Introduction: Accurate sensing of the body position in space is important for safe and mechanically effective interaction with the environment. Clinical evidence however suggests that a client's sense of postural alignment differs from their actual alignment, which may influence the accuracy of postural repositioning during participation in activities of daily life. Objectives : The aim of this quantitative descriptive study was to investigate the difference between sense and actual postural alignment during sitting and standing positions, with the anatomical landmarks as reference points for measurement from anterior and lateral views. Methods: Ten health care clinics in the Free State towns of Botshabelo and Thaba N'chu, were randomly selected and 95 patients participated in the study. Measurements consisted of (a) a biographical questionnaire, (b) assessment of actual postural alignment, and (c) assessment of sensed postural alignment. Assessment of actual postural alignment was done by using the Photographic Method of Postural Assessment (P-MPA), during which the actual (real) distance on photos was established by calculating the ratio of measured/ real distance x distance from plumb line for each photo. A clinical significant difference from the reference point as measured on the photo was set at 10mm. The sense and actual deviation, for sitting and standing were compared by means of 95% confidence intervals for median differences. Results : Results show statistical and clinically significant differences for sense and actual deviations from the plumb line for lateral views for all anatomical landmarks, in both sitting and standing positions. With the exception of a clinical significant difference at the nose landmark in anterior view, results show no other statistical or clinical significant differences for anterior sitting or standing. Recommendations : The authors recommend that follow up studies investigate postural repositioning during motion and in addition to speed and direction, also test the degree to which discrepancy between sense and actual values occurs. Conclusion : Increased awareness by health care professionals and educators of the discrepancy between sensed and actual postural alignment, in anterior and lateral views, may benefit the planning of intervention programmes aimed to enhance safe and meaningful occupational performance Keywords :  Postural alignment, sense of posture and actual posture


Query. Did vaccination so disturb the system as to bring on the hydrophobic phenomena ? P.S. Three men were bitten on the same evening by this dog. One went home without having the wound cauterised, and died within three weeks afterwards. The other two came directly, and were cauterised well with nitrate of silver and ordered salt poultices until the wounds healed; they are now at large in perfect health. M. H. GRATTAN, L.K.Q.C.P., Chipping Ongar.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in physicochemical and sensory properties of raw fruits during washing and chlorine treatments. Strawberry and banana were pre-prepared at different concentration of chlorinated water(0 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm), immersion time(3 min and 5 min), and number of post-rinsing(1 time, 2 times and 3 times). The physicochemical properties such as pH, sugar contents, residual chlorine contents, color values and hardness of the fruits were analyzed, and the sensory quality were evaluated throughout the sterilization treatment process. After washing strawberry with 100 ppm chlorinated water and 3 times of post-rinsing, pH and residual chlorine contents were showed a little difference, while sugar contents, hardness, and color values(L, a and b) were reduced. In case of banana, pH, sugar contents and residual chlorine contents were not affected, and hardness and L color value were reduced. However, a and b color values of banana were gradually increased as the development of brown discoloration. Sensory properties of the samples were affected by the chlorine sterilization treatment. In overall acceptance, strawberry and banana treated with 100 ppm chlorinated water showed the lowest scores among treatments. Therefore it could be suggested that the application of 50 ppm chlorinated water for minutes with over 3 times of post-rinsing was the effective pre-preparation method without affecting the quality of the fruits.


This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the impact of students' attitudes towards the learning of Social Studies in Senior High Schools in Upper West Region of Ghana. The study became necessary because students' attitudes influence both teaching and learning processes and affect the way students and teachers will engage in the learning process. Attitudinal measures such as levels of students' interest, study behaviours or habits and the perceived utility of Social Studies were examined.  A total number of 255 subjects participated in the study. Questionnaires were administered to evaluate the impact of students' attitudes towards the learning of Social Studies in Senior High Schools. The findings indicated that students were not as negative toward Social Studies as previous research studies indicate. Students thought learning Social Studies was less important than Mathematics, Science and English since grades acquired in Social Studies was not used to determine their final grade and for admission requirements into the universities.  It is recommended that, Social Studies instruction should not focus on only transmission of knowledge since the knowledge itself is not very important unless it causes some skill and attitude development in students.


ABSTRACT Optimisation of the tribological properties of aluminium matrix composites (356/B4Cp) fabricated by the stir casting technique using Taguchi's S/N analysis was studied. L27 OA was chosen for conducting dry sliding wear tests using the pin on disc. The input parameters such as sliding speed, sliding distance, load and reinforcement percentages are optimised with consideration of minimum wear rate and the optimum values are used to conduct confirmation experiments. The significance of the wear parameters was found using ANOVA. The tribological properties were improved through this approach.


Abstract This paper describes a small‐scale investigative project undertaken at Leeds Metropolitan University in which primary students commented upon Key Stage 1 pupils' postural behaviours whilst in the classroom. The students received instruction in the Alexander Technique to help inform their judgements and a qualified Alexander Technique teacher observed one of them teaching a 'Literacy Hour'. The overall findings indicate that earlier reports of postural deterioration occurring once children begin formal schooling is still in evidence today. A number of factors related to classroom settings are identified as contributing to this situation.


The clinical signs of 26 patients with a spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula and of 21 patients with a traumatic one are described. It is demonstrated that Doppler velocity measurements are of great value for the diagnosis of this kind of communications. Conservative treatment in dural fistula and balloon embolization in direct fistula were successful in 16 of the 23, and 11 of the 12 cases, respectively.


ABSTRACT Full factorial design of experiments were used to screen the factors affecting the lead removal effiency using cation exchange resin. The obtained linear model was statistically tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student's t-test, lack of fit test, and test of curvature. The percentage removal of lead was examined by varying experimental conditions with center points. The factors and levels used during the experiments were; initial pH (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5), temperature (25, 35 and 45°C), initial lead concenteration (20, 60, and 100 mg/L) and resin dosage (0.02, 0.26, and 0.5 g). A steepest ascent based optimization procedure was implemented to seek better conditions in terms of maximizing the removal of lead(II) ions. The results showed that approximately 99% removal of Pb(II) was obtained when initial pH, temperature, initial lead concentration, and resin dosage are roughly set to 5, 34, 32, and 0.74, respectively.


Purpose
The aim of this study is to elaborate three dimensional rotating flow of nanoliquid induced by a stretchable sheet subject to Darcy–Forchheimer porous space. Thermophoretic diffusion and random motion aspects are retained. Prescribed surface heat flux and prescribed surface mass flux conditions are implemented at stretchable surface. Convergent series solutions have been derived for velocities, temperature and concentration.

Design/methodology/approach
Optimal homotopy analysis method is implemented for the solution development.

Findings
The current solution demonstrates very good agreement with those of the previously published studies in the special cases of regular fluid and nanofluids. Graphical results are presented to investigate the influences of the titania and copper nanoparticle volume fractions and also the nodal/saddle indicative parameter on flow and heat transfer characteristics. Here, the thermal characteristics of hybrid nanofluid are found to be higher in comparison to the base fluid and fluid containing single nanoparticles, respectively. An important point to note is that the developed model can be used with great confidence to study the flow and heat transfer of hybrid nanofluids.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, no such consideration has been given in the literature yet.


This paper reviews the RF power coupler developments for high intensity superconducting linacs. Pulsed high intensity proton linacs, continuous wave (CW) heavier ion linacs and energy recovery linacs (ERL) require high power couplers at various frequencies. The paper focuses on developments for which average power is mostly above 30 kW.


Abstract The effect of KClO3+3Mg additive concentration on the combustion ability of Si+C 'weekly exothermic' mixture has been studied. The critical concentration of KClO3+3Mg mixture for combustion to occur has been found to be 0·02 mol. The morphological and structural characteristics of products have been investigated as a function of the additive concentration, reaction pressure and the initial sample diameter. The reaction products have been analysed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and BET surface area analysis methods. It has been shown that β-SiC hollow globules composed of submicrometre size particles have been formed during the combustion reaction. After leaching and grinding of final products ultrafine and single phase β-SiC powders with particles size less than 0·5 μm, and specific surface area of 18·5 m2 g–1 have been synthesised.


We analytically perform a linear stability analysis of a collision front between two identical winds in a double star system in the limit of isothermal flows, with Mach number M=∞. For that purpose we study the evolution of short wavelength perturbations, applied to a flow in steady state with an infinitesimally narrow collision front. We work with a method that was explored by Soker (1990) for the case of accretion. We show that this collision front is unstable. Stabilizing effects are found when pressure terms are added


The utility model provides an intelligent door-window, which belongs to the electromechanical control field, and solves the problem in the prior art that the structure is complicated and is not applicable to a slide-rail door and window. The intelligent door-window comprises a window frame and a glass window frame which is arranged inside the window frame, the glass window frame is connected with the window frame in a sliding way, and the intelligent door-window is characterized in that a lead screw transmission mechanism is arranged between the glass window frame and the window frame, the bottom part of the glass window frame is connected with the lead screw transmission mechanism, and the window frame is also provided with an automatic control device for controlling the lead screw transmission mechanism. The intelligent door-window has the advantages of compact and attractive appearance, simple structure, strong practicability and low cost.


It is presented in this paper that the simulation study of multi-shadow phenomenon of multi-LED-chips lighting with Trace Pro,aiming to reduce the size of the multi-shadow.The relatively small size of LED chips enables us to replace traditional light sources with multiple LED chips and to reduce the size of the multi-shadow through multiple light source superposition.Schematic models of LED illumination with different numbers of LED chips and different arrangements are established respectively.Irradiance maps of the table are analyzed.Analyses show that increasing the numbers of LED chips while the total length of the length of the array remains unchanged can reduce the size of the multi-shadow,and the more compact the arrangement is the smaller the size of the multi-shadow is,which provides theoretical basis for optimizing lamp performance design.


Genetically modified commensal bacteria offer an unusual means for producing and delivering antiviral microbicides near or along specific organs where they are needed, according to Peter P. Lee at Stanford University in Stanford, Calif., and his collaborators. They engineered Lactobacillus jensenii, a commensal species that inhabits the vaginal tract of healthy women, to express cyanovirin-N (CVN), a protein that can inhibit HIV. The idea is to use this novel microbicide-producing commensal to protect women, who account for half of new cases, against becoming infected with HIV.


fact, what he really earns is an enormously complicated riddle. Mr. Hobson discusses the fundamental yet intricate and intangible elements entering into the social values in this matter of distribution. Should wealth come to individuals in accordance with their potential contributions to social welfare? The author does not return to the concepts of the earlier French writers like Proudhon, "to everyone according to his needs," but recognizes that the life of most achievement for each as a member of society is after all the most socially desirable, even from a strictly economic point of view. The last chapter, " A Human Survey," discusses the manner of conscious thinking and of development that may make distribution a more reasonable and a more socially valuable process, suggesting the need of a social control which will bring about the most efficient application of economicresources and the use of surpluses. Mr. Hobson has here opened up for us what is practically a new field. His book is highly constructive yet at the same time devastatingly destructive of much of present day humbug in economic theory. It is likely that it and other works of the same kind which will further explore the various theses which are put forward in this presentation will in another ten years supplant the present text books in economics. As revealing the first philosophical analysis of the inseparability of economics and ethics, Mr. Hobson's book is a valuable addition to our social work library. FRANCIS H. McLEAN


Scalable Clustering.and text mining, spatial database applications, Web analysis, CRM, marketing. Powerful broadly applicable data mining clustering methods surveyed below. Since scalability is the major achievement of this blend strategy, this algorithm is.Using typical document clustering techniques on Web opinions produce unsatisfying result. In this work, we propose the scalable distance-based clustering.AbstractWe propose an approximate computation technique. LSH is used for clustering the Web in 3. Scalability test and time comparison.Clustering is an important technique for analysing and interpreting massive. This allows for a high-throughput, scalable solution and an evaluation using. Haveliwala TH, Gionis A, Indyk P 2000 Scalable techniques for clustering the web. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on the web and databases, pp 129134. Hinneburg A.amount of data make the poorly scalable, traditional clustering methods unsuitable. Web search engines, Web snippet clustering is a synonym. Unlike clustering in other fields, web page clustering separates unrelated. 99 Scalable techniques for Clustering the Web. We propose novel techniques for clustering the search results in realtime. Scalable techniques for clustering the web.process through the use of clustering techniques.


West Africa has a long and infamous history of gold mining. Over the last fifteen years, soaring gold prices and neoliberal politics have pushed gold mining, both artisanal and industrial, to the centre stage of land use in West Africa. The organization of mining in countries such as Mali and Burkina Faso has made a shift from dominant state intervention - both on the level of production and the selling of gold - to a sector giving ample room to private companies. This process of liberalization, and the increase of African peasants being involved in artisanal mining have triggered heated debates on the pro's and con's of gold mining for Africa's future; should gold be seen as a curse or blessing? This volume seeks to move beyond the dichotomy of winners versus losers, beyond rigid monolithic models, and beyond rhetoric on gold mining and development, and proposes instead a critical theoretical analysis with in-depth case studies. New insights and assessments are based on an interdisciplinary collaboration from anthropology, history and geology investigating broader articulations of mining with other forms of land use as part of long term, dynamic processes of co-habitation.


The invention relates to a restrictive binding structure comprising an optical media locking device and a processor. The optical media locking device comprises an optical transmitter, an optical medium and an optical receiver, wherein the optical transmitter, the optical medium and the optical receiver are connected through optical pillars or connectors. The optical medium is applied to bind a target object (part), and the processor locks the optical medium locking device and judges unlocking behaviors. The processor controls the optical transmitter and the optical receiver. Data transmitted back by sensors are analyzed by the process and transmitted to the optical transmitter to enable the optical transmitter to enter the operating mode, the optical medium transmits preset optical waves or optical signals, the optical receiver enters the operating state, the processor analyzes and processes the optical waves or signals, the optical transmitter transmits beams and the target object (part) bound by the optical medium locking device is locked and unlocked, so that the function of electronically binding the target object (part) is realized.


The invention relates to a hydrostatic profile rail guide with a guide carriage (2) hydrostatically mounted on the guide rail (1), provided on the guide rail (1) facing side thereof with several pressure pockets (9) for pressurisation with hydraulic fluid, throttles (11) being provided for adjustment of a volumetric flow into the pressure pockets (9) for adjustment of the pressure in the pressurepockets (9). A throttle (11) is provided as an in-built element on the guide carriage (1) for each pressure pocket (9).


Neurological, psychotic, and treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders are described. The method comprises administering an effective amount of a partial and / or full dopamine D Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a dopamine D The dopamine D


The development of the forestry complex, its technical equipment, the increase in the volume of harvested wood in the Republic of Belarus, as well as increased competition in the timber market have become prerequisites for the need to study issues in the field of optimizing transport processes and ensuring the rhythm of logging production. Moving operations in the cutting area, including the collection and loading of timber, their sorting and skidding, the formation of stacks in an intermediate warehouse, are the most labor-intensive in logging production. In turn, the effectiveness of these operations largely depends on the optimal placement of technological elements in the cutting area and their geometric parameters. Among the ways to improve the efficiency of the development of the forest fund, one can single out the solution of the problem of optimizing the relocation operations of logging production, for which it is necessary to determine the appropriate parameters and restrictions.


The study presents a comprehensive review of developing country trade policies and market access issues as they evolved over the period 1990-2012. The main findings are, first, that applied tariffs as well as traditional core non-tariff measures have declined significantly over time in both developed and developing countries. Second, the instruments of protection used by developed and developing countries are becoming increasingly similar: trade remedies, especially anti-dumping are the instruments of choice for all except low-income developing countries. Third, agriculture is the main sector where developing countries face access problems in OECD markets. Fourth, regional and other preferential trade agreements are both a result and a cause of the lack of progress in multilateral trade negotiations. They violate the basic World Trade Organization tenet of most favored nation and thus pose a potential threat to the multilateral system and a potential stimulus to further multilateral collaboration. Fifth, sanitary and phytosanitary and technical barriers to trade are being increasingly used by both developed and developing countries but their protective intent is difficult to gauge. There is a need for increased vigilance, transparency, and reporting to ensure that they are not being used as a means of protection of economic interests. Sixth, the service sectors are the most promising area where efforts for further liberalization are needed and may produce significant benefits. And seventh, far less additional protection has been put in place following the 2008 financial crisis compared with what had been feared or what had happened in earlier crises.


This study is aimed to examine the progress of development of the jokgu. These are conclusions of this report as in the following. First of all, the jokgu is designed for the pilot to simply play with their uniform in 1966 when they was put on standby situation. In the early stage of jokgul, it has similar rules with jokgu, so that people can easily master the technique. Second, its first rules are devised by the captin, Duckjin Jeong and the lieutenant, Taeksun Ann in 1986 as the name of jokgu. As this new sports got grand awarded by Ministry of National, it spread throughout the army and navy. Third, after the retired soldier went back to school or work, it was started to popularize at a rapid rate since it is easy for anyone to play and it accords with Korean sentiment.


Hereunder is given a report of a new apparatus developed for measurement of fatigue in liquid medium. It is based on Torsion Rheometer (Toyo Seiki Seisakusho Ltd.), and the torsional vibration with constant angular amplitude in liquid medium is made possible.Using a round plastic bar specimen, its change in stiffness during the fatigue was carefully followed continuously by measuring the torsional moment with wire strain gauges. In addition to the torsional fatigue in liquid medium with this apparatus it is possible to evaluate durability by measuring the change of the specimen in stiffness degraded separately.As the results of the experiments it is known that this apparatus is applicable to evaluation of durability in torsional fatigue in liquid medium, but in case there is no remarkable change in stiffness we must keep down the drifting of electronic device as small as possible.This apparatus is applicable to torsional fatigue testing in the atmosphere, water, oil, and chemical reagents at various degrees of temperature.


This paper describes a novel method for gesture recognition using character recognition techniques on two-dimensional eigenspace. An image-based approach can capture human body poses in 3D motion from multiple image sequences. The sequence of poses can be reduced into a trajectory on the two-dimensional eigenspace with preserving the main features in gesture, so that the gesture recognition equals the character recognition. Experiments for the gesture recognition using some character recognition techniques show our method is useful.


The actions of ethnic advocacy groups have an indisputable impact on political change in their ancestral homelands. Many observers attribute the United States' continued efforts to isolate Castro's Cuba, its on/off involvement in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and its engagement and disengagement in the conflict in Northern Ireland to the influence of their efforts. Whether their actions take the form of lobbying, remittance-sending or acts of violence, diaspora groups' efforts to create change may determine the success of homeland opposition movements and efforts to resolve internal conflicts. This article surveys the activities of 30 political organisations in American Cuban, Irish and Jewish communities, examining the multiple ways in which these groups attempt to make change in Cuba, Northern Ireland and Israel respectively. In what ways do non-partisan, partisan and radical ethnic organisations attempt to make political change in their homelands? Why do these groups choose particular means for exerting influence—such as lobbying, working with homeland opposition movements or appealing to international organisations? These community dynamics are best understood by looking at each group's ability to find allies within the American and homeland governments, the ideology it espouses and its financial resources.


obstacles they face, particularly in getting fellow academics to understand and appreciate their new theories. Many readers will finish this book convinced, or more convinced than before, that theory building should be the priority in IR. This book, therefore, forces us to think about how we can create institutions to "reinvent" IR theory. My reading of this book leads me to the following recommendations. Traditional "EuroAmerican" theory still serves as the foundation for the field, but we must be careful not to overstate its value, and we must be willing to expand it and even disregard parts of it when events or data so dictate; the increasing internationalization of the field forces us to examine divergences across countries and to build broader theories; the diversity of disciplines that study work requires us to build a larger theoretical umbrella; the increasing importance of higher-level management, social, political, and economic systems requires us to make greater use of macro and strategic theories and address the differing institutional roles that parties in societies play. To make these recommendations succeed, though, our journals will have to reward traditional theory testing less and theory building more. The major limitation of this book is that it does not push hard enough and with enough focus on these sorts of recommendations. The book's value in getting IR researchers moving in the right direction, however, far exceeds its limitations.


The present volume gives a very modern treatment of all theoretical as well as computational aspects of nonlinear structural stability. The theoretical part starts with the basic concepts of nonlinear static stability and classical dynamics and proceeds subsequently with recent progress in nonlinear dynamic stability and dynamic buckling of structures including an introduction to chaos. The first paper overviews theory and modelling of various structural instability problems. In the second section, nonlinear dynamic buckling and stability of autonomous discrete dissipative structural systems, gradient and non-gradient are discussed. The third paper handles stability and bifurcation phenomena in dynamical systems. The fourth paper contains an introduction to nonlinear dynamics and chaos.Special attention is devoted to the direct computation of critical points and path-switching strategies. A variety of numerical simulations for complicated nonlinear unstable responses also illustrate this part.


1 All subsequent references to section numbers refer to the California Revenue and Taxation Code unless otherwise indicated. to the third in a series of three distribution transactions, as well as the proper earnings and profits ("E&P") ordering rule for dividend payments. The department concludes that, subject to audit verification of the factual representations made in the request for ruling and as more fully described below, the distributions paid up the corporate chain from lower tier subsidiaries to the ultimate parent, ***********, constituted dividends that may be properly eliminated under section 25106. We also conclude that California follows an E&P ordering rule for dividend payments similar to federal treatment, where dividends are deemed to be paid out of current E&P first, and then layered back on a last-in, first-out ("LIFO") basis.


Uncertainties in model projections of future climate change are high, and have not decreased substantially over the last 30 years: IPCC AR4 range of climate sensitivity − the increase in globally averaged surface temperature expected for a doubling of CO 2 − is [1.5 ◦ C, 4.5 ◦ C]. The causes and nature of this uncertainty, more specifically whether or not it will be possible to reduce it, is subject to debate. Before digging into this problem, we start by focusing on a basic, somewhat epistemological question: what is uncertainty in the context of climate science, and how should it be quantified? While this question may at first appear trivial, we claim that it has occasionally proved to be a source of confusion in the aforementioned debate. We illustrate this point by revisiting one among the most significant contributions to this debate in the recent past (Roe and Baker, 2007) and highlight the fact that its conclusions are dramatically affected by the chosen definition of uncertainty. To resolve this issue, we propose widely used standard deviation as a unique, broadly applicable definition of uncertainty. We then recall a general result on the propagation of uncertainty available from Probability theory


Deep rock mass is well known as a highly complex nonlinear dynamic system, the present deformation forecasting methods still remains low precise. Thanks to chaos theory, these problems can be well solved through reconstructing chaotic phase space. In the paper, deformation behavior and its property such as insane, sensitive dependence on initial conditions were analyzed. Then a new forecasting method based on chaotic phase space reconstruction for nonlinear time series were brought out and applied in the displacement forecasting of surrounding rocks in Tongyu tunnel. Compared with traditional models, this model was proved not only accurate but of less workload, whatpsilas more, easy to handle. Through which, the vital information can be arrived to find the rational time of re-supporting surrounding rocks, and to take measures to prevent or minimize disasters incused by surrounding rock failure.


With the separation of contact dermatitis from specific eczema (neurodermite), it has become increasingly more important to test properly substances that produce lesions on contact with the skin. In making contact tests, the substance is left in contact with the skin for a period of twenty-four hours or longer. The simplest device used is a square of adhesive plaster holding the substance against the skin. Cellophane has also been used, held down to the skin by adhesive plaster or collodion. The device described here offers these advantages : 1. Visibility. The reaction, if any, is seen at all times. This is important, as it is desirable to limit the amount of reaction. The patient is instructed to remove the substance from the skin as soon as any reaction is seen. 2. Protection against irritation from clothes and against injury. 3. Aeration. It prevents maceration of skin from accumulated perspiration.


The problem of the Matthean understanding of law has proved resistant to resolution, despite a mini-deluge of scholarly output on the subject. In contrast to the widely divergent approaches to the general issue of law in Matthew, however, there is a strong majority opinion that the Gospel was written amongst a Sabbath-observant community.' Despite the occasional contrary voice,2 it is probably fair to describe this majority opinion as a consensus. Nor is this consensus surprising, given that it is based on strong evidence. Compared to the other Synoptic Gospels, Matthew is clearly at pains to remove any possible doubt that


AbstractAs-built spatial data are useful in many construction-related applications, such as quality control and progress monitoring. These data can be collected using a number of imaging and time-of-flight-based (e.g., laser scanning) sensor methods. Each application will demand a particular level of data accuracy and quality, yet little information is available to help engineers choose the most cost-effective approach. This paper presents an analytical and quantitative comparison of photogrammetric, videogrammetric, and time-of-flight-based methods. This comparison is done with respect to accuracy, quality, time efficiency, and cost. To this end, representative image-based three-dimensional reconstruction software and commercially available hardware (two cameras and a time-of-flight-based laser scanner) are evaluated. Spatial data of typical infrastructure (two bridges and a building) are collected under different settings. The experimental parameters include camera type, resolution, and shooting distanc...


An international steering committee has been formed to oversee the development of this wiki which aims to provide a source of peer-reviewed material for use amongst Southern Ocean researchers, including modelling information, standardised field and laboratory methods, and syntheses of key information of use to scientists and policy makers. It also provides an environment in which international project teams can compile information and results in discussion groups and forums. Once approved, the peer-reviewed parts of the wiki will also be available to the general public. This is described in CCAMLR's WG-EMM-12/59.
Constable, A.J. (2012) Preliminary report of outcomes of the 2nd international workshop on the ICED Southern Ocean Sentinel, held in Hobart Australia 7–11 May 2012. Contributed paper to CCAMLR Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management, WG-EMM-12/59.


The current study provides a second step in the development of an alternative, twodimensional conceptualization of person-organization fit. This conceptualization distinguishes between two motivations known to influence the way individuals define and pursue goals—promotion focus and prevention focus. Based on empirical support, we conclude that the Organizational Culture Profile's original seven dimensions, when used to profile individual value preferences, reflect different underlying motivations that are likely to be important in predicting specific work behaviors such as speed, creativity, attention to detail, and safety performance. Our conclusion challenges the common practice within person-organization fit research of predicting generic effects across any and all combinations of shared values between an individual and the respective organization. We suggest that partitioning P-O fit into two dimensions supported by regulatory focus theory will result in improved predictive power on specific work behaviors


In early September 2003, >3.0 × 105 cells l−1 of Alexandrium fundyense were detected in close proximity to salmon aquaculture sites near Grand Manan Island in the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada. High concentrations persisted throughout the month, peaking to >8 × 105 cells l−1 on 18 September. Concurrently, some salmon farms in the area experienced elevated mortalities. Although the cause of mortality is not yet fully understood, it appears to be related to the high concentrations of A. fundyense. Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins were not detected in the edible flesh of salmon (by mouse bioassay and high-performance liquid chromatography), but were detected at low levels in viscera and gills. Blue mussels Mytilus edulis analysed from areas affected by the bloom reached levels of 18 000μg STX equivalents 100g−1 of tissue. As a result of the salmon mortalities, a project was initiated to establish a monitoring approach for harmful algal blooms to provide an early warning of potential events and to act as a tool for mitigation actions.


The quantity and quality of fruit in 2 adjacent apple orchards in eastern West Virginia were compared between 1 conventionally managed orchard and 1 with ground cover plantings underneath apple trees and reduced insecticide applications. Four species of plants [dill, Anethum graveolens L.; buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench; dwarf sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; and rape, Brassica napus L.] were planted in alternating, single-species strips under the tree canopy, and only 1 broad-spectrum insecticide (phosmet) plus Bacillus thuringiensis was applied in the ground cover orchard over the 2-yr period (1995–1996) of the study. The conventional orchard received 5 applications of an organo-phosphate each year. Disease management was the same for both orchards. The ground cover orchard had significantly greater populations of spirea aphid ( Aphis spiraecola Patch) and leafhoppers [ Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee, Edwarsiana rosae (L.), and Emposaca fabae (Harris) ] than the conventional orchard. The conventional orchard had more damage from fire blight than the ground cover orchard. Total yield of apples from the ground cover orchard was significantly less than in the conventional orchard, probably because of competition by the ground cover plants for water and nutrients. Fruit quality was lower in the ground cover orchard in 1995 (76% undamaged fruit compared with 80% undamaged in the conventional orchard), but in 1996 there was no difference in fruit quality between orchards (75% undamaged fruit). Plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), damage was significantly different between orchards, but different orchards had greater damage in each year. In 1996, fruit in the conventional orchard had more apple scab, but in the ground cover orchard fruit had higher levels of summer rots and other diseases. In this study, ground covers and reduced insecticide use were not an acceptable alternative to conventional pest management because of reduced yield. However, with better management of ground cover plantings to avoid excessive competition with the apple trees, this strategy of pest management shows promise for reducing insecticide use in apple orchards.


Abstract The relative amount of digestible dry matter eaten decreased as the per cent grain in the ration increased above 50% of the dry weight of the ration. Cellulose digestibility was observed to decrease as the percentage of grain concentrate in the ration was increased between 34 and 72%. The positive deviation in productive energy value of the ration per unit of intake, above that attributable to increased digestible nutrient intake, was almost completely accounted for by adjusting for the decrease in cellulose digestibility.


The utility model relates to an automatic explosive extruding device of a semi automatic explosive packing machine. The device comprises an explosive pressing piston, an explosive cylinder, an explosive extruding nozzle, an operating table and a hydraulic system. The device is characterized in that the upper end of the explosive extruding nozzle is provided with a photoelectric switch, the operating table is provided with a time relay, the photoelectric switch is linked to the time relay, and the time relay is linked to the hydraulic system. The device has the advantages that the device is easy to mount and low in cost, the accuracy of the explosive packing system is improved, environment sanitary is improved, and labor force is saved; device is free of a complex control system, action is reliable, and maintenance cost is low.


Abstract The effects of feeding intensity and protein source on growth, feed intake, slaughter and body measurements of 24 pre-pubertal Finnish Ayrshire heifers were studied. The heifers were fed a hay-barley diet supplemented with either urea or rapeseed meal (RSM). The treatments were: (1) LU, low feeding level+urea; (2) LR, low feeding level+RSM; (3) HU, high feeding level+urea; (4) HR, high feeding level+RSM. Hay was fed ad libitum on HU and HR diets but was restricted on LU and LR diets. The average initial weight of the heifers was 87 kg, and the final weight 220 kg. There was a significant interaction between feeding level and protein source for growth and feed intake measurements, but not for slaughter quality. Protein source had no impact on the daily gain on low feeding intensity (692 vs. 655 g/d). On high feeding intensity the heifers grew 890 g/d and 805 g/d (P <0.01) on the HR and HU diets, respectively. The carcass quality was not affected by the feeding level or protein source, but the heif...


Age forecast calculations are generally being used in voice assistants and other human-PC collaboration devices. The work presented here is on speech based age classification and comparing the performances of various models. An aggregate of 170 features is extracted from each sample and 88 features are chosen for training our models. Prominent features are chosen by utilizing PCA (Principal Component Analysis) along with RFE (Redundant Feature Elimination) techniques. Experimental analysis is done on a database called Common Voice, available in the Speech Database of Mozilla which comprises of around 5,000 speech samples from various age categories. From the forecast results, it was observed that the Multi-Layer Perceptron model is reasonably good for demonstrating this difficult assertion as it can learn non-linear and complex mathematical relations through its different neural layers, executed with appropriate activation, loss functions and optimal drop out values in different layers. An increase of around 10% in the training accuracy and about 5% in the testing scores were accomplished utilizing our MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) architecture when compared with other Regression models, Decision trees, Random forests and Gradient boosting algorithms.


A formula is proposed which expresses free fermion fields in 2K dimensions in terms of the Cartan currents of the free fermion current algebra. This leads, in an obvious manner, to a vertex operator construction of nonabelian free fermion current algebras in arbitrary even dimension. It is conjectured that these ideas may generalize to a wide class of conformal field theories.


We are the witnesses of a technological ascent accomplished by the Internet of Things (IoT) in the new era of shared informatization. Smart cities make up one of the major areas of IoT applications. Despite several definitions for this new concept, the aim is to achieve a better use of public resources by increasing the quality of services and decreasing the costs of public services. Some initiatives of smart cities around the world have become reality, such as in [1]. Many smart components compose a smart city, such as transportation, energy, education, and buildings. A smart building includes services offered to the occupants, resources distributed to the city, and, in the case of historical buildings, information provided to municipalities about their state of health.


Overview Due to the high-current operation at UNILAC nonintercepting beam diagnostics is mandatory. In October 2008 a Beam Induced Fluorescent (BIF) monitor for transverse profile determination was set up in the UNILAC section US1. It serves as a prototype for the installation at 7 locations at UNILAC and the transfer channel to SIS. The comissioning and proof of functionality of the new installation was done in December 2008.


Several types of COVID-19 vaccines have been developed in a short period of time. However, the groups at risk of severe COVID-19 (the elderly, people with suppressed immunity, such as oncological patients, or organ transplantation patients) are the least likely to develop an adequate immune response to vaccination. Therefore, in order to obtain protective reactions in these groups, it is advisable to use such biomedical cell products (BMCP) as dendritic cell (DC) based vaccines loaded with SARS-CoV-2 antigens ex vivo under optimal conditions. In some cases, when vaccination has not been carried out in a timely manner and the risk of a serious disease is high, it is worth-while to take immediate measures to protect the body from the virus that has infected the organism.For this protective action lymphocytes with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) may be suitable. Such receptors recognize antigens using modified antibody domains, without need for presentation within molecules of major histocompatibility complex. Therefore, it is possible to use donor effector CAR lymphocytes, which were prepared in advance, for emergency needs. CAR lymphocytes are currently used primarily for tumor therapy. Until 2020, there was limited research on antiviral CAR lymphocytes. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic intensification of such activities. DCs, which are considered to be the most effective antigen-presenting cells, were also originally used as anti-tumor vaccines. The safety of DC vaccines, their high effectiveness in the presentation of target antigens quickly led researchers to try using DCs also as a therapeutic agent for chronic viral diseases such as hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiecy virus.This review summarizes the data on antiviral BMCPs that have been developed so far, with a particular focus on products against COVID-19. It discusses how the results of previous studies can be used to increase the efficiency of anti-COVID-19 BMCP.


This work reports the temperature and frequency dependence microstructure, electrical of MnO and PbO doped ZnO nanoceramic synthesized by solid state reaction method. The as-sintered ceramic varistors with different compositions have been characterized via laboratory X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and electrical measurements. It has been observed that MnO and PbO doping on ZnO plays a remarkable role in improving its structural, electrical and dielectric properties (XRD) pattern confirmed the single-phase hexagonal wurtzite structure of the samples without having any other intermediate phases. AC resistivity has been found to be decreased while the conductivity increased with the increase in doping.


We describe a method for controlling chaos-generated cyclic variations in a pulse combustor. The method is applied to a recently developed thermal pulse combustor model and utilizes a map-based, adaptive proportional feedback algorithm. With this technique we show that it is possible to greatly reduce cycle-by-cycle pulse variation. We further show that minimizing cyclic variation allows combustor operation at conditions well beyond the normal flameout limit.


TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTs) films were successfully derived from Ti substrate through a twice electrochemical anodization method. CdSe nanoparticles were then uniformly deposited on the TiO2 NTs (CdSe/TiO2 NTs) via in situ deposition method. CdSe/TiO2 NTs possess a better visible light harvesting ability compared to pure TiO2 NTs. Importantly, the generation, accumulation and transportation of free electrons of the CdSe/TiO2 hetero-junctions were systematically investigated by photoelectrochemical experiments. The open-circuit potential of 7-CdSe/TiO2 NTs (−0.31 V) is higher than that of TiO2 NTs (−0.18 V), suggesting increased electron generation and accumulation. Meanwhile, the flat band potential of 7-CdSe/TiO2 NTs (1.88 V) shows a positive shift compared with that of TiO2 NTs (−0.05 V), implying a significant chemical potential gradient from the electrolyte to the surface of CdSe/TiO2 NTs. Additionally, the 7-CdSe/TiO2 NTs exhibit the highest photoelectrocatalytic activity for methylene blue degradation. Those enhanced photoactivities are assigned to the synergistic effect of the one-dimensional nanotubular structure and the efficient separation of charge carriers.


Abstract Men die at a twice higher rate than women in the first two years after fracture and also experience higher infection-related mortality. Most research has only looked at differences in short-term mortality after hip fracture. The objective was to determine if cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality and infection-specific mortality is higher in men compared to women over ten years. Data came from Baltimore Hip Studies7th cohort. Women were frequency-matched (1:1) to men on timing of fracture to ensure equal numbers of men and women. The association of sex and all-cause mortality was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard model and a cause-specific hazard model for infection-specific mortality. Both models controlled for age, cognition, comorbidity, depressive symptoms, BMI, and pre-fracture ADL limitations. Complete-case sample size was 300 (men=145, women=155). By the end of ten years from the date of admission for a hip fracture, there were 237 (men=132, women=105) all-cause deaths and 38 (men=25, women=13) infection-specific deaths. Men had significantly higher all-cause mortality risk [73.7% vs 59.3%; HR=2.31(2.02-2.59)] and infection-specific mortality [17.2% vs 8.3%; HR=4.43(2.07-9.51)] compared to women. In addition to sex, older age, cognition, and comorbidities were associated with all-cause mortality whereas only BMI was associated with infection-specific mortality in adjusted models. Men had a higher risk of mortality over 10 years compared to women, specifically two-fold higher risk of infection-specific mortality compared to all-cause mortality. Findings imply that interventions to prevent/treat infection, tailored by sex, may be needed to narrow significant differences in long-term mortality rates between men and women.


The monetary value is the substitution of the commodity economy credit relations. The commodity economy development and the social credit system consummation make the insignificant paper money to become the new independent currency. With the development of the monetary form, the law of money circulation needs to be reinterpreted.


The diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd) of 6 densities of Microcystis and Scenedesmus cell media were measured in simulative column indoor.The specific absorption coefficient (SAC) and the contribution of cell to total K\-d were calculated after testing the content of chla.The absorption coefficient of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was derived from the conversion of absorbance value in spectrophotometer.The result indicated that the spectrum characteristic of 2 kinds of algal cell in higher densities was similar and the K\-d at 3 higher density of both algae had the same trend.The contribution to K\-d was 84.95% (Microcystis) and 88.15% (Scenedesmus), respectively.Their mean SAC in 3 higher densities demonstrated parallel spectrum property.There were two obvious peaks in 380~500nm and 660~690nm with the corresponding peak values 0.1118,0.0413(m~2·mg~(-1)chla) at 435 nm and 0.075,0.032(m~2·mg~(-1)chla) at 670 nm.Scenedesmus cell has much higher SAC than Microcystis cell.The mean SAC of 3 densities of Scenedesmus in 340~800 nm was 0.0573(m~2·mg~(-1) chla),while that of Microcystis was 0.0234(m~2·mg~(-1) chla).The ecological significance of the differences and the potential utilization in remote sensing monitoring were discussed.


Social mobilization towards various environmental problems changed the consumer's attitudes and induced purchase decisions towards Organic Textile products. The main purpose of the current study was to understand consumer attitudes towards the purchase intentions of green textile products in developing countries like Pakistan. The model was developed by using the theory of planned behaviour and further attempt to extend the TPB by adding additional constructs (environmental concern, personal norms, health consciousness, and consumer knowledge). Data were collected through emails and self-administered survey questionnaire. Smart PLS 3 was used for data analysis. The findings of the study reveal that Health Consciousness, consumer knowledge, environmental concern and personal norms had a positive relationship with consumer attitude. But Subjective Norms had insignificant impact on consumer attitude. On the other hand Consumer attitude mediates the effect of  different factors (IV) on purchase intention (DV). Ultimately, positive consumer attitude resulted in to purchase intention of textile organic products. The findings of the current study provide important practical and theoretical implications for buyer's behaviors towards green textile products.


As the requirement of study on paleontology,paleoclimate,magma process,volcanic disasters and paleomagnetism,scientists pay more attention to the young volcanic rocks dating in recent years.In this paper we review the achievements of the 40Ar/39Ar dating on young volcanic rocks during the last 10 years,and compare the limitations and strengths of K-Ar,conventional 40Ar/39Ar and laser 40Ar/39Ar dating methods.As the development of 40Ar/39Ar dating relies on the technique improvement,we discuss the influence of the new noble gas mass spectrometer and the full automation of the dating system on the young volcanic dating.Neutron irradiation and flux monitor standard sample are important to get accurate age,so we talk about the neutron flux gradient of Beijing 49-2 reactor which we usually use for sample irradiation and choose the suitable standard for young volcanic sample.We also discuss the analytical error and its sources in detail according to the experience in young volcanic rocks dating.The analytical precision of 36Ar,system blank and mass discrimination are the 3 main internal factors influencing the precise dating of young volcanic rocks.We give two graphs to illustrate the fact and some suggestions to solve this problem.At last,we talk about the problems of 40Ar/39Ar dating on young volcanic rocks and what we should do to solve these problems in the future.The improvement of accuracy and precision of 40Ar/39Ar dating of young volcanic rocks will make it a more widely used technique and play a more important role in Quaternary geosciences.


CASE REPORT A 14-year-old boy with cerebral palsy who had been ambulatory presented to the rheumatology clinic with a 2-week history of progressively worsening right knee pain that had migrated to the lower back, left hip, and both proximal thighs. The onset of the pain was gradual and was not associated with fever, chills, rash, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. He denied any trauma. He had a history of occasional urinary incontinence that had increased in frequency. His only medication was ibuprofen for pain, as needed. A radiograph of his knee obtained 7 days before presentation had been normal. The boy was carried into the clinic by his father and seemed to be in severe distress due to pain. He had a temperature of 36.7-C, pulse of 110/min, respiratory rate of 26/min, and blood pressure of 112/66 mm Hg. Pharyngeal, skin, lung, heart, and abdominal examination findings were normal. Tenderness was noted on palpation over the L4 to L5 vertebra. His legs were held in a ''windswept'' position: his right leg was adducted and internally rotated and his left leg was externally rotated and abducted. A small right knee effusion was noted. He was unable to completely extend either knee. Laboratory evaluations revealed a white blood cell count of 12,800/KL (with 81% neutrophils, 10% lymphocytes, and 9% monocytes), hemoglobin of 14.6 g/dL, hematocrit of 43.6%, and platelets of 401,000/KL. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 9 mm/h, and the C-reactive protein was 4.7 mg/dL (normal, e1 mg/dL). Clean-catch midstream urinalysis was remarkable for a specific gravity of 1.025, positive nitrite, 20 to 25 white blood cells per high-power field, and 2+ bacteria. Blood and urine cultures were sent. Radiographs of the pelvis and lumbar spine were normal. The boy's pain failed to significantly improve with intravenous ketorolac. He was admitted for pain relief and further evaluations. He required intravenous fentanyl to position for a complete magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine. Left iliac osteomyelitis, sacroiliitis, and psoas myositis were noted. Because he also complained of knee pain, a bone scan was obtained, revealing only intense activity within the left sacroiliac joint. The following day, our interventional radiologist obtained computed tomography (CT)Yguided cultures and biopsy of the left iliac bone and left sacroiliac joint space (Figs. 1 and 2). A few white blood cells, but no organisms, were noted on Gram stains. The initial blood culture and a second blood culture obtained 12 hours after admission were positive for Grampositive cocci in clusters and the urine culture revealed greater than 100,000 colony forming units per milliliter of Gram-positive cocci. Intravenous vancomycin was initiated. All of these cultures subsequently grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and the biopsy was consistent with severe acute osteomyelitis. The antibiotic therapy was changed to nafcillin, and no growth was noted on all subsequent blood cultures. Additional imaging studies (Figs. 3 and 4) were ordered and identified an unexpected inciting cause.


This paper presents two solutions to the 2-dimension control system taking both the cost and performance into consideration, based on the experiences of designing the control system of laser carve machine. The pivotal problems of design are analyzed. The two solutions are proved to be effective to improve the efficiency and stability of carve machine.


In the early 1990s was deployed the U.S. WSR88D radar network, the first national Doppler radar network in the world. More importantly, a framework and process for monitoring and maintaining radar data quality was implemented and adhered to since. From 1996 onwards, the reflectivity data has been composited into a national mosaic by a variety of actors, including private companies, research institutes, and the National Weather Service itself. A unique dataset now exists to study radar echoes collected by the same radars over a period of more than 17 years (and counting) over the contiguous United States.1


EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$9.87 DESCRIPTORS Administrator Attitudes; Curriculum Development; Curriculum Evaluation; Educational Improvement; *Educational Innovation; Educational Quality; *Educational Research; Educational Strategies; *Evaluation Techniques; Factor Analysis; Learning Theories; Management Systems; Productive Thinking; *Research Methodology; Self Actualization; *Systems Approach IDENTIFIERS *Construct Validation; Hierarchical Cluster Analysis


The frequency dependent diagonal scaling techniques for robustness analysis of linear systems with structured uncertainty gives robust stability and performance bounds with respect to time-invariant, dynamic perturbations. In this paper, we use the swapping lemma, from adaptive control, to also give robustness bounds on time-varying, block structured uncertainty. The bounds are in the form of absolute value bounds on the perturbation, and its time derivatives.


N-Arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) is a proposed endogenous ligand of the central cannabinoid receptor (CB1). Previous studies indicate that AEA is translocated across membranes via a process that has the characteristics of carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion. To date, studies of this mechanism have relied on [H]AEA as a substrate for the carrier. We have synthesized an analog of AEA, SKM 4-45-1, that is nonfluorescent in the extracellular environment. When SKM 4-45-1 is exposed to intracellular esterases, it is de-esterified and becomes fluorescent. We have carried out studies to demonstrate that SKM 4-45-1 accumulation in cells occurs via the AEA carrier. SKM 4-45-1 is accumulated by both cerebellar granule cells and C6 glioma cells. Uptake of SKM 4-45-1 into C6 glioma is inhibited by AEA (IC50553.8 6 1.8 mM), arachidonoyl3-aminopyridine amide (IC50510.1 6 1.4 mM), and arachidonoyl4-hydroxyanilineamide (IC5056.1 6 1.3 mM), all of which also inhibit [H]AEA accumulation. Conversely, [H]AEA accumulation by cerebellar granule cells is inhibited by SKM 4-45-1 with an IC50 of 7.8 6 1.3 mM. SKM 4-45-1 is neither a substrate nor inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase, an enzyme that catabolizes AEA. SKM 4-45-1 does not bind the CB1 cannabinoid receptor at concentrations ,10 mM. In summary, the cellular accumulation of SKM 4-45-1 occurs via the same pathway as AEA uptake and provides an alternative substrate for the study of this important cellular process. N-Arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) was isolated from porcine brain and has been postulated to be an endogenous ligand of the central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) (Devane et al., 1992). AEA administration to animals produces the physiological effects characteristic of the classical cannabinoids, including the tetrad of hypothermia, analgesia, catalepsy, and decreased locomotion (Fride and Mechoulam, 1993). Biochemical effects of AEA are similar to those of other CB1 agonists, including inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity (Vogel et al., 1993) and inhibition of voltage-operated calcium channels (Mackie et al., 1993). These effects are blocked by the CB1 antagonist N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride (Rinaldi-Carmona et al. 1994, 1995; Jung et al., 1997). AEA synthesis and release from neuronal cells in culture is dependent on increased intracellular calcium (DiMarzo et al., 1994), further support its role as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. AEA is accumulated by neurons and the accumulation is rapid and temperature-sensitive. Previous work done in our laboratory has extended these studies and demonstrated that AEA accumulation by neurons occurs by facilitated diffusion, is bidirectional, and is inhibited by phloretin (Hillard et al., 1997). The Km and Vmax for AEA transport were determined previously to be 41 6 15 mM and 0.61 6 0.04 nmol/min/10 cells, respectively (Hillard et al., 1997). AEA uptake also is inhibited competitively by several AEA analogs, including benzylarachidonamide (Hillard et al., 1997) arachidonoyl-3aminopyridine amide (A3AP) (Muthian et al., 1998), and arachidonoyl-4-hydroxyaniline amide (AM404) (Beltramo et al., 1997; Calignano et al., 1998) but not by arachidonic acid or N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) (DiMarzo et al., 1994). Cellular uptake of AEA has been demonstrated in a lymphoma cell line (Maccarone et al., 1998) and neuroblastoma cells (Deutsch and Chin, 1993; Maccarone et al., 1998). Although the biochemical evidence supports a carrier proteinmediated uptake of AEA, many questions remain regarding this process; including the identification of the carrier protein itself and whether AEA uptake is regulated by other signaling events in the cell. Studies of the uptake carrier in the past have relied exclusively on the use of radiolabeled AEA. The aim of the present Received for publication November 8, 1999. 1 This work was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse Grant DA09155. ABBREVIATIONS: AEA, N-arachidonoylethanolamine; CB1, central cannabinoid receptor; A3AP, arachidonoyl-3-aminopyridine amide; AM404, arachidonoyl-4-hydroxyanilineamide; PEA, N-palmitoylethanolamine; CGC, cerebellar granule cell; FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase; LCFA, longchain fatty acid. 0022-3565/00/2931-0289$03.00/0 THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 293, No. 1 Copyright © 2000 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Printed in U.S.A. JPET 293:289–295, 2000 289 at A PE T Jornals on July 7, 2017 jpet.asjournals.org D ow nladed from studies was to synthesize and characterize a fluorescent analog of AEA with which to study the uptake mechanism. Previous studies have indicated that binding of substrates to the AEA uptake carrier is sensitive to modifications of AEA in the arachidonate moiety (Hillard et al., 1997; Piomelli et al., 1999), whereas changes in the ethanolamide region were well tolerated (Muthian et al., 1998, Piomelli et al., 1999). Based on this information, we designed SKM 4-45-1, an analog of AEA that is conjugated to fluorescein diacetate via the primary alcohol. Previous studies have shown that fluorescein diacetate is nonfluorescent until it is de-esterified by esterases within cells (Rothman and Papermaster, 1966). Therefore, fluorescence develops after cellular accumulation and de-esterification. With the studies reported herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of SKM 4-45-1 as a substrate for the AEA carrier. SKM 4-45-1 is nonfluorescent until modification by cellular esterases, and it inhibits [H]AEA uptake into cells. Conversely, SKM 4-45-1 uptake into C6 glioma cells in culture is inhibited by AEA and analogs of AEA known to inhibit AEA uptake. Therefore, our data suggests SKM 4-45-1 transport across cell membranes occurs via the AEA uptake carrier. Materials and Methods Preparation of Cerebellar Granule Cells (CGCs) and C6 Glioma Cells. Cell experiments were carried out with CGCs or C6 glioma cells. CGCs were cultured from 6to 8-day old SpragueDawley rat pups as described in Hillard et al. (1997). Cells were maintained in basal minimal Eagle's media (Life Technologies, Gaithesburg, MD) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 5 mM glutamine, 25 mM KCl, 0.1 mg/ml gentamicin, and 0.01 mg/ml ampicillin. Cells were grown at 37°C in 5% CO2supplemented room air. Cytosine arabinoside (10 mM) was added at 24 h to inhibit growth of proliferating cells. Cells were used in experiments after 7 to 8 days in culture. C6 glioma cells (America Type Tissue Culture, Rockville, MD) were grown in Dulbecco's minimum essential medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. Confluent C6 glioma cells were used in these studies. SKM 4-45-1 Synthesis. SKM 4-45-1 was synthesized from AEA (Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI) and fluorescein-5-carbonyl azide diacetate (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). AEA in ethanol was dried under nitrogen and resuspended in anhydrous toluene. Excess fluorescein-5-carbonyl azide was introduced into the vial containing AEA and allowed to react at 80C for 3 h. The reactants were dried under nitrogen and separated on a silica gel thin-layer chromatography plate with 60:40 ethyl acetate:hexane as the mobile phase. The product band was identified with UV illumination, and extracted with methylene chloride and ethyl acetate. We confirmed the structural identity of SKM 4-45-1 by H NMR: (CDCl3, 300 Mhz) d 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.74 (br, s, 1H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H) 7.17 (d, 2H J 5 5.8 Hz), 7.07 (m, 4H), 5.92 (s, 1H), 5.37 (m, 8H), 4.33 (m, 2H), 3.62 (m, 2H), 2.80 (m, 6H), 2.34 (m, 6H), 2.24 (d, 2H J 5 7.6 Hz), 2.09 (m, 4H), 1.75 (m,2H), 1.31 (m, 6H), 0.89 (t, 3H J 5 6.7 Hz). Enzymatic Modification of SKM 4-45-1 by Cell Lysates. C6 glioma cells in culture were lysed with ice-cold TME buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, and 3 mM MgCl2, pH 7.4) and centrifuged at 1000g for 10 min. Increasing amounts of the supernatant was incubated with 100 nM SKM 4-45-1 and the fluorescence was monitored at 490-nm excitation and 519-nm emission on a Perkin-Elmer luminescence spectrometer LS50. Measurement of AEA Uptake by Cells. The ability of SKM 4-45-1 to inhibit the cellular uptake of AEA was carried out according to methods described previously (Hillard et al., 1997). CGCs (7–9 days in vitro) were washed with KRH buffer (118 mM NaCl, 4.8 mM KCl, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 2.5 mM CaCl2, and 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) and incubated with fresh KRH buffer containing 40 pM [H]AEA (223 Ci/mmol; NEN, Boston, MA) in the presence of increasing concentrations of SKM 4-45-1. At 2 min, the buffer was removed and the cells were lysed and scraped into water; the radioactivity of both buffer and lysates was determined. Cellular accumulation of [H]AEA was calculated as the fraction of the total radioactivity in the cells. Measurement of SKM 4-45-1 Uptake by C6 Glioma Cells. Confluent C6 glioma cells in culture were washed free of media and incubated in KRH buffer for 30 min. The buffer was removed and replaced with KRH buffer containing 100 nM SKM 4-45-1 and increasing concentrations of competitors in dimethyl sulfoxide. The final concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide was 1%, which had no effect on AEA transport (unpublished data). Fluorescence was quantified with a Cytofluor II fluorescence microplate reader (excitation 490 nm, emission 525 nm). Fluorescence Microscopy. CGCs were washed free of media and incubated in KRH buffer for 30 min. The buffer was then replaced with fresh buffer containing 100 nM SKM 4-45-1 alone or in the presence of either 100 mM AEA or PEA. Twenty minutes after treatment, cells were exposed to a mercury fluorescence light source and emission was captured on a Sensys Photometrics charge-couple device camera; the same field also was imaged under white light. Images were obtained at 403 magnification on a Nikon diaphot microscope with 480-nm excitation and 530-nm emission filters. [H]CP55940-Binding Assay. Radioligan


The aim of this research is to know if there are effects of teaching method and vocabulary mastery on student's speaking skill at private senior high schools in Teluk Betung, Bandar Lampung. The sample of this research is 60 students. This research is experimental research with two factors, teaching method using Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and Conventional Method and Vocabulary Mastery. The data about vocabulary mastery and speaking skills are taken through tests which their validity and reliability have been tested. The researcher used SPSS Program 20 to analyze the data. The results are: experimental class (A1) has to mean score 68, it is more than a control class (A2) that has to mean score 59,97. Testing of three hypotheses used ANOVA (analysis on variants), it has got a sig. score 0,000 in communicative language teaching and vocabulary mastery got sig 0,002. It means the first hypothesis, there is a significant effect of CLT on students' speaking skill is accepted. The second hypothesis, there is a significant effect of vocabulary mastery on students' speaking skill is also accepted. While the third hypothesis, there are the effects of teaching method using CLT and vocabulary mastery on students' speaking skill is rejected.


Abstract The Mayo type 2 periprosthetic humeral fractures are difficult to treat because they may involve a loosened stem. We report a case of a periprosthetic humeral fracture after unlinked-type total elbow arthroplasty in which early bone union was achieved through a combination of locking plate fixation and teriparatide therapy. Although the osteogenesis-promoting effect of teriparatide on fresh fractures is still controversial, we considered that administration of teriparatide is meaningful for the treatment of potentially refractory fractures.


a method of diagnosis. On the basis of the idea that the cultural factors precede and determine the effectiveness of economic and the organizational factors, the diagnosis is very important. But the culture of company is concerned "the irrational one". Effective diagnosing becomes very difficult. The culture profile is very general and simple method. Its weakness is concentration on the visible elements of organ- izational culture. The results obtained by profile should be studied more thoroughly by other qualitative methods.


The predatory behavior of the gastropod  Quoyula monodonta , a selective corallivore that feeds upon  Pocillopora  spp., is reported for the first time from the eastern Pacific. On average an individual eats tissue from 0.64 cm 2 of coral per day. Larger individuals cause more damage. The high densities of Q. monodonta and two species of hermit crab, make it likely that all of these corallivores are acting together to increase the mortality of pocilloporid corals and thus limit the growth, abundance and distribution of Pocillo pora on the Cano Island coral reefs (Costa Rica).


Reg. v. Jacob Muzeza and 21 Others—Judgment No. GD/CRIM/9/68. Southern Rhodesia Act 196S (Ch. 76) and Southern Rhodesia Constitution Order 1965 (1965 S.I. No. 1952). See also Madzimbamuto and Baron's Case at First Instance, Lang (1965) 5 Rhodesia Law Journal 65. Hepple, O'Higgins and Turpin, " Rhodcsian crisis— criminal liabilities " (1966) Criminal Law Review 5. Welsh, "The Constitutional Case in Southern Rhodesia " (1967) 83 Law Quarterly Review 64. Eekelaar, " Splitting the Grundnorm" (1967) 30 Modern Law Review 156. Palley, " The Judicial Process: U.D.I, and the Rhodesian Judiciary" (1967) 30 Modern Law Review 263 (and see also (1968) 31 Modern Law Review 118). Hopkins, "Southern Rhodesia— U.N. and the Security Council" (1967) Cambridge Law Journal 1. " U.N. application of selective mandatory sanctions against Rhodesia: a brief legal and political analysis " (1967) 7 Virginia Journal of International Law 147. Dias, " The U.D.I, case; the Grundnorm in travail " (1967) Cambridge Law Journal 5. Wharam, " Treason in Rhodesia " (1967) Cambridge Law Journal 189. Honored " Allegiance and the Usurper" (1967) Cambridge Law Journal 214. Barrie, " Rhodesian U.D.I.— an unruly horse " (1968) 1 Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa 110. McDougal and Reisman, "Rhodesia and the U.N.: the lawfulness of international concern " (1968) 62 American Journal of International Law 1. Haiderman, " Some Legal aspects of sanctions in the Rhodesian case " (1968) International and Comparative Law Quarterly 672. Marshall, "The Legal Effects of U.D.I.," ante, p. 1022.


The dynamics of space-charge-dominated multispecies beam with different distributions has been studied in a solenoid based low energy beam transport line using a particle-in-cell simulation method. Results are presented in wide parameter regimes covering emittance dominated as well as space charge dominated multispecies beams consisting of p, H2+, and H3+ beams. Simulation shows the formation of hollow distribution of H2+ and H3+ beams around the desired proton beam and separation is more distinct as the fraction of proton is increased. The hollow formation is almost independent of combination of H2+ and H3+ beams, once the fraction of proton beam is fixed. The emittance growth of proton is found to increase sharply in the space-charge-dominated regime and is more in the cases where proton fraction is low.


Abstract : A temporal logic language XYZ/E is introduced. It is a temporal logic system as well as a programming language. it has two forms: the internal form is in lower level, but there are several abbreviation rules which can transform a program in internal form into a higher level external form and vice versa. (Author)


The application of the high efficiency precipitation tank with the inclined pipe in the gas scrubbing water system is presented. An analysis is made on the stable quality of the gas scrubbing water, integrated utilization of its sludge; the economic benefit, environmental benefit and social benefit.


Variation of geometric parameters, including supply area, control area, chamber length, and outlet diameter, of a large scale, modular design vortex fluid amplifier with single supply and control jets, has confirmed and extended a previously published design method, developed for vortex amplifiers with symmetric flow fields. This allows application of the method to devices which are more representative of practical, production type components.


This paper deals with the use of the DELTALAB-COSIMI wastewater treatment (WWT) plant SP244 to support laboratory teaching of industrial process control in engineering degrees at the University of Extremadura. With this equipment, automation technician students can learn in a practical way a variety of fundamentals concepts of process control. A set of examples of control problems, ranging from modelling to closed-loop experiments, are given to illustrate possible practices that can be carried out within this laboratory.


With conventional methods, results of antimicrobic susceptibility tests are not available until 2 to 3 days after the specimen is collected. Many clinical situations would benefit if results of susceptibility tests were available sooner. Information can be obtained more quickly by inoculating the test plates directly with clinical material such as exudate or urine. Data to show that this approach is too unreliable for clinical use, especially with specimens containing mixtures of microorganisms, are presented. Isolated colonies may be tested by means of a standardized disk diffusion method, but this requires an additional 18 to 24 hr. Faster results can be obtained by observing the test plates after incubation for only 5 to 6 hr. Such early zone measurements were compared with those obtained with the more conventional 16 to 18 hr. period of incubation. With the majority of drugs and bacterial genera, zones measured after a few hours are not altered with further incubation, but with certain genera and with certain drugs, the early preliminary readings are predictably unreliable, e.g., Enterobacter with ampicillin or cephalothin and Serratia with polymyxin B, both of which appear susceptible after incubation for 5 to 6 hr. but resistant after incubation overnight.


Send-off for protesters going to Pine Gap (CIA communications base, Central Australia) -- buses leaving Northcote Town Hall.
Previous Control Number: UMA/I/655
Previous Control Number: JE264-88


The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences in the bioaccumulation of some elements in Mangifera indica tree leaves  grown around a coal fired Thermal Power Plant (affected areas) and in  other areas (control) 25 km away from Thermal Power Plant (TPP). Toxic group of metals (Pb, Cd and Cr) in an average displayed higher levels (28.0, 2.4 and 3.2 ppm for Pb, Cd and Cr respectively) in plants grown in affected sites with distinct temporal and spatial variation in comparison to samples in control areas (0.09 to 2.2 ppm for Pb, 0.01 to 1.1 ppm for Cd and 0.01 to 0.65 ppm for Cr). Such types of variations were not encountered significantly in cases of the essential metals (Cu, Zn, Ni and Fe). Strong positive correlation (P > 0.05) between the pairs of toxic metals in affected sites could be associated with their similar anthropogenic source. This resulted in higher contamination factor (CF > 6) of the toxic metals in plant leaves grown in the periphery of the TPP. The ash contamination from TPP might play an active role for this metal enrichment in plant leaves. The leaves of this plant could be classified as considerable degree of heavy metal pollution during the year and this might affect the productivity of this important commercial plant to a great extent. The winter months might represent the best sampling period for evaluation of the suitability of this plant as bio-indicator of metal pollution.

 Key words: Bioaccumulation, degree of contamination, heavy metals, Mangifera indica, spatial and temporal variation.


Subject
 Russia's metals sector and its prospects.

 Significance
 Russia's metals sector is second in importance only to oil and gas. Steel is much more important in volume and value terms than non-ferrous metals, including sanctions-hit aluminium. Overcapacity in the sector means that investment is likely to be restricted to capacity maintenance and some new projects offering high value-added opportunities. Rusal, the largest Russian aluminium producer, has until November 12 to extricate itself from the US sanctions list, otherwise its domestic production will be hard hit, even though the government will try to increase domestic consumption of the metal.

 Impacts
 Volatility in the metals sector poses risks to employment and incomes in 84 of Russia's 319 single-industry towns ('monograds').
 Taking aluminium processing to a higher stage in Russia will boost revenues at less environmental cost than that incurred at earlier stages.
 A dearth of expert personnel acting as 'innovation advocates' is hampering broader industrial application of aluminium-based technologies.


The invention relates to a device (1) for the magnetic treatment of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid, which device comprises a pipe (2) for the fluid to flow through and six magnets (3) that form three pairs arranged one behind the other, the magnetic fields of which penetrate the interior of the pipe, wherein the magnets are of substantially cylindrical construction and are arranged outside the pipe, wherein the two magnets of a pair are arranged aligned with one another on opposing sides of the pipe wall and each have one of their end faces (4) directed towards the pipe, and wherein each magnet has a line pattern of alternating magnet polarity, which line pattern is aligned perpendicular to the flow direction of the fluid.


The invention belongs to the technical field of urban road intersection passing. For the urban road intersection passing method, the conventional passing method for twice alternating of left turning is cancelled; a left-turning line for left-turning vehicles is changed; the wait-for-passing time of wait-for-passing vehicles is shortened; and mutual collision caused by crossed traveling of straight-traveling vehicles and the left-turning vehicles is avoided. Straight-traveling and left-turning motorcycles, tricycles and electric vehicles anticlockwise turn right along a planned line, so that behaviors that the motorcycles, the tricycles and the electric vehicles leave the own lane and occupy other lanes as well as run the red light are avoided. The position of a pedestrian crosswalk 9 is moved backwards compared with the conventional intersection passing method, so that behaviors of pedestrians who go across the road are standardized, and the safety of the pedestrians is guaranteed. The position of a vehicle stop line 16 is moved forwards compared with the conventional intersection passing method, so that distances of an intersection is shortened, and the passing speed is improved.


255 Background: The use of immune checkpoint inhibitor medications (ICIs) in the province of Ontario, Canada has increased in volume by almost 4 fold between 2015/16 to 2017/18 and has expanded from use primarily in melanoma to lung, genitourinary, and other cancers. Lack of widespread clinical experience with ICIs and provincial variation in the management of the potentially life-threatening immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) was identified as a safety and quality gap. Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) set out to develop user-friendly health care provider and patient resources to facilitate a standard approach to ICI toxicity management in Ontario. Methods: A multidisciplinary working group of oncology clinicians with ICI experience reviewed available literature and current approaches to ICI toxicity management. An iterative consensus-building process was used to develop a practical guideline. This was circulated to an external expert review panel for content validity. Complementary patient/caregiver information was created based on best practices in health literacy and input from patient and family advisors. All resources were made publicly available via the CCO website and disseminated broadly to relevant stakeholders. Results: A user-friendly clinical practice guideline was created. It contains a description of irAEs associated with ICIs, guidance on the general management of irAEs, detailed algorithms describing the assessment and management of ten specific irAEs, and general considerations for patients on ICIs. A toolkit was developed with direct links to the algorithms, a customizable wallet card, a "Dear Healthcare Professional" letter template, and a patient information sheet. The guideline and toolkit webpages were accessed over 1500 times in the first month, suggesting that broad dissemination has been successful. Informal reports of guideline implementation were received from several Ontario hospitals. Conclusions: Careful analysis of the available literature and application of oncology professionals' expertise resulted in evidence-informed, consensus-based practical resources to help facilitate safe, standardized ICI toxicity management across the Ontario health care system.


In consideration of creating the Institute of Technology,the article analyses the development tendanly of our future library's bookstore's construction from the normal college to the institute of technology,and point out the methods and measures of enlarging the bookstore's construction on the present normalcollege's bookstore model.


The invention discloses a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heating purifier, a manufacturing method of the PTC heating purifier and an electric appliance. The PTC heating purifier can be used as a purifying module and comprises a PTC heating element and cooling fins. A catalyzer layer used for catalytic decomposition of volatile organic compounds is formed on the surface of each cooling fin, and a porous middle layer used for bonding each cooling fin and the corresponding catalyzer layer is further formed between the surface of each cooling fin and the corresponding catalyzer layer. By means of the technical scheme, the bonding performance of a catalyzer and a carrier can be improved.


Phagosome-lysosome membrane fusion is a highly regulated event that is essential for intracellular killing of microorganisms. Functionally, it represents a form of polarized regulated secretion, which is classically dependent on increases in intracellular ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i). Indeed, increases in [Ca2+]i are essential for phagosome-granule (lysosome) fusion in neutrophils and for lysosomal fusion events that mediate host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. Since several intracellular pathogens survive in macrophage phagosomes that do not fuse with lysosomes, we examined the regulation of phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages. Macrophages (MO) were treated with 12.5 IxM bis-(2-amino-S-methylphenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N',-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxymethyl ester (MAPT/AM), a cell-permeant calcium chelator which reduced resting cytoplasmic [Ca2+]; from 80 nM to ~<20 nM and completely blocked increases in [Ca2+]i in response to multiple stimuli, even in the presence of extracellular calcium. Subsequently, M ~ phagocytosed serum-opsonized zymosan, staphylococci, or Mycobacterium bovis. Microbes were enumerated by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining, and phagosome-lysosome fusion was scored using both lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP-l) as a membrane marker and rhodamine dextran as a content marker for lysosomes. Confirmation of phagosomelysosome fusion by electron microscopy validated the fluorescence microscopy findings. We found that phagosome-lysosome fusion in MO occurs normally at very low [Ca2+]i (~<20 nM). Kinetic analysis showed that in MO none of the steps leading from particle binding to eventual phagosome-lysosome fusion are regulated by [Ca2+]i in a rate-limiting way. Furthermore, confocal microscopy revealed no difference in the intensity of LAMP-1 immunofluorescence in phagolysosome membranes in calcium-buffered vs. control macrophages. We conclude that neither membrane recognition nor fusion events in the phagosomal pathway in macrophages are dependent on or regulated by calcium. AGOCYTOSIS is a tightly regulated process leading o the internalization of particulate ligands such as acteria and fungi. Its initiation depends on the engagement of specific plasma membrane receptors expressed on macrophages and neutrophils. In a manner analogous to that of hormones and growth factors, binding of particulate ligands to phagocytic receptors triggers intraceUular signals. One common intracellular signaling event that accompanies phagocytosis is an increase in inAddress all correspondence to Dr. Joel D. Ernst, Division of Infectious Diseases and The Rosalind Russell Arthritis Research Laboratory, Box 0868, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 941430868. Tel.: (415) 206-6647. Fax: (415) 648-8425. 1. Abbreviation~ used in this paper. BCG, M. boris BCG; [Ca2+]i, intracellular ionized calcium; CMFHHBSS, HBSS containing 10 mM Hepes, pH traceUular ionized (i.e., cytoplasmic-free) calcium ([Ca2+]i) 1 (7, 12, 19, 25). An increase in [Ca2+]i is not required for phagocytosis per se, therefore Ca 2÷ may regulate one or more events subsequent to phagocytosis (7, 12, 16). In one type of phagocytic cell, the neutrophil, transient increases in [Ca2+]i are essential for phagosome-granule (lysosome) fusion (16). It is this fusion event that allows lysosome contents access to the phagosome, which contributes to the killing and digestion of phagocytosed microorganisms. The importance of [Ca2+]i transients for ly7.4, and lacking calcium and magnesium; DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride; era, emission; ex, excitation; HHBSS, HBSS containing Ca 2+, Mg 2+, and 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4; LAMP, lysosome-assoelated membrane protein; MAPT/AM, bis-(2-amino-S-methylphenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N',-tetraaeetic acid tetraacetoxymethyl ester; MO, macraphages; MDMI3, monocyte-derived MO; RD, rhodamine dextran. @ The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525/96/01/49/13 $2.00 The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 132, Numbers 1 & 2, January 1996 49-61 49 sosomal fusion events is further illustrated by the observation that host cell invasion by Trypanosoma ¢ruzi trypomastigotes, which is mediated by lysosomal fusion, depends on parasite-induced transient increases in [Ca2+]i (28) . Transient increases in cytoplasmic [Ca 2÷] are also required for membrane fusion in regulated secretory events such as neurotransmitter release (5), insulin (9), and pancreatic enzyme (29) secretion. Therefore Ca 2+ is a crucial mediator of membrane fusion in numerous and diverse regulated systems. Certain intracellular pathogens, e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1), Toxoplasma gondii (17, 18), and Legionella pneumophila (15), persist in macrophages (MO) within phagosomes that fail to fuse with lysosomes. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanisms and regulation of phagosome-lysosome fusion in MO is important for our understanding of the survival strategies of intracellular pathogens. To determine whether the transient increases in [Ca2+]i that accompany phagocytosis are essential for phagosome-lysosome fusion in MO, we examined fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes in MO whose [Ca2+]i was profoundly reduced by chelation. We found phagosomelysosome fusion in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMO) and murine J774 macrophages to be independent of increases in [Ca2+]i and thus regulated in a fundamentally different way from that in neutrophils. Materials and Methods Isolation and Culture of Macrophages Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from huffy coats received together with the corresponding plasma from the Irving Memorial Blood Bank (San Francisco, CA). The method of B6yum (3) was used to separate mononuclear cells from granulocytes and erythrocytes. In a subsequent step, monocytes were separated from lymphocytes on PercoU gradients (Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., Piseataway, NJ) as described by GmeligMeyling (10). This procedure yielded a mean of 1.3 _+ 0.8 × 10 a mononuclear cells per huffy coat (n = 90). 96% of the cells were viable by trypan blue exclusion, and 86% were monocytes by neutral red uptake. M D M ~ used for immunofluorescence were cultured for 6-8 d on 12-mm round cover glasses (Fisher Scientific Co., Pittsburgh, PA) in flat-bottom 24-well plates (1 × 106 cells/well; Coming Glass Works, Coming, NY) in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine and 10% autologous serum (culture medium) at 37°C in 95% air-5% CO2. Autologous serum was recovered by clotting plasma after adding CaCI 2 (10 mM final). Culture medium was exchanged after 5 d of culture. MDMO were enumerated by counting nuclei in a hemacytometer after lysis with 2% (wt/vol) cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (United States Biochemical Corp., Cleveland, OH) in 0.5 M citric acid, pH 3.8. After 6-8 d of culture, representative wells contained 3.1 -+ 1.3 x 105 MDMO. The murine macrophage cell line, J774A.1 (TIB 67; American Type Culture Collection, RockviUe, MD), was grown in DME supplemented with 10% FBS and 2 mM L-glutamine. Cells were used for experiments I d after seeding 3 x 105 cells on 12-ram cover glasses in flat-bottom 24-well plates. Preparation of Staphylococci and Zymosan A laboratory strain of coagulase-negative staphylococcus which lacks protein A was grown in tryptic soy broth (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, MD) overnight at 37°C with constant shaking. After vortexing with glass beads to disrupt clumps, bacteria were washed once by centrifugation and opsonized in 50% fresh human serum in HBSS containing 10 mM Hepes (HHBSS) for 30 rain at 3"PC. The bacteria were washed three times in HBSS lacking calcium and magnesium and containing 10 mM Hepes (CMFHHBSS), counted in a Petroff-Hausser chamber, and resuspended in CMFHHBSS at 5 × 10alml. Zymosan particles (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) were opsonized for 30 min at 37°C in 50% autologous serum in HHBSS, washed, counted, and resuspended in CMFHHBSS at 5 × 108/ml. Fura-2 and bis-(2-amino-S-methylphenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N',-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxymethyl ester (MAPTIAM) Loading of Macrophages For assays of intracellular calcium in cell populations, MDMO cultured on 9 mm x 22 mm rectangular glass coverslips were loaded by incubation with Fura-2/AM (2.5 p,M) (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) in CMFHHBSS at room temperature. After 1 h, dye-containing buffer was replaced by fresh CMFHHBSS, and the cells were held at room temperature until assays were performed. To load ceils with the nonfiuorescent intracellular chelator, MAPT, MAPT/AM (12.5 p.M; Calbiochem-Novabiochem Corp., La Jolla, CA) was added to the incubation medium simultaneously with Fura-2/AM. In some studies, Fura-2/AM was added to the incubation medium containing MAPT/AM during the final 30 min of incubation. Loading MO with MAPT/AM did not decrease loading of cells with Fura-2, as indicated by the identical fluorescence emission intensity (at 510 nm) of cells loaded with Fura-2 with and without MAPT when excited at 360 nm (where fluorescence is independent of [Ca2÷]). To monitor [Ca2+]i in adherent MDMO, coverslips were held vertically in cuvettes using Teflon coverslip holders constructed as described (7). Fluorescence emission at 510 nm was monitored at ambient temperature in a spectrofluorimeter (800C; SLM-AMINCO, Urbana, IL) equipped with a motorized excitation monochromator alternating between excitation wavelengths of 340 and 380 nm. Ratio data were obtained directly with the software supplied by SLM-AMINCO, and free calcium concentrations were calculated using Microsoft Excel. Calibration of intracellular calcium concentrations in MDMO was performed in three ways. In adherent MDMO, R ~ , and Rm~x were obtained by treating cells with ionomycin (5.0 ~M) in buffer containing 4 mM EGTA/30 mM rids base or containing 10 mM CaCI2, respectively. The same method was also applied to MDMO (4.75 × 105/ml) put in suspension by scraping after loading with Fura-2/AM.


Sample classification, especially disease status prediction, is an important area of investigation for gene expression studies. Many machine learning methods have been developed to tackle this problem. To evaluate different prediction methods, the IMPROVER Challenge made several data sets available. Here we focus on one sub-challenge: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We outlined critical preprocessing steps to make training and test data comparable. We compared our recently introduced random generalized linear model (RGLM) predictor with Leo Breiman's random forest (RF) predictor on the COPD data set. We discussed potential reasons for the superior performance of the RGLM predictor in this sub-challenge. Interestingly, we found that although several genes were highly predictive of COPD status, none were necessary to achieve accurate prediction when demographic features smoking status and age were used. In conclusion, RGLM achieved superior predictive accuracy for predicting COPD status with smoking status and age as mandatory features. Future cohort studies could evaluate whether the resulting predictor has clinical utility.


The microstructure,hardness and tensile property were studied on the Q235 steel slab and strip produced by CSP technology in Baotou Iron and Steel Co.,Ltd.It is concluded that the remarkable grain refinement can be caused by precipitation.The controlled cooling after rolling is also beneficial to grain refinement.The rensile property of Q235 steel was improved remarkably in comparison with that produced by traditional technology.


A vehicle rear structure (10), comprising: a portion constituting a suspension (24), in a plan view of the vehicle, the rear suspension overlaps with the portion constituting member (12); inlet tube (40), after which through (12) constituting part of the suspension (24) side member; and a protective tube portion (50), in a plan view of the vehicle, the protective tube portion provided at the rear side member (12) and the suspension structure into a position at a portion (24) overlapping, and the length of the protective tube portion (50) in the vertical direction of the vehicle is set long tube outer diameter (40) than the inlet, and the protective tube portion (50) with respect to the rigidity setting of the load from the vehicle side at the inlet than the large tube (40).


Since the last half of 1982, the rate of inflation has been below the rate that would have been predicted on the basis of the historical relationship between the rate of growth of M1 and the rate of inflation. This fact indicates that a rightward shift in the public's M1 demand function has occurred.Two alternative explanations of the nature of this shift are exposited in the first part of this article. Both explanations assume that the shift is associated with the deregulation of the financial system in the early 1980s. One explanation assumes that there was a onetime permanent change in the character of the public's M1 demand function. The other assumes that shifts will occur in the public's M1 demand function while the public adjusts to the deregulation of the financial system; however, after this adjustment is completed, the M1 demand function will reassume its pre-1980s characteristics.