Array reduction method XOR

On calling xor() method, logical xor (^) will be performed on all the array elements and returned.
Let's consider an example of an array with 2, 3 and 4 elements.

Before looking into examples, see to the Truth table for OR.

 A B Y = A ^ B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

1. Array with 2 elements.
Consider A=2 and B=3.
Y = A ^ B;
 Binary Decimal A 0010 2 B 0011 3 Y = A ^ B 0001 1

Consider A=2 and B=1.
Y = A ^ B;
 Binary Decimal A 0010 2 B 0001 1 Y = A ^ B 0011 3

2. Array with 3 elements.
Consider A=10, B=9, and C=8.

OR operation of 3 elements performed in 2 steps, In the first step A ^ B will be performed. In the second step result of the first step ^ C will be done. Considering X as the first step result.

X = A ^ B;
Y = X ^ C;
 Binary Decimal A 1010 10 B 1001 9 X = A ^ B 0011 3 C 1000 8 Y = X ^ C 1011 11

2. Array with 4 elements.
Consider A=3, B=5, C=7, and D=9.

Consider X and Y as intermediate results.
X = A ^ B;
Y = X ^ C;
Z = Y ^ D;
 Binary Decimal A 0011 3 B 0101 5 X = A ^ B 0110 6 C 0111 7 Y = X ^ C 0001 1 D 1001 9 Z = Y ^ D 1000 8

Complete code with above examples.

```module fixedsize_array;

//declaration of array’s
int array_1[2];
int array_2[2];
int array_3[3];
int array_4[4];

int l_xor;

initial begin
//array initialization
array_1  = '{2,3};
array_2  = '{2,1};
array_3  = '{10,9,8};
array_4  = '{3,5,7,9};

l_xor = array_1.xor();
\$display("Logical XOR of array_1 is \t%0d",l_xor);

l_xor = array_2.xor();
\$display("Logical XOR of array_2 is \t%0d",l_xor);

l_xor = array_3.xor();
\$display("Logical XOR of array_3 is \t%0d",l_xor);

l_xor = array_4.xor();
\$display("Logical XOR of array_4 is \t%0d",l_xor);
end

endmodule
```

Simulator Output

Logical XOR of array_1 is 1
Logical XOR of array_2 is 3
Logical XOR of array_3 is 11
Logical XOR of array_4 is 8

Execute the above code on

Array reduction methods SUM, PRODUCT using 'with' clause

Condition or expression specified within the with clause will be applied to all the array elements during array reduction methods.

```array_1  = '{1,2,3,4};
array_1.sum with (item * 2);
```

the item indicates the array element.
each array element will be multiplied by 2 and then the sum method will be performed.

Intermediate array elements after multiplication with 2 is  '{2,4,6,12};
sum method will be performed on new array elements. sum = 2+4+6+12;

Below is an example of sum and product methods using with clause.

```module fixedsize_array;

//declaration of array’s
int array_1[4];

int t_sum,t_product;

initial begin
//array initialization
array_1  = '{1,2,3,4};

t_sum = array_1.sum with (item * 2);
//t_sum = (1*2)+(2*2)+(3*2)+(4*2) = 2+4+6+8
\$display("Sum of array_1 is \t%0d",t_sum);

t_product = array_1.product with (item + 2);
//t_product = (1+2)*(2+2)*(3+2)*(4+2) = 3*4*5*6
\$display("product of array_1 is \t%0d",t_product);
end

endmodule
```

Simulator Output

Sum of array_1 is 20
product of array_1 is 360

Execute the above code on

Array reduction methods AND, OR and XOR using 'with' clause

The operation of these methods is the same as the above example.

```module fixedsize_array;

//declaration of array’s
int array_1[2];
int array_2[2];
int array_3[2];

int b_and,b_or,l_xor;

initial begin
//array initialization
array_1  = '{2,3};
array_2  = '{2,1};
array_3  = '{1,3};

b_and = array_1.and with (item * 2);
\$display("Bit-wise AND of array_1 is \t%0d",b_and);

b_or = array_2.or with (item + 3);
\$display("Bit-wise OR of array_2 is \t%0d",b_or);

l_xor = array_3.xor with (item * 3);
\$display("Logical XOR of array_3 is \t%0d",l_xor);
end

endmodule
```

Simulator Output

Bit-wise AND of array_1 is 4
Bit-wise OR of array_2 is 5
Logical XOR of array_3 is 10

Execute the above code on

Array reduction methods on Dynamic and Associative arrays

Examples seen before are on fixed size array, below example is on a dynamic and associative array.

```module dyn_asoc_array;

//declaration of array’s
int dyn_array[];
int asoc_array[*];

int t_sum,t_product;

initial begin
dyn_array = new[4];

//array initialization
dyn_array  = '{1,2,3,4};

asoc_array[3] = 8;
asoc_array[5] = 2;
asoc_array[7] = 6;
asoc_array[9] = 1;

t_sum = dyn_array.sum(); //t_sum = 1+2+3+4
\$display("Sum of dyn_array is \t\t%0d",t_sum);

t_product = dyn_array.product(); //t_product = 1*2*3*4
\$display("product of dyn_array is \t%0d",t_product);

t_sum = asoc_array.sum(); //t_sum = 8+2+6+1
\$display("Sum of asoc_array is \t\t%0d",t_sum);

t_product = asoc_array.product(); //t_product = 8*2*6*1
\$display("product of asoc_array is \t%0d",t_product);

end

endmodule
```

Simulator Output

Sum of dyn_array is 10
product of dyn_array is 24
Sum of asoc_array is 17
product of asoc_array is 96

Execute the above code on
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