The ethno-fantasy novel Kirdazht by Mordovian writer M. Bryzhinsky manifests the author's mythopoeia that facilitated a more complete depiction of the ancient Mordvins' history and culture, their customs and traditions. Since the Mordvins were forest inhabitants, it is Viryava (a protector goddess and mistress of forest fl ora and fauna) who is the key mythological fi gure. The image is primarily shown through the prism of the main character's mind - young Kechay - as a creature dangerous for humans and their livestock that can steal something, punish with a disease or even kill. At the same time, they worship and request Viryava's help who can bestow recovery from illnesses. Such interpretation of the image - being an example of the author's mythopoeia - refl ected beliefs about Viryava depicting her as a malicious being which was determined by the conversion of the Mordvins from paganism to Christianity. Other Mordvinian deities repeatedly mentioned in the novel are Chipaz (god of the sun) and Nishkepaz / Ineshkipaz (the Supreme God). And while the image of Nishkepaz is typical enough for mythological beliefs of the Mordvins, that of Chipaz differs a lot. The writer does not distinguish between their functional roles, namely: in one episode dealing with a request to the god the latter is referred to as Chipaz, while in another episode about the creation of the world he is called Ineshkipaz. And, supposedly in the search for originality, the author modifi es the usual name 'Nishkepaz' into 'Ine Shki-tri paz', thus supplementing it with the word 'tri' (Mord. 'tryams' - 'to grow, bring up, maintain'). A signifi cant role in the novel is played by the image of the medicine-man, wizard, or more precisely - folk healer Kepe Prya ('Bare Head') elaborated by the author from different mythologies. Analysis of the clothes, interior of his home, healing devices and methods concludes that Kepe Prya actually resembles a shaman rather than a Mordvinian healer. This is a manifestation of the writer's vivid fantasy that, on the one hand, showed the opportunities of mythopoeia, and, on the other hand, complicated the task of creating a character with a certain national mentality. In general, the use of images and motifs from Mordvinian mythology (Chipaz, Ineshkipaz, Viryava, Vedyava, Kudava, etc.) facilitated a brighter depiction of the ancient Mordvins' history and culture, their beliefs, view and perception of the world, ethnic mindset.


One embodiment of the invention a plurality a substrate, comprising: a display section and the display section disposed on said substrate portion a bag for sealing to cut off from external oxygen and moisture, and the sealing portion a film barrier organic, the barrier film is an organic of the organic matter and discloses a display device comprising a plurality of inorganic material is disposed in a space existing between the said organic material.


Review(s) of: Rae, James and Cornick, Mike, Jack: the Musical, 1998, London, Universal Edition. UE 17376, CD Accompaniment, Script and Lyrics Included, 15+4 pp and 95 pp.


Objective: To determine the level of patients' satisfaction with services provided at Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration: It was conducted at Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar from January 2009 to January 2010. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in which a structured questionnaire measuring patient satisfaction with various aspects of services provided by the hospital administration was administered to the subjects. Results: Among 200 Inpatients included in the study 177(88.5%) gave positive comments "Good, Very Good" , 19(10%) replied "fair" and only 4(2%) gave negative comments "Poor and Very Poor" about doctor/ consultant explanation. In question about cleanliness and facilities of the ward, 170(85 %) patients were satisfied, 18(09%) responded "fair" and 12(6%) were not satisfied. In response to the question about facilities of pathology laboratory, 170(85%) of the total respondents showed satisfaction. Regarding the facility provided by the radiology department, 90% patients were pleased with the radiology facilities. A question about overall care in the hospital was asked from all respondents, 176(88%) were in the view of better care while 24(12%) were against this view. Mean stay at the hospital was 6 days (1-15). Out of the total 195 (97.5%) reported partial availability of medicine in the hospital. In reply to a question about time taken by the Doctor./Physician in the OPD 95% patients showed satisfaction .Very less number (5%) opposed it. As regards procedure of OPD, 95% showed satisfaction. Among 100 out patients included in the study more than 90 % patients were satisfied with the number of counter provided in the hospital, from attitude of computer operator, time taken by physician and from the procedure of OPD services, but 33% patients said that there was no any organized procedure to visit consultant.


Abstract : Test objective was to determine the suitability of the winter functional uniform for US Army use. Testing was conducted on armored vehicles including M113 Series Armored Personnel Carriers, M60 Series Tanks, M114 Series Command and Reconnaissance Carriers, and the M551 Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicles for a total of 83 wear days and 22 launderings.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the System Online Learning, Learning Motivation on Student Achievement, moderated by the variable Interest in Learning. Students of the Faculty of Economics, Tridinanti University, Palembang, became respondents in this study. There are two methods used in this study, namely simple regression analysis and moderated regression analysis. The first hypothesis is that the output value of the correlation Fcount is 58,591 with a Sig value. = 0.000 < significant criteria, namely 0.05. This shows that learning motivation has a positive and significant effect on student achievement. The results of the second hypothesis test using Moderated Regression Analysis, the value of R Square in the first regression is 0.272 or 27.2% and R Square in the second regression is 0.387 or 38.7% and the significance is 0.000, which means < significance 0.05 criteria. This shows that the learning motivation variable is able to moderating the effect of the online learning system on student achievement.


This study explores data form the Survey of Income
and Living Condition (SILC), related to factors contributing to
unmet healthcare needs in Ireland. We analysed predisposing,
enabling and needs factors by building predictive models and
measured the predictor importance by sensitivity analysis. Results
show that critical factors for meeting the healthcare needs include
financial status, degree of urbanization, indicators of social
exclusion and deprivations, and self-perceived general health
condition. Identifying and quantifying those factors form raw data
may facilitate decision making in the domain.


An automatic measurement system for low frequency noises is established to sort solar cells according to their reliability.First,according to the sources of the 1/f noise of a solar cell,this paper identifies the feasibility of 1/f noise under big current density to be the reliability indication of the solar cell.Then,according to the noise spectral character measured by the automatic measurement system,it points out that comparing the 1/f noise spectrum of different solar cells in f at 1 Hz is an effective method to distinguish the reliability of different solar cells.Finally,the method to determine the threshold of screening solar cells is given based on the standard of semiconductor device quality classification.Experimental results indicate that this kind of method can nondestructively sort the solar cells into three groups according to their reliability,and spends only 5 min for measuring single solar cell.The proposed method can detect every single solar cell correctly and has advantages over traditional methods in costs,time and hard to be hurt.This method can satisfy the application requirements of screening solar cells for high reliability.


In this paper,a kind of new germicide-corrosion inhibitor of bisquats named MBQA was successfully synthesized,and the synthetic conditions were discussed.The product structure was illustrated by IR spectrum.The mechanisms of bactericide and corrosion inhibiting of MBQA were also investigated.The results showed that MBQA was a corrosion inhibitor with typical character of anode inhibiting.At the same time,it exhibited better germicidal effect on SRB than metronidazole and "1227" which was commonly used in oilfields.


In old Chinese, the two particles "ye"(邪) and "ye"(耶) had the same usage but appeared in different frequency. In archaic Chinese, "ye"(邪) was used more often than "ye"(耶), while it was the reverse after the Song-Yuan (宋元) Dynasties. This article gives an investigation into the using frequency of'"ye"(邪) and "ye"(耶) represented in the documentation written in the Tang(唐) Dynasty, which leads to the conclusion that the particle "ye"(耶) had been used more often than "ye" (邪)in the Tang(唐) Dynasty.


We consider a ball under the influence of gravity on a platform. A propagating surface wave travels on the surface of the platform, while the platform remains motionless. This is a modification of the classical bouncing ball problem and describes the transport of particles by surface waves. Phase and velocity maps cannot be expressed in an explicit form owing to implicit formulations, and no formal analytical analysis is possible. Numerical analysis shows that the transition to chaos is produced via a period doubling route, which is a common property for classical bouncers. The bouncing process can be sensitive to the initial conditions, which can build the ground for control techniques that can dramatically increase the effectiveness of particle transport in practical applications.


exo,exo-Norborn-5-ene-2,3-diyl bis(S-methyl dithiocarbonate) (1) and exo,exo-norborn-5-ene-2,3-diyl bis(methyl carbonate) (2) were polymerized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using Mo(CH-t-Bu)(NAr)(O-t-Bu) 2 . Depending on the bulkiness of the substituents, a higher stereoregularity of the polymer was achieved. Spectroscopic data (IR, NMR) of poly[norborn-5-ene-2,3-diyl bis(S-methyl xanthate) (polyl) show a complete trans connection of the repeating units, whereas the oxa analogue is not as stereoregular. Thermal properties of poly(1) offer interesting possibilities for application as a precursor polymer to poly(cyclopentadienylenevinylene)


Supplementary Table S1: Protoarray® v5.0 total protein content. Supplementary Table S2: Negative controls on the Protoarray® v5.0 .Each slide has 3004 negative control spots. Supplementary Table S3: Positive controls on the Protoarray® v5.0. Each slide has 576 positive control spots. Supplementary Table S4: Analysis of the SCF-Fbxo7 E3 ubiquitin ligase: Samples of Fbxo7 ubiquitin ligase were purified from cells and resolved ∼1 cm ona pre-cast SDS–polyacrylamide gel, and the entire lane was excised and cut into four equal slices. Proteins were reduced and alkylated, then digested in-gel using trypsin. The resulting peptides were analyzed by LC–MS/MS using an Orbitrap XL (Thermo) coupled to a nanoAcquity UPLC (Waters). Data were acquired in a DDA fashion with MS/MS in the LTQ triggered at 1000 counts. Raw files were converted into mzML using MSconvert (ProteoWizard) and submitted to MASCOT 2.3.0 to search a human Uniprot database (20 264 entries, downloaded on 09 June 14). Carbamidomethyl cysteine was set as a fixed modification with oxidized methionine and deamidation of asparagine and glutamine as potential variable modifications. Peptide and protein validation were performed using Scaffold 4.3.2. Peptides required a minimum of 95% probability and proteins required a minimum of 90% probability and two peptides in order to be counted. Supplementary Table S5: Substrates of the SCF-Fbxo7 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Protoarray® v5.0 was obtained from Life Technologies (catalog number PAH0525101). Protocols were followed according to the manufacturer's instructions (Protoarray® v5.0, Invitrogen, MA, USA). Slides were incubated in Protoarray® Synthetic Block for 1 h at 4°C with shaking at 50 rpm. During this time, reactions were prepared in a volume of 120 µl as follows: 25 or 50 nM of the purified SCFFbxo7 or Fbxo7(ΔF-box) in combination with ubiquitin mix [E1 (100 nM), UbcH5a (500 nM), Mg-ATP (2 mM), and biotin-ubiquitin 0.1 mg/ml in ubiquitination buffer; Boston Biochem]. The slides were washed with assay buffer (AB; 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgSO4, 0.1% Tween 20, 1% BSA, and 1 mM DTT) and 110 µl of the reaction was added to the slide and overlaid with a coverslip followed by incubation for 1.5 h at 30°C in a humidified chamber. Slides were washed in 0.5% SDS and AB and then incubated with 1 µg/µl of streptavidin–AlexaFluor 647 for 45 min at 4°C with shaking. The arrays were washed with AB, once with distilled water, and finally dried by centrifugation at 1000 × g for 2 min, before being scanned on a GenePix Personal 4100A (Axon–Molecular Devices). Data acquisition and analysis: Software used for Protoarray® image acquisition was GenePix Pro 4.1 (Molecular Devices). The experimental design comprised two biological replicates [25 or 50 nM ligase of wild type (WT) or mutant F-box protein, ΔF] with two intraslide technical replicates. The intensity value of each array feature was considered as the average raw intensity of all pixels in the delimited spot region minus the median intensity of pixels immediately surrounding the spot region (local background). Background-subtracted intensities were subjected to normalization to make them directly comparable among different Protoarray® slides (replicates and conditions). Assuming that the manufacturer-produced positive controls should present the same theoretical intensities among replicates, their background-corrected values were obtained and a single centering (normalization) value per slide was defined as the average of all known positive control spots. An interslide, study-wide overall positive control value was obtained by averaging all the intraslide centering/normalization factors. Finally, all array features had their background-subtracted intensities corrected by this overall factor to end up with comparable normalized intensities (IWT,25 nM, IWT,50 nM, IΔF,25 nM, and IΔF,50 nM). To determine spots with statistically significant signals, we used all the negative control spots to estimate non-parametrically the null density distribution (NC) for each slide using a Gaussian kernel density estimator [35]. The intensity value that encompasses the vast majority of null probability mass was chosen as cutoff (c) for each slide: P(NC > c) = 0.005. This yielded four cutoff values: cWT,25 nM; cWT,50 nM; cΔF,25 nM, and cΔF,50 nM. Selected spots presented intensities IWT > cWT and IΔF   log2(5). To increase stringency, only proteins which met these criteria simultaneously on both concentrations were defined as possible substrates. Mean FC values of possible substrates were calculated and used to rank the proteins. The selected list of proteins was subjected to Gene Enrichment analysis using DAVID Bioinformatics Resources v6.7 [36] using Protoarray® v5.0 content (Supplementary Table S1) or the human proteome as the background. DAVID's P-values up to 0.05 were considered significant.


Determinization algorithms are methods that calculate complete deterministic
fuzzy (weighted) automaton that is language equivalent to the input fuzzy
(weighted) automaton, and they have found application in numerous fields,
including lexicographic analysis, analysis of regular expressions, automatic
speech recognition, pattern recognition in artificial intelligence, etc.
Especially important class of determinization algorithms are canonization
algorithms, which produce minimal complete deterministic fuzzy (weighted)
automaton equivalent to the input fuzzy (weighted) automaton. The aim of
this dissertation is the development of determinization algorithms based on
the concept of factorizations, as well as computing and merging of the
indistinguishable states of fuzzy (weighted) automaton under construction. At
the same time, computing and merging of the indistinguishable states is done
by right and left invariant fuzzy relations in the case of fuzzy automata, as
well as by right and left invariant Boolean matrices in the case of weighted
automata. We apply the partition refinement technique to obtain improved
algorithms for computing the greatest right and left invariant Boolean
equivalence and quasi – order matrices. In the end, we consider ways to
compute the greatest right and left invariant fuzzy equivalences and fuzzy
quasi – orders when the algorithms for their computation, based on the
partition refinement technique, are unable to stop in a finite number of steps.


The present invention relates to a special process for preparing trisilylamine from monochlorosilane and ammonia in the liquid phase. Furthermore, the present invention relates to an apparatus capable of advantageously carrying out the method.


When a small dacron sponge disc containing live BCG was implanted subcutaneously in healthy subjects it became infiltrated with leukocytes which at 24 hours mainly involved neutrophils. This mycobacterial‐induced inflammatory response was markedly impaired in patients with cancer. This inhibitory effect could be reproduced by injecting the plasma of these patients into guinea‐pigs bearing identical discs. The differences in inflammatory reactions in the indirect technique were less marked than in the direct test, though a parallelism between the two was seen. The fact that the plasma from cancer patients interferes with neutrophil responses in this way does not exclude the possibility that abnormal cellular functions were also operative. Since tumour growth control depends on effective inflammation these data further underline the importance in cancer patients of a defect at this level.


Background Pedicled perforator flaps can present postoperative complications similar to those encountered in free flap surgery. Beyond a clinical evaluation, there is still no reliable technical aid for the early prediction of vascular issues. The aim of this study was to assess the support of near-infrared spectroscopy technology as an intraoperative tool to anticipate postsurgical flap ischemia. Methods We prospectively enrolled 13 consecutive patients who were referred to our hospital from March 2017 to July 2018 and required a reconstructive procedure with a pedicled fasciocutaneous perforator flap. We measured flap peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) in each patient with a Somanetics INVOS 5100C Cerebral/Somatic Oximeter (Medtronic), both before and after transposition. Patient demographics, operative data, and complications were then recorded during the following 6 months. We analyzed the data using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and linear regression. Results The mean flap SpO2 before and after transposition was 92%±3% and 78%±19%, respectively. The mean change in SpO2 was 14%±17%, with a range of 0% to 55%. The change in saturation and mean saturation ratio were significantly different between patients with and without postoperative flap necrosis. Conclusions An immediate quantitative analysis of flap peripheral capillary SpO2 after transposition has never before been described. In our experience, an intraoperative drop in SpO2 equal to or greater than 15%–20% predicted vascular complications in pedicled perforator flaps. Conversely, flap size and rotation angle were not correlated with the risk of flap necrosis.


Soil nutrient status, microflora and their biochemical activities and enzyme activity in the rhizospheric soil and non-rhizospheric soil under Rhododendron fortunei in 3 different types of forests were investigated. The results showed that the number of soil bacteria functional colonies were closely related to soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities. Under good sunlight and aeration, the rhizospheric effect was significant in the Guiyundong Rhododendron fortunei community (R/S value) as compared with that of the other two. However, because of high vegetation coverage and low soil porosity, the activities of catalase and peroxidase were low, the soil capacity of transforming toxin was weak and the process of humification was slow in rhizophere of the Rhododendron fortuneri communities in Huangjingdong and Yongziting. Besides the populations of fungi and actinomyces in the soil increased significantly. These are clear indicators of degradation of the soil properties. All the results indicate that degeneration of Rhododendron fortunei could be prevented by pruning canopies of the surroundings arboreal trees and cleaning out Indocalamus latifolius.


Non-communicable diseases constitute an important class of health conditions that are not directly transmitted from one person to another and commonly involve hereditary predispositions, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, gender, aging, birth defects, and malnutrition (including deficiencies and overeating). Also of importance are socioeconomic status and the social conditions that impact the behavior aspects of many diseases. "Non-communicable disease" and "chronic disease" are not synonymous terms because some infectious disease can become chronic (e.g., HIV infection). Among the most impactful non-communicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, asthma, chronic kidney disease, arthritis, allergies, cataracts, osteoporosis, and mental illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease. Four of these – cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes – are the primary causes of death from non-communicable disease globally.

Keywords:

asthma;
cancer;
chronic disease;
diabetes;
heart disease


Brown spot is one of the major diseases in the process of Zizania latifolia production, and the pathogen was named Helminthosporium at the first time. With the change of the genus name, the pathogen was transferred to bipolaris as wild bipolaris. However, the latest research showed that the pathogen belong to the species is the same with rice brown spot. This paper illuminated the evolution history of the name of Zizania latifolia brown spot pathogen and the significance of rename pathogen on the decision making of the disease prevention and control.


The healing of wounds is a natural process of the human body but often medicine is used, for example the use of spider silk. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of the use of spider (Menemerus Bivittatus) silk protein used topically for the healing of incision wounds in the inflammatory phase. This research is a laboratory experiment. The subjects of this research are 18 wistar rats (Rattus Norvegicus strain) that are treated in two different ways. The first is control (K1) with the use of normal saline and the second is treatment (Pl) with the use of spider silk protein topically using wound dressing. The selection of samples is done randomly using the simple random sampling. The hypothesis testing uses the Chi Square testing with α = 0.05. The results of this research shows that the use of spider silk protein topically effects the process of incision wound healing (0,005) in the inflammatory phase (0,000) on Wistar rats.


Mount Majestic Lodge and Manor in the Wasatch Mountains, Widening Horizons in Creativity consists of five parts and a total of twenty-nine chapters by a group of distinguished research specialists and writers in the area of creativity. The published papers represent a broad sampling of research contributions from many points of view. Surprisingly enough, even without an overview chapter, there is a marked degree of unity and coherence in the volume that probably reflects the painstaking care exhibited by the editor in his organization of the proceedings. Titled &dquo;Historical Reports,&dquo; Part I contains two reprinted papers by Toynbee and by Thurstone who were not participants at the Conference. Although written nearly nine years before the Confer-


Cross-border water resources have a great diversity of interests to a country,and the conflicts resulting from its exploitation have become increasingly prominent.As for the conflicts and the new potential conflicts,according to the International Water Law at present,we have an overall balance and understanding on how to deal well with the development and protection of transnational rivers,the plan of water use in future and the conflicts resulted from the interests of neighboring countries.In order to develop cross-border water resources harmoniously,it is critical to deal well with several relationships as follows: national sovereignty and water rights;the upstream and downstream countries,the countries earlier and later developing water resources;cross-border groundwater and surface water;national sovereignty and meteoric water such as mist;fair utilization and rational development of water resources;the conflicts of cross-border water resources and international cooperation;benefits sharing and accountability;the development and damage and prevention of cross-border water resources;and basin countries and non-basin countries,etc.China should also be inspired from cross-border rivers' development and utilization.As a result,water planning should meet both its own needs and interests and other countries' in order to achieve sustainable use of cross-border water resources.


The utility model discloses a mouse-proof and ant-proof cable. An aluminum-plastic composite belt, a high-density polyethylene inner sheath, a fine steel wire armored layer and a high-density polyethylene outer sheath are orderly arranged on the exterior of a cable core. Due to the adoption of the aluminum-plastic composite belt and the fine steel wire armored layer, the hardness of the cable is improved. In this way, the cable is prevented from being bitten by mice and ants and is also good in anti-electromagnetic interference performance. Due to the adoption of the high-density polyethylene inner sheath and the high-density polyethylene outer sheath, the corrosion resistance and the hardness of the cable are improved. Therefore, the differentiation of the cable is avoided, and the cable is prevented from being bitten by mice and ants.


Hired by the Los Angeles Raiders in 1983 as the team internist, Rob Huizenga worked on the sidelines and in the locker room of every game. That first year was the epitome of Raiders football - the silver-and-black team of renegades steamrolled opponents and defeated the Washington Redskins, in the Super Bowl. For nearly ten years, Huizenga lived in the real NFL trenches, a battlefield atmosphere where getting hurt and partying hard was the name of the game. Jam-packed with close-up anecdotes about football's warriors, this book reveals: The mind games and methods of mysterious Raiders owner Al Davis The truth about drug and steroid use in the NFL The pressure on players to perform even when threatened by serious injury Harrowing and hilarious true stories about the side of football fans never seen The wild life and tragic death of Lyle Alzado


GeTe has recently attracted wide attentions as a promising mid-temperature thermoelectric candidate, but the poor performance severely limits its practical application. Herein, we demonstrate a significantly improved thermoelectric properties of...


PURPOSE
This article reports the results of a pooled analysis of six randomized trials conducted to study the efficacy of uracil and tegafur (UFT) in the adjuvant treatment of node-negative breast cancer patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Six randomized controlled trials on node-negative breast cancer patients were conducted from 1992 through 1995 in Japan that included the three, three-arm trials (control [no adjuvant], UFT, and tamoxifen [TAM] groups) and the three, four-arm trials (control, UFT, TAM, and UFT plus TAM groups). Pooled analysis was performed on the data obtained from these six trials (involving 2,934 patients).

RESULTS
Overall survival was compared between the UFT group (including both the UFT group and the TAM plus UFT group) and the non-UFT group (control group and TAM group). A significant difference (P = .04) was observed in 5-year survival rates between the UFT (95.9%) and the non-UFT (94.0%) groups. Overall survival was also compared between the TAM group (TAM group and TAM plus UFT group) and the non-TAM group (control group plus UFT group). The 5-year survival rate (95.2%) in the TAM group was not significantly different from that (93.9%) in the non-TAM group, but the subset analysis showed a significant (P = .01) improvement in the estrogen receptor-positive subset.

CONCLUSION
Adjuvant UFT improves the overall survival of node-negative breast cancer patients. Given that UFT has milder adverse effects, it is suggested that UFT can be a useful alternative to doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, or cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil in the adjuvant treatment for node-negative breast cancer.


The requirements on dimensional control of contact holes scale with the technology node and are reaching values of only a few nanometers. The allowed 3σ variation of the diameter is typically 10%. In traditional optical lithography, cross section variations occur mainly on a global scale as a result of slowly varying image or process parameters. For electron beam lithography and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, local variations need more attention. The authors have developed a model for the critical dimension (CD) variations resulting from shot noise and checked the results with Monte Carlo simulations. The model predicts that the necessary number of particles to write a contact is independent of the contact diameter, when both the requirements, the resolution, and resist's acid diffusion length scale with the size of the contacts. The minimum number of particles required under ideal circumstances is about 500 per contact, but under more realistic circumstances, e.g., for electron beam lithography a...


Based on previous radar observations that diurnal 'aerial plankton' (i.e., the ensemble of small, weakly flying insects that drift with the wind ) is usually absent over the ocean, we hypothesized that the insect targets employ flight tactics to resist being drifted overwater. We expected that if aerial insects actively resist overwater drift, then (1) radar-observed clear-air echoes should accumulate along the coastline when winds blow offshore, but they should be advected inland rapidly when winds blow onshore; and (2) accumulations of aerial plankton should be greatest along stretches of coastline most nearly perpendicular to the ambient wind flow. We tested these predictions by comparing the distribution of clear-air radar reflectivity at different sites and under different regimes of wind during the Convection and Precipitation/Electrification (CaPE) Experiment, which was conducted on the east coast of Florida in the summer of 1991. Elevated levels of clearair reflectivity were evident along the coast on mornings when winds were from the west, but not on mornings with easterly winds. On days with westerly winds, this coastal enhancement occurred only in the morning, prior to the onset of the sea breeze. Following sea breeze development, coastal concentrations of clear-air echoes were advected westward and they dispersed rapidly; levels of clear-air reflectivity became depressed overall throughout the study area in the afternoon compared to the morning. Clear-air reflectivity was higher along a north-facing coastline compared to a south-facing coastline when winds had a northward component, with a mirror-image reversal of this pattern on days with southward winds. In contrast, clear-air echoes were uniformly nearly absent from the airspace over the adjacent ocean at all times of the day on all days. These findings support the hypothesis that the organisms comprising the aerial plankton respond behaviourally to coastlines to avoid being blown out to sea. Persistent concentrations of aerial plankton along coastlines may have important consequences for insect population dynamics and local ecosystem structure in coastal regions.


The charge carrier conduction processes and dielectric properties of two new materials based on anthracene core structure, 1-(9 anthrylvinyl)-4-benzyloxybenzene (AVB) and 1,4-bis(9-anthrylvinyl)benzene (AV2B) diodes have been investigated using dc current density–voltage (J–V) and AC impedance spectroscopy (100Hz–10MHz). The DC electrical properties of ITO/anthracene derivative /Al device showing an ohmic behavior at low voltages and switches to space charge limited current (SCLC) conduction with exponential trap distribution at higher voltages. The best performance device was achieved from ITO/AVB/Al structure showing the high charge carrier mobility which has also been evaluated from SCLC as 6.55×10-6 cm/Vs. According to the impedance spectroscopy results the structures were modeled by equivalent circuit designed as a parallel resistor Rp and capacitor Cp network in series with resistor Rs. The evolution of the electrical parameters with frequency and bias voltage of these anthracene-based systems has been discussed. The conductivity σ(ω) evolution with frequency and bias voltage was studied for ITO/anthracene derivatives/Al devices. The dc conductivity σdc for these devices has been determined. The ac conductivity σac showed a variation in angular frequency as A.ωs with a critical exponent s < 1 suggesting a hopping conduction mechanism at high frequency. Copyright © 2014 IFSA Publishing, S. L.


The checking and accepting of the electric information system is an important process before it is provided to the users. Based on this thing the cloud model is simply introduced and the necessary of importing cloud model is explained firstly in this paper. And then the test index tree and its constructed means are discussed. Then the weight of index and its confirmed means are analyzed. Then the method of system index test-set production based on cloud model is proposed. In the end, this paper shows the correctness, rationality and feasibility of the test-set production method with an example.


Objective To study the anti viral activity of homogenate of Musca domestica larva. Methods Examining the anti viral activity of larva tissue homogenate by chicken embryo method. Results The larva homogenate demonstrated anti viral activity in chicken embryo assay, and the antiviral activity of the groups stimulated by needle or frozen were more obvious than control. Conclusion Although the antiviral components were unknown, the study results would offer a new way to find new antiviral drugs.


Objective:To observe the role of progynova on generalizing the standardized treatment in gynecological outpatient department to promote the female reproductive health.Methods:The outpatients having visited the gynecological common clinic of our hospital in a year was divided into progynova group and non-progynova group based on whether accepted the application of progynova.Retrospective cohort study was performed to analyze some appraisal indexes and compare the difference between the two groups.Results:Firstly,the ratios of gynecologists in progynova group were obviously higer than that in non-progynova(P0.05)and more gynecologists in progynova group tended to have emphasized further consultation and follow-up survey than that in non-progynova group(P0.05);Secondly,the patients in progynova tended to have better compliance to medical orders,including further consultation and coordination with the fruther treatment after finished the arranged therapy and the differences were statistically important(P0.05).Finally,there were not statistical differences in the curative effects of two groups(P0.05).Conclusions:The standerdized therapeutic model of progynova can help the clinical gynecologists pay attention to the survey of the development and progression of diseases continuously even under the treatment.At the same time,it also strengthens patient-based compliance.So,the generalization of this model can help to improve the female roproductive health.


The present invention relates to a smoking booth, this self-cleaning smoking booth is provided with a wall and a door, and the main body to form a smoking space therein; And the inlet port for sucking the air inside the main body; And a duct in which the air sucked from the intake port transfer; Purifier for purifying the air conveyed inside the duct; And being configured for purified air from the purification device to the exhaust port to be supplied to the inside of the main body, the purging apparatus is an air filter for purifying the air sucked from the intake port and; Injection member for injecting water into the intake air in the intake ports; And to collect the water injected from the injection member is configured to collect the water as an integer constant member. According to such configuration, preventing the contaminated air inside the smoking booth is discharged to the outside, and also the effect capable of efficiently purifying the contaminated air inside by the injection member occurs.


Three aspects of Kaber's paper are discussed: (a) the origins of the level-of-automation concept as related to various misconceptions in the literature regarding the intent of the original paper; (b) distinctions between descriptive, predictive, presumptive, and normative models; and (c) the difficulty, even impossibility, of making level-of-automation taxonomies into readily useful tools for system design.


A new tyPe of axial flow impeller has been developed,whose blade has a varying cross sectionsimilar to a wing. It was used for liquid-liquid dispersion in a simulating reactor.The flow patternas well as drop size distribution were measured.The relationship between mixing performance andpower consumption was studied in comparison with several conventional types of agitator.


Requirements engineering has gained growing attention in both academia and industry, as today's software intensive systems are expected to provide highly user-centric functions and qualities. Thus, it is important to understand under what situations existing requirements engineering practice is not working well. Continuing our probe into the industrial practices status quo, this paper reports the results from a recent survey of requirements practices in China in 2009. The web-based survey of requirements engineering practices focuses on requirements elicitation techniques, requirements representation techniques. Although purporting to report on the state-of-the-art of requirements engineering in China, it is likely to portray the state-of-the-art of RE worldwide as well.


In order to study on the relationship between diageneeis and physical property of 2th member of Shanxi Formation in the studied area,the microscope properties of the reservoir such as pore types,pore structure,etc.are discussed based on core observation,X-ray diffraction,casting thin sections and mercury intrusion data.It is shown that,the reservoir is low-porosity low-permeability reservoir,its main pore types are dissolved matrix pore and dissolved cuttings pore,and its main rock type is quartz sandstone.The diagenesis of the reservoir was the B stage of late diagenesis,and main diageneses include mechanical compaction,cementation and dissolution.


The research aims to shed light on the importance of good governance and its role in achieving the sustainability of development for the arab economies.
    The research has concluded that there is a need for two conditions to achieve the sustainability of development. The first, necessary condition, is the achievement of good governance as the general framework of the environment suitable for sustainability of development.
    The second, sufficient condition, is the availability of developmental will with rational governments.


Proposed is a novel approach to reduce low-frequency ripple in light-emitting diode (LED) arrays that are supplied from the AC grid. The proposal employs a series resonant DC-DC converter connected to the output of the power factor correction (PFC) stage so that the low-frequency ripple transmitted from the PFC stage to the LEDs can be minimised. This solution achieves two goals: (i) reduction of the bulk capacitance used at the output of the PFC stage so that long-life film capacitors can be employed, and (ii) increasing the efficiency of the LED driver owing to the low switching losses of the resonant converter. Experimental results are provided to validate this proposal.


Hebert, and Gamba. Alternatively spliced isoform of apical Na 1 -K 1 Cl 2 cotransporter gene encodes a furosemide-sensitive Na 1 Cl 2 cotransporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 280: F574–F582, 2001.—In the absence of vasopressin, medullary thick ascending limb cells express a K 1 -independent, furo-semide-sensitive Na 1 -Cl 2 cotransporter that is inhibited by hypertonicity. The murine renal specific Na 1 -K 1 -2 Cl 2 cotransporter gene ( SLC12A1 ) gives rise to six alternatively spliced isoforms. Three feature a long COOH-terminal domain that encodes the butmetanide-sensitive Na 1 -K 1 -2 Cl 2 cotransporter (BSC1–9/NKCC2), and three with a short COOH-terminal domain, known as mBSC1-A4, B4, or F4 (19). Here we have determined the functional characteristics of mBSC1-A4, as expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. When incubated at normal oocyte osmolarity ( ; 200 mosmol/ kgH 2 O), mBSC1–4-injected oocytes do not express signifi- cant Na 1 uptake over H 2 O-injected controls, and immunohistochemical analysis shows that the majority of mBSC1–4 protein is in the oocyte cytoplasm and not at the plasma membrane. In contrast, when mBSC1–4 oocytes are exposed to hypotonicity ( ; 100 mosmol/kgH 2 O), a significant increase in Na 1 uptake but not in 86 Rb 1 uptake is observed. The increased Na 1 uptake is Cl 2 dependent, furosemide sensitive, and cAMP sensitive but K 1 independent. Sodium uptake increases with decreasing osmolarity between 120 and 70 mosmol/kgH 2 O ( r 5 0.95, P , 0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis shows that in hypotonic conditions mBSC1-A4 protein is expressed in the plasma membrane. These studies indicate that the mBSC1-A4 isoform of the SLC12A1 gene encodes a hypotonically activated, cAMP- and furosemide-sensitive Na 1 -Cl 2 cotransporter. Thus it is possible that alternative splicing of the BSC1 gene could provide the molecular mechanism enabling the Na 1 -Cl 2 -to-Na 1 -K 1 -2Cl 2 switching in thick ascending limb cells. bumetanide;


A new active queue management algorithm—PIO based on the prediction of the arrival rate in DiffServ networks is proposed.In PIO,the average arrival rate for IN packets and all packets in the next interval are predicted firstly.The PIO algorithm decides whether or not to drop the arriving packet according to the queue length for IN packets,the total queue length for all packets,the predicted arrival rate for IN packets and all packets in the next interval.Through the simulation,the PIO performances with respect to the stabilization of the queue,packet loss ratio and attainable throughput under the different subscription ratio and the different number of connections are analyzed.The simulation results indicate that PIO compared with RIO improves the stabilization of queue and reduces packet loss ratio efficiently whether the network is under-subscribed or over-subscribed,while providing statistical assurance for the bandwidth.


A fiber Laser Doppler Velocimeter(LDV)was used to measure a flow field behind a bluff body at high fuel flow rate condition which was considered to be close to the real operating circumstances in reacting flow. These results were compared to that of low fuel flow rate condition in smooth combustion in order to understand the reason of the onset of rough combustion characterised by flame stretch, noise generation and oscillating combustion. It was found that as the fuel flow rate increased, the reverse flow regions started to show very complex shapes because of the fuel jet penetration. At the end, the recirculation zones combined surrounding the jet. This recirculation zone combination hindered the growth of the recirculation zone itself. Therefore, the air entrainment flow rate into the flame holding regions was not proportional to the increase of bulk air velocity and fuel flow rate. Oscillating frequency was observed in velocity power spectrum at high fule flow rate. The very sharp peak at high frequency was due to the vortex shedding. The main reason of rough combustion at high fuel flow rate were found to be the lack of air entrainment caused by the combination of the recirculation zones together with the vortex shedding behind the bluff body.


The authors carried out the levelling experiment on the delta 3D printer to explore the relationship between the extruder printing posture and the heating bed by raising one of the three posts and measuring the relative heights between the sliders on all three posts and the upper surface of the heating bed after levelling. This paper analysed the impact of the heating bed inclination on the printing quality from the view of mechanics, found out the influence factors and influence degrees, and concluded the mathematical relationships between the evaluation parameters of printing quality and the influence factors.


A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA STUDIES, FACULTY OF LANGUAGES EDUCATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR AWARD OF THE MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE.


In this article I propose to reflect upon four themes that seemingly underpinned Socrates moral enterprise as adumbrated in the context of his trial: (1) ethical naturalism; (2) the moral life as a response to a divine call; (3) the social context of the moral life; and (4) the role of critical thinking in the moral life. This was developed at the time of the Sophists who espoused moral relativism, denying any basis for absolute moral standards. And their scepticism led them to adopt an atheistic attitude. Socrates, in contrast, recognized the importance of a societal context for the unfolding of the moral life. He engaged in a relentless pursuit of the good. And, finally, he was open to the operation of transcendence in his life.


Real world objects can be characterized effectively by their shape, color and material types. Material recognition of an arbitrary object at a distance is an important task for the improvement of object recognition, scene understanding, realistic rendering and various virtual and augmented reality applications. Researchers have tried to recognize material types based on color features, however material type of an object is not completely correlated with its visual appearance. In this paper, we propose a simple but effective surface roughness estimation method using single time-offlight (ToF) camera. A set of features extracted from the estimated roughness together with conventional color features are used for material type recognition. Experimental results on our material data set with 122 subjects show promising material type recognition results.


In order to assist doctors in training and exercises prior to surgery,a virtual training system for arthroscopic surgery was designed to simulate the surgical operation.The surgical training equipment is mainly composed of various electronic sensors and mechanical assemblies.The hardware system was made by means of powerful processing functions of STM32 MCU.The 3D software environment was designed with upper computer 3D Max for generating the entire system.Finally,an arthro-endoscope training system for simulating the surgery environment was designed.The entire arthroscopic surgical process can be simulated with the software of virtual three-dimensional environment.The training system operation is simple and flexible,and can satisfy the training of novice doctor surgeryies.


A waveguide embedded 250 GHz HBV-varactor quasi-optical multiplier array is presented. The module utilizes a mechanically compact and simple shim system, combining the large array power handling capability with the convenience of waveguide interfaced circuits. At the same time this approach offers excellent power and frequency scalability. The current tripler prototype produces a non saturated output power of 8 mW at 248 GHz during initial measurements at medium pump power.


I arrived at the meeting ten minutes late, having spent the brunt of these wiping mud spatters off of my face. I entered to a table of suits, bike helmet in hand, and felt immediately out of place. I slid into a chair next to the City Alderman, and tucked my tattered gear out of sight.


Modern Chinese sports journalism course is a basic course,the course aims to develop students' language skills,but there are some problems in teaching objectives,teaching content and teaching methods of the modern Chinese language course,leading students have neglect,conflict,emotional weariness,often of poor teaching to the courses.Therefore,sports journalism teaching modern Chinese is need of reform,this article from their own reality of teaching,put forward ideas for reform for the teaching ob-jectives,teaching content,teaching methods.


A conjecture of Forsythe on the asymptotic behavior of the s-step method of steepest descent for a quadratic functional is confirmed for the two-step method, and the essential range of the asymptotic rate of convergence is found. Conditions are determined for the eigenvalues of the matrix to be in the asymptotic spectrum of the method. Devices for increasing the efficiency of the s-step method are proposed and justified on the basis of the results obtained.Bibliography: 20 titles.


HLA matching has been proven to increase graft survival after kidney, heart, and bone marrow transplantation and reduce the incidence of acute and chronic rejection.1-7 In kidney transplantation, many allografts showed good graft function in the presence of 1 or more HLA mismatches, and it has been shown that some mismatches are better accepted by the transplant recipient's immune system than others.8 Data from irreversibly rejected kidney allografts showed that alloreactive T-cell clones invading the rejected graft were directed against HLA molecules, and some clones were found to recognize HLA-A, -B, -C, -DQ, -DP, and -DR. These data indicated the recognition of HLA determinants in the course of an in vivo alloimmune response after kidney transplantation and emphasized the role of HLA matches in the development of rejection in solid-organ transplantation.9 Past attempts to accurately predict the risk for acute or chronic rejection in patients after liver transplantation according to the number of HLA mismatches have not been successful. Studies of the effects of HLA typing in liver transplantation have shown disparate results.10-14 The first study of a large patient population published by Markus et al10 in 1988 showed a dualistic effect of HLA-DR typing in liver transplantation. Despite a reduced incidence of rejection-related graft failure, the mortality rate for better matched transplants increased because of a high incidence of septic complications. In addition, HLA-DR sharing between donor and recipient was shown to promote the development of cytomegalovirus (CMV) hepatitis and chronic rejection after liver transplantation.15 Conversely, in 1994, Chen et al14 showed no association between HLA-A, -B, and -DR mismatches and the occurrence of acute rejection episodes, and Nikaein et al11 showed that more HLA compatibilities significantly prolonged graft survival. In recent publications of larger patient populations, no correlation between chronic rejection and HLA-DR typing was observed.16,17 Furthermore, in 1998, Wiesner at al18 reported that more HLA-DR compatibilities decreased the risk for the development of an acute rejection episode. T lymphocytes have a major role in both inflammatory and cellular immune responses leading to rejection of an allograft.19-21 Lymphocytes isolated from human liver grafts showed in vitro alloreactivity against donor HLA antigens.22 It has also been reported that HLA-A compatibility has a beneficial effect on outcome after liver transplantation.23 These data indicate that major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–restricted T lymphocytes have a role in the development of rejection. The results of the effect of MHC-I– and MHC-II– matching in human liver transplantation on graft survival still remains unclear, but it has been consistently shown that HLA compatibilities do not increase the incidence of rejection. Only the combination of CMV infection and HLA-DR compatibilities was shown to increase the risk for chronic rejection; however, subsequent studies could not substantiate this claim.16-18 This may be because MHC-II–expressing CMV-infected hepatocytes may serve as targets for MHC class II–restricted T lymphocytes. In the March 2000 issue of Liver Transplantation, Sawyer et al analyzed several risk factors for the development of late hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. This single-center study addresses the impact of cross-reacting group (CREG) matching, instead of conventional HLA-A and -B matching, on patient and graft survival in 208 patients after liver transplantation. The study focuses on graft survival and late artery thrombosis. In addition, other secondary end points, such as recurrent hepatitis and immunologically mediated liver disease, were investigated in relation to the number of CREG mismatches. Class I and many class II HLA gene products bear multiple alloepitopes (private and public) that are shared among various class I and class II HLA molecules. The shared or public epitope configuration has been used to define major serological epitope cluster CREGs. The investigators showed that the number of CREG mismatches did not influence the frequency of rejection episodes or infectious complications in the study. Transplants with 0 CREG mismatches had an increased incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis (13% v 2%) and impaired graft survival compared with those with 1 or more CREG mismatches.


According to the modulation principles of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and wavelet packet modulation (WPM), this paper discusses the modulation identification for WPM signals from the OFDM signals based on fractional Fourier transform (FRFT). The FRFT clustering area of the signals is used as the classification feature parameter. Simulations are carried out in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), Rayleigh fading and frequency selective fading channels. It is shown that the new algorithm works well for all the considered channels, indicating potential applications in the recognition of WPM signals in blind channels.


This paper introduces the new paradigm of Mobile Edge Learning "MEL" that enables the implementation of realistic distributed machine learning (DML) tasks on wireless edge nodes while taking into consideration the heterogeneous computing and networking environments. Therefore, a heterogeneity aware (HA) scheme is designed to solve the problem of dynamic task allocation for MEL in a way that maximizes the DML accuracy over wireless heterogeneous nodes or 'learners' while respecting the time constraints. The problem is first formulated as a quadratically-constrained integer linear program (QCILP). Being NP-hard, it is relaxed into a non-convex problem over real variables which can be solved using commercially available numerical solvers. The relaxation also allows us to propose a solution based on deriving the analytical upper bounds of the optimal solution using Lagrangian analysis and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. The merits of the proposed analytical solution are demonstrated by comparing its performance to the numerical approaches and comparing the validation accuracy of the proposed HA scheme to the baseline heterogeneity unaware (HU) equal task allocation approach. Simulation results show that the HA schemes decrease convergence time up-to 56% and increase the final validation accuracy up-to 8%.


We treat a three-stage hybrid flowshop for the production of printed circuit boards (PCB), suggested to us by a real-life production situation. The problem is to determine a schedule that minimizes the makespan for a given demand profile over a finite planning horizon. We propose a global procedure that utilizes genetic algorithms and three subproblems. The performance of the procedure is evaluated via experimentation over thousands of problem realizations that are randomly generated. The experimental results show the efficiency of the global procedure and provides qualitative answers to the allocation of machines to the various stages.


PURPOSE: To obtain the subject derivative having fungicidal and pesticidal properties, useful even in low consumption amount and low concentration by reacting a specific phenol with a phenyl compound. CONSTITUTION: The objective derivative is represented by formula I [wherein X is =CH-OCH 3 , =CH-CH 3 or =N-OCH 3 ; R 1 is 1-6C (halogen) alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, 3-6C alkynyl, haloalkenyl, 1-4C alkoxy-1-6C alkyl or the like; R 2 and R 3 are each H, halogen, cyano, nitro, 1-4C alkyl or the like; R 4 is cyano, chloro, bromo, 1-6C alkoxy or the like; R 5 is nitro, cyano, halogen, 1-4C alkyl or the like; Y is O or -NH-, -N(CH 3 )-; and R 6 is H or 1-4C alkyl], e.g. E-2- methoxyimino-2-[2-(4-[ethoxyimino-methoxymethyl]-2,5-dimethyl-phenoxymethyl)- phenyl]methylacetateamide. The derivative is obtained by reacting a phenol represented by formula II with a phenyl compound represented by formula III (wherein L is a leaving group). COPYRIGHT: (C)1995,JPO


The invention relates to a steel fibre for reinforcing concrete or mortar. The fibre has a middle portion and anchorage ends. The middle portion has a maximum load capacity Fm and an elongation at maximum load Ag+e. The elongation at maximum load Ag+e is at least 2.5 %. The steel fibre has an anchorage force in said concrete or said mortar of at least 90 % of the maximum load capacity Fm. The anchorage force is the maximum load obtained during a pull out test of a steel fibre embedded with one of the anchorage ends in the concrete or the mortar. The steel fibre has the advantage that it can be used at normal dosages in load carrying structures of concrete.


The utility model provides a luminous automobile mark switcher which comprises an automobile mark body. The obverse side and the reverse side of the automobile mark body are the same in shape, and the automobile mark body is provided with a luminophor enabling the reverse side to give out light. A reverse side mark body contour of the automobile mark body is transparent, a cavity is arranged in the automobile mark body, and the luminophor is a light emitting diode (LED) lamp which is arranged in the cavity. Compared with the prior art, the luminous automobile mark switcher has the advantages that the luminophor is arranged on the automobile mark body, an automobile mark can give out light in the daytime and at night, attractive and elegant appearance is achieved, the automobile mark can also be seen even at dark night, popularity of an automobile brand is improved, and occurrence of inaction accidents is reduced.


Given the importance to the role of reading about the development of science then there should be efforts to improve students' reading ability by using the presence of English comics as a medium is expected to make a positive contribution for students through its nature that makes readers are happy. The child's interest in the story tells a significant emphasis about the need through the use of comic media for learning. This classroom action research aims to improve students' reading comprehension at VIII C in MTs Subulussalam Kayuagung through English comic media. This research is a Classroom Action Research which is carried out by following John Elliot's model research procedure which includes planning, action, observation, reflection or evaluation. The research was conducted at MTs Subulussalam Kayuagung from the 2017-2018 which was odd semester of 26 students. The research shows that before being given instruction using english comic media the average score of reading student's understanding is 62,70 (57,70%) with medium category. After reading comprehension learning using english comic media first cycle the average score of students' comprehension ability increased to 70 (69.23%) still in medium category and done learning on second cycle of reading comprehension ability of student experience increase of average value and percentage equal to 81,54 (88,46%) with very high category.


Objectives— To provide a history on nursing science within the Gynecology Oncology Group (GOG); to discuss challenges and facilitators of nursing science in the cooperative group (CG) using a current nurse-led protocol (GOG-0259) as an exemplar; and to propose recommendations aimed at advancing nursing science in the CG setting. Data Source— GOG reports and protocol databases, online databases of indexed citations, and experiences from the development and implementation of GOG-0259. Conclusions— Benefits of CG research include opportunities for inter-disciplinary collaboration and ability to rapidly accrue large national samples. Challenges include limited financial resources to support non-treatment trials, a cumbersome protocol approval process, and lack of experience with nursing/quality of life intervention studies. Formal structures within GOG need to be created to encourage nurse scientists to become active members; promote collaboration between experienced GOG advanced practice nurses and new nurse scientists to identify nursing research priorities; and consider innovative funding structures to support pilot intervention studies. Implications for Nursing Practice— Understanding the CG research process is critical for nurse scientists. A multi-disciplinary team of CG leaders can help investigators navigate a complex research environment and can increase awareness of the value of nursing research.


In the past, the primary methods to solve traffic problems were to build road systems and create roadside traffic facilities. Due to limited land resources, means mentioned above are no longer effective. Therefore, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) has become an effective way to solve traffic problems. During April 2006, Taipei City ATIS Web was released to public, providing real-time information, such as bus information, traffic information, parking lots, etc. After years of expansion, the system incorporates other information, such as navigation, international public transport information, YouBike, etc. This paper introduces the history and system architecture of Real-Time Traffic Information of Department of Transportation, Taipei City Government. Meanwhile, this paper also discusses the future of Taipei City ATIS Web, hoping that the website will provide more features and more convenient real-time traffic information to public.


The objective of this paper is to harvest the optimum power from solar panel using different MPPT techniques for low power application under non-uniform irradiance conditions. The overall power output of photovoltaic system is reduced due to partial shading. A new differential power converter along with INC control algorithm is introduced to reduce the partial shading effect and oscillations of output power.


In this paper, we discuss a kind of partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) problem by the event-based optimization which is proposed in [4]. A POMDP ([7] and [8]) is a generalization of a standard completely observable Markov decision process that allows imperfect information about states of the system. Policy iteration algorithms for POMDPs have proved to be impractical as it is very difficult to implement. Thus, most work with POMDPs has used value iteration. But for a special case of POMDP, we can formulate it to an MDP problem. Then we can use our sensitivity view to derive the corresponding average reward difference formula. Based on that and the idea of event-based optimization, we use a single sample path to estimate aggregated potentials. Then we develop policy iteration (PI) algorithms.


ABSTRACT Future generations of software systems should be able to evolve onsistently while they are running. To address this problem, we propose a model and a domain-spe i language, named S ope, that o ers the dynami omposition of omponent-based software ar hite tures. The basi onstitutive operation available is the establishment of a onne tion between two given omponents. Inter onne ted omponents an ex hange information in the form of anonymous event emissions. Event types are used in our work both to apture programmer's intentions at the on eptual level and to ensure type safety at the operational level. A type inferen e algorithm maps these two levels. Compositions an be at or re ursive, the result being an ar hite ture or a omposite omponent. Language-level extensions are proposed through type on nement, onne tion labelling and omponent re nement.


Neuronal hyperexcitability is a feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Three main mechanisms have been proposed to explain it: i), dendritic degeneration leading to increased input resistance, ii), ion channel changes leading to enhanced intrinsic excitability, and iii), synaptic changes leading to excitation-inhibition (E/I) imbalance. However, the relative contribution of these mechanisms is not fully understood. Therefore, we performed biophysically realistic multi-compartmental modelling of excitability in reconstructed CA1 pyramidal neurons of wild-type and APP/PS1 mice, a well-established animal model of AD. We show that, for synaptic activation, the excitability promoting effects of dendritic degeneration are cancelled out by excitability decreasing effects of synaptic loss. We find an interesting balance of excitability regulation with enhanced degeneration in the basal dendrites of APP/PS1 cells potentially leading to increased excitation by the apical but decreased excitation by the basal Schaffer collateral pathway. Furthermore, our simulations reveal that three additional pathomechanistic scenarios can account for the experimentally observed increase in firing and bursting of CA1 pyramidal neurons in APP/PS1 mice. Scenario 1: increased excitatory burst input; scenario 2: enhanced E/I ratio and scenario 3: alteration of intrinsic ion channels (IAHP down-regulated; INap, INa and ICaT up-regulated) in addition to enhanced E/I ratio. Our work supports the hypothesis that pathological network and ion channel changes are major contributors to neuronal hyperexcitability in AD. Overall, our results are in line with the concept of multi-causality and degeneracy according to which multiple different disruptions are separately sufficient but no single disruption is necessary for neuronal hyperexcitability. In brief Using a computational model, we find that changes in the extrinsic network and intrinsic biophysical neuronal properties rather than dendritic degeneration alone explain the altered firing behaviour observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Highlights Simulations of synaptically driven responses in PCs with AD-related dendritic degeneration. Dendritic degeneration alone alters PC responses to layer-specific input but additional pathomechanistic scenarios are required to explain neuronal hyperexcitability in AD. Possible scenario 1: Burst hyperactivity of the surrounding network can explain hyper-excitability of PCs during AD. Possible scenario 2: AD-related increased excitatory input together with decreased inhibitory input (E/I imbalance) can lead to hyperexcitability in PCs. Possible scenario 3: Changes in E/I balance combined with altered ion channel properties can account for hyperexcitability in AD.


The invention provides a novel TVS wafer encapsulation method. According to the method, a bottom plate, a cover plate and TVS wafers are mainly included; the bottom plate and the cover plate are metal substrates (PCB); bonding pads and copper foil are horizontally arranged on the metal substrates (PCB), and the bonding pads are positions wherein the TVS wafers are welded; the copper foil is arranged on the bottom plate and the cover plate according to the moving direction of currents; the bottom plate is provided with an input electrode and an output electrode; the TVS wafers are welded to the bonding pads on the bottom plate one by one, and then the cover plate and the TVS wafers welded to the bottom plate are welded corresponding to the bonding pads; when the currents flow into the input electrode, the currents will flow through all the TVS wafers because of arrangement of the copper foil and finally flow out of the output electrode. By means of the welding method, the heat dissipation effect of the TVS wafers can be greatly improved, and therefore the TVS throughput is improved remarkably.


Aiming at dynamic interaction of vehicle, turnout and bridge in high-speed railway, the authors considered the vehicle, turnout and bridge as a coupling system. Grounded on the vehicle dynamics, turnout dynamics and the finite element method (FEM) of bridge dynamic analysis, linked by the relations of wheel-rail and turnout-bridge, the authors established a dynamic model and its analysis theory of jointless turnout on bridge, and applied the numerical simulation method to study the dynamic characteristics of turnout and bridge structure, as well as safety and comfort of the high-speed running conditions. Integrative dynamic performance tests of jointless turnout both on bridge and on subgrade were carried out at Zhejiang-Jiangxi railway line when, respectively, running 200 km/h EMUs, 160 km/h passenger train and 120 km/h freight train. By contrasting the dynamic performance of turnout both on bridge and subgrade and comparing the measured results and theoretical calculations of jointless turnout on bridge, the authors verified the scientific significance of dynamic analysis theory of turnout on bridge.


X-ray-based radiotherapy is one of the most effective therapeutic strategies for breast cancer patients. However, radioresistance and side-effects continue to be the most challenging issues. B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) is a member of the BTG/Tob family, which inhibits cancer growth and promotes apoptosis. We, therefore, hypothesized that BTG1 plays an important role in the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells. In the present study, breast cancer cell lines that stably overexpressed BTG1 were used to investigate the effects of BTG1 on cell radiosensitivity in vitro. We found that overexpression of BTG1 enhanced the radiosensitivity both of p53-mutant breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and p53 wild-type breast cancer MCF-7 cells. We also found that overexpression of BTG1 along with irradiation induced cell cycle G2/M phase arrest, promoted the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased the rate of chromosomal aberrations and increased cell apoptosis. Further investigation indicated that BTG1 overexpression along with irradiation was involved in inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Importantly, the finding that BTG1 promoted ionizing radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells in vitro was confirmed in an animal model. Taken together, our data suggest that BTG1 overexpression combined with radiation therapy increases the therapeutic efficacy of breast cancer treatment via regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis-related signaling pathways. Introduction Breast cancer is the most common female cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide with a relatively high incidence rate (1,2). Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the traditional therapeutic methods for the treatment of breast cancer, and radiotherapy is an important adjuvant therapy for breast cancer patients (3). However, resistance to radiotherapy often results in treatment failure, particularly for loco-regional recurrence. Tumor-suppressor genes that regulate the cell cycle and induce cell apoptosis can reverse the radiation resistance of cancer cells (4,5). B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) is a tumor-suppressor gene, and belongs to the antiproliferative gene family comprising pheochromacytoma cell-3, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-inducible sequence 21, BTG3, transducer of ERBB2, 1 (TOB1) and TOB2 (6,7). Proteins encoded by members of this gene family induce growth arrest or apoptosis in a variety of cell systems (8). Overexpression of BTG1 has been found to inhibit proliferation during normal erythroid differentiation (9) and induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in several cell types, including NIH3T3 murine fibroblasts (10), myoblasts (11) and microglia (12). BTG1 is also essentially expressed in many types of tumor cells and inhibits the proliferation of a variety of cancer cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that BTG1 protein levels are significantly reduced in breast cancer and are associated with the pathogenesis and progression of breast carcinomas (13). Overexpression of BTG1 inhibited breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo (14). Downregulation of BTG1 by miR454-3p enhanced cellular radiosensitivity in renal carcinoma cells due to the role of BTG1 in cell cycle progression (15). Importantly, we reported that in breast cancer cells, BTG1 inhibits cell growth through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (16). We, therefore, hypothesized that BTG1 plays an important role in the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells. Thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of BTG1 along with X-ray irradiation on breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) colony formation, cell cycle Upregulation of BTG1 enhances the radiation sensitivity of human breast cancer in vitro and in vivo RAN ZHU1*, WEI LI2*, YAN XU3, JIANMEI WAN1 and ZENGLI ZHANG4 1Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine, Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions; 2Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 3Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 4Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China Received July 3, 2015; Accepted August 4, 2015 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4311 Correspondence to: Professor Zengli Zhang, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com *Contributed equally


Objective To evaluate the surgical technique and the outcome of 125I interstitial implantation for pancreatic carcinoma and the treatment for normal pancreatic tissue radiation damage. Methods Twenty-seven patients with biopsy proven unresectable adenocarcinoma of pancreas were treated with 125I implants during laparotomy. The survival rate, effective rate and relative factors of patients after treatment were compared and studied; 24 rabbits were divided into groups A B. Normal pancreatic tissue and margins of mesenteric blood vessel were implanted with 125I seeds. The animals were sacrificed after 40 and 80 days respectively. HE staining was used to evaluate the chronic radiation injury to pancreas and blood vessel. Results ⑴The effective rate of 125I brachytherapy showed that there were 2 CR cases (8%); 8 PR cases (32%); 12 SD cases (48%) and 3 PD cases (12%) with pain relief in 92%. The 6, 12 and 18-month actuarial overall survival rates were 81%,29% and 7% respectively. The median survival time was 11.2 months. Overall survival was better for patients with smaller volume implants, a lower total activity implanted and postoperative radiation therapy. Pancreatitis occurred in 2 cases (7.4%); ⑵The chronic radiation injury to rabbit pancreas showed a gradual repairing tendency. The impairment of endothelial cell appeared later and the denaturation of muscular layer was obviously restored. Conclusions 125I radioactive seed implantation was safe. A high local control, minimal damage and satisfactory pain palliation could be achieved without significant complications for malignant pancreatic tumor.


In order to solve the contradiction between convergence speed and steady-state error of traditional fixed step-size LMS adaptive algorithm for harmonic detection,a variable step-size adaptive harmonic detecting algorithm for fast convergence is proposed in this paper.Using the coherence average estimation of the adaptive feedback to control the updating of the step size,where the adaptive feedback is the sum of the feedback error and the proportion of the error signal in the total signal and the load current of two adjacent sample values differential;While the weight of the system is improved iteration formula to improve the convergence speed;And change the traditional fixed step size range is too variable range so that step change smoother.The method has good tracking performance in load mutation,which can effectively improve the initial convergence rates,reduce steady-state dissonance.Simulation analysis and experimental results show that the algorithm in harmonic detection effectiveness and accuracy.


A Somnour was ther with us in that place, That hadde a fyr-reed cherubinnes face, For sawcefleem he was, with eyen narwe. As hoot he was, and lecherous, as a sparwe; With scalled browes blake, and piled berd; Of his visage children were aferd. Ther nas quik-silver, litarge, ne brimstoon, Boras, ceruce ne oille of tartre noon, Ne oynement that wolde clense and byte, That him mighte helpen of his whelkes whyte, Nor of the knobbes sittinge on his chekes. Wel loved he garleek, oynons, and eek lekes, And for to drinken strong wyn, reed as blood.'


Malignant fibrous histiocyt◎ma(MFH)usually occurs in the extremities and is treated by wide local excision。 Poor prognosis of this disease, however, has been reported by many surgeo聡, Recently, a 60・year-01d male with MFH was treated in our surgical department. Atumor measuring 3.2×3. Ocm was found oll the left anterior chest wall. The tumor was fixed on the chest wall and had a smooth surface and slight tenderness. Axillar alld cervical lymph nQdes were not palpable. The tumQr was resected together with the left major pectoral muscle,1eft 4th to 6th ribs, and a part of the chest wall was reconstructed with a titanium plate and covered with amusculo・cuta黛eous flap frbm the latissimus dorsi. The patient is disease・free at present, nine months after operation。 Shinshu Med.、み,84: 646-・650, ヱ986 (Received for publication May 26,1986)


The stages involved in mining production can be modeled and managed in a more efficient way when there is an integrated and continuous flow of information, from geology all the way down the mine value chain to the final specifications of the product. It is possible to improve the efficiency of decision-making in mine planning and operations through proper data-flow management. With the incorporation of technological components such as mining software, virtual reality software and wireless components, it is possible to take decisions based on models that are more accurate and realistic. This research considers a methodology technology integration for the tasks of waste moving in the short term mine planning, to improve the quality control in mined ore using conditional simulation techniques. The integration of these technologies allows instantaneous transmission of data between mine planning and the mine operation, improving productivity and efficiency in process control. In addition, it provides a measure of the uncertainty associated with the operational mining planning. An integrated solution allows mine planners and equipment operators to obtain quicker and more efficient results, improving significantly productivity in the operation of the mine and quality of the mined ore.


We present the main ideas behind the derivation and some applications of a theorem that parallels Lorentz's reciprocal theorem and provides general expressions for the force and torque acting on a rigid body of arbitrary shape moving in an inhomogeneous incompressible flow at arbitrary Reynolds number. We show that this theorem allows a clear physical interpretation of the various contributions to the loads and encompasses all results available in both limits of inviscid and creeping flows.


We give analytical arguments and demonstrate numerically the existence of black hole solutions of the 4D effective superstring action in the presence of Gauss-Bonnet quadratic curvature terms. The solutions possess nontrivial dilaton hair. The hair, however, is of "secondary type," in the sense that the dilaton charge is expressed in terms of the black hole mass. Our solutions are not covered by the assumptions of existing proofs of the "no-hair" theorem. We also find some alternative solutions with singular metric behavior, but finite energy. The absence of naked singularities in this system is pointed out.


The putative association between periodontal disease (PD), a chronic inflammatory disease and neuroinflammation, a condition which involves brain microglia, remains under investigation. We have reported that Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterium implicated in periodontitis, activates both classical (M1‐type) and alternative (M2‐type) activation of neonatal rat microglia (BMG) with concomitant release of superoxide anion, thromboxane B2, cytokines, and chemokines (Faseb Journal 32.1 Supplement: 702.2, 2018). We hypothesized that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) release by Pg‐treated microglia might be detectable by both ELISA and visualized by confocal fluorescence imaging.


Online-Concepts for the production of coated papers are today widely used within the paper industry. The introduction of the Metered Size Press as an applicator with low mechanical impact on the paper web certainly had an influence on this and the consequential further development of alternative non impact technology, i.e. practically non contact coating systems. The Curtain Coater is already a successfully introduced technique for the production of special papers with more than 20 applications world wide. This system because of its good coverage makes it interesting for the field of graphical papers. The use of conventional offset colours in curtain coating leads to runnability problems and surface defects especially at high speeds. The disturbances are caused primarily as a resultofthe insufficient stretchability of the coating colour. Therefore, it was essential to optimise the recipe to meet the special demands of the curtain coater Rheological measurements were used in a precise investigation which made it possible to evaluate suitable modifications under laboratory conditions. In particular the extensional rheology, a totally new technique in assessing coating colours, showed excellent correlation between the laboratory assessment and behaviour on the Curtain Coater. With the correct choice of a suitable co-binder it was possible to control the coating defects associated with conventional coating mixes. Particularly the use of a special water soluble thickener with high molecular weight made it possible to achieve a problem free runnabilty at high speeds and excellent coating quality.


fitted with biassed electron gun, and objective apertnre. The magnification of the instrument was calibrated using the method described by Farrant and Hodge (1948) in which the diameters of silica or glass fibres are determined by an interferometrie method. The technique enables the magnification to be determined within one per eent. in these fine striatioiis. periodicity the A and I in the partial coHapae of the structure. the relative thickness of the A band is not simply due to an overlay of material. The A substance cannot reside wholly in between the filaments because there is no significant difference between the widtli of the A or I regions. This means that the bulk of the A substanco must reside on the inner surface of the tube wall. In micrographs the surface configuration of the A band is always the same. This indicates that the top and bottom surfaces of the fibril are identical, and in between these surfaces exists the A substance. This is what one would expect if in life the fibril is tubular, with the A substance arranged on the inner wall of the tube. On dehydration and resultant collapse of the tube the filamentous wall will retain its sheet-like nature due to lateral association of the filaments, and the form of the collapsed tube will depend on the removal or otherwise of the contents, and other factors. It is hoped that future experiments witli enzymes will clarify the situation and enable us to be less speculative about the muscle fibril and ita relationship to the muscle fibre. the N Z is, strictly speaking, a part of the I band is not being considered suggestion this region is more hydrated A band is by the loss of a relatively greater variability could be less and the the the distribution of in dehydrated qualitatively the distribution, capable of transmitting tension to the tendon. As is known, collagen is relatively inexten-sible when the fibres are arranged in parallel bundles as in tendon.


The development of a company is a complex phenomenon of qualitative nature and may be consider in multiple aspects. Fundamentally, the growth of a business may be implied just by its survival on the market for a longer time. The demand for the offered products and the resulting sale of goods and services proves that the business has adapted to the consumers' expectations and the environment these are both quantitative and qualitative changes. Therefore, it should be noted that shaping the company's development is directly related to the organization of sales. Three types of sales networks are present in businesses. These are the company's own sales network and a partnership sales network also called an external network or a dealership network, along with mixed networks, within which the two former types operate simultaneously. The paper presents the possibilities of using a network system analysis to identify the impact of partnership sales network on the growth of businesses. The research covered the telecommunication industry and the key concept of the research process, analyses and considerations included in the paper is the identification of dependences between the operation of partnership sales networks and the growth of businesses using such networks. The paper aims to determine the level of stimulation of growth as the result of functioning of these structures as expressed with the intermediation ratio. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 22-11-2019 Date of Acceptance: 06-12-2019 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. Own and partnership sales networks A network is an organizationally connected structure present inside and/or outside a company, with its separate resources and tasks. The structure also serves as a link connecting the market with the company, through which goods are sold, for example. The creation of forms of network sales processes results from the search for new methods of realization of such tasks by businesses 1,2,3,4 . The development of network forms leads to the utilization of new methods of work organization. An employee may be used to create value in the company. More and more often employees enjoy a relatively wide range of rights and responsibilities. Self-management teams and time forms, e.g. task forms (partnership sales networks), are gaining popularity 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 . Three types of sales networks are present in telecommunication businesses. These are the company's own sales network and a partnership sales network also called an external network or a dealership network, along with mixed networks, within which the two former types operate simultaneously. The functioning of the company's own sales network fully depends on its resources: the employees have employment contracts. Conversely, partnership sales networks are usually based on trade contracts and the majority of operating costs are, in a way, transferred to businesses operating within this type of network. The entities making up a partnership sales network are businesses. The leading entity the parent company (the creator of the network) commences cooperation on the basis of trade contracts (cooperation agreements) with partners who will be executing goods and services sales processes for the benefit of the parent company. In turn, the partners shape their own sales structures. Costs resulting from labour intensity. Consequently, the remuneration for conducting sale processes for the parent company by the partner is commission based, as per the rate determined in the agreement. The reason behind this is the allocation of tasks among various entities. Similar relations exist between the partner and sales representative employed within a partnership sales network. All "operating" costs are transferred to sales representatives. Despite a certain similarity in the goal behind their operation, which may be synthetically specified as the highest possible efficiency in the realization of sale processes, the operation itself and merging within the company's structure, own and partnership sale networks differ greatly. Hence, their comparison seems justified. The common features and differences between own sales networks and partnership networks will be


AC/DC-hybrid lines are transmission systems with AC- and DC-line conductors on the same support structure. The added DC-conductors have a significant influence on the parallel AC-conductors – especially on the AC-protection. Studies of this aspect were not found in the literature. Therefore, all relevant fault types were examined and an overview of the influencing factors on the protection of the parallel AC lines is given. The analysis of pure DC line faults shows that an unwanted trip of the ground-fault detection of the AC-protection can occur due to the electromagnetic coupling. In addition, the difficulties of the AC-protection in detecting certain intersystem faults are presented. Finally, current issues and challenges on the way to a secure operation of AC/DC-hybrid lines are outlined.


Closure property can provide a key to the image understanding in human visual perception. It is a fundamental intuitive property of pattern grouping as advocated by the Gestalt school of psychology. The closure possesses a property to organize the world by filling in the gaps in the stimulation so that we perceive a whole object and not disjointed parts. To explain this property, in this paper, two hypothetical methods from the viewpoint of computer science are presented and applied to the removal of the closure noise appearing in the binary DPC (degraded paint character) image.


Background: Neglected tracheobronchial foreign body in adults is quite rare in clinical practice. The present paper describes our experience of four adult patients who had chronic chest Symptoms (Cough, Chest Discomfort recurrent pneumonia) caused by foreign body inhalation, undetected for 3 months -15 years. Methods: This was a short retrospective study. Four adult patients with neglected trachaeobronchial foreign bodies which were removed in our medical college in the past 1 year were included in this short study. Case sheets were scrutinized for clinical features, X-ray findings, CT findings and bronchoscopic findings. Results: The diagnosis of foreign body was made by radiology (X-ray + CT) in 3 patients and FOB in one patient. In all 4 patients foreign body was removed by fiber optic   bronchospocopy. Endo bronchial electrocautery was used in one patient to cut the web above the FB. Foreign bodies removed were whistle top, end of IV cannula, scarf pin and maize corn. Conclusions : Study concludes that chronic, unexplained respiratory complaints should warrant further investigations to exclude foreign body and despite no history of Foreign Body and normal X-Ray, early diagnosis and intervention would avoid complications.


Evidence is p r esented that bites infl icted by the sma ll squaloi d sha r k, f.~islills b rr/.~iliellsiR (Quo)' and Gaimard) , are the causes of crater wounds, crescentic wound s, and r elated sca r s on larg(' pelagic fi shes and cetacea ns, Thi s evidence cons ists of a crescentic "wound" ('xperim entall ~' producrd on th e side of a dead fish by a living Isi,qtins ; speciali zed morphology of th e shark's basihyoid ca rtil age and coracohyoideus mu scles, li ps, labia l cartil ages, a nd sp iracl('s, that, togeth e r, enable the shark to form an or al vacuum on a smooth surface; an ex periment in \\'hi ch a living Isis/ins formed such a yacuum; spec ia lized morphology a nd arrangement of the man di bular teeth; closE' agreement behn'E'n the range of r eported wound width s a nd the estima ted ra nge o f bite width s of [sis/ills; agrel'ml'nt bl'lwl'E'n thl' geogr aph ical ranges of I sistills a nd those fi shes an d cetacea ns whi ch bear cratl'r wounds; and, finally, the presence in Isis tius stomach s of hemi sph er oi dal plugs of fi sh flesh, S pecul ation on th e circumstances that may enable a s mall, slow sha rk to ma ke contact with large, swift fi shE' s and cetaceans is includE'd, I sistius apparently qualifies a s a temporary pa r as ite, Probably t he earliest account of the existence of sma ll , r oun d or oval, scooped-out wounds on the sides of lar ge pelagic fishes is contained in an ancient legend of Samoa (A, Utu, personal communication) , w hich states that a tu (skipj ack tuna, E uthynnns pelam.is (Linnaeu s » enter ed P a lauli Bay, a nd, upon approaching the beach, left sma ll r ound pieces of their fl esh as gifts to Ta utunu , chief of that community, Evidence of this sacrifice was fo und by th e people who caught t he atu and observed fre h, r ound wounds on their sides, This legend p rovides one of many explan ations that have been advanced l'egardin g the ca uses of such woun ds on lar ge pelagic fi shes as well as on whales and por poises, This paper presents evidence that many crater wounds, crescentic wound, and the resul t ing scar s on pelagic fi shes (Figure 1) , a nd open pit wounds and resultin g scar s on cet.;'l.ceans are th e re ults of bites infli cted by the sma ll sq ualoid hark, I sistillS bl'asiliensis (Quoy a nd Gaimard), (A econd specie , I sistill.s plntodlls, \\' as desc ribed by Garrick a nd Spr inger (1964) from the Gulf of Mexico, Although nothing is known of the behavior of 1 Nationa l Marine Fisheries Service, H awaii Area Fi hery Research Center , H onolu lu, H awaii 96 12, 1'\ [anuscript accepted June 1971. FISI!ERY JJ ULL ETI N : \ 'OL. 09, NO , 4, thi s s pecies, \\'hich is based on one speci men , it is probable that its feeoing habits are similar to those of I, /J }'(lsil iellsis,) Such wounds on fi s h ('~ have been r eported by Nemoto (1 955). Iversen (1959), Cui ta r l l\1. (1964), h:l m\'e (1966 ), Bane (1 969). ano l\Jachado Cru z (1969), Th e li te l'atur~ 011 open pit wounos ano r ela ted scars on cetaceans is much more extensive. appm'ent ly beginningwith the 1I'0rk of Collett (1 886 ), 'l\Iackinto~ h ano Wheeler (1929 ) a nd \'an l Ttrecht (19:)9) Jlresented thorough di scLl ssions of these wounds and probable causes. and summarizeo the pre\' iOllS literat ure, Nemoto (1935) noted that . ome of the wO Llnds obsen'ed on whales a r e sim ilar to and probably hcwe a common origin \\'i th tho, e on fi shes, IIe furth er stated that a cause other than lamprey attacks. the mo t commonly advocated agent . m llst be found to account for crescentshaped sca rs and open pit wounds on cetaceans a nd fi shes, It \\'as not always possible for me to oetermine \\'hether puhli sheo photographs ano oe:criptions \\'ere of \\'ounos and scar of the t~'Jles \\'hich I a ttribll te to 18i,~t i II"~ bi tes, I have never seen wounos known to have been proouceo l)~' lampre~'s and therefore cannot comment with any


Conventional layered protocols are not capable to handle the vagaries of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) such as rapidly changing wireless channel quality, battery power and network topology. Most WMN cross-layer proposals to overcome these problems utilize only a limited set of parameters from the concerned layers rendering them incapable of network and system wide optimizations as they do not consider global network context. Additionally, their application is limited by the use-case and deployment scenarios as well as technologies considered and can also lead to destructive interaction due to the lack of a global view and also the lack of communication between the numerous cross-layer adaptations. To make WMNs truly pervasive, there is an urgent need to make the WMN protocol stack context-aware, so that it can adapt dynamically to the deployment scenarios and operating conditions. Early designs for global network context management for WMN do not reflect WMN limitations such as scarce network capacity and CPU and RAM constraints of mobile devices. Most also do not consider higher-level context and situation reasoning models and lack a simplified way of representing, managing and gathering context information. Some of the current proposals utilize generic context gathering concepts from Distributed Systems that could lead to excessively high communication overhead in WMN. This paper presents the requirements for developing a Middleware for managing WMN protocol and network context, evaluates the state of the art and proposes a concrete, extensible, lightweight and comprehensive context management system for WMN named MESH-CMS which can overcome the aforementioned problems.