The paper is devoted to financial control exercised over the implementation of "megasience" class scientific projects. In order to create an innovative economy, the State continues to develop research and development, in particular the creation of unique projects of the "megasience" class. Funding for such studies is usually carried out from budgets of various levels of the Russian Federation's budgetary system as part of priority national projects or federal programs. Therefore, state financial control over the effective and targeted use of funds of the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation gains importance. The paper discusses the current conditions of state financial control over the implementation of scientific projects of the "megasience" class, defines the list of subjects possessing the powers of both internal and external state financial control, highlights their differences and characteristics. The author carries out the analysis of monitoring as one of the activities of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, where emphasis is made on budgetary monitoring. The paper analyzes problems and shortcomings in the implementation of state financial control over the scientific projects. It also describes the features of the current state of state financial control and highlights tendencies of its development and improvement.


In solid propellants, the combustion of aluminum particles often occurs in a hydrocarbon combustion atmosphere. In order to study the combustion energy release process of aluminum particles during propellant combustion, we carried out a study of the combustion behavior of aluminum particles in the combustion atmosphere of hydrocarbon fuels and conducted experiments using a plane flame burner to observe the combustion process of aluminum particles in a methane plane flame combustion atmosphere. High-speed microscopy revealed a new special combustion phenomenon: ejection combustion with the release of internal components from a point on the particle at high speed, in addition to the already observed particle microexplosions. Both phenomena show faster-than-normal combustion with short combustion energy release times. The experiments also showed that the combustion behavior of aluminum particles changes with the combustion environment. As the ambient effective oxidizer mole fraction increases from 13% to 29%, the basic combustion behavior of aluminum particles changes from vapor evaporation combustion to multiphase surface combustion. In addition, the percentage of aluminum particles burned by ejection increases from 18.2% to 49.2%, which becomes the dominant mechanism in the special combustion phenomenon of aluminum particles. This paper argues that the multiphase surface combustion provides higher heating rates due to the heat production collected on the particles and the diffusion combustion in the air around the aluminum particles, compared with the evaporation combustion. Therefore, the rate of temperature rise within the particle is affected by the ambient oxidant concentration, leading to a transformation from microexplosion to ejection combustion. The effect of the temperature of the combustion environment on this phenomenon has also been investigated through experiments conducted under different conditions.


Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent mental health disorder affecting both children and adults, although a large population may remain undiagnosed. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is vital in the maintenance of functions affected by ADHD, therefore a relationship may exist between ADHD and ANS dysfunction. Furthermore, the ANS has key roles in the cardiac and metabolic systems. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a prevalent method of measuring ANS function and has been used to assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic risk. As there have been no significant studies of HRV and/or DM in adult ADHD this study aimed to address this research gap. using the Self-Report parameters (low high LF:HF and assessed via a 3 lead, 10-min resting electrocardiogram. Blood glucose levels and glycated haemoglobin measurements were taken using the finger prick method. Preliminary data has been collected. Mean inattentive ADHD subtype scores=15.38±5.83, mean ADHD subtype (both with maximum and mean combination ADHD subtype scores=29.79±9.81 (maximum score=72). Preliminary no significant correlations between combination and inattentive ADHD, and dependent variables. Positive correlations were identified between hyperactive/impulsive ADHD and LF


This paper describes the case of table tennistopspin arc technology,backhand twist twist like as longon the link in the tables opposite gimbal relative reboundknob rolling friction composite motion carried nearlypulled off spin of network cut is widely known as the"twist" in principle and rolling friction rebound hit carrytechnology. And Zhang Jike application to launch rotatingscrew offensive score,get offensive opportunities and ac-cess to the Olympic Games,World Championships,WorldCup champion to become a Grand Slam winner,and FanZhendong with a twist,such as the National Games in2013 won the team doubles championship results corrobo-rated twist science and technology advancement.


Harlinda Kuspradini 1 , Dewi Ardiana Putri 1 , Agmi Sinta Putri, and Yanti 2 1 Forestry Faculty of Mulawarman University Jl. Ki Hajar Dewantara Kampus Gunung Kelua Samarinda 2 Atmajaya University, Jakarta Author e-mail : email@example.com ABSTRACT Leaves part of four aromatic plant species ( Cinnamomun parthenoxylon, Cinnamomun inners, Cinnamomun burmannii and Litsea elliptica ) from Lauraceae family were collected from Botanical Garden of Mulawarman University, East Kalimantan. The  essential  oils  were  extracted  from leaves using  the steam distillation  method. The oils were analyzed by gas  chromatography  mass  spectroscopy (GC-MS) in order to determine the compounds. These oils were screened for antibacterial against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Staphylococcus aureus and yeast Candida albicans at level between 100 - 0.1 % (v/v in 40% ethanol)  using well diffusion method. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) from oils were also determined by microdilution method using a tissue culture multiplate (96 wells) and the Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) reduction assay was used for the evaluation. Their inhibition was measured and compared against a known synthetic standard such as Chloramphenicol and Chlorhexidine. The percentage yield of volatile constituents from the leaves of C. parthenoxylon, C. inners, C. burmannii and L. elliptica were 1.64%, 0.35%, 1.01% and 1.83% respectively. The highest in vitro inhibitory activity of  was observed for S. sobrinus with wide inhibition zone diameters (42 ± 0.99 mm) by L. elliptica oil. Most essential oil studied here were effective against all tested microorganism while only L. elliptica were not able to inhibit the yeast Candida albicans . L. elliptica oil contained oxiran, octyl (46.22%), 1-decanol, 5,9-dimethyl (17.65 %), and phenol, metoxy-4-(-2 propenyl) eugenol phenylpropanoid (7.85 %).  We obtained that trans-caryopyllene were contained in L. elliptica and C. burmannii oil, but the   compositions were varied quantitatively. The  main  components of C. burmannii oil  in this study were aceteugenol (76.95%). Keywords –– Cinnamomun parthenoxylon, C. inners, C. burmannii , Litsea elliptica , Antimicrobial


Abstract. Nugroho Y, Suyanto, Makinudin D, Aditia S, Yulimasita DD, Afandi AY, Harahap MM, Matatula J, Wirabuana PYAP. 2022. Vegetation diversity, structure and composition of three forest ecosystems in Angsana coastal area, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2640-2647. Vegetation communities around coastal ecosystems play important roles in mitigating natural disaster and climate change. However, available information about vegetation communities in coastal areas is still limited despite being a requirement in developing strategies for environmental preservation. Angsana coastal area in South Kalimantan, Indonesia has unique characteristics in which it has three different forest ecosystems, namely heath forest (HF), beach forest (BF), and mangrove forest (MF). This study aimed to identify the vegetation diversity, structure and composition of the three forest ecosystems in Angsana coastal area. A field survey was conducted using transect line methods with a sampling plot size of 10 × 10 m and an interval of 20 m. Vegetation communities were assessed using species abundance, plant diversity, importance value index (IVI), and similarity level. Results showed that 37 species from 25 families were recorded at the study site. The highest species abundance was observed in HF (22 species), followed by BF (18 species) and MF (7 species). The same trend was found for vegetation diversity, in which HF had the highest richness (Dmg = 4.52), heterogeneity (H' = 2.86), and evenness (J' = 0.94). Hibiscus tiliaceus L. had the highest IVI in BF in all vegetation stages, and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. consistently had the greatest IVI in MF in all stages. Species thet exhibited the highest IVI in HF were Adina minutiflora Valeton (seedlings), Rhodedomia tomentosa and Premna serratifolia L. (saplings), Tristania maingayi Duthie (poles), and Vitex ovata Thunb. (trees). Our study also observed that species abundance in forest ecosystems gradually declined from seedlings to trees, except in MF. Among the three forest types, vegetation composition was highly similar between MF and BF, with a similarity level of 47.1%. Based on these results, this study concluded that the three forest ecosystems in Angsana coastal area exhibit a highly diverse vegetation structure, and each type of forest has specific characteristics as its entity.


Breast cancer can metastasize to a wide range of organs, but reports about uterine metastases are rare. The current article systematically analyzes 55 patients reported in peer-reviewed literature from 2010–2022 with respect to nine variables, including: [i] age of the patient; [ii] clinical presentation of uterine metastasis; [iii] precise location of metastasis; [iv] primary (breast) cancer histopathology; [v] imaging modality utilized for detection of metastasis; [vi] timing of appearance of metastases: synchronous or metachronous; [vii] immunochemistry markers; [viii] management; and [ix] survival. Uterine metastases may appear in synchronous or metachronous fashion and may be asymptomatic or have symptoms like abnormal vaginal bleeding. Treatment of uterine metastases usually comprises of total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy along with chemotherapy. The long-term prognosis is unclear, but due to the development of metastases in other bodily parts, cases frequently have a poor outcome.


Objective To learn the relationship between blood fat levels and age,sex,body mass index(BMI),dietary constitution.Methods Two thousand seven hundred and thirty-four residents aged over 20 years were sampled by random sampling method, they were investigated by questionnaire,and their blood fat levels were detected at the same time.Results TC,TG and LDL-c tended to increase with increasing age,but the increased levels were different between the female and the male. HDL-c had nothing with age.TC,TG and LDL-c increased as body mass index increased. HDL-c reduced as body mass index increased;the change of blood fat levels had something with the change of dietary constitution.Conclusion The residents should have optimal intake of diet and change the habits of life,and strengthen physical training,in order to reduce the incidence of hyperlipemia and prevent cardiocerebrovascular diseases.


In the paper it is proved that any complete tripartite graph Kr,r,r, where r = 5 · 2n and n is a nonnegative integer, has the following property: Whenever (l1, . . . , lp) is a sequence of integers ≥ 3 adding up to |E(Kr,r,r)|, there is a sequence (T1, . . . , Tp) of edge-disjoint closed trails in Kr,r,r such that Ti is of length li, i = 1, . . . , p.


Laser ablation in addition for thin film growing is also used for analytical techniques as Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and for applications as simulation of natural lightning. In this work we present several diagnostic techniques such as probe beam deflection, shadowgraphy, interferometry, pulsed laser photoacoustic and the electrical perturbation induced by laser ablation plasmas that's gives essential information of the plasma, hot core air and shock wave expansion.


Since a few years, an exceptional muddy sedimentation increase was observed in the upper part of the Rance estuary, and a dredging of the navigation channel was required. But the dredged sediments were transported at a short distance only because ebb current is too weak to allow the discharge of suspended load in the lower part of the maritime basin. The excess of fine particles deposition is linked to drought and a low river inflow during three years in a row. A fluvial basin located at the upper part of the marine stretch of the estuary can be used for hydraulic flushing which happens to be more efficient for fluid mud resuspension and translation of the turbidity maximum towards the outer part of the Rance estuary.


A seven-step synthesis of the first tricyclic intermediate in Danishefsky's total synthesis of eleutherobin is reported, with Wittig homologation and sequential additions of metallated furan derivatives to aldehydes as key steps. Aiming to prepare hydroxylated eleutherobin analogues for cytotoxicity screening, the furan diol epimers 6 and precursors 1 and 2 were exposed to a 48member panel of engineered cytochrome P450BM3 variants. Both furan-containing substrates reacted solely at the furan ring, one resulting in overall biocatalytic Achmatowicz reaction. Selective hydroxylation at four separate sp C–H centres was achieved in the substrates lacking the furan component. P450BM3-catalysed hydroxylation of racemic substrates can proceed with kinetic resolution; in the case reported here, the 2°-allylic alcohol product 10 was generated with an 82:18 enantiomeric ratio.


An improved Polar Format Algorithm (PFA) of Circular SAR (CSAR) is proposed to solve the problems of defocus and geometric distortion in far field. In this algorithm, a new kernel function is constructed and the phase term caused by radar trajectory is compensated to remove the influence caused by radar aircraft height, enlarge the imaging scene and reduce image distortion. Simulation results show that the algorithm is effective.


Abstract The adiabatic variation of a Hamiltonian can cause the wavefunction, governed by the Hamiltonian, to acquire an unexpected phase. The existence of this phase (Berry's phase) is an additional element in the well-known quantum adiabatic theorem. Berry's phase is observable in the interference between two identically prepared systems only one of which is adiabatically varied. We show that a single quantum system prepared in a superposition of the eigenstates of its Hamiltonian leads to observable Berry phase effects at all times. We examine this principle within the context of two-level optical resonance.


Objective The relationship of serum levels of uric acid(UA) and C-reactive protein(CRP) in patients with multiple sclerosis(MS) was studied to find its clinical significance.Method Enzymatic and immunoturbidimetry methods were used to assess the serum level of UA and CRP in 21 patients with acute MS,15 patients with relieved MS,and 30 patients with other inflammatory neurological disease(OIND) and the data were compared statistically.Results The serum level of UA in acute MS group was significantly lower than the relieved MS group(P0.05) and the OIND group(P0.01).The serum level of CRP in acute MS Group was higher than the relieved MS group and the OIND group(P0.05).Conclusions Variation of serum level of UA and CRP in patients with MS has clinical significance in diagnosis,therapy and prognosis.


Chairman Patton : "Are bills mailed or delivered in person, and why?" 77 replies were received. In 50 cities bills are mailed; in 19 cities bills are delivered in person. In 8 cities some are delivered by mail and some in person. Of the cities mailing bills, 19 said it was cheaper to mail them than to deliver them in person; 7 said it was more convenient; 13 that it gave better results and 11 did not give any reason at all for mailing them. Of the 19 cities, where the bills are delivered in person, 1 1 thought it cheaper to deliver the bills in person; 3 thought it more convenient; 3 thought it gave better results and 3 gave no reason.


Revenue in South Africa Researchers: Kelsey Jack Grant Smith Sector(s): Environment, Energy, and Climate Change J-PAL office: J-PAL Africa Location: Cape Town Sample: 2,240 households Initiative(s): Urban Services Initiative Target group: Urban population Outcome of interest: Energy access Energy conservation Intervention type: Information Pricing and fees AEA RCT registration number: AEARCTR-0000582 Data: Download dataset from AEA website Research Papers: Charging Ahead: Prepaid Electricity Metering in South Africa Partner organization(s): International Growth Center (IGC), City of Cape Town


Oxygen minimum zones are results of oxygen consumption exceeding the oxygen availability in stratified water columns of the marine environment. We compared the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) gene abundance and the diversity of ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) in the Arabian Sea (AS) with those of the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Three primer pairs targeting amoA genes of water column A (WCA), water column B (WCB) and total AOA (amoAt) captured different densities of gene copy numbers in both marginal seas. Water column A (WCA) ecotypes were more abundant in the AS than in the BoB. Core-OMZ depths of the BoB contained 10 times lower amoA copy numbers than those of the AS. Along with sampling depth, concentration of ammonia shapes the WCA/WCB ecotypes in AS/BoB. Among the total AOA populations, WCB ecotypes were more abundant. The amoA gene sequences were either of Nitrosopumilales or Ca. Nitrosotaleales members and belonged to NP-γ, NP-δ, NS-β, NS-γ and NS-ε sub-clades. Pairwise distance and nucleotide diversity index analysis reveals that BoB nurtures two times more diverse amoA sequences than the AS. The core OMZ region of the BoB contains a two-fold higher diversity of amoA gene sequences compared to the AS, whereas the AS contains 13 times more abundant amoA copies than the BoB.


Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray spectral microanalysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and instrumental indentation were used for studying of oxide layers formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on the eutectic aluminum-silicone alloy A04130 in electrolyte with the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles of different concentrations. The optimum concentration of SiO2 nanoparticles in the electrolyte (3 g/l) was found, for achieving maximum microhardness and wear resistance of the oxide layer, exceeding the value obtained in the electrolyte without adding SiO2 nanoparticles by 1.6 and 3.5 times, respectively.


The concept of Mizaj (temperament) is existent for centuries. In Unani System of Medicine, temperament has a pivotal role in determination of the status of the individuals. An individual's temperament is determined via the somatic parameters relating to the individual's bone structure, muscle/fat mass and distribution, complexion, emotional profile, response to climatic conditions, dietary preferences, and a number of other features¹. Temperament has combining features of a person's physical and psychological attributes. So, it is responsible for personality features, and the tendency/risk factors towards particular disorders. Accordingly, temperament has significant role to assess the predisposition, diagnosis and treatment of innumerable diseases. Also, the individuals with diverse temperaments definitely differ in their physical and psychological features. Thus, their characterization is primarily based on these two things and their related attributes. In the present article the parameters of mizaj (temperament) according to different Unani scholars has been described in detail.

Keywords: parameters of mizaj; temperament; Unani System of medicine; diagnosis of disease.


We created a tangible user interface that allows children to create musical compositions through constructive play. Our Marble Track Audio Manipulator (MTAM) is an augmented marble tower construction kit where marbles represent sound clips and tracks represent different sound effects. To create musical compositions, children collaboratively build a marble tower and then play their compositions by dropping marbles into the tower. As marbles roll through the tower children can interact with the marbles and thus improvise and alter their musical compositions. By augmenting a popular toy, physically representing sound clips and effects as well as allowing improvisation, the MTAM system provides children with a creative, playful, and engaging encounter with music.


- The Episodic memory is known to be the memory of history and personal events. It is essential to understand the mechanisms related to human intelligence. As per the findings of neuroscience the hippocampal region is a component of the limbic system and it is responsible for the retrieval and encoding of the episodic memory. The computational models are used to implement different memory theories[21]. This paper discusses about different computational models constructed to address various aspects of episodic memory. The limitations and future directions of episodic memory are also discussed.


The design and test results for the radio frequency (RF) portion of a breadboard polarimetric scatterometer operating at 13.402 GHz are presented. To evaluate the feasibility of a programmable digital signal processing (DSP) approach for a follow-on scatterometer similar to SeaWinds an integrated breadboard has been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Early breadboards of this type have been identified as valuable assets in developing effective subsystem requirements for the eventual flight instrument. Many compatibility and partitioning issues between the RF and DSP hardware are addressed with empirical results derived from the aforementioned breadboard. The RF portion of the breadboard consists of a dual channel receiver, heterodyning the received signal of 13.402 GHz down to an IF of 37 MHz and a single channel transmitter, that converts the I/Q baseband transmit waveform up to Ku band. The breadboard makes provision for emulating capabilities such as programmable attenuators, loop-back calibration, and saturation effects in an actual instrument's power amplifier. It also provides control interfaces to allow early verification of software control algorithms.


In article The main approaches to definition of the concepts «aggression» and «combativeness» are surveyed, the combativeness structure as personal property is reviewed in the article. Empirical research of level of combativeness at students of medical higher education institute which results show the necessity of psychological work with students on promoting skills of constructive interaction is conducted. This is the basis for performing further studying of the reasons and the conditions promoting emergence of raised level of aggression at students.


The increasing of population needs safe, reliable and consistent supply of water had made many manufacturing industries and water treatment plants to look for efficient desalination plants.There are two major types of desalination technologies around the world, namely membrane desalination and thermal desalination . MEE is one of the types of thermal desalination. MED process operates in a series of evaporator condenser vessels called effects and uses the principle of reducing the ambient pressurein the various effects. A novel algorithm to solve the steady state analysis problem of three effects feed forward multi effect evaporator (FF MEE) for water desalination is investigated. A dynamic model is derived for MEE. FF MEE dynamic model is controlled using a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller that designed to improve its performance against the variation of the cold water temperature. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed design and calculation has been presented using MATLAB ® .


limj_=(l/j)ln<exp(q~{:~Lls», where {LlJ is a steady one-dimensional time sequence, and other func tions such as the Helmholtz free energy and a set of dimensions of a strange attract or, is carried out, and a new concept "filtering parameter" is proposed. The inverse temperature acts as the filtering parameter in the Helmholtz free energy. A complex partition function Z(z)=exp (zAz) is introduced in order to classify chaos transitions. Distribution of the solutions of Z(z)=O is calculated for several time sequences which are generated by chaotic dynamical systems. It is found that there are two types of transitions; (a) the solutions accumulate at the north pole of Riemann sphere and (b) the solutions approach the real axis of the complex z-plane.


Given a finitely presented group $Q$ and a compact special cube complex $X$ with non-elementary hyperbolic fundamental group, we produce a non-elementary, torsion-free, cocompactly cubulated hyperbolic group $\Gamma$ that surjects onto $Q$, with kernel isomorphic to a quotient of $G=\pi_1 X$ and such that $max\{cd(G),2\}\geq cd(\Gamma)\geq cd(G)-1$.


Surgical treatment of Klatskin tumor represents rather a complicated task and challenge for hepatorbiliary surgeons because of peculiarities of its localization, spreading and difficulty of its radical removal. Achievement of tumorless boundaries of resection is the only way to improve the long-term results of treatment that can require expanded volume of the operation hemihepatectomy, the resection of extrahepatic bile ducts, the portal vein and hepatic artery, expanded lymph dissection as well as еру liver transplantation. The description of two cases of a radical surgical treatment of the given pathology by means of right-side hemihepatectomy with the resection of extrahepatic bile ducts and orthotopic liver transplantation with lymph dissection in both cases is presented in the article. There is also the literature review devoted to the main tendencies in hepatorbiliary surgery and liver transplantation used to treat cholangiocarcinoma of the proximal extrahepatic ducts, the most widely spread of which are the following: hemihepatectomy with caudaltectomy and the portal vein resection and orthotopic liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemical radial and brachial therapies.


A review is presented of the major experimental findings obtained from recent ground-based research conducted under the SPAR program. Measurements of dendritic growth at small supercoolings indicate that below approximately 1.5 K a transition occurs from diffusive control to convective control in succinonitrile, a model system chosen for this study. The key theoretical ideas concerning diffusive and convective heat transport during dendritic growth are discussed, and it is shown that a transition in the transport control should occur when the characteristic length for diffusion becomes larger than the characteristic length for convection. The experimental findings and the theoretical ideas discussed suggest that the Fluid Experiment System could provide appropriate experimental diagnostics for flow field visualization and quantification of the fluid dynamical effects presented here.


Abstract In this paper, a novel zero current switching PWM buck converter with magnetic coupling effect is proposed. The main switch in this topology turns on with zero current switching and turns off with zero current transition condition. Furthermore, the auxiliary switch turns on and turns off with zero current switching condition as well. And the main diode operates at zero voltage switching turn-on and zero current switching turn-off. In addition, extra efficiency is improved because part of the resonant energy stored in auxiliary windings of the coupled inductor could be transmitted to output load, and the resonant current is also suppressed. The soft-switching operation of the proposed converter is realized in a wide load range. The operating principles and the soft-switching conditions are analyzed in detail. Finally, a 1-kW experiment prototype is set up to validate the theoretical analysis. The related experiment results at 50 and 100 kHz are also given to verify the proposed topology.


AL amyloidosis light chain proteins (LC) induce endothelial dysfunction and tissue injury. Nanoliposomes (NL) are <100 nM phospholipid vesicles that could bind amyloid proteins. We tested whether NL can protect against LC induced endothelial dysfunction.


Identifying which abiotic and biotic factors determine microbial community assembly is crucial to understand ecological processes and predict how communities will respond to environmental change. While global surveys aim at addressing this question in the world's oceans, equivalent studies in large freshwater systems are virtually lacking. Being the oldest, deepest and most voluminous freshwater lake on Earth, Lake Baikal offers a unique opportunity to test the effect of horizontal versus vertical gradients in community structure. Here, we characterized the structure of planktonic microbial eukaryotic communities (0.2-30 µm cell size) along a North-South latitudinal gradient (∼600 km) from samples collected in coastal and pelagic waters and from surface to the deepest zones (5-1400 m) using an 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding approach. Our results show complex and diverse protist communities dominated by alveolates (ciliates and dinoflagellates), ochrophytes and holomycotan lineages, with cryptophytes, haptophytes, katablepharids and telonemids in moderate abundance and many low-frequency lineages, including several typical marine members, such as diplonemids, syndinians and radiolarians. Depth had a strong significant effect on protist community stratification. By contrast, the effect of the latitudinal gradient was marginal and no significant difference was observed between coastal and surface open water communities. Co-occurrence network analyses showed that epipelagic communities are much more interconnected than meso- and bathypelagic communities and suggest specific biotic interactions between autotrophic, heterotrophic and parasitic lineages that influence protist community structure. Since climate change is rapidly affecting Siberia and Lake Baikal, our comprehensive protist survey constitutes a useful reference to monitor ongoing community shifts. Originality and Significance Statement Lake Baikal is the oldest, deepest and most voluminous freshwater lake on Earth, offering a unique opportunity to test the effects of horizontal versus vertical gradients on microbial community structure. Using a metabarcoding approach, we studied planktonic microbial eukaryotes from Baikal water columns (5 up to 1,400 m depth) across a North-South latitudinal gradient (∼600 km), including coastal and pelagic areas. Our results show that depth has a strong effect on protist community assemblage, but not latitude (minor effect) or coastal vs. open water sites (no effect). Co-occurrence analyses also point to specific biotic interactions as drivers of community structure. This comprehensive survey constitutes a useful reference for monitoring active climate change effects in this ancient lake.


This invention relates a shoe TYPE FLEXIBLE SPORT, SUCH AS GOLF SHOE OR BOOT skiing. FOOTWEAR INTERNALLY 1 comprises three links FLEXIBLE 16, 17, 18 FOR ENSURING CLAMP FOOT; 18 ONE OF FLEXIBLE LINKS THIS BOTH ENDS 19 AND 20 BY WHICH THE SOLE is secured 2 FOOTWEAR 1 BEHIND THE metatarsal AND LEVEL BEFORE calcaneal RESPECTIVELY FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE FOOTWEAR AND CONTAINS A TRONCON 29 CLEAN TO AVOID THE FOOT BY THE BACK BETWEEN THE LOWER LEVEL OF LOW CLIP OF ACHILLES TENDON ON THE LOWER AND calcaneus the malleoli; THE OTHER TWO LINKS FLEXIBLE 16, 17 PRESENT ONE END integral with the SOLE OF SHOE RESPECTIVELY FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE SAME, HE CROSS ABOVE THE NECK OF FOOT-AND GUIDES are deflected by RESPECTIVE DOORS BY THE LINK FIRST FLEXIBLE ISCED 18 FOR PRESENTING sECTIONS 46, 56 SE SUPPLEMENT TO AVOID THE FOOT FORWARD BY WHEN secured EACH OTHER AND THEN MAKE BY STRESSING THE THREE LINKS FLEXIBLE 16, 17, 18 A CLAMP FOOT ON THE SOLE 1. 2 SOLE AND IS FIRMLY secured WITH FOOT, BUT THE COMFORT OF THE SHOE IN SUFFERING.


The promise of organic and polymeric materials for electro-optic and nonlinear optic applications has been advanced a great deal in recent years. This interest arises from the fact that successful molecular design has produced materials with useful nonlinear susceptibilities while maintaining compliant structural, mechanical, and processing properties" 5. This paper will discuss the application of such materials in the construction of electro-optic channel-waveguide devices. In section 2 we will discuss a technique for fabricating channel-waveguide devices in polymer materials. Section 3 will briefly cover the interest in high-speed electro-optic devices in these materials, and in section 4 we will describe a device architectures that can take advantage of the processing properties used to make polymer waveguides.


Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), a G-protein-coupled receptor, is activated by proteolytic unmasking of the N-terminal cryptic tethered ligand. In gastric mucosa, activation of PAR-2 expressed by sensory neurons triggers release of CGRP and tachykinins, leading to mucus secretion via activation of CGRP1 and NK2 receptors, respectively. The PAR-2 agonist reveals mucosal cytoprotective effects in several gastric injury models. Further, PAR-2 activation inhibits gastric acid secretion, independently of sensory neurons or prostanoid formation. The PAR-2 agonist also induces increase in gastric mucosal blood flow, an effect being independent of endogenous CGRP or NO. Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) appears to be involved in the PAR-2-mediated enhancement of mucosal blood flow. In contrast, mucosal chief cells are abundant in immunoreactive PAR-2, and PAR-2 stimulation triggers pepsinogen secretion. Taken together, primarily, PAR-2 plays protective roles in gastric mucosa through multiple mechanisms. Considering PAR-2-mediated pepsinogen secretion, PAR-2 might function as a double-edged sword in gastric mucosa.


Studies on upwelling intensity during the last glacial cycle in the Benguela Upwelling System offshore Namibia show contrasting signals, indicating an incomplete understanding of regional changes. We investigate the evolution of the inorganic carbon chemistry during the last deglaciation in a sediment core from the Walvis Ridge to improve our understanding of upwelling and its association to CO 2 outgassing. Cold waters brought to the surface from depth has high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) content, which causes an initial increase in p CO 2 and a decrease in pH and carbonate saturation at the sea surface. Concurrently, the nutrient supply of the upwelled waters and the efficiency of the biological carbon pump provide an important constraint on the reduction of surface p CO 2 . This implies that upwelling rate and nutrient utilization together determine CO 2 outgassing. To accurately reconstruct these processes in the Namibia upwelling region, we apply different CO 2 -system proxies, such as the boron isotopic composition ( δ 11 B) in the foraminifera shell, the ratio of boron to calcium (B/Ca), and the carbon isotopic composition ( δ 13 C) of alkenones. This multi-proxy approach allows the independent reconstruction of parameters of the carbonate system and thus quantification of the complete inorganic carbon system. Along with these proxies for the CO 2 system, the δ 13 C of planktic and benthic foraminiferal shells will be analyzed to evaluate efficiency of the carbon pump and its role in CO


The existing network traffic signal optimization formulations usually do not include traffic flow models, except for control schemes such as SCOOT that use simulation for heuristic optimization. Other conventional models normally use isolated intersection optimization with traffic arrival prediction using detector information, or optimization schemes based on green bandwidth. A complete formulation of the problem is presented, including explicit constraints to model the movement of traffic along the streets between the intersections in a time-expanded network, as well as constraints to capture the permitted movements from modern signal controllers. The platoon dispersion model used is the well-known Robertson's model, which forms linear constraints. Thus, it is a rare example of a traffic simulation being analytically embedded in an optimization formulation. The formulation is an integer-linear program and does not assume fixed cycle lengths or phase sequences. It assumes full information on external inputs but can be incorporated in a sensor-based environment as well as in a feedback control framework. The formulation is an integer-linear program that may not be efficiently solved with standard simplex and branch and bound techniques. Network programming formulations to handle the linear platoon dispersion equations and the integer constraints at the intersections are discussed. A special-purpose network simplex algorithm for fast solutions is also mentioned.


Spatial and temporal variability of rainfall across multiple scales is of fundamental interest for the scientists that work in hydro – meteorology. The multifractal analysis of precipitation is a recent topic of research in hydro-meteorological field. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the precipitation variability in Dobrudja, a region situated in the South - East of Romania, we study the multifractal behaviour of mean monthly precipitation recorded in the period January 1965 - December 2005 at ten meteorological stations in this region and we compare the results.


SUMMARY Investigations done in rats sensitized to allogeneic tissue antigens have shown that determination of the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis of leukocytes from blood and spleen provides a rapid method for early detection and measurement of the cellular immune response associated with the induction of transplantation immunity. Lymphoblastic transformation, as reflected in elevated rates of radiolabeled nucleoside incorporation, was detectable 2 days postsensitization and continued to rise on the subsequent days in a pattern paralleling the intensity of the process of skin allograft rejection, as manifested histologically by progressive round cell infiltration. Humoral antibodies became detectable when the rejection of skin grafts was almost completed, and their appearance coincides with the decline of blast cell counts. The evidence in this paper suggests that the elevated rates of DNA and RNA synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during allograft rejection reflects the appearance of immmunoblasts in the circulation.


The moral education of university students is taking very important function in quality-oriented education.This text proceeds from the state of thought of present university students,analyzes overviews of the present university's moral education,asks the work of moral education should be regarded as the center of educational work of quality and puts forward the measure of improving to enforce moral education.


The As diffusion in SiO2 had been investigated by using AsSG film. As diffusivities and chemical states in SiO2 are different for N2 and H2+N2 annealing anbients. In N2, the chemical state is not changed from that of as deposited film, and it is the oxidized state with a large diffusivity. On the contrary, As has been changed to the reduced state with a small diffusivity by a H2+N2 annealing. This chemical state transition is a reversible reaction. The diffusion mechanism is assumed to be a substitutional change with Si atoms of the SiO2 network for the oxidized state As and an interstitial diffusion for the reduced state As.


Aiming at the problems of low search efficiency, high residual mining rate, and long data mining (DM) cycle time under the current big data background, a big DM algorithm based on artificial intelligence architecture was proposed. This paper aims to study the optimization simulation of cultural communication algorithm based on artificial intelligence DM technology. This paper analyzes the definition and process of DM, the method of big DM algorithm and the optimization simulation experiment of cultural communication algorithm based on artificial intelligence DM technology, and draws the experimental results. The empirical results show that the use of. After artificial intelligence DM technology, the performance of traditional cultural communication algorithm is greatly improved. We conducted a survey and found that more than 79% people think that the design and optimization of cultural communication algorithm is suitable for artificial intelligence algorithm, which improves the design efficiency.


Advances in molecular biological techniques have made it increasingly easy for scientists to manipulate genes involved in plant growth and development. Today many researchers are attempting to manipulate accumulation of so-called 'bioactive compounds', i.e. compounds that cause a specific biological response in animals that consume them, and so create foods from 'super plants' that can be marketed as functional foods. However, the ability of plant scientists to manipulate these compounds often exceeds the ability of medical scientists to understand what benefits, if any, they provide to the consumer. Consequently the plant/food industry needs to establish their own set of criteria that will allow them to determine whether a specific compound is beneficial to human health when supplied as a chemical component of a plant food. Evaluation of scientific evidence for the biological benefits of supplemental ss-carotene, lycopene, polyphenols, glucosinolates and selenocompounds by a proposed set of criteria finds major problems and deficiencies in all. The state of the knowledge should stimulate cooperation between plant scientists and human nutritionists that will allow development of plant foods that provide a real benefit to human health.


A process for producing detergent particles single core having an average size of 150 .mu.m departicula or higher and a degree of particle growth of 1.5 or less comprising the steps of: step A) preparing a surfactant composition comprising : a) an anionic surfactant represented by any of the following formulas (1) to (3): RO-SO 3 M (1) wherein R is an alkyl group or an alkenyl group having 10 to 18 carbon atoms; and M is alkali metal unatomo or amine RO (CH2CH2O) n-SO3M (2) in which R is an alkyl group or an alkenyl group having 10 to 18 carbon atoms; n is aNumber means of added moles of 0.1 to 3.0; and M is an alkali metal atom, or an ammonium or aminaorganica and wherein R is an alkyl group or an alkenyl group having 4 to 22 carbon atoms; M is a atomode alkali metal, alkaline earth metal atom, an alkanolamine or ammonium; and A is a group alquiloque having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, H, or M, and b) water in an amount of 25 to 65 parts by weight basea 100 parts by weight of said component a); step B): mixing the surfactant composition obtained in step A) and base particles having a capacidadde bracket 20 ml / 100 g or more and comprising an inorganic salt soluble in water produced mediantesecado spray, while essentially maintaining the shape of the base particles; and step C): surface modifying the mixture obtained in step B) with a powder finoen which the detergent particles further comprise c) a nonionic surfactant having a melting point of 30 ° C or lower in a range of a 1 to 20% by weight of the detergent particles, mixing the component c) with the base particles before the surfactant composition prepared enetapa a).


Are considered indicators of energy efficiency, given estimates of the main characteristics of successful indicators of activity offuel and energy complex of the Far East, offers new performance indicators in conjunction with the social aspects of development of the region.


The Academic Enhancement Program (AEP) at Simon Fraser University has been created to support student learning by integrating activities that introduce students to basic learning theory and strateg...


Osmotic diarrhoea, resulting from disturbed sugar digestion and absorption is shown to occur quite frequently following a variety of gastrointestinal surgical procedures in neonates. These include gastrostomy, small bowel anastomosis and colostomy. Suitable manipulation of the sugar content of the diet will mitigate the symptoms, thus averting fluid loss, decreasing morbidity and sometimes mortality.


Abstract Phytoremediation is an economical technique for the biological treatment of soil and water contamination. Improving the growth of plants used in this technique leads to greater efficiency of the process. Herein, Lemna minor plant used in phytoremediation was collected from Sarab-e Nilufar region of Kermanshah province, Iran, and maintained in a culture medium. This study focused on the preparation of Ormus solution based on crystalline salt extracted from the salt mountains of Karmowstaj region in Fars province, Iran, to increase the proliferation of Lemna minor. The optimal growth conditions, including the pH of the medium, the residence time in the Ormus preparation process, and the concentration of Ormus solution were analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken design (BBD) model. Numerical optimization based on the quadratic model was carried out to achieve the maximum growth percentage. The percentage of the proliferation of Lemna minor varied from 34.6% to 117.3%, while growth was highest at a medium pH value of 10.75, a residence time of 72 h in the Ormus preparation process, and an Ormus concentration of 17 g.L−1. The results revealed that Ormus, as a supplemental fertilizer, under optimal conditions can significantly increase the rate of plant reproduction. Novelty Statement Herein, the Ormus solution was applied for the first time to increase plant growth. In addition, the operating factors, including the pH of the medium, the residence time in the Ormus preparation process, and the concentration of Ormus solution, were optimized using the RSM based on a BBD model. In this study, Ormus was introduced under optimal conditions as a suitable additive to increase the proliferation rate of plants.


In this paper, we propose a novel tracking method which uses image features consisted of the area, average intensity, aspect ratio of a target image for the real-time IR surveillance system. The image features of the ground target can be modeled as a random process with exponential autocorrelation function mathematically. Finally, we derived a discrete target dynamic equation including kinematic states and geometric states of the target. Simulation results shows that the performance of the proposed method is better than that of the previous tracking method.


This book reviews many of the problems which currently confront the environmental planner - problems which promise to become even more signifcant in the near future. Water resources are examined essentially from a physical standpoint, although throughout the text the emphasis is on the application of basic hydrologic principles in problem solving. The stated aim of the authors is to make all those concerned with planning more aware of the opportunities and constraints of natural processes in maintaining or reclaiming environmental quality. They are successful in outlining the significant role of water in many environmental issues. The book provides a comprehensive review of the current literature associated with water resources, but perhaps more importantly can also be used as an introductory working document in dealing with particular environmental problems. Several chapters for instance include working examples to illustrate specific problem-solving techniques. The book is divided into four sections, the first of which describes six case studies and exemplifies many of the problems facing the environmental planner today. The remaining three sections discuss basic hydrologic principles, fluvial geomorphology and water quality, stressing the value of such studies for improved environmental management. The text is supplemented by bibliographies, photographs, tables, and diagrams.


We evaluated the accuracy and reliability of the Camino and Millar systems using our closed circuit system to determine whether they can be useful for measurement of intramuscular pressure.Both catheters as well as wick catheter reflected the mercury pressure precisely and were considered to be applicable for measurement of intramuscular pressure. These catheters were found to be simple in the technique and very useful for long-term measurements of compartment pressure or continuous measurements during exercise.


The article presents selected issues concerning the educational contexts of the application of popular music. It focuses on the development of phonography from the mechanical to the modern form (virtual); popular music on television; ethnic sources of popular music, the non-commercial function of popular music; music at the service of ideas. The article takes into account several characteristics of the great number of educational applications of popular music. Some are linked to commemoration of the work of outstanding artists, honouring the beauty of countries and the natural environment, while others distinguish personalities, friendship and patriotism.


The cost stickiness is a new research area of the cost management,and corporate life cycle is an important tool for enterprise management.Combining both of them,corporate cost stickiness is studied in the premise of division for life cycle of the enterprise.China's listed companies are classified into the growth stage,maturity stage and decline stage according to life cycle and the cost stickiness of each cycle stage is different.The cost stickiness of maturity stage is less than the other stages.According to the difference on cost stickiness in each life cycle stages,the paper strives to bring more targeted policies and proposals to business managers on the enterprise cost management.


Forming simulations of can end shell have been implemented and compared with the experimental observations of the shell actual forming process. The influences of the loads applied to tools, the clearances between tools, the shapes of the tool profiles and the positions of tools, on the shell forming quality, have then been investigated numerically. The design optimization method based on the numerical simulations has been applied to search optimum design points, in order to reduce the amount of thinning subjected to the constraints of the shell geometric shape and the suppression of wrinkles. The optimization results show that the amount of thinning can be reduced up to 4% by optimizing the forming route, adjusting the clearances and the loads, and modifying the tool shapes.


Modern Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) already integrate multiple functions and this trend is expected to grow in the near future for economic reasons. Mixed-Criticality Cyber-Physical Systems (MC-CPS) impose the challenging task of integrating safety-critical and non-safety critical applications on the same device or even on the same System-on-Chip. The engineering of MC-CPS requires competences from different disciplines, such as physics, mechatronics, electrical engineering, embedded HW/SW design, real-time systems, software engineering, control theory, and safety analysis. Most of these disciplines are covered by university courses, but the application of these techniques on the design of a real MC-CPS can hardly be handled in a regular course. In this paper, the concept, organization, technical outcomes and discussion of the experiences of a two-term student project group is presented. The group performed the specification, implementation and test of a mixed-criticality multi-rotor system: integrating a safety-critical flight control algorithm with mission-critical payload processing on a single chip. Based on this experience, a student project group for teaching the interdisciplinary and crosscutting topic of mixed-criticality within a traditional technical computer science curriculum is advocated.


The article is devoted to study of the factors of mobile professional identity formation. Among them there are social and economic instability of the state, uncertainty and ambiguity of socially-professional spheres, emerdgement movement and professional work genesis, an inadequate choice of a trade which are considered to be major factors of mobile professional identity formation. On the basis of comparative analysis of key concepts mobile professional identity's peculiarities of display and expression were systemized


Abstract : The flutter characteristics of a two-dimensional hydrofoil near a free surface are analyzed, with consideration given to the cases of both one and two degrees of freedom. The flutter equations incorporate lift and moment as determined from an exact linearized potential solution. Free-surface effects are included without approximation. Results indicate that for the system having two degrees of freedom, the free surface has very little effect on flutter boundaries, despite the large changes in hydrodynamic loading caused by foil- induced surface waves. When the hydrofoil was constrained to move only in pitch, however, flutter solutions were found where none exist in the absence of the free surface, for practical values of mass ratio and pitch-axis position.


QUT Library policy on Information Literacy outlines the range of strategic central and branch-based services,systems and strategies that the library develops,supports and maintains.It brings some good references for domestic academic institutes to implement information literacy education.


Within many engineering fields, structural design must meet the demands of cost-effectiveness. This leads to lightweight, highly flexible, and consequently vulnerable structures. In order to assess potential risks associated with such a design, the structural analysis must take into account available information on the randomness of loads and structural properties. It means that the analysis should include reliability estimates in an appropriate manner. This may be seen as an additional refinement of structural analysis, like e.g. the higher degree of accuracy as intr oduced by the Finite Element Method compared to the traditional engineering tools of analysis. However, although the need for stochastic analysis is apparent, there is a lack of software which enables the application of reliability methods by engineers not specialized in the field. Currently, stochastic analysis software is being developed which may be applied successfully by practitioners. Within the scope of structural analysis, these tools may be classified according to the following two categories (see figs.1 and 2):


Aims: The Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI‐6) and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ‐7) are both well‐known. In obstetric fistula (OF) repair outcome is usually assessed by the surgical team. The patient perspective is often neglected. Therefore we translated both questionnaires in Lingala and Kikongo, official languages in DR Congo. Secondly used the questionnaires in an OF population to assess the real life continence status and the impact of fistula repair surgery.


Aims T o conduct a survey examining issues relating to implementation of the diabetes NSF (National Service Framework) in primary care. Results A completed questionnaire was returned by 32 (> 60%) of practices. Of these, 30 (93.7%) had a practice register for diabetes, 18 (56.2%) had a screening policy for undiagnosed diabetes and 23 (71.9%) had specific diabetes clinics (SDC). The practice nurse was at the front line of diabetes care, with the general practitioner, podiatrist and dietitian playing an increased role when patients had uncontrolled risk factors, or complications. In SDC lack of funding, specialist personnel and time were the main barriers to implementing the diabetes NSF. In most practices holding SDC, patients with diabetes (65.2%) were not seen in the same clinics as patients with other cardiovascular risk problems, but without diabetes (34.8%). In those general practices not holding SDC, the majority reported they did not wish to develop these clinics (60%), due mainly to time restrictions. Only a minority (24%) of general practices referred patients with psychological problems, related to diabetes, to clinical psychology services.


The study on the locus of control (LOC) of retired public servants in Akwa Ibom State on their post-retirement adjustment used 299 respondents. A 34 item Retired Public Servants Opinion Questionnaire (REPSOQ) was used to elicit information on the retirees' feelings on LOC and their postretirement satisfaction of health, social, emotional, and economic indices. A null hypothesis of no significant influence of LOC on post-retirement adjustment of public servants was used in our test using an independent t-test at 0.05 level of significance and df of 297. The result showed no significant difference between retirees with internal and external LOC. Retirees with external LOC had significantly higher health adjustment than those with internal LOC. Retirement adjustment remains a problem for retirees in Nigeria as they struggle for their legitimate entitlement. Post-retirement counselling is recommended to be integrated into retirement package, and retirement engagement like seminars on career termination, healthcare and financial management programs should be designed for the retired persons before and after retirement at scheduled periods to keep them abreast of events. GJHSS-H Classification: JEL Code: J26 LocusofControlandPostRetirementAdjustmentofPublicServantsinaAkwaIbomStateofNigeria Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: H Interdisciplinary Volume 20 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2020 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Locus of Control and Post-Retirement Adjustment of Public Servants in a Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria


In the title compound, C22H22O3, the dihedral angle between the naphthalene ring system and the benzene ring is 82.93 (5)°. The bridging carbonyl C—C(=O)—C plane makes dihedral angles of 50.11 (6) and 46.87 (7)°, respectively, with the naphthalene ring system and the benzene ring. In the crystal, three types of weak intermolecular C—H⋯O interactions are observed.


Local anaesthetics provide excellent pain relief after central and peripheral nerve blocks. However, in many clinical situations there is an insufficient duration of action to allow effective treatment of long-term pain with single injection techniques. This problem became the focus of the present studies. The natives in South America used to chew the leaves from Erythroxylon Coca and were well aware of the numbness in the mouth after chewing it, as well as the centrally stimulating effect.

Niemann described the purification process and named it cocaine in 1860. The eye surgeon Koller described in 1884 cocaine as a topical local anaesthetic of the eye. The toxic effects of cocaine were soon identified since they had resulted in many deaths among both patients and addicted persons.

Development via modern organic chemistry led to new local anaesthetics. The nerve impulses flow along the nerve by small electrical changes. The two most important ions in this process are sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). Local anaesthetics inhibit the sodium-influx (by blocking the Na+-channels). In a local anaesthetic solution two forms of the drug are in equilibrium with each other, the ionised (BH+) and the non-ionised (B) form. Both forms are necessary for the action; the base form (B) penetrates the membrane of the nerve axon and the protonated form (BH+) is the active part and blocks the Na+- channels intracellularly. The concentration relationship between these two forms depends on the pKa of the drug and the tissue (and solution) pH. It has been stated that an increase of pH (alkalinization) increases the non-ionised form that gives a higher penetration rate and leads to a prolonged duration of action in a local anaesthetic block. In Paper I, this could not be concluded in the infraorbital nerve block (IONB) in rats after pH modulation by dissolving lidocaine or pethidine in normal saline and varying their pH by adding HCl or NaCO3. However, after dissolving the tested drugs in a buffer (THAM) at physiological pH the duration of nerve block was prolonged. This was presumable due to the inherent low buffer capacity in the original solution. Many local anaesthetics exist as two enantiomers, i.e. as two molecules that are mirror images of each other. According to their geometrical configuration these are named S (sinister) and R (rectus). Another description is how the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light; l or (-) as in levo and d or (+) as in dextro. When applied intradermally, the S(-)-enantiomers levobupivacaine and ropivacaine show vasoconstrictive properties over a wide range of concentrations, whereas similar concentrations of the racemate (R,S)- bupivacaine and its R(+)-enantiomer induce vasodilatation. Braun showed already in 1903 that vasoconstrictive properties (for example inclusion of adrenaline) of local anaesthetic solutions enhanced the duration of the nerve block. Still today adrenaline is used for this purpose. In Paper II the hypothesis was that the S(-)-enantiomers could produce long durations of blocks. However, similar duration of blocks were produced by S-enantiomers and the racemate (R,S)-bupivacaine. This could be because of injections into a presumably richly vascularized area where the vasoconstriction cannot affect the local anaesthetics. The two used blocks (IONB and SNB) are more comparable to a peripheral nerve block than what an intradermal weal test is.

Inclusion of local anaesthetics into various formulations has been tried in the attempt to prolong the duration of block. In this Thesis two different lipid systems were used with the aim to make a slow-release formulation with prolonged nerve blocking properties without toxic side effects. In Paper III the local anaesthetic lidocaine, at maximum of 20%, was dissolved into a polar lipid system, SPC/GD. In SNB in rats the 20% lidocaine in lipid formulation prolonged the duration of the block three times compared to clinically used 2% lidocaine HCl aqueous solution. The in vitro release of lidocaine from the 200 mg/ml (20%) lidocaine in SPC/GD showed a sustained release. Blood concentrations of lidocaine in arterial blood in rats after SNB with 0.1 ml of 20% lidocaine in lipid formulation or 2% lidocaine HCl aqueous solution were measured. The AUC (area under the curve) of the blood concentrations was 8.8 times higher after the tenfold higher dose but the Cmax did not like AUC increase in proportion to the tenfold difference in dose.

Another lipid formulation (non-polar) was used in Papers IV and V, namely MCT (medium-chain triglycerides). MCT are already used in other available medications, i.e. the injectable depot neuroleptic drug flupentixol decanoate (Fluanxol® Depot, Lundbeck). The preparation has been in clinical use for decades.

The well-known eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA®; developed at AstraZeneca Inc.), which consists of a 1:1 mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine, proved to be freely soluble in MCT at any concentration, Paper IV. The duration of SNB was prolonged three times with 20% and about 180 times with 60% formulation, in comparison to 2% aqueous HCl solution. Formulations 60% and ethanol produced neurotoxic signs as shown by light microscopy. There is a possibility to use the high-concentration formulations as an alternative to ethanol for neurolytic long-term nerve blocks. The mean Cmax values of the local anaesthetics in blood were only about twice as high after 20% formulation in comparison with 2% aqueous HCl solution in spite of the tenfold higher dose. The terminal half-lives and the calculated times for 50% release into the circulation attested to the depot characteristics of this formulation.

In the attempt to further prolong nerve block, the long acting bupivacaine was mixed with lidocaine in MCT. The function of lidocaine in the mixture was to increase the solubility of bupivacaine in MCT. Concentrations between 2 and 64% were prepared. The duration of nerve block was prolonged almost four times with the 32% and 13 times with the 64% in comparison to the clinically used 0.5% aqueous bupivacaine HCl solution. Slight to moderate signs of neurotoxicity were seen only after administration of the 64% formulation. The findings in this Thesis suggest that MCT as carrier of local anaesthetics has advantageous pharmaceutical and pharmacological properties. A favourable balance between effects and toxicity may conceivably be obtained. After supplemental testing in more sensitive models for toxicity such formulations could be candidates for clinical trials.


Although Texas may once have appeared immune to national business cycles, the state's economy no longer has such immunity. The authors quantify the degree to which the Texas economy's responsiveness to oil prices and the national economy has changed. They find that Texas nonagricultural employment is 62% less sensitive to unexpected changes in real oil prices and 338% more responsive to unexpected changes in national employment. Further, the authors also develop measures of the degree of dissimilarity between the Texas and national economies. They find that these dissimilarity measures, which reflect differences in economic structure between Texas and the nation, bear a closer relation to real oil prices than does state employment. 15 references, 7 figures, 5 tables.


According to the present operation situation of China's high-speed railway,a new optimization scheme for the traction power supply is proposed.Through analyzing the measured load data of a passenger dedicated line,the temperature rise and life loss of its Vx traction transformer under the proposed scheme are calculated.Thus the paper puts forward that improving the present traction power supply mode can make the high-speed railway optimized and more economic.


Nanocomposite FePt:SiO 2 thin films consisting of high anisotropy FePt particles embedded in a SiO 2 matrix have been successfully fabricated by annealing the as-deposited FePt/SiO 2 multilayers. By adjusting the annealing temperatures and compositions, films were obtained with coercivity of 3.8 kOe and grain size of 10 nm, which are suitable for high-density magnetic recording. Magnetic activation volumes were measured and thermal stability is discussed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. @ S0021-8979 ~ 00 ! 46608-9 #


With the popularity of consumer-grade depth cameras on mobile devices, 3D reconstruction based on the RGBD camera has once again become a hot topic in the field of 3D vision. The current application of RGBD cameras is mainly in the field of large-scale 3D reconstruction and VSLAM that rely on high-performance graphics cards to achieve real-time reconstruction and currently reach a relatively mature stage. The reconstruction of specific scene models ( such as objects, human bodies, human faces ) has a lot of application prospects in the fields of intelligent volume measurement, face recognition, motion capture, etc, attracting the attention of researchers. In this paper, a lightweight 3D reconstruction algorithm framework is designed for scene objects. The selecting frame module is introduced. The dense 3D reconstruction based on sparse frames is implemented on the Raspberry Pi 4B to improve the model reconstruction efficiency and we design the point cloud pose-processing module to improve the quality of the model reconstruction.


Most people reading this code will support the voluntary plant conservation organisations in their efforts to halt the decline in the native flora of Britain and Ireland and to ensure that all our wild flowering plants, ferns, mosses, liverworts, lichens, algae and fungi remain for future generations to enjoy. Wild plants are a key to the enjoyment of the countryside, primarily for their appeal in their natural surroundings but also because of the pleasure they give photographers, naturalists, flower arrangers and cooks. Generally, uprooting is harmful, but picking with care and in moderation usually does little damage and can foster the appreciation of wild plants, which in turn benefits their conservation. However, in some cases picking can be harmful and it may even be illegal. This leaflet has been written for botanists, teachers and people who wish simply to enjoy wild plants. It aims to indicate where collecting and picking are acceptable and which wild plants should not be taken.


The photooxidation of diethyl ether (C2H5OC2H5) and diisopropyl ether, (CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2, in the presence of NOx was studied at the European Photoreactor (EUPHORE) in May 1998. The main objective of the experiments was to validate the degradation mechanisms that are based on data obtained from laboratory photoreactor studies. For diisopropyl ether, the experiments provided product yield data that differed significantly from that obtained in conventional photoreactor studies. In order to elucidate further mechanistic information, the photooxidation of diisopropyl ether was studied again in July 1998 in the presence and absence of NOx.


The object of this paper is to give some novel calculations of noise statistics. The zero crossing problem is analyzed for nonstationary noise, and some features of the envelope of noise are established. The theory underlying the formulation of the average number of times per second a noise (possibly nonstationary) takes on a specified value is given in some detail. The crossing rate is found in terms of a rather simple integral for the nonstationary noise consisting of the sum of stationary Gaussian noise and a determinate signal. The integral is evaluated in closed form for any determinate signal having a graph composed of straight line segments. In turn the sine wave case is approximated by a triangular wave case. The following two properties of the envelope of noise are proved: (1) the mean square output of an envelope detector is twice the mean square input (independent of the statistics of the input), and (2) the derivative of the envelope of stationary Gaussian noise has a Gaussian first probability distribution. The first property is easy to derive, but it seems not to have been mentioned in the literature; of eourse, it is well known for Gaussian noise and for sine waves. The general version given here is useful in calculations of signal to noise ratios when the interference has non-Gaussian statistics. A heuristic derivation of the second property was included in reference (3). This second result has-application in certain radars, and it is also of general interest in that it displays a nonlinear transformation of Gaussian noise which leaves the first distribution Gaussian. It is rather burdensome to analyze rigorously noise problems that cover a wide front; however, since the scope of this paper is rather narrow, the analysis hera has been carried through on a rigorous basis. It is felt that additional insight is gained when at least some of the problems are so analyzed.


In its trope of playing with the past as a kind of game, The Devil's Arithmetic by Jane Yolen wavers between conviction in young readers' ability to confront the traumatic past and anxiety about the uncensored model of exposure that the novel is often thought to epitomize. Role-play emerges as this Holocaust text's central modality of concomitantly pretending to know and not know, expose and conceal, hide and seek the truth without real danger or risk.


Abstract Cardiff Castle's Clock Tower dominates the city's skyline. Designed by William Burges for Lord Bute it was completed in 1873 to epitomize the Victorian dream of High Gothic. The tower is ornamented with painted and gilded features including clocks, sundials, heraldic shields and life-size human statues representing the planets. The tower stands at over one hundred feet tall. Despite the obvious difficulties that this height presents in reaching the main features of ornamentation, the statues, clock and shields have all been regularly overpainted, meaning that the original colours, details and paint types intended by Burges have been gradually lost and obscured. As part of a multimillion-pound conservation programme for the Castle, architectural paint research was undertaken on all areas of the Clock Tower's ornamentation, leading to an accurate recreation of Burges' original scheme, which adhered to the demands and ethics of the project's overall Conservation and Management Plan.1 The project is managed and funded by Cardiff Council with assistance from the Heritage Lottery Fund and Cadw.


The porcelainized stoneware has been outstanding in the current market of ceramic tiles because it offers excellent technical and esthetic features. In this research, traditional ceramic raw materials were selected and a standard formulation reported in the literature was adopted, aiming to replace the vitreous phase former (feldspar) from the composition by two fluxing agents at high temperature. The objective was to evaluate these materials as a technical alternative at lower cost since, in the porcelain, the amount of flux former is very large, and represents approximately 50% of all raw materials used. The nepheline syenite was the natural raw material selected to replace the feldspar due to the fact that it belongs to the family of feldspathoids, and has similar physicochemical characteristics, and therefore a high fluxing efficiency. The second vitreous phase former was a synthetic material, named flux agent, with physical and chemical characteristics very different from those of the feldspar and even greater fluxing efficiency. The replacement of feldspar occurred in a complete and/or in part, through combinations of the alternative fluxes. The masses were processed from mixing of powders, wet milling, drying, desagglomeration, compaction and firing. In addition to the curves of vitrification, techniques, as sedimentometry, dilatometry, apparent porosity measurements, flexure strength test, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the material sintered at different temperatures. The most important results show that it is possible to combine nepheline and synthetic flux as an alternative material other than feldspar, because they promote vitrification at lower temperatures. Compositions with both fluxes showed low values of water absorption (< 0.1%) and high mechanical strength (45 MPa) when compared to the standard, despite of the higher pyroplastic deformation. The presence of nepheline does not change qualitatively the formation of phases and the synthetic flux generates new crystalline phases.


Within the territory of the Dendrological park Oleksandriya subsurface contamination with petroleum prod- ucts, the source of which is a former aircraft repair plant, has existed for a long time. The circumstances of the formation of ecological and hydrogeological situation on the territory of the dendrological park under the influence of petroleum con- tamination from the technogenic loaded area are considered in order to create the system of control of potentially negative impact on the environment and planning of remediation actions. The creation of the eco-industrial park Bila Tserkva will minimize the man-made impact on the state of the underground hydrosphere of the dendrological park.


Cold tolerance and photosynthesis of tobacco at low temperature were expected to be improved as a reference to the improvement of cold tolerance in other crops.And CBF3 cold response transcription activators of Arabidopsis thaliana was controlled by AtRD29a.The exogenous genes were successfully transformed into tobacco.Transgenic tobacco were inproved effectively.Cold tolerance test showed that transgenic plantlet with AtRD29a-CBF3 and AtRD29a-COR15a bivalent gene did not wilt during 48 h at 1 ℃,but non-transgenic plantlet wilt in 12h at 1 ℃.Electric conductivity was measured and described with logistic equation,and the results showed that LT50 of transgenic plantlet was-1.01 ℃,but non-transgenic plantlet was 0.86 ℃.Transgenic plantlet was lower 20 % and 1.87 ℃ than non-transgenic plantlet in cell membrane injury percentage and the semilethal low temperature,respectively.And POD activity,soluble sugar content,and proline content of the former are 3.42,2.57,and 1.23 times than that of the latter.


This study is about on the quality of bituminous coatings used for the rehabilitation of the Grand-Gassam-Nzikro road. Several tests in situ (temperature measurement and coring test) and laboratory tests (binder extraction, Marshall test and particle size analysis) were carried out in order to verify the conformity of the physical and mechanical characteristics of these mixes with those contained in the Notebook of Special Technical Clauses (CCTP). This study has shown that the application temperature of enrobes varies between 135.88° C and 146.2° C. The thicknesses of enrobe used are between 4.7 and 5.6 cm. He showed that the binder contents of different mixes are around 6%. The reliability of enrobe was confirmed thanks to the Marshall tests. Finally, this study has highlighted the two granular classes used for the manufacture of asphalt. The results obtained are satisfactory and conform to the specifications contained in the CCTP.


Objective. To assess the effectiveness of a newly developed individualised birthweight ratio (IBR), which corrects for physiological birthweight determinants, in identifying infants at risk from the complications of macrosomia.


Zero-shot learning for Dialogue State Tracking (DST) focuses on generalizing to an unseen domain without the expense of collecting in domain data. However, previous zero-shot DST methods ignore the slot dependencies in a multidomain dialogue, resulting in sub-optimal performances when adapting to unseen domains. In this paper, we utilize slot prompts combination, slot values demonstration, and slot constraint object to model the slot-slot dependencies, slot-value dependency and slot-context dependency respectively. Specifically, each slot prompt consists of a slot-specific prompt and a slot-shared prompt to capture the shared knowledge across different domains. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our proposed method over existing state-of-art generation methods under zero-shot/few-shot settings.


Minimal assumptions are used in deriving constitutive equations for polymers based on the theory of thermal activation. With a shear volume of activation inversely proportional to the flow stress, the general structure of the constitutive equation as a function of temperature, pressure, and strain rate may be elucidated without regard to the details of the underlying flow mechanisms. Strain hardening or softening is described by a differential equation relating the hardening rate to creation or destruction of flow units. While many polymers are, strictly speaking, nonlinearly viscoelastic materials, over a limited time and temperature range they may be considered to exhibit unrecoverable, though not necessarily volume conserving, strains and treated as viscoplastic. The equations have been applied to the yield stress of glassy PMMA, showing the excellent result that may be obtained with the assumed inverse dependence of the shear volume of activation upon the flow stress, and to the dynamic deformation behavior of semicrystalline PTFE, showing a reasonably good reproduction ofthe stress-strain behavior as a function of temperature, pressure, and strain rate. The yield stress results for PMMA are used to describe its ductile-brittle transition properties.


The magnetic-field-induced IR spectrum change in GD a-Si:H is reported. The IR spectra of a-Si:H film were measured in an alternating magnetic field. We found a shift from 2000 cm −1 to 2100 cm −1 depending upon the increase of the magnetic field strength for the shift is 130 GS, and the maximum value corresponding to the maximum shift is 800 GS. The magnetic-field-induced state is an unstable state with very short relaxation time, in which the IR spectral changes are not dependent on the bonded hydrogen content


"Why a Program of Research on Preschool Blind Children" by Harriet Anderson Fjeld and Kathryn Errol Maxfield is published as a separate reprint of the Journal of Psychology, Vol. 6, 1938. The authors conclude that "An intensive and comprehensive study of the development of the preschool blind child should have a far wider application than the limited field of work with those who were born or became blind at an early age. It seems reasonable to suppose that it would be of value in understanding the problems of those who have lost their sight through accident or disease after the age of seven. It should make an important contribution to the understanding of the personality problems of those individuals suffering from handicaps other than visual, such as the deaf and the crippled. And finally, there is every reason to believe that such a program would have much to offer the general fields of psychology, neurology, and education."


The structure is mononuclear with samarium bound by two η 5 -cyclopentadienyl ligands and two chloride ligands, the latter of which bridge to a doubly ether-solvated lithium centre.


Carboxymethyl polysaccharides have the abilities to enhance the activities and responses of immunocells and to accelerate the generation of cytokines.The preparations of carboxymethyl starch,carboxymethyl pachyman and carboxymethyl modefied hemicellulose are introduced.The applications on chemicals and medicines of the carboxymethyl polysaccharides are reviewed.


Grain growth simulations of titanium and stainless steels have been performed using phase-field model. In the simulation of Ti-rich Ti-Fe-O ternary alloys modeling commer cially pure titanium, it was shown that a grain growth is suppressed by the pinning effect by β grains in thermal equilibrium. In the mesoscopic grain growth simulation of SUS 301L austenitic stainless steel alloyed with Nb, where the pinning effect of Nb (C, N) is described by one pinning parameter, the average size of Nb (C, N) particles was estimated. The calculated grain sizes obtained by the simulations of the titanium alloy and the stainless steels agree well with experimental grain sizes.


Safe landing of shipboard aircrafts is the key issue for their missions and combats.The function and the components of integrated launch and recovery television surveillance system(ILARTS) were discussed,which took the U.S.aircraft carrier as an example.The centerline cameras were specially discussed by which the obtained information was significant for landing signal officer.The advantage of electron multiplying CCD(EMCCD) was presented for potential use in carrier landing.The technical requirement was calculated and it was found that EMCCD CCD-97,E2V Co.Ltd.with optics with F=60 mm,F/4 could fulfill the specific resolution requirement for shipboard fixed-wing aircraft landing.The theoretical analysis builds the foundation for related engineering applications.


The recent impact of new drugs acting selectively on D-l dopamine receptors is reviewed. l-phenyl-lH-3benzazepines, typified by SCH 23390 , SK&F 83566 and SK&F 38393, represent the major class of drugs with such properties. Contrary to previous theoretical schemes, which attributed a prepotent role to the D 2 receptor in the regulation of behaviour, selective D-l agents are active in a wide variety of behavioural paradigms. However, they can show pharmacological profiles sometimes similar to and sometimes distinct from those of selective D-2 agents. Their effects can be different after lesions or transmitter depletions, in comparison with the whole animal, but are generally suggestive of functional interactions between D-l and D-2 receptor systems at an integrative level. These behavioural actions of selective D-l agents are sometimes complemented, but often contradicted, by their effects in neurophysiological and neurochemical studies. After a period of considerable neglect, the D-l receptor has begun to find its functional role, and there will be intense speculation as to its clinical and therapeutic significance. "All the pharmacological and behavioural effects elicited by dopamine agonists and antagonists in the brain can only be explained if such an interaction occurs at the level of the dopamine receptor (D-2 receptor site); the D-l site still remains in search of a f u n c t i o n " (Laduron, 1983; Ref. 1, p . 22). Address for cor respondence: Dr. John L. Waddington, Depar tment of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. S tephen 's Green , Dublin 2, Ireland. BACKGROUND A clear element of paradox is implicit in the above s tatement . In what circumstances can a system for the sub-classification of receptors for a particular neurotransmitter have evolved, and achieved widespread acceptance, while distinct funct ional correlates of that sub-classification have remained obscure? In the periphery, a variety of fundamenta l funct ions are available for quantif icat ion; through these, anomalies in responses to presumed agonist and antagonist drugs have pointed towards receptor multiplicity in, for example, the classical adrenergic and histaminergic systems /2 ,3 / . From such functional considerations, it has been subsequently possible to study responses in these systems fur ther at the level of the neurochemical events associated with the action of drugs on the recognition proteins of the relevant receptors. In the brain, we would argue, our sense of funct ion should be different , the fundamenta l response of this organ being surely behavioural (cognitive and motor ic , and hence more ephemeral) in nature. Because of complexities inherent in the analysis of behaviour, natural enthusiasm to describe and quant i fy brain funct ion has tended to focus, in the present contex t , on more "object ive" measures at and around the receptor site: neurochemical and radioligand binding indices, rather than fundamental behavioural considerations, have been very much to the fore in the characterisation of brain dopamine receptors. This reverse order of events is therefore opposite to that which generated proposals for, say, functionally distinct adrenergic and histaminergic receptor sub-types. In such circumstances, it may not be surprising that we have a prevailing system for the sub-classification of brain dopamine receptors, deriving essentially f rom neurochemical and receptor binding considerations, VOL. 1, Nos. 3 & 4, 1987 157 158 Waddington J.L. and O 'Boy le K .M whose functional (behavioural) significance is still a matter of conjecture and debate. A primary aim of this review will be to at tempt to reconcile these two levels of analysis of dopamine receptor function. A number of formal schemes for dopamine (DA) receptor sub-classification have emerged over the past decade /4-6/, but the majority have failed to achieve widespread acceptance. While those that were to lapse drew attention to important distinctions and anomalies in particular areas of dopaminergic function, the small number of drugs and functions specified as showing selectivity within each scheme has limited the possibility of investigating the generality of these proposals /5 ,6/ . The scheme that has become the basis for most of the subsequent work on dopamine receptor multiplicity /4/ originally defined D-l receptors as those coupled to the stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, and D-2 receptors as those not having an adenylate cyclase linkage. Subsequent studies, focusing extensively on radioligand binding techniques, were to extend this scheme to four binding sites (D-l to D-4) with differing research groups sometimes using such nomenclature in contradictory ways/7-10/ . This quadruplet heterogeneity has been resolved and subsumed within the basic D-l : D-2 concept / l l / . In a recent review of this scheme, the original definitions of D-l and D-2 receptors have been modified in only one fundamental way, to accommodate subsequent data indicating that D-2 receptors can mediate the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity /12/ . It will be this scheme which will be adhered to throughout our review. In addition to re-emphasising the neurochemical origins of this scheme, it is of equally fundamental significance that it evolved in the absence of any agent known to block selectively the D-l receptor. The identification of the 7-halogenated 1-phenyl-1H3-benzazepines, SCH 23390 /13-17/ and SK&F 83566 /18 / , as the first agents to show such properties has resulted in an explosion of renewed interest in the D-l receptor since 1983/4. The literature on dopamine receptor classification up to that time has been the subject of several authoritative reviews /4 -7 ,9 l l / , and our primary focus will be both on the neurochemical and behavioural impact of the introduction of SCH 23390 and SK&F 83566, and on the new concepts which have been generated from their use. We will seek to chart its rapid metamorphosis from a neurochemical abstraction, of unknown functional relevance, to a physiological receptor of apparently profound behavioural significance. S E L E C T I V E D-l A G O N I S T S A N D A N T A G O N I S T S According to the scheme of Kebabian and Calne /4,12/ , DA can interact with two receptor subtypes, D-l and D-2, which differ from each other in three major ways (a) biochemically — D-l receptors are coupled to the stimulation of adenylate cyclase (AC) whereas D-2 receptors are either independent of, or inhibit this enzyme; (b) pharmacologically D-l and D-2 receptors have distinct pharmacological profiles for agonists and, particularly, antagonists and (c) anatomically separate regional and subcellular distributions for the two subtypes have been described. Both neurochemical and functional tests have been applied to the study of DA receptors, the former utilizing radioligand binding techniques and the latter recording biochemical, physiological or behavioural responses. Using a combination of these techniques the properties of a uniquely selective partial D-l receptor agonist SK&F 38393 were first described in 1978 /19/ and again a few years later in 1982 /20/ . Around the same time the first selective D-l receptor antagonist SCH 23390 was identified /13-15/; prior to 1981 only D-2 selective compounds were available for DA receptor research. The identification of SCH 23390 and SK&F 38393 as D-l selective agents provided the necessary pharmacological tools for investigating DA receptor properties. l-Phenyl-3-benzazepines SCH 23390 evidence for D-l receptor specificity: SCH 23390 (7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-l-phenyl2,3,4,5,-tetrahydro-lH-3-benzazepine, occasionally referred to as an 8-chloro-7-hydroxy compound if the phenyl substitution on the heterocyclic ring is redesignated the 5rather than the 1-position, Figure 1). The antidopaminergic properties of SCH 23390 were identified using a battery of behavioural tests and in these it had the characteristics of a standard antipsychotic agent /13,15/. High affinity antagonism of D-l DA receptors was indicated by the ability of low concentrations of SCH 23390 to block DA-stimulated AC. However, the H O X X > C H 3 X = CI S C H 23390


This work will focus on teachers' prevention for students with language difficulties so they don't end up in mathematical difficulties. The purpose of this work is to see what methods, working meth ...


A novel Neodymium (NdFeB) based fault current limiter for the National Science Foundation's FREEDM Project is presented in the paper. The proposed device incorporates a fast mechanical contact switch in parallel with the NdFeB core. The proposed fault current limiter exploits the nonlinear characteristics of the ferromagnetic core. The hysteretic properties of the ferromagnetic core are modeled by the Preisach method of Hysteresis. Finite Element Analysis is performed on the coils of the proposed device and the results are displayed. A low voltage simulation is done to determine the feasibility of the proposed device and to determine the correct operation. The simulations show the NdFeB fault current limiter can limit the potential fault current by the required 50%. Also, harmonic analysis is performed and is determined the NdFeB fault current limiter does not inject any additional harmonics into the FREEDM system.


This paper presents a new pattern synthesis for linear arrays using modified differential evolution based on harmony search algorithm as an optimization technique. The main objective is to obtain suitable current excitation amplitude and phase distribution for the linear array antenna elements so that it can produce the desired ramp shaped beam radiation pattern. There are many optimization techniques available for beam shaping but a new algorithm can efficiently control both the main lobe shaping and the number of sidelobes which are present in radiation pattern. The modified differential evolution (MDE) strategy has been developed by adding three control parameter settings into the classical DE. For this purpose a new mutation and crossover strategies are considered. The synthesis of desired ramp shaped beam pattern results have been shown that MDE converges as faster and requires less computation than the other methods. Index terms:Antenna Arrays, Pattern Synthesis, Control Parameters, Modified Differential Evolution Algorithm, Beam-Former, and Ramp Shaped-Beam Patterns.


BROŽEK MILAN: Soldering sheets using so solders. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2013, LXI, No. 6, pp. 1597–1604 The paper contains strength tests results of joints soldered using lead and leadless so solders. For tests lead solders types Pb60Sn40 and Sn60Pb40 and leadless so solders types Sn95.5Ag3.8Cu0.7 and Sn96Ag4 were used. As basic materials steel sheet, zinc-coated steel sheet, copper sheet and brass sheet 100 x 20 x 1 mm was the test samples size. Always two sheets were cleaned and jointed together. For heating the propane-butane + air fl ame was used. Then the tested assemblies were loaded using the universal tensile-strength testing machine till to failure. At the tests the force needed for assemblies failure and failure type (in soldered joint, in basic material) were recorded. From measured data the solder strength was calculated. From the experiment results it follows that from the point of view of the soldered joints strength as well of the solder strength relatively small diff erences were found. At the same time it is evident that the joint strength and solder strength depend on soldered material type and on soldered joint lapping length. On the basis of carried out experiments it can be stated that the substitution of lead solders by leadless solders is possible without risk of soldered joints strength decrease. soldered joints, leadless solders, laboratory tests, tensile lap-shear strength Soldering technology belongs to the oldest methods of material jointing using heat. It has been used already 3500 years ago in Old Egypt. In the territory of Czech Republic soldering is documented by archaeological discovery from the era of Great Moravia Empire (second half of the 9th century). It was used at jewels making. But development of soldering industrial use is dated back to less far past. At the beginning of twentieth century soldering came into use for jointing of thin metallic materials. Its next development is closely connected with the development of automobile, electrical and light industry. Today it is luxuriantly used not only for single-part production but in serial and mass production, too. Its optimal use is e.g. at products of general and precision engineering, in electrical, chemical, light and aircra industry, in cosmonautics, at production of imitation jewelry and in other fi elds. Properties of soldered joints are specifi c, e.g. joints can be gas proof, waterproof, electric conductible, corrosion proof etc. Joints are tough both at static and dynamic stress. In the same way as other methods of jointing the soldering technology is of advantages and disadvantages and therefore of its optimal application fi elds. Among advantages can be enumerated less energy consumption, higher operating speed, high economy, higher labor productivity, possibility of mechanization and automation, possibility of almost all metallic materials jointing regardless of their size and thickness, only low stress in the joint, lower eff ect on jointed materials properties and at last a fair visual appearance. Disadvantages are e.g. lower strength and heat resistance (Blascik et al., 1987; Ruža, 1988; Mahmudi and Eslami, 2011). However in the fi eld of metallic materials jointing the soldering technology is not dominant, but it suitably completes other methods, e.g. bonding (Kaspar, 2005; Műller, 2006; Brožek, 2013a; Brožek, 2014) or welding (Blascik et al., 1987; Brožek, 2007). At soldering fi ller materials, so-called solders of various chemical composition and properties, are used. Most o en solders are classifi ed according to their working temperature as so solders (upper melting point 450 °C).