Commercial pigmented grapefruit in the Northwest region of Argentina have been seriously affected by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and a great number of trees have died. The population structure of 12 grapefruit isolates was assessed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the p20 gene. SSCP patterns showed that most isolates contained only one predominant sequence variant. Global genetic diversity values were similar to those found for CTV isolates from other world citrus growing regions. However, the within-isolate genetic diversity, quantified by the parameter heterozygosity, showed values higher than those found for CTV isolates from other citrus production areas. The existence of several haplotypes in the same isolate may be due to continuous aphid inoculations with isolates having divergent haplotypes. In Argentina, the main aphid CTV vector, Toxoptera citricida , is endemic . The high heterozygosity of Argentinian isolates makes probable the presence of sequence variants that cause severe symptoms, which could predominate under certain conditions. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships, using p20 gene sequences from GenBank, showed an unrooted tree in which most Argentinian isolates grouped with isolates VT and SY568. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates differing in symptom expression in various citrus species and aphid transmissibility (2, 7) have been described worldwide. As with other RNA viruses, CTV-infected tissues contain a population of sequence variants, often referred to as quasispecies (1, 4, 5, 6, 21). The quasispecies nature implies a high adaptative potential, allowing the rapid selection of biologically different sequence variants with the highest fitness in new environments (14). In addition, the presence of divergent sequence variants has also been detected in some CTV isolates, indicating the possibility of population shift to a distinct predominant sequence (20). Therefore, studies of genetic structure and diversity would be important to understand the evolutionary mechanisms which generate and/or maintain variation in virus populations, which affect their evolution (14) and which may be highly relevant to the development of strategies for control of virus-induced diseases (6). Since 1990, cultivars of pigmented grapefruits in the northwest region of Argentina have been seriously affected by stem-pitting and decline symptoms and a great number of trees have died. In 2000, these symptoms were also detected in grapefruit trees from an orchard near Concordia (northeast region). Biological evaluation of nineteen isolates from pigmented grapefruits showed the development of stempitting symptoms in Duncan grapefruit seedlings under greenhouse conditions. In this work, we have studied the structure and genetic diversity of the p20 gene region from natural CTV isolates from the two main citrus growing areas of Argentina. The p20 gene was selected based on its size, utility for SSCP analysis, and on the existence of previous data about the variability of this gene in other world citrus-growing areas 144 Sixteenth IOCV Conference, 2005—Citrus Tristeza Virus (10, 21). By SSCP analysis of the p20 gene, we have estimated the within-isolate genetic variation. Analysis of haplotype nucleotide sequences was used to estimate the genetic diversity of isolates and to infer the phylogenetic relationships among them. MATERIAL AND METHODS CTV isolates. Twelve CTV isolates were collected from naturally infected grapefruit plants and analyzed by biological and molecular characterization. Eleven isolates were from the northwest (Jujuy) citrus-growing region of Argentina and one was from the northeast region (Concordia, Entre Ríos) (Table 1). Biological characterization of isolates was done as previously described (7, 8). Samples were multiplied by graft-inoculation on Duncan grapefruit seedlings. CTV isolates analyzed in this work belong to the collection kept at the Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concordia-INTA. cDNA synthesis and PCR amplification of the p20 gene. Infected bark of young shoots from field grapefruit trees was frozen in liquid nitrogen and pulverized in a mortar. Nucleic acids enriched in dsRNAs were extracted with phenol-SDS buffer. The dsRNAs were then purified by column chromatography on non-ionic cellulose (CF-11, Whatman), in the presence of 16.5% ethanol as previously described (15). First-strand cDNA was synthesized using 100 ng of dsRNA as template. The dsRNA was heat denatured in the presence of 100 ng of p20reverse primer (21). RNA was reverse-transcribed by incubation at 42°C for 120 min in a reaction mix (10 μl) containing 1 × Avian myeloblastosis virus RT (AMV) buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 0.5 mM spermidine, and 10 mM DTT), 200 μM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, 7.2 U of RNAsin (Promega) and 5 U of AMV reverse transcriptase (AMV-RT) (Promega). An aliquot (1 μl) of the cDNA product was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a 10 μl reaction mix containing 1 × Taq buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 9; 50 mM KCl and 0.1% Triton X-100), 200 μM each of the four dNTPs, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 0.5 μM of p20-forward and p20-reverse primers (21) and 0.2 U of Taq DNA polymerase TABLE 1 GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN AND PATHOGENICITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FIELD GRAPEFRUIT CTV ISOLATES Isolate Scion Origin Symptoms induced in different citrus hosts Biogroup Mexican Lime (VC, SP) Duncan Grapefruit (SP) Sour Orange (SY) Sweet Orange (SP) C315-1 Flame Jujuy + + + — 4 C315-4 Star Ruby Jujuy ++ ++ ++ — 4 C315-5 Ruben Pink Jujuy ++ + ++ — 4 C315-7 Henninger Ruby Jujuy ++ ++ ++ — 4 C315-8 Oran Red Jujuy ++ ++ ++ — 4 C315-11 Burgundy Jujuy + + + — 4 C315-12 Ray Ruby Jujuy ++ ++ ++ — 4 C315-13 Star Ruby Jujuy ++ ++ ++ — 4 C315-14 Henninger Ruby Jujuy + + + — 4 C315-15 Henderson Jujuy + + + — 4 C315-16 Rio Red Jujuy ++ + ++ — 4 C320-3 Star Ruby Entre Ríos + + + — 4 VC: vein clearing; D: decline; SY: seedling yellow; SP: stem pitting. Sixteenth IOCV Conference, 2005—Citrus Tristeza Virus 145 (Promega). PCR conditions used were: 94°C for 1 min; 35 cycles each of 94°C for 12 s, 50°C for 15 s and 72°C for 1 min; and 72°C for 3 min. Cloning of PCR products. RTPCR products were cloned into the p Gem -T easy vector (Promega) using T4 DNA ligase (Promega), according to the manufacturer's instructions, followed by transformation into Escherichia coli DH5 α (Promega). Thirty clones of each isolate were selected by PCR, using the same conditions outlined above. SSCP analysis. One microliter of the PCR product was mixed with 9 μl of denaturing solution (95% v/v deionized formamide, 20 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 0.25% w/v bromophenol blue and 0.25% xylene-cyanol), heated at 100°C for 10 min and chilled on ice. Samples were electrophoresed on a non-denaturing 10% polyacrylamide minigel (10 × 8 cm), using 1 × TBE (89 mM Tris-borate, 2 mM EDTA pH 8.0) buffer. Conditions used were 200 V for 3 h 30 min at 20°C. A constant temperature was maintained in the gels during electrophoresis by water circulation and gels were stained with silver nitrate (3). Nucleotide sequence and statistical analysis. cDNA clones representative of the major haplotype of each isolate were sequenced in both directions. Multiple alignments of nucleotide sequences were obtained using Clustal-W software (23). Heretozygosity was estimated according to Nei's equation 8.5 (16), using the number and frequency of SSCP haplotypes. Genetic diversity and nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions were determined with MEGA 2.1 (12) and the Pamilo-Bianchi-Li method (18, 13) for nucleotide substitutions. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred by maximum parsimony using PAUP* version 4.0 b6 (22). Visualization of trees was done with TreeView 1.6.1 program (17). Nucleotide sequence accession numbers. The nucleotide sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database under accession numbers AY962336 to AY962347. Nucleotide sequences of other CTV isolates obtained from GenBank were: AF260651 (T30), AF001623 (SY568), Y18420 (T385), AY170468 (T36) and U56902 (VT). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Detection of haplotypes and estimation of isolates population structure. The CTV p20 gene was reverse transcribed and amplified by PCR with specific primers using 100 ng of dsRNA per reaction as template to minimize the possibility of nucleotide misincorporation in the early PCR cycles (11). SSCP analysis was employed to assess the within-isolate haplotype population and profiles from thirty clones of each isolate showed that most isolates contained only one predominant sequence variant. Figure 1 shows the SSCP pattern corresponding to 15 clones of the C315-1 isolate. For several isolates the data Fig. 1. Gel showing results of SSCP analysis of the p20 gene from isolate C315-1. Lane T shows the band pattern of the RT-PCR products from the parent source, whereas the other lanes show the band patterns of PCR products of individual cDNA clones for the same isolate. 146 Sixteenth IOCV Conference, 2005—Citrus Tristeza Virus indicate a typical quasispecies structure but this is not a general rule (4, 5, 6). The SSCP patterns of the C315-8 and C315-14 isolates showed two haplotypes in high frequency. Clones of the two different sequence variants present in each isolate were sequenced, and nucleotide sequence differences of 2.7% and 8% were found for the variants present in isolates C315-8 and C315-14, respectively. Genetic diversity of each isolate was calculated from the haplotype frequencies by using the heterozygosity parameter (h) (Fig. 2) (16). Nine isolates (C315-1, C315-4, C315-5, C315-8, C315-12, C315-14, C315-15, C315-16 and C320-3) of the twelve (75%) showed h values higher than 0.5 and a mean heterozygosity value (H) of 0.74, indicating that these isolates are highly heterogeneous. The exceptions were isolates C315-7, C315-11 and C315-13, which showed h values lower than 0.5 and an H value of 0.4. These results showed that these isolate


This paper proposes a Compressive Signal Processing Receiver based on Modulated Wideband Converter (MWC) sensing architecture and power spectrum estimation method in compressive domain for interference detection and filtering. The proposed receiver uses the signal processing method capable of reconstructing the unknown power spectrum of a signal from the MWC output samples in compressive domain. Interference detection achieved with respect to ITU or service provider defined PFD limits for operating frequency band on per Hz basis for a given receive system. Interference filtering by a novel method of compressive domain filtering which exploits the conjugate symmetry of DFT matrix for modifying the sensing matrix to achieve the sub-band filtering in compressive domain for interference removal is proposed. Proposed receiver is suitable for next generation of wideband satellite transponders. Matlab simulation to verify the proposed algorithm and results are presented.


We derive an explicit formula of the feedback capacity for a continuous-time OU-colored AWGN channel. Among many others, this result shows that at least in some cases, the continuous-time Schalkwijk-Kailath coding scheme achieves the feedback capacity for such a channel, and feedback may not increase the capacity of a continuous-time ACGN channel even if the noise process is colored.


The invention discloses a method for manufacturing a high thermal shock ultra-temperature zirconium dioxide product at low temperature. The manufacturing method is to use electric-melting high-purity zirconium dioxide fine powder with granularity less than 47mum (using one of Y2O3, (CaO+Y2O3), (CaO+MgO) and (MgO+Y2O3) as a stabilizing agent) as a substrate, Y2O3 fine powder with granularity less than 5mum as an additive, one of ZrO2 collosol and ZrOCl solution or combination of one of lignosulphonate and phenolic resin with the ZrOCl solution as a bonding agent to fire the product after milling, forming and drying at a temperature ranging from 1,630 to 1,700 DEG C. Heavy and light high purity zirconium dioxide products which are manufactured by the method have high thermal shock stability, high compressive strength, good high temperature stability, strong impermeability and erosion resistance, good thermal insulation effect and the like, and can be used in a high temperature environment over 2,200 DEG C for long time; and the manufacturing method has the advantages of simple manufacturing process, easy industrial popularization and application and the like.


Based on the grey adjudication analysis Of the spring corn's agricultural qualities of the comparison seeds, it is found that the decisive factors to decide the spring corn yield among the ten main agricultural qualities under the condition of the mid and high density have the following order: the thick of the spike, the number of the spike, the rate of the seeds production, the weight of a thousand seeds, the length of the blunt, the number of the seeds, the length of the spike, the position of the spike, the height of the plant and the birth period. It is very important for those who are in the process of the high yield breeding.


China has established nation-wide medical security system as a result of years of efforts. But the current medical security system still suffers from such problems as fragmented administration and ineffective government regulations.In accordance with international experiences and local reform practices,we need to design a proper system and mechanism and develop nation-wide unitary medical security administrative system under the Ministry of Health and its local bureaus,splitting the routine work of running medical institutions from macro government regulations of health system,coordinate the administration of health and medical security,and explore the super-ministry system for regulating health care by putting functions such as health and medical security together and strengthening coordination among different departments and regions.


Elegant implementation of modulo adders are presented. A design suitable for small moduli is given first, and then, by using the divide and conquer approach, a design for large moduli is derived. The designs are such that modulo subtraction can also be performed on the same hardware. The designs are suitable for high-speed digital parallel processing. The propagation delay of a modulo-64 adder realized using this design is 12 ns.<<ETX>>


In the field of multicriteria decision aid, considerable attention has been paid to supervised classification problems where the purpose is to assign alternatives into predefined ordered classes. In these approaches, often referred to as sorting methods, it is usually assumed that categories are either known a priori or can be identified by the decision maker. On the other hand, when the objective is to identify groups (clusters) of alternatives sharing similar characteristics, the problem is known as a clustering problem, also called an unsupervised learning problem. Recently, some multicriteria clustering procedures have been proposed aiming to discover data structures with totally ordered categories from a multicriteria perspective. Here, we propose an agglomerative clustering method based on a valued outranking relation. We suggest a method for regrouping alternatives into partially ordered classes. The model is based on the quality of partition that reflects the percentage of pairs of alternatives that are compatible with a decision-maker's preferences.


Working memory is now one of the most frequently studied individual differences in various fields of science, including cognitive and developmental psychology, neuroscience, and second language acquisition. It affects cognitive functioning, including all aspects of learning a foreign language, and its deficits severely impair learning outcomes. This article focuses on practical application of this knowledge (see Gregersen & MacIntyre, 2014) in a language classroom. To this end, we first present a definition of a working memory and its components altogether with their relevance for various areas of foreign language learning. This is followed by a review of research on linguistically gifted individuals, polyglots, and savants as well as bilinguals from the perspective of memory aptitude. The last section offers some pedagogical implications, such as aptitude-treatment interaction and working memory training. The article ends with suggestions for further research in this area.


A decision delay can translate into significant financial and business losses. One way to accelerate the decision process is through improved communication among the stakeholders engaged in the project. Capturing, transferring, managing, and reusing data, information, and knowledge in the context it is generated can lead to higher productivity, effective communication, reduced number of requests for clarification and time-to-market cycle. This paper presents TalkingPaper as a ubiquitous collaborative environment that facilitates synchronous and asynchronous communicative events. The TalkingPaper prototype bridges the paper and digital worlds. It transforms the dialogue and the paper & pencil sketches into indexed and synchronized digital audio-sketch content that can be streamed ondemand over the Web to all stakeholders for rapid knowledge transfer and decision-making.


Root canal anatomy is highly complex and unpredictable. Success of endodontic treatment depends on proper identification of all the canals, thorough chemo-mechanical preparation followed by three dimensional obturation with hermetic seal. Failure of any of these steps may occur due to unusual tooth morphology. The risk of missing anatomy during root canal treatment is high because of the complexity of the root canal system. The knowledge of normal anatomy and its frequent variations can greatly enhance the success rate of endodontic practice.


Acoustic leak detection in water distributions systems has been reviewed and validated for decades in various laboratory and field settings. However, the existing systems rely heavily on detailed knowledge of the pipe system, an assumption of ideal conditions, as well as direct access to infrastructure pipelines. This paper presents an experimental investigation that addresses the need of minimally invasive water distribution monitoring in cold climates. Monitoring in cold climates is achieved with a permanent dry barrel hydrant mounted passive sensor system. The sensor system sits within the water column while still being accessible via the hydrant. Lab tests utilize a retrofitted hydrant and pipe system. Experiments show the effectiveness of using fire hydrant mounted sensors in leak detection. Acoustic signals due to simulated leaks are measured, and a one-class support vector machine (OCSVM) classification methodology is applied. Results showed that a simulated leak can be detected with a 97% classification accuracy.


In hypercompetitive embedded system environment, to develop the unique characteristic of machine learning computation for more efficient MAC design for reduced both the area and power. In this paper, Multiply– accumulate (MAC) computations account for a large part of machine learning accelerator operations use in pipelined structure is usually adopted to improve the performance by reducing the number of adder circuits. The proposed a pipelining method that eliminates some of the flip-flops in carry look adder in selectively. Here, introduce the applying the Feed forward-Cutset-Free (FCF) pipelining method in borrow save adder (BSA) to the accumulator by reducing the design, optimized the power dissipation and undesired data transition in (MFCFPA). From the FPGA Xilinx simulation output result shows that, the MAC unit reached between 15% and 25% energy saving and area reduction of 15% over the existing carry look ahead adder (CLA) conformist pipelined MAC units. Keywords-Multiply Accumulate (MAC), Feed forward-Cutset-Free (FCF), Borrow Save Adder (BSA), Carry look ahead adder (CLA) and FPGA.


The present invention relates to a kind of compound ointment for breating apoplexy, which is mainly composed of Chinese angelica, Ligusticum wallchii, unpeeled root of heraceous peony, root of membranous milk vetch, leech, root of red-rooted salvia, notopterygium, licorice root etc. It is beneficial to the supply of the nutrition and oxygen to the cells of cardiacmuscle and brain. Through clinical observation, it can cure the cerebrocardiac thrombosis and infarction. It is obviously effective for the cerebrovascular disease both at acute stage, recovery stage and sequel stage.


Traditionally, stress tests for credit risk is based on regressive models relating macroeconomic variables with levels of loss. However, in extreme scenarios, the historical relationship between macroeconomic variables and the loss is not expected. As a proposal for a better modeling of extreme values, the technique of quantile regression was tested, including an instrumental variables estimator. The tests, for both individuals and legal entities financial system portfolio, showed that both the proposed and the traditional techniques reached consistent sensitivities, having the same explanatory variables and signs consistent with expectations. In addition, was observed that the quantiles models, especially the 50% quantile model, generate macroeconomic sensitivities slightly larger and heavier tails than traditional models. The 90% quantile models reached values close to the traditional models.


AbstractThis article describes the implementation of a teaching teleapprenticeship model that involves undergraduate education majors and public school students in a series of instructional interactions that provide opportunities for reciprocal mentoring roles. This model led to the emergence of a distributed learning community composed of a college biology instructor, his undergraduate students, and teachers and students in the public schools, Grades 4–8. Undergraduate students enrolled in the introductory biology course who indicated an interest in a teaching career were invited to participate in a Teaching Teleapprenticeship Project in which they would serve as content resources to public school students as part of the instructor's vision of an electronic classroom. In this article, surveys, interviews, and observations of the participants are summarized to describe how the electronic classroom evolved over a three year period from 1992–1994. Misconceptions can come into play in any instructional situa...


Abstract Background: Aromatase deficiency (AD) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by loss of function mutation in CYP19A1 leading to normal androgen but low estrogen levels. As a result men with this condition have increased linear bone growth, osteoporosis, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and require estradiol treatment to stop growth. Non-classical CAH (NCCAH) displays variable and possibly asymptomatic androgen excess. We present a case of adolescent with genetically confirmed both of these conditions, a combination that has not been previously described, whose clinical picture is different than previously describe AD patients, as he experienced short stature and slow growth velocity. Clinical case: A 15-year-old Hispanic male presented to the Pediatric Endocrinology clinic for evaluation after his older identical twin sisters were found to have AD. His height was at the 13th percentile while his mid-parental height was at 50th percentile. A bone age performed at chronological age 15 years 2 months was consistent with 14 years, and final height prediction based on bone age was at mid-parental height. He went through puberty at age 13. His LH and FSH were both in the normal range [LH 0.8 mIU/mL (0.29-4.77 mIU/mL), FSH 3.11 mIU/mL (0.85-8.74 mIU/mL)] but estradiol was low at <2 pg/mL (</= 31 pg/mL) as expected in AD. Interestingly, an elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) of 911 ng/dL (16-283 ng/dL) was noted. Since this is not typically seen in AD he underwent an ACTH stimulation test with 250 mcg of Cosyntropin. His repeat baseline 17OHP was 794 ng/dL and stimulated 17-OHP rose to 3431 ng/dL, consistent with NCCAH. Repeat estradiol was undetectable at <2 pg/mL (</= 31 pg/mL), as was estrone at <10 pg/mL (</= 64 pg/mL). Total testosterone mildly elevated at 1182 ng/dL (120-1000 ng/dL). Genetic testing confirmed both AD and NCCAH. Gene testing of CYP19A1 revealed a heterozygous whole gene deletion in CYP19A1, classified as pathogenic and autosomal dominant in heritance, as well as a hemizygous p.Tyr81Cys substitution in CYP19A1, also pathogenic and autosomal dominant—both of which are consistent with aromatase deficiency. He was also homozygous for a variant in the CYP21A2 gene (pVal282Leu substitution) that is associated with mild NCCAH. He did not have any symptoms of NCCAH, such as advanced bone age or early pubertal development. Conclusion: A combined picture of aromatase deficiency and NCCAH in male adolescent has not been described previously. Our patient's phenotype does not conform to the typical clinical picture of excessive growth of long bones, as he is expected to only meet his midparental height. The cause of poor growth in this adolescent remains to be determined.


The existence of non-myelinated fibers in the peripheral nerves was pointed out by Sherrington (1894), and in 1911 Ranson demonstrated their presence in the spinal nerves, using the pyridine-silver method of staining. He showed ( '15) that they were chiefly confined to the cutaneous nerves, but some were also to be found in the motor divisions. The contribution of unmyelinated fibers through the ventral spinal root is small (Ranson, '12). I n a recent publication in collaboration with Miss Davenport ('31)' Ranson has shown that these non-myelinated fibers in the spinal nerves are not all sympathetic in nature. I n six cats they removed the right abdominal sympathetic chain from the diaphragm to the pelvis. These animals were allowed to live f o r periods ranging from 39 to 84 days to allow f o r complete degeneration of all of the sympathetic fibers entering the spinal nerves through the gray rami. The saphenous nerve was particularly selected as being purely cutaneous, and adjacent portions of the nerve were stained by osmic acid and the pyridine silver technique, respectively. The sections on the right side, from which all sympathetic fibers had been removed, were seen to contain a very large number of unmyelinated fibers, stained darkly by the pyridine-silver technique, but not showing in the corresponding adjacent section stained by osmic acid. Ranson and Davenport ( '31) conclude that these fibers arise from small unipolar cells in the spinal ganglia, which Ranson


A mass-balance trophic model for Zuari, a monsoon-influenced tropical Indian estuary, was constructed to understand trophic organization, to measure the ecosystem indicators and to assess the state of the ecosystem maturity and stability. Twenty-two functional groups were identified in the model starting from primary producers (trophic level = 1) to top predators (trophic level = 4.7). The estuarine food web is controlled by bottom-up control based on primary producers and detritus. Phytoplankton, zooplankton, clupeids & anchovies and heterotrophic benthos were observed as keystone species in the food web. A higher total system throughput (23333.9 t km year), and lower dimensions for recycling capacity (Finn's cycling index: 2.78 %), system omnivory index (0.25), and relative ascendency (39.9 %) were observed. Based on the ecosystem indices, Zuari estuary is relatively small, and developing ecosystem, which is resilient to the external disturbances on the system. This trophic model is the first Ecopath model for tropical monsoonal estuaries and fourth model for the estuaries along the Indian coast. The Zuari estuary model showed resemblance to the sub-tropical and tropical estuarine Ecopath models and differed from estuaries of India and temperate estuaries. This Ecopath model would be also useful for simulating the variations in trophic flows and biomass for functional groups under the impact of fishing and anthropogenic activities on the ecosystem.


TANNAITIC LITERATURE RECORDS two exchanges between Rabban Gamliel and a philosopher: m'Avodah Zarah 3.4 and Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Ba-h. odesh 6.1 Scholarship has tended to construe these as encounters between ''the sages,'' on one side of the debate, and ''philosophy'' on the other, or, more broadly, between ''Judaism'' and ''paganism.'' The thesis of this article is that neither exchange supports this interpretation. A reading that attends to the specifically philosophical nature of the exchange—as the texts suggest in characterizing Rabban Gamliel's


Many new time-frequency (1-f) distributions with desirable properties may be designed with relative ease by approaching the problem in t,errns of the ambiguity plane ueprescntatioii of the kernel. Careful atteiition to kernel design principles yicltls kcrnels which result in high resolution tbf dislributions with a considerable reduction of the sometimes troublesome interference ferms ohserved when using other distributions such as the well known Wigncr Distribnlion (WD), which otherwise has many desirable properties. The resiilting high rcsoliit,ion distribut,ion with reduced interference is called t,he Reduced Interference Distribution or RID. The RID rctains marly of the desirable properties of tlie W D a,nd is particularly useful for the analysis of certain multi-component signals. One iiiust take care in the application and interpreta.tion of these distributions and time frcquency distributions in gencral. The spectrogram represents an attempt to apply the Fourier t,ransfwm for a short-time analysis window, within which it is hopcd t,hat the signal behaves reasonably according to the requirements of stationarity. By moving the analysis window aloiig the signal, onc hopes to track and capture the variations of the signal spectrum as a function of time. The s p d r o g r a m has many useful properties including a well deve!oped gcneral theory [l]. The spectrogram often presents serious difficulties when uscd to analyze rapidly varying sign&, howcver [ IG] . If the analysis window is made short cnoL1gh to ca.pture rapid changes ir , the signal it becomes iinposhslble l o resolve frequency components of the signal which are c!ose in freqiiency during the analysis window dura ti on. The Wigrier distribution (WD) has bccn employed as an alkrnativc to overcome this shortcoming. The WD has many important arid iritcresting propcrties i4, 5, 61, It providcs a high resolution reprcsentation in time and in frequency for a norist.ationary signai such as a chirp. In addition, !,lie \VD has the important property of satisfying the time and frequency inarginals in k r m s of the instantaneous power in time and energy spectrum in frcquency. However, its energy distribution is not nonnegative and it of ten posscsses severe cross terms, or interference terms, be1,weeii compontnts in different t-f regions, potentially leading to confusioii a n d misintcrpret,ation. An excellent discussion on tlie geometry of interferences has been provided by Hlawatscli and Flaridrin [IO, 11, 121. 'This rr-search was supportrd in part by grants from the Raclcliam School of Graduatr Srudies arid tho Office of Naval Research, ONR contracts no. N00014-89-J-I723 and N00014-90J-1654 Both the spectrogram and the WD are members of Cohen's class of distributions 171. Coherl has provided a consistent set of definitions for a desirable set of t-f distribution which has been of great value in guiding and clarifying efforts in this area of research. Cohen's Class of Distributions is defined to be: Cf(t,L+I$) = J J J e j ( -o t ru+oto do, 7 ) 2T f ( ~ + 7 / 2 ) f * ( ~ 7/2)dudTdO (1.1) where d(0, T ) is termed the kernel of the distribution.(?'he range of integrals is from -03 to 03 throughout this paper.) A recent comprehensive review by Cohen[8] providcs an excellent overview of time-frequency distributions and recent results using them. This paper addresses a specific subset of t-f distributions belonging to Cohen's class. These are the time shift and frequency shift invariant t-f distributions. The spectrogram, the WD and the RID all have this property. Different distributions can be obtained by selecting different kernel functions in Cohen's class. Boashash lias compared the performances of several time-frequency distributions in terms of resolution 121. Desirable properties of a distribution and associated kernel requirements have been extensively irrvestigated by Ciaasen and Mccklenbraukei [GI. More recently, Choi and Williams int,roduced a new distribution having an exponential-type kernel [ 3 ] . wliicli thcy called the Exponential Distribution or ED. This new distribution overcomes several drawbacks of the Spectrogram and WD while providing high resolution with suppresset! interferences [3> 17, IS]. This distribution has been called the Choi-Williams distribution by other investigators [ L ) , SI. e Reduced Interference


The copper anode slime produced in one copper smelter domestically was pre-treated with pressure acid leaching method and the leaching behavior of copper,tellurium and selenium in copper anode slime was studied.The results show that this method can attain thorough removal of copper and part removal of tellurium and selenium and the silver is still not leached in leaching process.


A simple method of fabricating shape-tunable Au nanopeanuts from Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles based on both galvanic replacement and reagent reduction is described.


We fix an incorrect statement from our paper [M. Hanke, N. Hyvonen, and S. Reusswig, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 41 (2009), pp. 1948–1966] claiming that two different perfectly conducting inclusions necessarily have different backscatter in impedance tomography. We also present a counterexample to show that this kind of nonuniqueness does indeed occur.


This research investigated  of using pictures series in increasing student's writing skill  to the eleventh grade students of SMA PGRI 2 Palembang. The objective of this study was to identify whether or not by using pictures series can increase the students ' writing skill. This study was conducted in experimental research to 165 students from the eleventh grade students of SMA PGRI 2 Palembang of the academic years of 2016-2017. This study could be concluded that pictures series strategy gave a significant increase for the students' writing skill than the students' writing skill by using conventional strategy to the eleventh grade students of SMA PGRI 2 Palembang. Key words: Pictures stories, Writing skill, Experimental research


Many studies have pointed to the limited direct effectiveness of instructional interventions and one explanation of this has drawn attention to the importance of 'instructional metacognitive knowledge'. In this exploratory study, instructional metacognitive knowledge of university freshmen is addressed by means of a survey covering: (a) instruction in general, (b) instruction in two different environments, and (c) specific delivery systems and concrete instructional interventions. While some differences appeared in the answers on different sets of questions, also large similarities were found. The results show students' knowledge about instruction to be mainly affected by their instructional experiences. The students' view is 'reactive' and places instructional agents at the core of the instructional process. The findings provide additional support for the importance of correspondence between learners' and teachers' views on instructional interventions if forms of support for students' learning are to be effective.


Youla parametrization of stabilizing controllers is a fundamental result of control theory. It provides a theoretical and practical tool that renders LFT loops into model matching framework. Based on the geometric techniques introduced in our previous work we have provided a controller blending rule that defines a controller semigroup structure based only on the knowledge of the plant and a single stabilizing controller and we have introduced a novel, geometry based parametrization. In this paper we investigate the possibility to construct stabilizing fractions of the given stabilizing controller relative to the blending rule. We also extend our geometry based framework to the LFT loops. Our main goal is to show that every controller which stabilizes the interior loop also stabilizes the LFT loop. Contrary to the expectations, this problem is far from being trivial.


The article discovers approaches to definition of semiosis and determines its functions and role at different levels of being. Regarding this definitions author clarifies the role of sign structure in semiosis. A connection of Umwelt and lifeworld is revealed, as well as their significant differences are specified. It is also concluded that semiosis as action of sign has fundamental influence on lifeworld. Semiosis is a threshold between different levels of life, so author analyses the its boundaries. Also author considers the aspects of sign action through prism of sign structure. Thus the special role of interpretant in semiosis is defined. Author placed great emphasis on special role of language in differentiation of antroposemiosis and other kind of semiosis. The pre-verbal signs, which precede human understanding and thinking, are another sphere of investigation. Pre-verbal signs construct species-specific Umwelt which is transformed to lifeworld by virtue of language sign system. Therefore author discovers the heuristic potential of C.Levi-Strauss' "bricolage" concept as mental semiosis. Mental semiosis expands our understanding of semiosis as such. Semiosis as mental phenomenon has close connection with society as level of lif world. Author proposes the view on society as "sociosemiosis" and is concerned about modern semiotic situation of human lifeworld.


The article concentrates on the issues related to accounting of activities of a socially responsible business. The basis for the research is managers' requirements to the data about economic, environmental and social impact of a company on the community, which depend on the level of implementation of the social responsibility principles in its economic activity. It has been found that the conventional accounting allows obtaining information on social responsibility of a company as either a separate event or a separate type of economic activity. It has been defined that the issues of accounting social responsibility facts is con-nected with the problem of their cost measurement and approval of the company economic activity in the process of primary observation. The use of the IFRS criteria for recognizing assets, obligations, revenues and expenditures of a company does not allow recording many events that are important for the parties concerned in accounting documents. In particular, the data about environmental and social aspects of the company activity do not comply with these criteria. It has been proved that further development of methodological approaches to the primary cognition of the facts of company economic activity will allow creating a sufficient database for making decisions, socially responsible management and economic, environmental and social efficiency of a company.


Banana streak virus (BSV) is a significant constraint to banana production in Kenya. The ability to quickly and reliably detect BSV is important for the management of the virus. Hence, detection of the variability of BSV was necessary for the optimization of a suitable diagnostic protocol to be used for routine screening of tissue cultured material. In this study, 215 potentially infected banana plants from nine major banana growing regions in Kenya were tested for BSV using serological and molecular techniques. Virus particles were detected by immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) in seven of the ten tested samples confirming the presence of BSV. Immuno-capture-polymerase chain reaction (IC-PCR) using a degenerate primer was used on extracted viral DNA and on immune-captured viral particles from 80 samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed the presence of BSV in 200 samples and IC-PCR in 38 of the 80 tested samples. A total of 33 sequences were obtained from eight samples by PCR (EMBL accession numbers AM 905900-AM905905) across the conserved reverse transcriptase/RNaseH region of the genome. Pairwise comparison of the sequences suggested that they represented seven different isolates with sequence identity thresholds of 90-100%. Southern blotting and hybridization with a radiolabelled probe of the Lisulya clone, confirmed that both integrated and episomally replicating viral DNA may be present in at least one of the Kenya samples. Therefore, the presence of BSV in Kenya and some diversity within the Kenyan population was confirmed. The diagnostic protocol was optimized for the confirmed isolates.


The study is summarized in preparing an educational curriculum according to the numbered heads strategy in learning the skill of handling from the top in volleyball for students as one of the modern strategies that actively contribute to encouraging active learning among learners and achieve satisfactory educational results for the teacher, both at the level of learners' achievement or on the smoothness of its steps and the reflection of its results on The level of the teacher's performance in the lesson, and the research sample was determined from the fifth stage students at Al-Wathba Model School for Boys in Misan Governorate for the academic year 2021-2022, and they numbered (68) students, and (6 students) were selected for the exploratory sample and (24 students) were chosen. The researchers used the experimental method with two equal groups, and through the results of the research, they concluded that the experimental group outperformed the control group because of the effectiveness of applying the numbered heads strategy in the group's educational units. The researchers recommended the necessity of applying this strategy for this age group of students, as well as applying it to the rest of the skills the basics of volleyball and other games.


Apparent molal valumes and relative viscosities of aqueous solutions of anilinium chloride have been determined at two degree intervals from 20 to in the molar concentration range 0.003 , deviations from the Debye-Hckel limiting law, partial molal expansibilities , viscosity B coefficients calculated from the Jones-Dole equation, and energy of activation for viscous flow. In aqueous solution, anilinium chloride was found to be a weak structure-maker due to its hydrophobic group.


Technetium complexation with organic compounds in tank waste plays a significant role in the redox chemistry of Tc and the partitioning of Tc between the supernatant and sludge components in waste tanks. These processes need to be understood so that strategies to effectively remove Tc from high-level nuclear waste prior to waste immobilization can be developed and so that longterm consequences of Tc remaining in residual waste after sludge removal can be evaluated. Only limited data on the stability of Tc-organic complexes exists, and even less thermodynamic data on which to develop predictive models of Tc chemical behavior is available. To meet these challenges, we present a research program to study Tc-speciation in actual tank waste using state-of-the-art analytical organic chemistry, separations, and speciation techniques. On the basis of such studies, we will acquire thermodynamic data for the identified Tc-organic complexes over a wide range of chemical conditions in order to develop credible models to predict Tc speciation in tank waste and Tc behavior during waste pretreatment processing and in waste tank residuals.


As timber is the main industry within this area, this research will study the impact of Afta on the relocation of firms from the high cost of production in Sarawak to the low cost areas in Kalimantan.


© 2014 M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved. Permissions: www.copyright.com ISSN 1069–6679 (print) / ISSN 1944–7175 (online) DOI: 10.2753/MTP1069-6679220203 Imagine turning on the television and seeing an advertisement for a soft drink. A model eagerly sips the soft drink and looks directly at the camera. The model is you. "This is your favorite drink. Pick up some more of this when you shop for groceries tomorrow," yourself in the advertisement tells your physical self. You know for a fact that you have never starred in an advertisement, but the model has all your distinct features, including your physique and mannerisms. This is your virtual doppelgänger and someone else is controlling it. When an entity that looks exactly like you tries to persuade you, can you say no? The phenomenon of the virtual self persuading the physical self to purchase goods or services has been referred to as self-endorsing (Ahn and Bailenson 2011). Despite limited formal research on the effects of self-endorsing, many manufacturers and service providers have already begun to invest in its potential power to sway individuals. Facebook has been using users' photographs and names unbeknownst to them to promote a variety of goods and services to their networked friends, and LinkedIn's advertisement campaign has used users' photographs and names to promote a job position for a specific company (Huffington Post 2013). More recently, Disney has announced that it will take orders for princess dolls with the consumer's head superimposed on a Disney figurine's body (Huffington Post 2012). As Sheth and Solomon argue, this stretches Belk's (1998) original conceptualization of the extended self to a point where it becomes unclear whether an entity that shares one's physical features can still be considered as the self when it is being controlled by a stranger. Surprisingly, research suggests that even the slightest connection between the physical and the virtual self leads to greater persuasiveness. People preferred the brand more when they saw themselves (compared to an unfamiliar other) in an online advertisement endorsing the brand, and also preferred the brand more when their assigned representation in a virtual world wore a shirt with the brand name on it (compared to the brand worn by a representation assigned to another individual) (Ahn and Bailenson 2011). In fact, another study showed that the mere physical proximity of the self's name and photograph to an online advertisement increases brand preference (Perkins and Forehand 2012). The underlying mechanism that drives this preference is the self-referencing effect (Kuiper and Rogers 1979), which refers to a psychological process wherein if new information is associated with the self at the time of encoding, it is learned faster, remembered longer, and preferred over information that is not associated with the self (Ahn and Bailenson 2011; Martin, Lee, and Yang 2004). The selfconcept is such a well practiced and elaborately organized mental schema that when the new information is processed through this elaborate but familiar schematic structure (triggered by association of the new information with the self), that information then gains a comparable stature in the mind. Following this logic, upon seeing a LinkedIn advertisement displaying the self's photograph, the company name featured in the advertisement would become immediately associated with the self and lead to personal involvement with the message, and ultimately, persuasion (Ahn and Phua 2013). Because much of the footprints that individuals leave in the digital space such as LinkedIn and Facebook are considered public information (North 2012), self-endorsed advertisements may be easily created by anyone with affordable or free software. As Sheth and Solomon also point out, these digital modifications were only accessible to a small number of highly trained specialists in the past, but modern-day technology has rendered these techniques surprisingly accessible. Considering its ease of creation relative to its persuasive strength, self-endorsing offers a simple, practical, and innovative means to break through the clutter of persuasive messages that surround an indiSun Joo (Grace) Ahn (Ph.D., Stanford University), Assistant Professor, University of Georgia, Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, Department of Advertising and Public Relations, Athens, GA, firstname.lastname@example.com. Jeremy Bailenson (Ph.D., Northwestern University), Associate Professor, Stanford University, Department of Communication, Stanford, CA, email@example.com. Self-endorSed AdvertiSementS: When the Self PerSuAdeS the Self


The article presents an overview of academic and scientific literature, published by members of the Pskov branch of the Russian Geographical Society in the period from 2006 to 2011.


Objective:To explore the effective methods of treatment for obstruction of thoracic part with severe dyspnea.Methods:Emergency procedure for 34 cases of obstruction of thoracic part with severe dyspnea(3-4 degree of dyspnea) were analyzed retrospectively.Results:An airway was successfully opened in all the cases and no death was found.Conclution:Tracheotomy and dilatation with pediatric bronchoscopy are the effective and safe method to open the airway for obstruction of thoracic part with severe dyspnea.


Dr Frank Wooldridge looks at some key changes made to the election of employee representatives in German public and private companies and other forms of entities. Article published in Amicus Curiae - Journal of the Society for Advanced Legal Studies. The Journal is produced by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London.


Objective To investigate the antioxidant material basis of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.by comparing the free radical scavenging activities of stilbene glycosides,anthraquinones and polysaccharides.Methods The stilbene glycosides,anthraquinones and polysaccharides were purified by solvent extraction and column chromatographies,and their scavenging capacity of free radicals were compared by DPPH radical scavenging experiments.Results The IC50of the stilbene glycosides,anthraquinones and polysaccharides were 1.42,2.67 and 360 mg/mL(equivalent to crude drug content),respectively.Conclusion Stilbene glycosides and anthraquinones were the main active components on DPPH radical scavenging.While polysaccharide showed weak effect.


All the concepts and principles commonly espoused in plastic surgery are very useful in urologic reconstructive operations too. Hypospadia's repair, neo-bladder reconstruction, microsurgery of the seminal way require as certain rules as an absolute respect for anatomy, sparing of the finest tissue vascularization and tension free sutures. Pedicled skin flaps harvesting and utilisation are techniques typical of plastic surgery but are also largely used in urologic adult and paediatric surgery. They are adopted for urethral, penile and corpora cavernosa reconstruction. Pedicled flaps are utilised for the closure of large skin defect in case of complicated wound or when an urinary fistula is present, especially after radiotherapy. A perfect knowledge of the flap nourishment and of the method of harvesting is crucial if the best results must be obtained. In our work we describe the surgical technique for the utilisation of gracilis muscle and forearm flap. Special care is taken to the anatomical description.


The determination of initial quantum yields for product formation in the direct photolysis of the three interconvertible dienes, 4-methylpenta-1,3-diene and cis- and trans-2-methylpenta-1,3-diene, leads to revision of the mechanism formerly proposed by Crowley and brings more insight into the properties of the excited dienes in solution. Thus it is shown that cis-2-methylpenta-1,3-diene largely assumes an s-cis ground state conformation and that its S1 state makes efficient use of both the [1,5] hydrogen shift and the 1,4-cyclomerization co-ordinates for decaying to the ground state; the two other dienes undergo unambiguously, though with a low quantum yield, an abnormal [1,5] shift of hydrogen which can only originate from a trans configuration and hence supports the doubly twisted (bicyclobutane-like) structure which we have previously assigned to at least one of the possible vibrationally relaxed S1 states of acyclic 1,3-dienes.


Let $p\equiv 1\hspace{0.2em}{\rm mod}\hspace{0.2em}4$ be a prime number. We use a number field variant of Vinogradov's method to prove density results about the following four arithmetic invariants: (i) $16$ -rank of the class group $\text{Cl}(-4p)$ of the imaginary quadratic number field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-4p})$ ; (ii) $8$ -rank of the ordinary class group $\text{Cl}(8p)$ of the real quadratic field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{8p})$ ; (iii) the solvability of the negative Pell equation $x^{2}-2py^{2}=-1$ over the integers; (iv) $2$ -part of the Tate–Šafarevič group $\unicode[STIX]{x0428}(E_{p})$ of the congruent number elliptic curve $E_{p}:y^{2}=x^{3}-p^{2}x$ . Our results are conditional on a standard conjecture about short character sums.


The effect of 29 insecticides at multiple dosages in the field was studied on the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard). This fish is considered one of the most important predators of immature stages of mosquitoes.

At mosquito larvicidal rates, 11 experimental compounds plus naled (formerly known as Dibrom), methyl parathion and ronnel were nontoxic to the fish; the remaining 10 experimental materials plus Guthion® ( O, O -dimethyl S -(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3-(4 H ) ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate), ethyl Guthion® ( O, O -diethyl S -(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4 H )-ylmethy1) phosphorodithioate), diazinon, parathion, and carbophenothion (formerly designated Trithion) manifested varying degrees of toxicity.

Eighteen materials were tested against pollywogs (aquatic larval stages) of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana , western toad Bufo boreas , and Hammond's spade foot toad Scaphiopushammondi. Of the 11 materials tested against the first named species, Bayer 38920 (6,7,8,9,10, 10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-3-methyl-6,9-methano-2A-benzodioxepin) (at 0.5 and 2.0 pounds per acre), carbophenothion (at 0.4 and 1.6 pounds per acre) and GC-3582 ( O, O -diethyl-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate) (at 0.4 and 1.6 pounds per acre) were highly toxic. The remaiming six experimental materials plus naled and ethyl Guthion were nontoxic to this species. The seven materials including parathion, Guthion, methyl parathion, ronnel and there experimental compounds tested against B. boreas and S. hammondi were all nontoxic for 24 hours after application.


The correlation coefficient stationary series is one kind of non-stationary series is familiar in egineering,and its mean and variance can vary with time.The traditional stationary process is just a special case of it.Then,it can describe the time series better.On the basis of correlation coefficient stationary process,this paper gives the definition of multi-dimensional correlation coefficient steady process and introducts the series of multi-dimensional correlation coefficient steady process.New theories and methods are established for multi-dimensional correlation coefficient series and the paper gives its MLE.Wiht making full use of the information contained in data,the mean function,variance matrix function and correlation coefficient matrix function of multi-dimensional correlation coefficient series can be obtained by the present method.On this basis,we can carry out the spectral analysis with high precision.


We present two cases of ocular shotgun injury where pellets entered the cavernous sinus. Both injuries occurred accidently while shooting pheasants. The first patient developed a third nerve palsy, while the second developed a third and a sixth nerve palsy. In each case, CT scanning showed a pellet in the cavernous sinus. Both recovered completely within four months. In both cases, only one pellet had lodged in the orbital area and had entered medial to the globe causing only minor ocular contusions before entering the cavernous sinus. Shooting is well recognised as a dangerous pastime and reports of associated ocular injuries abound in the literature. In both our cases, the entry wound was in the medial canthal area; we postulate that pellets at this location are funnelled along the medial orbital wall, through the superior orbital fissure and into the cavernous sinus. We could find only one other reference describing a pellet in the cavernous sinus.


Although studies on oxidation of triterpenoid ketones with hydrogen peroxide and selenium dioxide have been reported, literature reports on the effect of theoxidizing agent on the oxime derivative of triterpenoid ketones are scanty. Thus in continuation of our previous studies on the transformative reactions on pentacyclic triterpenoids of lupane and friedelin skeleton and in order to examine the nature of the products formed on the oxidation of oxime derivatives of 3-keto-triterpenoids having gem dimethyl group at C4 and a double bond at ring D (between C14-C15), the oxidation of keto-oximes of taraxerone with hydrogen peroxide and selenium dioxidewas taken up and characterisation of the products (A -D) along with the evaluation of their preliminary biological activitywere studied in this work. The oxime derivative of taraxerone (1a) in tertiary butanol was refluxed with selenium dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. The residue obtained after recovery of solvent by distillation was extracted with ether and separated into neutral and acid parts using usual method.


Abstract. The phylogenetic relationships of fifteen Oriental and two Afrotropical taxa of the Myzomyia Series of Anopheles subgenus Cellia and two outgroup species, An. maculatus (Neocellia Series) and An. dirus A (Neomyzomyia Series), were inferred from nucleotide sequences of the entire 685 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II locus (COII) and 372 bp of the third domain (D3) of the 28S rDNA locus, both separately and together. Alignment of the D3 sequences was achieved with the aid of secondary structure comparisons, and the pattern of nucleotide substitution was best explained by the GTR + I + G model for either separate or combined datasets. Maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses robustly identified five monophylies: An. fluviatilis U and T; An. fluviatilis U and T + An. minimus A, C, E and #157 + An. leesoni; An. filipinae + An. mangyanus; An. filipinae + An. mangyanus + An. aconitus; and An. culicifacies A and B. The results confirm the specific status of An. flavirostris, the close relationship of An. leesoni with the Minimus Complex, and the exclusion of An. jeyporiensis, An. culicifacies s.l and An. funestus from the Minimus Group. All of the species classified as members of the Minimus Group on morphological grounds formed a single clade, which comprised two subgroups: the Minimus Subgroup, including An. minimus s.l., An. fluviatilis s.l., An. leesoni and An. flavirostris, and the Aconitus Subgroup, including An. filipinae, An. mangyanus, An. aconitus, An. pampanai and An. varuna. However, these clades are only weakly supported by the present dataset.


Self-assembly at the liquid–solid interface is controlled by concentration of solute in solvent. Trimesic acid (TMA) dissolved in fatty acids shows a polymorphism on HOPG surface tuned by its concentration at the solid–liquid interface via sonication of the solution. According to literature, TMA at long chain length fatty acids (Cn–1H2n–1COOH)–HOPG interface, such as octanoic acid (n = 8) and nonanoic acid (n = 9) can only form low-packing density chicken-wire structure, whereas in short-chain length solutions (ranging from butyric acid (n = 4) to heptanoic acid (n = 7)), high-packing density flower structure is formed. Here we show that by adjusting the molecule concentration by sonication (using an ultrasonic bath), the different polymorphs can be deposited in a controlled manner, and it turns out that the observations previously made(1) are valid only within a small window of low concentrations.


The motivation behind sub-topic or topic specific keyword discovery through Web pages is helping a user, who is insufficient in knowledge and experience about a topic, to find important concepts without much effort. Intuitively, a Web user would start searching the Web via querying search engines, visiting some pages, and spending a lot of time on deciding what is important about the topic and what is not. In this study, we try to mine important sub-topics or key concepts of a given topic automatically, through HTML based Web pages. Starting with a search query, the system gathers top-ranking pages returned from a search engine; and selects informative pages among them. These pages are processed further for extracting important phrases and then applied data mining techniques on these phrases to find candidate sub-topics. Each candidate phrase is given scores based on its relevance with the search query over the Web space. Using the proposed technique, the user should be able to quickly learn sub-topics or key concepts about a topic without going through the ordeal of browsing a large number of non-informative pages returned by the search engine.


We discuss several major related and integrated issues in this two-part series of papers on tardive dyskinesia (TD). In this, the second paper, Part B, the management and mechanisms are emphasized; in Part A the diagnosis and assessment of tardive dyskinesia was discussed. In this Part B series of articles we examine several special important priorities in this condition associated with sometimes permanent involuntary abnormal movements associated with the neuroleptic drugs. We particularly examine the management of this enormously important condition. After the diagnosis and assessment of TD, comes the clinical approach to management and the options and theories behind that approach. There remain no approved medications for the management of tardive dyskinesia. Therefore, all treatments are "out of labeling". The purpose of this paper is to shed light on high dose buspirone treatment, originally described by the author in 1989 [1], and which after more than a quarter century requires re-evaluation as it still appears, in the author's opinion, to be the logical and most appropriate management for TD. A major issue focuses, on the updated experience of more than a quarter century with generally almost completely positive effects of high-dose buspirone (HDB) treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD) and the next issue provides an important, major theoretical demonstration of the mechanism of tardive dyskinesia. The dopamine 2 or 2-3 supersensitivity hypothesis as a cause of TD is strongly supported by HDB. In Part B, the issue of choice of medication for psychosis and related medical conditions becomes pertinent. The choices relate to the newer second generation atypical neuroleptics (SGAs) compared with the older typical, first generation neuroleptics (FGAs). The generally more expensive SGA drugs have become far the most used anti-psychotic agents in wealthy countries such as the United States, because of their efficacy and ostensible safety. Certain maxims are mentioned.


The criterion for efficacy of irradiation disinfestation treatments against tephritid fruit flies has been prevention of adult emergence. Although this technique has worked well for tropical tephritids that do not diapause, it is difficult to apply to diapausing insects that must be brought out of diapause by lengthy and not entirely successful procedures. Therefore, a more reliable method of measuring efficacy of irradiation quarantine treatments against diapausing tephritids is needed. Some Tephritidae are known to diapause as phanerocephalic pupae. Accordingly, that would be the latest stage that could be used to determine efficacy without the complications posed by estimating diapause survival. Prevention of the phanerocephalic pupa at the 99% level was accomplished with an estimated 58 and 24 Gy for the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and the blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, respectively, when irradiated as 3rd instars in fruits. Adult apple maggot emergence was prevented with an estimated 15 Gy, which was 26% of the dose required to prevent pupation to the complete phanerocephalic stage. Prevention of the phanerocephalic pupa can be determined ≈6 d after pupariation at ambient temperatures, making it possible to adjust research parameters during a limited season, such as when working with the blueberry maggot, which is available in the field in blueberries during late July through early September. Although basing efficacy of irradiation quarantine treatments against diapausing tephritids on prevention of pupation will result in substantially higher doses than basing efficacy on prevention of adult emergence, the research can be done more rapidly and with greater confidence, and many temperate fruits, including blueberries and apples, tolerate much higher radiation doses than those required to prevent pupation of tephritids.


This article reports on a study that is part of a larger project, "A Model of Integral Development in the High Mixtec Region of Oaxaca." One objective of that project is to contribute to regional development through applied research and technical assistance programs. Another is to improve the standard of living of the Mixtec people, while preserving and protecting the environment. The present article examines how the development of a marketing program for woven palm fronds can be structured to contribute to both of these objectives. Afler a review of the historical, environmental, and cultural background of the Mixtec region; an examination of the marketing and trading system for palm frond handicrafts; and a brief review of the supply and production system, a strategy is suggested for sustainable development. The strategy seeks to develop technical and entrepreneurial skills that would enable the Mixtec to respond better to market needs, derive greater income from handicraft production and marketing activities, and exert greater control over the marketing of their crafts. It also takes into account the need to assemble a sourcing, production, and distribution system that is environmentally sustainable.


A new hybrid structure of multilevel inverter topology is recommended in this paper. It is designed with the aim of reducing the number of components with more number of levels at the output. Proposed topology uses three dc voltage sources along with 10 power semiconductor devices to achieve 13 levels at the output. A comparative study is given with other similar topologies which proves the lower number of components. In order to achieve good-quality output voltage, selective harmonic elimination technique is used with the elimination of lower order harmonics. Different simulation results have been provided to validate the proposed topology.


Brazil The Weyl-Wigner prescription for quantization on Euclidean phase spaces makes essential use of Fourier duality. The extension of this property to more general phase spaces requires the use of Kac algebras, which provide the necessary background for the implementation of Fourier duality on general locally compact groups. Kac algebras – and the duality they incorporate – are consequently examined as candidates for a general quantization framework extending the usual formalism. Using as a test case the simplest non-trivial phase space, the half-plane, it is shown how the structures present in the complete-plane case must be modified. Traces, for example, must be replaced by their noncommutative generalizations – weights – and the correspondence embodied in the Weyl-Wigner formalism is no more complete. Provided the underlying algebraic structure is suitably adapted to each case, Fourier duality is shown to be indeed a very powerful guide to the quantization of general physical systems.tive Harmonic Analysis.


A CALLISTO system was set up at the Arthur C Clarke Institute and connected to the e-CALLISTO global network which observes the solar radio bursts in 24 hours. CALLISTO is the foremost observation facility to investigate celestial objects in radio region in Sri Lanka. The system consists of the CALLISTO spectrometer and controlling software,logarithmic periodic antenna and pre-amplifier. CALLISTO spectrometer is able to detect solar radio bursts in the frequency range of 45 MHz to 870 MHz with a channel resolution of 62.5 kHz.The log-periodic antenna was designed for 7 dBi gain and achieved the voltage standing wave ratio, less than 1.5 which is acquired by the overall impedance of the antenna, 49.3 ohms. The linear polarized antenna is pointing to zenith and the dipoles directed to north-south direction. The system detects solar radio emissions originated by solar flares and corona mass ejections. The radio bursts occurs as emission stripes in the radio spectra and classify from type I to V mainly on drift rate and band width. The system observed a type III solar radio burst on 5th July 2013 and a type II burst on 25th October 2013 which was originated by X1.7 solar flare. The type II bursts characterize with narrow bandwidth and drift slowly from higher to lower frequencies while the main features of type III bursts are high drift rate and broad bandwidth.


Far-term interstellar missions, like their near-term solar system exploration counterparts, seek to minimize overall mission trip time and transportation system mass. Trip time is especially important in interstellar missions because of the enormous distances between stars and the finite limit of the speed of light (c). In this paper, we investigate the impact of vehicle acceleration and maximum or cruise velocity (V cruise ) on the total mission trip time. We also consider the impact that acceleration has on the transportation system mass (M) and power (P) (e.g., acceleration ~ power/mass and mass ~ power), as well as the impact that the cruise velocity has on the vehicle mass (e.g., the total mission change in velocity (ΔV) ~ V cruise ). For example, a Matter-Antimatter Annihilation Rocket's wet mass (M wet ) with propellant (M p ) will be a function of the dry mass of the vehicle (M dry ) and ΔV through the Rocket Equation. Similarly, a laser-driven LightSail's sail mass and laser power and mass will be a function of acceleration, V cruise , and power-beaming distance (because of the need to focus the laser beam over interstellar distances).


Davis, K. B. Knight, M. J. Pellin, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, Chicago Center for Cosmochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, Physical and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA.


Compound 5a,10b-dihydrobenzofuro[2,3-b]benzofuran-2,9-dicarbaldehyde (II) was prepared by two-step reactions from p-cresol and glyoxal. The bis(cyanoacetate) monomers (III) were prepared in a high yield by reacting ethyl cyanoacetate with the appropriate diol in the presence of tetra-n-butyl titanate. The polymers from II and III were synthesized by Knoevenagel polycondensation that was first carried out in anhydrous THF and followed by a solid-state polycondensation, and main-chain polymers with good glass transition temperatures in high yield were obtained. The polymerization of II and III afforded polymers IV, which exhibited good solubility in most organic solvents. The structure of all the monomers and polymers were characterized by conventional spectroscopic methods. The synthesized polymers contain acceptor groups (cyanide and carbonyl) and a donor group (benzodihydrofuran) in their main chain. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 505–511, 2001


ABSTRACT Probiotics do not naturally have a high stability and shelf life because they are living microorganisms. In an effort to maximise their survival, we have developed new dual coating LAB, trademarked as Duolac. This study aims to compare the probiotic effects of dual coated LAB and uncoated LAB, through in vivo and in vitro testing. Groups of SD rats were orally administered saline (as a control group), Duolac or uncoated LAB meal of 1x109 CFU per day for four weeks. We collected fecal samples to investigate the inhibition of harmful enzyme activity. At the end of the observation period, samples of organs were collected to determine hematological parameters and histological analysis in vivo. In order to assay the impact of Duolac on immunological function, we assessed tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production in the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line in vitro. In the safety study, blood biochemistry measurements and organ weight were similar and there was no observed difference in morbidity between the Duolac and uncoated LAB groups. The activities of hazardous enzymes were dramatically decreased in the Duolac group compared to the uncoated LAB group. Duolac efficiently produced TNF-α and NO in the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line with LPS as standard. Thus, the results suggest that dual coated LAB can be used as functional probiotic for improving microbial balance in the intestinal tract and systemic immunity in humans.


In July 1900, George Henry White allegedly stated, "May God damn North Carolina, the state of my birth." If true, what prompted this comment? In 1896 White attained the highest public office of any African American at the time when he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. As the only African American in Congress, White thought of himself as a national leader and the political spokesman for his race. Conversely, white supremacists in North Carolina saw him as an embarrassment to their state. The violent white supremacy campaign of 1898 allowed the "most vicious element of the white race" to gain control of the state. Jim Crow laws were enacted, disfranchisement of the masses of black voters was almost a certainty, and White believed that his third wife's health was permanently impaired due to the invectives and innuendoes aimed at her during political contests. Simply put, white supremacists had virtually destroyed White's life. His reputation, public esteem, and livelihood were seriously damaged, there were threats on his life, and he was a lame duck Republican congressman who would "not go home again" because he no longer felt able to live like a man in North Carolina. White's life is a poignant reminder of how institutionalized white supremacy curtailed the opportunities for advancement open to African Americans in North Carolina. Born in Bladen County in 1852, White emerged from relative obscurity to become America's "first black superstar, the political savior of his race." Justesen promises to rescue White from near oblivion by reconstructing his life and presenting a "complete portrait of him to others." The result is an intertwining of two stories that approximates the "life and times" genre: a chronological narrative that attempts to reconstruct White's political career, and an analytical narrative that relates primarily to his character, emotions, motivations, and family and personal relationships. Unfortunately, this narrative is often specula-


Web applications have very high requirements for numerous quality attributes. This article discusses some of the technological challenges of building today's complex Web software applications, their unique quality requirements, and how to achieve them.


A unique plug-type heat flux gage probe was tested in the NASA Ames Research Center 2x9 turbulent flow duct facility. The probe was fabricated by welding a miniature dual active surface heat flux gage body to the end of a hollow metal cylindrical bolt containing a metal inner tube. Cooling air flows through the inner tube, impinges onto the back of the gage body and then flows out through the annulus formed between the inner tube and the hollow bolt wall. Heat flux was generated in the duct facility with a Huels arc heater. The duct had a rectangular cross section and one wall was fabricated from 2.54 centimeter thick thermal insulation rigid surface material mounted onto an aluminum plate. To measure heat flux, the probe was inserted through the plate and insulating materials with the from of the gage located flush with the hot gas-side insulation surface. Absorbed heat fluxes measured with the probe were compared with absorbed heat fluxes measured with six water-cooled reference calorimeters. These calorimeters were located in a water-cooled metal duct wall which was located across from the probe position. Correspondence of transient and steady heat fluxes measured with the reference calorimeters and heat flux gage probe was generally within a satisfactory plus or minus 10 percent. This good correspondence was achieved even though the much cooler probe caused a large surface temperature disruption of 1000K between the metal gage and the insulation. However, this temperature disruption did not seriously effect the accuracy of the heat flux measurement. A current application for dual active surface heat flux gages is for transient and steady absorbed heat flux, surface temperature and heat transfer coefficient measurements on the surface of an oxidizer turbine inlet deflector operating in a space shuttle test bed engine.


EDITOR—It remains to be proved whether implementing guidelines for the prevention of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis will be of benefit overall. The editorial by Lips1 encouraging the adoption of the UK Consensus Group's guidelines2 is …


As the understanding of pathology of the rotator cuff has evolved, so have surgical techniques in rotator cuff surgery. The ideal rotator cuff repair should have good initial fixation strength, allowing mobilization of the extremity during the healing phase. The authors present their indications and technique for rotator cuff repair using transosseous sutures. This technique can be employed through a standard open or mini open approach. The initial strength of this repair technique allows early, aggressive rehabilitation, minimizing potential for postoperative stiffness. Furthermore, this technique has proven clinically successful in 96% of the cases in which it was used.


In this study, it was performed the dyeing process of cationized cotton and normal cotton with the direct and reactive dyestuffs at the acidic and basic environment, salt-no salt, without using soda. The behaviors in the treatment process of normal cotton and cationized cotton with the cationic reactives and their wash fastness, treatment costs, the dye exhaustion and fixation of cationic cotton compare to normal cotton were investigated. Obtaining the waste water of the clear dyeing and saving the chemical matters were also investigated experimentally. In the result of these studies normal cotton and the cationic cotton were compared with each other hand their advantages and disadvantages were shown. In textile industry, the dyeing behaviors of the cationized cotton and positive contribution to dyeing process were assessed. MATHLAB 7.0 for Windows is used in getting graphical results.


For some groups cultural identity comes easy; at least it's relatively unproblematic. As Fredrik Barth (1969) pointed out many years ago, where boundaries between groups are fixed and rigid, theories of group distinctiveness thrive. Boundaries can be set according to a wide range of physical, social, or cultural characteristics ranging from skin colour, religious affiliation or beliefs, occupations, to what people eat, and so on. Social hierarchy also can play a determining role, especially when a dominating group's social theory divides people into categories on the basis of geographical origins, bloodlines, or some other defining characteristic, restricting their identity options. In the United States, for example, the historical category of 'negro' allowed little room for choice; any US citizen with an African ancestor was assigned to the category regardless of personal preference. Although in Polynesia social boundaries have traditionally been porous, cultural politics has transformed categories like 'New Zealand Maori' and 'Hawaiian' into strong identities, despite more personal choice and somewhat flexible boundaries. In these cases, where indigenous people were subjugated by European or American colonists, a long period of historically muted identity gave way in the last decades of the twentieth century to a Polynesian cultural renaissance that has been accompanied by a hardening of social categories and a dramatic strengthening of Maori and Hawaiian identities. Samoans also have a relatively strong sense of cultural identity, but for a different reason. In their case, identity is reinforced by a commitment to fa'asamoa, the Samoan way of life. It is by way of cultural contrast -fa'asamoa versus western cosmopolitan culture that Samoan identity has crystallized. The same holds true for many other Pacific peoples who have attached great value to indigenous custom, or 'kastom' as it is called in Melanesian pidgin. They generally emphasize relationships, attachment to place, and local community values in contrast to the values of a commercial market-based economic system. Less attention has been paid in the Pacific to instances of weak cultural


Online recommendation requires handling rapidly changing user preferences. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is an effective means of capturing users' dynamic interest during interactions with recommender systems. Generally, it is challenging to train a DRL agent in online recommender systems because of the sparse rewards caused by the large action space (e.g., candidate item space) and comparatively fewer user interactions. Leveraging experience replay (ER) has been extensively studied to conquer the issue of sparse rewards. However, they adapt poorly to the complex environment of online recommender systems and are inefficient in learning an optimal strategy from past experience. As a step to filling this gap, we propose a novel state-aware experience replay model, in which the agent selectively discovers the most relevant and salient experiences and is guided to find the optimal policy for online recommendations. In particular, a locality-sensitive hashing method is proposed to selectively retain the most meaningful experience at scale and a prioritized reward-driven strategy is designed to replay more valuable experiences with higher chance. We formally show that the proposed method guarantees the upper and lower bound on experience replay and optimizes the space complexity, as well as empirically demonstrate our model's superiority to several existing experience replay methods over three benchmark simulation platforms.


Disruptive technology platforms from emerging companies hold great promise for exploiting innovation, but often face legitimacy hurdles due to their liability of newness. Nascent firms must learn new roles with limited precedent, and establish ties with an environment that may not fully understand or value their existence. Using a legitimacy-based lens in the context of the biotechnology industry, we posit a sequential construct — cognitive, regulative, and normative legitimacy — to evaluate emergent technology platforms. Our model of biotechnology platform emergence may provide insights for understanding how breakthroughs achieve legitimacy in the scientific community, mobilize resources and talent, and attain commercial success.


This study to analyze the role of investment such as total foreign direct investment and domestic direct investment, inflation, and road infrastructure to the economic growth of South Sumatera Province, Indonesia. The data used is time series data from 2007-2015, the scope of this study is 15 districts/city in South Sumatera Province, which is sourced from the publication of Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and the publication of the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) South Sumatra Province. The analysis method in this study is quantitative analysis using data panel multiple regression model. The finding of this study that investment, inflation, and road infrastructure development jointly has positive and significant effect on the economic growth. Meanwhile, partially indicating that investment and road infrastructure have positive and significant impact to economic growth, while inflation has positive sign but insignificant effect on economic growth of South Sumatera Province


This paper has analyzed the challenge faced by the copyright rational use system under network environment.By combining with the national situation,the paper has put forward the reconstruction of copyright rational use system under network environment.


Over the last two decades, many solutions have arisen to combine target tracking estimation with classification methods. Target tracking includes developments from linear to non-linear and Gaussian to non-Gaussian processing. Pattern recognition includes detection, classification, recognition, and identification methods. Integrating tracking and pattern recognition has resulted in numerous approaches and this paper seeks to organize the various approaches. We discuss the terminology so as to have a common framework for various standards such as the NATO STANAG 4162 - Identification Data Combining Process. In a use case, we provide a comparative example highlighting that location information (as an example) with additional mission objectives from geographical, human, social, cultural, and behavioral modeling is needed to determine identification as classification alone does not allow determining identification or intent.


William Lamont, Richard Baxter & the Millenium, Croom Helm, London, 1979. James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke & His Adversaries Cambridge University Press, 1980. C.C. Weston & J.R. Greenberg, Subjects and Citizens: The Grand Controversy Over Legal Sovereignty in Stuart England, Cambridge University Press, 1981. George Yule, Puritans in Politics: The Religious Legislation of The Long Parliament, Sutton Courtney, Oxford, 1982.


Our Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Center made an effort to utilize home intravenous antibiotic therapy (HIVAT) as an alternative to continued hospitalization during a 1‐year study. After thorough individual clinical and financial evaluation, 27 of 41 CF patients admitted for treatment, including antibiotic therapy, were selected for HIVAT to complete a 14‐ to 21‐day treatment course (mean 15.1 days). The 27 patients (6–28 years old, mean 16 years) incurred a total of $698,587 in hospital charges and physician fees during 96 admissions. The average charge for 974 inpatient days was $717/day ($7,280 per admission). After an average of 10.2 days of inpatient care, the 27 patients underwent 79 courses of HIVAT for an additional 8 days; 21 additional HIVAT courses in six of these patients were initiated on an outpatient basis between frequent readmissions. The 811 days of HIVAT resulted in $85,027 total charges by two home care companies. The charges per day of HIVAT by one company were almost twice that of the other. The average daily cost of HIVAT was $108/day. If the HIVAT patients had remained hospitalized to complete the course of intravenous antibiotic therapy, the projected inpatient costs would have been $589,271. Therefore, the 811 days of HIVAT over a 1‐year period resulted in total estimated direct cost savings of $501,770. The average savings per course of HIVAT was $5,017, or $618/day. We concluded: 1) HIVAT was a safe, less expensive alternative to prolonged hospitalization with few complications; 2) the use of HIVAT at our center effected a 1‐year estimated cost saving of $501,770; and 3) additional cost savings could have been realized by cost comparison between home health care companies offering comparable services.


This study aims to find out the increasing learning outcomes of the ability to write news by using the cooperative model STAD type in students VIII-A Middle School Pancasila Dharma Medan Learning Year 2018/2019. The basic problem is the low writing ability of students. This research approach uses descriptive qualitative in the form of CAR. The subjects of this study were Indonesian Language students and teachers of class VIII-A SMP Dharma Pancasila Medan. The research data is in the form of photos, RPP, syllabus, learning results and notes on interview results. Data collection techniques by means of tests, interviews, and observations. The procedure of this study uses the Kemmis Mc Taggart design, namely planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The results found were an increase in the learning outcomes of the ability to write news texts by using the cooperative type STAD model after going through two cycles with details of an increase of 38.46% which completed 84.61%.


Solutions for the integrated retrieval of E-books were analyzed.How to realize integrated retrieval of E-books and printed books in OPAC was described by inputting E-books into the back database of automatic system.Certain problems encountered in our practice and experiences were pointed out.


Abstract
A satisfactory system for testing the reaction of rabbit antisera with membrane antigens of human tissue cells is described. This method allows the differentiation between IgG and IgM antibodies and provides an extremely sensitive method for the detection of antigens on all cells including non-viable fixed cells.

Anti-organ serum before selective absorption showed very little organ specificity in their reactions, but may be made specific by extensive absorption although often the resulting specific titre was very low.

Organ-specific membrane antigens were also identified and shown to be represented on tumour cells, although in some cases such as the colon the reactions were weaker with tumour cells than with normal parenchymal cells of an organ. On the other hand, in one case of carcinoma of the kidney the organ-specific antigens were detectably stronger on tumour cells than on normal kidney cells.

Preliminary studies on human ascitic tumour cells from 4 different cancer patients show that species-specific membrane antigens can be demonstrated. Unfortunately none of the cases were derived from organs whose origin could be identified with the antisera which had been prepared for this series of experiments.


Gas chromatography fingerprint technique has the advantages of fast performance and low cost. It can be used to conduct analysis without interruption either in the field or at laboratory. This technique has been used successfully in such cases that conventional production logging techniques are powerless. Taking low-concentration anthracene as internal standard, we calculated the absolute concentrations of fingerprints, initially made some experiments directly on biodegradation of crude oils, and calculated production allocation in the Gudong Oil field. Compared with the production logging, this method has made up for the deficiencies of the former GC fingerprint technique. It will find wide applications in monitoring the trend of production in various oil-fields.


High pressure treatment on the activity of peroxidase in fruits and vegetables can affect the sensory quality and shelf life of fruit and vegetable products,and thus it is necessary to study the relationship between the changes of peroxidase activity and its structure under the conditions of high pressure.Circular dichroism(CD)and fluorescence spectrometry(FP) were used to study the effect of high pressure treatment at 100,300,500 MPa for 15 min at room temperature on the secondary and tertiary structure of horseradish peroxidase(HRP) and its activity.The results showed that HRP was pressure-resistant and HRP activities were decreased respectively by 2.36%,5.69% and 10.36% with the increase of the above pressure.The contents of α-helix,β-sheet and random coils in HRP were all increased by less than 4%,while the content of β-turn was significantly decreased by over 11%.After HRP was processed by high pressure,the HRP fluorescence intensities at the excitation spectra peak of 234 nm and emission spectra peak of 308 nm were decreased respectively by 18.28%,5.46% and 4.04%.The fluorescence intensity of HRP treated at 100 MPa,15 min was decreased to the largest extent.The results showed that high pressure processing obviously inactivated the activity of horseradish peroxidase that was related to its structural changes.


An investigation on the unsteady MHD natural convection heat and mass transfer flow of an electrically conducting, viscous, incompressible, chemically reactive and heat-absorbing nanofluid of Brinkman type past an exponentially accelerated moving vertical plate with ramped wall temperature and ramped surface concentration is carried out. Governing equations are non-dimensionalized and Laplace Transform Technique is used to find the exact solutions for fluid velocity, fluid temperature and species concentration. The quantities of physical interest, i.e. skin friction, rates of heat and mass transfers at the plate are also calculated. Numerical results for the velocity, temperature and species concentration of the fluid are demonstrated with the help of graphs whereas those of skin friction, rate of heat and mass transfers at the plate are displayed in tables for various flow parameters.


The complex process of and diverse factors affecting achievement in foreign language learning have become an increasingly important concern of linguists and educators involved in foreign language training. This study reviewed studies of the relationships among foreign language achievement, motivational orientation and selected attitudinal and demographic variables. Research results indicate that students learning a foreign language who possess positive attitudes toward the foreign language community, are not only motivated to pursue foreign language learning but are generally more successful. Therefore, it is easy to claim that a highly motivated learner will be successful in foreign language learning. Integratively oriented and instrumentally oriented students can be high achievers, although a distinct separation of the two orientations does not always occur. In some cases, the integrative and instrumental motive factors are themselves interrelated, so it is necessary to study a variety of learning situations. There also seems to be a need for more research on affective variables using adults as subjects. It is essential that further studies of the interaction of motivational orientation and demographic variables such as age, aptitude, education level and volunteer status be done because they may yield data which are valuable for the language program administrators in the selection process of students intending to study a foreign language. Furthermore, results of future studies may contribute to the development of more effective foreign language training programs designed specifically for the special needs of individuals and organizations, private or public.


In this paper we give a comprehensive overview of features devised for Web spam detection and investigate how much various classes, some requiring very high computational effort, add to the classification accuracy. • We collect and handle a large number of features based on recent advances in Web spam filtering, including temporal ones, in particular we analyze the strength and sensitivity of linkage change. • We propose new temporal link similarity based features and show how to compute them efficiently on large graphs. • We show that machine learning techniques including ensemble selection, LogitBoost and Random Forest significantly improve accuracy. • We conclude that, with appropriate learning techniques, a simple and computationally inexpensive feature subset outperforms all previous results published so far on our data set and can only slightly be further improved by computationally expensive features. • We test our method on three major publicly available data sets, the Web Spam Challenge 2008 data set WEBSPAM-UK2007, the ECML/PKDD Discovery Challenge data set DC2010 and the Waterloo Spam Rankings for ClueWeb09. ∗This work was supported in part by the EC FET Open project "New tools and algorithms for directed network analysis" (NADINE No 288956), by the EU FP7 Project LAWA—Longitudinal Analytics of Web Archive Data, OTKA NK 105645 and by the European Union and the European Social Fund through project FuturICT.hu (grant no.: TAMOP-4.2.2.C-11/1/KONV-2012-0013). The research was carried out as part of the EITKIC 12-1-2012-0001 project, which is supported by the Hungarian Government, managed by the National Development Agency, financed by the Research and Technology Innovation Fund and was performed in cooperation with the EIT ICT Labs Budapest Associate Partner Group. (www.ictlabs.elte.hu) This paper is a comprehensive comparison of the best performing classification techniques based on [9, 37, 36, 38] and new experiments.


We report new experimental data on the even parity 5p1/2np and nf J = 1, 2 Rydberg series of tin excited from the 5p6s(3/2, 1/2)1 intermediate level using a two-step laser excitation technique in conjunction with an atomic beam apparatus. The Rydberg series 5pnf(1/2, 5/2)2 (12 n 46) and 5pnp(1/2, 1/2)1 (20 n 31) are reported for the first time, whereas the 5pnp(1/2, 3/2)2 (16 n 56) series have been extended to higher principal quantum number. The previously reported three p levels, 5p8p(3/2, 3/2)0,2 and 5p8p(3/2, 1/2)2, and three f levels, 5p5f(3/2, 5/2)1,2 and 5p5f(3/2, 7/2)2, have also been detected. The inter-channel interaction among the 5pnf(1/2, 5/2)2 and 5p5f(3/2, 5/2)2 channels has been studied using a two channel quantum defect theory. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version; see www.iop.org)