82 and passes through (6, 1128.50). Thus C – 1128.50 = 59.82(T – 6) or C = 59.82T + 769.58.

22. Let x = the number of bottles of Strawberry Milk that are produced and let y = the number of pots of Fruit Yogurt that are produced. Then, the equation 8x + 14y = 1000 describes all possible production levels of the two products. 23. If the price p and quantity q are linearly related, then the points (2, 23) and (1.5, 18.75) must lie on the line. The slope of the line is

72. The line has slope 50,000 and passes through (5, 330,000). Thus R – 330,000 = 50,000(T – 5) or R = 50,000T + 80,000.

m=

10

73.

1.5 − 2

= 8.5

Hence the equation of the line (using the pointslope form) is

p − 23 = 8.5( q − 2)

10

–10

18.75 − 23

p = 8.5q + 6 –10

The graph of the equation y = −0.9x − 7.3 shows that when x = 0, y = 7.3. Thus, the y-intercept is 7.3.

This is the supply equation. 24. 70

10

74.

M(t)

60

F(t)

y 50

10

–10

40 1,960

–10

1,990

2,000

The life expectancy of a man born in 1966 is

The lines are parallel, which is expected because they have the same slope, 1.5. 75. The slope is 7.1.

1,970 1,980 Year

M (1966) = 0.779 3 .1966 − 1473.9272 = 55.42 Solving F (t ) = 0.793t − 1505.1991 = 55.42 gives

84 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis 0.7934t = 55.42 + 1505.1991 1560.6191 t= ≈ 1967 0.7934

Section 2.7

c.

So 1967 is the birth year of a woman who would be expected to die at the same age as a man born in 1966.

To find the year in which the number of shops in Dubai will be 20,000, replace y by 20000 in the equation y = 389x + 1500 and solve for x:

20000 = 389 x + 1500 389 x = 18500 x = 47.55

25. If t = 0 corresponds to 2005, then 2007 is t = 2 .

The line describing the amount of crude oil production passes through the points (0, 83.1) and (2, 86.21). Its slope is 86.21 − 83.1 m= = 1.555 . Using the point-slope 2−0 form, we get the equation

y − 83.1 = 1.555( x − 0)

Hence, there are expected to be 20,000 shops in Dubai around the middle of the year 2042. Problems 2.7 1. y = f(x) = –4x = –4x + 0 has the form f(x) = ax + b where a = –4 (the slope) and b = 0 (the vertical-axis intercept).

y = 1.555 x + 83.1 Similarly, the line describing the amount of imported crude oil passes through (0, 89.13) and (2, 87.3). Its slope is 87.3 − 89.13 = −0.915 . Therefore we have m= 2−0 the equation

y − 89.13 = −0.915( x − 0) y = −0.915 x + 89.13 Thus, the amounts of oil produced and imported are given, respectively, by

5

y

x 5

2. y = f(x) = x + 1 has the form f(x) = ax + b where a = 1 (the slope) and b = 1 (the vertical-axis intercept). 5

y

y = 1.555 x + 83.1 and y = −0.915 x + 89.13

26. a.

Let x be the number of years after 1995. Then the line describing the number of shops in terms of x passes through the points (0, 1500) and (9, 5000). Its slope is 5000 − 1500 ≈ 389 . Using the pointm= 9 slope form, we get the equation

1

x 5

3. h(t) = 5t − 7 has the form h(t) = at + b with a = 5 (the slope) and b = −7 (the vertical-axis intercept).

y − 1500 = 389( x − 0)

10

h(t)

y = 389 x + 1500 b. The year 2018 corresponds to x = 23, so the number of shops in this year is predicted to be y = 389 × 23 + 1500 = 10, 447

85 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

t 10

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines 4. f(s) = 3(5 − 2s) = 15 − 6s has the form f(s) = as + b where a = –6 (slope) and b = 15 (the vertical-axis intercept). f(s) 16

s 5

5−q 5 1 = − q has the form 3 3 3 1 p(q) = aq + b where a = − (the slope) and 3 5 b = (the vertical-axis intercept). 3

5. p(q ) =

p(q) 5 5 3 q 5

6. h(q) = 0.5q + 0.25 has the form h(q) = aq + b with a = 0.5 (the slope) and b = 0.25 (the vertical-axis intercept). 1

h(q)

0.25 –0.5

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

9. Let y = f(x). The points (1, 2) and (–2, 8) lie on 8−2 the graph of f. m = = −2 . Thus −2 − 1 y – 2 = –2(x – 1), so y = –2x + 4 ⇒ f ( x) = –2x + 4. 10. f(x) = ax + b = −5x + b. ⎛1⎞ Since f ⎜ ⎟ = 9, we have ⎝4⎠ ⎛1⎞ 9 = −5 ⎜ ⎟ + b ⎝4⎠ 5 41 b = 9+ = 4 4 41 so f ( x) = −5 x + . 4 11.

2 2 ⎛ 2⎞ f ( x) = ax + b = − x + b . Since f ⎜ − ⎟ = − , 3 3 3 ⎝ ⎠ we have 2 2⎛ 2⎞ − = − ⎜− ⎟+b 3 3⎝ 3⎠ 2 4 10 b=− − =− , 3 9 9 2 10 . so f ( x) = − x − 3 9

12. Let y = f(x). The points (1, 1) and (2, 2) lie on 2 −1 the graph of f. m = =1. 2 −1 Thus y – 1 = 1(x – 1) ⇒ y = x, so f(x) = x. 13. Let y = f(x). The points (–2, –1) and (–4, –3) lie −3 + 1 on the graph of f. m = = 1 . Thus −4 + 2 y + 1 = 1(x + 2), so y = x + 1 ⇒ f(x) = x + 1.

q 1

7. f(x) = ax + b = 4x + b. Since f(2) = 8, 8 = 4(2) + b, 8 = 8 + b, b = 0 ⇒ f(x) = 4x. 8. Let y = f(x). The points (0, 3) and (4, –5) lie on −5 − 3 = −2 . Thus the graph of f. m = 4−0 y – 3 = –2(x – 0), so y = –2x + 3 ⇒ f ( x) = –2x + 3.

14. f(x) = ax + b = 0.01x + b. Since f(0.1) = 0.01, we have 0.01 = (0.01)(0.1) + b ⇒ b = 0.009 ⇒ f(x) = 0.01x + 0.009. 15. The points (60, 15.30) and (35, 19.30) lie on the graph of the equation, which is a line. 19.30 − 15.30 4 m= = − . Hence an equation of 35 − 60 25 4 the line is p − 15.30 = − (q − 60) , which can 25

86 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

be written p = −

p=−

4 q + 24.9. When q = 40, then 25

4 (40) + 24.9 = \$18.50. 25

16. The line passes through (26,000, 12) and (10,000, 18), so 18 − 12 m= = −0.000375. Then 10, 000 − 26, 000 p – 18 = –0.000375(q – 10,000) or p = –0.000375q + 21.75. 17. The line passes through (3000, 940) and 740 − 940 (2200, 740), so m = = 0.25. Then 2200 − 3000 p – 740 = 0.25(q – 2200) or p = 0.25q + 190. 18. The points (50, 35) and (35, 30) lie on the graph of the equation, which is a line. 30 − 35 −5 1 m= = = . Hence an equation of 35 − 50 −15 3 the line is 1 p − 35 = (q − 50) 3 1 55 p = q+ 3 3 19. The line passing through (10, 40) and (20, 70) 70 − 40 has slope = 3 , so an equation for the 20 − 10 line is c – 40 = 3(q – 10) c = 3q + 10 If q = 35, then c = 3(35) + 10 = 105 + 10 = \$115. 20. The line passing through (100, 89) and (200, 93) 93 − 89 = 0.04 so an equation for has slope 200 − 100 the line is c − 89 = 0.04( x − 100) c = 0.04 x + 85 21. If x = the number of kilowatt hours used in a month, then f ( x) = the total monthly charges for x kilowatt hours of electricity. If f ( x) is a linear function it has the form f ( x) = ax + b. The problem states that f(380) = 51.65. Since 12.5 cents are charged per kilowatt hour used,

Section 2.7

a = 0.125. f(x) = ax + b 51.65 = 0.125(380) + b 51.65 = 47.5 + b 4.15 = b Hence, f ( x) = 0.125x + 4.15 is a linear function that describes the total monthly charges for any number of kilowatt hours x. 22. The number of curative units from d cubic centimeters of the drug is 210d, and the number of curative units from r minutes of radiation is 305r. Thus 210d + 305r = 2410 42d + 61r = 482 20

r

d 0

20

23. Each year the value decreases by 0.10(1800). After t years the total decrease is 0.10(1800)t. Thus v = 1800 – 0.10(1800)t v = –180t + 1800 The slope is –180. v 1800

0

t 10

24. The line has slope –120 and passes through (4, 340). Thus y – 340 = –120(x – 4) or y = f(x) = –120x + 820. 25. The line has slope 53,000 and passes through (6, 1,183,000). Thus y − 1,183,000 = 53,000(x − 6) or y = f(x) = 53,000x + 865,000. In thousands of dollars, we have y = f(x) = 53x + 865.

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Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

245, 000 49, 000 and = 15 3 y-intercept 245,000. So 49, 000 y = f ( x) = x + 245, 000. 3

26. The line has slope

27. If x = the number of hours of service, then f(x) = the price of x hours of service. Let y = f(x). f(1) = 159 and f(3) = 287, so (1, 159) and (3, 287) lie on the graph of f which has slope 287 − 159 a= = 64. Using (1, 159), we get 3 −1 y − 159 = 64(x − 1) or y = 64x + 95, so f(x) = 64x + 95.

Suppose r = respiratory rate, l = wool length, and (l, r) lies on the graph, which is a line. The points (2, 160) and (4, 125) are on the line, so its slope is 125 − 160 35 = − . Thus 4−2 2 35 r − 160 = − (l − 2) 2 35 r = − l + 195 2

28. a.

b. If l = 1, then r = −

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

860 = 7x + 8y. Since the equation can be 7 written y = − x + 107.5, 8 7 slope = − . 8 d. Solving P = 7x + 8y for y gives 7 P y = − x + . Thus any isoprofit line has 8 8 7 slope − , and lines with the same slope are 8 parallel. Hence isoprofit lines are always parallel. c.

100 − 65 35 = 100 − 56 44 35 y − 100 = ( x − 100) 44 35 3500 y= x− + 100 44 44 35 225 y= x+ 44 11

m=

31. a.

35 225 x+ 44 11 35 225 x = 62 − 44 11 1828 x= ≈ 52.2 35 52.2 is the lowest passing score on original scale. 62 =

b.

35 (1) + 195 = 177.5 2

29. At \$200/ton, x tons cost 200x, and at \$2000/acre, y acres cost 2000y. Hence the required equation is 200x + 2000y = 20,000, which can be written as x + 10y = 100.

32. R = 38N + 397 is a linear equation. Slope = 38. R 587

30. P = 7x + 8y where x, y ≥ 0. a. 260 = 7x + 8y

549 511

100

y 473 435 N

0

5

33. p = f(t) = at + b, f(5) = 0.32, a = slope = 0.059. 0

x 100

a.

b. Since the equation can be written 7 7 y = − x + 32.5, slope = − . 8 8

p = f(t) = 0.059t + b. Since f(5) = 0.32, 0.32 = 0.059(5) + b, 0.32 = 0.295 + b, so b = 0.025. Thus p = 0.059t + 0.025.

b. When t = 9, then p = 0.059(9) + 0.025 = 0.556.

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

34. w = f(d) = ad + b, f(0) = 21, 6.3 a = slope = = 0.63. Thus 10 w = f(d) = 0.63d + b. Since f(0) = 21, we have 20 = 0.63(0) + b, so b = 21. Hence w = 0.63d + 21. When d = 55, then w = 0.63(55) + 21 = 34.65 + 21 = 55.65 kg.

Section 2.8

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 −2

−1

0

−0.1

1 2 3 4 5 Number of years after 2006

6

−0.2

t −t 80 − 68 12 1 m= 2 1 = = = . c2 − c1 172 − 124 48 4

35. a.

1 1 t − 68 = (c − 124) , t − 68 = c − 31 , or 4 4 1 t = c + 37 . 4

b. Since c is the number of chirps per minute, 1 1 then c is the number of chirps in 4 4 minute or 15 seconds. Thus from part (a), to estimate temperature add 37 to the number of chirps in 15 seconds.

h(t ) = −16t 2 + 32t + 28, a = –16, b = 32, and c = 8. Since a < 0, the parabola opens downward. The x -coordinate of the vertex is b 32 − =− = 1 . The 2a 2(−16) y-coordinate of the vertex is

( )

h(1) = −16 12 + 32(1) + 8 = 24 . Thus, the vertex

is (1, 24). Since c = 8, the y-intercept is (0, 8). To find the x-intercepts we set y = h(t) = 0. 0 = −16t 2 + 32t + 8 t=

Apply It 2.8 27. P ( x) is a quadratic function with a = −0.083, b = 0.39 and c = 0.09. Since a < 0, the graph is a parabola that opens downward.

The vertex is at x = −

b 0.39 =− = 2.35, 2a 2(−0.083)

and the y-value is P (2.35) = −0.083(2.35)2 + 0.39(2.35) + 0.09 ≈ 0.55.

=

−32 ± 322 − 4(−16)(8) −b ± b 2 − 4ac = 2a 2(−16)

−32 ± 1536 −32 ± 16 6 6 = = 1± −32 −32 2

⎛ 6 ⎞ , 0 ⎟ and Thus, the x-intercepts are ⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ 6 ⎞ , 0⎟ . ⎜⎜1 − ⎟ 2 ⎝ ⎠ 30

The y-intercept is (0, 0.09). The x-intercepts are where P ( x) = 0 . Using the quadratic formula, we find

–5

−0.39 ± (0.39)2 − 4(−0.083)(0.09) 2(−0.083) ≈ −0.22, 4.92

x=

So the x-intercepts are (−0.22, 0) and (4.92, 0).

89 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

5

–20

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

1

Problems 2.8 1.

f ( x) = 5 x 2 has the form f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

a.

where a = 5, b = 0, and c = 0 ⇒ quadratic. 1

2. g ( x) =

2

2x − 4

2

g ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c where

3. g(x) = 7 – 6x cannot be put in the form g ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c where

b. a = 3 > 0, so the vertex corresponds to the lowest point. 10. y = f ( x) = 8 x 2 + 4 x − 1 a = 8, b = 4, c = –1

a ≠ 0 ⇒ not quadratic. 4. k (v) = 2v 2 (v 2 + 2) = 2v 4 + 4v 2 cannot be put in

a.

the form k (v) = av 2 + bv + c where a ≠ 0 ⇒ not quadratic.

f (t ) = 2t (3 − t ) + 4t = −2t 2 + 10t has the form f (t ) = at 2 + bt + c where a = –2, b = 10, and

c = 0 ⇒ quadratic. 7.

s2 − 9 1 2 9 = s − has the form 2 2 2 1 2 f ( s ) = as + bs + c where a = , b = 0, and 2 9 c = – ⇒ quadratic. 2 f (s) =

(

)

8. g (t ) = t 2 − 1

2

= t 4 − 2t 2 + 1 cannot be put in

the form g (t ) = at 2 + bt + c where a ≠ 0 ⇒ not quadratic. 9. y = f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 5 x + 1 a = 3, b = 5, c = 1

b 4 1 =− =− 2a 2 ⋅8 4 2

3⎞ ⎛ 1 Vertex: ⎜ − , − ⎟ 2⎠ ⎝ 4

h(q) = aq 2 + bq + c where a = 1, b = −6, and

3 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ f ⎜ − ⎟ = 8⎜ − ⎟ + 4 ⎜ − ⎟ −1 = − 4 4 4 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

5. h(q) = (3 − q )2 = 9 − 6q + q 2 has form

6.

b 5 5 =− =− 2a 2(3) 6

13 ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ f ⎜ − ⎟ = 3⎜ − ⎟ + 5 ⎜ − ⎟ + 1 = − 12 ⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ ⎛ 5 13 ⎞ Vertex: ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎝ 6 12 ⎠

cannot be put in the form

a ≠ 0 ⇒ not quadratic.

b. a = 8 > 0, so the vertex corresponds to the lowest point. 11. y = x 2 + x − 6

a = 1, b = 1, c = −6 a. c = –6. Thus the y-intercept is –6. b.

x 2 + x − 6 = ( x − 2)( x + 3) = 0, so x = 2, −3.

x-intercepts: 2, −3 c.

b 1 =− 2a 2 2

1 25 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ f ⎜− ⎟ = ⎜− ⎟ − −6 = − 2 4 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

25 ⎞ ⎛ 1 Vertex: ⎜ − , − ⎟ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 12. y = f ( x) = 5 − x − 3x 2

a = –3, b = −1, c = 5 a. c = 5. Thus the y-intercept is 5.

90 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

b.

Vertex = (0, 0) y-intercept: c = 0

−b ± b 2 − 4ac x= 2a −(−1) ± (−1)2 − 4(−3)(5) = 2(−3) 1 ± 61 = −6 −1 ± 61 = 6 −1 + 61 −1 − 61 x-intercepts: , 6 6

c.

b −1 1 =− =− 2a 2(−3) 6 2

61 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ f ⎜ − ⎟ = 5 − ⎜ − ⎟ − 3⎜ − ⎟ = 6 6 6 12 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1 61 ⎞ Vertex: ⎜ − , ⎟ ⎝ 6 12 ⎠

x-intercepts: 9 x 2 = 0 , so x = 0. Range: all y ≥ 0 y

x 10

–2

15. y = g ( x) = −2 x 2 − 6 x a = –2, b = –6, c = 0 b −6 6 3 =− =− =− Vertex: − 2a 2(−2) 4 2 2

9 ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ −9 f ⎜ ⎟ = −2 ⎜ ⎟ − 6 ⎜ ⎟ = +9 = 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎛ 3 9⎞ Vertex: ⎜ − , ⎟ ⎝ 2 2⎠ y-intercept: c = 0

13. y = f ( x) = x 2 − 6 x + 5 a = 1, b = –6, c = 5 b −6 Vertex: − =− =3 2a 2 ⋅1

x-intercepts: −2 x 2 − 6 x = −2 x( x + 3) = 0 , so x = 0, –3. 9 Range: all y ≤ 2

f (3) = 32 − 6(3) + 5 = −4 Vertex = (3, –4) y-intercept: c = 5

x-intercepts: x 2 − 6 x + 5 = (x – 1)(x – 5) = 0, so x = 1, 5. Range: all y ≥ –4 y

Section 2.8

y 9 2

–3 –3 2

x

5

x 1

5

(3, –4) 2

14. y = f ( x) = 9 x a = 9, b = 0, c = 0 b 0 =− =0 Vertex: − 2a 2(9) f (0) = 9(0)2 = 0

16. y = f ( x) = x 2 − 4 a = 1, b = 0, c = –4 b 0 Vertex: − =− =0 2a 2 ⋅1 f (0) = 02 − 4 = −4 Vertex = (0, –4) y-intercept: c = –4

x-intercepts: x 2 − 4 = ( x + 2)( x − 2) = 0 , so x = –2, 2. Range: all y ≥ 4

91 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

5

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

y

5

y

1 2

x –2

2

(

–4

5

)

–2

– 3 , – 25 4 8

19. y = f ( x) = −5 + 3 x − 3x 2 a = –3, b = 3, c = –5 b 3 1 =− = Vertex: − 2a 2(−3) 2

17. s = h(t ) = t 2 + 6t + 9 a = 1, b = 6, c = 9 b 6 Vertex: − =− = −3 2a 2 ⋅1

2

h(−3) = (−3) 2 + 6(−3) + 9 = 0 Vertex = (–3, 0) s-intercept: c = 9

t-intercepts: t 2 + 6t + 9 = (t + 3) 2 = 0 , so t = –3. Range: all s ≥ 0 10

x

–2

5

s

17 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ f ⎜ ⎟ = −5 + 3 ⎜ ⎟ − 3 ⎜ ⎟ = − 2 2 2 4 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ 1 17 ⎞ Vertex = ⎜ , − ⎟ 4⎠ ⎝2 y-intercept: c = –5 x-intercepts: Because the parabola opens downward (a < 0) and the vertex is below the x-axis, there is no x-intercept. 17 Range: y ≤ − 4 y

x 5

t –3

3

–5

18. s = h(t ) = 2t 2 + 3t − 2 a = 2, b = 3, c = –2 b 3 3 =− =− Vertex: − 2a 2⋅2 4

20. y = H ( x) = 1 − x − x 2 a = –1, b = –1, c = 1 b −1 1 =− =− Vertex: − 2a 2(−1) 2

2

⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ h ⎜ − ⎟ = 2 ⎜ − ⎟ + 3⎜ − ⎟ − 2 4 4 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 9 9 25 = − −2 = − 8 4 8 25 ⎞ ⎛ 3 Vertex = ⎜ − , − ⎟ 4 8 ⎠ ⎝ s-intercept: c = –2

2

5 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ f ⎜ − ⎟ = 1− ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟ = 2 2 2 4 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

t-intercepts: 2t 2 + 3t − 2 = (2t − 1)(t + 2) = 0 , so t=

1 , –2. 2

Range: all s ≥ −

25 8

1 17 ,− 2 4

⎛ 1 5⎞ Vertex = ⎜ − , ⎟ ⎝ 2 4⎠ y-intercept: c = 1

x-intercepts: Solving 1 − x − x 2 = 0 by the quadratic formula gives

92 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

x=

=

−(−1) ± (−1) 2 − 4(−1)(1) 2(−1)

=

Section 2.8

t-intercept: c = 11 s-intercepts: Because the parabola opens upward (a > 0) and the vertex is above the s-axis, there is no s-intercept. Range: all t ≥ 2

1± 5 −2

−1 ± 5 2

t

5 Range: all y ≤ 4 5

(– 12 , 54 )

16 11

y

–1 + 5 2

(–3, 2)

10

5

–1 – 5 2

23. 21. t = f ( s ) = s 2 − 8s + 14 a = 1, b = –8, c = 14 b −8 =− =4 Vertex: − 2a 2 ⋅1

2

24.

s-intercepts: Solving s 2 − 8s + 14 = 0 by the quadratic formula: −(−8) ± (−8)2 − 4(1)(14) 2(1)

8± 8 8± 2 2 = = 4± 2 2 2 Range: all t ≥ –2

2

25.

14

4–

2

4+ (4, –2)

26.

f (−3) = (−3)2 + 6(−3) + 11 = 2 Vertex: (–3, 2)

f ( x) = 4 x − 50 − 0.1x 2 Since a = –0.1 < 0, the parabola opens downward and f(x) has a maximum value that b 4 =− = 20 . The occurs when x = − 2a 2(−0.1) maximum value is f (20) = 4(20) − 50 − 0.1(20)2 = −10 .

2 s

22. t = f ( s ) = s 2 + 6s + 11 a = 1, b = 6, c = 11 b 6 =− = −3 Vertex: − 2a 2 ⋅1

f ( x) = −7 x 2 − 2 x + 6 Since a = –7 < 0, the parabola opens downward and f(x) has a maximum value that occurs when b −2 1 =− =− x=− 2a 2(−7) 7 The maximum value is

43 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ f ⎜ − ⎟ = −7 ⎜ − ⎟ − 2 ⎜ − ⎟ + 6 = . 7 ⎝ 7⎠ ⎝ 7⎠ ⎝ 7⎠

=

t

f ( x) = 49 x 2 − 10 x + 17 Since a = 49 > 0, the parabola opens upward and f(x) has a minimum value that occurs when b −10 5 =− = . The minimum value is x=− 2a 2 ⋅ 49 49

808 ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ f ⎜ ⎟ = 49 ⎜ ⎟ − 10 ⎜ ⎟ + 17 = . 49 ⎝ 49 ⎠ ⎝ 49 ⎠ ⎝ 49 ⎠

f (4) = 42 − 8(4) + 14 = −2 Vertex = (4, –2) t-intercept: c = 14

s=

s

x

f ( x) = x( x + 3) − 12 = x 2 + 3 x − 12 Because a = 1 > 0, the parabola opens upward and f(x) has a minimum value that occurs when b 3 3 =− = − . The minimum value is x=− 2a 2 ⋅1 2 2

57 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ f ⎜ − ⎟ = ⎜ − ⎟ + 3 ⎜ − ⎟ − 12 = − 2 2 2 4 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 93 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

27.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x + 4

r = 100q − 10q 2 This is a quadratic function with a = –10, b = 100, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the graph of the function is a parabola that opens downward, and r is maximum at the vertex (q, r). b 100 =− =5 q=− 2a 2(−10)

a = 1, b = −2, c = 4 b −2 =− =1 v=− 2a 2(1) The restricted function is g ( x) = x 2 − 2 x + 4, x ≥ 1. From the quadratic formula applied to x 2 − 2 x + 4 − y = 0, we get x=

r = 100(5) − 10(5) 2 = 250 Thus, the maximum revenue that the manufacturer can receive is \$250, which occurs at a production level of 5 units.

2 ± 4 − 4(1)(4 − y ) = 1 ± 1 − (4 − y ) 2(1)

So the inverse of g(x) is g −1 ( x) = 1 + x − 3, x ≥ 3. 8

y g(x)

30. If we express the revenue r as a function of the quantity produced q, we obtain r = pq r = (0.85 − 0.00045q)q r = 0.85q − 0.00045q 2

g –1(x)

This is a quadratic function with a = −0.00045, b = 0.85, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the graph of the function is a parabola that opens downward, and r is a maximum at the vertex (q, r). b 0.85 8500 =− = ≈ 944 q=− 2a 2(−0.00045) 9

x 8

28.

f ( x) = − x 2 + 4 x − 3

r = 0.85(944) − 0.00045(944) 2 = 401.39 Thus, the maximum revenue that the manufacturer can receive is \$401.39, which occurs at a production level of 944 units.

a = −1, b = 4, c = −3 b 4 =− =2 v=− 2a 2(−1) The restricted function is g ( x) = − x 2 + 4 x − 3, x ≥ 2. From the quadratic formula applied to − x 2 + 4 x − 3 − y = 0, we get −4 ± 16 − 4(−1)(−3 − y ) 2(−1) = 2 ± (−1) 4 + (−3 − y )

31. If we express the revenue r as a function of the quantity produced q, we obtain r = pq r = (2400 – 6q)q r = 2400q − 6q 2 This is a quadratic function with a = –6, b = 2400, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the graph of the function is a parabola that opens downward, and r is maximum at the vertex (q, r). b 2400 =− = 200 q=− 2a 2(−6)

x=

So the inverse of g(x) is g −1 ( x) = 2 + 1 − x , x ≤ 1. 5

y

g –1(x)

r = 2400(200) − 6(200)2 = 240, 000 Thus, the maximum revenue that the manufacturer can receive is \$240,000, which occurs at a production level of 200 units.

x 5

g(x)

32.

29. If we express the revenue r as a function of the quantity produced q, we obtain r = pq r = (100 − 10q)q

10 40 10 n(12 − n) = n − n 2 , where 9 3 9 10 0 ≤ n ≤ 12. Since a = − < 0 , f(n) has a 9 maximum value that occurs at the vertex. f ( n) =

94 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 2.8

40

Thus, the vertex is (0, 0).

b 3 =− =6 2a 2 − 10 9

y

( )

18

The maximum value of f(n) is 40 10 f (6) = (6) − (6) 2 = 80 − 40 = 40 , which 3 9 corresponds to 40,000 households. x 10

33. In the quadratic function P ( x ) = − x 2 + 18 x + 144, a = –1, b = 18, and c = 144. Since a < 0, the graph of the function is a parabola that opens downward. The x-coordinate of the vertex b 18 =− = 9 . The y-coordinate of the is − 2a 2(−1)

( )

vertex is P (9) = − 92 + 18(9) + 144 = 225 . Thus, the vertex is (9, 225). Since c = 144, the y-intercept is (0, 144). To find the x-intercepts, let y = P(x) = 0. 0 = − x 2 + 18 x + 144

(

0 = − x 2 − 18 x − 144

)

0 = –(x – 24)(x + 6) Thus, the x-intercepts are (24, 0) and (–6, 0). P(x) 400

35.

1 2 P + 2 P + 20 , where 0 ≤ P ≤ 100. 50 1 < 0 , f(P) has a maximum Because a = − 50 value that occurs at the vertex. 2 b − =− = 50 . The maximum value of 2a 2 − 1 f ( P) = −

(

50

)

f(P) is f (50) =

−1 (50)2 + 2(50) + 20 = 70 grams. 50

36. s = −4.9t 2 + 62.3t + 1.8 Since a = –4.9 < 0, s has a maximum value that occurs at the vertex where b 62.3 62.3 89 t=− =− = = ≈ 6.36 sec. 2a 2(−4.9) 9.8 14

When t =

89 , then 14 2

–20

30

⎛ 89 ⎞ ⎛ 89 ⎞ s = −4.9 ⎜ ⎟ + 62.3 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.8 ⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ 14 ⎠ = 199.825 meters.

x

37. h(t ) = −5· t 2 + 25· t + 9

34. If k = 3, then y = kx

2

y = 3x2 This is a quadratic equation with a = 3, b = 0 and c = 0. Since a > 0, the graph of the function is a parabola that opens upward. The x-coordinate of b 0 =− =0. the vertex is − 2a 2(3) The y-coordinate is y = 3(0)2 = 0

Since a = −5 < 0, h(t) has a maximum that −b occurs at the vertex where t = , 2a 25 t=− = 2.5 and h(2.5) = 40.25 meters. 2(−5) 38. h(t ) = −5 t 2 + 5 t + 1.75

Since a = −5 < 0, h(t) has a maximum that −b , occurs at the vertex where t = 2a 5 t=− = 0.5 and h(0.5) = 3 meters. 2(−5)

95 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

39. h(t ) = −5 t 2 + 27 t + 6

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Chapter 2 Review Problems

Since a = −5 < 0, h(t) has a maximum that −b occurs at the vertex where t = , 2a 27 t=− = 3 and h(3) = 42 meters. 2(−5) The vertex is (3, 42), y-intercept is (0, 6) and t-intercepts are given by −5 t 2 + 27 t + 6 = 0. So t-intercepts are ⎛ 27 + 849 ⎞ ⎛ 27 − 849 ⎞ , 0 ⎟ and ⎜ , 0⎟. ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 10 10 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ h(t) 50

1. Denominator is 0 when x2 − 6 x + 5 = 0 ( x − 1)( x − 5) = 0 x = 1, 5 Domain: all real numbers except 1 and 5.

2. all real numbers 3. all real numbers 4. all real numbers 5. s – 5 ≥ 0 s≥5 Domain: all real numbers s such that s ≥ 5.

40

6.

30

f (0) = 2(0)2 − 3(0) + 5 = 5

20

f (−2) = 2(−2) 2 − 3(−2) + 5 = 8 + 6 + 5 = 19 f (5) = 2(5) 2 − 3(5) + 5 = 50 − 15 + 5 = 40

10 t –1

f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 3x + 5

1

2

3

4

5

f (π) = 2π2 − 3π + 5

6

7. h(x) = 7; all function values are 7. Answer: 7, 7, 7, 7

–10

40. A = x(11 − x) = 11x − x 2 , so A is a quadratic function of x where a = –1 < 0. A has maximum value at the vertex where b 11 11 x=− =− = . 2a 2(−1) 2

8. G ( x) = 4 x − 3 G (3) = 4 3 − 3 = 4 0 = 0 G (19) = 4 19 − 3 = 4 16 = 2 G (t + 1) = 4 (t + 1) − 3 = 4 t − 2 4

41. The area is given by 2

A = x(150 − 2 x) = 150 x − 2 x Since a = –2 < 0, A has a maximum when b 150 x=− =− = 37.5, and the side opposite 2a 2(−2) to the highway 150 – 2(37.5) = 75. Thus the dimensions are 37.5 meters and 75 meters.

42. Let x, y be two numbers whose sum is 78. Thus x + y = 78 and y = 78 − x. Their product is then p( x) = x(78 − x) = 78 x − x 2 . Since a = −1 < 0, p(x) has a maximum value that occurs at the b 78 =− = 39 and vertex where x = − 2a 2(−1)

G ( x3 ) = x3 − 3

x–3 x+4 –1 – 3 4 F (–1) = =– –1 + 4 3 0−3 3 F (0) = =− 0+4 4 5–3 2 F (5) = = 5+ 4 9 ( x + 3) – 3 x F ( x + 3) = = ( x + 3) + 4 x + 7

9. F ( x) =

y = 78 − x = 78 − 39 = 39. Thus, two numbers whose sum is 78 and whose product is a maximum are 39 and 39. 96 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

10. H (t ) =

Chapter 2 Review

(t − 2)3 5

b.

f ( x + h) – f ( x ) = h

3

(−1 − 2) 27 =− 5 5 3 (0 − 2) 8 H (0) = =− 5 5 H (−1) =

⎛1⎞ H⎜ ⎟= ⎝ 3⎠

=

( 13 − 2 ) = ( − 53 ) 3

3

5

5

11.

7 x +1

h

7( x +1)–7( x + h +1) ( x + h +1)( x +1)

h −7 h = ( x + h + 1)( x + 1)h −7 = ( x + h + 1)( x + 1)

25 ⎛ 125 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ = ⎜− ⎟⎜ ⎟ = − 27 ⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠

( x 2 − 2)3 H ( x2 ) = 5

7 x + h +1

15. f(x) = 3x – 1, g(x) = 2x + 3 a.

1 3 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ f ⎜ − ⎟ = −⎜ − ⎟ +1 = +1 = 2 2 2 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = (3x – 1) + (2x + 3) = 5x + 2

b. (f + g)(4) = 5(4) + 2 = 22

2

f (0) = 0 + 1 = 1 2

1 5 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ f ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ +1 = +1 = 4 4 ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ f (5) = 53 − 99 = 125 − 99 = 26

c.

(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x) = (3x – 1) – (2x + 3) =x–4

d.

( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = (3 x –1)(2 x + 3) = 6 x2 + 7 x – 3

3

f (6) = 6 − 99 = 216 − 99 = 117

12. a. b.

13. a.

e.

( fg )(1) = 6(1)2 + 7(1) – 3 = 10

f ( x + h) – f ( x) (3 − 7 x − 7 h) − (3 − 7 x) = h h –7h = = –7 h

f.

f f ( x) 3 x –1 ( x) = = g g ( x) 2 x + 3

g.

( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (2 x + 3) = 3(2 x + 3) –1 = 6 x + 8

f ( x + h) = 11( x + h) 2 + 4

h.

( f o g )(5) = 6(5) + 8 = 38

i.

( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g (3x –1) = 2(3 x –1) + 3 = 6 x + 1

f(x + h) = 3 – 7(x + h) = 3 – 7x – 7h

2

2

= 11x + 22 xh + 11h + 4

b.

f ( x + h) – f ( x ) h = =

14. a.

2

2

2

(11x + 22 xh + 11h + 4) – (11x + 4) h 2

22 xh + 11h = 22 x + 11h h

f ( x + h) =

7 7 = ( x + h) + 1 x + h + 1

16.

f ( x) =

1 x2

, g(x) = x + 1

( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x + 1) = ⎛ 1 ( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ⎜ ⎝ x2

97 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

1 ( x + 1)2

⎞ 1 1 + x2 = + 1 = ⎟ x2 ⎠ x2

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

17. f(x) =

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

x + 2, g ( x) = x3

y-axis:

y = 3(–x) – 7 y = –3x – 7, which is not the original equation. origin: –y = 3(–x) – 7 y = 3x + 7, which is not the original equation. line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 3a − 7 and 1 a = (b + 7) ≠ 3b − 7 for all b, so 3 (b, a) is not on the graph. ⎛7 ⎞ Answer: (0, –7), ⎜ , 0 ⎟ ; no symmetry of the ⎝3 ⎠ given types

( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x3 ) = x3 + 2 ( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g

(

) (

x+2 =

x+2

)

3

= ( x + 2)3 / 2

18. f(x) = 2, g(x) = 3 ( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (3) = 2 ( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g (2) = 3 19. y = 4 + x 2

Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 4 + x 2 , which is never true. If x = 0, then y = 4. Testing for symmetry gives: x-axis:

10

y

– y = 4 + x2

7 3

y = –4 − x 2 , which is not the original equation.

y-axis:

y = 4 + (– x) 2 y = 4 + x 2 , which is the original equation.

origin:

x 10

− y = 4 + (− x)

21. G (u ) = u + 4

If G(u) = 0, then 0 = u + 4 . 0 = u + 4, u = –4

2

y = −4 − x 2 , which is not the original equation.

If u = 0, then G(u) = 4 = 2 . Intercepts: (0, 2), (–4, 0) Domain: all real numbers u such that u ≥ –4 Range: all real numbers ≥ 0

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 4 + a 2 and a = ± b − 4 ≠ 4 + b 2 for all b, so (b, a) is not on the graph. Answer: (0, 4); symmetry about y-axis.

10

G(u)

y u 10

4 x 10

22.

f ( x) = x + 1

If f(x) = 0, then 0 = x + 1.

20. y = 3x – 7 7 Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 3x – 7, or x = . 3 If x = 0, then y = –7. Testing for symmetry gives: x-axis: –y = 3x – 7 y = –3x + 7, which is not the original equation.

x = –1 , which has no solution. If x = 0, then f(x) = 1. Intercept: (0, 1) Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers ≥ 1

98 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

10

f(x)

Chapter 2 Review

28.

8

–2

x 10

2

–8

–0.67; 0.34, 1.73 23. v = φ (u ) = −u

29.

If φ(u) = 0, then 0 = −u , u = 0. If u = 0, φ(u) = 0. Intercept: (0, 0) Domain: all reals ≤ 0 Range: all reals ≥ 0

90

6

–3 –30

–1.38, 4.68

φ(u) 6

30.

5

2

–2

u 2

–6

–5

24. Domain: all real numbers. Range: all real numbers ≤ 2 5

–1.50, –0.88, –0.11, 1.09, 1.40

y

31.

x

20

8

–8

5 –20

a.

25. For 2006, t = 5. Hence S = 150,000 + 3000(5) = \$165,000. S is a function of t. 26. From the vertical-line test, the graphs that represent functions of x are (a) and (c). 27. a.

729

(–∞,∞)

b. (1.92, 0), (0, 7) 20

32.

8

–8

b. 359.43 –20

99 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

a.

y − 7 = 3(3 − 2) y−7 = 3 y = 10 Thus (3, 11) does not lie on the line.

−9.03

b. all real numbers ≥ −9.03 c.

−5, ±2.

33. Solving

k −5 = 4 gives k – 5 = 4, k = 9. 3− 2

34. The equation

number k ≠ 5.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

4−4 = 0 is true for any real 5−k

35. (−2, 3) and (0, −1) lie on the line, so −1 − 3 m= = −2. Slope-intercept form: 0 − (−2)

y = mx + b ⇒ y = –2x − 1. A general form: 2x + y + 1 = 0.

In Problems 41–45, m1 = slope of first line, and m2 = slope of second line. 1 1⎞ ⎛ 41. x + 4y + 2 = 0 ⎜ or y = − x − ⎟ has slope 4 2⎠ ⎝ 1 m1 = − and 8x – 2y – 2 = 0 (or y = 4x – 1) has 4 1 , the lines are slope m2 = 4 . Since m1 = − m2 perpendicular to each other.

42. y – 2 = 2(x – 1) (or y = 2x) has slope m1 = 2 , and 1 3⎞ ⎛ 2x + 4y – 3 = 0 ⎜ or y = − x + ⎟ has slope 2 4⎠ ⎝ 1 1 , the lines are m2 = − . Since m1 = − 2 m2 perpendicular.

36. y − 3 = 3( x − 8) y − 3 = 3x − 24 y = 3x − 21, which is slope-intercept form. y = 3x − 21 − y = −3 x + 21 3x − y − 21 = 0, which is a general form. 37. Slope of a vertical line is undefined, so slopeintercept form does not exist. An equation of the vertical line is x = 3. General form: x – 3 = 0. 38. Slope of a horizontal line is 0. Thus y – 4 = 0[x – (–2)] y – 4 = 0, so slope-intercept form is y = 4. A general form is y – 4 = 0.

5 ⎛ ⎞ 39. The line 2y + 5x = 2 ⎜ or y = − x + 1⎟ has slope 2 ⎝ ⎠ 2 5 − , so the line perpendicular to it has slope . 5 2 Since the y-intercept is −3, the equation is 2 y = x − 3. A general form is 2x − 5y − 15 = 0. 5 13 − 7 6 40. The line has slope = = 3, so an equation 4−2 2 of the line is y – 7 = 3(x – 2). If x = 3, then

1 11 ⎞ ⎛ 43. x – 3 = 2(y + 4) ⎜ or y = x − ⎟ has slope 2 2⎠ ⎝ 1 m1 = , and y = 4x + 2 has slope m2 = 4 . Since 2 1 m1 ≠ m2 and m1 ≠ − , the lines are neither m2 parallel nor perpendicular to each other. 2 4⎞ ⎛ 44. 2x + 7y − 4 = 0 ⎜ or y = − x + ⎟ has slope 7 7⎠ ⎝ 2 m1 = − , and 6x + 21y = 90 7 2 2 30 ⎞ ⎛ ⎜ or y = − x + ⎟ has slope m2 = − . Since 7 7 7 ⎝ ⎠ m1 = m2 , the lines are parallel.

45. y = 7x has slope m1 = 7, and y = 7 has slope 1 , the m2 lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular. m2 = 0 . Since m1 ≠ m2 and m1 ≠ −

100 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis 49. 3x − 5 y = 0 −5 y = −3 x 3 y= x 5 3 m= 5

46. 3x – 2y = 4 –2y = –3x + 4 3 y = x−2 2 3 m= 2 5

Chapter 2 Review

y

y 5

x 4 3

–2

5

47. x = –3y + 4 3y = –x + 4 1 4 y =− x+ 3 3 1 m=− 3 5

x

5

50. y = f(x) = 17 − 5x has the linear form f(x) = ax + b, where a = −5 and b = 17. Slope = −5; y-intercept (0, 17). y 25

x

y 5 4 3

x 4

51. s = g (t ) = 5 − 3t + t 2 has the quadratic form g (t ) = at 2 + bt + c, where a = 1, b = –3, c = 5.

Vertex: −

48. 4 – 3y = 0 –3y = –4 4 y= 3 m=0 5

b −3 3 =− = 2a 2(1) 2 2

y

4 3

x

11 ⎛3⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛3⎞ g ⎜ ⎟ = 5 − 3⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 2 2 2 4 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ 3 11 ⎞ ⇒ Vertex = ⎜ , ⎟ ⎝2 4 ⎠ s-intercept: c = 5 t-intercepts: Because the parabola opens upward (a > 0) and the vertex is above the t-axis, there is no t-intercept.

5

s

8

t 6

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Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

52. y = f ( x) = 9 − x 2 has the quadratic form

20

h

f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c , where a = –1, b = 0 and c = 9. b 0 =− =0 Vertex: − 2a 2(−1) f (0) = 9 − 02 = 9

t 10

⇒ Vertex = (0, 9) y-intercept: c = 9

x-intercepts: 9 − x 2 = (3 − x)(3 + x) = 0 , so x = 3, –3. 10

55. y = k(t) = −3 − 3t has the linear form k(t) = at + b, where a = −3, b = −3. Slope = −3, y-intercept (0, −3)

y (0, 9)

5

y

t 5

–3

x

3 5

53. y = f(x) = 3x – 7 has the linear form f(x) = ax + b, where a = 3, b = –7. Slope = 3; y-intercept (0, –7) 2

56. p = g(t) = −7t has the linear form g(t) = at + b, where a = −7 and b = 0. Slope = −7; p-intercept (0, 0) p

y

10 x 5

t 5

–7

54. y = h(t ) = 3 + 2t + t 2 has the quadratic form

(

)

57. y = F ( x) = − x 2 + 2 x + 3 = − x 2 − 2 x − 3 has

h(t ) = at 2 + bt + c, where a = 1, b = 2, and c = 3. b 2 =− = −1 Vertex: − 2a 2(1)

the quadratic form F ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, where a = –1, b = –2, and c = –3 b −2 =− = −1 Vertex: − 2a 2(−1)

h(−1) = 3 + 2(−1) + (−1) 2 = 2

F (−1) = − ⎡(−1)2 + 2(−1) + 3⎤ = −2 ⎣ ⎦ ⇒ Vertex = (–1, –2) y-intercept: c = –3 x-intercepts: Because the parabola opens downward (a < 0) and the vertex is below the x-axis, there is no x-intercept.

⇒ Vertex = (−1, 2) y-intercept: c = 3

Since 3 + 2t + t 2 > 0 for all t, there are no t-intercepts.

102 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

y

Multiplying equation (1) by 0.93 gives

2 x –1

Chapter 2 Review

⎧⎪ 0.93p1 + 0.93p2 = 6.51 ⎨ 0.93p1 + 0.93p2 = 5.25 ⎩⎪

5 –2 –3

58. y = f ( x) = 5 x + 2 has the linear form f(x) = ax + b, where a = 5, b = 2. Slope = 5; y-intercept (0, 2)

and subtracting the equations results in 0 = 1.26, which is clearly false. This indicates that the system does not have a solution, i.e. the scenario is not possible. 62. a.

y 10

x

R = aL + b. If L = 0, then R = 1310. Thus we have 1310 = 0 · L + b, or b = 1310. So R = aL + 1310. Since R = 1460 when L = 2, 1460 = a(2) + 1310 150 = 2a a = 75 Thus R = 75L + 1310.

10

b. If L = 1, then R = 75(1) + 1310 = 1385 milliseconds. −4 4 59. Slope is ⇒ f ( x) = ax + b = − x + b . Since 3 3 f(1) = 5, 4 5 = − (1) + b 3 19 b= 3 4 19 . Thus f ( x) = − x + 3 3 5−8 −3 = = −1 . Thus 2 − (−1) 3 f(x) = ax + b = –x + b. Since f(2) = 5, 5 = –2 + b b=7 Thus f(x) = –x + 7.

60. The slope of f is

61. Let p1 and p2 be the prices (in dollars) of the two items before the discount. The sum of the prices is p1 + p2, which is equal to 7. After the 7% discount, the prices become 0.93p1 and 0.93p2, so their sum is 0.93p1 + 0.93p2, which is supposed to equal 5.25.

Therefore, we have the system

⎧⎪ p1 + p2 = 7 (1) ⎨ ⎪⎩ 0.93p1 + 0.93p2 = 5.25 (2)

c.

Since R = 75L + 1310, the slope is 75. The slope gives the change in R for each 1-unit increase in L. Thus the time necessary to travel from one level to the next level is 75 milliseconds.

63. yTR = 16q ; yTC = 8q + 10, 000 . Letting yTR = yTC gives 16q = 8q + 10,000 8q = 10,000 q = 1250 If q = 1250, then yTR = 16(1250) = 20, 000. Thus the break-even point is (1250, 20,000) or 1250 units, \$20,000. 64. C = aF + b. The points (32, 0) and (212, 100) lie on the graph of the function. Thus its slope is 100 − 0 100 5 5 = = , so C = F + b. Since 212 − 32 180 9 9 5 C = 0 when F = 32, 0 = (32) + b , so 9 160 5 160 . Thus C = F − or b=− 9 9 9 5 C = ( F − 32) . When 9 5 5 F = 50, then C = (50 − 32) = (18) = 10 . 9 9

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Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

65. Equating L-values gives 0.0042 0.0378 0.0183 − = 0.0005 + p p 0.042 0.0178 = p 0.0178 p = 0.042 p ≈ 2.36 The equilibrium pollution level is about 2.36 tons per square kilometer.

7. The cost for buying n tickets is ⎧ 9.5n 0 ≤ n < 12 c ( n) = ⎨ 12 ≤ n ⎩8.75n 8. a.

f(0) = 0, f(2) = 1, f(3) = 3, f(4) = 2

b. Domain: all x such that 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 c.

Range: all y such that 0 ≤ y ≤ 3

d. f(x) = 0 for x = 0. So a real zero is 0.

Chapter Test

9. Domain: all real numbers Range: all real numbers ≥ 0

1. For 4 x + 3 to be real, 4x + 3 ≥ 0 4x ≥ –3 3 x≥− 4

Answer: all real numbers ≥ −

10 9

g(x)

3 4

2. We exclude all values of x for which

x

2

3x − 5 x − 2 = 0 (3 x + 1)( x − 2) = 0

3

1 x=− ,2 3

Answer: all real numbers except 2 and −

1 3

3. G ( x) = 2 − x 2

10. For x to be real, x must be nonnegative. For the denominator x – 1 to be different from 0, x cannot be 1. Both conditions are satisfied by all nonnegative numbers except 1. Domain: all nonnegative real numbers except 1. 11. h(u ) =

G (–8) = 2 − (−8)2 = 2 − 64 = −62 h(5) =

G (u ) = 2 − u 2 G (u 2 ) = 2 − (u 2 )2 = 2 − u 4

h(–4) =

4. Weekly excess of income over expenses is 7200 − 4900 = 2300. After t weeks the excess accumulates to 2300t. Thus the value of V of the business at the end of t weeks is given by V = f(t) = 50,000 + 2300t. 5. a.

3

b. 7 6. F (3) = 32 − 3(3) + 1 = 1

F(−3) = 2(−3) − 5 = −11 F(2) is not defined.

5

h( x ) =

u+4 u 5+ 4 9 3 = = 5 5 5 –4 + 4 0 = =0 –4 –4 x+4 x

h(u – 4) =

(u – 4) + 4 u–4

=

u u–4

12. f(4) = 4 + 16 = 20 f(−2) = −3 f(0) = −3 f(1) is not defined. 13. a.

f ( x + h) = 3( x + h) 2 + ( x + h) − 2

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

b.

14.

f ( x + h) − f ( x ) h 3( x + h) 2 + ( x + h) − 2 − (3 x 2 + x − 2) = h 3x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 + x + h − 2 − 3 x 2 − x + 2 = h 6 xh + 3h 2 + h = h = 6 x + 3h + 1 2

f ( x) = − x , g(x) = 3x − 2

Chapter 2 Test

15.

( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = − x + 3 x − 2

b.

( f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x)

x−2 1 , g ( x) = 3 x

( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = ( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) =

16. y = g (t ) =

If t = 0, then y =

= − x 2 − (3 x − 2)

( f − g )(−3) = −(−3) 2 − 3(−3) + 2 = 2

d.

( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)

−2 3

1 x−2 3

=

=

1− 2 x 3 x 3 x−2

2 , which has no solution. t –4 2 1 = . 4 2

⎛ 1⎞ Intercept: ⎜ 0, ⎟ ⎝ 2⎠ Domain: all real numbers t such that t ≠ 4 Range: all real numbers > 0

= − x2 − 3x + 2

c.

1 x

2 t –4

If y = 0, then 0 =

2

a.

f ( x) =

10

2

g(t)

= (− x )(3x − 2) = −3 x3 + 2 x 2 t 10

2

e.

f f ( x) −x ( x) = = g g ( x) 3x − 2

f.

f −(2) 2 (2) = = −1 g 3(2) − 2

g.

17.

( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (3 x − 2) = −(3x − 2)

20

= −9 x 2 + 12 x − 4

h.

–20

( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x))

(–∞,∞)

= g (− x 2 )

= 3(− x 2 ) − 2 = −3 x 2 − 2

i.

8

–8

2

( g o f )(−4) = −3(−4) 2 − 2 = −48 − 2 = −50

18. Slope of y = 3x – 4 is m = 3, so slope of parallel line is also m = 3. Thus y – (–1) = 3[x – (–1)] y + 1 = 3x + 3, Slope-intercept form: y = 3x + 2. General form: 3x – y + 2 = 0.

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Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

5 7⎞ 5 ⎛ 19. –3y + 5x = 7 ⎜ or y = x − ⎟ has slope . 3 3 3 ⎝ ⎠

Thus the line perpendicular to it has slope −

3 5

3 and its equation is y − 2 = − ( x − 1) , or 5 3 13 y = − x + . A general form is 3x + 5y – 13 = 5 5 0.

23. Let t be the number of years since Mehdi bought his car. Assuming linear depreciation, the slope 32000 − 53000 = −7000. We also know that is 3 at t = 0, the function value is 53000, which is the y-intercept of the line. So a linear function for the value of the car is f (t ) = −7000t + 53000

24. a.

20. y = 5x + 2 has slope 5, and 10x − 2y = 3 3⎞ ⎛ ⎜ or y = 5 x − ⎟ has slope 5. Since the two 2⎠ ⎝ slopes are equal the lines are parallel.

At the break-even point, Total Revenue = Total Cost: R( x) = C ( x) 700 x = 250 x + 2000 450 x = 2000

quadratic form F ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c , where a = 4, b = –4, c = 1. b −4 1 =− = Vertex: − 2a 2⋅4 2

So the break-even point occurs at around 4444 policies. b.

2

⎛1⎞ ⎡ ⎛1⎞ ⎤ F ⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ = 0 ⎝2⎠ ⎣ ⎝2⎠ ⎦

40,000

30,000 R(x)

⎛1 ⎞ ⇒ Vertex = ⎜ , 0 ⎟ ⎝2 ⎠ y-intercept: c = 1

C(x)

20,000

10,000

1 x-intercepts: (2 x − 1)2 = 0 , so x = 2

0 0

y

c. 25. a. 1

50

100 150 # of Policies

200

250

R(6) = 4200 and C(6) = 3500. Let x be the dollar amount of sales made each month. Total salary = base salary + commission.

x 1 2

40 ≈ 4.444 9

x=

21. y = F ( x) = (2 x − 1) 2 = 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1 has the

5

22. r = pq = (200 − 2q )q = 200q − 2q 2 , which is a quadratic function with a = –2, b = 200, c = 0. Since a < 0, r has a maximum value when b 200 q=− =− = 50 units. If q = 50, then 2a −4 r = [200 – 2(50)](50) = \$5000.

For Option 1, 5% commission is earned only on sales over \$3000, and there will be no commission if the amount of sales made in a month is \$3000 or less. The total amount of commission earned is therefore given by the piecewise-defined function

⎧⎪ if x ≤ 3000 ⎨0 ⎪⎩0.05( x − 3000) if x > 3000

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Explore & Extend⎯Chapter 2

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Subtract (1) from (2) to get

So the salary function is

S1 ( x ) = ⎧ ⎪500 ⎨

if x ≤ 3000

⎪⎩500 + 0.05( x − 3000) if x > 3000 =⎧ ⎪500 if x ≤ 3000 ⎨ ⎪⎩350 + 0.05 x if x > 3000

For Option 2, 3% commission is earned on all sales, so the total amount of commission earned is 0.03x, and we have the salary function

q 2 + 65q = 2850 q 2 + 65q − 2850 = 0 ( q − 30)(q + 95) = 0 q = 30 or − 95

Since q is a quantity of goods, it must be nonnegative. So q = 30 is the equilibrium quantity, and the corresponding value of p is p = 65 × 30 = 1950, which means that the equilibrium price is \$1950. 27. If x is the number of unsold seats, then there are 100 − x passengers booked on the flight. Each passenger paid a fare of \$(1200 + 100x), so the total revenue is

S2 ( x ) = 400 + 0.03 x

b. Option 1: To make \$4000,

R ( x) = (100 − x)(1200 + 100 x)

350 + 0.05 x = 4000 0.05 x = 3650

= −100 x 2 + 8800 x + 120000

x = 73000

28. Total Profit = Total Revenue − Total Cost

So Ahmad must make \$73,000 worth of sales.

P ( x) = R ( x) − C ( x) = (110 x − x 2 ) − (300 + 6 x)

Option 2: To make \$4000,

= − x 2 + 104 x − 300

400 + 0.03x = 4000

This is a quadratic function whose graph is a parabola that opens downward. The maximum occurs at its vertex, for which

0.03x = 3600 x = 120000 So Ahmad must make \$120,000 worth of sales. c.

For x ≤ 3000, the value of S2(x) is at most 300 + 0.03 × 3000 = 490, which is less than S1(x) = 500. For x > 3000, the graph of S1(x) rises faster (i.e. has a greater slope) than the graph of S2(x). Hence the graph of S1(x) always lies above the graph of S2(x), so Ahmad will be better off with Option 1.

(supply) ⎧ p = 65q 26. Rewrite ⎨ 2 ⎩ p = −q + 2850 (demand) ⎧ p − 65q = 0 as ⎨ 2 ⎩ p + q = 2850

(1) (2)

x=−

104 b =− = 52 2a −2

The maximum value is P(52) = 2404. Explore & Extend⎯Chapter 2 1. P1 (1351) = 40 + 0.43 × (1351 − 25) = 610.18 P* (1351) = 250

so the person would lose 610.18 − 250 = 360.18 riyals by using plan P1. 2. From the graph, P2 and P3 intersect at the point where P2 = 65 + 0.41(t − 100) and P3 = 110. This occurs when

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Chapter 2: Functions, Graphs, and Lines

110 + 0.37(t − 250) = 190 0.37t = 190 + 92.5 − 110 = 172.5 172.5 t= ≈ 466.22 0.37

65 + 0.41(t − 100) = 110 0.41t = 110 + 41 − 65 = 86 t=

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

86 ≈ 209.76 0.41

Thus, plan P2 is better for t between 83.14 and 209.76 minutes.

Thus, plan P3 is better for t between 209.76 and 466.22 minutes.

3. P3 and P4 intersect at the point where P3 = 110 + 0.37(t − 250) and P4 = 190. This occurs when

108 © Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 3 Apply It 3.1 1. The shapes of the graphs are the same. The value of A scales the value of any point by A. 2. Let P be the amount of money invested and r the rate at which the investment grows. Then after one year, the investment has increased by Pr and the total amount of money invested becomes P + Pr = P(1 + r ) . Here r = 8.6% = 0.086, so the factor by which P increases in the first year is 1 + r = 0.086. During the second year, the investment increases from P(1 + r) to P(1 + r) + rP(1 + r) = P(1 + r)(1 + r) = P(1 + r)2, and the multiplicative factor is (1 + r)2 = (1 + 0.086)2 = (1.086)2 = 1.1794. Continuing in this way, we find that the factor of increase in the third year is (1.086)3 = 1.2808, and the factor of increase in the fourth year is (1.086)4 = 1.3910. This pattern is shown in the table below: Year

Multiplicative Increase

Expression as a Power

0

1

1.0860

1

1.086

1.0861

2

1.1794

1.0862

3

1.2808

1.0863

1.3910

4

4

1.086

The growth of the investment is exponential with base 1 + r = 1 + 0.086 = 1.086. The graph of the multiplicative increase as a function of the number of years is as follows: y

V (1 − r ) − r[V (1 − r )] = V (1 − r ) 2 . Again, since r = 0.15, the multiplicative decrease for the

second year is (1 − r )2 = (1 − 0.15)2 = 0.72 . This pattern will continue as shown in the table. Year

Multiplicative Decrease

Expression

0

1

0.850

1

0.85

0.851

2

0.72

0.852

3

0.61

0.853

Thus, the depreciation is exponential with a base of 1 – r = 1 – 0.15 = 0.85. If we graph the multiplicative decrease as a function of years, we obtain the following. y 2 1

1 2 3 4 5

x years

4. Let t = the time for which Jihan's sister has been saving; then since Jihan is 3 years behind, t – 3 = the time for which Jihan has been saving. Therefore, if y = 1.08t represents the multiplicative increase in Jihan’s sister’s account

2.0

y = 1.08t −3 represents the multiplicative increase in Jihan’s account. A graph showing the projected increase in Jihan’s money will have the same shape as the graph of the projected increase in his sister’s account, but will be shifted 3 units to the right.

1.5

1.0

x

0.5 0

V – rV = V(1 – r). Since r = 0.15, the factor by which V decreases for the first year is 1 – r = 1 – 0.15 = 0.85. Similarly, after the second year the value of the car is

1

2

3

4 5 years

6

7

8

9

From the graph, the investment will double (i.e. the multiplicative increase reaches 2) in approximately 8.5 years. 3. If V = the value of the car and r = the annual rate at which V depreciates, then after 1 year the value of the car is

5. S = P(1 + r ) n S = 2000(1 + 0.13)5 = 2000(1.13)5 ≈ 3684.87 The value of the investment after 5 years will be \$3684.87. The interest earned over the first 5 years is 3684.87 – 2000 = \$1684.87.

109 © Pearson Education Limited 2012
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