Increasing unemployment has significantly captured researcher attention in the past few decades. Although, the role of the Phillips curve in this regard has also been done, multiple times. But despite this vast scope, some factors are left untouched like the role of improved life expectancy. Similarly, each country differs from another in some manner. Hence, we tried to concentrate on economies that are demographically and geographically similar (but not the same). For this purpose, south Asian Economies are selected that are Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Researchers disclosed only those determinants who has proven a static role in decreasing or increasing the Unemployment rate. In this research, the impact of some socioeconomic determinants inflation, unemployment, life expectancy, and gross domestic product growth has been taken into consideration. Besides, exchange rates, foreign direct investment, and broad money are also examined. Panel data has been collected from World Development Indicators, over the time frame 1980-2020. For Statistical analysis, a multiple regression approach has been utilized, using SPSS. Results revealed that in Bangladesh, suggests that inflation, foreign investment, broad money, and GDP growth significantly while exchange rate and life expectancy are insignificantly associated with the unemployment rate. Although, in the case of only GDP growth, foreign investment, exchange rate, and broad money are statistically significant. Conversely, in Pakistan, life expectancy, inflation, GDP growth, exchange rate, and broad money has confirmed their statistical significance. While in Sri Lanka, life expectancy, GDP growth, exchange rate, and broad money significantly determine unemployment. Similarly, Panel Regression estimates revealed that life expectancy, inflation, GDP growth, exchange rate, foreign investment, and broad money significantly determines the unemployment rate.


Objective To compare the effects of 5-Fu intravenous or intrapreitoneal chemotherapy on the cell cycle in mice following peritoneal implantation of H22 cell.Methods Forty-five mice inoculated with H22 cell suspension intraperitoneally were divided into three groups: A.control group;B.intravenous chemotherapy group(IV group) with 5-Fu(20mg/kg every day) for one week after inoculation;C.intraperitoneal chemotherapy group(IPC group) with the same dose of 5-Fu at the same time.On the 3rd,5th and 7th day,ascites cells of each group were collected.Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle and cell apoptosis(Sub-G1).Results It was found that the ratio of apoptosis and S-phase would increase with time lengthening(P0.01),and the ratio was higher in the intraperitoneal group than in the intraverous group at each time point(P0.01).Conclusions 5-Fu induced apoptosis of cancer cells and to be arrested at S phase in animal vivo.The curative effects of intraperitoneal chemotherapy was more satisfactory.


Background and Aim:  Nitric oxide (NO) inhibition aggravates hepatic damage and encephalopathy and increases mortality in rats with thioacetamide (TAA)‐induced acute liver failure. Statins enhance NO synthase expression beyond their lipid‐lowering capability, but the impact on encephalopathy remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of simvastatin on rats with TAA‐induced acute liver damage and hepatic encephalopathy.


Introduction Multi-nuclear MR spectroscopy at high magnetic field (7T and above) is a promising tool for investigating cerebral metabolism with optimal sensitivity affording a wide range of applications in medical research. In particular, C MRS is a unique modality that specifically enables the measurement of tissue Glycogen [1]. The main difficulty while implementing C MRS in human scanners at high field is the need for decoupling of the single-bond C-H hetero-nuclear J coupling while respecting the IEC guidelines for SAR. In this study we present a successful implementation of in vivo C MRS at 7T in human calf muscle, including the in vivo detection of Glycogen together with an experimental evaluation of an existing decoupling technique Waltz16 [3], exploring its feasibility in humans at 7T and comparing it to continuous-wave (CW) decoupling.


In this paper the authors stated the perfopnance of the National System of Charges for Medical Services nf the Mexican Ministry of Health. The study focus the analysis on 1 776 charges on hospitals at a secundary level of attention. It includes a presentation of the background of the System, and it's regulations, major problems and irregularities. The main founding were: a) irregularities on the classification forpayment of thepatientsaccording to social class. The 67per cent of ussers were classified in the upper class section; b) additonal charges of 109 per cent on deconcentrated states; c) fees dont established on information on costs. The authors recomended: 1) Establishment of cost units on regional basis; 2) standarization ofprocedwes of socioeconomic class~cation, exemption o payment and disminution of discretional procedures; 3) programmed adjustment on fees; 4) Monitoring of the system; 5) integration to the System of the third level of attentwn and the descentralized states and; 6) solution to budget problems.


The Neuroscience domain stands out from the field of sciences for its dependence on the study and characterization of complex, intertwining structures. Understanding the complexity of the brain has led to widespread advances in the structure of large-scale computing resources and the design of artificially intelligent analysis systems. However, the scale of problems and data generated continues to grow and outpace the standards and practices of neuroscience. In this paper, we present an automated neuroscience reconstruction framework, called NeuroKube, for large-scale processing and labeling of neuroimage volumes. Automated labels are generated through a machine-learning (ML) workflow, with data-intensive steps feeding through multiple GPU stages and distributed data locations leveraging autoscalable cloud-native deployments on a multi-institution Kubernetes system. Leading-edge hardware and storage empower multiple stages of machine-learning, GPU-accelerated solutions. This demonstrates an abstract approach to allocating the resources and algorithms needed to elucidate the highly complex structures of the brain. We summarize an integrated gateway architecture, and a scalable workflow-driven segmentation and reconstruction environment that brings together image big data with state-of-the-art, extensible machine learning methods.


THIS ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1977 EXAMINES AND ANALYSES THE RESULTS OF THE EIGHTH YEAR OF OPERATION OF THE LONG-TERM COUNTING STATIONS. FOR THE PERIOD FROM 1970 TO 1977 THERE WAS AN AVERAGE GROWTH RATE OF 4.8 PERCENT AND 4.7 PERCENT FOR ALL TRAFFIC FROM 1976 TO 1977. COMPARED WITH THIS THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN QUANTITY OF 7.2 PERCENT AND 3.9 PERCENT IN FUEL CONSUMPTION. THE REDUCTION IN AVERAGE JOURNEY DISTANCE FOR 1976/1977 WAS APPROXIMATELY 2.3 PERCENT. FOR THE PERIOD 1970 TO 1977 THERE WAS A REDUCTION OF NEARLY 14 PERCENT IN THE JOURNEY DISTANCE PER VEHICLE COMBINED WITH AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES OF 61 PERCENT AND A GROWTH IN TRAFFIC DENSITY OF 39 PERCENT. CHANGES IN THE COUNTING STATION NETWORK, THE OPERATION OF THE COUNTING STATIONS AND TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING FROM COUNT-DATA FORM THE CONTENT OF DISCUSSIONS. THE REPORT IS SUPPLEMENTED BY TABLES ON TRAFFIC INTENSITY AND DEVELOPMENT. IT WAS POSSIBLE TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF THE RESULTS MEASURED BY THE INTRODUCTION OF CORRECTION FACTORS. A CHANGEOVER WAS MADE FROM TRAFFIC LANES TO JOURNEY DIRECTION METHODS OF OBSERVATION FROM WHICH INFORMATION REMAINED AVAILABLE WHICH WAS DEDUCIBLE FROM THAT COLLECTION OF DATA SPECIFICALLY FROM THE RECORDING STRIPS.


Purpose – To present the steps for creating printed circuit boards (PCBs) using Protel and an LPKF plotter.Design/methodology/approach – The LPKF ProtoMat C20 plotter and three kinds of software (Protel99se, CircuitCam, BoardMaster) were used to rapidly produce PCBs.Findings – Small quantities of PCBs can be created in the laboratory using a mechanical plotter, giving a fast method that generates no chemical pollution.Originality/value – The paper highlights the file formats and steps needed to produce PCBs using an LPKF plotter.


Video communication with quality of service (QoS) is an important and challenging task. The transmitted video stream must be able to afford the bandwidth variance and unavoidable packet loss in the Internet. In particular, fine-granular-scalability (FGS) video coding has been adopted by the MPEG-4 standard as the core video-compression method for streaming applications. In this paper, we use unequal loss protection (ULP) to protect the FGS compressed video, and under the restriction of the network bandwidth, a joint source-channel rate-distortion based optimization is performed in the bit allocation to minimize the end-to-end distortion. Simulation results demonstrate effectiveness of our approach.


In 'Participatory Politics-Next-Generation Tactics to Remake Public Spheres' Elisabeth Soep explores and discusses the rise of new activities that drive youth involvement in civic life. These new forms of participatory politics that Elisabeth Soep identifies in the book comprise both digital and face-to-face encounters. She sees participatory politics as a transline activity, not online or offline, based in peer relationships, a kind of activity that do not develop automatically even when youth have been raised on digital media and mobile devices. She examines and discusses several of these cases in which young people tend to merge the cultural and the political to carry out civic activities that reshape public affairs. These findings confirm that young people are increasingly producers of media and culture and users of new ways to enter politics. In common, all these new kinds of civic initiatives seem to share a distrust of traditional institutions and conventional policy making processes, a perspective similar to that behind numerous initiatives that led to innovations in citizen e-participation in the field of urban e-planning. The book is organized into four chapters, besides Introduction and Conclusion, is supported by an updated bibliography, and addresses three main research questions: " What specific tactics are young people experimenting with to exercise agency and intervene in public affairs? How can these activities grow in quality? What work is required to ensure that opportunities to engage in participatory politics are equitably distributed among youth, including youth who are marginalized from digital access and other forms of privilege? In the first chapter ('Partici-patory politics: what sets it apart?'), Elisabeth Soep explores the activities that constitute the core features of participatory politics (e.g., circulation of information; dialogue and feedback; production of original content; investigation about issues of public concern; and mobilization of others for a grassroots effort). In the BOOK REVIEW


Indonesian (BI) has the position and function as the national language and the official language of the state. This causes the need for Indonesian to be fostered and developed as a standard language. However, Indonesian language development according to official linguistic rules is often neglected due to language interference or deviation due to the influence of regional languages that are inherent in the Indonesian nation. This interference even occurs among students whose ideas and thoughts must go through scientific writing according to official linguistic rules. This clearly hinders the smooth communication that should not happen again to students. This study uses a qualitative approach with a description model that describes systematically, factually, and accurately about the data and characteristics of the phenomenon under study. The data collection technique used in this research is to use observation techniques with written data tools, namely through making essays with free themes. Based on the results of this study, the researchers found four morphological interferences of the Acehnese language to Indonesian from all Teuku Umar University students who settled or lived in alue bata. The four words consist of three basic words, namely: laot, tepong, and tawe and one reduplication word (repeat) namely meunasah-meunasah. This should be avoided so that the Indonesian language as the nation's identity is maintained according to the applicable rules, because these forms of interference can damage Indonesian as the official language of the state which should be protected and maintained according to the applicable rules.


The invention relates to a lock password insertion pin allowed to be unlocked by a password key. In order to solve the technical problem, the lock password insertion pin allowed to be turned on by the password key in a positioning mode is provided. Password probe grooves are formed in the password key and are the same as password rings of a password insertion pin lock in positioning, and a probe is arranged on a knob and can induce the password probe grooves in the password key. The password key is arranged on the knob in a sleeved mode, people only need to rotate the knob to induce the positions of the password probe grooves, password positioning of the password key becomes easy, meanwhile, abnormal unlocking is impossible, and safe burglary prevention is guaranteed better.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have earned an upsurging inquisitiveness of the research community over the past decade and for the upcoming era, due to which we can realize its countless applications in various fields including medical, military, environment and academia. Wireless sensor networks composed of thousands or sometimes millions of sensor nodes which are usually operated by batteries that have limited energy, data processing, storage and transmission capacity. Moreover, these sensor nodes are densely deployed in human inaccessible regions and connected through error prone wireless links to offer a long coverage, therefore It is very difficult rather impractical to analyze the behavior of WSNs with real experiments. Most researches in this particular field are carried out by using simulation tools in several educational associations and research hubs. For this reason study of existing experimental tools for analyzing the behavior of WSNs becomes essential. This paper is intended to present a review on experimental tools and techniques available in the literature for WSNs, including simulators, emulators and test beds. These tools are highly useful for analyzing the operational behavior of wireless sensor networks. This paper also provides a roadmap for selecting appropriate experimental tools for various kinds of WSNs and its applications by taking into account their capabilities, relative ease of use and accuracy.


A path planning algorithm using a laser range finder are presented for real-tiem navigation of an autonomous guided vehicle. Considering that the laser range finder has the excellent resolution with respect to angular and distance measurements, a sophisticated local path planning algorithm is achieved by using the human's heuristic method. In the case of which the man knows not rhe path, but the goal direction, the man forwards to the goal direction, avoids obstacle if it appears, and selects the best pathway when there are multi-passable ways between objects. These heuristic principles are applied to the path decision of autonomous guided vehicle such as forward open, side open and no way. Also, the effectiveness of the established path planning algorithm is estimated by computer simulation in complex environment.


This paper is concerned with the influences of cross-linking(with epichlorohydrin) alone,esterification(with succinic anhydride) alone,and different sequences of their combinations on mechanical and optical properties of corn starch-based films.The results showed that with increasing cross-linking degree,the tensile strength(TS) of the films gradually increased,whereas the elongation at break(E) and transmittance gradually declined.Likewise,increasing esterificaiton degree led to a stepwise increase in the E value and transmittance of corn starch-based films and a decline in the TS value.In addition,different sequence combinations of cross-linking and esterification and amounts of modification agents had obvious influence on mechanical and optical properties of corn starch-based films.This study demonstrates that reasonable modifications can effectively improve properties of corn starch-based films for applications.


The utility model relates to the technology of digital printing, and discloses a moisturizing device for a surface of a nozzle. The moisturizing device comprise a liquid protector, a backflow pipe and a pump, wherein the liquid protector is arranged at the bottom of the nozzle, the liquid protector is connected with the pump via the backflow pipe, and the highest point of the backflow pipe is higher than the highest point of the liquid protector. Since the highest point of the backflow pipe is higher than the highest point of the liquid protector, the highest liquid level in the backflow pipe is higher than the liquid level in the liquid protector, and the liquid level in the liquid protector can always be kept contacting with the nozzle by taking advantage of the communication principle of the backflow pipe so that the surface of the nozzle can be prevented from being dry. In this way, the problem that the nozzle is physically blocked, which is caused by dry ink due to the effect of gravity and the loss of the ink when a digital jet-printing machine does not operate is prevented. Besides, the moisturizing device for the surface of the nozzle is employed, and the digital jet-printing machine is not in a standby state when the machine does not operate so that the cost is lowered, and the service lifetime of the digital jet-printing machine is extended.


A homogeneous CuO-ZnO nanostructure with tunable morphology and optical band structure is successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method under the different dopant mole ratios of Cu. The robust correlation between the crystallite size, surface morphology, optical band gap alteration of the synthesized CuO-ZnO and its performance in photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity are investigated and compared to the reference ZnO based photocathode. In this report, it is found that the morphology of hexagonal ZnO nanorod is changed to nanosheet and vertically align CuO-ZnO based nanograss after the Cu incorporation. This result is mainly due to the composition phase change after the excessive incorporation of Cu metal into ZnO lattice. Furthermore, the optical band gap of the sample also presented a bathochromic shifted after the Cu insertion. The measurements on PEC activity of CuO-ZnO nanostructure was performed under the irradiation of a 100 mWcm−2 Xenon light in 0.5M Na2SO4 electrolyte. Among the sample, 0 Zn:1 Cu exhibited a highest photocurrent density which is 5 fold as compared to its reference ZnO samples. This finding could be due to the highest surface active area and lowest optical energy band gap in the 0 Zn:1 Cu nanograss that eventually contributes to a high free electron density that facilitates the charge transport in the photoelectrochemical cells. This novel approach could provide an alternative to the future solar hydrogenation application.


As a result of our discovery of a novel reaction of TCNQ with triethylamine1 which led to the synthesis of DEMI (structure I, fig. 1)2, we have prepared a range of similar adducts of TCNQ with tertiary ethyl amines (structures I - VII). All of these adducts have similar structural components, a dicyanomethanide group separated from an electron deficient amino moiety by an aromatic/quinoidal ring and a "conjugated" π system. The spectral properties of these species are therefore very similar, comprising a broad charge transfer band with very little absorption to either side of it, in fact a "blue window" centred on 460 nm (fig. 2, below). As a result of their charge separated ground state, these molecules have large theoretical μβ(0) products, indicative of a high second order nonlinearity. The molecular figure of merit, μβ(0) has been calculated for I as -17,500 x 10-48esu. Three TCNQ adducts prepared by conventional reactions of TCNQ with secondary amines6 are included (IIX - X) for comparison purposes. The μβ(0) product of X has been determined7 to be -840 x 10-48 esu, assuming a calculated μ of 3.5 D. This material is however extremely insoluble and therefore difficult to work with.


Submitted for the DAMOP06 Meeting of The American Physical Society Toward Cavity QED on an atom chip THOMAS PURDY, DAN STAMPER-KURN, Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley — We describe the construction and operation of microfabricated atom chips containing optical cavities suitable for cavity QED. The silicon or sapphire chips support microfabricated magnetic traps and guides for ultracold atoms, as well as FabryPerot optical cavities with axes perpendicular to the chips' surface. In the case of the sapphire chip, the cavities are half planar with the flat mirrors deposited directly on the surface of the chip, and curved macroscopic mirrors mounted above the chip. The silicon chip has micromachined holes through which the modes of externally mounted Fabry-Perot cavities pass. The cavities have small enough mode volume and high enough finesse to be useful as atom number detectors in a variety of on-chip experiments. Also this technology may be used in a number of cavity QED based quantum optics schemes, which would benefit from controllable magnetic loading of cold atoms into optical cavities. Thomas Purdy Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley Date submitted: 01 Feb 2006 Electronic form version 1.4


Traveling Salesman Problems (TSP) is a widely studied combinatorial optimization problem. The goal of the TSP is to find a tour which begins in a specific city, visits each of the remaining cities once and returns to the initial cities such that the objective functions are optimized, typically involving minimizing functions like total distance traveled, total time used or total cost.
Genetic algorithms were first proposed by John Holland (1975). It uses an iterative procedure to find the optimal solutions to optimization problems.
This research proposed a hybrid Lehmer code Genetic Algorithm. To compensate for the weaknesses of traditional genetic algorithms in exploitation while not hampering its ability in exploration, this new genetic algorithm will combine genetic algorithm with 2-opt and non-sequential 3-opt heuristics. By using Lehmer code representation, the solutions created by crossover parent solutions are always feasible.
The new algorithm was used to solve single objective and multi-objectives Traveling Salesman Problems. A non Pareto-based technique will be used to solve multi-objective TSPs. Specifically we will use the Target Vector Approach. In this research, we used the weighted Tchebycheff function with the ideal points as the reference points as the objective function to evaluate solutions, while the local search heuristics, the 2-opt and non-sequential 3-opt heuristics, were guided by a weighted sum function.


Accessible online at: http://BioMedNet.com/karger The life-span view of human development that emerged 30 years ago [Baltes, 1968; Baltes and Schaie, 1973; Goulet and Baltes, 1970; Nesselroade and Reese, 1973; Schaie, 1965], or, perhaps better, reemerged [Baltes, 1979, 1983], has significantly changed the nature of scholarship about the course of human life. The perspective has promoted both quantitative and qualitative changes in the substance of the field and in the orientations of the people involved in it. Scores of scientists have been drawn to study the life span within a framework emphasizing that the core process of human development involves integrative relations between the developing individual and the multiple levels of the changing context, including history, within which he or she is embedded [Baltes, 1987; Elder, 1998; Elder et al., 1993]. Thus, the focus of empirical analysis within research influenced by a lifespan perspective is relational, systemic developmental change – textured by normative, age-graded ontogenetic change, by normative temporal (historical) change, and by nonnormative life events [Baltes, 1987; Baltes et al., 1980, 1998; Gottlieb, 1992, 1997; Gottlieb et al., 1998]. Scholars conducting such research have tended to draw on particular sets of quantitative methods [Balte et al., 1977; Nesselroade and Baltes, 1979; von Eye, 1990; von Eye and Rovine, 1991] and, more recently, qualitative ones [Ostrom et al., 1994; Overton, 1998]. These methodological choices have been legitimated by their link to key concepts promoted by the life-span perspective [Baltes, 1987; Lerner, 1984; Magnusson, 1988; Magnusson and Stattin, 1998]. For example, multivariate longitudinal designs, including sequential designs, have been coupled with change-sensitive measures, and with statistical methods useful for appraising multivariate change, in order to study different cohorts and thus to assess the historically embedded, holistic developmental systems that frame individual-context relations across the course of life [Baltes and Nesselroade, 1973; Block, 1971; Featherman and Lerner, 1985; Magnusson, 1990, 1995; Magnusson and Allen, 1983; Nesselroade, 1990; Nesselroade and Baltes, 1974; Schaie et al., 1973; Stattin and Magnusson, 1990].


Background Extreme oncoplastic breast surgery is a breast-conserving operation, using oncoplastic techniques, in a patient who, in most physicians' opinions, requires a mastectomy. These are generally large, greater than 5 cm, multifocal or multicentric tumors. This study aims to evaluate the oncologic safety and esthetic outcomes of extreme oncoplastic therapeutic mammoplasty in patients potentially required mastectomy at the first surgical opinion. Patients and methods This study included 36 female patients who presented to Breast and Endocrine Surgery Unit, General surgery department, Assiut University Hospital, Egypt, with multifocal, multicentric, or locally advanced breast cancer (tumor span >5 cm) who were initially advised to do mastectomy and asked for breast conservation as a second opinion. The workhorse of oncoplastic techniques in our facility was the Wise pattern therapeutic reduction mammoplasty tailored according to the tumor site and breast cup size. Results The mean tumor span for the 36 patients enrolled in this study was 6 cm (range: 2–9 cm). The mean of the least safety margins was 1.76 cm (ranges: 0.5–5 cm), and the mean of the maximum safety margins was 5 cm (ranges 2–9.5 cm. Three cases (8.3%) had wound infection, two cases (5.6%) had wound gapping, breast seroma developed in five cases (13.9%), loss of nipple–areola complex sensation was recorded in five cases, and fat necrosis occurred in three cases (8.3%). After a median follow-up of 37 months, local recurrence rate was 5.6% (2/36) and distant metastasis rate was 5.6% (2/36). Overall score of patient satisfaction was 'excellent' in 20 cases (55.5%), 'good' in 11 cases (30.6%), and 'fair' in five cases (13.9%). Conclusion Properly selected patients who were initially scheduled for mastectomy as a standard surgical treatment of breast cancer can be safely treated by tailored therapeutic mammoplasty techniques of extreme oncoplastic breast surgery.


past,正ロ orde 【 to predicにth巳 ignit圭on t至me ,山 e use of variQus physicei properties was required , However, almos し a 袤孟 pbysical properties of wood have a correlation wlth density. Tberefore,しhe thermal physical property of wood (in a model of pred三cting ignition time)is replaced by tbe function of density, so tha[the ignition tlme of wood can be 巳xpressed in terms of density, external heating and 【wo constants . Cone calorimeter test was performed with 7 kinds of wood , after which the


The purpose of the study presented in this paper is to add to our understanding of the added value, both monetary and non-monetary, to a brand when supporting a cause in a cause marketing ad. The findings show that consumers do not perceive the brand to be worth more if it was shown to be supporting a cause. The study also failed to show a significant improvement in consumer brand attitudes for brands featured in cause marketing ads. However, there was an attitude improvement for the cause. Product type and consumer dispositional variables were also examined.

In summary, this study calls into question the value brands derive from being paired with a cause. This study discusses productive areas of future research and managerial implications.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A neodymium-doped glass waveguide laser based on a new structure employing two core layers is reported. This double-layer structure allows a photosensitive layer to be integrated with an efficient gain layer. Singlemode operation was obtained with a lasing threshold of 93 mW and an efficiency of 0.6%


Cost-effectiveness of treatment approaches is a preoccupation of clinical practice today. The skeptic would say that in practice this means a preoccupation with cost and a passing curtsey to effectiveness. Psychotherapy finds itself somewhat at risk in this environment because of the popular notion that most people who seek and receive psychotherapy are not that critically ill and probably get too much treatment even if they are. In response to these pressures there has been a major effort to document accountability through the use of formal measures of outcome. Paul Fink, in his foreword to this book, puts it this way: "Outcome studies are the most critical path to destigmatizing mental illness and bringing more individuals who require help into the care system."

The most common way of describing the tension between effectiveness and cost is in terms of the dose-response curve that looks at outcome in relationship to the number of sessions. The researcher who has probably done most to popularize this measure is Ken Howard, one of the authors of this book.1 Howard was one of the founders of the Society of Psychotherapy Research, now a thriving international organization. Somewhat paradoxically, the managed care industry is implementing programs today that are based on findings from the outcome literature that date back many years. It comes as a shock to many clinicians to learn that the current trend toward time-limited formats is actually in keeping with a well-documented understanding of the dose-response curve.2

The first section of the book provides a succinct survey of the paradigm shift that has occurred in regard to the interface between treatment decisions by the clinician and clinical outcome. This overview begins with an attempt to understand why formal research endeavors have failed to provide clinically useful answers. In short, this section addresses the difference between efficacy (as measured in formal controlled randomized studies) and effectiveness (as measured by studying results in a regular clinical setting).

The point is also effectively made that simple pre/post measures are inadequate for providing an informed opinion on the process of change. A strong case is made for sequential measures of clinical status that follow a predictable course.3 The authors suggest that a shift is required from generic treatment to prescriptive treatment. The latter requires that clinicians be able to draw on a spectrum of treatment models and choose or combine among them on the basis of a careful multidimensional assessment.

The second section addresses five specific aspects of a behavioral health service system that have strategic importance in service utilization and clinical outcome. The first focus is on outpatient psychotherapy. Examples are presented from instruments the authors have developed that provide a multidimensional measurement of change. Clinical examples are provided of patients who have better or worse outcomes and how tracking of sequential changes might be used to predict outcome. This notion of in-treatment feedback to the clinician is a fundamental and important aspect of the system. Expected change curves can be used to assess a given patient's response in comparison to a large sample with similar characteristics and problems. These change curves can also be used to compare treatment models, treatment sites, and individual clinicians.

Another chapter is devoted to the complex task of measuring change in an inpatient population. This is an important challenge given the high pressure to move patients quickly out of the hospital into less intensive care areas. Although somewhat technical, this chapter is important reading for any clinician operating within an inpatient facility environment. The authors critique some current measurement instruments and propose one of their own that is still under development.

A similar review is provided of the measurement challenges in substance abuse treatment programs. Once again the authors dissect the problems that have to be addressed and provide some thoughtful solutions, although these solutions are at an earlier stage of development. Substance abuse is another major contributor to the use of intensive clinical resources, and therefore there is a high payoff for maximizing cost-effectiveness of clinical services.

The final two chapters deal with advantages of combined treatment with psychotherapy and medications and with treatment within a primary care setting. The tone shifts in these chapters to deal more with "best practices" ideas with a view to selection of the most appropriate treatment model and the prevention of relapse. This material provides a useful perspective for both the clinician and the administrator and highlights the importance of how a service is organized in promoting consistent quality of care. The material is geared toward the role of mental health services within a medical setting. This is an important orientation because of the likelihood of behavioral health carve-out organizations being integrated into general medical service structures.

In addition, the book cites numerous examples of the use of group psychotherapy formats for the treatment of common disorders. This is likely to be an important area of change, with group becoming the default mode for many psychological treatments.4 The authors note both the effectiveness of groups and their acceptability if introduced properly.

The examples provided in the book are drawn from the COMPASS data system developed by the authors. Thus, other sources would be required for a more comprehensive guide to possible measurement tools.5, 6 It is also useful for the reader to bear in mind that the techniques being described are still in the early stages of development. For example, the exact shape of the dose-response curve is controversial, although there is general agreement that about 75% of patients entering the mental health service system are improved by the 6-month point.7 The hope of accurate prediction of what sort of patient will respond to what sort of treatment in what time frame remains to be confirmed. Nevertheless, the goal of achieving greater uniformity and accuracy through the use of outcome data remains worth pursuing.

Well written by experts and innovators in the field of measurement in health care settings, this book goes well beyond psychotherapy programs in its attention to broader service system design. The authors' expertise is evident in their ability to home in on core issues quickly. They have provided an informed overview of how clinical programs are being expected to merge outcome information with service system design. This should be mandatory reading for clinicians and administrators alike.


This paper deals with the static and dynamic optimal shapes of both clamped columns with constant volume. The parabolic taper with the regular polygon cross-section is considered, whose material volume and column length are held constant. Numerical methods are developed for solving natural frequencies and buckling loads of columns subjected to an axial compressive load. Differential equations governing the free vibrations of such column are derived. The Runge-Kutta method is used to integrate the differential equations, and the Regula-Falsi method is used to determine natural frequencies and buckling loads, respectively. From the numerical results, dynamic stability regions, dynamic optimal shapes and configurations of strongest columns are presented in figures and tables.


Improved understanding of runaway-electron formation and decay processes are of prime interest for the safe operation of large tokamaks, and the dynamics of the runaway electrons during dynamical scenarios such as disruptions are of particular concern. In this paper, we present kinetic modelling of scenarios with time-dependent plasma parameters; in particular, we investigate hot-tail runaway generation during a rapid drop in plasma temperature. With the goal of studying runaway-electron generation with a self-consistent electric-field evolution, we also discuss the implementation of a collision operator that conserves momentum and energy and demonstrate its properties. An operator for avalanche runaway-electron generation, which takes the energy dependence of the scattering cross section and the runaway distribution into account, is investigated. We show that the simplified avalanche model of Rosenbluth and Putvinskii (1997 Nucl. Fusion 37 1355) can give inaccurate results for the avalanche growth rate (either lower or higher) for many parameters, especially when the average runaway energy is modest, such as during the initial phase of the avalanche multiplication. The developments presented pave the way for improved modelling of runaway-electron dynamics during disruptions or other dynamic events.


Woodcuts are a traditional form of engraving, where paint is rolled over the surface of a carved wood block which will be used as a printing surface over a sheet of paper, so only the non-carved parts will be printed in the paper. In this paper, we present an approach for computer simulated woodcuts using reaction-diffusion as the underlying mechanism. First, we preprocess the segmented input image to generate a parameter map, containing values for each pixel of the image. This parameter map will be used as an input to control the reaction-diffusion processing, allowing different areas of the image to have distinct appearances, such as spots or stripes with varied size or direction, or areas with plain black or white color. Reaction-diffusion is then performed resulting in the raw appearance of the final image. After reaction-diffusion, we apply a thresholding filter to generate the final woodcut black and white appearance. Our results show that the final images look qualitatively similar to some styles of woodcuts, and add yet another possibility of computer generated artistic expression.


This paper provides an up-to-date collection and comparison of C++ based agent software frameworks. Multi Agent Systems (MASs) are used in various fields like research or industry. They have different purposes such as modeling and simulation of complex systems or solving complex tasks. Over the last two decades several agent software frameworks have been developed which can be used to create or simulate MASs. The more agent software frameworks are available the harder it is choosing the best one for a given use case. In the literature java based agent software frameworks and their surveys predominate and there is a lack of information about comparable C++ based software. Several reasons like increased performance and low hardware requirements motivate using C++ based software. The selected comparison criteria help choosing the best possible agent platform software for a given use case.


The computer-assisted proof of Four Colour Map theorem (4CT) published by Kenneth Appel, Wolfgang Haken and John Koch back in 1977 [1] prompted a continuing philosophical discussion on the epistemic value of computer-assisted mathematical proofs [8],[7],[3],[2],[6]. We briefly overview this discussion and then show how the Univalent Foundations of Mathematics (UF) meet some earlier risen epistemological concerns about computer-assisted proofs and offer new possibilities for filling the gap between computer-assisted and traditional mathematical proofs. We illustrate the argument with a proof of basic theorem in Algebraic Topology formalised in UF and implemented in AGDA [5].


Today more than ever, Extension is scrutinized and evaluated for its value and relevance to the public. This report summarizes a 2010 online survey conducted by members of the National Network for Sustainable Living Education (NNSLE) to assess the sustainability mindset of Extension employees. It assessed employee behaviors, motivations, and impediments—at work and at home—in five categories. Most notably, Extension employees are avid resource conservation practitioners who are strongly influenced by saving time and money. The findings provide a platform for sustainability education in Extension offices to promote transformative institutional and community change.


Kimzeyite, a zirconium-rich garnet, found in a shoshonitic basalt from Stromboli has been submitted to chemical and X-ray structure analysis. The cell edge, determined with singlecrystal diffractometry, is 12.365A. Three points on the crystal used for the X-ray structure refinement were analyzed with the electron microprobe. The chemical formula assigned on the basis of the chemical analysis, the site occupancy refinement, and the known spectral data is: (Ca2.94Mgo.o6)(Zrl.21Tio.47Mgo.32)SiI.51AIl.ooFe~~9)012. The bond distances are: T-O 1.725, Y-O 2.055, X-O 2.472A. Introduction The name kimzeyite is applied to the calcium garnets with zirconium as dominant cation in the sixcoordinated position and containing Al and Fe3+ as compensating ions in the tetrahedral position (Ito and Frondel, 1967). The only example of kimzeyite known till now is that from Magnet Cove, Arkansas (Milton et al., 1961), since the calcium garnets high in zirconium described by Borodin and Bykova (1961; quoted from Ito and Frondel, 1967) and by Koritnig et ale (1978) can be considered as Zrschorlomites, their kimzeyitic component being less than 50 percent. Previous works (Ito and Frondel, 1967; Dowty, 1971; Huggins et al., 1977a,b) have utilized Mossbauer, optical and infrared spectroscopy, but no crystal-chemical study on natural Zr,Ti-bearing garnets based on X-ray structural determination is available at present. We aim to fill this gap with the determination of the crystal structure of kimzeyite found in a lava sample from Stromboli, Aeolian Islands. Description of the sample and chemical analysis A mineralogical and petrographic study was carried out on lava flow and scoria samples collected from the last effusive activity (November 1975) of Stromboli Island. The analyzed samples are shosho0003-004X/80/0 102-0 188$02.00 nitic basalts (Capaldi et al., 1979). Minerals were separated from the lava sample with heavy liquids. The light fraction contains zoned plagioclase and some grains of saccharoidal azure quartz. The heavy fraction contains dark green salitic pyroxene, olivine, dark green spinel, monticellite, and some brown garnets with a cell edge (a = 12.365A) similar to that of kimzeyite. The unit cell of the Stromboli garnet is also similar to that of some Zr and Ti garnets synthesized in the ternary system Ca3Fe2Si3012(andradite)Ca3Zr2Fe2Si012 (kimzeyite)-Ca3Ti2Fe2Si012 (schorlomite) (Ito and Frondel, 1967). The same crystal was used for the electron microprobe analysis and for the X-ray data collection. In Table 1 the microprobe chemical analyses of three points in a crystal of the Stromboli kimzeyite are compared with the analysis of the Magnet Cove kimzeyite. The analyses were carried out in the wavelength dispersive mode on a fully automated ARLSEMQ instrument operated at 15 kV, 0.2/JA beam current and a defocused beam. On-line data reduction was based on the Ziebold and Ogilvie (1964) method by the use of Albee and Ray (1970) correction factors. The following standard were used: hornblende, Wilberforce, Ontario, for Fe; Di85Jd15pyroxene for Ca; A 128 ilmenite for Ti and Mg; zircon for Zr and Si; Amelia albite for AI.


Psychiatric Malpractice Psychiatric Malpractice is written by an attorney who has a history of bipolar disease. It is particularly suited to the novitiate psychiatrist and the general psychiatrist who wants to know about the liability aspect of psychiatric practice. James Kelley presents classic malpractice cases with good and bad outcomes for the patient: prescription for the wrong medication, release of patients who were still acutely ill, violence by a patient against another person, and unusual disputes about the standard of psychiatric care. Of particular interest are cases of sexual misconduct by psychiatrists. In California Medical Board punishments, sexual misconduct with a patient is near the top of the list along with drugs. Kelley chose the cases not only for their intrinsic interest, but also because of the legal issues involved and the public attention evoked. One of Kelley's claims is that it is not necessary for psychotherapists to keep notes


"Get tough" control policies in the United States are often portrayed as the reflection of the public's will: Americans are punitive and want offenders locked up. Research from the past decade both reinforces and challenges this assessment. The public clearly accepts, if not prefers, a range of punitive policies (e. g., capital punishment, three-strikes-and-you're-out laws, imprisonment). But support for get-tough policies is "mushy." Thus citizens may be willing to substitute a sentence of life imprisonment without parole for the death penalty. Especially when nonviolent offenders are involved, there is substantial support for intermediate sanctions and for restorative justice. Despite three decades of criticism, rehabilitation-particularly for the young-remains an integral part of Americans' correctional philosophy. There is also widespread support for early intervention programs. In the end, the public shows a tendency to be punitive and progressive, wishing the correctional system to achieve the diverse missions of doing justice, protecting public safety, and reforming the wayward.


Business in order to continue their existence must have a huge competitive advantage. Therefore, companies must constantly improve themselves. Criteria in the competition with each other a lot of companies to come forward. Determine their position in the companies in which the weak and strong aspects of the market has become important to reveal. Used in assessing the performance of companies in this study, balanced scorecard (Balanced Scorecard - BSC) is considered.


The adsorption of organic molecules on metal surfaces can lead to complex nanostructuration of the supporting substrate. The precise atomistic and electronic structures of the C60/Au(110) interface are unveiled by combining synchrotron-based diffraction and spectroscopic techniques with density functional theory calculations. We show that the interaction between C60 molecules with Au(110) surface induces a massive interface reorganization, which leads to the $\mathrm{Au}(110)\text{\ensuremath{-}}p(6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}5)$ substrate reconstruction and to the formation of surface nanodimples. The fullerenes are hosted by these nanodimples, which are one and two layers deep. We provide evidence that the larger contact area between the C60 and the metal, which results from the substrate rearrangement, allows for the formation of strong directional C-Au bonds.


Samoan locative accent has been variously described as a lengthening of the final vowel, as a stress shift, and as a combination of the two. Measurements of the durations and pitches of the vowels involved support a two-part interpretation of locative accent: (1) the first vowel (corresponding to a stressed short vowel in the nonlocative use) is unstressed, and (2) the second vowel (corresponding to an unstressed short vowel in the nonlocative use) is a long vowel. There is thus no global accent on words with locative accent in Samoan. Therefore Samoan locative accent is quite different from Tongan definitive accent (with global accents, as described in Condax [1989]), to which Samoan locative accent has been compared.


Integrals of products of the Placzek functions E/sub m/(x) with E/sub n/ (y-x) and with E/sub n/(x), are tabulated for y values from 0 to 10 and for integers m and n from 1 to 10. The integrals, which arise in the plane scattering of particles or radiation, may be used to calculate neutron distributions in nuclear reactors and the transmission of radiation in shields. (auth)


This article explores the claim that college‐educated workers are increasingly likely to be in "noncollege" occupations. We provide a conceptual framework that gives analytical content to the previously vague distinction between "college" and noncollege jobs. We show that, when there is heterogeneity in preferences, equally productive college workers can be in college and noncollege jobs. This framework is also used to show that skill‐biased technological change will lead to a decline in the proportion of college workers in noncollege jobs. This prediction is supported by the data.


A usual procedure to test computer anti-virus programs (scanners) is to take a set of samples and compare the detection rates over this set. The paper shows the problems associated with comparative testing that usually escape the attention of testing bodies and users who base their decisions on the comparative tests. Very frequently the test set is a random selection of viruses or Trojans. The paper shows that this approach is a recipe to be unfair to the products that happened to miss a sample randomly included in the test set. The very process of compiling a test set automatically (before the test is started) sorts scanners into eluckyi and eunluckyi categories (we called this effect a erandom picki problem). The statistical analysis is presented for several usual test situations.


A recent series of experimental measurements over atmospheric channels using an optical receiver with tilt-tip control revealed that the first order statistics were well described by a log-normal probability density function under some conditions. The second order statistics in the form of the covariance function for the natural logarithm of the normalized optical intensity were observed to be well described by a double exponential decay. This paper presents a model for the channel in terms of a pair of stochastic differential equations which can be numerically evolved in time to produce time records of faded normalized optical intensities. The first and second order statistics of the faded intensity can be matched to those actually observed in the real channel. These simulated records can then be used to design free-space optical receivers that employ packet retransmission and or forward error corrective coding architectures.


Regardless of the relationship that exists between gender and societal roles, there is still a disconnect into how that plays into business. There is a struggle to understand what characteristics women need to be successful leaders. In this literature review, the purpose was to identify if a relationship existed between leadership effectiveness and gender. There is also a closer look at currently what women are taught and what society says. Is role congruency key to be successful? Is adopting male characteristics the vital denominator in success? Or, is there something else entirely that needs to be studied? It is concluded that additional research needs to occur and more information provided due to the strong disconnect between the research findings and existing literature on the topic.


The energy debate is at the heart of any political or economic strategy, also the real risk of depletion of non-renewable energy sources in the long term make us look more and more renewable energy sources. This brings us inevitably to the question of scientific research and technological innovation, which today enables to find solutions to the socio-economic and socio-cultural context. Rural electrification or isolated sites may be the subject of these studies, and this paper presents one of the economic solutions of the electrification of remote sites. The system studied is a stationary hybrid system; the objective is to meet the limitations of centralized energy management of these systems through the decentralized management by using multi-agent systems.


The place, role, tasks and mechanisms of the expensive approach in a complex economic assessment of natural resources in market conditions in the activity of cluster-corporate economic structures in natural resources management are considered in this article. Basic approaches to formation of expensive mechanisms of an expensive of natural resources in market conditions of managing on cluster-corporate basis with the use of financial and economic methods of a complex estimation of expenses in natural resources management are generated. The logistic mechanism of adaptation of expensive methods of natural resources economic assessment based on discount methods, the account of distribution of the cost of charges in time, the account of risks and all charges in the balanced circuit of the is natural resources management is offered.


Solar type I radio storms are long-lived radio emissions from the solar atmosphere. It is believed that these type I storms are produced by energetic electrons trapped within a closed magnetic structure and are characterized by a high ordinary (O) mode polarization. However, the microphysical nature of these emissions is still an open problem. Recently, Wu et al. found that Alfvén waves (AWs) can significantly influence the basic physics of wave–particle interactions by modifying the resonant condition. Taking the effects of AWs into account, this work investigates electron cyclotron maser emission driven by power-law energetic electrons with a low-energy cutoff distribution, which are trapped in coronal loops by closed solar magnetic fields. The results show that the emission is dominated by the O mode. It is proposed that this O mode emission may possibly be responsible for solar type I radio storms.


The gastric H + , K + -ATPase is the preferred target for acid suppression. PPIs are acid-activated prodrug that requires acid protection. Once acid-activated, PPIs bind to cysteine of the ATPase, resulting in covalent, long-lasting inhibition. The currently available PPIs require around 3–5 days to achieve maximum acid inhibition at existent therapeutic doses, primarily due to their chemical structures and irreversible inhibition of H + ,K + -ATPase. Therefore, many novel strategies to address the unmet needs of PPI therapy have been investigated, and acid pump antagonists (APAs) could play a promising role, as they provide faster onset and longer duration of action than irreversible PPIs by virtue of their ability to reversibly bind to the proton pump. They are active in absence of acid secretion and bind to specific sites in the membrane domain of compounds are potential successors with an amino group functions as a surrogate for the 3-cyanomethyl substituent of the prototype. These studies have shown that Sch 28080 is well-absorbed and metabolized as thiocyanate anion. A similar study performed on 3-amino analogue of Sch 28080 and found same antisecretory and cytoprotective profile comparable to that of Sch 28080. Metabolized as thiocyanate anion, but occurs via a different mechanism. In the chemistry of the amino compounds protonation of the 3-amino analogue and the structurally related imidazo [1, 2-a] pyrazine is also discussed. It was found that N1 is the site of protonation and confirmed by X-ray crystal structue analysis biochemical characterization of many imidazo 2-a] pyridines analogues for H + /K + -ATPase and the intact gastric The good correlation observed between the in vitro and in vivo models that these compounds gastric proton pump inhibitors in vivo. A molecular modeling study of these compounds done. of novel tetrahydroimidazo [2, 1-a] isoquinolines. established a structure– activity relationship focussing on the influence of the substitution pattern in position 3 and 6 of the heterocycle on antisecretory activity, lipophilicity, and pKa value. Potent inhibitors of the gastric acid pump identified


In Mathematics Curriculum Standards for Compulsory Education issued in 2011,traditional Two Basics connotation is prolongated,and Four Basics is specifically clarified as curriculum objectives.It is the result of practical reflection of traditional mathematics curriculum objectives of Two Basics,with emphasis on the unity of educational ideas of Herbart and Dewey from scientific principle.It inherits and develops the curriculum goal and educational goal by emphasizing on the generation of students' wisdom,developing students' mathematics ability and making mathematics education to return to its original nature,which has important practical implication for enhancing mathematics curriculum reform in basics education.


Micro-fibrillated lignocellulose (MFLC), micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) and cellulose nanocrystals were suspended in water and mixed with styrene to form oil in water (o/w) emulsions. The stabilisation behaviour was then observed over time. It was assumed that MFLC, because of its comparable high residual lignin content and its amphiphilic behaviour would have a better stabilisation mechanism. In a further step the MFLC and MFC emulsions were polymerised with the radical starter AIBN and heat of 100°C for twelve hours. The result was a cellulosestyrene composite where the MFLC-PS composite showed an even distribution of the fibrils with many polystyrene macrospheres present in the material which were covered completely by fibrils. In contrast the MFC-PS composite was not homogeneous at all and showed parts of pure PS and other parts of aggregated fibrils. No macrospheres could be found in this material. Based on the results of our work it can be concluded that MFLC shows similar emulsion stabilisation behaviour compared to MFC but when it comes to polymerisation MFLC shows superior stabilisation properties which might be due to the presence of lignin in the cellulosic material. The cellulose nanocrystals were not polymerised as no emulsion stabilisation mechanism existed.


The presentation aims to show how using group wikis on a virtual learning environment can facilitate virtual group work and student collaboration. It further discusses the advantages to the tutor in terms of monitoring and commenting on group work as it is uploaded


Analysis of airflow in engine compartment is the important contents in the development of tank armored vehicles. According to the test requirements of tank armored vehicle under the actual working conditions like inconvenient assembly and electromagnetic interference, we finished the research and design of the airflow pressure distribution characteristics measurement system of exhaust port in tank armored vehicle's engine compartment. And we finished tests of engine compartment under the poor working conditions, which was of great help to the measurement of tank parameters. We accomplished the assembly of the measurement system without any damage to the tank body. According to the national standard we finished the design of the quantity, locations and the assembly of the sensors. Meanwhile, there were descriptions of airflow pressure distributions of tank armored vehicle at seven different speeds in this paper, which were a microcosm of airflow pressure distributions with different speeds and different time, and which were then analyzed to reason out the comprehensive airflow pressure distribution characteristics of exhaust port in engine compartment.


social organization. New York: Random House. SMITH, J. G. E. 1975. "The ecological basis of Chipewyan socioterritorial organization." Proceedings, Northern Athapaskan Conference, 1971, vol. 2. Edited by A. Clark, pp. 389-461. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Service, Paper 27. SPICER, E. H. 1961. Perspectives in American Indian culture change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. SLOBODIN, R. 1962. Band organization of the Peel River Kutchin. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 179. VANSTONE, J. W. 1974. Athapaskan adaptations. Chicago: Aldine. WENTZEL, W. F. 1804-5. A North West Company journal kept at the Grand River, winter 1804 and 1805. Manuscript MG1 9, Cl, vol. 8, Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa. 1960 (1889). "Letters to the Hon. Roderic Mckenzie, 1807-24," in Les bourgeoise de la compagnie du Nord-Ouest, Vol. 1. Edited by L. R. Masson, pp. 67-153. New York: Antiquarian Press. WILLIAMS, B. J. 1974. A model of band society. Society for American Archaeology Memoir 29. WILMSEN, E. N. 1973. Interaction, spacing behavior, and the organization of hunting bands. J_ournal of Anthropological Research 29:1-31.


Rey is one of the oldest cities in Iran which has been sat that the peak of history from past so on and has seen evolution of civilities and changes in governments in scientific, cultural, and religious affairs. Undoubtedly, history of each city has one or several roles which have of course changed through time as Rey was capital of government in Parthian era. This role was weakened with the collapse of the dynasty, but it didn't lose its importance. Nonetheless, by influence of Shiite on the north of Iran and immigration of many Sadat, scholars, and scientists, and present of Muslim force and great friends, this city found religious soul and consequently science and culture centers, mosques, and schools were established. Findings of this research shows that by arrival of Buwayhid governors, significant progress was made in urban structure and daily incremental development were made by various industries such as pottery, metalwork, textiles, and so on in Rey. The present article by descriptive-analytical and librarian method tries to study protection of religious identity besides implying this main point that Rey has strategically importance since past, and host of traders, missionaries, and religious promoters.


The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether there is a correlation between Vitamin E prophylaxis, mean airway pressure (MAP) and the frequency of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in the very low birth weight(VLBW) infants. The study included 183 VLBW inborn infants, weighing 445 to 1500 gms admitted consecutively who survived the neonatal period between June 1986 and July 1997. A portable screening cranial ultrasound (US) was performed during the first week of life and abnormal results were followed by periodic US examinations. A routine discharge cranial US was performed in the department of radiology until 1991. Infants were ventilated with low MAP to maintain partial pressure of carbondioxide in arterial blood (PaCo2) in high normal range, 40-50 mm Hg. Oral vit E 15 - 45 units per day was begun 2-4 weeks of age in addition to the amount present in total parenteral nutrition, and the formula, until infant weight reached 1,800 to 2,500gms. The incidence of PVL was 2%. Vitamin E prophylaxis, low MAP and high normal PaCo2 may all contribute in prevention of PVL in VLBW infants.


Combating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has become an obligation for countries that ratified the Paris Agreement. Saudi Arabia, as a member of the Paris Agreement, pledged to achieve net zero emissions (NZE) by 2060. This endeavor is challenging for all countries. This paper provides an analysis and assessment of the Saudi measures to achieve NZE by 2060. The analysis reveals that Saudi Arabia will reduce the total net emissions to 49.67 Mt of CO2eq, whereas under a business-as-usual scenario, the emissions would reach 1.724 million tons (Mt) of CO2 equivalent (CO2eq). The study reveals that sectors conducting environmental, social, and governance ratings (ESG) and those where the government is a stakeholder are on the right track and will facilitate the government's efforts in reaching NZE. The gap in reaching NZE will be mainly due to the Saudi steel and cement industries.


The present disclosure relates to an external fixation apparatus comprising a strut having a longitudinal axis defined therein, the strut comprising a strut housing having a housing adjustment aperture, an adjustment sleeve slidably disposed within the strut housing, and a fastener that releasably couples the strut housing with the adjustment sleeve. An embodiment of the adjustment sleeve comprises a first and a second bore extending from a top towards a bottom surface of the adjustment sleeve, a first sleeve member with a proximal end, a distal end, and an axial bore, and a second sleeve member adjoining the first sleeve member. In an embodiment, the second sleeve member comprises a body and a beveled end that is slidably disposed within the axial bore of the first sleeve member. The adjustment sleeve further comprises a biasing mechanism between the first sleeve member and the second sleeve member.


A cylindrical shell skirt structure 4.57 m (180 in.) in diameter and 3.66 m (144 in.) high was subjected to a design and analysis study using a wide variety of structural materials and concepts. The design loading of 1225.8 N/cm (700 lb/in.) axial compression and 245.2 N/cm (140 lb/in.) torsion is representative of that expected on a typical space tug skirt section. Structural concepts evaluated included honeycomb sandwich, truss, isogrid, and skin/stringer/frame. The materials considered included a wide variety of structural metals as well as glass, graphite, and boron-reinforced composites. The most unique characteristic of the candidate designs is that they involve the use of very thin-gage material. Fabrication and structural test of small panels and components representative of many of the candidate designs served to demonstrate proposed fabrication techniques and to verify design and analysis methods.


Probabilistic topic modeling is an active research field in machine learning and has been mainly used as an analytical tool to structure large textual corpora for data mining. It offers a viable approach to structure huge textual document collections into latent topic themes to aid text mining. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is the most commonly used topic modelling method across a wide number of technical fields. However, model development can be arduous and tedious, and requires burdensome and systematic sensitivity studies in order to find the best set of model parameters. In this study, we use a heuristic approach to estimate the most appropriate number of topics. Specifically, the rate of perplexity change (RPC) as a function of numbers of topics is proposed as a suitable selector. We test the stability and effectiveness of the proposed method for three markedly different types of grounded-truth datasets: Salmonella next generation sequencing, pharmacological side effects, and textual abstracts on computational biology and bioinformatics (TCBB) from PubMed. Then we describe extensive sensitivity studies to determine best practices for generating effective topic models. To test effectiveness and validity of topic models, we constructed a ground truth data set from PubMed that contained some 40 health related themes including negative controls, and mixed it with a data set of unstructured documents. We found that obtaining the most useful model, tuned to desired sensitivity versus specificity, requires an iterative process wherein preprocessing steps, the type of topic modeling algorithm, and the algorithm's model parameters are systematically varied. Models need to be compared with both qualitative, subjective assessments and quantitative, objective assessments, and care is required that Gibbs sampling in model estimation is sufficient to assure stable solutions. With a high quality model, documents can be rank-ordered in accordance with probability of being associated with complex regulatory query string, greatly lessoning text mining work. Importantly, topic models are agnostic about how words and documents are defined, and thus our findings are extensible to topic models where samples are defined as documents, and genes, proteins or their sequences are words.


Emerging designs for fault-tolerant systems rely on discovery-based component architectures to enable self-organizing and self-healing systems. The underlying service discovery and composition technologies for such systems include mechanisms that permit the network to continue to function even as its configuration changes continuously over time. Unfortunately, in very dynamic environments, such as found in military applications, little is known about the behavior and performance of emerging service discovery protocols. Many aspects of the performance of these protocols appear highly sensitive to parameter settings whose optimum values depend upon the composition of the network. While such parameters may be manually tuned in relatively small, static environments, their management in large-scale, highly dynamic environments requires real-time measurement and control. NIST proposes to research, design, evaluate, and implement self-adaptive algorithms to improve the performance of service discovery and composition technologies for use in fault-tolerant networks. Such algorithms will continuously and dynamically measure the composition of a fault-tolerant network and adjust appropriate parameter settings for relevant protocols. During the research phase, NIST will examine various service discovery and composition technologies emerging in industry and academe to select several for further development in subsequent phases of the project. During the design and evaluation phase, NIST will design self-adaptive algorithms to control the execution of selected protocols, and will conduct simulation experiments to evaluate performance improvements and costs associated with the proposed algorithms. In the implementation stage, NIST will augment publicly available reference code for service discovery protocols to include the best algorithms identified during the evaluation phase of the project. NIST will also propose the inclusion of these self-adaptive algorithms within emerging public specifications in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and other appropriate forums. Results from this proposed work could lead to significant improvements in the design of service discovery and composition technologies to more readily accommodate the self-adapting algorithms necessary for use in large-scale fault-tolerant networks.


A week later, cyclone Mekunu landed in Oman after having devastated the Yemeni island of Socotra, killing at least 10 people on the island. Mekunu made landfall as the strongest storm Oman has ever seen, with category 3 hurricane strength and wind gusts up to 200 km/h. The cyclone dumped nearly 3 years' worth of rain in a single day on Salalah, Oman's third most populous city, killing an additional 6 people and bringing the total death toll for both storms up to 50.


A variety of nmr transient techniques demonstrate the absence of domain structures in powders of α‐ and β‐cyclodextrins, dextran B512F, and their "deuterated" analogs where deuterium replaces exchangeable protons. Cyclodextrins and dextran are inferred to be homogeneously ordered and disordered one‐phase systems, respectively. We show how erroneous results concerning the presence and sizes of rigid and mobile domains can be reached from the interpretations of two‐component free induction decays and spin–lattice relaxation behavior of polysaccharides. In our approach, we have measured 1H free induction decays and lineshapes, and 1H spin–lattice and dipolar relaxation times, in addition to using Goldman–Shen experiments and 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angel sample spinning. Self‐consistent nmr results are suggested as essential means to corroborate conclusions concerning domain structures in biopolymers.


Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one of the oldest and most widely used multivariate statistical techniques. The original purpose of PCA was to reduce a large number (p) of variables to a much small number (m) of principal components whilst retaining as much as possible of the variation in the p-original variables. The technique is especially useful if m«<p, and if the m principal components can be readily interpreted. The main objective of this research study is to find the growth performance of seedlings of seven rain forest canopy, dominant Shorea species, in Kalutara district within the humid zone of Sri Lanka for a period of 24 months. A research was carried out by Prof LA. U.N. Gunetilleka and Prof C. VS. Gunetilleka (1989) to collect the data from 336 Shorea seedlings which were transplanted at Kalutara district in 125m altitude elevations. At the end of the experiment period only 112 seedlings were chosen at random for the analysis. The measurements of constituent parts such as stem weight, leaf weight, tap root weight, fine root weight, leaf number and total dry mass of those randomly selected seedlings were recorded in the process. The above two researchers analyzed the recorded data using the ANOVA and GLM procedure of SAS in one-way ANOVA models for each of the attributes of these constituent parts, to be measured separately to compare the performance of species grown at this district. In this study, all the constituent parts of one species is combined using the principal component analysis, and used this new combined new variable to compare the performance of seven species grown at this district. To analyze this combined and reduced response variable (data) ANOVA procedure of SAS was used. Tu key's studentized range method was used for multiple comparison of means among species at the 5% level of significance.


Losses in natural capital can have large impacts on socioeconomic outcomes. Yet, even with recent evidence demonstrating the increase in extinction rates, our understanding of these linkages is limited. The relationship between biodiversity and economics can be studied from two main angles. First, what are the impacts on human well-being from declining biodiversity? Second, how does the behavior of economic agents and market dynamics further contribute to losses in natural capital inputs? This dissertation addresses these questions in three parts. To learn about effects of declining natural inputs, I use a negative shock to bat populations to demonstrate that farmers then increase pesticide use, resulting in higher human infant mortality. Second, I use the sudden change in species extinction risks to show how perceived rarity leads to spikes in wildlife trade. Third, I evaluate the impact of conservation policy for the Northern Spotted Owl on employment in logging-related jobs. Eyal Frank is a postdoc at Princeton University (http://www.eyalfrank.com, efrank@princteon .edu).


Greenhouse gas (GHG) climate change/global warming is one of the most pressing environmental concerns today. Small Island States, such as Trinidad and Tobago, are highly vulnerable to climate change because of their small size and low elevation, as in the case of this study, which increases their sensitivity to climate change and limits their ability to adapt. In fact, the adaptive capacity of human systems is generally low in Small Island States, and vulnerability generally high. The Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago (PETROTRIN) recently conducted a detailed vulnerability assessment survey and storm surge simulation through modelling for the west coast of Trinidad stretching from Vessigny River in the North to Cap-de-Ville in the South along the Gulf of Paria. This survey was undertaken so as to identify the impacts of climate driven, sea level rises and extreme storm surge events on Petrotrin's and Trinmar's infrastructure and operations. The methodology used to conduct this vulnerability assessment survey involved coupling A-OGCM (AtmosphereOcean General Circulation) model simulations of future sea level rises and TAOS (Total Arbiter of Storms) estimates of storm surges to a GIS-based inundation and erosion scheme so as to estimate land loss and infrastructure facilities at risk from inundation and erosion. The results of the study show that field installations in Petrotrin at Guapo, such as access roads, pipelines, storage tanks and even pump jacks and the offshore operations of Trinmar including offshore platforms, jetties and harbours and administrative buildings would be at severe risk of inundation and erosion deriving from sea level rises and storm surge events.


certain states cannot be explained or predicted. Presumably in the penny case there are laws (e.g. those of gravity) which could if known be used to predict (and explain) any particular state of the penny. Hence I would demand a level of understanding more profound than Rescher would apparently be prepared to accept. Having completed what is intended to be a favourable review, I nevertheless feel obliged to end on a rather frigid note. Although this book is obviously of much higher calibre than many (nay, most) published today, I cannot honestly suggest that anyone purchase it for his own library. This is because of the ridiculously high price (no doubt, even higher in Canada). I suppose that the publishers, realizing that a work covering such a wide range of topics would be unlikely to be chosen for a class-text and hence would not have a wide sale, decided to milk their assured purchasers (i.e. university libraries) for all they are worth. Frankly, this to me seems to be a morally dubious move (and possibly one which will rebound, since the bulk of the work has after all already appeared elsewhere).


The article reflects on the main changes produced by the Covid-19 epidemic on death and mourning practices with a specific focus on media and digital platforms. In the lockdown, ordinary forms of social relations and physical proximity were suspended, and media and platforms played an extraordinary role both as information sources and as mediated spaces of interaction. Social distancing and, more specifically, the suspension of funeral celebrations have made social networks the only place to communicate deaths, to express closeness, to cultivate memory, inscribing, as far as possible, grieving in a social dimension. As in many other areas of daily life, the epidemic has produced an acceleration in the processes of social incorporation of digital technologies for death-related uses. It is not known whether this acceleration will translate into a stable use of social media for this type of practice. Certainly, however, what has happened questions us on many issues. To name a few: the social acceptance of the media within funeral rituals, the need to reflect on new grammar of emotion in the world in which they are located online, the datafication and commodification of the experience of death and mourning.


Let $B(G)$ be the incidence matrix of a graph $G$. The row in $B(G)$ corresponding to a vertex $v$, denoted by $s(v)$ is the string which belongs to $\Bbb{Z}_2^n$, a set of $n$-tuples over a field of order two. The Hamming distance between the strings $s(u)$ and $s(v)$ is the number of positions in which $s(u)$ and $s(v)$ differ. In this paper we obtain the Hamming distance between the strings generated by the incidence matrix of a graph. The sum of Hamming distances between all pairs of strings, called Hamming index of a graph is obtained.


X-ray coherent diffraction-based measurements can provide more specific material information that is complementary to transmission-based material information. With increasing capability of the X-ray coherent diffraction-based systems and recent development of dual modality of X-ray transmission-based and diffraction-based systems, there is a significant potential for improving the overall system threat detection performance for material discrimination. Dual modality systems can yield higher detection probability (Pd) while lowering the probability of false alarm (Pfa), relative to the transmission modality. In this work, we analyze the material discrimination performance for two different machine learning classifiers: support vector machines (SVM) and neural networks (NN), using both simulation and experimental data obtained with a dual-modality X-ray system. Using simulation studies, we demonstrate significant improvement in material discrimination performance afforded by additional complementary information by coherent diffraction for a variety of materials. We further validate these improvements using an experimental dataset collected using real-world objects and materials.


&NA; Serum‐neutralizing, nasopharyngeal‐neutralizing and nasopharyngeal IgA antibodies were determined in 123 infants immunized with either live (oral) poliovirus vaccine (OPV‐OPV‐OPV) (Group A), inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV‐IPV‐IPV) (Group B) or combinations of the two trivalent poliovirus vaccines: IPV‐OPV‐OPV (Group C) or IPV‐IPV‐OPV (Group D). Nearly 100% of individuals formed serum‐neutralizing antibodies. The highest geometric mean titer of antibody to polioviruses 1, 2 and 3 occurred in groups D, C and B, respectively. Local neutralizing and IgA antibody responses were detected in 41 to 88% and 75 to 100%, respectively. Peak geometric mean titer of nasopharyngeal antibodies differed minimally between immunization groups. Based on these data, it appears that a vaccine schedule with the combination of IPV and OPV would be ideal. It is uncertain whether a combination schedule is feasible in a highly mobile and heterogeneous population, such as that found in the United States.


The present invention relates to a kind of method that prevents that article are stolen.The method according to this invention is closely twined at least one binder (10) around protected article (2), and the overlapping region of binder (10) is interconnected with one another thus.The mode that is closed in the overlapping region according to safety element (21) offers binder (10) with the detectable safety element of at least one electronics (21).The invention still further relates to a kind of device (1); this device (1) prevents that by closely twining article with at least one binder (10) described article are stolen; described device (1) comprises a locking device (18), and described locking device (18) is used for the overlapping region that the binder (10) of item to be protected (2) is twined in sealing.This device also comprises and is used for being closed the equipment that before the detectable safety element of at least one electronics (21) is placed on the described binder (10) at binder (10).


Accumulating evidence indicate that molecular mechanisms generating circadian rhythms display some degree of tissue‐specificity. More specifically, distinct patterns of expression for nuclear receptors of the ROR family indicate that the transcriptional control of the clock gene Bmal1 differs among tissues. This study aims to investigate the expression of Rorγisoforms (Rorγ and Rorγt) and characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying their tissue‐specific expression. The expression of Rorγ isoforms was assessed in mouse liver, muscle, thymus and testis throughout 24 h using quantitative RT‐PCR. Although the expression of Rorγ was rhythmic in the liver and thymus, it was constitutively expressed in muscle and testis. In contrast, the expression of Rorγt was constitutive in all four tissues. Furthermore, rhythmic expression of Rorγ was impaired in Clock mutant mice whereas the mutation had no effect on Rorγt expression. In line with these findings, luciferase assays revealed that transcription of the Rorγ promoter is clock‐controlled whereas that of Rorγt promoter is essentially clock‐independent. Our results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that lead to differential expression of Rorγ and Rorγt and are suggestive of a framework that might account for tissue‐specific circadian regulation.


The National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) represents a broad consortium of government agencies and nongovernment organizations that work together to promote more cost-effective production, ready availability, and greater utilization of geospatial data across a wide range of disciplines.The NSDI Cooperative Agreement Program (CAP) was established by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) to help form partnerships among organizations to implement the NSDI. Since 1994 the FGDC has provided funding and assistance to over 400 organizations implementing the NSDI. This year's program provided approximately $386,000 to 29 organizations in four categories. The program's goal is to encourage resource-sharing projects through the use of technology, networking, and more efficient inter-organizational coordination.


NFL rookie chris borland made headlines this spring when the San Francisco 49ers linebacker announced he was quitting professional football after just one season, citing his concerns about the potential health risks of repetitive head injuries.


The consumption situation of edible oil in Shenyang was investigated and analyzed by questionnaire survey of randomly selected 320 consumers.The results showed that the main consumption types of edible oil were soybean oil,blend oil and peanut oil;that brand,nutritional value and whether raw-material was GMO were the major factors influencing the comsumers' choices when purchasing,and that source of nutrition knowledge of edible oils was mainly through TV advertisements and from friends.The results indicated that consumers were lack of fundamental knowledge,and lable understanding of edible oils.It was suggested that it was of great significance for the healthier development of edible oil industry to intensify the propagation of basic knowledge about edible oils for the consumers to form right consumption awareness.


Purpose of the Study The aim of this research is investigating the methods  in Foreign Language Teaching To Linguistically Gifted Students. Methodology This is an analytical-logical research that has been done through content analysis. Also the data of this research have been obtained through the library. Results Communicative language teaching can be set as a set of principles related to language learning goals, how to learn a language with a learner, the types of classroom activities that best facilitate learning, and the role of the learner and teacher. Applications This article is useful for students and teachers.


Grape is one of the most important economical fruits in the world. The propagation of grapevines is an important consideration in commercial viticulture. This study was carried out on grapes cuttings, the grape variety named (Black magic) at Al-Jabal Al-akhdar region from El – Bayda city, Libya during 2022 and 2023. The study aimed at to determine the effect of various concentrations of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and two different dates for collecting and preparing cuttings on the rooting ability and success of grape cuttings. Three different concentrations (control water, 1000 and 2000 ppm) were applied on to Black magic variety ( Vitis vinifera L.) in clay soil. After two months of planting the cuttings, the different rooting characteristics were measured such as number of roots per cutting, dry weight of the roots, and vegetative growth measurements such as percentage of successful cuttings, number of leaves per cutting, leaf area (cm 2 ) per cutting, and dry weight of the leaves per cutting. The results showed that the highest percentage of successful cuttings and number of the roots was achieved when using the synthetic hormone (IBA) at a concentration of 2000 ppm. These results were significantly and higher than those of the other treatments in terms of number of leaves, leaf area, and dry weight of the leaves for cuttings that were collected and planted in January.


This paper presents a new method to improve isolation between two loop antennas with absorber cells exhibiting negative permittivity and permeability at the aimed frequency of 2.45 GHz. The metamaterial (MTM) unit cell was constructed by two open complimentary split ring resonator (OCSRR) and a split ring resonator (SRR) arrangement. The proposed antenna structures were composed of two loop antennas occupying a space with the dimensions of 51 mm × 24 mm × 2 mm and three absorber cells. The size of each absorber unit cell was 7.4 mm × 7 mm × 2mm. The isolation of more than −20 dB was achieved with three absorber cells loaded between two loop antennas; inter-antenna spacing (center to center) was 0.23 λ0 at 2.45 GHz. The results show that port isolation can be improved with absorber cells between two antennas.


Wave particle duality is a cornerstone of quantum chemistry and quantum mechanics (QM). But there are experiments it cannot explain, such as a neutron interferometer experiment. If QM uses Ψ as its wavefunction, several experiments suggest that nature uses -Ψ instead. The difference between -Ψ and +Ψ is that they describe entirely different pictures of how nature is organized. For example, with -Ψ quantum particles follow waves backwards, which is incompatible with wave-particle-duality, obviously. We call the -Ψ proposal the Theory of Elementary Waves (TEW). It unlocks opportunities for young scientists with no budget to conduct the basic research for a new, unexplored science. This is a dream come true for young scientists: the discovery of uncharted territory. We show how TEW explains the double slit, Pfleegor Mandel and Davisson Germer experiments, Feynman diagrams and the Bell test experiments. We provide innovative research designs for which -Ψ and +Ψ would predict divergent outcomes. What makes QM so accurate is its probability predictions. But Born's law would yield the same probabilities if it were changed from P = |+Ψ |2 to P = |-Ψ |2. This article is accompanied by a lively YouTube video, "6 reasons to discard wave particle duality."


Abstract We examine and compare the morphology of small molecule liquid crystals, thermotropic main chain, liquid crystal polymers and flexible chain polymer melts. We also compare the rheological behaviour of these fluids and attempt to relate the structural characteristics of the fluid with their observed rheology.


Contra-radicalization was designed to counter radical ideology, primarily transnational ideology in Indonesia. In its realization, it has two approaches, soft and hard, with two methods, online and offline. However, based on the fact that those radical ideologies are still present virtually and in reality. Thus, this research aims to describe how the program is run by BNPT (National Counter Terrorism Agency) using its strategy, method, and approaches. This research used Grindle's implementation theory of policy content, with the method used being descriptive and qualitative. The results showed that there are indicators challenging the implementation of the program such as the clarity of Interest affected, lack of resources used, and the characteristic of the regime.


Abstract Turbulent transport and mixing generated by hydrodynamic instabilities triggered by rotation gradients are key mechanisms in the evolution of massive stars. We present here a summary of the progresses on shear-induced mixing obtained with numerical simulations, along with a new prescription for horizontal turbulence.


Recently, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a very simply structured unipolar accumulation-type field- effect transistor (FET) using silicon nanowires (NWs). In this paper, we present an extensive numerical study of this accumulation metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (AMOSFET). This single-doping-type ohmically contacted structure relies on having a nanoscale dimension normal to the gate, thereby forcing the current path through an accumulated (ON-state) or depleted (OFF-state) region. It also relies on having contact-barrier and doping-dependent minimum source and drain lengths as well as minimum gate lengths to insure unipolar transistor action. The comprehensive report presented extends our previous examination of the device's operation by using extensive numerical simulations to offer a greater understanding of the origins of transistor operation. We explore a wide range of structural and material parameters to study their effects on the linear, saturation, and OFF-state currents. We also delve deeper into the uniquely weak dependence on gate capacitance. This paper establishes that this extremely simple accumulation-mode transistor structure offers its best performance for the more highly doped thinnest devices, giving, for example, for a 1017-cm-3 (doping) and 20-nm device a leakage current of ~40-17 A/mum, a subthreshold swing of 65 mV/dec, and an on-off ratio approximately 1010. This paper also shows that such results should be attainable for AMOSFETs fabricated using NWs and nanoribbons, as well as nanoscale thin-film materials.


The existing problems in the current graduation thesis are researched and the reasons of declined level are nanluzed.Some suggestions in various links of graduation thesis such as the topic selection,design process and graduation reply.


The present invention discloses a compact six-port circulator photonic crystal, comprising a hexagonal six photonic crystal waveguide and a branch waveguide ports, six-branch waveguide photonic crystal waveguide ports respectively six, six waveguide ports are symmetrically distributed photon peripheral crystal; hexagon center position is provided a photonic crystal waveguide of the second dielectric material column in the first column adjacent to the second dielectric material is provided six identical columns magneto-optical material, respectively; second column in the second dielectric material are provided adjacent the same columns six third dielectric material, an electromagnetic wave signal from any one waveguide input port, from the next adjacent port output waveguide, waveguide ports are in the rest state signal isolation to form a unidirectional transmission ring. Structure of the present invention is compact and easy to other photonic crystal device to achieve integration.


Objective:To establish the gene expression map of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to study the mechanism and the gene therapy of intracranial aneurysm(IA).Methods:The total RNA was collected from 60 normal people and patients with IA.The gene chip technology was used to analyze the genetic expression of intracranial arterial blood.Results:The gene chip was used to detect 14 112 genes.There were 7 749 genes expressed in the normal peripheral blood.The gene expression levels were more in gene/protein expression categories,metabolism category and the structure/ movement genome.Of which,L41(RPL41),S3A(RPS3A) and L23A(RPL23A) were the first third of the gene expression.Com-pared to IA patients,there were 85 differently expressed genes,the KPNA4 gene expression was up-regulated,which was relat-ed to signal conduction and protein transmission.The SPG3A gene expression was down-regulated,which was related to nu-cleotide conjunctin.Conclusion:The gene expression map of the normal peripheral blood was established.KPNA4 and SPG3A may be related to the development of IA.