It is a well known fact that prolonged exercise during sports training and competition leads to various disturbances which culminates in dehydration. Dehydration is commonly observed during physical activity which can be elicited within an hour of exercise especially if athletes enter the exercise session dehydrated. The onset of dehydration is preventable or atleast modifiable when hydration protocols are followed that will ensure voluntary euhydration by the athletes. Therefore, appropriate drinking practices that include fluid, electrolyte, and substrate needs before, during, and after a period of exercise is important. This book aims to highlight the different fluid compartments of the body along with the disturbances that take place in human body as a result of dehydration. It also focuses on the importance of rehydration and basics of rehydration including the role and content of replacement beverages required. It has also been observed that the knowledge and practices related to hydration is highly lacking in athletes, therefore a small effort has been made in this book to address few important issues and the essentials of drinking to be kept in mind for adequate hydration


A simple model, which is zonally averaged, for the transport of atmospheric water vapour is presented which uses as input the zonally averaged evaporation field and the mean meridional travel distance of tropospheric water vapour as functions of latitude. The model demonstrates that for polar regions each of the 10 ° latitude strips poleward of 25 ° is of equal importance as a moisture source. The model is used to predict zonal averages of 6(180) for the present day and 18 ka BP. Both a nnu al average values and seasonal amplitudes are presented and compared to observations. Sea-ice cover is an important factor in determining both annual averages and seasonal amplitudes today and at 18 ka BP. An earlier model (Jouzel and others 1983) linking 6e BO), the deuterium excess, and sea-salt content in an Antarctic ice core to the relative humidity of the source region is based on a single-source atmospheric water-vapour cycle type model and is re~valuated using the present model. INTRODUCTION The 1BO / 160 ratio is given in terms of the unitless variable 6e80) (in %0' and referred to hereafter as 6) and has been used extensively to study the movement of atmospheric water vapour. Oxygen isotope records from ice cores have been used previously to provide local temperature histories at polar sites (Dansgaard and others 1973, Barkov and others 1977, Budd and Morgan 1977, Pa terson and others 1977, Lori us a nd others 1979). I t is known that up to seven non-temperature effects can alter the 6 content of precipitation at a given site (Dansgaard and others 1973, Fisher 1979), but the assumption has held that the local site temperature remains as a strong(est) signal in the 6 time series. This assumption rests on a view that most water vapour arriving at polar sites is transported from the warm tropics (10 to 25 oN or S), where evaporation rates and sea surface temperatures are high (Dansgaard and others 1973, Merlivat and Jouzel 1979). In the simplest form of the theory, isotopic fractionation en route follows the Rayleigh condensation process from a limited mass of vapour, and the 6(180) of the condensate at a site with temperature T is


We present a Yang-Mills gauge field configuration which for large values of a separation parameter is an instanton--anti-instanton pair. At a minimum finite separation the field is a pure gauge. The interaction is calculated for large and small separations. According to an approximation algorithm the configuration is the most important quantum fluctuation about the exact solutions.


Public and private actors increasingly cooperate in global governance, a realm previously reserved for states and intergovernmental organizations (IOs). This trend raises fascinating theoretical questions. What explains the rise in public-private institutions and their role in international politics? Who leads such institutional innovation and why? To address the questions, this paper develops a theory of the political demand and supply of public-private institutions and specifies the conditions under which IOs and non-state actors would cooperate, and states would support this public-private cooperation. The observable implications of the theoretical argument are evaluated against the broad trends in public-private cooperation and in a statistical analysis of the significance of demand and supply-side incentives in public-private cooperation for sustainable development. The study shows that public-private institutions do not simply fill governance gaps opened by globalization, but cluster in narrower areas of cooperation, where the strategic interests of IOs, states, and transnational actors intersect. Liliana B. Andonova Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies and Government, Colby College, Waterville, ME firstname.lastname@example.com


The aim of this study is to determine burnout levels of teachers teaching cultural classes at Vocational and Technical Anatolian High Schools and, to propose some solutions for taking necessary measures. Within the scope of the study, the effects of some variables like sex, age, alma mater, professional seniority, marital status, educational level and branch on the burnout levels of the teachers teaching cultural classes, perception of teachers about the factors causing burnout and, the levels of burnout in terms of emotional exhaustion, cynism and ineffectiveness dimensions are examined. The universe of the study is composed of teachers teaching cultural classes at all Vocational and Technical Anatolian High Schools in Besiktas District in 2015-16 Education Period.
The sample of the study is composed of 160 teachers which were selected randomly from the study universe. As a means of data collection, Demographic Information Scale for determining demographic features of the teachers and Maslach Burtnout Inventory for determining the levels of burnout have been used. By evaluating the findings of the study, SPSS 21.0 Statistical Program for statistical analysis has been used. By evaluating the study data, in addition to descriptive statistiacal methods (frequency, percent, mean, standart deviation), Kolmogorov-Smirnov Distribution Test for examining normal distribution has been used.
According to the findings of the study, between ineffectiveness of the teachers teaching cultural classes and age variables, and between alma mater and general burnout level, a significant differentiation has been found. However, according to emotional exhaustion, cynism, ineffectiveness and general burnout scores of teachers, in terms of seniority, branch, sex, educational level and marital status, differences between group average have not been found significantly.


The finite state machine model is applied to the computer simulation of photomask pattern processing,covering layer adjustment,sizing and reserve. The process procedures are defined as status while the requirements in the tooling form are defined as input conditions to trigger status transfer. An electronic design automatic software based on this model is developed to hold the data handling of photomask.


Abstract The review of methods to measure Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal (FLC) anchoring strength are given. The methods are based on measuring the hysteresis and electrooptical dynamic response of FLC. The results of measurements are presented. The ways of future investigations in the field are discussed.


A control system of fault simulation is developed based on PLC. The system consists of PLC, fault position controller, fault mode controller, fault angle controller and fault switch.By this system, all faults of power system can be produced at lab.Fault parameters, such as pre fault recorder time, continuous time, position, mode, overlap and interval time, can be precisely adjusted. And also, trip and auto close operation of relay can be simulated.


The wearable and flexible sensors are enabling advances in next-generation technologies such as soft robotics, mobile healthcare, internet of things etc. In consequence, novel materials and manufacturing methods have received most of the attention so far. However, with the growing use of these technologies in real applications, other important areas such as mechanical reliability under repeated mechanical deformations also require greater consideration. A few studies covering this aspect have mainly focused on mechanical stress under simple bending conditions and ignored stress evolution under twisting (torsional) movements. The present work studies the influence of different parameters such as carrier substrate dimensions and its material and twisting angles on the stress distribution during torsional movements using finite element method. Following this, highly stretchable strain sensors are fabricated using nanocomposite of carbon nanotubes and Ecoflex™ and tested under various twisting angles. The soft strain sensor possesses excellent repeatable and robust torsional strain detection properties with >100% change in resistance at ±90° of twisting and has shown potential for wearable and robotics applications.


G040 SEPARATION OF PRIMARIES AND MULTIPLES BY NON-LINEAR ESTIMATION IN THE CURVELET DOMAIN Abstract FELIX J. HERRMANN 1 and ERIC VERSCHUUR 2 1 Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of British Columbia Canada 2 Faculty of Applied Sciences Delft University of Technology The Netherlands Predictive multiple suppression methods consist of two main steps: a prediction step in which multiples are predicted from the seismic data and a subtraction step in which the predicted multiples are matched with the true multiples in the data. The last step appears crucial in practice: an incorrect adaptive subtraction method will cause multiples to


We consider the inverse problem of determining initial data in general Ornstein-Uhlenbeck equations on the Euclidean space from partial measurement localized on the so-called thick sets. Using the logarithmic convexity technique and recent observability results, we prove new stability estimates of logarithmic rate for large classes of initial data. Such stability estimates are crucial when dealing with the numerical reconstruction of initial data. Our analysis covers both cases: the analytic Ornstein-Uhlenbeck semigroup on $L^2\left(\mathbb R^N, \mathrm{d}\mu\right)$ with invariant measure $\mu$, and the non-analytic Ornstein-Uhlenbeck semigroup on $L^2\left(\mathbb R^N, \mathrm{d} x\right)$ with the Lebesgue measure. We treat general equations with a diffusion matrix and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck equation with fractional diffusion in the latter case. This allows us to extend some recent results and simplify some parts of the proof.


Citation: Abusaada M, Sauter (2017) Recharge Estimation in Karst Aquifers by Applying Water Level Fluctuation Approach. Int J Earth Sci Geophys 3:013 Copyright: © 2017 Abusaada M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. *Corresponding author: M Abusaada, Hydro-Engineering Consultancy (HEC), West Bank, Palestinian Authority, E-mail: email@example.com Received: May 09, 2017: Accepted: August 31, 2017: Published: September 02, 2017 VIBGYOR ISSN: 2631-5033


This study aims to achieve precise detection of wheat ears using the YOLOv3 object detector. By using a large-scale wheat ear dataset for training and evaluation, we demonstrated the superior performance of YOLOv3 in wheat ear detection tasks. YOLOv3 is an efficient and accurate object detection algorithm based on deep learning. This algorithm divides the image into grid units and predicts the position and category of wheat ears on each unit, achieving the goal of quickly detecting wheat ears in wheat fields. At the same time, YOLOv3 adopts multi-layer Convolutional neural network and feature pyramid structure, which can accurately locate the bounding box of wheat ears, and can achieve good results even under different scales and occlusion. The experimental results show that using YOLOv3 for wheat ear detection can effectively detect and locate wheat ears in wheat fields, with a detection accuracy of 86.6%.


Objectives:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of urokinase(UK)in treatment of acute cerebral infarctions within 6 hours from the onsel. Methods:A multicenter,randomized,double blind,and placebo controlled clinical study was performed.Paticuts consistent with the inclusion criteria were randomized into 3 groups.As Group A(155 cases),receiving UK 1.5 MU,Group B(162 cases)receiving 1.0 MU,and Group C(148 cases),placebo.European Stroke Scale(ESS),Barthel lndex(BI),and modified Rankin Scale(mRs) were used to eveluate the recovery of neurological functions. Results:ESS scores increased rapidly after thrombolysis.There was significant difference among 3 groups. Non symptomatic hemorrhagic rate were 9.03%(Group A),5.56%(Group B),and 4.73%(Group C). Intraparenchymal hemorrhagic rate were 4.52%(Group A),3.09%(Group B),and 2.03%(Group C).Mortality rate of intraparenchymal hemorrhage was 1.89%in Group A +Group B,none in Group C. Conclusions:UK is effective and relatively safe in treatment of acute cerebral infarctions within 6 hours from the onset.


The importance of esters has stimulated significant efforts to develop efficient methods for their synthesis. In this study, an oxidative esterification of aldehydes with alkyl halides by using tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant, Bu4NI as catalyst, and water as solvent is presented. Notably, this novel esterification protocol is suitable for both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, primary and secondary alkyl halides to give ester products with broad structural diversity. Through an intramolecular version of this novel esterification process, an alternative synthetic approach toward the biologically interesting isobenzofuran-1(3 H)-one was also realized. Compared with literature procedures, the synthetic strategies developed herein showed advantages such as direct use of commercially available and economical starting materials, wide substrate scope, good tolerance of functional groups, sustainable oxidant, and no need of an inert atmosphere or dry solvents.


The concept that respiratory failure with its attendant arterial hypoxmnia and increased pulmonary vascular resistance is the principal cause of death in patients with severe extrathoracic sepsis is supported. It is postulated that this is a direct result of circulating toxins from the infected area acting on the pulmonary vasculature. The principles in management are outlined


Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a clinical entity characterized by thrombocytopenia, nonimmune hemolytic anemia, and renal impairment. Pathologic findings in kidney samples show thrombotic microangiopathy and the underlying pathogenesis is endothelial cell injury that leads to thrombotic occlusion of the arterioles and capillaries. Traditionally it was classified in two forms: typical hemolytic uremic syndrome, which occurs most frequently in children and is caused by Shiga‐toxin‐producing bacteria, and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. The latter is associated to genetic mutations regarding regulatory factors of the complement system in 50‐60% of patients and has a poor prognosis, with the majority of patients developing end‐stage renal disease. After kidney transplantation, hemolytic uremic syndrome can occur as a recurrent or de novo disease. Over the last years, many studies have focused their efforts on a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, showing that the risk of recurrence and prognosis after kidney transplantation depends on the genetic abnormality involved. Advances in the understanding of the disease in conjunction with the recent emergence of new therapeutic options enable better strategies for prevention and treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome recurrence after kidney transplantation. This review will first summarize the complement dysregulation involved in the genesis of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome recurrence and the factors that may injure the graft endothelium and increase the risk for developing de novo hemolytic uremic syndrome. Another part will focus on the therapeutic alternatives for hemolytic uremic syndrome after kidney transplantation according to the pathogenic mechanism involved. Finally, we will review the assessment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome patients before a kidney transplant and the current options to prevent its recurrence. (Trends in Transplant. 2012;6:17-27)


Abstract Agency theory proposes that increasing managerial ownership in a firm can help align owner/management interests and motivate managers for better performance. This paper examines the relationship between managerial stock holdings and firm performance in the restaurant industry. Using the financial data of restaurant companies during 1995-1996, this study found that managerial ownership was positively and significantly associated with most of the performance measures, particularly in firms with 0%-15% managerial ownership. Firm size, a control variable, was also found to have a positive impact on performance. The results suggest that large restaurant firms with relatively low managerial ownership may raise managerial holdings to enhance their profitability and Stock returns.


ABSTRACT The present doctoral dissertation ? Analysis of the European Union (EU) rules and the case-law established by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in matter of work-life balance- has been written within the European Union Law. It focuses on how the EU rules have been dealing with this matter along its history as well as how this issue is protected and fostered by the CJEU when it applies and interprets these rules. Identifying the possible shortage of these tools, as well as identifying their possible vices and defects is absolutely relevant and can be really useful for society. Thus, a contribution here is intended in order to reach a better solution to combine the different aspects of the private life and, consequently, improve all those areas affected to a greater or lesser extent by the work-life balance. What is it to be understood by work-life balance? Which elements define this reality? How is this necessity ruled from the EU? How have these regulations evolved? Which ends are behind these regulations? Does the way this issue has been covered keep the traditional sexual division of labour between men and women? Or which role does the CJEU play in this respect? These are some of the questions to which, to a greater or lesser extent, the present dissertation answers


Centrally held aspects of intrinsic motivation as spontaneous exploration, autonomy and curiosity, is a crucial concept in developmental psychology and crucial mechanism for cognitive development of human beings. The "intrinsic enjoyment" being assertion to IMs really attest the significance of pleasure in human motivation. The goal of this paper is four fold. First, to conceptualize the intrinsic motivation as a drive to action selection mechanism, arouse in a peculiar psychological environment. Second, to justify theoretically that various basic desires of human being, which constitute the above said psychological environment, are directly or making a complex whole, drive the action selection mechanism. Third, to prove theoretically that it is the ethical leader whose rewards (cause of employees' extrinsic motivation) reflecting the 'morality' & 'rationality', if match to the basic desires of psychological environment, then concerned employees will be intrinsically motivated. Forth, proposing an equation for further research that "intrinsic motivation is directly proportional to the extrinsic motivation multiplied by degree of ethical leadership".


Classical nonholonomic systems are described by the Lagrange–d'Alembert principle. The presence of symmetry leads, upon the choice of an arbitrary principal connection, to a reduced variational principle and to the Lagrange–d'Alembert– Poincaré reduced equations. The case of rolling bodies has a long history and it has been the purpose of many works in recent times, in part because of its applications to robotics. In this paper we study the classical example of the rolling disk. We consider a natural abelian group of symmetry and a natural connection for this example and obtain the corresponding Lagrange–d'Alembert–Poincaré equations written in terms of natural reduced variables. One interesting feature of this reduced equations is that they can be easily transformed into a single ordinary equation of second order, which is a Heun's equation.


SYNOPSIS. With the current interest in and criticism of Model Systems Research in mind, I review some of the details of a research program at the turn of the century. I present data about career trajectories of the degree recipients in August Weismann's Institute of Zoology, in Freiburg i/Br., Germany. I ennumerate the organisms they use in their research and provide some discussion about the level of analysis performed by certain students bound for academic careers. I conclude that between 1880 and 1912 diversity prevailed in career objectives, research projects, organisms investigated and levels of analysis. This was the diversity of a General Zoology suited to Weismann's primary interests in evolution and the contemporary expectations of academic zoology. This General Zoology contrasts with the organism specific research prevalent at the same institute directed by Hans Spemann between 1918 and 1931. In closing I propose a sequence of historical stages which changed the General Zoology at the beginning of the current century into Model Systems Research at the end.


Coking-plant effluents should be used with 3 times their volume of mains water in closed-cycle cooling systems. Apart from eliminating effluent disposal, this controls scaling, corrosion and biological activity. It reduces atmospheric pollution and conserves water supplies.


In his tourism poems, Liu Guangdi paid a great tribute to his beautiful motherland, expressing his traditional feeling of"loving his homeland and not wishing to leave it"; and attached importance to personality accomplishment, giving expression to the Confucianism on"being socially experienced and performing meritorious deeds"; as well as paid much attention to the state affairs and the common people, reflecting his patriotic affection of"running the country well and giving the people peace and security". All the above-mentioned revealed exhaustively Liu Guangdi's political ideal and pursuit throughout his life.


A new model is proposed for logistics distribution center allocation based on the ant colony optimization in this paper.Inspired by the ability of real ants to find the shortest path through the laying down of pheromone and to cluster corpse in the nest,we mapped the problem of the logistics distribution center allocation to the process of clustering objects with emphasis on the lowest logistics costs and appropriately designed the transition probability,the tabu list as well as the way pheromone was updated.A detailed logistics distribution center allocation algorithm based on the ant colony optimization is experimented and the experimental results show that the new algorithm can acquire the optimal solution that is accord with the practice,Moreover,the new algorithm has much more flexibility which adapts to many kinds of logistic distribution model and largescale logistic distribution center allocation.


A radical domino cyclisation reaction of N -cyanamide alkenes, mediated by hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) has been developed. This method, using PhSiH 3 and catalytic Fe(acac) 3 , allows for the synthesis of challenging (spiro)quinazolinone scaffolds from simple, tractable (hetero)aryl carboxylic acid and cyanamide building blocks.


The study explores empirically the need and requirement of traceability system in Textile and Clothing (T&C) supply chain. A Delphi based survey was conducted with 28 supply chain experts (indu ...


We study Weierstrass n-semigroups, which are realized on every non-hyperelliptic curve of genus g and called them universal n-semigroups. If g = 3 we classify all the ones with n = 1,2,3. When n = 1 there is only the non-special one, but for n = 2,3 there are several special ones.


The Evian agreements (1962), Charles-Kobert Ageron. ; The Evian agreements ended the Algerian War. They are still, 30 years later, a subject of dispute. This article proposes a detailed and serene description of the negotiations and then shows their content. The author also analyzes the two wagers which they meant. The first one, that of on eventual reconciliation between communities in an independant Algeria, was lost when the OAS and the FLN fomented insecurity in the second half of 1962. The second wager was that of cooperation between France and Algeria, which held better than generally accorded.


The present research work entitled "Biomechanical control of free kick technique in basketball, selected minor provincial category of Chimborazo", responds to a cross-sectional descriptive research design. The main objective was to biomechanically evaluate the technique of free throw in basketball, and its technical errors in relation to the established technical models. The sample consisted of a total of 8 basketball players selected from the province of Chimborazo, with an average age of 12.50 ± 0.18. The instruments used for the development of the research were the "Structural Model by Face of the Technique" raised and validated by the PhD. Esteban Loaiza in his doctoral thesis - Russia 2012, the methodology for the control of the technique through the work of experts "CTE" raised and validity by PhD. Eugenio Perdomo Manzo - Cuba 2010 and biomechanical analysis software KINOVEA 8.15, adapted to a SONY Handycam 4KAXI camera with a margin of error of 2.4mp. For the statistical verification of results obtained in the research the SPSS package was used. Version 22.00 IBM, determining a descriptive analysis of means, frequencies and percentages, a Shapirok - Wilk normality test and a T.Student parametric test for single samples. As the main results it was obtained that the technical analysis showed that 75% of the athletes were in an average level, only 12.5% had a high level as well as 12.5% a low level, generally the level Of execution of this technical gesture was of medium and statistically was verified at a level of P <0.05.


The purpose of this paper is to review the available studies on use of mindfulness in athletes. For this, the EBSCO, Dialnet, WOS, and Google academic databases were used, and 14 representative articles on the topic published between 2000 and 2018 were selected. The results of the reports analyzed show that while there are different types of mindfulness interventions in athletes, the Mindfulness-Acceptance (MAC) and Mindfulness Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) programs offer the most comprehensive empirical validation. Among the benefits of use of mindfulness, special mention should be made of reduction of anxiety, improvement in attentional cognitive skills and awareness, and increased commitment and goal orientation. Impact on sports performance is still unclear, although it generates positive attitudes and improvements in the quality of life of athletes. It is concluded that mindfulness may be an intervention strategy to be considered by psychologists for training attention to the currently arising mental events, promoting improvement of certain attentional and cognitive competences and athlete well-being, while also generating adaptive attitudes in sport contexts.


An integrated approximation algorithm for the betweenness centrality and average shortest-path length in complex networks is given in this paper.By academic and experimental analysis,the algorithm has a good performance,which will give help to the further studies.


MIMO radar should not be regarded as a separate subject, but rather as part of a continuum of different types of diverse, networked radar sensors.


The college catalogs that this data was harvested from are held in WSU MASC as WSU 4, or in the Holland Library at LD5731.W6 C65x.


Rockfill materials are commonly used for dam construction. Establishing an effective model that can reasonably describe the mechanical properties of rockfill material is very important for the calculation of earth-rock dam engineering. Based on the generalized plasticity model of sand, a modified generalized plasticity model suitable for rockfill material is established by modifying the plastic modulus. Focusing on three types of stress paths (e.g., CT test, CP test, and CR test), the stress path adaptability of the modified generalized plasticity is studied. Simulation results show that the proposed model can well predict the strength characteristics while it underestimates the shrinkage characteristics of rockfill materials for constant P test. It is difficult for the generalized plasticity model to predict larger radial shrinkage strain for constant stress ratio tests. This shortcoming can be improved by employing a modified dilatancy equation. Finally, by introducing critical state theory and considering the effect of initial void ratio on plastic modulus, a state-dependent generalized plasticity model is proposed and verified by experiment of granite rockfill materials and TRM with different void ratios. These works covers the most common stress paths related to the construction of earth-rock dams and can capture static behavior of rockfill materials.


In single object auctions when bidders are asymmetric, the Myersonian optimal auction is di¢ cult to implement because of its complexity and possible discouragement e¤ect on the bidders. In these cases, Hartline and Roughgarden (2009) proposes a "simple"auction that revenue approximates the optimal auction. This paper experimentally studies the performance of the simple auction vis-a-vis the optimal auction in terms of revenue generation. Keywords Optimal Auction, Simple Auction, Asymmetric Bidders JEL Classi…cation D44, C90 O. P. Jindal Global University. Sonipat Narela Road, Near Jagdishpur Village, Sonipat, Haryana 131001. Email: email@example.com. yAshoka University. Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com zWe would like to thank Bhaskar Dutta, Yoram Halevy, Debasis Mishra, Noam Nisan, Tim Salmon, and Dale Stahl for helpful comments and feedback. This is a preliminary version. Do not cite.


Based on the chemical analysis, preliminary classification of ore was done to reduce the content of iron mineral in quartz. The result of tests showed that the grade of quartz concentrate and the recovery are 97.05% and56.79% by adopting a circuit of magnetic- flotation processing.


The origination and development of major vortexs in turbine cascade were investigated at different attack angles and outlet mach numbers and bowed angles by combining experiments with numerical simulations. By comparing the difference of flow field in bow and straight blade cascade, the effect of blade bowing on the position of saddle point of horseshoe vortex and strength and position of the passage vortex. The effect of blade bowing on the stability of passage vortex was also studied through the analysis of section topology. By analyzing the difference of the contribution of passage vortex to the energy loss under different aerodynamic conditions, it was pointed out that for a cascade with strong enough passage vortex the reduction of energy loss is the result of not only the decrease of passage vortex strength due to blade bowing but also the redistribution of boundary layer.


By means of discourse analysis,the writer treats with the conception of "interpretation".The interpretation object of musical performance consists of supper level sign and deeper level connotation,thus any musical interpretation in its full sense is certainly a complex one.


A new concept has been developed for connecting spread footings and precast columns in bridges. The socket connection is constructed by precasting the column, erecting it, and casting the reinforced concrete footing around it. This system saves construction time on site because, in little more than the time needed to construct the footing, both the column and footing can be constructed. Site erection is facilitated by the fact that the field tolerances are essentially unlimited. The longitudinal column bars are straight and are terminated with mechanical anchors. This arrangement improves constructability, because no bars cross the interface between the column and footing, and it provides better transfer of forces in the connection region than is possible with conventional bent-out longitudinal bars. The surface of the column is roughened to improve adhesion to the surrounding cast-in-place concrete. Axial-load tests demonstrated that the connection can resist column axial loads far above those expected in practice. Cyclic, lateral-load tests demonstrated that the seismic performance of the connection is at least as good as, if not better than, that of a comparable cast-in-place system. The recent deployment of the new system in a highway overpass provided both field experience and initial estimates of the potential time savings.


The use of serious games, virtual patients, and other forms of digital learning technologies are starting to emerge in dentistry schools around the world. However, because of their novelty, there is still a need for literature discussing the different challenges of computer-supported education in this field. This paper presents the design, development, and pilot validation of a serious game for the development of diagnostic skills in dentistry students. Called RealTeeth, this game puts the student in a job interview context and asks him to diagnose 10 endondontic cases. Each case allows the student to follow 5 different diagnostic routes with different information and resources. At the end of the 10 cases, the student will receive a job offer in accordance with his or her performance on the cases. This game was tested with a cohort of student of the pre-clinic course of endodontics in the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, Colombia. The results of this pilot validation were positive in terms of user acceptance and attitude, reinforcing the potential of computer supported education in the field of dentistry.


Point cloud registration (PCR) is an important and fundamental problem in 3D computer vision, whose goal is to seek an optimal rigid model to register a point cloud pair. Correspondence-based PCR techniques do not require initial guesses and gain more attentions. However, 3D keypoint techniques are much more difficult than their 2D counterparts, which results in extremely high outlier rates. Current robust techniques suffer from very high computational cost. In this paper, we propose a polynomial time (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(N^2)$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="li-ieq2-3065021.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="li-ieq3-3065021.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> is the number of correspondences.) outlier removal method. Its basic idea is to reduce the input set into a smaller one with a lower outlier rate based on bound principle. To seek tight lower and upper bounds, we originally define two concepts, i.e., correspondence matrix (CM) and augmented correspondence matrix (ACM). We propose a cost function to minimize the determinant of CM or ACM, where the cost of CM rises to a tight lower bound and the cost of ACM leads to a tight upper bound. Then, we propose a scale-adaptive Cauchy estimator (SA-Cauchy) for further optimization. Extensive experiments on simulated and real PCR datasets demonstrate that the proposed method is robust at outlier rates above 99 percent and 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mo>∼</mml:mo></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="li-ieq4-3065021.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>2 orders faster than its competitors. The source code will be made publicly available in <uri>https://ljy-rs.github.io/web/</uri>.


ABSTRACT The determination of amoxycillin using a flow-injection method with spectrophotometric detection is described. The method is based on the measurement of the intrinsic absorbance of amoxycillin fixed on Sephadex QAE A-25 resin. The determination of amoxycillin, using optimized variables, was carried out for three different sample volumes (300, 600 and 1200 μl), giving linear calibration graphs over the ranges 2-50, 1-25 and 0.5-15 μg ml−1, respectively. The relative standard deviations were ≤ 1%. The proposed method allows a very sensitive, rapid, and simple determination of amoxycillin in the presence of other penicillins, antibiotics, additives and excipients, without performing a prior separation or derivatization. A noticeable increase in sensitivity and lower detection limits can be easily achieved by increasing the sample volume injected. The method was successfully applied for the determination of amoxycillin in pharmaceutical formulations.


The dynamics of interaction of an inclusion with an elastic medium is investigated. We consider various conditions of contact and examine their influence on the behavior of inclusion and wave propagation.droplets and ice crystals is given.


Improved perceived performance and talent retention are great challenges for most of the organizations in the world, and leading organizations of today are stating that the human is most important resource for them behind their success but beside this, it is tough job for management of organization to manage human in organizational work climate which is combination of different factors towards improve perceived performance and talent retention. The intention of this research was to evaluate the influence of different factors of organizational work climate on improvement of perceived performance leading to talent retention in services sector firms of Pakistan. Five major factors pertain to organizational work climate were taken as independent variables such as role clarity, relevant nature of work, teamwork, rewards and fairness. This research work was limited to conduct quantitative survey through close ended questionnaire from sample size of 201 Manager Operations of commercial banks of Pakistan. Philosophy stance of positivism is used whereas statistical test of correlation, regression and sobel are used to for analysis the relations and impact of variable. The finding indicated that there is significant role of work climate on improvement of perceived performance leading to talent retention.


In the era of a religious and philosophical vacuum, the discrediting of ideological concepts and the production of objects of momentary consumption, not only the main universal values are devalued, but also human life itself. Many social processes and in-teractions are transferred to the Internet space and mass media, which, with the help of stereotypes, myths, can form a negative or posi-tive reaction to a specific event in the mass consciousness.Human life began to be perceived as a medical problem, a person as a patient, and his body and consciousness as an object of medical control and regulation. Doctors, having assumed the functions of social control, seeking to increase their power resource, on the one hand and professional status, on the other hand, can form a certain ideology in society, leading to a change in the social status of an individual. As a result, medical "labels" are attached to certain patterns of behavior and the restriction of an individual's vital ac-tivity, the strengthening of medicalization, the power of experts and the depoliticization of deviations.


The article reviews the main sources of private international law of the EU and Ukraine, which reinforce the principle of party autonomy. Herewith, the realization of this principle is explored as giving parties the opportunity to choose not only the law but also the court.


Objective
To evaluate effects of the yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii on activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in macrophage-like THP-1 cells, which were differentiated from the human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1.

Methods
THP-1 macrophage-like cells were divided into 3 groups to be treated with the yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii at a concentration of 2 × 106 colony-forming units (CFU) /ml (yeast form group) , 100 mg/L curdlan (curdlan group) and RPMI 1640 medium (blank control group) respectively. Real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR was performed to measure the mRNA expression of IL-6 in THP-1 macrophage-like cells in the above 3 groups after 3-and 6-hour treatment separately, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the level of IL-6 in the culture supernatant of THP-1 macrophage-like cells after 24-hour treatment. Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the protein expression of p38MAPK and phosphorylated p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK) in the above 3 groups after 30-and 60-minute treatment separately. Other THP-1 macrophage-like cells were pretreated with 100 nmol/L dexamethasone (a p38MAPK inhibitor) for 30 minutes, and then were divided into 3 groups to be treated with the yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii, curdlan and RPMI 1640 medium respectively, and changes in the level of p-p38MAPK and mRNA expression of IL-6 were also detected. Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS19.0 software by using one-way or multi-way analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) test.

Results
Significant differences in the mRNA expression of IL-6 in THP-1 macrophage-like cells were observed among the yeast form group, curdlan group and blank control group (F= 5 552.22, P < 0.001) after 3-hour treatment (56.81 ± 7.36, 26.69 ± 1.22 and 0.97 ± 0.05, respectively) and 6-hour treatment (378.03 ± 16.67, 276.24 ± 39.13 and 1.02 ± 0.04, respectively) . Additionally, the yeast form group showed significantly higher mRNA expression of IL-6 after 6-hour treatment than that after 3-hour treatment (q= 16.74, P < 0.001) . After 24-hour treatment, the level of IL-6 in the culture supernatant of THP-1 macrophage-like cells also significantly differed among the yeast form group, curdlan group and blank control group (59.96 ± 18.16 pg/L, 91.01 ± 17.27 pg/L, 5.50 ± 2.30 pg/L, respectively; F= 26.62, P < 0.01) , and was significantly higher in the yeast form group than in the blank control group (P < 0.01) . After 30-and 60-minute treatment, the protein expression of p-p38MAPK was significantly higher in the yeast form group than in the blank control group (both P < 0.01) . Moreover, the mRNA expression of IL-6 (4.46 ± 1.03 vs. 493.52 ± 113.87, P < 0.001) and protein expression of p-p38MAPK (2.29 ± 0.37 vs. 4.55 ± 0.46, q= 10.81, P < 0.01) were both significantly lower in the yeast form group with dexamethasone pretreatment than in that without dexamethasone pretreatment.

Conclusion
In vitro treatment with the yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii can enhance the expression of IL-6 in human THP-1 macrophage-like cells by activating the p38MAPK signaling pathway.

Key words:
Sporothrix; Macrophages; Interleukin-6; p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinases


Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) variants are known risk factors of type 2 diabetes (T2DM).However, this association is not consistent among different populations. The current study aimed at investigating the relationship between rs 7903146, rs 12255372 variants of TCF7L2 and susceptibility to T2DM and different metabolic parameters in a cohort of Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients. This case control study included 60 diabetic patients and 60 matched unrelated healthy controls. Genotyping was performed by using Real Time-PCR. The frequency of genotypes, alleles, anthropometric measures, glycemic indices, HOMA-IR and lipid profile were evaluated in patients and control. Regarding rs 7903146, TT genotype was more frequent in healthy controls (43.3%) than diabetic patients (20%) (OR = 0.291, 95% CI = 0.108-0.788, P = 0.015). T allele was more frequent in healthy control (61.7%) than diabetic patients (44.2%) and it was associated with lower risk of diabetes (OR = 0.492, 95% CI = 0.294-0.823, P = 0.007).However, there was no significant difference between patients with CC, CT and TT genotypes of rs7903146 regarding HbA1C (p=0.549), HOMA-IR (p=0.359), total cholesterol (p=0.482). In contrast, T allele of rs12255372 had no significant relation to diabetes risk (OR = 0.602, 95% CI = 0.361-1.005, P = 0.052). There was no statistically significant difference of frequency of any rs12255372 genotypes between cases and controls In addition, patients with GG,GT, TT genotypes of rs12255372 had no significant difference regarding HbA1C (p=0.393), HOMA-IR (p=0.985), total cholesterol (p=0.368). The study confirmed the association of TCF7L2 (rs 7903146) and T2DM, while failed to detect any association between TCF7L2 (rs 12255372) and susceptibility to T2DM. No significant difference in respect to metabolic parameters between different genotypes of rs7930146 and rs12255372.


Shrubland ecosystems are less studied than grasslands regarding the role of domestic grazing on ecosystem degradation in the world, but particularly in Mexico. Of special concern is the paucity of research on soil hydrological responses to the impact of livestock. Here, we assessed the role that specific soil and surface characteristics play in soil hydrology as a response to goat grazing intensity in two different soil types, Regosol and Vertisol, in the Tamaulipan thornscrub of north-eastern Mexico. At each soil unit, a set of grazing regimes was identified, including heavy grazing (HG), moderate grazing (MG) and a no-grazing (NG) reference area, and selected soil properties and plant cover were evaluated. In Regosol sites, soil organic matter varied among all grazing regimes (4.6% higher on NG and 2.1% higher on MG with respect HG) and no dissimilarities on bulk density were recorded. For Vertisol sites, soil bulk density increased with grazing intensity (16% higher on MG and 37% higher on HG with respect to NG) whereas plant cover linearly decreased from 86% in NG to 29% in MG and 9% in HG sites. Soil organic matter content for Regosol, and plant cover and soil bulk density for Vertisol appeared as the best indicators of water infiltration and moisture retention for the grazing conditions assessed. Differences in those key driving variables may help explain surface hydrology responses to goat grazing in rangeland soils of Tamaulipan thornscrub ecosystems and possibly on similar rangelands around the world. Clear signs of vegetation degradation were also observed, manifested by a loss in species diversity and plant cover, especially under heavy grazing. This reflects unsustainable livestock management practices that should be avoided. This study contributes to improve our understanding of rangeland degradation processes and justifies devising more sustainable grazing management schemes.


- There is no easy way to maintain employee loyalty to an organization in order to retain employees. There are several variations that contribute to employee loyalty in the hotel industry such as job development, compensation and rewards, job security and the workplace. Therefore, this study was conducted to study the relationship between these four variables and employee loyalty that could reduce the rate of change in the hotel industry. Based on previous research, there is an important relationship between these variables with employee loyalty. In the study, there is other evidence that can prove that staff loyalty is reliable in these four variables. Therefore, the organization needs to focus more on job development, compensation and rewards, job security and the workplace in order to improve the credibility of their employees in the hotel industry. In this study, researchers conducted the study using questionnaires. Researchers have submitted a list of questions to employees working in the hotel industry. This could help researchers to identify the dynamics more accurately. In addition, this study also explains the important role of employees in the production and performance of a company.


Activity Based Costing is an advanced accounting technique that is widely discussed among cost controllers and managers. Through this study, an attempt has been made to identify the recent trends in its evolution and to see further research prospects by doing analysis of the numerous national and international published researches in the related domain. By applying bibliographic analysis technique, output extracted from the Scopus database is analyzed using bibliometrix package in R-software. The results present a structured view of trends in scientific studies on Activity Based Costing in different countries, contribution of pioneer authors and major sectors/industries to which most of the researches catered to. The analysis is carried out using three field plot, most trending topics, a word cloud, arriving at a conceptual structure using co-occurrence map and finally drawing a thematic map. As an application, study may well be a guiding tool for the researchers working in similar area. They can get insights as to what sector to consider for performing further investigations such as case studies or quantitative analysis and to see the effect of applying Activity Based Costing on some particular thematic factors.


Organogels are interesting systems holding great promise for drug delivery applications owing to their ease of preparation and potential for long-term release. This project investigated the use of such an organogel as an injectable implant for the sustained release of rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Such a formulation is expected to provide a simplified dosing schedule and potentially reduce side effects associated to plasma peak concentrations. The gel was prepared by dissolving 5 15% (w/w) N-stearoyl L-alanine methyl ester (SAM) in safflower oil containing either dissolved rivastigmine or its dispersed hydrogen tartrate sait. Differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy indicated a weakening of the oleogel structure by the incorporation of dissolved drug (4% w/w), as proven by decreasing gel-sol transition temperatures. At the same concentration, no such changes were detected for gels containing the dispersed drug salt, indicating negligible interference of the latter with gel auto-assembly. In vitro release profiles of gels containing dispersed rivastigmine showed the lowest burst (<15% in the first day). A pharmacokinetic study, in which rats were injected subcutaneously with 10% SAM gels containing the dispersed drug, demonstrated a sustained rivastigmine release within therapeutic range for up to 11 days. Peak plasma levels were found to be well below the toxic threshold and up to five times lower than for the control oil formulation. Overall this project established SAM gels to be a promising option for a sustained-release formulation in the treatment ofAlzheimer's disease.


The hard X-ray power law, prominent in the hard state in black hole X-ray binaries, is generally due to thermal Comptonization in the corona. Optically thin synchrotron emission from compact jets is commonly seen at infrared wavelengths in the hard state. The extent of this spectrum to higher energies remains uncertain. Here, a multi-wavelength study of GX 339-4 is presented. The IR to X-ray spectral index is measured and compared to the X-ray spectral index fitted separately. On some dates in which the jet dominates the IR emission, the X-ray power law and the IR to X-ray power law spectral indices are both in the range alpha = -0.7 +/- 0.2 (where F_nu ~ nu^alpha), i.e. photon index, Gamma = 1.7 +/- 0.2. This suggests they could be the same power law with the same origin, or that this is a coincidence. On other dates in the hard state, alpha_{IR-X}<alpha_{X}, ruling out a common origin. It is likely that Comptonization dominates on most dates, as expected. However, the X-ray power law never appears to be fainter than the jet power law extrapolated from IR to X-ray, implying that the jet contribution imposes a lower limit to the X-ray flux. If confirmed, this would imply the cooling break in the synchrotron spectrum probably resides at X-ray or higher energies. It is suggested that X-ray spectral fitting should include an extra power law with a break (ideally fit to IR too).


and Marco W. SchilhamMaaike E. Ressing, Rene E. M. Toes, Maarten J. D. van Tol M. Verhoosel, Pieter S. Hiemstra, Daphne van Leeuwen,Veltrop-Duits, Claudia C. Sombroek, Kees Franken, Renate Bianca Heemskerk, Tamara van Vreeswijk, Louise A.http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/12/8851J Immunol€2006; 177:8851-8859; ;Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/12/8851.full#ref-list-1This article cites 70 articles, 37 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai.org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:


Oesophageal cancer remains a highly lethal malignancy in spite of advances in multimodal approaches that have been adopted in its management during the last two decades. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus poses an even more difficult entity to treat than adenocarcinoma, on account of its stage at presentation, location and greater propensity for loco-regional recurrence. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma shows a relatively high expression of EGFR expression 3377%. EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) over expression has been shown to be associated with higher pathological tumour stages, lymph node metastasis as well as poorer disease free survival and overall survival. This review article explores the rationale of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor targeting in Squamous cell carcinoma of Oesophagus and current clinical data/experience in therapeutically addressing the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor pathway.


Supercapacitors are energy storage devices with the ability to rapidly charge and discharge, making them a valuable complement to battery systems. To maximize their fast‐charging capabilities, identifying materials and methods to enhance their energy density is crucial. In this work, we carried out a comprehensive study of an emerging 2D dichalcogenide, CrSe2, as a supercapacitor material. We demonstrate that CrSe2 can be obtained at ambient temperature through deintercalation of a relevant KCrSe2 precursor using a 0.5 M solution of I2 in acetonitrile. Although CrSe2 decomposed in 1 M KOH, it was found to be chemically stable in common electrolytes such as H2SO4, Li2SO4, and Na2SO4. Despite low surface area CrSe2 reached a specific capacitance of 27 F g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 and, thus consistently outperformed high surface carbon black. Computational studies suggested that the metallic conductivity of CrSe2 was likely the primary factor contributing to the superior performance of this 2D chalcogenide over high surface carbon analogues.


US 2004/OO15060A1 Jan. 22, 2004 (57) ABSTRACT Related U.S. Application Data The present invention provides a method for identifying a (60) Provisional application No. 60/390,596, filed on Jun. concentration of a compound within a part of a subject. The 21, 2002. method involves measuring the amount of electromagnetic radiation reflected by, or transmitted through the part with a (51) Int. Cl. detector, and using a quantitative mathematical analysis to A6 IB5/00 (2006.01) determine the concentration of the compound in one, or (52) U.S. Cl. ....................................... 600/310; 600/309 more than one compartment, including a blood, interstitial, (58) Field of Classification Search ................ 600/310, cellular, lymph, O bone compartment, of the part. A cor 600/316, 322. 323,309 rected concentration of the compound may be then deter See application file for complete search history. mined within a compartment of interest, or a total concen (56) References Cited tration of the compound may be accurately determined.


Recent studies have recently exploited knowledge distillation (KD) technique to address time-consuming annotation task in semantic segmentation, through which one teacher trained on a single dataset could be leveraged for annotating unlabeled data. However, in this context, knowledge capacity is restricted, and knowledge variety is rare in different conditions, such as cross-model KD, in which the single teacher KD prohibits the student model from distilling information using cross-domain context. In this study, we aim to train a robust, lightweight student under the supervision of several expert teachers, which provide better instructive guidance compared to a single student-teacher learning framework. To be more specific, we first train five distinct convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as teachers for semantic segmentation on several datasets. To this end, several state-of-the-art augmentation transformations have also been utilized in training phase of our teachers. The impacts of such training scenarios are then assessed in terms of student robustness and accuracy. As the main contribution of this paper, our proposed multi-teacher KD paradigm endows the student with the ability to amalgamate and capture a variety of knowledge illustrations from different sources. Results demonstrated that our method outperforms the existing studies on both clean and corrupted data in the semantic segmentation task while benefiting from our proposed score weight system. Experiments validate that our multi-teacher framework results in an improvement of 9% up to 32.18% compared to the single-teacher paradigm. Moreover, it is demonstrated that our paradigm surpasses previous supervised real-time studies in the semantic segmentation challenge.


This article was published in TOJET: Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology on 1 April 2017 (online), available open access at http://www.tojet.net/articles/v16i2/1624.pdf


All-dielectric metasurfaces provide unique solutions for advanced wavefront manipulation of light with complete control of amplitude and phase at sub-wavelength scales. One limitation, however, for most of these devices is the lack of any post-fabrication tunability of their response. To break this limit, a promising approach is employing phase-change-materials (PCM), which provide a fast, low energy and non-volatile means to endow metasurfaces with a switching mechanism. In this regard, great advancements have been done in the mid infrared and near infrared spectrum using different chalcogenides. In the visible spectral range, however, very few devices have demonstrated full phase manipulation, high efficiencies, and reversible switching. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a tunable all-dielectric Huygens metasurface made of antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) PCM, a low loss and high-index material in the visible spectral range with a large contrast (nearly 0.5) between its amorphous and crystalline states. We show close to 2pi phase modulation with high associated transmittance and use it to create switchable beam steering and holographic display devices. These novel chalcogenide PCM metasurfaces have the potential to emerge as a platform for next generation spatial light modulators and to impact application areas such as tunable and adaptive flat optics, LiDAR, and many more.


An impact force probe was fabricated and tested on 'Solo' papaya fruit at five different stages of ripeness. The probe derived force characteristics were related to fruit ripeness, firmness, and yellowing. The magnitude of the first peak of the impact force response was found to correlate with fruit firmness and inversely correlated with ripeness with correlation coefficients r = 0.894 and –0.809, respectively. Impact testing did not hasten fruit ripening and was found to be more sensitive at determining firmness of ripe fruit compared to penetrometer firmness or color measurement. However, the probe could not separate immature from mature green fruit. Fruit mass and irregularity of fruit shape did not significantly affect either the impact response or penetrometer firmness. Therefore, the impact force probe was capable of grading fruit into different stages of ripeness.


Highly efficient CdTe thin film solar cells prepared by close-spaced sublimation (CSS) method with a glass/ITO/CdS/CdTe/Cu-doped carbon/Ag structure were characterized by low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurement. A broad 1.42 eV band probably due to VCd–Cl defect complexes appeared as a result of CdCl2 treatment. CdS/CdTe junction PL revealed that a CdSxTe1-x mixed crystal layer was formed at the CdS/CdTe interface region during the deposition of CdTe by CSS and that CdCl2 treatment promoted the formation of the mixed crystal layer. Furthermore, in the PL spectra of the heat-treated CdTe after screen printing of the Cu-doped carbon electrode, a neutral-acceptor bound exciton (ACu0, X) line at 1.590 eV was observed, suggesting that Cu atoms were incorporated into CdTe as effective acceptors after the heat treatment.


A design technique for generating negative group delay (NGD) without the use of lossy circuits is reported. Furthermore, the lossless NGD circuit is employed in designing a serially fed antenna array. The NGD is generated by using an antenna and a T-junction power divider. The NGD circuit cancels out the positive group delay in serially fed arrays resulting in beam squint elimination.


The work presented concerns the analysis of the behavior of a "Photovoltaic (PV) / Battery" system to supply a load at isolated sites. We have dimensioned the "PV sources and storage battery" to satisfy the energy requirement of the load. The control Chain of the DC / DC converter is developed using the Hill Climbing HC MPPT algorithm.


The PSC bridges have recently been widely used in Korea. The PSC bridge is a structure whose performance is improved through the use of tendons and steel bars in deflection and cracking characteristics of the concrete. Therefore, measurement or estimation of the load acting on tendon is important in order to maintain the PSC bridges efficiently and safely. This paper deals with a numerical study on the deformation of a multi-tendon anchor head in order to verify the relationship between the load acting on tendon and the deformation of anchor head. All kinematics, material properties and contact nonlinearity are included for the precise analysis and numerical studies are performed by Abaqus. From the numerical results, it is verified that the hoop strain is most useful in the estimation of the load acting on tendon and strains are affected by various parameters such as friction coefficient, boundary conditions, and arrangement.


Procedures and evaluation criteria of the tetrazolium test on the seeds of Salvia splendens Sell ex Roem. & Schult. and S. farinacea Benth. were studied. Decoating was found necessary for satisfactory staining. Soaking the naked embryo in 0.5% TTC solution and incubating at 37.5°C for 30 minutes yielded good results. Six staining patterns were recognized. The viable categories of each pattern were determined by the root mean square method. Three patterns represented viable and three non-viable seeds.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of a novel service for the non-offending partners (NOPs) of men who have sexually offended against children.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper examines the rationale for the current service and the preliminary qualitative data that reflect how NOPs experience the group innovations.

Findings

Interviews and previous qualitative analyses demonstrate both the positive changes that the NOP programme supports regarding child protections skills and the value that NOPs perceive in incorporating male therapists and male offenders into the process.

Research limitations/implications

Given these recent changes to the NOP group, and the small group sizes, the ability to examine how the NOPs perceive these innovations, the personal impact they have on change in NOPs, and more importantly, the impact on recidivism and reduction of further harm to children are yet to be fully investigated and these are central questions for the service to ensure that it offers a valid and reliable intervention programme and limits the extent to which the programme can be generalised. Further research will plug this gap.

Practical implications

The service offers new challenges for NOPs with the aim of making them better understand offending against children, their role in protecting children, and ultimately the protection of children in general. This may act as a model for the development of future services for these individuals.

Originality/value

There are few programmes aimed at providing support and intervention for an often marginalised group of individuals, the female NOPs of men who have sexually offended against children. This programme includes new approaches to working with the women providing them with new sources of support and insight.


The scattering of the time‐reversed wave by a rough surface is considered in the present paper. Using the Green function theory the point source field scattering by the rough surface in the Kirchhoff approximation is considered and the equation for the time‐reversed and retransmitted back to the rough surface wave is obtained. The spatial distribution and the intensity spectrum of the scattered wave are evaluated for the Gaussian model of the rough surface and their features are examined. The modifications of the spectrum of the time‐reversed wave as a function of the relation of the propagation time of the wave to the source‐receiver array to the characteristic period of the surface roughness variation are discussed.


Purpose: We investigated the changes of plastic lens after etching of coating films by comparing uncoated lens. Methods: CR-39, middle index and high index lenses of 0 (zero) diopter were etched at and room temperature using a coating remover, and then changes of refractive power, transmittance and surface morphology were investigated. Results: There were no differences in refractive power and transmittance between uncoated and etched lenses. The etching rate was similar in both CR-39 and middle index lens, but in the case of high index lens, it was slower and less steady than the others. From the SEM observation of lens surface, etching damage was found out on the surface of etched lens. It was shown the least damage in middle index lens but the most damage in high index lens. Conclusions: If the etching of coating films is demanded on condition that the surface of ophthalmic lenses are not damaged, a using of most adequate coating remover based on lens material should be considered, and a caution for proper etching conditions is required.


ABSTRACT Democratic legitimacy is sometimes measured by comparing what individuals expect of democracy with their evaluations of democratic performance. However, such composite measures hinder our understanding of whether any factors found to shape legitimacy do so through effects on expectations, through effects on evaluations or through effects on both. This article considers people's democratic expectations and evaluations separately. By modelling each – along with their combination in a measure of legitimacy – it identifies the factors that shape each outcome, and in particular whether any effects on legitimacy run through what people expect of democracy or through their evaluations of democratic performance. Models are run for four different dimensions of democracy to test whether the factors shaping people's attitudes vary between different aspects of the democratic system. The analysis is conducted using Wave 6 of the European Social Survey (2012-13) on populations across 16 west European countries. Analysis of individual country populations also enables us to identify whether the causes and mechanisms of democratic legitimacy vary between different national contexts.


Selecting subject has a great influence on selecting curriculum knowledge.Since ethnic education is characterized with both ethnicity and nationality,its curriculum knowledge plays an important role in combining the two.The subject selected in curriculum knowledge of ethnic education should include both national subject and the subject of the state.The latter decides the goal,subject,object,basis and standard in curriculum knowledge selection and helps realize identification of the state by students of different ethnic groups.


Discourse, discussion, and discovery! These are the resources available for the effective teaching of biology. No one needs to be used to the exclusion of the others. No one is better than the others. Whatever the method, or combination of methods, in any analysis of effective teaching, we come ultimately to the teacher himself. It is his enthusiasm for his subject, his interest in young people, his grasp of the pertinent information in his field and its significanc ,-it is all these which form that vital, y t intangible, pathway for exchange of ideas and in piration between student and teacher. Just as the master painter blends his colors to produce a picture of great beauty so he who aspires to be a master teacher of biology must work out the proper balance of those resources which will transmit to youthful minds the fascinating storv of the science of living things.


Cyclic enamine derivatives (enesulfonamides and enamides) tethered to an 1-arylalkynyl fragment undergo a platinum(II)-catalyzed tandem alkyne addition/Friedel-Crafts ring closure to form nitrogen-containing polycyclic structures. Regioselectivity in the initial addition of the enesulfonamide or enamide nucleophile to the platinum(II)-alkyne complex is important. Electron-rich arenes and heterocycles led to the formation of products resulting from an initial 6-endo cyclization. Twenty-three examples of this process are presented.


This is a report based on the first three years of the Heart of Glass programme. It presents findings from a qualitative evaluation. In response to the idea that Creative People and Places (CPP) is an action research project, findings have been fed back to the Heart of Glass team iteratively throughout the first three years. In this report, we draw together those findings, presenting a series of detailed case studies of commissioned projects, interviews with key stakeholders and Heart of Glass staff.


Benefits give to collaborators great satisfaction and well-being and contribute towards a decrease in absenteeism and dismissal of workers in an organization. Current analysis describes which social benefits the service and commerce sections concede and the role of employees in this context. Twelve service firms and twelve commerce firms in the central mesoregion of the state of Parana, Brazil, were analyzed. Data were collected in the first half of 2013 by questionnaires answered by the organization´s personnel administrator and the study was based on descriptive statistics. Results show that firms provide only mandatory benefits and concede other benefits to maintain its employees. The area of human resources is an intermediary section in benefit concessions and strategic for the firm in the transformational process.


The essence of socialism is aimed at the liberation of human beings,which is the embodiment of its truth and value,the basic requirement of strenthening the comprehensive national power at the elementany stage of socialism,and the historical basis of the communist ambition.Because only by improving the quality of socialist constructionists can we implement the objective law of liberating and developing productive forces;and realize the direction of value on satisfying the needs of the people ;power of socialism in economy,politics,military affairs and culture and make human beings become the master of nature and himself.


A steel pipe adopting a space curve butt-welded seam comprises a steel pipe I and a steel pipe II; and a butt-welded seam in the form of a space curve is formed between the steel pipe I and the steel pipe II. Compared with the conventional plane butt-welded seam, the space curve butt-welded seam has the characteristics that the welded seam height can remain unchanged while the welded seam length is greatly increased, or the welded seam height is decreased appropriately while the welded seam length is increased greatly, and the bearing capacity can still be guaranteed. Meanwhile, with the increase of the bearing capacity of the butt-welded seam, the integral bearing capacity of the butt-welded seam can not be much affected by local tiny defects; and the welded seam height can be reduced appropriately, so as to reduce the welding difficulty, improve the welding quality, and correspondingly guarantee the bearing capacity of the butt-welded seam.


In order for cities to meet their transport emissions reduction targets, many around the world are deploying electric buses, with mass production reducing both unit costs and the associated technological risks. Today, electric vehicles offer reliable technology, a stable operating environment, a practical daily range and ready access to a variety of proven charging systems, either at the depots or on the street. Against this background, the ASSURED project has been fundamental in advancing the electrification of urban commercial fleets and their integration with high-power, fast-charging infrastructure. To achieve this, the project has developed and tested high-power solutions for full-size, urban, heavy-duty applications, with the goal for each being to be able to successfully charge various types of vehicles. This would enable operators to 'mixand-match' the different brands of vehicles and chargers they deploy. Under the coordination of VUB and strongly supported by UITP as the demonstration activities leader the ASSURED project gathered the most relevant players along the entire value chain of electric mobility. The objective was to collectively address the standardisation and interoperability challenges posed, and to develop solutions that enable the full electrification or urban commercial fleets. ASSURED provides an outstanding example of how cooperation can make a difference and can provide productive results capable of advancing the sector.


In the process of teacher recruitment,a university in today's China should: strengthen the post awareness to change the staff size management into the post management;employ teachers according to their quality and the need of posts ley avoiding nepotism;solve the problem of recruiting teachers of low quality;and try to improve the ability to find real latents by getting a clear understanding of the essence of famous university orientation.


Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a supplement containing Cannabis sativa oil and other plant derivatives (Boswellia serrata Roxb. and Zingiber officinale phytosomized extracts) combined with physiotherapy treatments in dogs with osteoarthritis. We evaluated the response of serum inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers to the treatment. We found a significant reduction in the levels of serum markers reflecting the strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the supplement under study. HIGHLIGHTS Diet supplements are a valid alternative therapy in dogs with osteoarthritis. Evidence of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of a supplement containing Cannabis sativa oil and other plant derivatives (Boswellia serrata Roxb. and Zingiber officinale).


We are wholly dependent upon energy of solar, terrestrial and celestial origin. Contributions from any basically new form of energy are unlikely. Fossil fuels are the basis of modern economies, crude oil being dominant. Overall energy demand and the considerable, special merits of crude oil and natural gas will lead to enormous demand for these two commodities in the coming decades. Oil and gas lend themselves to the economies of scale which are as important as technical factors. Vigorous and efficient world-wide exploration and research and development in improved recovery would appear urgent and important. A shortfall in these commodities could have serious economic repercussions world-wide. A massive shortfall could be disastrous. Research and development in coal, oil shale, tar sands, heavy oil, nuclear fracturing of reservoir rocks and fundamental issues to improve overall efficiency in using resources are worth early expenditure. Doubling total system efficiency or recovery percentage would each be equivalent to doubling proven reserves. Australia seems fairly well endowed with natural gas and brown coal but the locations with respect to large population centres are less than ideal. Reserves of uranium are also substantial. There could be serious shortages of black coal and oil resources. A good balance of components might not be easy to achieve if national security were given due weight. For example, to maintain its industrial economic growth Australia needs imported crude oil as a major contributor to primary energy consumption in spite of vulnerability to foreign control of supply and price.


The design and computation problems of optimum nonlinear digital time-delay control systems is considered. A minimum principle is presented which solves the design problem, and a second-order computational algorithm is developed which solves the computation problem. The minimum principle is shown to be a special case of a generalized minimum principle in. Hilbert space. The computational algorithm is actually a Newton-like hill-climbing technique for iteratively improving the guessed initial values of the conjugate vector λ so as to satisfy the final condition of the problem. The main advantage of the present algorithm is that it does not require excess memory as in other algorithms.


This paper examines Canadian Metis author Lisa Bird-Wilson's short story collection Just Pretending in light of "race shifting" as identified by Darryl Leroux in Distorted Descent. Against a model of Metis identity that is based purely on distant genealogical connections and self-identification, Bird-Wilson's collection suggests that Metis identity is inseparable from community relationships and responsibilities. Images of "fine red threads" in these stories refer not only to veins, but also to storylines that can counter dispossession and homelessness.


American political development (APD) is a subfield of political science which focuses on the dynamics of political change in the United States. Although most APD work is historical in nature, the goal of APD scholarship is not simply to document the past, but rather to understand the temporal patterns and processes that have shaped the development of the American polity. APD scholars typically employ historical-institutional methodologies, including a focus on the ways in which political action is structured by a pre-existing landscape of rules, routines, and norms of legitimate action. But while the field is known for its institutional emphasis, APD practitioners have also had a good deal to say about ideas and ideology. This article will survey the field's origins, methodological assumptions, and major achievements, paying particular attention to APD's contributions to the study of political thought.

Keywords:

institutionalism;
liberalism;
United States


PURPOSE
Disparities in health outcomes due to a diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been reported for a number of demographic groups. This study was conducted to examine the outcomes of late-stage diagnosis, treatment, and cancer-related death according to race and geographic residency status (rural vs urban).

METHODS
This study utilized cross-sectional and follow-up data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program for all incident colon and rectal tumors diagnosed for the Atlanta and Rural Georgia Cancer Registries for the years 1992-2007.

FINDINGS
Compared to whites, African Americans had a 40% increased odds (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.30-1.51) of late-stage diagnosis, a 50% decreased odds (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.37-0.68) of having surgery for colon cancer, and a 67% decreased odds (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.25-0.44) of receiving surgery for rectal cancer. Rural residence was not associated with late stage at diagnosis or receipt of treatment. African Americans had a slightly increased risk of death from colon cancer (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.00-1.24) and a larger increased risk of death due to rectal cancer (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.14-1.35). Rural residents experienced a 15% increased risk of death (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01-1.32) due to colon cancer.

CONCLUSIONS
Further investigations should target African Americans and rural residents to gain insight into the etiologic mechanisms responsible for the poorer CRC outcomes experienced by these 2 segments of the population.


Marx's analysis of the concept of class in chapter 52 of Capital Volume III is unfortunately far from being complete. This paper aims at reconstructing a Marxian conceptualisation of class on the basis of Marx's own writings and with the aid of representatives of creative Soviet Marxism such as Evald Ilyenkov and contemporary Western critical theory, specifically the Open Marxism approach and Werner Bonefeld. It proposes that class is not a sociological entity signifying a group or a stratum in society. Rather, it is a fluid being that is logically preceded by its conceptuality: class is a continuously constituted social relation that is mediated politically; it is the mode of being of the human basis of capitalist social relations of production.


Sir, Koebner's isomorphic phenomenon refers to the development of new lesions of a dermatosis (clinically and pathologically similar to the pre‐existing dermatosis) at previously uninvolved sites after trauma. It has been classically described with psoriasis, vitiligo, and lichen planus, and is thought to represent active disease.1 Reports of Koebner's phenomenon occurring in autoimmune bullous disorders are uncommon. Here, we report a case of bullous pemphigoid who developed Koebner's phenomenon at the site of tuberculin skin test.


With'Korla fragrant pear'orchard as research object,through the crown division,the light intensity in the different parts of crown and fruit yield and quality were determined,and the differences of light intensity and yield quality were analyzed,in order to study the relationship between the distribution of light intensity in the different parts of crown and yield and quality of'Korla fragrant pear',and providing theoretical basis for training and pruning.The results showed that the distribution of relative light intensity in the crown gradually descended from upper to lower layer,it was gradually increased from the inner bore to the periphery.Less 30% of the relative light intensity distribute mainly in the lowest layer of crown.The fruit yield distribute mainly from 1.5mto 3.0mheight that light conditions were well in the crown.The fruit weight,firmness,the content of vitamin C and soluble solids were positively correlate to relative light intensity.The regression equations in relationships between yield and good quality factors and relative light intensity were set up and the findings were obtained,that the suitable relative light intensity were 72.48% for yield,62.33% for fruit weight,52.88% for fruit shape index,45.91% for firmness,52.28% for vitamin C content,59.53% for soluble solids content,66.44% for titratable acid.Therefore,the distribution of light intensity in the different parts of crown and yield and quality was closely related,and the high yield and better quality fruit was upper-middle-layer and periphery of crown that light intensity was higher.It is better to improve the fruit commodity rate,if the light was distributed evenly within the crown.


Microbe Abstract. In this paper, different proportion of activated carbon was added to the Rehmannia glutinosa continuous cropping soils including first and second stubble to adjust the phenolic acids content and microbial biomass and improve the soil environment after continuous cropping. Results showed that vanillic acid, vanillin and ferulic acid in the continuous cropping soils were all somewhat decreased after a growth cycle, half a year. The ratio of fungi to bacteria was increased in the soil cropped Rehmannia glutinosa for one year, while decreased in the second stubble soil after addition of activated carbon. Taken together, the effect, 0.8 percent addition of activated carbon to the soil cropped Rehmannia glutinosa for two years, was the best.


Al matrix composites containing discontinuous SiC fibers, SiC whiskers and Al2O3 particles were fabricated by a prepack-press and hot extrusion method. Tensile tests were performed at temperatures from 25° to 600°C. Both the SiC fibers and SiC whiskers are fractured to fine fragments by hot extrusion. Al2O3 particles/7075 alloy composites aged at 160°C has ultimate tensile strength 63 kg/mm2 the highest in this experiment. Pure Al composites containing 30 vol% of Al2O3 particles have elongation up to 5% and ultimate tensile strength about 40 kg/mm2.


In writing Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp, Harriet Beecher Stowe became the first major American author to produce what amounts to a campaign novel. Composed as the events that shaped the canvass unfolded and as the Republican party completed its national organization, excerpted in many Republican newspapers before its release, prefaced so as to steer its reception toward the great decision facing the nation, published in the late summer as election excitement was reaching its peak, heralded in the Republican press as a contribution to the cause,(1) advertised by its publisher alongside other works of campaign propaganda(2)--the novel in both its writing and its dissemination assumed the role of an instrument to promote a Republican victory in the election of 1856. Yet, given that American anti-slavery parties competed only in the North, Dred seems at first glance a less effective piece of political literature than its predecessor, Uncle Tom's Cabin, written before the Republican Party was formed. Whereas the earlier novel can be read as a long dramatization of Northern political and moral complicity in the Southern slave system whose aim is to point the way toward allaying that complicity, Dred takes notice of the North only to dismiss it as hopelessly lost to demoralization. Both the novel's most cynical (Frank Russel) and its most idealistic (Father Dickson) character describe Northern political, economic, and ecclesiastical institutions as irreversibly subservient to the slave interest.(3) This dissimilarity between the two narratives reflects a more fundamental difference: only Dred is a self-consciously historical novel.(4) The second party system--in which the Northern Whig and Democratic establishments suppressed or disarmed the anti-slavery elements within their own ranks who tried to alter each party's dominant conciliatory position--is by the time of the later novel's composition a thing of the past, so that what still lay within a field of struggle when Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin can now be taken for granted: the inability of the earlier party system to express Northern principles and to halt the progress of slavery. If Dred, then, helped to shape public beliefs in a way profitable to the Republicans, it must have done so not by adumbrating a potential Northern liberation, as had Uncle Tom's Cabin, but by fostering an historical consciousness supportive of the party's world-view. Indeed, a Republican vision of American history was built into even the party's most event-bound appeals. In the campaign of 1856, Republicans sought to demonstrate that those current crimes against Northerners which so alarmed the public were no more than the climax of slavery's victories on other fronts over the preceding forty years. As James Pike put it, "Kansas is telling the story of slavery,"(5) and indeed that territory, in which an invading pro-slavery minority with the help of the federal government was violently imposing laws and legislatures on the free-state majority, functioned within Republican discourse as a theatre upon which the history of the nation both culminated and displayed itself. Bleeding Kansas was the progress of American slavery made visible. A stanza from one Republican campaign song shows how this distinction between the hidden and the visible supported a view of the historical present as a return of the repressed: Long, too long, the Slayer's lash, Has cursed their own plantation-- Now, their murd'rous weapons flash In face of all the nation.(6) By putting aside the identity of slavery's victims in the two instances, this stanza reduces the terms of comparison to the category of space in order to distinguish between the private, strategically hidden, and economic on the one hand and the public, spectacularly visible, and political on the other. The song thus illustrates the relationship between the Republican rhetoric of crisis and the party's ideology: as even the rhyme between "plantation" and "nation" suggests, Northerners who had assumed that politics could paper over the antagonism between slavery and freedom found, as a consequence of this very policy of evasion, the slave system transposed from the economic to the political realm and from the individual slave to the nation as a political body. …


Absorption of electromagnetic waves at harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency in connection with the diagnostics of r-f heated plasma is considered. (AIP)


Background: Portable glucometers are often utilized at the patient's bedside in the ICU or operating room for frequent measurements of the blood glucose concentration. Many of these devices are based on a glucose oxidase method that may be influenced by . The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a high of arterial blood on measured glucose values compared with venous blood. Methods: Forty adult patients who underwent surgery with general anesthesia were included in this study. Each patient had a cannula inserted into the radial artery and a central venous catheter through the right internal jugular vein. Two hours after the induction of anesthesia, we drew arterial and venous blood and measured the blood glucose concentration using both a bedside glucometer based on a glucose oxidase method and a laboratory glucometer based on a hexokinase method. We also measured blood gas, electrolyte, and hematocrit values. Statistical analyses were performed with repeated measure ANOVA, multiple linear regression, and Bland-Altman's analysis. Data is expressed as mean . SD. Results: The arterial blood glucose concentration measured by the glucose oxidase method (119.5 25.0 mg/dl) was significantly lower than the venous blood (133.5 24.8 mg/dl) and hexokinase method (134.2 27.1 mg/dl). There was no significant difference between the venous blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase method and hexokinase method. When we used the correction formula: corrected glucose value = arterial glucose value by glucose oxidase method + 0.1053 - 5.414, the bias improved from - 14.6 mg/dl to 1.0 mg/dl. Conclusions: The blood glucose concentration measured by the glucose oxidase method is more accurate in venous blood than oxygenated arterial blood. When we measure the blood glucose level using the glucose oxidase method, we should consider the influence of high oxygen tension.


man, although one of us (L. D. C.) was unable to verify this observation.2 Other investigators have reported that LSD-25 intoxication is ameliorated by premedication with chlorpromazine,3,4 serotonin,5 and reserpine.4 However, it has also been reported that serotonin6 and reserpine3 intensify LSD-25 effects. Hoch7 found that premedication with amobarbital (Amytal) sodium and chlorpromazine did not prevent LSD-25 or mescaline intoxication but pointed out that such drugs produced suppressive effects when given at the height of the intoxication.


The present invention relates to a user interface system for a personal healthcare environment. Furthermore the invention relates to a method of operating such a user interface system. In order to provide a user interface system which can easily be used by disabled users, a user interface system (1) is suggested, comprising a number of user interface components (2, 3, 4), and further comprising an adaptation module (5), said adaptation module (5) being adapted to carry out an automatic adaptation of at least one of the components (2, 3, 4) based on the disabilities of an individual user.


The article deals with the transformation of lyric genres, the example is the genre shift of the lyrical epistle in the second half of the 20th century. The conclusion is made, based on the material of different authors" epistles, that the lyrical epistle was the dominant genre of contemporary letters, despite the impossibility of communication.


Supply chains have been an important part of the discussion of the American economy. However, this discussion has lacked an empirical definition of who are the suppliers and this has limited our understanding of their role in national performance. This paper introduces a new industry categorization that separates Supply Chain industries (i.e., those that sell their goods and services primarily to other businesses or governments) from Business-to-Consumer (B2C) industries (i.e., those that sell primarily to consumers). Our analysis uses the 2002 Benchmark Input-Output Accounts from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis to identify Supply Chain and B2C industries. Using this categorization we examine the supply chain economy during the 1998–2013 period across several metrics: the number of firms, employment, wages, labor occupation composition, patenting, and growth dynamics. We find that supply chain industries comprise a large segment of the economy. In particular, there are many suppliers of traded services both in terms of employment and number of firms. Supply chain industries, especially traded services, have higher average wages than other industry segments. This can be explained in part by the larger relative presence of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) occupations in supply chain industries, and in particular in the suppliers of traded services (though non-STEM occupations such as accounting, finance, managerial, and logistics are also important to service suppliers). While STEM occupations are most prevalent in suppliers of traded services, patents are primarily concentrated in manufacturing suppliers. Together, these observations suggest that much of the U.S. innovative activity happens in the supply chain economy. We also find that the employment in the supply chain economy has been evolving away from manufacturing and towards services for the period under examination (1998-2013), with suppliers of traded services experiencing high growth in employment and wages. Finally, the analysis of the growth trends during the business cycles reveals that the supply chain economy is particularly susceptible to economic crises (2001-2002; 2007-2009). Overall, our findings call for targeted policies that recognize that suppliers are a large segment of the U.S. economy, are a mix of manufacturers and service providers, have a diverse and distinct set of labor occupations, drive innovation, and are vulnerable to crises. * Scott Stern has contributed important insights. We also thank Alfonso Gambardella, Jorge Guzmán, Bill Kerr, and Ramana Nanda for helpful comments. We thank Christopher Rudnicki for great assistance with the data analysis and project stewardship. Author contact information: Mercedes Delgado (MIT Sloan, ISC; email@example.com; corresponding author) and Karen G. Mills (Harvard Business School; firstname.lastname@example.com).


seen at an early stage. In almost all cases there was only a single patch. The cases, he states, were certainly alopecia, but were of a similar type in every case, and he concluded that the type was a special one. Repeated microscopical examinations of the stumps and plugs failed to disclose any organism, nor could any be cultivated. They yielded readily to the application of an unguentum hydrarg. oxidi rubri with cantharides, and no further patches developed. In the author's experience any evidence of the contagion of alopecia areata is very scanty, though the disease is very common. He has seen many examples of family alopecia areata in which members of a family were affected at different ages, but without the striking evidence of contagion seen in ringworm, and the tendency to recurrence is very striking in contrast to ringworm. The clinical features were those of an areate alopecia. The author has had experience of the very rare concurrence of ringworm and alopecia areata, but has never seen proof that the alopecia may directly be a sequence of ringworm. It would not be surprising, he remarks, if those two conditions, so common in childhood, should occasionally co-exist in the same person. That this occurrence is extremely rare is shown by the fact that, out of many thousands of cases seen at the Downs School, not one single example has been met with. The author's experience of ordinary alopecia areata is that it is not contagious. He refers, in conclusion, to two epidemics, in one of which 1,100 school children were affected. Though clinically an alopecia, a tricophyton was found. The author of this paper does not feel convinced that this was a ringworm outbreak. In another epidemic, 63 out of 69 children in an institution were attacked. All recovered except the original patient, who went to reside with a woman