The concepts of i-rational extensions and i-essential extensions of modules, where t a preradical for R-Mod〉are intro duced The structures of such extensions are determined Rela tions between maximal i-rational extensions and other concepts of modules are studied.


Constant-frequency transesophageal atrial pacing was used in 87 patients with coronary heart disease concurrent with stable angina pectoris of various functional classes (I-IV). This technique, as a bicycle ergometric test, allows one to assess the functional class of patients with angina and to ascertain the antianginal effect of agents, which was exemplified by erinit given in doses of 80 and 120 mg.


By means of numerical simulation and physical verification,the flow structure in a vertical slot fishway was studied,especially for the effects of geometrical parameters,including the length/width ratio of the pool and introduction of central baffle of different lengths.The results indicate that the length/width ratio has a significant impact on flow pattern and central baffle only has minor effect in changing flow pattern.In order to obtain favorable flow patterns in practice,an appropriate length/width ratio 10∶8 and the design without central baffle are recommended.


Abstract: Nanocomposites are often found in nature, as a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has one, two or three dimensions of less than 100 nm, or structures having nano-scale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material. In this chapter the magnetic properties of ceramic nanocomposites are presented, along with structures which differ markedly from that of the component materials. It is emphasized that, in the case of nanocomposites, where the main part of the volume is occupied by ceramics (i.e. a chemical compound from the group of oxides, nitrides, borides or silicates, among others), further systematic study will be necessary to improve their optical, electrical and magnetic properties, as well as their tri-biological, corrosion resistance and other protective properties.


In 2000, in response to concerns about the dangers of office-based procedures, the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration mandated that


In a consumerist society, the contemporary needs of individuals have been transformed into desires; people nowadays seek into improving quality of life through unique experiences, by speculating their senses, in a grammar of both hedonist and utilitarian reasons. As such, taste becomes a social signifier that reunites people at the same table, where positioning oneself in the created micro-society, represents commensality and a major key in marketing studies. Another important aspect in F&B - as a socially (pre)determined marker – is that individuals are involved in naming their experiences, i.e. in marketing terms, branding a story, which eventually translates an identity. In this paper, my aim is to demonstrate how F&B Australian successful entrepreneurs (re)created a national identity, by fashioning the imagery of taste and linguistics, shaped by the semiosis of local flavors and colors, eventually all packaged in a narrative of marketing. Moreover, this is a study case of an economic national strategy – patriotic marketing, applied in F&B, and, paradoxically enough, exploited within tourism practices. Eventually, this research is also prone to describe the social-semiotic aspect of the 'signe gustatif' that frames the meaning of the dish and its social effects in the table's process of communication.


There is much to admire about Thomas Voire. At a time when many contemporary observers express concern about increasing crime rates, an economic downturn, xenophobia, and political apathy, Tom is presented as a law-abiding and hard-working citizen. We do not use the word "citizen" lightly. Born in 1966, Tom has lived peaceably, stayed gainfully employed, served his country, explored non-U.S. cultures in libraries and museums, and, most laudably, demonstrated a willingness to articulate and defend nationally cherished and constitutionally protected personal freedoms. In Thomas Voire, Gary T. Marx provides us with an archetype of the postmodern democratic maneducated, tolerant, worldly, and a staunch believer in equality under the law. Tom is a product of much that is good about a nation devoted to preserving and enhancing individual liberties. The fact that Tom is a voyeur who collects personal data on unsuspecting women, tapes his consensual sexual relations with them, and spies while they disrobe does not challenge or undermine the nation's or Tom's foundational principles-it merely extends them. Marx shows how mass media and visual and communication technologies, omnipresent elements of postmodernity,1 have constructed a fragmented and alienated self. Tom is a contemporary everyman whose freedom to engage in voyeurism represents the triumph of universal, abstract individual rights over the particular, real-life social relationships that constitute his actions as harmful. He is entirely dependent on collective discursive and material practices, yet denies his interdependence through the invocation of a radical individualism.2 By having ready access to the enabling tools-remote cameras, hidden microphones, the World Wide Web, and personal computers-Tom can live independently from others yet enjoy as much of others as he desires. In doing so, he occupies a moral and legal safe house. By appealing to both contemporary discourses of freedom and individualism and traditional ideals of equality under law, he tries to persuade us that his private fantasies


In a previous work we demonstrated that, in dialyzed squid axons, an impairment of the Ca 2+ i-regulatory site affected the apparent affinities for external Na + and Ca 2+ in a way opposite to that predicted by the exiting (ping-pong) models for the exchangers. In the present work, we used model simulations and actual experiments where the Ca 2+ i-regulatory remained always saturated while [Ca 2+ ] i was either limiting or near saturating for the internal Ca 2+ transport sites. Under these conditions, both the theoretical and experimental transport activation curves for external Na + and Ca 2+ were those expected from the current kinetic schemes. These observations have two important implications: On the one hand, they confirm the ping-pong translocation schemes for Na + /Ca 2+ exchange. On the other, they call for caution in interpreting kinetic data in membrane transport systems possessing intracellular ionic and/or metabolic regulation.


Particles in the mass range from to gramslSontribtte 80% of the total mass influx of meteoritic material in the 10' range at Earth (Hughes, 1978), On Earfh atmospheric entry all but the smallest particles in the 10' to 10' gram mass range, about 60 to 1200 micrometers in diameter, are heated sufficiently to melt of vaporize. Mars, because of its lower escape velocity and larger atmospheric scale height, is a much more favorable site for unmelted survival of micrometeorites on atmospheric deceleration. We calculate that a significant fraction of particles throughout the 60 to 1200 micrometer diameter range will survive atmospheric entry unmelted. Thus returned Mars soils may offer a resource for sampling micrometeorites in a size range uncollectable in unaltered form at Earth. their chemical composition, as has been detected on for soils on the Moon (Anders, et al., 1973). Using the measured mass influx at Earth and estimates of the Mars/Earth flux ratio, we estimate a mass influx at Mars of between 2,700 and 202,000 metric tons per year. If distributed uniformly into a soil with a mean planetary production rate of 1 meter per billion years, consistent with radar estimates of the s o i l depth overlaying a bouldered terrain in the Tharsis region (Christensen, 1986), we estimate a meteoritic concentration in the soil ranging from 2 to 58%. This range is consistent with chemical inferences that Mars soil at the Viking sites is fit by a mixture of 60% indiginous rock fragments and 40% meteoritic material (Clark and Baird, 1979). to 10 gram mass The addition of meteoritic material to the Mars soils should perturb


Wheel–rail dynamic interaction under short-wavelength irregularity which has a detrimental effect on the service life of vehicle and track components, is of crucial importance to be estimated accurately. Aiming at this, dissipative contact force models are integrated into a validated vehicle–track coupled dynamics model, which enables to consider the energy dissipation at the wheel–rail interface. Wheel–rail interactions for different dissipative contact force models are evaluated, and the Hu–Guo model is selected as the most suitable one for wheel–rail interaction analysis. The wheel–rail interactions for the Hu–Guo model and Hertz theory are analysed under different track irregularities including sinusoidal rail corrugation and rail welded joints. The simulation results indicate that the Hu–Guo model has little effect on the normal interaction at low frequencies, but reduces the contact force fluctuation amplitude obviously at high frequencies above 600 Hz, with a more significant reduction at the resonance peak of high frequency range. The Hu–Guo model has an obvious contact force phase lead compared with the Hertz theory at higher frequencies above 1250 Hz. The Hu–Guo dissipative contact force model is needed for the wheel–rail interaction analysis at high frequencies above 600 Hz.


In this article, pyrethroid metabolite measurements were reported to be specific gravity-corrected. However, the statistical analyses were completed with uncorrected pyrethroid metabolite measurements. The results using specific gravity-corrected metabolite measurements are largely consistent with the uncorrected analyses. This error affected the data in Tables S2, S3, S5, S7, S10, S11, S14, S15 and Figures S2–S16 and Tables 2, 6, 7, and 8 in the article, as well as associated text. The main text tables and associated text, as well as the supplemental tables and figures, have been corrected in this erratum and the original article. This error does not affect the resultswithDDT/DDE serummeasurements. In addition, the fourth sentence of the fifth paragraph in the "Results" section read "There was a significant interaction of cis-DBCA and sex on Receptive Communication and Language Composite with a negative coefficient in girls and a positive coefficient in boys, although neither sex stratum was significant." The statement regarding a lack of a significant sex stratum is incorrect, both for the specific gravity-corrected and uncorrected data and has been removed from the article. In addition in Table 7, the first column heading read "cis-DrBCA" and has been corrected to "cis-DBCA." Likewise, "carboxylicacid" has been corrected to "carboxylic acid" throughout the manuscript. Finally, the data for Cognitive and Receptive Communication Bayley Scales of Infant Development measures were inadvertently omitted from Table 6 of the article. These data are now provided in the corrected table. The "Results" section of the abstract should read:


In two patients in whom conventional vascular access for maintenance hemodialysis was not possible, access in the form of a great saphenous vein-popliteal artery bypass was achieved under local infiltration anesthesia. A straight saphenous vein placed subcutaneously in the thigh has been used with the advantage that the proximal end of the saphenous vein is left in situ and only the distal end requires end to side anastomosis to the proximal popliteal artery. A follow up of 18 to 19 months and experience with more than 460 courses of hemodialysis treatment have shown it to be a suitable and satisfactory access.


Abstract Observations of the motion field near the summer mesopause using the Poker Flat MST radar in a symmetric six-beam configuration during 8 days of July 1986 were used to examine the mean structure, the wave variances, and the momentum fluxes due to gravity wave and tidal motions. Our results reveal a mean horizontal wind structure generally consistent with previous observations, but with considerable daily variability and large mean shears. Particularly significant is a mean downward (Eulerian) vertical velocity of ∼0.3 m s−1, which implies a significant upward flux of wave energy. Horizontal and vertical velocity variances are found to be ∼1500 and 6 m2 s−2 and to remain nearly constant with height. Momentum flux measurements reveal a largely zonal mean flux of ∼5 to 15 m2 s−2 that achieves a maximum just below the height of wind reversal. Daily mean values, on the other hand, exhibit large variability, with maxima as large as ∼30 to 40 m2 s−2. Hourly momentum flux profiles were found to achieve m...


We demonstrate an octave-spanning laser source for dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS). Two optical frequency combs (OFCs) are generated from a single laser cavity and frequency broadened to cover over an octave for broadband single shot DCS.


Worldwide missionary activities from the 16th century onward were not limited to the New World and overseas in general, but also in East Central Europe in the wake of sectarian struggles following the Reformation. Soon after the Tridentine Council (1545–1563), the Jesuits spread their activities to all countries between the Baltic and Adriatic Seas. Not only Catholic but also Lutheran and Calvinist missionaries went to Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Slovenia, and other countries. The first Polish grammar (Statorius 1568) was published principally for the Calvinist mission in Poland, while the first Slovenian grammar was printed in Wittenberg ( Bochorizh 1584 ) for the use of Lutheran missionaries in the predominantly Catholic Slovenia. This article examines the missionary background and the vernacular character of two further missionary grammars of the Slavic languages. The first Croatian grammar by Bartul Kasic (1575–1650) was printed in Rome for the use of Catholic Jesuit missionaries from Italy working in Illyricum ( Kasic 1604 ). Kasic's choice of the sto -dialect to be the literary norm in missionary publications substantially determined the further standardization history of the Croatian language. Almost a hundred years later H. W. Ludolf (1696) succeeded in printing the first Russian grammar for the Lutheran-Pietistic mission in Muscovy, a milestone on the way to the "refinement" of the Russian vernacular intended by Ludolf to make it the literary language of the Russian Empire. The first grammars of the Slavic vernacular languages can, therefore, be rightly called missionary grammars. This designation also applies to the first grammars of the non-Slavic languages in the Baltic States and Hungary (and, beyond Europe, in the largely Eastern Orthodox Armenia and Ethiopia). Whatever their sect, the authors of these missionary grammars were motivated by rivalry with other Christian denominations in Slavic and non-Slavic speaking countries of the Christian East.


This paper presents a new lumped parameter method (LPM) to capture nonlinear magnetic behavior of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM). Firstly, the nonlinear B-H curve is modeled as a mathematical expression using Matlab curve fitting toolbox. Using the geometry of the machine, the flux density B versus magnetic field intensity relation is transformed to flux versus MMF relation. By using an approximation for the flux-MMF relation, d- and q-axis equivalent circuits are obtained. Then the nonlinear equations are solved using perturbation theory without any iteration. Finally, perturbation series are converted to rational series using Pade approximant to ensure convergence. As a result, d- and q-axis inductance are obtained as a function of the current.


The article highlights the results of the research, in which the prevalence of postnatal depression was diagnosed. The most frequent symptoms of postnatal depression are disturbance, loss of appetite, anxiety and being pathetic. Miscarriage gynecological diseases, premature birth, chronic pyelonephritis and fetal complications in anamnesis increase the risk of postnatal depression.


The invention provides an iron-based nano-crystalline magnetically-soft alloy having high saturation magnetic induction intensity. The iron-based nano-crystalline magnetically-soft alloy is characterized in that the atomic composition thereof by percentage (%) is shown in the following formula: FeTaBbCucCdMe, wherein T represents at least one selected from Zr, Ti, Ta, Hf, Nb, V, W, Mo and Cr; M represents at least one selected from P, Si, N, Sn, Ge, Ga and Al; the subscripts, i.e., a to e in the formula, indicate the atomic percentage (%) and meet the following conditions: a is larger than or equal to 0.002 and less than or equal to 5, b is larger than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to 18, c is larger than or equal to 0.02 and less than or equal to 5, d is larger than or equal to 0.002 and less than or equal to 3, and e is larger than or equal to 0.02 and less than or equal to 20; and Fe and other unavoidable impurities constitute the balancing amount. The magnetically-soft alloy of the invention has the characteristics of high glass-forming ability, high saturation magnetic induction intensity and good soft magnetic performance; and particularly, the saturation magnetic induction intensity of the annealed alloy is higher than 1.5T, and the coercive force thereof is lower than 15A/m.


In this paper, we present a modified fault aware routing algorithm for on-chip communication that detects precise locations of the faulty nodes and faulty links on the network and routes the data by bypassing the faults. The proposed routing method is based on recursive error detection mechanisms and provides adaptive routing path from source tile to destination tile in the dynamic NoCs environment where the position and number of faulty nodes/links alter during runtime. We also compare our proposed routing algorithm with other existing fault-tolerant routing algorithms such as XY, fault tolerant XY and dynamic adaptive, considering latency, throughput and number of packets lost as performance metrics. The results show that the proposed routing algorithm results in lesser packet loss and higher throughput in case of node or link failures.


Sequel to the apparent changes in the environment of the Nigerian Banking Industry, characterized by seemingly intense competition for customers, uncertainties in the economy, shifting customer demands, the need for corporate organizations todevelop up teem capabilities is unarguable. This study examined the relationship between dynamic capabilities and the performance of selected commercial banks in Awka. The objective of the study was to determine the type of relationship between sensing capability and the performance of selected commercial banks in Awka. Descriptive survey research design was employed and data were collected through structured questionnaire. Product moment correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between the dependent and independent variables. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship between sensing capability and performance of First Bank Nigeria Plc and United Bank for Africa Plc in Awka. It was concluded that sensing capabilities enhance organizational performance. It was recommended that managers should not dwell on their core competences for competitive advantage, but continually adapt their competences to the changing business environment and establish capabilities to identify emerging opportunities and threats.


Let $a, b\in \mathbb{N}$ be relatively prime. We consider $(a-1)(b-1)/2$, which arises in the study of the $pq$-th cyclotomic polynomial, where $p,q$ are distinct primes. We prove two possible representations of $(a-1)(b-1)/2$ as nonnegative, integral linear combinations of $a$ and $b$. Surprisingly, for each pair $(a,b)$, only one of the two representations exists and the representation is also unique. We then investigate the representations of $(F_n-1)(F_{n+1}-1)/2$ and $(F_n-1)(F_{n+2}-1)/2$, where $F_i$ is the $i^{th}$ Fibonacci number, and observe several nice patterns.


To express information on construction project risks comprehensively and precisely and to improve the accuracy of the results of the ranking of construction project risk factors, we use the interval grey degree to express grey characteristics of information. The membership degree is used to express fuzzy characteristics of information. An uncertain linguistic variable is used to express linguistic descriptive characteristics of information. A ranking model for construction project risk factorsis proposed to identify the main risk factors on the basis of the interval grey fuzzy uncertain linguistic set and the continuous interval argument ordered weighted averaging (C-OWA) operator. We take the Weft Three-Road Cross-River Tunnel in Nanjing as a case to verify the feasibility of the proposed model.. Research results show that compared with fuzzy sets that can only use membership degree to express fuzziness, the interval grey fuzzy uncertain linguistic set can express the grey, fuzzy, and linguistic descriptive characteristics of practical construction project risk information simultaneously. The proposed model based on the theory helps to improve the comprehensiveness and authenticity of risk information expression, as well as the accuracy of risk factor rankings. The results of this work could assist project managers in determining main risk factors and thereby provide a theoretical basis for taking pre-control measures.


During the growth process of organic crystals, it is easy to induce thermal defects and impurities when using the conventional Bridgman technique. In the present study, a specially designed double-wall ampoule was used to solve this problem. High-quality p-terphenyl single crystals were successfully grown by the vertical Bridgman method with the improved ampoule. Powder X-ray diffraction analyses were performed to evaluate the crystallinity of the grown single crystals. Fluorescence spectrum studies show an enhancement of fluorescence properties due to the improvement in crystalline perfection.


This paper presents an adaptive model for developing disease registries. The proposed model is based on the Scrum methodology. It can be used to draw a road map to identify priorities, inputs, outputs, team members and exchanges for all tasks required to develop disease registries. Our model has been applied to real cases from several Tunisian hospitals where it has improved the efficiency of the team members. The developed disease registries are currently used in Tunisia. They allow medical researchers to identify origins of diseases, establish new protocols, perform surveys and compute morbidity.


The paper introduces the drawing system of mining equipment power supply system.The drawing system is developed by VBA on the AutoCAD2006 platform,draws quickly and accurately the figure of the power supply system,marks and modifies automatically the attribute of equipments through the menu mode of operation.The research result shows: the systemic characteristics are good interaction,easy to use,and good expansibility;the system can speed up the rate of design progress,improve the efficiency of design.


* The first guns of the salute boomed out well over a year ago, and the musical cannonade will surely continue well after the actual birthday itself has passed by. No doubt about it, the music world is saluting A.B. CC (Anno Beethovenii 200) most emphatically, and in a way that the composer himself would surely approve. That is to say, the major part of the bicentennial commemoration has been given over to performances con amore of Beethoven's music. What better way to honor a great composer? But there are other events and projects afoot, too. A very substantial portion of Beethoven's music has been newly recorded in an integrated set of some seventy-five LP discs. The original Breitkopf & Hartel complete edition of his music is now on the American market in a miniature score format and at a price (in the neighborhood of one hundred dollars) that makes it much more accessible than ever before. Even BMI, which collects no royalties for Beethoven performances, has joined in the celebration, assembling an impressive display of Beethoven first editions from its archives and sending them off as a touring exhibit to twenty-six library centers across the country. And the community of scholars has not been idle. Most of our proThe author is Assistant Professor of Music, Austin College, Sherman, Texas. fessional journals include articles on Beethoven and his music this year; perhaps more important, an assortment of books, some of them truly major contributions, are newly available to students of Beethoven. And we are all, willingly, knowingly, or not, students of Beethoven's music. Each of the new books under consideration in this article is, in its respective way, a worthy tribute to a great composer in a very special year. On the other hand, given the boundless horizon of Beethoven's musical realm, it is surely no surprise that none of these books says the "last word" on the subject. But then, the author of the book that tells us all we want and need to know about a colossus like Beethoven should himself be treated to a bicentennial fest some day. So, a group of good books, even fine books, but not a group of perfect books, and the job at hand is to describe just what portions of the Beethovenian world the writers tackle


Both resulting from biological events, adolescence and the menopause impose work on the psyche and, like anything new, can arouse anxiety. In the former case, a new organ and an additional function have to be accepted or welcomed, while for the latter one has to resign oneself to the loss of that very same function. Adolescence and menopause are investigated in light of two theories of Freudian anguish and opening out to the question of Narcissism, of the loss of the object. Could the menopause, like adolescence, acquire a status as a model allowing the question of loss to be thought out for both sexes ?


Heterocyclic compounds are organic compounds with ring structure containing hetero atoms like sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen in addition to carbon atoms. Many heterocyclic compounds due to their specific activity are employed in the treatment of many infectious diseases. Carbazole derivatives have been found to possess a wide range of biological activities. 6-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-carbazole A, 8-bromo-6,11dihydro-5Hbenzo[b]carbazole B have been synthesized by enhanced Fischer's method using a medium of acetic acid. 3,7-dibromo 5,10-dihydro diindolo[3,2-b]carbazole C, D was synthesized with suitable solvent by Fischer's method. 1-benzyl 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahhydro-1H-pyrido[3,2b]indole E, 7-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro cyclopenta[b]indole F has also been synthesized in good yield by Fischer's synthesis with the solvent acetic acid in addition to sulphuric acid. All the synthesized compounds were characterized and confirmed by various instrumental techniques Viz, UV, FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and Mass spectroscopy. To examine the antibacterial activity of all the synthesized compounds, the antibacterial activity have been carried out for the pathogens like Staphylococcus Aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi by zone of inhibition method using ciprofloxacin as reference. The result showed that the synthesized compounds exhibit excellent antibacterial activity with respect to the reference ciprofloxacin.


In the following case study, we examine the interplay between self-perception, environmental perception, and the interests and practice of volunteer trail guides who were recruited to provide educational services for visitors to a natural reserve in Northern California. Through semi-structured interviews with 15 guides and observations of training sessions and educational walks, we found that although individual perspectives of volunteers varied regarding the role of an educator for the reserve, guides shared common interests in teaching and learning and in the place itself. Active guides were drawn to the program by an interest in teaching and learning, had a previous relationship to the place, and held an image of themselves that matched their perceived image of a guide. These findings on the relationship of perception and participation support existing research on issues of identity in environmental education, and extend our current understanding of volunteer participation in interpretation and education programs.


1. Item (10) of ceramic material comprising a part forming the base (11) and a portion forming thin partition (13), characterized in that the base (11) made of a ceramic material with low porosity and thin wall (13 ) is obtained by sintering of ceramic powder and comprises a shell (13E) and a core (13N), wherein the core is located inside the shell and core porosity greater surface porosity, increasing with increasing distance from osnovaniya.2. Component according to the preceding claim, the base (11) which is obtained by sintering a ceramic poroshka.3. Component according to one of claims. 1 and 2, wherein the porosity of the material forming the base (11) is less than 3% .4. Component according to one of claims. 1 and 2, wherein the porosity of the core (13N) exceeds 5%, preferably between 10 and 50% .5. Component according to one of claims. 1 and 2, wherein the core (13N) comprises a porous material formed of ceramic grains connected partial spekaniem.6. Component according to one of claims. 1 and 2, wherein the core (13N) includes a cavity separated by walls, wherein the material from which the walls are formed, has a porosity of less than 3% .7. Component according to one of claims. 1 and 2, wherein the core (13N) has portions with different cavities, in particular, the size of which increases with increasing distance from osnovaniya.8. Component according to one of claims. 1 and 2, comprising a heel (15) in continuation of the thin partition (13), wherein the heel porosity less than the porosity of the material from which is formed serdtsevina.9. Component according to one of claims. 1 and 2, forming a turbomachine blade, the base of which forms the foot of the blade and the wall forms a pen, possibly fifth, whose porosity is less serdtseviny.10 porosity. parts manufacturing method according to claim. 1-9, including the step of forming a thin partition (13),


In their manuscript, Neil and colleagues have studied plasmid conjugation in situ in mice. The study is well-designed and clearly significant effort has been made to find out details behind the observed conjugation patterns. They show that plasmid TP114 is very efficient in dispersing itself in situ. A notable transposon mutant library was constructed for this plasmid in order to track down specific genetic qualities that may be responsible for the high conjugation rate. Indeed, they show that mating pair stabilization appears to be crucial for conjugation to occur at least in certain conditions. Several other plasmids were also able to transfer in mice gut, probably owing to their mating pair stabilization qualities. The authors do a great job at discussing potential explanations why some of the plasmids may be unable to transfer in situ regardless of their efficient transfer on solid support. Indeed, bacteria often harbor multiple plasmids and it may be necessary only for one of the plasmids to stabilize the contact with potential recipients. Also commensal bacteria and plasmid-plasmid competition may play a role. This manuscript is well-written and it does improve our understanding of plasmid dispersal in the gut (which is important for multitude of reasons, including antibiotic resistance). This reviewer would like the authors to add a sentence on how the bacteria were actually administered to the mice. At this point the manuscript appears to be very complete and as such I would recommend its publication as it is.


This essay examines the influence of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger on the Senegalese writer and politician Léopold Sédar Senghor. Although Senghor studied Heidegger extensively throughout his life, the fundamental importance of this German philosopher for his work has not been recognized. This essay focuses on how Senghor appropriated Heidegger's ideas about "being-in-the-world" and the detrimental mindset created by technology ("Enframing") in developing his notion of Negritude and the dominance of an emotive perception of reality in black African culture. The final section explores some of the parallels between the politics of the two authors: National Socialism for Heidegger and the African Socialism invented by Senghor.


This article discusses the role assumed by management accounting as a discipline over years. Management accounting has long lived in the shadow of financial accounting, and has been often accused of fostering productivity rather than creativity. The revolution involving the business environment in the last decades has much improved the role of creativity and innovation and the adaptability of the firm to the context often was a key to success. This article supports the innovative role of management accounting in the post-modern era, aimed at reducing the strategic dominance of the increasing uncertainty.


This manuscript explores the possibility of exploiting polymer morphology (thermal or flow-induced) as materials inherent template, and domain-selective plasma etching as pattern developer, to obtain nanopatterned surfaces with different and controlled geometries, with a particular focus on nanofibrillar patterns. Oxidative plasma treatment of PET films has rendered patterned surfaces with different geometries depending on the crystallinity and orientation of the PET sample and plasma treatment time (or etching ratio). Homogeneous patterns with either randomly distributed or aligned nanofibrils with diameters between 20 and 40 nm and lengths up to 1 μm (after extensive etching) were observed depending on the sample pretreatment. Our results demonstrate the potential of oxidative plasmas as templateless nanopatterning technique and reveal a complex interplay between plasma etching parameters and polymer microstructure driving the pattern formation mechanism. These results open the possibility of fabricatin...


CARSTEN, A. L., AND COMMERFORD, S. L. Dominant Lethal Mutations in Mice Resulting from Chronic Tritiated Water (HTO) Ingestion. Radiat. Res. 66, 609-614 (1976). The possible genetic consequences of continued ingestion of tritiated water (HTO) have been investigated in Hale-Stoner-Brookhaven strain mice maintained on HTO (3 yCi/ml). Second-generation females on HTO were sacrificed in late pregnancy and the corpora lutea, viable, nonviable embryos (early death and late death) and preimplantation loss determined to calculate the mutation rate. The breeding efficiency (pregnancy rate and litter size), was also measured. Analysis of results by both parametric and nonparametric tests has indicated a significant reduction in the number of viable embryos resulting from matings between animals maintained on the tritium regimen, with no effect on breeding efficiency. The integrated radiation dose to the testes and ovary, based on average tissue tritium content from fetal origin through breeding of the 8-week-old animals, was calculated.


Recently well-quasi orders in general, and homeomorphic embedding in particular, have gained popularity to ensure the termination of program analysis, specialisation and transformation techniques. However, as we illustrate in the paper, the homeomorphic embedding relation as it is usually deened suuers from several inadequacies which make it less suitable in a logic programming context. We present several increasingly reened ways to remedy this problem by providing more sophisticated treatments of variables and present a new, extended homeomorphic embedding relation.


It is but natural that, during the work of introducing into our educational system a new unit like the junior high school, attention should be directed almost singly to the grades included by it, rather than to the grades immediately above and below from which those of the new institution are being detached, However, as genuine reorganization in these junior high school grades comes nearer realization, with its attendant modifications in course content and other respects, we become increasingly aware of failures to articulate with grades that precede and follow. The sheer fact of the appearance of new problems of articulation is evidence that real changes are being made, and we can be almost certain on the other hand that in systems claiming to operate junior high schools and not also during these early stages admitting the existence of such problems, the extent of reorganization is not far from negligible. Such problems of articulation cannot, of course, be ignored. It is high time that they be attacked systematically and earnestly, with the purpose of helping to bring not only the junior high school, but the entire school system to as satisfactory a state of coordinated efficiency as possible. Articulation is essential at both ends of the new unit. If anything, however, the problems at the upper end are the more acute and usually the first to prdsent themselves. As this article can give attention to only one of these aspects and as the treatment must be brief at all events, the writer will content himself with setting forth what seem to him the fundamental criteria of coordination of the junior and senior high schools. II


The steady sliding of a flat homogeneous and isotropic elastic half-space against a flat rigid surface, under the influence of incident plane dilatational waves, is investigated. The interfacial coefficient of friction is constant with no distinction between static and kinetic friction. It is shown here that the reflection of a harmonic wave under steady sliding consists of a pair of body waves (a plane dilatational wave and a plane shear wave) radiated from the sliding interface. Each wave propagates at a different angle such that the trace velocities along the interface are equal and supersonic. The angles of wave propagation are determined by the angle of the incident wave, by the Poisson's ratio, and by the coefficient of friction. The amplitude of the incident waves is subject only to the restriction that the perturbations in interface contact pressure and tangential velocity satisfy the inequality constraints for unilateral sliding contact. It is also found that an incident rectangular wave can allow for relative sliding motion of the two bodies with a ratio of remote shear to normal stress which is less than the coefficient of friction. Thus the apparent coefficient of friction is less than the interface coefficient of friction. This reduction in friction is due to periodic stick zones which propagate supersonically along the interface. The influences of the angle, amplitude, and shape of the incident rectangular wave, the interfacial friction coefficient, the sliding speed, and of the remotely applied normal stress, on friction reduction are determined. Under appropriate conditions, the bodies can move tangentially with respect to each other in the absence of an applied shear stress.


The detection of R peaks in electrocardiogram (ECG) is an important task because R peaks can be used to identify the heart rate in order to detect different types of cardiac abnormalities including arrhythmias. This paper proposes a novel R peak detection algorithm from ECG based on a machine learning algorithm named hierarchical clustering. We evaluate the algorithm by using the 48 half-hour ECG records of MIT-BIT arrhythmias database and compare with different techniques. Our R peak detector achieves average detection accuracy of 99.83%, a sensitivity of 99.89% and a positive predictive value of 99.94% over the validation database and the results also show the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the false detection of the R-peaks.


Some mechanism is needed to convert the relational data into XML data.This paper proposes a set of rules for transforming a relational database schema into the corresponding XML schema.By analyzing schema and correlation constraints defined in the target database schema and summing up the corresponding form in XML Schema,structure and all integrity constraints is preserved and high level of nesting in the transformed XML schema has been achieved.


The study was take up to assess the nutritive value of soybean straw in sheep and goats. Six females each of Sonadi sheep and Devgarhi goats were offered ad lib soybean straw as a sole feed for 50 days. The soybean straw contained 92.4, 10.4, 1.6 and 39.3% OM, CP, EE and CF, respectively. The DM, DCP and TDN intake, digestibility of nutrients (except CF), mean retention time and nutritive value were significantly (P<0.01) higher in sheep as compared to goats. The DCP and TDN content of soybean straw was 7.4 and 63.6% for sheep and 7.2 and 64.1% for goats. It was concluded that sheep utilized the nutrients from soybean straw better than goats and the straw could meet the basal requirements of both the species.


AbstractIn this paper is proposed a reconfiguration methodology with the presence of Distributed Generation (DG), aimed at achieving the minimum power loss, minimum number of switching operation an...


At the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), Professor David Livermore commented in his keynote address that "the good are denied as perfection is demanded." He was referring to new drug approval by regulatory agencies and the current regulatory hurdles that must be met. Lack of new drug approval for anti-infective agents is a global concern and is accentuated by increasing antimicrobial resistance with declining utility of currently approved agents for drug-resistant pathogens. Over the past decade, new antimicrobial drug development has been toward niche requirements (i.e., multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens) and less on broad-spectrum agents. Clostridium difficile and infection with this organism is of great clinical concern and macrocyclic agents fulfil a niche requirement. The recent approval by the US FDA of fidaxomicin for the treatment of C. difficile-associated disease is an important development in new drug development and approval. C. difficile is a problematic nosocomial pathogen impacting morbidity and mortality [1]. The emergence of drug-resistant strains – including strains resistant to fluoroquinolones – is cause for concern, especially as a number of different antimicrobial agents have been identified as risk factors for antibiotic-induced C. difficile infection, including pseudomembraneous colitis. Factors identified as contributing to asymptomatic colonization include organism virulence, degree of disruption to the host's normal flora and host-related factors such as immune competence/ response [2–6]. Disease pathogenesis is thought to begin with organism digestion (vegetative organisms or spores), organism survival of gastric acidity and germination in the colon where toxinproducing strains produce toxins (A and B), which lead to tumor necrosis factor production, proinflammatory interleukins and increased intra vascular permeability [7,8]. Symptomatic disease may manifest as watery diarrhea, colitis and pseudomembraneous colitis [9,10]. Associated symptoms include fever, fecal leukocytes, cramping and de hydration and complications may include hypoalbuminemia, toxic megacolon and perforation of the colon. Toxic megacolon mortality rates may range between 24 and 38% [11].


This paper provides an overview of a system designer's approach to separate relevant from irrelevant targets within a PSR processing chain, in order to provide an ideal air situation picture to an air traffic controller.


While the transgenic technology is bringing gigantic economic benefits for human beings,meanwhile it has also led to some bio-safety problems.In order to ensure a healthy development in the bio-technology industry in China,there's an urgent requirement to establish a safety supervision system for the genetically modified products.So,legislation analysis of safety supervision to genetically modified organisms products in developed countries was presented.


before the First World War was part of a wider plea for the introduction of the social sciences into universities whose curricula were still largely centred on nineteenth century English and Scottish models. At the end of the war. history, philosophy and law were still the dominant humanities: there was one chair of economics in the country, three chairs of education, and some recognition of geography. Until the end of the twenties, psychology was taught in departments of philosophy while political science was to be found under history. law or philosophy. But to its early proponents, sociology was not just one of the desirable social sciences that they advocated-it was the 'central science' itself, or, as they variously termed it, the 'mother-science' and the 'fundamental science'.


Computer Aided Education (CAE) is an application that comes with the will of computer technology. CAE is a tool package, which is interactive, and it developed to replace human role. This project is developed for the Numerical
heast Square Method. This system can help student to increase their understanding in this subject in a short time. This software also can be a personal tutor for the students. This system is developed using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 and other application software such as Adobe Photoshop 6.0 and Switch 2.0.


Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. Therefore, the identification of a novel prediction signature for predicting the prognosis risk and survival outcomes is urgently demanded.


The paper deals with simulation of lightning overvoltage generated by backflashes and direct strokes on a multiconductor model of real power lines, entering substations of various size and with various number of connected lines in range from 1 line up to 12 lines. Five real 400 kV substations are modelled as complete one phase schemes of busbars and all equipment connected. The simulation are repeated for various metal oxide arrester (MOA) locations including alternative without any protection. The resulting overvoltages in several basic points i.e. on line input with lightning, circuit breaker, busbar and power transformer are presented.


The main objective has been to reduce barriers to implementation of micellar flooding arising from the cost and/or supply of chemicals. The effort has been comprised of search for suitable raw materials in waste streams or in low-cost byproducts, evaluation of these components, research supporting field production of biopolymers, microbiological production of cosurfactants, and search for competitive adsorbates or sacrifical agents. Emphasis has been on substances from other than petroleum sources. Because of the large volume of organic chemicals having low value produced in the pulping of wood, considerable attention has been given to the paper industry. Surfactant evaluation has centered on the fatty-acid fraction of tall oils, in which sodium oleate seems to dominate the interfacial properties. Phase and interfacial behavior of natural mixtures and chemical modifications of components have been investigated. Biopolymer research was centered on scleroglucans because of their superior potential for field production. Fermentation, evaluation of feeds alternative to glucose, wet separation of polymer from fermentation broth, reduction of difficulties in plugging formations, and beneficial disposal of biomass were all investigated. Several organic chemicals from pulping were found to have potential as sacrificial agents. Sodium saccarinates, weak black liquor, and caustic extract from the bleaching ofmore » pulp were the most promising from the kraft process. By selection, Clostridia strains capable of producing higher alcohols from various wood-pulping wastes were isolated. Analysis of separation processes indicated that, in spite of the lower alcohol content of the mash in comparison with yeast fermentation to ethanol, free energies of the neutral-solvent solutions made the costs of concentration in money and heat comparable.« less


During the directional solidification of alloys, solute inhomogeneities transverse to the growth direction arise due to morphological instabilities (leading to cellular or dendritic growth) and/or due to convection in the melt. In the absence of convection, the conditions for the onset of morphological instability are given by the linear stability analysis of Mullins and Sekerka. For ordinary solidification rates, the predictions of linear stability analysis are similar to the constitutional supercooling criterion. However, at very rapid solidification rates, linear stability analysis predicts a vast increase in stabilization in comparison to constitutional supercooling.


Our country foreign trade long-term implementation comparison superiority strategy, obtains a bigger economy surplus, but also has the aspect which the trade condition worsening and the pauperization grows. Along with international, domestic economical situation change, our country comparison superiority strategy presents illness. The establishment in the resources reported will bestow on with compares in the cost foundation the comparison superiority gradually to weaken, our country foreign trade must carry on the strategic adjustment, changes the attention from the comparison superiority strategy vigorously to develop high tech, the optimization industrial structure competitive advantage strategy. Through the technical innovation, reduces the cost, then diligently cultivates the formidable international competition strength through oneself, enables our country foreign trade to obtain continues the stable development.


The role of government has returned to the forefron t of economic debate, with the global crisis forcin g policymakers to question the free market paradigm which has prevailed. In such a cont ext, his paper provides an overview of the diverse is ues surrounding the State's responsibility to 'guide' sectoral development, cha llenging preconceptions surrounding Industrial Poli cy. After presenting the policy tools used to encourage the rise of certain sectors or industr ies and the economic cases for and against interven tion, the review contrasts successful and less favourable country experiences. It also in tegrates the relatively new concepts of Product Spa ce and Growth Diagnostics into the discussion and highlights the involvement of the In t r ational Financial Institutions. As a result of he analysis, it is argued that countries should appreciate the potential of carefully design ed, time-bound sectoral policies to increase techno logical upgrading and to encourage learning and investment. The topics covered are als o highly relevant to more specific policies such as Employment Targeting, where countries may seek to identify sectors or industrie with the greatest potential for productive employ ment creation. The designations employed in ILO publications, whic h are in conformity with United Nations practice, a nd the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the I nternational Labour Office concerning the legal sta tus of any country, area or territory or of its authoritie s, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions r e ts solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the Internati onal Labour Office of the opinions expressed in the m. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, comme rcial product or process is not a sign of disapprov al. ILO publications and electronic products can be obt ained through major booksellers or ILO local office s in many count ries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: pubv firstname.lastname@example.com Visit our website: http://www.ilo.org/publns Printed in Switzerland document1


We have investigated the role of the quantum size effects in the evaluation of the force caused by electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations between ultra-thin films, using the dielectric tensor derived from the particle in a box model. Comparison with the results obtained by adopting a continuum dielectric model shows that, for film thicknesses of 1–10 nm, the electron confinement causes changes in the force intensity with respect to the isotropic plasma model which range from 40% to few percent depending upon the film electron density and the film separation. The calculated force shows quantum size oscillations, which can be significant for film separation distances of several nanometers. The role of electron confinement in reducing the large distance Casimir force is discussed.


The problem of groundwater filtration under a point dam in a piecewise homogeneous porous medium in the presence of a weakly permeable film under the dam is considered. The filtration area is considered in the form of a vertical half-plane with a horizontal line of water courses. A weakly permeable film divides the filtration area into two quadrants with different constant permeability. By the convolution method of Fourier expansions, the solution of the problem is obtained explicitly. The influence of a weakly permeable film on the filtration process is investigated. It is shown that the presence of a weakly permeable film reduces the filtration rates in the downstream.


Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is amongst the most lethal malignancies with dismal five-year survival rates. Surgical excision is the mainstay of therapy and unresectable disease is considered incurable. Herein, we describe a patient with unresectable, advanced stage pancreatic adenocarcinoma with a remarkable clinical course following definitive chemoradiotherapy.


Ethnography, according to Frederick Gearing, is a science that is both descriptive and analytic of human behavior.1 The fascination of the ethnographer with what seems to be mundane, everyday, routine behavior involves applying specific procedures to identify the array of classes of things (roles, people, activities) and to analyze a scene or event. Some general research practices used by the ethnographer include: a long period of orientation to and absorption of a community or culture; a gradual acceptance of the researcher/ observer by the subjects; the development of a schedule of questions to ask of subjects; and the narrowing of a well-focused study before beginning to identify classes of activity and persons.


Burdock Fructooligosaccharide (BFO) were acetylated using acetic anhydride. The maximal degree of acetylation (DSAC) was 2.15, which was obtained by varying the reaction factors such molar ratio of acetic anhydride to fructofuranose unit (FU). The FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra showed the introduction of acetylate group, and the reaction occurred at C-6, C-4 and C-3 in the fructofuranose unit of BFO. The molecular weight estimated by HPGPC were 5527.9-6816 g/mol for A-BFO (DSAC=1.0).


Various food programs present opportunities for marketing local food in Tennessee. Healthconscious consumers prefer the health benefits of local food over processed foods. To satisfy consumer demand, local restaurants are utilizing the services of local food vendors. Conventional grocery stores are broadening their food aisles to accommodate locally produced foods. Using data collected from an online survey of 250 producers, this research update reports on opportunities for marketing local foods in Tennessee.


An approach used by the European Union (Eurostat 2000) is based on the 1996 family living standards panel. A survey was carried out in all European Union countries with the advantage that each country used a standardised methodology and applied a common way of measuring low pay. Low pay is considered to be monthly earnings that are less than 60% of average earnings in the country concerned. When defined in this way, the low pay phenomenon in Spain does not seem to be particularly worrying, since it has a lower incidence than the European average (Table 1). Looking at it more closely, however, the use of a relative measure of poverty means that the weight that low pay has in each country reflects wage disparities rather than the absolute level of income of the poorest. The figures would change completely if the scale were altered and low pay was set in relation to the average of the whole of the European Union. This would undoubtedly put Spain and Portugal in the group with the greatest incidence of low wages2. Depending on the source chosen (labour cost survey or standardised pay) Spanish wages are 20 to 35% lower than the majority of major European countries.


Abstract : The primary objective of this research is to qualitatively define the expected impact of flizzy logic on construction equipment. Succinctly, the following questions must be answered.


The largest and newest studio at the NHK Broadcasting Center intended for large-scale production is provided with the latest equipment. Remote-control lighting devices include monopole equipment suspended from lighting bridges and red-green-blue plus white additive equipment set in the cyclorama pit to make the studio appear deeper, to hide special-effects lighting devices and to permit color effects as desired. A large motor-driven camera crane with a reach up to five meters ( $16 {1\over2}$ ft) allows for a wide range of smooth camera work. The low-position dolly allows obtaining low angle shots with good control of the camera. Special effects can be obtained through specialized amplifiers. Color can be added to superimposed titles; color-phase change in the color-coder and variable-wave deflection (with any of five cameras) are possible. The audio mixing console is specially designed for TV broadcasting. There are 40 motor-driven microphone suspension mounts in the studio; small condenser microphones are used.


Broadband wireless technology which allows higher-than-1Gbps data transmission with extremely low transmit power may be necessary in future wireless communication systems. The wireless channel for such broadband transmissions is severely frequency-selective. Frequency-domain wireless signal processing may play an important role in achieving a good signal transmission performance. The multi-carrier (MC) multi-access technique, including OFDMA and MC-CDMA, has been gaining popularity. Meanwhile, it has been shown that the use of frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion improves the transmission performance of single-carrier (SC) multi-access, including DS-CDMA. This suggests that either SC- or MC-based multi-access technique with FDE can be used. Unfortunately, the available wireless bandwidth is limited while a higher-than-1Gbps transmission is demanded. Particular attention has been paid to multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) multiplexing (SDM) to significantly increase the throughput without expanding the signal bandwidth. Besides the broadband wireless signal processing, another practically important issue exists, which is a significant reduction of transmit power. Applying wireless multi-hop technique or distributed antenna technique is a possible solution to this issue. In this talk, we will overview the state-of-the-art broadband wireless technology.


This research has undertaken a comparative study on using a fresh activated sludge or a refrigerated/ reactivated sludge as active biomass source for biofiltration purposes. A sludge sample was initially selected based on the ratio between volatile solid content and total solid content before and after refrigeration at 6 oC for 90 days. The degradation rate of the activated sample for three addition doses of toluene was established before and after refrigeration. The same procedure was also carried out for ethylbenzene and p-xylene after refrigeration/reactivation. Surprisingly, the degradation rate for toluene was higher after refrigeration and the results were very similar for an addition of 2 and 8 µL. Subsequently, one biofilter was inoculated with the activated sample and another with the reactivated sample, and both were fed with toluene ranging from 2.6 to 26.2 g toluene m-3 h-1. Concerning the elimination capacity of both biofilters, no relevant differences were found. It was concluded that the active biomass degrading toluene was not affected by refrigeration, in spite of the fact that the SV/ST ratio decreased after the storage period. The elimination capacity of the other two biofilters (ethylbenzene and p-xylene) was highly influenced by the gas flow rate. 1 INTRODUCTION Environmental regulations for pollution control are frequently enacted before «suitable» (affordable, effective and environmentally friendly) technologies have been fully developed. Amongst biotechnologies, biofiltration is a seemingly simple system whose effectiveness relies on the optimization of several operating parameters and the selection of a suitable packing material and degrading biomass.


As Hugh Magennis's excellent edition reminds us, the 'edifying, though, in parts of its content, very scandalous' (p. 1) story of St Mary of Egypt held considerable fascination for audiences throughout the Middle Ages and later. Its tale of the penitent harlot Mary, her conversion at the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem, her withdrawal to the desert east of the Jordan for fortyseven years, and her account of her life to the pious monk Zosimas is first told in a late sixthor early seventh-century Greek version (traditionally attributed to Sophronius of Jerusalem); the Old English text edited here is a (largely faithful) translation of the ninth-century Vita Sanctae Mariae Egypticae, translated from the Greek by Paul of Naples. Magennis's edition is both scholarly and user-friendly. The text is mainly that in London, British Library Cotton MS Julius E. vii (the principal manuscript of Ælfric's 'Lives of Saints'), collated with the fragmentary copies witnessed by Gloucester, Cathedral Library MS 35, and B. L. Cotton MS Otho B. x. This text is supplied with a readable but dignified facing-page translation, as well as a Glossary; novice students of Old English will find the translation essential as a key to understanding the text, whose diction is distinguished by a frequently Latinate syntax unappealing to beginners. Appended to the text is a short but useful Commentary, and a complete apparatus criticus of Variant Readings. Magennis has also included the complete text of the Latin source, taken mainly from B. L. Cotton MS Nero E. i (and again with facing-page translation); this, the earlier of the two surviving copies of the 'Cotton-Corpus Legendary', is the manuscript containing the version of the Latin Vita that proves to be closest to the text used by the Old English translator. Magennis's excellent introduction discusses all these matters and more: it ranges widely and learnedly (though succinctly, and with appropriate references) across the history and importance of the legend, its genesis and concerns; the details of transmission and textual history of both the Old English version and its Latin source; and the linguistic and stylistic features of the Old English text, and its place in one of the most important Ælfric manuscripts (with the form and agenda of the other texts in which it can be seen to be interestingly at odds).


2‐4 The b-haemolytic phenotype is due to the liberation of streptolysin S. Strains that only produce streptolysin O do not exhibit typical b-haemolysis on traditional blood media. Furthermore, streptolysin S isogenic mutants of S pyogenes have been shown to be markedly less virulent in a murine model of infection. 5 This may, at least in part, explain the apparent rarity of invasive infections caused by non-haemolytic isolates of S pyogenes. Of the four cases of bacteraemia previously reported, three were elderly patients, including one fatal case of pneumonia, 2 and one was a 7year-old child. 3 In the latter case, a throat swab from the child had initially yielded a falsenegative result. The two cases of bacteraemia previously reported in the UK were due to an infrequently encountered emm-type 58 S pyogenes. 4


This paper considers the processes of torus formation and reconstruction through smooth and nonsmooth bifurcations in a pulse-width modulated DC/DC converter with multilevel control. When operating in a regime of high corrector gain, converters of this type can generate structures of stable tori embedded one into the other and with their basins of attraction delineated by intervening repelling tori. The paper illustrates the coexistence of three stable tori with different resonance behaviors and shows how reconstruction of these tori takes place across the borders of different dynamical regimes. The paper also demonstrates how pairs of attracting and repelling tori emerge through border-collision torus-birth and border-collision torus-fold bifurcations.


The seasons take on a different meaning for a doctor. There are the literal seasons and the metaphorical seasons of life.


A sound attenuating enclosure with sound absorbing panels. The panels are positioned in an array of four side panels and a top panel. The array of panels is covered with vinyl material forming seams between adjoining panels and flaps for securing the panels together to form the enclosure. Each of the panels is provided with a pouch having a resealable opening for containing a flat sound reflecting element. One predetermined side panel is provided with apertures for allowing supply lines to pass through the enclosure.


Mammalian puberty entails the emergence of behaviors such as courtship, coitus, and territorial aggressiveness. In adult rodents, the medial amygdala (MeA) is an important site for gonadal steroid hormone regulation of social behaviors and is sensitive to changes in the level of gonadal steroids. Here we show that prepubertal gonadectomy of male rats reduces the expression of a sexually dimorphic behavior, juvenile rough‐and‐tumble play, as well as the level of excitatory synaptic transmission assayed in adulthood. Behavioral observations in juveniles showed that gonadectomy reduced the initiation of playful attacks, particularly between postnatal days 31–35. Whole‐cell voltage clamp recordings made in slices from adults showed that gonadectomy also reduced the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in MeA neurons without affecting paired pulse facilitation, an index of vesicle release probability. As mEPSC frequency can reflect the number of excitatory synapses per neuron, we also compared the dendritic morphology of Lucifer Yellow filled neurons from intact and gonadectomized adults. This showed that gonadectomy significantly reduced the density of dendritic spines without affecting overall dendritic length or branching of MeA neurons, which is consistent with a gonadectomy‐induced reduction in the number of excitatory synapses. These findings suggest that peripubertal androgens activate rough‐and‐tumble play and promote the maintenance and/or development of new excitatory synapses in the MeA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2009


An exemplary system in which a camera enabled type applications, such as the augmented reality application allows to run in the protected area includes a first device including a camera-box camera includes a display and a secure operating mode, the camera is in the secure mode, an encryption module, and the enhancement encoded data is configured to encrypt the encoded data from the image processing module, an image processing module configured to convert the image data from the camera to the encoded data and to protect the image data stored in the system on the display, if It may include a visual path protection mechanism configured to secure sent.


Abstract The study examines the dynamics between oil price, exchange rate, and stock market performance in South Africa using DCC-GARCH, time-varying VAR, and multivariate Markov regime switching models. Monthly data on oil price, exchange rate, and market capitalization as a measure of stock performance from 2003(01) to 2019(7) were employed. The results of DCC-GARCH model show that dynamic conditional correlation among the variable was stable with few exceptionalities. The empirical findings from time-varying VAR show existence of feedbacks from stock market to oil price. Markov regime switching VAR model results show that exchange rate and market capitalization have significant effects on oil price in booming period. The study concludes that stock market performance provides an important policy help in stemming the erratic fluctuations in oil price. Appropriate knowledge of the linkage between oil price, exchange rate and stock market performance in South African economy is important because of her heavy reliance on oil importation. The upward change in oil price has so many overlapping effects on many sectors of the economy in form of increase in cost of goods and services (inflation) and lower standard of living among others. Hike in oil price is believed to also worsen the external value of Rands. This could send some dangerous signals to foreign investors in the stock market, which may undermine the performance of the stock market. Empirical knowledge of this dynamic could assist the policy makers to come up with mitigating policies to reduce the effects of oil price volatility on other economic fundamentals.


Although data broadcast has been shown to be an efficient method for disseminating data items in mobile computing systems with large number of clients, the issue on how to ensure data consistency observed by mobile transactions has been largely ignored by researchers in the area. While data items are being broadcast, update transactions may install new values for the data items. If the executions of update transactions and broadcast of data items are interleaved without any control, the mobile transactions, which are generated by mobile clients, may observe inconsistent data values. In this paper, we propose a serialization checking method (SCM) for concurrency control between read-only mobile transactions and update transactions. SCM is based on the framework of an earlier algorithm, Update First with Ordering (UFO), but improves on that algorithm by reducing re-broadcast overhead when the probability of data conflict between updates and data broadcast is high.


A computer model of windpower flux was developed for Lake Mendota, Madison, Wisconsin, based on 3-h wind speeds and cstimatcs of above-lake bulk Richardson number, and then was applied to the period 1 April-31 October (1966-1975). Fifteen years (1962-1976) of hourly records were also analyzed for Simcoc, Ontario (Lake Eric Basin). Expected power varies diurnally during all seasons, in phase with, or lagging slightly behind the solar cycle. The diel amplitude is about 46% of the expected daily mean. At both Simcoe and Madison, the expected daily power above an ice-free lake attains a broad maximull1 of 12-14 x 105 ergsacn-"*d-l in winter and early spring, drops sharply in late April, and shows a broad summer minimum of 3-4 x 10" ergs * cm+*d-l during July-August. The autocorrelation functions for both spring windpower and daily insolation show evidences of pcriodicity of about 7 days, probably related to synoptic-scale cold front passages. Following the front, with its characteristic wind directional shift from SSW to NNW, a characteristic calm develops accompanied by intense solar radiation. The spring power histogram features a median value about half of the mcan, because of the high probability of observing very low windpower coupled with n very long tail on the frequency distribution. Low power also shows a strong clllstcring tendency in spring, because of both the strong inversion conditions in that season and the period of about 7 clays in the


The rate equations of Statz and De Mars giving the time development of the inversion and photon number in a maser or laser are discussed analytically with the aid of a mechanical analogy in which a particle moves in a potential well under the influence of a viscous damping force. The coordinate of this particle is analogous to the logarithm of the light output of the laser, and the amplitude, period, and damping of the motion can be directly related to the parameters of the rate equations. Simple analytic approximations are developed for all of the quantities of experimental interest in the spiking pattern of a laser. Four relationships are given, which do not contain any of the rate equation parameters, whereby a spike pattern can be tested to determine if it is consistent with the usual rate equations. Systematic procedures are described for extracting all of the information contained in spike patterns.


This paper discusses the application of simulation for comparing underground development mining operations. The simulation-modelling environ ment, WITNESS by the Lanner Group, is used to model a typical drill and blast development min ing system as a benchmark and conceptual min ing systems for automated/tele-remote mining. The benchmark model is verified and validated and the proposed development mining systems are developed and evaluated. Simulation experiments are constructed to investigate the performance of the proposed models in terms of advance footage obtained over a 30-day period. The results indi cate that automating an underground develop ment mining system can increase the advance rate of a system as compared to a typical current de velopment mining operation. In addition, if a shift schedule for tele-remote mining operations is in troduced (elimination of travel time to and from the workplace), a further increase in the total ad vance of a mining system can be achieved.


—Cognition includes the acquisition, processing, retention of, and acting upon information from the environment. Avian cognition has been investigated by the approaches of experimental psychology and in the context of specific tasks, such as spatial memory. However, the costs and benefits of cognitive ability have not been considered in a life-history context. I explore possible relationships between behaviors that might indicate cognitive function and other attributes, particularly brain size, rate of development, age at maturity, and life span. Large brain size and prolonged development are seen as potential costs of intelligent behavior. Long life span may permit the extended learning periods that support experienced-based cognitive function. Play behavior, which plausibly supports the development of motor and social skills, and, to a lesser extent, foraging innovations, are related to brain size. The challenge of foraging in a spatially and temporally varying environment, experienced for example by pelagic seabirds, is associated with prolonged embryonic development. Although these connections lack mechanistic foundations, they suggest that cognition can be considered as a part of the life history of the individual and that potential costs of cognition might provide guidelines for directing the comparative study of intelligent behavior. Received 30 April 2004, accepted 7 June 2004. Over the course of her remarkable career, Margaret Morse Nice produced many original contributions to ornithology, including her pioneering studies on the life histories of birds (e.g., Nice 1937, 1943, 1957) and the development of behavior (Nice 1962). For many of us who were students during the 1960s, which was a period of transformation in ecology and behavior, her work laid the foundation for all that we set out to accomplish. It is this intersection of life history and behavior that I would like to address in this contribution. I am grateful to the Wilson Ornithological Society, and particularly to Jed Burtt, for giving me the opportunity (and a captive audience) for exploring ideas that have fascinated me for many years, but which have not come into clear focus until now. Behavior provides the individual a flexible 1 Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com relationship with its environment. The environment of every organism is varied in space and changes constantly through time, often unpredictably, but also with regularities that can be learned over time. Individuals respond to their environments in a variety of ways. Many behaviors are ''hard-wired'' into the nervous system and express evolved responses, available from birth, to consistent features of an individual's surroundings. At the other extreme, organisms occasionally encounter novel situations for which they must devise novel solutions, what many of us would consider intelligent behavior. We suspect that species vary widely in terms of what we think of as intelligence; most ornithologists, if asked, would put parrots and corvids at the top of the avian intelligence scale and relegate doves and sparrows to lower positions, although one could argue that individuals of every species handle very well the tasks necessary for their survival and reproduction. 120 THE WILSON BULLETIN • Vol. 116, No. 2, June 2004 I assume that most behavior is adaptive and contributes to the lifetime reproductive success, or fitness, of the individual. Variation in capacities for certain types of behavior presumably reflects different balances between the costs and benefits of such behavior in the context of demands of the environment. I also assume that the capacity to think is costly, at least in terms of the development and maintenance of the hardware required, and that if it is not necessary to think in a particular way, individuals should not bear the cost of that particular ability. This simple idea constitutes a life-history approach, which considers the conflicting contributions of adaptations to fitness resulting from the allocation of limited time, energy, tissue, and other resources. I find it remarkable that the evolution of intelligent behavior is rarely considered within a life-history framework. Indeed, one of the most widely respected textbooks in animal behavior that uses an evolutionary approach (Alcock 1998) does not list cognition in its index and under intelligence refers only to a single page devoted to the heritability of IQ. In this essay, I have endeavored to treat thinking, or the capacity to think, in a lifehistory context. The fact that some birds appear to do less ''thinking'' than others suggests that thought might have substantial costs or that it might be highly constrained by other aspects of the life history. Of course, thought is hard to measure. It is possible, however, that some of the costs it incurs are not. These costs might involve maintaining a large brain and prolonging development to build a large, complex nervous system and acquire the experience necessary to perceive pattern in environmental variation. If this inference were correct, could we not use these presumed costs to indicate certain mental capacities? I shall use data on brain mass and the length of the incubation period for a large number of birds to construct a two-dimensional space representing some presumed costs of cognition. I will then determine whether certain kinds of behavior that are associated with cognitive ability (sociality, appearance of novel behaviors, play, experience-based foraging, for example) bear a relationship to presumed costs (some do!). Of course, patterns do not tell the whole story. However, we can use patterns to guide our thinking about thought in a life-history context. Clearly, this is a crude beginning to a highly complex and difficult task. I hope, however, that this essay will encourage readers to regard intelligent behavior as integral to the life history of the individual and subject to selection that weighs its costs and benefits.


Renewable energy applications nowadays are a critical factor to their success. Making sure that a specific information, service or product from an online provider is reliable and trustworthy may sometimes be a difficult task. The World Wide Web (WWW) is an open environment in which every person is allowed to populate some information. The accuracy or reliability of such information, to some extent, is unknown, and therefore cannot be trusted. In this paper, we argued that using ontologies may form a useful tool to find the best renewable energy provider. The contribution of this paper is to develop ontology concepts for measuring such "goodness". Common and frequent concepts from five popular and trusted online renewable energy providers were extracted, refined, and then checked against nine other online providers. These providers are also judged by experts who are renewable energy specialists. The results discussed in this paper have shown that the proposed approach has achieved high matching score to the experts' judgments.


English has been taught to students since they were at elementary or junior high school. In fact, they still get difficulties and have misunderstanding in English grammatical structures, and meaning. Therefore, the researcher focuses on the study of grammatical error analysis based on Betty Schrampfer Azars error analysis. Both of student and lecturer use Bettys book in teaching-learning process so that it is almost familiar with them. However, the researcher assumes that the third semester students will be aware of their weakness in using the grammar rules and they will never make errors anymore. Moreover they will study on the next writing III, IV, proposal writing and make thesis as final project. It can be an input for them to make writing better. It is very important and interesting to investigate the students skill in English grammar.
This study is aimed for two objectives: 1) to know kinds of grammatical errors on the writing II task based on the Betty Schrampfer Azars error analysis made by the third semester students of English Department at IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya; 2) to know the highest percentages of grammatical error analysis category on the writing II task based on the Betty Schrampfer Azars error analysis made by the third semester students of English Department at IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The research design of this study is based on quantitative descriptive study. The subject of this study is the third semester students of English Department at IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya Academy year 2012. The instrument of this study is documentation and interview. The document study was conducted to find out the kinds of grammatical errors on the writing II task. There were 18 writing II task had been analyzed. Free guidance interview was aimed to find out the cause of errors made by the third semester students. In this study, the researcher used some theories; Corders theory to analyze the document, interlingua proposed by Wilkins and intralingua suggested by Richards to predict the causes of errors.
The result of this study shows that the students have the number of error in each category which is little and the percentage of the error number of each category which is low ( less than 30 persen). However the number total of error made by the third semester students is 391 errors. From the calculation of grammatical errors, the most frequent type of errors found on the writing II task belongs to singular plural errors occurred 106 times or 27, 1 persen out of 391 errors, and the least frequent type of error found on the writing II task is meaning not clear errors occurred 6 times or 1, 52 persen out of 391 errors. Based on data analysis, there are five causes of errors, they are: Interlingua, over-generalization, ignorance of rules restriction, incomplete application of rules and false concept hypothesized. The most frequently caused is false concept hypothesized and ignorance of rules restriction. In this study, the researcher expects that the lecturer gives more exercise especially in making an essay. Besides that, the students should also be more careful and really pay attention to the grammar when they made an essay especially in singular-plural either noun or verb.


The present paper analyzes a learning experience run at University of Macerata, during a post degree course for in service teachers and mature students. The course was delivered entirely on line, using a dedicated on line learning environment and proposed active and collaborative learning strategies to perform tasks and related activities. The whole course lasted one academic year and most of the 161 graduated applicants who enrolled in the Master were already working as teachers. During the intermediate phase of the course, students were asked to build collaboratively a didactic project to teach Italian language in their schools. The task focused on the final product, leaving the students free to choose how to design, organize and schedule their works. This paper aims to show how the ten groups, sharing both the path and the objectives, have negotiated their working modalities, in order to analyze different positioning in role setting, connections with the delivered materials, strategies implemented in decision making and during the design of the final projects. This research aims to inquire if there is a connection among groups' different working modalities and results obtained at the end of the course.


The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the implementation of a joint program to correct problems of language students in the first grade of primary education in the school No. 0014 Andres Bello district of Pueblo Libre Lima. The type of study corresponds to applied research whose purpose is to solve specific and identifiable situations or problems, the research design used was quasi-experimental design Pretest posttest for one group. The sample consisted of an experimental group of 38 students for collecting data of variable problems of language use as an instrument test Melgar, which was administered before and after applying the joint program and the variable joint program observation technique was applied and developed activities to address the problems of substitution, omission and distortion of phonemes, the validity of the instruments provided two thematic and methodologist who agree in determining which instruments applicable to measure language problem and the joint program students in first grade education school No. 0014 Andres Bello district of Pueblo Libre, 2014. For the process of statistical data of Mann-Whitney was applied. The result can be seen in the statistics of the study groups, with the level of significance p = 0.000 less than p = 0.05 (p <α), Hi is accepted, proving thus that: The application program joint correct language problems in students in the first grade of primary education in the school No. 0014 Andres Bello district of Pueblo Libre, 2014.


Background. The intensification of natural disasters all over the world requires the development of new approaches to the study of geological processes. This particularly concerns the areas at the boundaries of lithospheric plates, which are characterized by earthquakes, increased seismicity, volcanism, intensive heat flows, geothermal manifestations, landslide processes, tsunamis, and other dangerous natural processes and hazards. The Caucasus-Anatolian-Arabian region is a complex highly-stressed geodynamic structure, characterized by an increased heat flow, seismicity, magmatism, and volcanism. The geodynamics of this region is determined by the collision of the Eurasian and Arabian lithosphere plates, as well as by the evolution of the Alpine-Himalayan belt and surrounding areas. A 7.8 magnitude earthquake hit the South-East Turkey and North-West Syria on February 6, 2023. This was the largest earthquake in Turkey since the 1939 Erzincan earthquake, and the second-strongest since the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake. More than 52,800 deaths were confirmed, with about 46,100 in Turkey and 6,700 in Syria. It is the deadliest natural disaster in Turkey's modern history with the estimated damage of over $100 billion.   Aim. To construct geodynamic models for the deep structure of natural hazard regions, which can contribute to the study of active continental margins. This information is necessary for earthquake forecasting and prognosis, as well as for assessing geoecological risks and preparing the population in the event of natural disasters and catastrophes.   Materials and methods. The formation and evolution processes of geological structures in complex geodynamic settings, as well as the forecasting and prognosis of natural hazards, required an analysis of all available geological and geophysical data. The methods of mechanical and mathematical modeling were used to formulate and solve the research problems.   Results. Geodynamic models of the regions of hazardous natural processes were constructed with the purpose of forecasting and preventing natural disasters and catastrophes. An algorithm for creating monitoring systems was proposed.   Conclusion. In several years (1–10 years), another earthquake near Istanbul can be expected. In the case that no large earthquake occurs in the East Anatolian fault in 1–2 years, this event is likely to occur in 100 years only.


BACKGROUND
Restrained eaters (RE) are a group of individuals who constantly restrict their eating. However, they usually alternate restriction with periods of overeating.

AIM
To evaluate the possible association of CRF-BP and SLC6A4 gene polymorphisms with chronic alimentary restriction.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Spanish version of the Revised Restraint Scale was applied to 132 women aged 18 to 25 years. They were divided in a group classified as restrained eaters (RE) and a group of unrestrained eaters. The 5-HTTLPR and CRF-BPs11 polymorphisms of the SLC6A4 and CRF-BP genes were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), respectively.

RESULTS
There was a significant association between the s/s homozygous genotype for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of SLC6A4 gene and RE condition (p = 0.033). However, this association was not observed for the CRF-BPs11 polymorphism.

CONCLUSIONS
The presence of s/s genotype is associated with the RE condition, being the presence of a s allele, a risk factor for this condition.


Government agencies continue to simplify the flow of services, one of which is the Sengkang District Court (Sengkang District Court) through the One-Stop Integrated Service (PTSP) policy. The question arises whether this policy is in line with the Public Service Motivation (PSM) owned by employees. This article is the result of qualitative research, research data comes from observations at PTSP PN Sengkang, interviews with leaders, employees, and community service users, documentation comes from regulations related to PTSP, then analyzed using reduction, display and verification techniques which are presented narratively, the results of the study show the implementation of PTSP fulfills the elements of Public Service Motivation (PSM), namely Altruism (attitude that attaches importance to the interests of others). Norm-based (serving the public interest based on norms). Affective (commitment to public programs).


The massive adoption of ICT makes feasible new learning situations involving multiple physical and virtual spaces, both within and beyond the walls of traditional classrooms. However, the orchestration of such learning situations is still a challenge for teachers. Some approaches try to help teachers in these scenarios using Augmented Reality and authoring tools. But usually, these approaches are limited to specific authoring and enactment technologies, and also oriented to specific types of activities. This PhD thesis explores how to help teachers in the orchestration of this kind of learning situations, allowing the use of a range of existing authoring and enactment technologies, pedagogies and types of activities. This paper presents the work plan and the current state of the thesis.


549 581). But the pungent quote from editors or commenters, the ironic aside, the incident in a day-laborer's life, do not enliven these pages, and people outside the academy may weary soon of having to think so much and feel so little. White's take on the age is not the slam of books like The Great Betrayal. His comprehensiveness guarantees readers the most encyclopedic knowledge of matters that experts overlooked. Any historian of the 1884 election knows of the fancy banquet that helped wreck Republicans' chances; but who else has used the menu to describe the preparation of one particular dish, Ortolans in Armagnac, flambéed? White's larger judgments convince. He steers clear of polemic or indictment. Still, in so vast a landscape, trivial errors are inevitable. At least for Reconstruction, they show up all over the place. The Fortieth Congress did not write the first Military Reconstruction Act; Johnson was not impeached on February 4th, 1868; Reverdy Johnson was not James Buchanan's attorney-general, and did not, as such, make the argument in the Dred Scott. Big deal! In every essential, White's book is by far the smartest and most sophisticated evaluation of the era ever written. Like Lincoln himself, it belongs to the ages.


915 MHz microwave heating has been used to drive the CO oxidation reaction over Pd/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} with out significantly affecting the reaction kinetics. As compared to an identical conventionally heated system, the activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction order with respect to CO were unchanged. Temperature was measured using a thermocouple extrapolation technique. Microwave-induced thermal gradients were found to play a significant role in kinetic observations. The authors chose the CO oxidation reaction over a supported metal catalyst because the reaction kinetics are well known, and because of the diverse dielectric properties of the various elements in the system: CO is a polar molecule, O{sub 2} and CO{sub 2} are non-polar, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} is a dielectric, and Pt and Pd are conductors.


In this work, we continue to study the revealed phenomenon of current creation in the electrochemical system with distilled water during its decomposition without any applied external voltage. Investigated are catalytically active (to decompose water) electrodes based on silicon with modified surface (due to lapping, texturing, doping with palladium, creation of silicides) before and after thermooxidizing for 1 hour in dry oxygen at 850 oC. Also performed are investigations of time dependences for the current between silicon electrodes and counter-electrodes made of Al, Pt, Yb when using the circuit with the external voltage V0 = ± 9.7 V. Analyzed are the results obtained and prospects for a further study.


The effects of development states on the artemisinin content of clone S1 of Artemisia anuua L. grown in a greenhouse were investigated in the present study. The artemisinin content increased gradually during the phase of vegetative growth and reached its highest level at 8–9 mg/g dry weight (DW) when the S1 was 6 months old on a long day (LD) photoperiod. Treatment with 9–18 d of short day (SD) photoperiod resulted in the artemisinin content reaching and being maintained at a higher level (2.059–2.289 mg/g DW), twofold that of control plants and plants of S1 presented at the pro-flower budding and flower-budding stages. The artemisinin content varied in different parts of the plant. The artemisinin content of leaves was higher than that of florets and branches. The artemisinin content in middle leaves was higher than that of bottom leaves, and then top leaves. Different densities of capitate glands (the storage organ of artemisinin) located on the surface of leaves, florets, and branches explained the variations in artemisinin content in these parts of the plant. The correlation coefficient between artemisinin content and density of capitate glands on the surface of different organs was 0.987. The genetic marker for artemisinin content was screened using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) techniques. The random primer OPA15 (5′-TTCCGAACCC-3′) could amplify a specific band of approximately 1 000 bp that was present in all high-artemisinin yielding strains, but absent in all low-yielding strains in three independent replications. This specific band was cloned and its sequence was analyzed. This RAPD marker was converted into a SCAR marker to obtain a more stable marker.

(Managing editor: Wei Wang)


Objective
To compare the therapeutic effect of different drug in the treatment of schizophrenia in acute stage.

Methods
From November 2014 to June 2017, 105 patients with acute schizophrenia admitted in Department of Psychiatry of Taiyuan Psychiatric Hospital and Department of Psychiatry of Jiuzhou Dermatological Hospital of Taiyuan were selected in the study.Seventy-five patients were from the Department of Psychiatry, Taiyuan Psychiatric Hospital.Thirty patients were from the Department of Psychiatry, Jiuzhou Dermatology Hospital.The patients were divided into three groups by random number method, with 35 cases in each group.A group was given amisulpride.B group was given olanzapine.C group was given ziprasidone.The PANSS score (positive symptoms, negative symptoms, mental pathological score), curative effect (cured, significantly improved, invalid), adverse events (EPS, akathisia, nausea, rapid heart beat, blurred vision, orthostatic dizziness, weight gain, total adverse events) in the three groups were observed.

Results
After treatment for 2 weeks, the positive symptoms.negative symptoms, mental pathological score in the three groups were significantly decreased (all P 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in therapeutic effect among the three groups (P>0.05). The occurrence of EPS of C group was significantly lower than that of B group [14.29%(5/35) vs.40.00%(14/35), χ2=5.851, P 0.05).

Conclusion
Amisulpride, olanzapine and ziprasidone in the treatment of acute phase of schizophrenia has good early reaction control and late curative effect.The adverse events of ziprasidone is significantly less than the other two drugs.But patients adopt which kind of drugs also need to formulate specific solutions according to individual circumstance.

Key words:
Schizophrenia; Ammonia sulfonis; Olanzapine; Ziprasidone; Comparative effectivehess research