Addiction such as tobacco smoking affects the human brain and thus causes significant changes in the brainwaves. The changes in brain wave due to smoking can be identified by focusing on changes in electroencephalogram pattern, extracting different time-frequency domain features. In this aspect, a laboratory-based study has been presented in this paper, for assessing the brain signal changes due to the tobacco addiction. Four classifier models, namely, Logistic Regression (LR), K- Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest Classifier (RFC) were trained and tested for assessing the performance of the time domain, frequency domain and fusion of time-frequency domain features, with a five-fold cross-validation. Four different performance measures (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) were used to measure the overall performance, and the results suggested that the classifiers based on time-frequency domain features perform the best while using combinedly. Using the utilized fusion of the time-frequency domain features, the classification models can identify the smoker group with an accuracy ranged from (86.5-91.3%), where the RFC shows the best accuracy of 91.3%, which is higher than the three other classifiers models.


Information systems (IS) researchers have typically examined the user-system relationship as an isolated dyad between a single, independent user and an individual, freestanding information system. We argue that this conceptualization does not adequately represent most organizations today, in which multiple users interact with multiple information systems within a group. Relying heavily on the theory and methods behind social network analysis, we introduce the concept of multimodal networks to assess both users and information systems as equivalent nodes in a single social network. This perspective allows us to examine the influence of information systems on organizational outcomes as a function of all of the user-system and interpersonal interactions in a group. We explore two different possible mechanisms for this influence: (1) direct user-system interactions by aggregating the strength of all the dyadic user-system interactions in a group, and (2) indirect user-system interactions by assessing the cent...


Global warming is creating problem all over the world. It is not only disturbing the weather all over the world, but also giving birth to tragedies like recently occurred Kedarnath. The main cause behind this monster is pollution. The scientists are trying to tame pollution by various techniques. The paper explores Gandhian philosophy asa possible solution.


A different technique for narrowing of M\"ossbauer resonances in crystals is suggested. Similar to high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, it uses a combined action of a continuous wave radio-frequency field and a dc magnetic field under a ``magic-angle'' condition. However, the condition itself is essentially different from the one known previously. Moreover, this technique suppresses the contribution of the dipole-dipole interaction to the energy of M\"ossbauer transition only (it does not suppress the contribution of the dipole-dipole interaction to the energy of individual levels). It works rather well even in the case of relatively strong dipole-dipole interaction.


Changes in land use, habitat fragmentation, nutrient enrichment, and environmental stress often lead to reduced plant diversity in ecosystems. However, it remains controversial whether these reductions in diversity will affect energy flow and nutrient cycling. Diversity has two components: species richness, or the number of plant species in a given area, and species evenness, or how well distributed abundance or biomass is among species within a community. We experimentally varied species evenness and the identity of the dominant plant species in an old field of Quebec to test whether plant productivity would increase with increasing levels of evenness, and whether relationships would be invariant with respect to species identity. Total and belowground biomass increased linearly with increasing levels of evenness after one growing season. These relationships did not depend on the identity of the dominant species. Relationships between aboveground biomass and evenness varied and depended on the identity of...


ABSTRACT Several recent studies showed that C825T polymorphism is related to cardiovascular diseases in normal population. However, studies on whether 825T allele influences the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in hypertensive patients are rare. In the current study, 729 patients (CC, n = 332; CT, n = 313; TT, n = 84) with essential hypertension were genotyped for C825T polymorphism of the GNB3 gene and followed 8 years for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) which include stroke, the onset of coronary artery disease (CAD), and all-cause death. Established cardiovascular risk factors were used to adjust the multivariate Cox analysis. After a mean follow-up period of 7.60 ± 1.12 years, a significantly higher incidence of MACEs was seen in the TT genotype group than CC and CT genotypes. The TT variant was significantly and independently predictive of MACEs (relative risk = 2.574; p < 0.001), CAD (relative risk = 2.963; p < 0.001), but not stroke, CAD+stroke or death. The GNB3 TT genotype is a risk factor for CAD independent of other established cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese hypertensive patients.


This essay analyzes Ingress , Google's new massively multiplayer online game, as indicative of an emergent gift economy that calls for the datafication of one's mobile life in exchange for the gift of play. From this perspective, Ingress is only suggestive of broader sociocultural transformations in which citizens must submit to pervasive surveillance in order to participate in contemporary economic and political life. Turning to Roberto Esposito's recent work on gift-giving and communal exchange, we explain how Google "immunizes" itself from its consumer community by continuously collecting that community's gift of surveillance while structuring its own conditions of reciprocity.


To fulfill the plane-beam junction, this paper applies the simplified finite element modeling to the plane-beam composite structures. The finite element modeling of the teleconsulting vehicle compartment and its model analysis are performed. The results show that the finite element model can improve the design of the compartment and lays a foundation for the realization of the engineerization and sequencing of compartment dynamic strength design.


This article proposes a new multi-mode high-efficiency fault-tolerant permanent magnet machine with an inner stator to place AC field windings. The q-axis current in the field windings enables the proposed machine to be driven individually or together with the armature windings. On the other hand, the flux can be regulated by applying the d-axis current to the field windings. As a result, multiple operation modes are realized. The proposed machine can run in different modes at different torque and speed operating conditions, implementing the multi-zone high-efficiency operation. Meanwhile, a new fault-tolerant control method can be applied in the proposed machine by combining the mode switching and compensation current in the healthy windings, thus improving the efficiency under fault-tolerant operation. Moreover, the multi-zone high-efficiency regions of the proposed and conventional machines are investigated. The proposed and traditional fault-tolerant methods for the proposed machine are compared. The results reveal that the proposed machine offers a larger high-efficiency region and is capable of stronger fault tolerance. Furthermore, since the double stators in the proposed machine need to operate individually, a swallow-shaped rotor with auxiliary salient poles is adopted to reduce outer torque ripple and inner torque ripple. Finally, the experiments are performed to verify the predicted performances.


Headache has been reported in clinical trials evaluat-ing mesalamine, with an incidence of approximately 6.5% (1). Oral prolonged-release mesalamine (PEN-TASA; Roberts Pharmaceutical Corp., Eatontown, NJ) is useful in the management of Crohn disease (2), in par-ticular for prevention of relapse during remission (3). We describe a young patient with Crohn disease in whom an acute headache developed shortly after beginning mesalamine treatment (3 g/day). The headache was linked to benign intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). Papillary edema and other symptoms regressed after discontinuation


[1] Throughout February and March of 1997 Okmok Volcano, in the eastern Aleutian Islands of Alaska, erupted a 6 km long lava flow of basaltic 'a'a within its caldera. A numerical model for lava flow cooling was developed and applied to the flow to better understand the nature of its cooling. Radiation and convection from the surface, as well as conduction to the ground, were used to transport the flow's heat to its surroundings in the model. Internally, a conduction-only approach moved heat from the interior outward. Vesiculation, latent heat generation, and thermal conductivity changes with temperature are among the other factors that were dynamically accounted for. Results indicate that ambient temperature fluctuations, on the scale of days to weeks, must be taken into account to create an accurate short-term prediction of lava surface temperature. Daily data of rainfall and ambient temperature, as opposed to yearly averages, greatly increased the accuracy of the model. Furthermore, convective cooling of the lava surface was observed to be a dominant heat loss process during the first 200 days, indicating the convective heat transfer coefficient is a prime determinant of the accuracy of the model for predicting surface temperatures. Over a longer cooling period (2 years), thermal conductivity and porosity proved to be among the dominating factors for heat loss because of the limiting role of conductive heat flow in the interior. The model's flexibility allows application to flows other than the 1997 Okmok eruption.


SUBTITLE: THE US LOW-COST AIRLINES HAVE SUFFERED FROM THE RUTHLESS BEHAVIOR OF MAJOR RIVALS AND THE SLOW GROWTH IMPOSED UNDER THE HARSHER REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT: MANY ARE NOW CHANGING TACTICS AND JOINING FORCES TO GAIN THE CRITICAL MASS THEY NEED.


We consider algebraic methods of the two‐level type for the iterative solution of large sparse linear systems. We assume that a fine/coarse partitioning and an algebraic interpolation have been defined in one way or another, and review different schemes that may be built with these ingredients. This includes algebraic multigrid (AMG) schemes, two‐level approximate block factorizations, and several methods that exploit generalized hierarchical bases. We develop their theoretical analysis in a unified way, gathering some known results, rewriting some other and stating some new. This includes lower bounds, that is, we do not only investigate sufficient conditions of convergence, but also look at necessary conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The method of preparatron of adhesive from waste polystrene was studied.And the prescription choice and the properties of the product were discussed.


Summary form only given. Developers have faced with tons of bugs. Fixing bugs is tedious and time-consuming. Typical bug resolution tasks include the identification of bug locations, the selection of bugs to fix, and the actual removal of them. This talk leads audiences to a journey of bug hunting by introducing three novel techniques, automatically locating, prioritizing, and fixing bugs. For bug localization, the two-phase localization model filters out deficient bug reports to avoid noisy input and enhance the accuracy of bug localization. The bug prioritization approach selects bugs to fix first, by using static information. The pattern-based program repair leverages human-written patches to automatically generate more acceptable bug patches.


We identify global and country-specific measures of output growth uncertainty for a large OECD country sample by means of a dynamic factor model with stochastic volatility. We find evidence for major bouts of global uncertainty in the early 1970s and late 2000s, and a number of periods with elevated levels of either global or national uncertainty, particularly in the early 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. VAR impulse responses of national macroeconomic variables to our estimated measures of uncertainty reveal that global uncertainty is the major driver of macroeconomic performance in most countries, whereas the impact of national uncertainty is small and frequently insignificant. We also find that uncertainty is transmitted primarily through investment and trade flows rather than through consumption demand.


Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), which accounts for approximately 1–10% of all childhood epilepsies (Hancock & Cross, 2009), is notoriously resistant to treatment (Arzimanoglou et al., 2009). When they become adults, most patients with LGS continue to experience seizures as well as severe cognitive, psychiatric, and behavioral deficits and social dependency (Camfield & Camfield, 2008; van Rijckevorsel, 2008). Therefore, it is not surprising that the disorder has a devastating impact on patients' quality of life and imposes a considerable burden on their families and caregivers (Gallop et al., 2009). Yet, despite the catastrophic nature of LGS, research is lacking in several key areas. A recent review of LGS treatment identified only seven randomized controlled trials of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (Hancock & Cross, 2009). These trials differ in methodology, are limited by small numbers, and were designed to evaluate the short-term efficacy of the study drug on only one or two seizure types, predominantly drop attacks—the easiest of the multiple seizure types associated with LGS to record (Arzimanoglou et al., 2009; Hancock & Cross, 2009). More research is needed in several areas, including AED efficacy on the global progression of LGS, comparative assessments of AEDs, AED efficacy for control of different seizure types in LGS, effects of LGS therapies on cognitive and behavioral outcomes, and long-term assessments of health-related quality of life in patients with LGS (Arzimanoglou et al., 2009; Gallop et al., 2009; Hancock & Cross, 2009). A defined strategy for transitioning patients from pediatric to adult care should be an essential component of the long-term management plan for LGS. The published literature on transitioning adolescents with special healthcare needs to adult care is scarce; research on transitioning adolescents with epilepsy to adult care is even scarcer (Jurasek et al., 2010). According to the survey of neurologists conducted by Continuing Education Alliance on October 14, 2010, at the continuing medical education symposium, Long-Term Outlook of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome and Related Epilepsies: Care for a Lifetime, most of the 133 respondents (n = 110; 82.7%) reported having no transition clinic for patients with epilepsy at their medical center or hospital, and two thirds (n = 69; 66.9%) said they transferred patients with epilepsy and intellectual disability to adult care with a referral letter only (Continuing Education Alliance, 2010). Models for successful transitioning of adolescents with LGS and evaluation studies of these models are sorely needed.


Background: Natural killer (NK) cells are important guards of the innate immune system, which act by performing as primary effector cells in viral infections. NK cell function is regulated by the engagement of activating and/or inhibitory receptors on individual NK cell surfaces. Subsequent to activation, the release of preformed cytolytic granules or cytokines occurs. Recently, the polyfunctionality of NK cells has been described as a potent NK cell subset that mediates antiviral response in HIVinfected slow progressors. Objectives: To evaluate the polyfunctional NK cells in healthy individuals. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated from 41 healthy blood donors by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugation. Multicolor flow cytometry was used to investigate the expression of function markers (degranulation marker (CD107a), IFN-γ, and TNF-α) on NK cells following PMA/Ionomycin or K562 stimulation. Results: The percentage of NK cells expressing CD107a, IFN-γ, or TNF-α in response to PMA/Ionomycin were 17.85, 10.56, and 2.66 %, respectively. The NK cells expressing CD107a, IFN-γ, or TNF-α in response to K562 stimulation were 6.43, 2.09, and 0.57 %, respectively. The capability of NK cells to perform polyfunctions was 6.19 % of the total NK cells following PMA/Ionomycin stimulation, while 1.06 % was observed following K562 stimulation. The trifunctional CD107a / IFN-γ / TNF-α + NK cell subset was found to be 0.95 and 0.04 % following PMA/Ionomycin and K562 stimulation, respectively. Conclusion: A small fraction of NK cells was capable of performing polyfunctions following stimulation, with less than 1 % being able to perform trifunctions in this study setting.


Hoarding, whether or not linked with squalor and self-neglect, can exact a high price on the well-being of the hoarder and the resources of agencies that become involved. Although under-researched until recently, both professional and public awareness of hoarding is now on the increase. This is timely, because the indications are that hoarding will become more not less of an issue as tenures, built form and demographics change. This short discussion piece uses four case studies to highlight the relationship between tenure and housing risk. It also identifies the essential challenges that such cases pose and argues that it is time to increase public understanding of compulsive hoarding and to develop recognisable, predictable and holistic responses that address the issue as well as its impact.


Objective To study the levels of CD44std in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and their clinical significances were investigated. Methods Serum levels of sCD44std were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and 28 healthy controls and 67 patients with SLE were evaluated in this study. Forty-nine patients with active SLE were defined according to the lupus activity count criteria (LACC). Results Serum levels of sCD44std in patients were significantly increased as compared with controls (P0.01), moreover, serum levels of sCD44std in patients with active SLE were significantly higher than those of the inactive (P0.01), and significantly correlated with the disease activity (OR=1.008, P0.05). Serum levels of sCD44std in groups of patients with pulmonary, cerebral and renal involvement were significantly higher than those without these clinical manifestations, significantly positive correlation between serum levels of sCD44std and 24 hour urine protein excretion, urinary transferrin, urinary microalbumin and urinary immunoglobulin G were found (r=0.349, P0.01; r=0.350, P0.01; r=0.217, P0.05; r=0.366, P0.01) and there was no correlation between serum levels of sCD44std and endogenous creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) or urinary α1-microglobulin (r=-0.070, P0.05, r=0.209, P0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between serum levels of sCD44std and serum levels of IgM and IgG (r=0.419, P0.01, r=0.400, P0.01), and negative correlation with C3 levels (r=-0.327, P0.01), but no significant correlation with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C realtive protein (CRP) (r=-0.197, P0.05; r=0.015, P0.05). After treated for 3 months, serum levels of sCD44std were markedly decreased in 16 patients with SLE (P0.01). Conclusion The present data suggests that sCD44std may be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE , sCD44std level may be used as one of the sensitive indicators for disease activity and treatment effectiveness of SLE. The serum level of sCD44std in patients with SLE may indicate pulmonary, cerebral and renal involvement, and serum level of sCD44std may be an early sensitive indicator of renal involvement.


Grouting is a common method used in reinforcing fractured rock, and it is important to study the crack evolution and mechanical properties of fractured rock after grouting under the influence of different excavation rates and crack geometries. Therefore, a set of grouting molds for small-sized specimens with fully penetrated cracks were designed. The crack formation location and penetration mechanism of grouted bodies with different crack inclinations using uniaxial compression tests with different loading rates were investigated. The crack extension process and energy concentration areas of the grouted plus solid specimens at different stages were revealed from the acoustic characteristic. The results show that the peak strength of crack-grouting sandstone decreases with the increase of crack inclination under the same loading rate. Comparisons of the crack inclination in slurry specimens under different loading rates imply that there is a critical value of crack inclination at 45° which concentrates the damage and cracking of the grouted body under compression within the grouted solidified body. When the crack inclination is small, the specimen is mainly extended from the crack of the rock block at the upper end of the grout consolidation to the lower end of the crack surface, and the acoustic emission ring count data mainly show a rising trend throughout the whole process, when the crack inclination is large, cracks are mainly produced around the surface subjected to grout consolidation and gradually expand to the interior of the grouted body, and there is almost zero growth in the ringing count in the elastic stage (II) and a larger growth in the ringing count in the yielding stage (III) and postpeak stage (IV). This research work can provide disaster prediction and theoretical guidance for the corresponding engineering construction of crack-grouting sandstone.


The market for mobile devices like tablets, laptops or mobile phones is increasing rapidly. Device housings get thinner and energy efficiency is more and more important. Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS) loudspeakers, fabricated in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible technology merge energy efficient driving technology with cost economical fabrication processes. In most cases, the fabrication of such devices within the design process is a lengthy and costly task. Therefore, the need for computer modeling tools capable of precisely simulating the multi-field interactions is increasing. The accurate modeling of such MEMS devices results in a system of coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the interaction between the electric, mechanical and acoustic field. For the efficient and accurate solution we apply the Finite Element (FE) method. Thereby, we fully take the nonlinear effects into account: electrostatic force, charged moving body (loaded membrane) in an electric field, geometric nonlinearities and mechanical contact during the snap-in case between loaded membrane and stator. To efficiently handle the coupling between the mechanical and acoustic fields, we apply Mortar FE techniques, which allow different grid sizes along the coupling interface. Furthermore, we present a recently developed PML (Perfectly Matched Layer) technique, which allows limiting the acoustic computational domain even in the near field without getting spurious reflections. For computations towards the acoustic far field we us a Kirchhoff Helmholtz integral (e.g, to compute the directivity pattern). We will present simulations of a MEMS speaker system based on a single sided driving mechanism as well as an outlook on MEMS speakers using double stator systems (pull-pull-system), and discuss their efficiency (SPL) and quality (THD) towards the generated acoustic sound.


An ultrasonic sludge level detection system is presented based on single chip microprocessor and its basic principle is introduced, and the design of the hardware and software are given. This system can meet the need the sludge level detection and improve its automation.


Many active people experience physical activity (PA) frequency fluctuation over the year and need to overcome several perceived barriers to PA to remain active. This paper mainly addresses one of these barriers, Seasonal Variability, and its adherent influencing factors on PA maintenance, which has received limited attention in previous self-tracking studies. We followed a Research through Design approach to explore the influence of the seasons on people's PA fluctuations. We were inspired by professional athletes' seasonal training plan approach, and conceptualized Seasons, a PA self-management tool. We used the tool to gather PA maintenance and fluctuation coping strategies from 10 participants. Our results show that experiencing PA fluctuations is commonplace, especially due to weather conditions, as well as unexpected circumstances. Individuals deploy different strategies to overcome these fluctuations. Our findings lead to recommendations for HCI researchers to consider when designing future PA maintenance tools.


Purpose Public spaces in the context of everyday life in an urban environment include all places with public access and public use. Places for public interaction provide the greatest amount of human contact. In every city, many interiors are considered public because they are of or pertain to the people in everyday life. As part of public spaces, public interiors have an important role in creating place identity. In an urban environment, place identity is defined by meanings as well as the elements of setting, activities, and events taking place within that environment. This paper aims to reveal the interiority attributes and elements of public interiors to determine how they influence the identity of interior places. This understanding clarifies how this differs from the more general concept of place identity in public spaces. Design/Methodology/Approach To do this, a framework for identity was constructed with three components: physical setting, activity, and meaning, based on the main theoretical perspectives of Relph (1976) and Montgomery (1998). To determine the relationships between the interiority indicators of public interiors and identity, this case study focused on Kizlaragasi Inn, a historic inn in Izmir, and its immediate surroundings. Data concerning the components of place identity were collected through archival research, observations, on-site documentation, questionnaires, interviews, behavior mapping, and tracking. Findings The analysis of the attributes and elements of place identity in this public interior indicated that the interiority of public spaces can play a positive role in increasing place identity. Moreover, the evaluations revealed the effect of internality in each component of place identity. Features like well-defined boundaries, closeness to human scale, volumetric properties, legibility, the potential of promoting a wide range of activities, and promoting a different sensory context stem from the internality of place. Social/Practical Implications This study emphasized the importance of public and urban interiors as significant places that facilitate public life. Moreover, it showed the extension of interior spaces outside the buildings, which emphasized a new perspective for interior architects and urban designers by bringing a new understanding of the interiority.


This paper, based on a recent OED review of World Bank social fund projects, presents findings relating to two aspects of social fund performance that have been relatively under-researched in the social funds literature-the sustainability of benefits and the institutional development impacts. On sustainability, the review found that social fund facilities generally had staffing and equipment levels better or equal to those in comparator facilities although both types of facilities suffered from shortages. While there has been a learning curve, deficiencies were found in the requirements for ongoing operations and maintenance over the operational life of the investments. On institutional development impact, the review found that social fund agencies have developed capacity as effective and innovative organizations. Wider impacts on existing institutions, both positive and negative, need greater attention. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms evolve a population of solutions through successive generations toward the Pareto-optimal front (POF). One of the most critical questions faced by the researchers and practitioners in this domain relates to the number of generations that may be sufficient for an algorithm to offer a good approximation of the POF for a given problem. Ironically, to date, this question largely remains unanswered and the number of generations are arbitrarily fixed a priori, with potentially punitive implications. If the a priori fixed generations are insufficient, then the algorithm reports suboptimal solutions. In contrast, if the a priori fixed generations are far too many, it implies waste of computational resources. This paper proposes a novel entropy-based dissimilarity measure that helps identify on the fly the number of generations beyond which an algorithm stabilizes, implying that either a good approximation has been obtained or that it cannot be obtained due to the stagnation of the algorithm in the search space. Given that in either case no further improvement in the approximation can be obtained, despite additional computational expense, the proposed dissimilarity measure provides a termination criterion and facilitates a termination detection algorithm. The generality, on-the-fly implementation, low-computational complexity, and the demonstrated efficacy of the proposed termination detection algorithm, on a wide range of multiobjective and many-objective test problems, define the novel contribution of this paper.


Thromb Haemost 2007; 97: 3–4 Antioxidative defense mechanisms can balance the formation of reactive oxygen species in a healthy endothelium.These antioxidative processes include scavenging (e.g. by vitamins C and E) or enzymatic degradation (e.g. by superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase). If this redox-sensitive equilibrium is altered by increased reactive oxygen species or by reduced antioxidative capacity, augmented oxidative stress is formed. Vascular oxidative stress can reduce the nitric oxide (NO) availability and increase the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein, thus promoting cardiovascular diseases (1). Nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is a major source of endothelial oxidative stress (2, 3). The classical NAD(P)H oxidase complex involves four essential subunits, membrane-bound subunits gp91phox and p22phox and initially cytosolic subunits p47phox and p67phox. After phosphorylation of p47phox, they translocate from the cytosol to the membrane and form an active NAD(P)H oxidase complex. In addition, small G proteins are involved. Increased superoxide generation by NAD(P)H oxidase has been associated with endothelial dysfunction and clinical risk factors of atherosclerosis (4). Furthermore, NAD(P)H oxidase subunit expression has been associated with the severity of atherosclerosis (5). Growing evidence supports a link between angiotensin II, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin II increases the superoxide anion formation in vascular smooth muscle (6) and endothelial cells (7, 8) and might contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis (9). A link between inflammation and oxidative stress is supported by the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in response to TNF-α, whereby TNF-α induces p47phox phosphorylation, followed by p47phox-TNF-α receptor-associated factor (TRAF4) association and membrane translocation that leads to increased superoxide anion formation (10). Inhibitors of the NAD(P)H oxidase and oxidative stress have been considered as novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (11). In this issue of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, NascimentoSilva, Arruda et al. (see article beginning on page 88) identify an Aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 analog (ATL-1) as a novel inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated endothelial oxidative stress. ATL-1 can block the angiotensin II-, thrombinand TNFα-induced reactive oxygen formation in endothelial cells. This antioxidative action of ATL-1 is mediated by its G proteincoupled receptor ALX. ATL-1 prevents the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase by inhibiting agonist-induced p47phox phosphorylation and subsequent translocation from the cytosol to the membrane.As a consequence,ATL-1 inhibits angiotensin II-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). These data support a novel antioxidative mechanism of aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 analog ATL-1 by inhibiting NAD(P)H oxidase activity in endothelial cells. However, it is still unknown whether this molecule affects additional sources of reactive oxygen species in the vessel wall. Ongoing experimental and clinical studies will shed further light in this direction. Lipoxins are generated from arachidonic acid, and acetylsalicylic acid-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin can be synthesized through an additional pathway (13). These aspirin-triggered lipoxins can exceed the potency of native lipoxins and might contribute to the pleiotropic beneficial effects of aspirin, including anti-inflammatory actions (14).Aspirin directly affects neutrophils and platelets in a dose-dependent manner (15), thus protecting the endothelium from oxidative stress and reducing endothelial dysfunction. It has antioxidant activity, enhances fibrinolysis, and suppresses plasma coagulation and platelet-dependent inhibition of thrombin formation (16). Aspirin reduced oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-mediated lectin-like oxLDL receptor LOX-1 expression and superoxide anion generation in human coronary artery endothelial cells. It has also been shown to prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced caspase and NFκB activation in a dosedependent manner through inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IκB (17). These findings further support a link between increased oxidative stress and the coagulation cascade. Safe and efficient inhibition of vascular oxidative stress is an important issue of ongoing research. Especially in the light of the still contradictory use of dietary antioxidants such as vitamins C and E for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in randomized clinical trials (18), novel antioxidative strategies are needed. Oral dietary supplementation with the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin improved endothelial function in a recent ex-


A number of wi-riters have reviewed the various methods available for isolating antibiotic-producing microorganisms (Waksman, 1945; Pinschmidt and Levy, 1944). These methods have different disadvantages. Some involve individual testing of every organism obtained and are, therefore, extremely laborious. Others, as the bacterial agar plate, appear to be of questionable value (Waksman and Schatz, 1946). Still others, for example, the crowded plate method (Stokes and Woodwvard, 1942), are objectionable because the less dominant soil organisms tend to be neglected and, in addition, the activity of the observed antibiotic colonies is not directed against a particular test organism but against some chance soil form which happens to be in the vicinity. The present communication describes a spray apparatus by means of which agar plates containing several or numerous soil colonies, for instance, may be conveniently inoculated with a desired test organism and then reincubated to detect the antibiotic-producing colonies. The advantages of this treatment are apparent. It permits immediate recognition of growth-inhibiting substances specifically directed against the test organism and emanating from antibiotic colonies on plates with numerous inactive organisms. In this way individual testing of vast numbers of organisms present in the heterogeneous soil population, which would ultimately prove to be inactive, is obviated. The many disadvantages attending flooding plates instead of spraying, such as smearing, spreading, and overgrowth of soil colonies which may render recognition and isolation of antibiotic-producing organisms impossible, are largely avoided. The spraying technique has led with a minimum of labor to the isolation of a number of antibiotic-producing organisms including Bacillus polymyxa, which produces the antibiotic substance polymyxin (Stansly, Shepherd, and White, in press). Although the spray apparatus has been designed for the specific purpose given, its application in other problems involving the seeding of agar plates suggests itself.


In this frank memoir, John Bayley describes the life he has shared with his wife, Iris Murdoch, afflicted with Alzheimer's disease. He explains how he has coped emotionally and practically with the illness that has beset the woman he loves and cherishes.


Objective: IGF1 in hypertensives was determined to investigate the possible mechanism of hypertension. Methods: The levels of serum IGF1 in 28 patients with essential hypertension and 16 normal individuals were determined and correlation analysis was done between them and clinical grading of hypertension. Results: IGF1 level in patients with essential hypertension (26.22μg/L±20.23μg/L) was significantly lower (P0.05) than that in normal controls (48.02μg/L±33. 43/μg/L) and IGF1 level correlated negatively with clinical grading (r = -0.437, P0.05). Conclusions; IGF1 is probably involved in the patho-physiological process of essential hypertension.


With Prufer transformation,some second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations can be reduced to a specific system of first-order ordinary differential equations,and therefore be solved easily.Examples for boundary value problems of partial differential equations are given to show the steps and techniques of using Prufer transformation.


In this three-wave longitudinal survey, we investigated bi-directional longitudinal associations between best friends and adolescents' alcohol consumption. Additionally, since the relation between best friends and adolescents' drinking may be stronger if adolescents have not consumed alcohol yet, we examined this relation not only with regard to continuation but also with regard to the initiation of adolescent drinking. We also hypothesized that low levels of self-esteem and self-control in youths would be related to a higher susceptibility to the impact of their best friends' drinking. Data were used from 433 adolescents and their best friends. Results of SEM analyses did not provide evidence for bi-directional associations between best friends and adolescents' alcohol use over time. Nevertheless, the results of additional growth curve analyses indicated that adolescents and best friends' drinking does seem to develop in a similar fashion over time. Adolescents' self-esteem, self-control, and gender did not moderate longitudinal associations between best friends and adolescents' drinking. The discussion focuses on methodological and theoretical explanations for the absence of significant longitudinal relations between best friends and adolescents' drinking.


Nowadays, various companies utilize Web browsing history in their business, such as web marketing. Since Web browsing history can be viewed as personal data, the companies may be able to identify a specific individual as the marketing analysis proceeds. In this paper, we assess the privacy risk of Web browsing history from the viewpoint of the identity match rate. The rate roughly evaluates the percentage of the following event in Web browsing history; Given a user's Web access data in a period, exactly the same user has the most similar Web access data in another period among all users in a group. If the identity match rate is high, there are many users whose Web access data in two distinct periods are the closest to each other and linkable. Therefore, it can be said that the privacy risk of such Web browsing history is high. In our privacy risk assessment, we pay attention to browsers' bookmarks. Bookmarks may have a higher privacy risk because they tend to reflect user preferences. In order to give evidence of it, we evaluate the identity match rate with the knowledge of bookmarks. Additionally, we take into account the timestamp and the category of the website for the evaluation. The analyses show that the identity match rate becomes the highest when bookmarks are used, which indicates the high privacy risk.


Unusual isomorphic substitution in the crystals of [FcMe2Te]+I− with an admixture of Te–I ionized [FcMeTeI+]I− supports the 3c-4e as a general, seamless bonding model for the hypervalent tellurium in both the isolated molecules and crystals.


Our species has always used plants as medicines, during our 200,000 year existence. This is made obvious by the plant medicines found in mummy burials, around the world, dating back thousands of years. Human beings evolved using plant medicines to stay alive. This has resulted in a genetic selection in which those who were healed by plant medicines and survived were able to pass on their genes. Modern humans must continue to use plant medicines. When a Traditional Healer is asked how her people learned how to use a specific plant medicine, the answer is usually that God taught them. Each of us has a spiritual sense that can be used to seek answers [1]. Finding a new plant medicine involves fasting, praying, and spending as much as four days with the plant that will become a new medicine [2]. Traditional Healers are still the major or only source of healthcare for many regions of the world. The loss of Traditional Healers in some areas has resulted in major changes in healthcare, sometimes to the detriment of the people [3,4]. Since Traditional Healers may be religious leaders also, they provide moral direction for the community. The displacement of traditional religious beliefs has been detrimental in some regions. The most powerful medicine each person has is the human body. The body heals itself. When the body is in balance, it can heal itself of many conditions, in other words, it can prevent many diseases [5,6]. Patients should be taught what balance is and how to maintain balance, including staying thin and strong. Drugs are not magic bullets that cure diseases. They help the body heal itself. Even antibiotics and anticancer drugs are of no use when the immune and defense systems are not functioning well. In many clinical trials, the placebo works as well as the drug because of the body's ability to heal itself [7]. Clinical trials are useful to demonstrate what a plant medicine can be used to treat and to demonstrate safety. Useful information can be derived from placebo controlled clinical trials, from clinical trials that compare a new medicine to an old medicine and from other clinical trial designs. Many different clinical trial designs are appropriate. The double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial should not be used as the gold standard of clinical trial design [7]. Many other designs are just as valid and may be less risky to patients, such as patients who are put on the placebo. Clinical trials are frequently abused. Drugs are shown to help with one disease symptom and are approved for use, even though they are very toxic. Many of the oral medicines used to treat pain are dangerous drugs that kill many patients. Oral opioids kill about 67,000 people in the USA every year. Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been estimated to kill at least 50,000 USA patients every year from ulcers, heart attacks, and strokes [8,9]. The most dangerous way to treat pain is with oral or injected pain medications. Some of the drugs approved for type 2 diabetes cause heart disease. Some of the drugs approved for heart disease cause type 2 diabetes. Just because a drug is useful for one symptom, does not mean the drug should be used. Drugs are frequently used as if they were the only possible treatment for a disease. Patients seem to have become convinced that drugs can take care of any disease. Prevention is the best treatment for many chronic diseases that plague the modern world. Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoarthritis are caused by excess visceral fat, obesity [10,11]. Visceral fat secretes toxic lipids and akipokines


Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the many postsecondary institutions across the country that participated in the development of the survey, and the staff within the sampled institutions who gave their time and expertise to complete the survey forms. and Tom Weko of the National Center for Education Statistics for sage advice and the technical review of the data tables and technical report prepared by Westat, the contractor that conducted the survey. We would like to thank Mildred Bazemore, Wayne Camara, and Michael Kirst, who reviewed the draft report and provided invaluable comments. We are very grateful for the endorsement of the survey by the American Association of Community


This paper gives an analysis of the influence which under-cross hydraulic tunnel construction imposed on the existing railway tunnel and discusses the security countermeasure for existing railway tunnel′s structure.Using threedimensional numerical modeling methods associated with the practical situation of Shoupayan tunnel on Neijiang—Kunming railway which was under-crossed by Baishuijiang 3-level power station hydraulic tunnel in Yanjin county of Yunnan province.The results indicate that the hydraulic tunnel construction circle which affects the existing railway tunnel has relation with the driving direction.The circle is 2D(D stands for the excavation diameter of the hydraulic tunnel) adjacent to the existing railway tunnel,while it is 4.5D away from the tunnel.The inflection area of the existing tunnel is 6.5D in longitudinal direction and 3D in transversal direction.When closely constructing the hydraulic tunnel,deformation such as twist rotation will occur in railway tunnel.Monitoring of railway tunnel baseboard settlement,lining distortion,lining transversal/vertical force and vertical vibration velocity at the two tunnels' crossover point in the influence circle of existing railway tunnel must be carried out.In addition,the rail should be reinforced by clasp in order to ensure the safety for existing tunnel structure and train operation.


A $1,000 scholarship is available for communication students who are New York State residents. The Women's Press Club of New York State will award its Beryl Spector Memorial Scholarship to "a student who wishes to resume or continue his/her studies toward a career in the communications field and can demonstrate good communication skills." Applicants must compose and submit an essay on the role the media played in this year's New York State gubernatorial election and two letters of recommendation. Applicants must be postmarked by 15 March 2003.


Authentic leadership is a form of leadership which has received a relatively limited amount of research in sport despite the suggestion that it may be related to numerous positive outcomes in athletes. We conducted a study in sport in order to investigate proposed relationships between authentic leadership and athlete outcomes. Specifically, we investigated whether coaches' authentic leadership is related to athletes' achievement and moral outcomes via trust and the culture of the team. Data were collected via questionnaires. The design was a cross-sectional study with 366 (240 females, Mage = 21.07) team sport athletes. Authentic leadership was positively related to athletes' trust and team culture. Authentic leadership was also positively related to athletes' commitment, positive affect and perceptions of their teammates' prosocial behaviours, via trust and team culture. Our findings enhance our understanding of authentic leadership in sport and highlight its importance in predicting crucial positive athlete outcomes.


The invention relates to a panel (1, 2, 50, 52, 70, 72, 100, 102, 120, 122, 130, 132, 160, 162, 200) of a floor system, in particular a laminate floor, comprising a first side edge (3, 54, 74, 104, 134, 164, 202) and a second side edge (4, 64, 86, 108, 123, 137, 168) which is arranged opposite the first side edge (3, 54, 74, 104, 134, 164, 202). Said side edges (3, 4, 54, 64, 74, 86, 104, 108, 123, 134, 137, 164, 168, 202) can be interlocked with corresponding side edges (3, 4, 54, 64, 74, 86, 104, 108, 123, 134, 137, 164, 168, 202) of additional panels (1, 2, 50, 52, 70, 72, 100, 102, 120, 122, 130, 132, 160, 162, 200) and can be made to engage with each other. The first side edge (3, 54, 74, 104, 134, 164, 202) is provided with at least one locking lip (7, 56, 58, 76, 78, 148, 150, 172, 206) and an elasticity groove (9, 62, 82, 116, 144, 174, 208) which is adjacent to the locking lip (7, 56, 58, 76, 78, 148, 150, 172, 206). The second edge (4, 64, 86, 108, 123, 137, 168) is provided with a locking element and when in the locked state, the locking element is engaged with the locking lip (7, 56, 58, 76, 78, 148, 150, 172, 206). In order to adjust the elasticity of the locking lip in a satisfactory manner, the elasticity groove (9, 62, 82, 116, 144, 174, 208) is at least partially filled with at least one filling material (30, 60, 80, 94, 96, 114, 142, 176, 178, 190, 210).


Toward Undiscovered Ends: Friends and Russia for 300 Years. By Anna Brinton. Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle Hill Pamphlet No. 62. 1951. 48 pages. 35 cents. ? NNA Brinton's new pamphlet deserves a warm welcome not only because it is the only historical survey known to this reviewer of Quaker contacts with Russia, but also because it will provide the encouragement of perspective for the numerous Quakers today who are dedicating themselves to wearing holes through both sides of Iron Curtains.


Aiming at the problem of beam quality evaluation for external cavity-based spectral beam combining system with microlens array, the theoretical model for evaluating the beam quality of beam-combined laser is established. According to the model, the influences of relevant system parameters on beam quality are numerically analyzed in detail. The simulation results show that the beam quality is mainly influenced by the defocus value, the focal length of microlens and the mode field radius, while the influences of the array width are little. With the array width changing from zero to 10mm, the beam quality factors in x and y directions are preserved near 1.225 and 1 respectively. Compared with the traditional spectral beam combining system, the incorporation of microlens array effectively improves the beam quality of output laser. In order to keep the beam quality factor in x direction smaller than 1.3, the defocus value ought to be restricted in a range of -0.017~0.017 mm. For spectral beam combining system with large mode area double-clad fibers, the beam quality can be improved through utilizing microlens array with longer focal length.


The Solomon Act denying federal financial aid to students who did not verify that they had registered with the Selective Service for the military draft was passed in the fall of 1982. In March of 1983, a federal judge in Minnesota issued an injunction against the law because its constitutionality was in question. That summer the Supreme Court struck down the injunction, and a year later, in July, 1984, declared the law constitutional. It was in early 1983 that I became aware of the debate over the constitutionality and fairness of the Solomon Act. I was working in the financial aid office of Boston University as a staff assistant/secretary. The president of BU, John Silber, was outspoken in his support of the law. Any potential noncompliant students he labeled "coffeehouse martyrs." His answer to the practical question of what to do about the students who would lose the federal portion of their financial aid was a decision to deny university aid as well. In contrast, some universities decided to help students locate funds from private sources and still others, such as Yale, intended to make up the difference with university aid. The "Silber Act" provoked response. There were letters opposing his views from faculty and students in both the BU daily paper and the Boston Globe. On the other hand, one Globe columnist, Mike Barnicle, expressed his support for Silber, and his article was circulated in our office with approving highlights. One of my fellow staff assistants, Catherine, a peace activist, was well informed on the particulars of the Solomon Act, and was unwilling to be involved with its enforcement. She had approached the office's management as soon as she had realized what might happen, but she had received no response. Others in the office were concerned, confused, or opposed, but committed nonetheless to the field of financial aid. At a staff meeting Catherine and I tried to find out what would be expected of us as staff assistants, and whether the management would offer any alternative work arrangements for those of us who did not share Silber's views.


International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaty establishing the European Economic Community — Effect of competition rules upon domestic tax on imports — Whether rules of Community law restrict the competence of the national legislature before national courts — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany


It was presented a patient with syndrome of insensitivity to androgens 46xy. As the vaginal edge was long enough to enable the patient to have sex, vaginal plastic surgery was not necessary.


Properties of the non-analytic sets N(f) associated with functions f ∈ L ∞ are studied. For an F σ-set E in M(L ∞) satisfying m(E) = 0, we show that if N(f) ∩ E = ∅, then . Using this result, we study some relations between non-analytic sets and QC-level sets.


The paradigms of inquiry can be distinguished through their ontology, epistemology, and methodology. These paradigms of inquiry ensure different interpretations on theory. Positivism and post-positivism see theory as an indication or statement of relationships between abstract ideas with empirical observations that identify hypotheses via reliable tests. Alternatively, in order to emphasize the connection between interpretation and the phenomenon under investigation, critical theory, constructivist and participatory paradigms, use interpretive perspectives of theory. Paradigms of inquiry, methodology and method, are not only related and affect each other in the research process, but also develop the rigour of research thorough reliability, validity, generalization in positivism and trustworthiness, validity, and reflexivity in phenomenology. Reaching knowledge through different structural processes provides researchers access to the social world and thus reaches specific conclusions that can be passed on to others for further understanding.


Purpose
This study examined variability in identifying and reporting overuse injuries among Certified Athletic Trainers (ATs).

Methods
This cross-sectional study of ATs participating in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Injury Surveillance Program, utilized a novel online-only survey, consisting of seven hypothetical clinical scenarios representing various clinical presentations including overuse and acute elements. Participants reported clinical opinions regarding the role overuse played in each scenario (major contributor, not a major contributor, not enough information) and probability (0-100%) of classifying each scenario as having an overuse injury mechanism, then completed open-ended questions addressing their decision-making process.

Results
74 ATs (25%) completed the survey. Six of the seven scenarios generated discordance in responses among the participating ATs. Variability in AT decisions involved: the progression of injury, duration of symptoms, and activity at time of injury.

Conclusion
Developing a formalized definition of overuse injury may improve consistency and standardize methods for identifying and reporting overuse injuries within injury research.


856Background: The FOLFOXIRI regimen (irinotecan, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin) improves the response rate and overall survival compared to FOLFIRI in pts with metastatic colorectal c...


Because of space constraints, we have had to be selective in citing from the literature, and we apologize to those authors whose contributions to the field we have been unable to acknowledge. We thank Fay Shamanski and Sanjeev Khosla for their discussion and comments on the manuscript. R.F. is a Babraham Research Fellow, and research in his laboratory is supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food. G.K. is a Senior Fellow of the Medical Research Council.


To establish the new teacher-student relations featuring democracy and equality,it is necessary to make the distance between teachers and students nearer.In this regard,teachers should try to gain the initiative.The common met hods are:to have the courage to offer an apology;to start dialogue corners;to ex change ideas with students frequently;to use appreciation education;etc.


This is a paper based on the example of the campus outer space in Xiamen University and Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Through comparative study,the paper divides the outer space of colleges and universities into two categories,including Environment- oriented and Architecture- oriented; from space type and definition,it discusses the different outer space characteristics,analyzes the outer space that is required by the diversified and personalized public activities of modern education,and includes that campus outer space should be integrated,mobile,closed related among buildings,have a pleasant scale and close to nature.


Abstract This article describes a qualitative study of 17 self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) social work faculty members' experiences with being "out" in an academic setting. Data were collected utilizing direct scribing, a method that promotes collaboration between the researcher and participants, allowing participants to edit their transcript in real time. Thematic analysis with inductive coding was used to identify three dominant themes: risks, rewards, and responsibilities associated with the decision to disclose one's identity to students, colleagues, and superiors. Results indicate that most participants were open regarding their sexual orientation despite possible negative consequences as they reported feeling a sense of responsibility to self, students, colleagues, and the social work profession. Implications for social work teaching and research include evaluating practices in schools of social work to ensure they match the core values of our profession, including providing a safe environment for all students and faculty, valuing and promoting diversity, and modeling cultural competence through teaching and research.


La Parole indomptee/Pawol an mawonnaj. Memwa babouket/ Memoire de la museliere. By Tontongi. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2015. ISBN 978-2-343-05393-6. 276 pp. euro28.Reviewed by Flore ZephirFrom the very beginning, the title of this collection of essays, which translates to English as "the untamed or unmuted word," informs the reader that the author will speak straightforwardly about his preoccupations. Poet, essayist, and social critic Tontongi places Haiti in the context of a "universal human project" that seeks to restore to the oppressed their rightful position in humanity (245-264).1 La Parole indomptee is a condemnation of oppression and exclusion in all facets of Haitian society. As a member of the literary community, Tontongi sees his role and duty as a keeper of collective memory, which for him is the conscience or the moral compass of a people. This moral compass is there to underscore wrongdoings, injustices, and inequalities and to spur writers to rectify them through their work. In Tontongi's own words: "Une oeuvre litteraire qui n'exprime pas l'humanite souffrante qui n'en rend pas compte est un echec ontologique cuisant" (8).One of the mechanisms of exclusion in Haitian society has been the traditional relegation of Haitian Creole, the language spoken by 100 percent of the population, to simply vernacular status. Tontongi strives to correct the subordinate position attributed to the Haitian language. By dividing his book into two sections-one written in French (La Parole indomptee, occupying pages 7-154) and the other in Creole (Memwa babouket, 155-269)-he sends an "untamed" message to his readership that Haitian Creole is a perfectly legitimate language fully equipped to handle such sophisticated subjects as literary criticism. In fact, in both sections he discusses several of the literary figures (Haitians and non-Haitians) who made a profound impact on his own thinking about issues of social justice, liberty, and equality. For example, he discusses the ideas of French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre significantly and eloquently in both French and Creole. This should put to rest the question of whether or not Creole can offer the academic repertoire necessary to engage in such serious and substantive conversations. Indeed, the essays in Memwa babouket offer a powerful rebuttal to such claims. In La Parole indomptee, Tontongi removes the babouket or museliere (muzzle) that has been placed on Haitian Creole for too long. As he states, "Pour ma part, pour aider a reverser la situation d'oppression ou l'on a tenu la langue et la culture creoles en Haiti, j'essaie de produire tant que possible des oeuvres en creole haitien, certaines en edition bilingue ou plurilingue" (15). In so doing, he also removes the muzzle from the mouths of the Haitian people, who should be free to raise their unmuted voices without fear as they fight for their basic human rights: equality, justice, and freedom from discrimination and oppression.In his strong desire to inscribe Haiti in a universal human project, Tontongi presents an overview of the authors he admires and respects the most for who they are (were) and for the level of "ideological comfort" that unites him with those authors (14). For example, he eulogizes Sartre for his stance against human oppression and imperialist domination and exploitation as well as for his support of revolutionary leaders (Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, among others) in their struggle for liberation throughout the Third World. According to Tontongi, if Sartre were alive today, he would have stood in solidarity with all the oppressed of the earth, including the Haitian people, in their arduous fight for the dismantling of an oppressive system that marginalizes them and takes away their human dignity (40-56).Tontongi, of course, understands that a literary critic cannot honor Jean-Paul Sartre without honoring his life companion, Simone de Beauvoir. In the Creole section of the book, he calls de Beauvoir "yon fanm vanyan total-capital" (190). …


Sweet Basil medicinal properties including hypoglycemic, antispasmodic, lowering blood pressure, body compatibilizer stressors and strengthen the body's natural anti-inflammatory activity[1].Water scarcity occurs when the plant transpiration of water loss is greater than the absorption rate[2].Compost as an organic fertilizer can be as cost effective and valuable alternative in ¬ sustainable agriculture and organic farming, is possessed of a special place[6].To test the split plot design in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 1390 at the University of Zabol.Treatments including of drought (irrigation) or 100 (without stress), mild stress or 80 and 60% field capacity (tension) as the main factor and use organic fertilizers, including control (no fertilizer), consuming 40 tons of compost per hectare, consuming 40 tons of manure per ha, and consumes 6 liters of humic acid per hectar as subplots .The essential oil extracted from dried leaves and stems of Sweet Basil by clevenger with water distillation was caried out. Statistical comparisons showed that the highest number of leaves in conditions stress and compost application (56/66) respectively. Irrigation treatments 25, 50, 75 and 100% of field capacity on PP plants, yarrow, sage, calendula and chamomile review and concluded with an intensifying drought, shoot weight and plant height was reduced in all plants studied[4] . Maximum plant height (88/31 cm) were non-stress conditions. The highest stress levels related to the use of compost is dry performance, while the yield was reduced with increasing stress levels and the lowest yield of dry from lack of fertilizer application (control), respectively. With increasing drought stress on the percentage of oil was added. Similar results in an increased percentage of oil applied stress by Letchamo and colleagues[5] and Hassani and Omydbygy[2] on Sweet Basil has been obtained. Keywords: Basil sweet, essential oil, drought stress, organic fertilizer.


TE and TM waveguid modes in a three-layer symmetrical slab waveguide with a single negative media core are studied.The results prove that only slow waves can propagate in this peculiar waveguide system.And TE modes can only propagate in waveguide with MNG core,meanwhile TM modes can only propagate in waveguide with ENG core.Ftrthermore,both TE even mode and TM even mode show "two modes co-existence with the same order"phenomenon.In addition,TE and TM waveguid modes will be affected by waveguide parameters μ1/μ2 and R.Finally,the lateral field distribution of TE modes are given.These results provide us a simple way to distinguish ENG media and MNG media,and one possibility to realize the odd mode of slow wave propagates separately.All above results might give a theoretical basis for designing of slow-wave devices.


> The wife of a 25-year-old Veteran[*][1] sees their family physician, concerned about her husband. He recently released from the Canadian Forces (CF), and she reports that he is not coping well. He has difficulty sleeping, seems irritable, and has angry outbursts. During military service he was


A system and method for transferring a record of a previously recorded medical treatment event is described which incorporates a handheld medical event recorder (100), a central computer (2050) for displaying annotated information about the medical treatment event, and an remote computer-readable medium (2020) in communication with the event recorder and the central computer. The intermediate computer-readable medium maybe arranged as a cloud computer server. The central computer displays a video record (2120) and annotations event tree (2110) pertaining to the medical treatment event simultaneously. Optionally, the central computer displays contemporaneous records of the medical treatment event as recorded by ancillary devices.


Thank you for downloading variations on catastrophe some french responses to the great war. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their chosen readings like this variations on catastrophe some french responses to the great war, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious bugs inside their computer.


s 213 Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists St. Louis, Missouri — September 18–22, 2005 REFINEMENT OF EARLY PALEOGENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY IN WEST AFRICA USING DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS FROM NIGERIA AND ODP HOLE 959D (LEG 159) Antolinez, Hernan and Oboh-Ikuenobe, Francisca E. Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, 127 McNutt Hall, Rolla, Missouri 65409-0410, U.S.A. Thirty-four samples from the Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene interval of Alo-1 well in Anambra State, Nigeria, and 13 samples from ODP Hole 959D (Leg 159) in the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana Transform Margin were analyzed for their dinocyst contents. Dinocyst recovery is very good to moderate, and the specimens are commonly well preserved. Five informal zones (A to E) were identified in this study. Zone A is the stratigraphically oldest and is characterized by the consistent occurrence of Areoligera senonensis, Areoligera coronata, Palaeocystodinium bulliforme, and Hafniasphaera septata. Characteristic of Zone B is the occurrence of Damassadinium cf. D. heterospinosum in combination with abundant Fibrocysta/Lanternosphaeridium spp., and Cordosphaeridium spp. The dinocyst assemblages in zone C are characterized by the co-occurrence of abundant Apectodinium spp., and Adnatosphaeridium spp. Zone D consists of common occurrence of Glaphyrocysta ordinata, Glaphyrocysta divaricata, Polysphaeridium subtile, Spiniferites microceras, and Adnatosphaeridium spp. Finally, Zone E is characterized by the occurrence of Homotriblium abreviatum, Homotriblium cf. H. oceanicum, and H. pallidum. Dinocyst zones A to D are present in the Alo-1 well, whereas only zones A, D and E were identified in Hole 959D. The presence of some stratigraphically significant dinocyst species indicates a middle to Late Danian age for Zone A, a Thanetian age for Zone B, and a Late Thanetian age for zone C. On the other hand, published calcareous nannofossil data from the Early Paleogene interval of Hole 959D indicates a latest Thanetian to earliest Eocene age for Zone D and an Ypresian age for Zone E. Dinocyst data confirm these ages for zones D and E. Our results indicate that the Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene stratigraphic section is complete in Alo-1 well, whereas much of the Paleocene and the Paleocene-Eocene boundary are not preserved in Hole 959D. TWENTIETH-CENTURY VEGETATION CHANGE IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST Davis, Owen K., Logan, John, Wicks, Ryan, and Eastoe, Chris University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Palynological investigations of wetland sediments from southern Arizona have established a general pattern of historic expansion of woody plants such as juniper and mesquite in the uplands, and the expansion of trees such as ash, buttonbush, hackberry, and willow in the wetlands. Both are accompanied by decreased charcoal abundance in the sediment (reduced fire frequency), and increased frequency of the spores of dung fungi (increased abundance of grazing animals). Palynological investigations of coastal California wetlands record the same decreased charcoal abundances and increased abundances of dung fungi spores, but typically do not record the invasion of trees with the exception of tamarisk. Here we present three new records of historic vegetation change as a comparison with the southern Arizona and coastal California pollen records. The first is a 6.4 m core from Sentenac Cienega, elevation 623 m, on the western boundary of the Anza Borego Desert, San Diego County, California. Three radiocarbon dates confirm rapid sedimentation during the historic period. Like the southern Arizona records, Sentenac Cienega has been invaded by trees, oak woodland has expanded in the uplands, and the frequency of dung fungal spores has increased. The second record is from the forests of northern Arizona. Boneyard Fen (2620 m) occupies an opening in the mixed coniferous forest in Apache County, Arizona. The historic decrease in charcoal is recorded, but the frequency of dung fungal spores decreases rather than increases as in the southern Arizona sites. The vegetation remains forested during the historic transition, but the forest composition shifts from fir and douglas fir to spruce. The third record is from the grasslands of northwestern New Mexico. This record from sediment of a dry cave (1860 m, San Juan County, New Mexico) in Chaco Culture National Historic Park, shows a distinct decline in charcoal, an increases in shrubs (Chenopodiacea) and juniper, but only a modest increase in dung fungal spores. The records from three sites share with the southern Arizona chronology the decrease in charcoal abundance (decreased fire frequency); however, the Boneyard Fen record indicates a change in forest composition rather than forest expansion, and the abundance of grazing animals appears to have decreased rather than decreased. Palynology, 30 (2006): 213–232 © 2006 by AASP Foundation ISSN 0191-6122 214 PALYNOLOGY, VOLUME 30 — 2006 THE CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY IN TROPICAL LATITUDES: UNDERSTANDING THE RESPONSE OF TROPICAL VEGETATION TO A MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS De La Parra, Felipe and Jaramillo, Carlos Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 0948 APO AA 34002-0948 The Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) boundary is recognized as one of the major environmental crisis in the history of the earth and is associated with a significant extinction of the earth's biota. The palynological record from mid latitudes shows a dramatic and abrupt disappearance of most dominant taxa and nearly all of the late Cretaceous angiosperms following the KT boundary. The basal Paleocene flora appears to be composed of taxa that were absent or extremely rare in the latest Cretaceous. KT palynoflora records from other places in the world indicate that in the tropics and Southern hemisphere, land plant response to the KT event was relatively minor. However these results lack adequate resolution and do not have statistical support. The effect of the KT boundary in tropical vegetation is not well known. How was tropical vegetation affected by the K/T event? Was the temperate or the tropical vegetation more resilient to the crisis? Did tropical vegetation recover faster than temperate floras? Were extinction levels of tropical vegetation more intense than temperate communities? To address some of these questions we are studying the palynological record across the KT boundary of a stratigraphic section in Cesar-Rancheria basin (Colombia, Northern South America). The section, Diablito 1, is a 2200 feet rock-core drilled by Drummond coal company. It is composed of shale, coal and fine sandstone that accumulated in a tropical coastal plain and transitional environments during the middle Maastrichtian to the early late Paleocene. One hundred samples were processed for palynological analysis, and at least 300 pollen/spores per sample will be counted when possible. To detect the palynological extinction level, we calculate a confidence interval for the upper limit of every single taxon's true range. The information of multiple taxa allows us to arrive at a confidence interval for their common extinction time. To compare the extinction levels of tropical vegetation with what is known from temperate vegetation we use a Chi square analysis. This analysis characterizes the distribution of palynomorph species above and below the palynological extinction level. Finally, we use carbon isotopes measurement to asses the environmental change across the boundary and to corroborate the 2% 3% isotope excursion observed in other terrestrial sections around the world. QUANTITATIVE PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER AS AN INDICATOR OF PALEOPRODUCTIVITY AND TRANSGRESSIVE-REGRESSIVE CYCLES IN THE UPPER DEVONIAN NEW ALBANY SHALE SOURCE ROCK (INDIANA) Sarah R. de la Rue Department of Geology and Geophysics, E-235 HoweRussell, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA 70803-4101, U.S.A. A number of studies have focused on organic petrology and geochemistry as tools for determining the source, type, and degree of degradation of organic matter in Upper Devonian petroleum source rocks of the Illinois, Michigan, and Appalachian Basins. Additionally, while numerous studies have investigated the palynological content of chronostratigraphically equivalent black shales from these basins, no palynologic studies have investigated the distribution patterns of particulate organic matter in the Upper Devonian New Albany Shale of Indiana. This study is based on preliminary investigations carried out on 30 samples that span a 2.5-foot interval of the FrasnianFamennian boundary in the Kavanaugh Well #1-3 core (Daviess County, Indiana). The results presented here are part of an ongoing high-resolution, multidisciplinary investigation using palynological, mineralogical, and biogeochemical data. The objective is to provide an insight into late Devonian vegetation and phytoplankton response to numerous global transgressive-regressive cycles which culminated in the Upper Kellwasser mass extinction at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary. Comparisons of quantitative kerogen categories including total land-derived palynomorphs, marine forms, and phytoclasts of macrophyte plant debris can be used to provide detailed paleoenvironmental analyses and palynofacies boundaries within sequence stratigraphic variations during the Frasnian. Ratios of independently assessable marine to terrestrial organic-walled acid-resistant microfossils illustrate (1) the degree of input of plant debris into the basin indicating increased or decreased continental drainage, climatic fluctuations, and/or changes in growth patterns of coastal vegetation, and (2) fluctuations in trophic conditions due to changing bathymetry and/or energy regimes. These initial palynofacies results will be correlated with maceral, isotopic, and elemental signatures (i.e. organic petrography; Rock-Eval hydrogen index values; TOCo


Semantic core" is the emphasis of expression.This paper studies its location,and its reason of development,and points out how to define "semantic" and the limitation of this conception.


In this paper, the design and implementation of a software tool for administration of the final year project module, within the School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering at the NWU is presented. This web-based tool, simplifies the administration of the project module both from an accreditation point of view and from a resource point of view. The design of the tool is discussed in detail as well as the process that the tool aims to automate. Some qualitative results is also provided to demonstrate the advantages of using such a software tool.


Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are two drugs used for treating persons suffering from malaria and auto-immune diseases such as lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. They are efficient but used at the limit of their overdose and present several adverse effects. We examined the side effects of these drugs on ants as models, and found that they impacted their food consumption, activity, audacity, tactile perception, social relationships, cognition, and that no adaptation occurred to these adverse effects. However, no dependence occurred. Quantitative differences appeared between the side effects of the two examined drugs, chloroquine affecting more the traits requiring cognition and hydroxychloroquine the traits requiring muscle functioning. One or the other of these drugs should thus be used according to the health and physiology of the patients. Also, after weaning, the effect of chloroquine on ants vanished in 30 33 hours and that of hydroxychloroquine in 30 hours, though patients are advised to daily consume these drugs which have a long residence time in humans, what should lead to overdose. Therefore, for safety and reason of ease, and taking account of side effects seen in humans, we advise that chloroquine should be consumed by patients not suffering from cerebral impairments every 36 hours during 6 days and not the seventh day, while hydroxychloroquine should be daily consumed by patients not suffering from neuromuscular impairments, during 6 days and not the seventh day.


The mobile community has focused on techniques for reducing energy consumption for mobile hosts. These power management techniques typically target communication devices such as wireless network interfaces, aiming to reduce usage, and thus energy consumption, of the particular device itself. We observe that optimization of a single device's energy consumption, without considering the effect of the strategy on the rest of the machine, can have negative consequences. We propose power management techniques addressing mobile host communications that encompass all components of a mobile host in an effort to optimize the total energy consumption. Specifically, we propose runtime adaptation of communication parameters in order to minimize the energy consumed during active data transfer. Information about the network environment is used to drive such adaptations in an effort to compensate for the effect of a dynamic service from the wireless communication device on the energy consumed during data transfer. Our results show that power management can often be achieved while maintaining the QoS provided to the application.


Abstract Background Hospitalists are critical partners in antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) efforts to improve antimicrobial use, but limited data exists on the effectiveness of ASP-hospitalist collaboration. We performed a hospitalist-led quality improvement project with pharmacy collaboration to improve antimicrobial prescribing practices on general internal medicine teaching services at an urban academic medical center. Methods We conducted a 3-arm intervention study on internal medicine teaching services from September-December 2016. Three services received an educational (Ed) intervention consisting of an antibiotic rationale checklist, a templated progress note to promote trainee critical thinking about antibiotic management, and a pocket card with institutional guidelines. In addition, 1 team received twice weekly stewardship rounds with an infectious disease clinical pharmacist (Ed+ID-PharmDx2) while another team received 5x week stewardship rounds with a generalist clinical pharmacist (Ed+PharmDx5). The primary outcome was broad-spectrum antibiotic use calculated as days of therapy (DOT) per 1000 patient days compared with historical data from the corresponding months. Secondary outcomes included duration of inpatient therapy, antibiotic costs, length of stay, 30-day readmission, ICU transfer and in-hospital mortality. Results Broad-spectrum antibiotic use significantly decreased by 26% (415 vs. 306 DOT/1000 patient days) and 32% (425 vs. 287 DOT per 1000 patient days) on the Ed and Ed+PharmDx5 teams, respectively (P <0.01). Broad-spectrum use on the ED+ID-PharmDx2 team decreased by 9% but was not statistically significant. There was a significant improvement in median length of stay among patients receiving antibiotics for Ed only (-1.5 days; P < 0.001) and Ed+PharmDx5 (-1 day; P < 0.001) and no significant change in 30 day readmissions, ICU transfer and in-hospital mortality for any team. Direct antibiotic costs were reduced by $80,000 during the study period. Conclusion A hospitalist-led initiative to improve inpatient antimicrobial prescribing led to reductions in broad-spectrum antimicrobial use and reduced length of stay. ASPs should target hospitalists and pharmacists as partners in programmatic efforts to improve inpatient antimicrobial prescribing. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


In bad weather, such as foggy, the vision become poor, and this often induce many problems for traffic safety. So it is a hot research subject how to improve the vision ability for bad weather in traffic, and there are many achievements have been made. Among these the single scale Retinex algorithm is a common used method, which was proposed by Land. According this theory, any obtained image can be divided into two images: illumination image and object reflected image. If the illumination can be estimated accurately, the high quality enhanced image (reflected image) will be obtained easily. In this paper, one efficient method (EFTI-EM) for illumination was proposed, which is used to estimate the illumination by using sky area in a foggy traffic image and to get sky area is based on EM algorithm. By setting a considerable number of tests, satisfactory results have been achieved.


The Mayor of London's office has this week given the go-ahead to build London's first ever passenger cruise terminal in the Royal Borough of Greenwich.


The Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) will be the first proton machine in which synchrotron radiation significantly affects the cryogenic system and the beam tube vacuum. Synchrotron radiation represents the single largest heat load on the 4 K single-phase helium. It also provides a mechanism by which hydrogen can be desorbed from the beam tube wall, gradually worsening the vacuum. Insertion of a perforated and heated liner into the cold beam tube, together with a strip of cryosorber, effectively creates a distributed cryopump. Such an arrangement is an attractive solution to possible vacuum problems, provided it does not increase the heat load on the single-phase helium. In this paper, the primary mechanisms of heat transfer from an 80 K liner are considered, and the results of measurements on heat conduction through prototypical mechanical supports are presented.<<ETX>>


Hydrodynamics of the non-relativistic compressible fluid in the curved spacetime is derived using the generalized framework of the stochastic variational method (SVM) for continuum medium. The fluid-stress tensor of the resultant equation becomes asymmetric for the exchange of the indices, different from the standard Euclidean one. Its incompressible limit suggests that the viscous term should be represented with the Bochner Laplacian. Moreover the modified Navier–Stokes–Fourier equation proposed by Brenner can be considered even in the curved spacetime. To confirm the compatibility with the symmetry principle, SVM is applied to the gauge-invariant Lagrangian of a charged compressible fluid and then the Lorentz force is reproduced as the interaction between the Abelian gauge fields and the viscous charged fluid.


Because of the "Japanese Drama Performance" in the second semester, the one year course "Japanese Drama", was opened by the Department of Applied Japanese at Ming Chuan University in the junior year. Since 2006, for three years, the writer has been the instructor of this course. In this paper, the writer discusses the following points: targeting the "Japanese Drama Performance" in the past two years, learning how to make drama course description and how to do real experiments, and doing relative surveys on the course "Japanese Drama" opened after the year 2006. The problems include that there were not a substantial number of students taking this course, that students lack performing experience, that students were not sophisticated in performing skills, etc. Despite the fact that students must bear the huge pressure of performing publicly, they can learn something in other aspects during the process of producing drama. In addition, this process can enhance not only the rapport between teachers and students but also the friendship and accord among students. Students will be able to experience deeply the magnificence of a new world created by all the participants, and thus make it an unforgettable wonderful memory.


Parents play a key role in the growth and development of children and adolescents, and are closely related to the physical and mental development of children. The study adopts pianta (1992) parent-child relationship scale (CPRs) translated and adapted by Zhang Xiao et al. (2008), and the father and mother evaluate their relationship with their children respectively. The questionnaire method was used to investigate the relationship between the expectation of caregivers and the anxiety of children and adolescents.


The present invention relates to a button-extended character input method using a touch screen, and more particularly to (1) the number and *, # 12 button or at least any button consonant or other representative character in the required (hereinafter, the letter placing by assigning '), respectively; (2) by pressing the respective button, the step that character consonant or vowel or any other characters or symbols associated with a button arrangement (the "associated with the letter ') to which a number generation; And (3) in that comprises a step of turning off the push to move while holding a button in the corresponding character or characters associated with the character at the location, type, characterized on that configuration. In particular, (4) move while holding a button associated with the character button, the generated, may further include another character button that is associated with the associated characters are repeatedly generated. According to the button-extended text entry method proposed in the present invention, by pressing a specific button, the button associated with the button have been repeatedly generated, when to go to the created button release the pressing to input a character in the corresponding position, the character input such as a touch screen, using mobile terminals that require (mobile phones, navigation, PDA, PMP, etc.) or any other, from the fixed terminal when entering text, such as Hangul consonants collision phenomenon compared with the conventional input method and the chair / collection combination approach solving the complex input methods and languages such further than a minimum number of push buttons and use Hangul or English, up may as well be easily and quickly enter numbers and symbols. Touchscreen, text input method Hangul input method, expandable button, the character impingement, impingement consonants


We analyze the imaging state in which the art work Perolas Imperfeitas of David Glat is located. We approached the art work from the traces of movement enrolled in the fixed images and from the state of "between-images" that installs itself in it, purposing to think photography nowadays, when it is reconfigured with dispositifs that take shape in contemporary art . With this, we will emphasize the effects of temporal and corporal flow that defines it as "photographic" work.


Sustained attention was studied in 48 children with early treated congenital hypothyroidism and 35 healthy controls, using a computer‐paced and a self‐paced continuous performance task. The performance of the patients, particularly those in the low T4 group (38 patients with T4 levels < 50 nmol/1 at neonatal screening), declined in the final stage of the computer‐paced task, suggesting a problem in remaining attentive over time. The performance of all children declined in the first and improved in the final stage of the self‐paced task. This pattern was most pronounced in the low T4 group, reflecting greater variability in their task performance over time, again indicating a problem in sustaining attention. No correlation was found between onset of treatment and sustained attention. The small size of the intermediate T4 group (10 patients with T4 levels ≥ 250 nmol/1 at neonatal screening) made the results more difficult to interpret and may have concealed a problem with sustained attention in this group.


Research undertaken by candidates for doctor's degrees in music education provides a large portion of the information aVailable to the profession. As music education doctoral programs proliferated, so did the number of research inquiries into the nature and problems of the discipline , If these endeavors are to have a positive influence upon the practice of music education, means must be provided to disseminate research procedures and results. One approach to the analysis of research lies in determining the focus and the methods used. Such a descriptive method was applied in this study of dissertations completed by candidates for doctor's degrees in music education.


In the article, based on the analysis of theoretical provisions of national security and current legislation governing the system of national security, the author explores the basic concepts: «national security», «national security», «types and forms of national security». As a result of the study for further development of the theory of national security of Ukraine, its implementation in modern practice of Ukraine, ensuring effective protection of vital interests of man and citizen, society and state, the author proposed his own definitions of «national security», «national security system». «Type of national security», «form of national security». The author proved that it is more appropriate to use the concept of «national security system» which means a set of measures taken by national security actors in accordance with the tasks and powers assigned to them, for timely detection / management / disposal of threats or dangers of external and internal nature. The author also formulates certain concepts of specific types and forms of national security. Thus, the type of national security is an action or set of actions of state and non-state institutions that are aimed at maintaining a level of national security that is necessary and sufficient for society and that satisfies the vital interests of the individual. The form of national security is the implementation by the subject of national security of normatively fixed, peculiar only to him measures, by means of which his powers to ensure national security are realized in accordance with the set tasks.


Lehi Park in Santa Cruz County is preparing to submit a long-term sustained yield timber harvesting plan (Non-industrial Timber Management Plan or NTMP) to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection for a portion of the Scott Creek Watershed. This portion of Scott Creek hosts a population of Rainbow Trout; the landowner wants to retain those trees that will contribute to pools with adequate structure to provide cover for trout. We observed and described large woody debris and its orientation in the channel of Scott Creek and its effect on sediment storage and conveyance, as well as channel form; and we developed baseline data for water quality monitoring for the NTMP. We surveyed a longitudinal profile (of the thalweg, water surface, and high water mark) and four cross sections, made fourteen sediment depth readings along the channel, and made several field sketches and took pictures to document the effects of large woody debris on channel form. This baseline data, in conjunction with regional hydrographs, allowed us to estimate the return interval of the measured high flow, which is approximately 1.5 years. Our observations of large woody debris may contribute to future study and possible recommendations for bank-side tree protection. Lastly, this baseline data may become useful in subsequent surveys as a demonstration of change in stream profile over time.


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The performance characteristics of the following types of vacuum gauges are discussed: quartz Bourdon gauge (QBG), capacitance diaphragm gauge (CDG), thermal conductivity gauge (TCG), quartz friction gauge (QFG), spinning rotor gauge (SRG), cold cathode ionization gauge (CCG), hot filament ionization manometer (IM), quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) and other mass spectrometers. Depending on the pressure, the most stable gauges are the QBG, the CDG, the SRG, and the IM. In applications with modest demands on the measuring accuracy, it may be sufficient to employ an uncalibrated gauge and adopt an average gauge coefficient given by the manufacturer. In cases with higher demands on the accuracy, the calibration of individual gauges may be necessary. The highest demand arises if the gauges are used as transfer standards in intercomparisons of primary pressure standards. Here, the achievable accuracy is limited by the stability of the gauge with time. Gauges based on different operating principles and differ...


Social security is not apart from other aspects of growth and development. It is a phenomenon completely coherent to economic growth, social justice, human dignity and national prosperity. Generally national social security systems in most countries consist of insurance, protection and relief policies. Socio-historical studies reveals that by promoting economic growth and development of middle class, in addition to strengthening civil institutions, the protective function of system would be reduced and adversely the insurance function will be increased. In principle there is a direct linkage between social security policies and economic growth via improving production capability. Some believe that economic growth will not be achieved properly without extending social security. Such interdependency requires a stable coordination between social security policies and macroeconomic policies so that development of social welfare results in more productive activities and eventually economic efficiency and productivity. The success and sustainability of a social security fund in long term is highly rely on suitable policy and decision making, and in this regard the macro-economic is one of the most affecting environmental factors or variables on the performance and decision making processes in social security fund. Thus, to adopt proper policies and to be sensitive to external environment of the organization, it is so important to understand the economic boom and slump or in other word the economic cycles. This paper attempts to measure business cycles of Iran during 1962-2004, by using the Hodrick- Prescott filter. Moreover the relationship between these cycles and some variables of Social Security Organization of Iran – the largest and oldest social insurance organization for workers in private sector- will be analyzed. Results indicate that stagflation situation in Iran's economy and adjusting minimum wages according to the inflation have caused mismatching between macroeconomic policies and social insurance policies. This situation has led to increase of social insurance burden - the ratio of premium revenues to production of industry and service sectors- and accordingly increase of premium evasion.