Information flow tracking (IFT) is a widely used methodology for ensuring data confidentiality in electronic systems and numerous such methods have been developed at various software or hardware description levels. Among them, proof-carrying hardware intellectual property (PCHIP) introduced an IFT methodology for digital hardware designs described in hardware description languages (HDLs). The risk of accidental information leakage, however, is not restricted to the digital domain. Indeed, analog signals originating from sources of sensitive information, such as biometric sensors, as well as analog outputs of a circuit, could carry or leak secrets. Moreover, similar to digital designs, analog circuits can also be contaminated with malicious information leakage channels capable of evading traditional manufacturing test. Compounding the problem, in analog/mixed-signal circuits such information leakage channels can cross the analog/digital or digital/analog interface, making their detection even harder. To this end, in this paper we introduce a PCHIP-based methodology which enables systematic formal evaluation of information flow policies in analog/mixed-signal designs. As we demonstrate, by integrating IFT across the digital and analog domain, our method is able to detect sensitive data leakage from the digital domain to the analog domain and vice versa, without requiring any modification of the current analog/mixed-signal circuit design flow.


The application of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) technology in solar energy utilization is greatly restricted by the low thermal conductivity of phase change material (PCM). This paper proposed a non-uniform arrangement of a longitudinal fin in a typical LHTES unit to improve the melting performance of PCM. Water is used as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) and paraffin (RT35) is selected as the PCM. A three-dimensional computational model is built to simulate the melting process of PCM, and its result is verified by experimental data. Firstly, the melting performance of PCM in the LHTES unit with four kinds of fin arrangements is comparatively studied, and its heat transfer mechanism is characterized via the maximum velocity of liquid PCM. In addition, the influences of HTF inlet temperature and flow rate, as well as heat transfer tube material on the complete melting time of three typical fin arrangements are also investigated. The results implied that the complete melting time of the non-uniform arrangement of the longitudinal fin reduces by 30.91% relative to the conventional longitudinal fin (Case 2). The results also revealed that the melting rate of PCM is related not only to the intensity of natural convection but also to the distribution of natural convection in the whole melting process.


Introduction IE is an uncommon but life-threatening infection and one of the major complications of the MVP syndrome. Although the valve and its accessory apparatus are the most common site of infection, vegetation may occur in mural endothelium of the LA (mural endocarditis). LA mural endocarditis is a condition rarely diagnosed and may define a subpopulation at increased risk of systemic embolization. The most feasible mechanism is related to the impact of a regurgitant jet that may cause a direct injury of endothelium at its knock-on site (jet stream effect), resulting in depositions of fibrins and platelets that may serve as a nidus of bacterial growth. We report a case of LA mural endocarditis which was diagnosed by TEE in a patient with MVP.


The reaction of 4,4′-dimethoxythiobenzophenone (1a) with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) afforded an unusual type of 2:1 adduct with the structure of thiacyclopent-2-ene (5a). On the other hand, the reaction of thiobenzophenone (1b) with TCNE afforded the corresponding thiophene, the normal 2:1 adduct (2b). The mechanism of the formation of 5a is discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:259–262, 2001


We dwell in the very midst of a communications revolution-one which is brighter, louder, and perhaps more penetrative of the human psyche than any that has gone before-but as yet we have no clear idea of what such a revolution is or what it means. Perhaps the very electrified amplitude of the current phenomenon-its brilliance, pervasiveness, and magnitudescreens from us the lineaments of underlying change, preventing us from recognizing what, in general, is the kind of change characteristic of a communications revolution. Without a clear understanding of the kind of change we are talking about, it is impossible to develop a model which explains how this change takes place, a model which does for the history of communication what Thomas Kuhn did for the history of science with The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Sadly, few see the absence of an explanatory model of communications revolutions as a problem. The communications revolution, which conventionally begins with the invention of printing and has proceeded at an ever accelerated rate in the past century, is a historical event, a fact rather than a problem. In George Gordon's The Communications Revolution (1977) there is not a line of discussion of what "a" communications revolution is, of how it differs from political, social, scientific, or industrial revolutions. The cultural transformation is most often summarized in terms of technology and its brilliant results: a world in which, in Ben Bagdikian's vision, "all populations will begin to have access to the total knowledge of mankind" (Bagdikian 1971, p. 27) through the media of film, radio, television, computers, print, phonographs, video and audiotape, telephones, etc. It is important to understand the problems of the phenomenon. If humanity evolves by submitting to governance "by symbolically mediated programs for producing artifacts, organizing social life, or expressing emo-


For 90nm technologies and above, manufacturability analysis and sign-off was mostly limited to required and recommended Design Rule Checks (DRC). Developed for 45nm and under test for 65nm, we see a new methodology emerging: more complex manufacturability rule decks (MRD) are used to classify potential circuit or geometric violations ("hotspots"). Then scoring rules are applied to predict overall manufacturability, and prioritize hotspots for manufacturability improvement. Rule-based checking is enhanced with physical simulators, for simulation of random yield loss and of systematic effects, including Lithography and CMP. IBM and Cadence are developing a software infrastructure that combines MRD checking and yield simulation. This software allows for integration of different (including 3rd party) simulators, and also for coupling of different physical effects. The software's output can be used for sign-off purposes, process optimization or can be input to electrically-aware layout optimization tools. It can increase yield and reduce turn-around-time by optimizing design and process windows. In this paper, we will present more details on a first version of this architecture and analysis flows that combine MRD checking with random yield analysis. These flows include software for automatic scoring of manufacturability hotspots and can generate input for automatic library and full-chip optimization.


【Objective】To evaluate and promote the technique of retroperitoneoscopic uroterolithotomy in the treatment of ureteral calculus.【Methods】A total of 148 patients were performed laparoscopic uroterolithotomy on 159 sides with the technique meliorated,including exposure of ureter,introduction of double-J stent and the management of ureteral incision.【Results】The stones in 145 patients(50 sides) were successfully removed by uroterolithotomy.In three cases,the stones moved upper to the kidney,and retroperitoneoscopic pelviolithotomy was undergone subsequently,two cases were successful,one case was frustrated and conversed to open processes.The operative time ranged from 20~65(mean,38 min).Blood loss range from 5 to 120 mL(mean,36 mL).Postoperatively,the retroperitoneal drainage-tubes were removed 3~6 days after the stop of urine leakage.The catheters were removed in 4 to 8 days,and the double J stents were removed in 2 to 4 weeks.The hospital stay was 6 to 11 day(mean,8.2 days).Postoperatively 141 patients were available in the follow-up of 3 to 28 months(mean 17.6 months),there was 1 case of recurrent calculus and relived with ESWL;1 case of ureteral stenosis,and that was cured by Holmium laser section under ureteroscope.There was no other complication.【Conclusions】Retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy are useful and effective alternative treatment techniques to open surgery when first-line treatments have failed or are unlikely to be effective.With technique improvement,the operative time could be getting shorter,and even shorter than that of open method.


The Seebeck coefficient is an important quantity in determining the thermoelectric efficiency of a material. Phosphorene is a two-dimensional material with a puckered structure, which makes its properties anisotropic. In this work, a phosphorene nanodisk (PDisk) with a radius of 3.1 nm connected to two zigzag phosphorene nanoribbons is studied, numerically, by the tight-binding and non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) methods in the presence of transverse and perpendicular electric fields. Our results show that the change in structure from a zigzag ribbon to a disk form creates an energy gap in the structure, such that for a typical nanodisk with a radius of 3.1 nm, the size of the energy gap is 3.88 eV. Besides, with this change, the maximum Seebeck coefficient increases from 1.54 to 2.03 mV/K. Furthermore, we can control the electron transmission and Seebeck coefficients with the help of the electric fields. The numerical results show that with the increase of the electric field, the transmission coefficient decreases and the Seebeck coefficient changes. The effect of a perpendicular electric field on the Seebeck coefficient is weaker than a transverse electric field. For an applied transverse electric field of 0.3 V/nm, the maximum Seebeck coefficient enhances to 2.09 mV/K.


Two coordination polymers,{ [Cd( mpep) ]Cl2}n( 1,mpep = 2-{ 1-[( 2-methylphenyl) imino]-ethyl} pyridine) and { [Cd( acpy) ]Cl2}n( 2,acpy = 2-acetylpyridine),were synthesized under solvothermal condition. The structures of complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis,1H nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR) spectrometry,elemental analysis and infrared( IR) spectrometry.The results show that both complexes 1 and 2 have 1D chain structure. The central cadmium( Ⅱ) atom in complex 1 is coordinated by four chloride ions and two nitrogen atoms from mpep,forming a distorted cisoctahedron coordination geometry,and the Cd( mpep) ]Cl2unit builds up a polymeric chain by μ2-chlorinebridging. The central cadmium( Ⅱ) atom in complex 2 is coordinated by a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom from acpy and four chloride ions,forming a distorted cis-octahedron coordination geometry,the Cd( acpy) ]Cl2unit builds up a polymeric chain by μ2-chlorine-bridging. Additionally,the fluorescent properties of the two complexes were characterized in both solid state and in different polar solvents. The results show that complexes 1 and 2 exhibit blue fluorescence emission( ca.390—433 nm) in CH3 OH,CH3CN and CH2Cl2,indicating that the coordination polymers have weak solvent effect. The emission spectra of complexes 1 and 2 at298 K are centered at 440 and 473 nm respectively in solid state. Comparing to the emission spectra in solutions,the emission spectra in solid-state undergo obvious red-shift. The lifetime of complexes 1 and 2 are relatively long( ca.19. 08—60. 20 μs) at room temperature.


Automata for unranked trees form a foundation for XML schemas, querying and pattern languages. We study the problem of effi- ciently minimizing such automata. We start with the unranked tree au- tomata (UTAs) that are standard in database theory, assuming bottom- up determinism and that horizontal recursion is represented by deter- ministic finite automata. We show that minimal UTAs in that class are not unique and that minimization is np-hard. We then study more re- cent automata classes that do allow for polynomial time minimization. Among those, we show that bottom-up deterministic stepwise tree au- tomata yield the most succinct representations.


HDx is a dialysis therapy that uses dialyzers with newly designed medium cut-off membranes (MCOs), which show a greater capacity for purification of middle molecules than conventional dialyzers and requires less technical resources than OL-HDF. However, it is not well known if HDx has comparable clinical results with OL-HDF. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical differences between patients dialyzed with HDx and OL-HDF.

 A 24-week prospective study that included 43 patients between 18 and 80 years old, in OL-HDF at least 3 months before the start of the study, stratified by residual function; and randomized for HDx or HDF-OL therapy. Twenty-one patients assigned to HDx used the Theranova® 500 dialyzer with MCO membrane; and 22 patients with HDF-OL with Polyflux® 170H dialyzer.
 Variables related to dialysis were analyzed: blood flow rate (Qb), ultrafiltration volume (VUF), dialysis time, Kt/V, and complications; anemia [Hemoglobin (Hb), transferrin saturation (TSAT), Ferritin, erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) dosage (IU/week), erythropoietin resistance index (ERI), iron dose]; the bone mineral metabolism [calcium (Ca), phosphorus (Pi), product CaxPi, Paratohormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23)]; and healthcare resource utilization (hospitalization, cardiovascular events, infectious events and death).

 The substitution volume in the OL-HDF group was 24.4±3.2 liters. No significant differences were found in time of treatment, QB, residual diuresis or VUF. The Kt/V was similar in both groups HDx: 1.8±0.26; OL-HDF: 1.8±0.28. No significant differences in the number of adverse events during hemodialysis between the two groups.
 No differences in the levels of P, Ca, PTH between both groups. However, there were differences in FGF-23 at week 12 compared to baseline (HDx: -188±1351 pg/mL; OL-HDF: +218±1293 pg/mL, p=0.48).
 The iron dose showed no significant differences between both groups. The use of ESA was lower in the HDx group at the end of the study (HDx: 5605±7115 IU/Week; OL-HDF: 7667±5867 IU/Week), maintaining hemoglobin values stable throughout the study in both treatment groups (HDx: 11.2±1; OL-HDF: 11.7±0.8 g/dl at 24-week).
 Serum TSAT was comparable between the groups at all timepoints in the study. Serum ferritin levels were slightly higher in HDx group and showed an overall increase at Week 24.
 Both treatments were effective in maintaining pre-dialysis albumin levels. At 12 weeks (HDx: 0.06±0.47; OL-HDF: -0.01±0.26, p=0.889) and 24 weeks of treatment (HDx: -0.02±0.25; OL-HDF: - 0.02±0.34, p=0.5948) versus baseline.
 The assessment of rates of hospitalizations, cardiovascular events, infective episodes and death showed no substantial differences between both groups.

 In our experience, HDx with Theranova® 500 is a safe and effective hemodialysis technique. A short-term HDx therapy decreases FGF23 levels and the needs of EPO compared to OL-HDF. Both techniques are similar in the other parameters analysed.


At present, under the circumstances of global economic downturns, the gap between the rich and the poor, conflicts and crisis, no country can be immune from it. In the global village, countries all rise and fall together. The attitude and behavior of being regardless of others tile frost and enjoying the small but will only lead to problems, which result in getting caught in their own trap. How to solve the current economic crisis, environmental pollution, ecological crisis, social and cultural conflicts and other issues. The proposal of "community of common destiny for all mankind" and "One Belt and One Road" provides the world with unique charm of China's business cards and stories. To make clear the relationship between justice and benefits is of far-reaching practical significance to understand the current two world-renowned measures in China.


in this area, clinical cases described in the literature, as well as their own results, demonstrate the safety of using three-dimensional imaging in combination with intracardiac echocardiography as an alternative to fluoroscopy. Application of the approach is of undoubted practical interest and requires further study in large studies.


Land use/cover change and its driving force have become the hot topic of ecologists and geographers within recent years with farmland loss due to population growth. However, most research works carried out at present are focused on the role of human factors on land use/land cover change, for example population growth, grain demand, road construction, urban expansion, policy change and others. In fact, apart from the human factors, the land use/land cover change on macro scale is more dependent on the natural environmental background. As one of principal environmental factors, the spatial distribution of soil types may affect land use structure and change . To study the relationship between soil and land use pattern will be of significance to identify the effect of natural environmental factors on land use change . In this study, a case study was carried out in Yuqiao Reservoir Basin focusing on the relationship between the soil spatial pattern and land use pattern by using remote sensing data, GIS modeling, and landscape ecological approaches. It was found: (1) the land use types less involved by human, such as woodland (including woodland, sparse woodland, shrubland, other types) and grassland, are mainly distributed in the leaching Cinnamon soil, infant cinnamon soil and brown forest soil while the land use types affected strongly by human activity, such as cropland, are mainly distributed in the leaching Cinnamon soil, infant cinnamon soil and fluvoaquic soil; (2) The land use diversity is commonly smaller than soil diversity in the same area. Meanwhile, land use and soil diversity index changes with the topographic gradient. They increase from mid-low hill areas, low-hill areas, low-hill and plain areas to flat basin inter-hills; (3) Both the diversity index of soil and land use decline with the mean patch area increase, and the soil diversity increase with the total area increase of the catchment rather than the land use diversity index; (4) Comparing the soil and the land use, slight correlationship is found between the mean patch size of land use and soil, while a good positive relationship is found between them. This implies that diverse land use areas often appear in the heterogeneous soil areas.


The paper examines how the 9/11 National Commission worked for finding the truth behind the 9/11 terrorist attack. The paper first discusses the organization including the committee members, its staff, and political views and affiliations of the major players. It also investigates how the aim of the Committee was accomplished; there are two different views of this. The Committee was very successful in determining the facts because its final report contains details of the incident and identified its underlying cause of Islamic hatred of the US. It also highlighted internal failures of national security in various levels of the government including the White House, CIA, FBI, etc. However, the Committee failed to determine any internal responsibilities for the 9/11 attack. The final report concluded that Al Qaeda and Osama Bin Ladin were the only key elements of the attack and did not mention anything about the US government"s wrong doing.


establishing a Best Practices SubCommittee that will report to the FEDEX on a monthly basis. This committee, to be chaired by Tim Keeping, will be charged with providing ASEG feedback into the JORC review process, and for pro-actively establishing Best Practice Reporting Guides across a number of geophysical techniques. This will ensure that the ASEG is the pre-eminent body for setting the quality and standards of geophysical data.


By means of the literature reviewing,spot investigation,diseases analysis,comparative research,it was discovered that diseases types of ground and doorsill of Longmen Grottoes were various.They are decaying rapidly and seriously.On the base of summarizing present diseases situation and preserving feature of ground and doorsill,it was found that lack of conservation experience and deficiency in other aspects.Some new rational preservative strategies and measures were put forward such as building protective layer,dredging up seeper,restoration,reinforce,standardization management,etc.


In this paper, to model the path-loss characteristics in urban line-of- sight(LOS) propagation, we performed measurements in Goyang, Republic of Korea, at a frequency of 2.4GHz using the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Although path-loss variance for any street existed, measurements yielded a typical path- loss of PL(dB) =


Degree Programme in Electrical Engineering Muhammad Munir: Development of radiated emission and radiated immunity test setups for an anechoic chamber Master of Science Thesis: 53 pages, 16 appendix pages March 18, 2014 Major subject: Radio Frequency Electronics Examiners: Jouko Heikkinen, Jari Kangas


Hydraulic transient field tests were performed on a pair of long pipelines with high static lift. The transient response at the pipeline air chamber, and several key points were recorded. The results were reproduced by a computer model, which was developed to simulate the transient response in a hydraulic system. After the verification the computer model was used to develop the safe operating criteria of the makeup system. The criteria requires that the water in the air chamber be maintained within prescribed range of levels during the steady-state operation. The system is then protected from having excessive transient pressure when the discharge is suddenly discontinued due to pump trip.


AbstractThe Lajas Formation in the Neuquen Basin, Argentina, consists of a succession of mainly deltaic deposits. In the Middle Jurassic (170 million years ago), the basin was in western Gondwana roughly at the same paleolatitude as its present location (32°–40°S). Decimeter-scale, interbedded, coarser-grained and finer-grained beds in channelized and nonchannelized deltaic deposits have been interpreted as a product of variability in river discharge. The coarser-grained sandstone beds have erosional bases and contain mudstone clasts; internal cross bedding is commonly directed paleoseawards. These beds are interpreted as deposition during river-flood conditions. In contrast, the finer-grained beds are composed of interlaminated sandstone and mudstone, deposited during interflood periods. Bidirectional ripples and millimeter-scale sand–mud laminae suggest the influence of tides. This sedimentological evidence raises the question of whether these cycles represent annual variability in fluvial input. To ans...


Lately, cloud computing has acquired notoriety. Data storage is an essential and beneficial area of concentrate in cloud computing. The term "cloud data storage" describes the process of transferring data to an external, up-to-date storage system. You store data to a far-off database instead of your PC's hard plate or another nearby storage gadget. Your PC and the database are associated over the web. The user's requirements for hardware and software are reduced via cloud storage. The security issues associated with accessing and storing data on cloud storage render the cloud information inconsistent and untrustworthy. Through the internet, the cloud computing provides service with dynamically scalable resources. Users gain from cloud computing services in terms of cost and usability. Security issues must be addressed by cloud computing services when sending sensitive data and important applications to shared and public cloud environments. For the needs of data processing and storage, cloud environments are expanding up significantly. The use of cloud computing has a number of benefits as well as drawbacks for service users' data security. The primary security concerns that exist in cloud computing systems are highlighted in this study. The essential security worries with cloud computing are examined in this paper, alongside a straightforward, secure, and protection saving architecture for between cloud data sharing that depends on an encryption/unscrambling calculation that expects to shield data put away in the cloud from unapproved access.


What if deconstruction were as dangerous as its critics make it out to be? What if we actually advanced a more destructive deconstruction? In a world torn apart by various crises, what is required is a stronger, more ambitious deconstruction that moves beyond softer, descriptive versions (Derrida"s, Caputo"s, etc.). I propose a more ruthless deconstruction, one that is unashamed to "slay monsters" (Caputo"s words), especially the monster-traditions of Church, Capital, and "Democracy." I begin by noting the significance and relevance of deconstruction during the present, a time of "revolutionary stirring." I then focus on Derrida"s statement that he is "a very conservative person," a remark unsatisfactorily explored by Caputo. I then show how Caputo"s construal of traditions in this text is extremely problematic. However, his later thinking shows signs of a more radical deconstructive bent, one which leads downs the roads of revolution and communism ("a radical community of equals").


This paper deals with a two-dimensional Fredholm integral equation of the first kind over the circular disk S, with a kernel of the form g(0)/Ir r'l, r, r' e S, where 0 is the angle between r' and some reference direction. By expansions in Fourier series and in series involving Legendre functions, and by use of a new closed-form result for a Legendre-function integral, the integral equation is reduced to a system of linear equations for the expansion coefficients. It is shown that the system has a unique solution because ofthe Toeplitz structure of the system matrix. As an application, the electrostatic potential problem for a charged elliptic disk is discussed. Key words, two-dimensional integral equation, Legendre functions, electrostatics, elliptic disk, potential theory AMS(MOS) subject classifications. 45B05, 33C45, 78A30, 31BI0


The work of Paul Rudolph in the context of the brutalist idea of As Found Paul Rudolph was one of the most important representatives of brutalist architecture and played a significant role in introducing this trend to the United States in the 1950s. One of the foundations of brutalist architecture was the New Brutalism doctrine developed by Alison and Peter Smithson. The idea of As Found was closely related to this doctrine. Knowledge of the impact of the As Found idea on Rudolph's views and projects is insuffi - cient and requires deepening. Therefore, the main aim of the research presented in this article was to define the relationship between the work of the American architect and the principles resulting from the idea of As Found. The nature of the research problems determined the use of the method of historical and interpretative studies, which employed, inter alia, an analysis of the literature and a comparative analysis of buildings. On-site studies of Rudolph's work in New Haven, Boston and Niagara Falls were of great importance. It was determined that the relationship between Rudolph's work and the idea of As Found was consistent in such aspects as the use of ordinary materials, exposing materials without cladding and plaster, striving for rough textures, reinterpreting historical solutions and elements, and stimulating emotions of users. On the other hand, discrepancies appeared regarding the role of structural and technical elements in shaping buildings and striving for the uniqueness of forms. Completely inconsistent with the idea of As Found were: the intuitive design method, the use of confusing and surprising solutions, extreme expression of forms, and imitations. The conducted research may be helpful in understanding why brutalist architecture took a different course than assumed by the creators of the idea of As Found and the doctrine of New Brutalism.


This guide provides access to the recording and PowerPoint presentation file of the Legal Research, Part 1 webinar. It also provides links to the Policy, Administration, and Security Research Homepage's Government Documents and Resources tab, which contai


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the governmental, economic, and technological factors contributing to a country's innovation ecology that have an impact on sustainable economic growth.Design/methodology/approach – This paper investigates governmental, economic, and technological supports that comprise the innovation ecology of 34 nations using ordinary least squares, discriminant analysis, and mediated regression. It is proposed that the strength of a country's innovation ecology is associated with greater sustainable entrepreneurial growth opportunities. Innovation indicators and trend analyses were collected from Eurostat Yearbook 2007, Science and Technology, and Global Financial Data over the 1995‐2005 period.Findings – The results reveal that while the influence of government and the economic environment encourage innovation ecology, having resources at the research and development levels, human capital, and early seed funding were key indicators of innovation. The greater the degre...


This chapter is based on data collected in the course of a joint study on the management of ?mini-AEPs? (i.e. mini adduction d?eau potable or borehole systems that feed standpipes serving populations of under 2000) conducted in the Maradi Region of Niger in October 2001. As demonstrated by the sheer volume of publications dedicated to the topic, water is a subject that generates copious debate. The chapter aims to reach an understanding of the concept of a ?public good? through the study of the issues surrounding water management in Niger. It shows that the management of collective hydraulic infrastructure also promotes new rules aimed at the production of public goods in villages where research has demonstrated the difficulties in identifying and delineating a local public space. Finally, the chapter highlights the social processes generated in the villages as a result of new social practices associated with such infrastructure management. Keywords: collective hydraulic infrastructure; infrastructure management; local public space; Maradi region; mini-AEPs; Niger; public good; villages; water management


We have discovered large positive magnetoresistance in Dy/Sc superlattices at low temperatures. These and other magnetotransport phenomena lack the hysteresis of the observed Dy magnetization. We oAer a speculative interpretation in terms of interfacial reflectivity.


Based on the first order scheme S-FDTDI and two kinds of techniques for reducing the perturbation error caused by the splitting of the Maxwell equations,the splitting FDTD methods for the 2d Maxwell's equations with nonzero conductivity(σ≠0) are studied,giving two kinds of schemes: S-FDTDII and symmetric splitting FDTD(SS-FDTD),deriving energy identity and doing numerical experiments.Computational results show that efficiency of the schemes and that SS-FDTD is better than ADI-FDTD,and both of the two schemes are better than S-FDTDII.


Tomohiko KUMAGAI, Toshiyuki OGAWA, Tomoshi MIYAMURA and Makoto OHSAKI Shape optimization of shell roofs subjected to strong wind is carried out to minimize the maximum vertical displacement. The three dimensional (3D) � uid � ow analysis is performed to obtain highly precise dynamic wind load. To reduce the large computational cost of the 3D analysis, the multigrid method is employed to solve the pressure Poisson equation. The objective function of the optimization problem is expected to have strong nonlinearity. Employing Response Surface Model (RSM), the objective function is approximated as a smooth function so that computational cost of the optimization is reduced. Analyses for several experimental points are required to generate RSM. It is not practical to perform 3D analyses for all experimental points due to huge computational cost. Variable Complexity Model (VCM) is useful for generating RSM. VCM is the method combining a high- � delity model and a low- � delity model. As the method of generating RSM, two kinds of methods are employed ; (1) VCM (2) 3D analyses for all the experimental points. Optimized shapes are obtained by both methods. Although the value of the objective function of (1) is slightly larger than that 74 巻 第 636 号, 297-304 , 2009 年 2 月 J. Struct. Constr. Eng., AIJ, Vol. 74 No. 636, 297-304, Feb., 2009 【カテゴリーⅡ】 構造系 636 号 * 東京工業大学大学院理工学研究科建築学専攻 Graduate Student, Dept. of Archi. and Build. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, M. Eng. 大学院生・修士(工学) ** 東京工業大学大学院理工学研究科建築学専攻 Assist. Prof., Dept. of Archi. and Build. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Dr. Eng. 助教・博士(工学) *** 東京工業大学大学院理工学研究科建築学専攻 Prof., Dept. of Archi. and Build. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Dr. Eng. 教授・工博 **** 日本大学工学部情報工学科 専任講師・博士(工学) Lecturer, Dept. of Computer Science, College of Engineering Nihon University, Dr. Eng. ***** 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Kyoto University, 准教授・博士(工学) Dr. Eng. 1/8 ���������������������������������������� SHAPE OPTIMIZATION OF SHELL ROOFS SUBJECTED TO STRONG WIND USING MULTIGRID METHOD AND VARIABLE COMPLEXITY MODEL ���� * � ���� ** � ���� *** � ���� **** ����� ***** Takuzo YAMASHITA, Tomohiko KUMAGAI, Toshiyuki OGAWA, Tomoshi MIYAMURA and Makoto OHSAKI Shape optimization of shell roofs subjected to strong wind is carried out to minimize the maximum vertical displacement. The three dimensional (3D) � uid � ow analysis is performed to obtain highly precise dynamic wind load. To reduce the large computational cost of the 3D analysis, the multigrid method


Resistive random access memory (RRAM) device based on conductive filaments (CF) is a promising candidate for next-generation nonvolatile memory applications. A detailed understanding of the resistive switching phenomenon is very important for RRAM development. In this paper, a numerical physics-based drift/diffusion model is presented to examine the resistive switching characteristic and morphological evolution of CF channels in AlOx based RRAM device. The experiment phenomenon and simulated results suggest that CF channels formed in the oxide film are composed of Cu metal and oxygen vacancy.


The invention discloses a medlar ice cream power and its preparation method, wherein the ice cream power comprises 40-60% of sugar, 20-40% of milk powder, 8-15 % of plant grease powder, 5-10% of malt extract, 0.3-0.8% of monoester, 0.2-0.8% of sucrose ester, 0.3-0.8% of guar gum, 0.3-0.8% of CMC and 2-6% of fructus lycii plasm, the making process comprises mixing, dissolving, aging, homogenizing, sterilizing, concentrating and spray-drying.


Introduction. The development of social responsibility as a personal and professional quality among young people at the university stage of their growth has become an important state goal of education today. Purpose setting. To study the components of socially responsible behavior among university students, the formation of which is carried out in the process of educational activities of curators of student groups. Methodology and methods of the study. Organizational, empirical methods (experiment, testing, questionnaire, expert survey), quantitative and qualitative analysis, methods of data interpretation were used. Results. When studying the motivational component of socially responsible behavior using the methodology «Motivation to participate in socially significant activities», it was revealed that 68% of respondents have a high level of motivation for socially significant activities; 32% have an average level. Reflection as the ability to analyze one's own behavior and assess its social significance was studied using the O. V. Kalashnikova test. In the studied sample, 37% of respondents had a high level of reflection, 63% – on average. During the survey, it was revealed that the work of curators at the Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University satisfies students, is considered important and useful. The dynamics of the formation of socially responsible behavior was studied using the methodology «Responsibility before and now». All respondents indicated a subjectively felt increase in indicators of responsibility in their student years. Conclusion. The essence of socially responsible behavior of students is determined, its components are specified, the indicators of which were identified in the diagnostic process; on the basis of an expert survey, the role of curators in the education of socially responsible behavior of students is revealed; the fundamental components of the curatorial support model implemented at the Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University are described. The most significant, in the opinion of young people, events and activities of curators, as well as their personal qualities that affect the process of educating socially responsible behavior among students, were identified. The correlation of data on all the methods used allowed us to draw a general conclusion about fairly good results for all the studied indicators of socially responsible behavior of students. Most of the students gave a highly positive assessment of the contribution of the curators in educating them socially responsible behavior.


The ratio of the linear distortion vector to the curvature distortion vector is found to be (2.03 ± 0.03) within the temperature range (for hot-stage development), of 15-24° C. The vectors are found to be in opposite directions. Some consequences of distortion are considered.


Inclusive research practice characterized by the involvement of neurodivergent people in meaningful roles has been described as a "requirement of excellence" in neurodiversity research. This report describes a co-design process in partnership with a Community Advisory Board undertaken to develop a research study involving neurotypical and neurodivergent students as participants. From the formation of the partnership with seven Community Advisory Board members to the outcomes of the co-design process, this report details the methods associated with each step, as well as the benefits and challenges collated in collaboration with members of the Community Advisory Board. Opportunities for improvement in co-design for participatory neurodiversity research are suggested.


An experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that size of phasic conductance response to an item is related positively to later recall of that item. Results confirmed the hypothesis with the additional finding that the positive relation increases with increasing delay in recall. Some attempt is made to explain the findings in terms of a simple memory process.


Hydrocarbon synthesis during CO hydrogenation over Pd/M-ZSM5 (M=H,Na,La) and Pd/SiO/sub 2/ has been investigated. Overall activity depended on the cation-exchanged form of the support and decreased in the order Pd/La-ZSM5 = Pd/Na-ZSM5 > Pd/H-ZSM5 > Pd/SiO/sub 2/. The zeolite-supported catalysts showed high selectivity towards saturated C/sub 2/-C/sub 6/ hydrocarbons, whereas Pd/SiO/sub 2/ favored methanol production. Increasing temperature and H/sub 2//CO feed ratio led to higher reaction rates, lower yields of C/sub 2/-C/sub 6/ products, and increased lighter hydrocarbons. A mechanical mixture of Pd/SiO/sub 2/ and Na-ZSM5 showed similar product distribution as Pd/Na-ZSM5. Infrared spectra of the catalysts under reaction conditions indicate the presence of adsorbed oxygenates on the zeolite. Changes in the IR bands during the initial stages of the reaction suggest that surface species on the zeolite are not methanol synthesis intermediates. The effects of various temperatures and H/sub 2//CO ratios on the spectra are small. The kinetic and infrared results indicate that C/sub 2/+ hydrocarbons synthesis over Pd/ZSM5 follows a bifunctional reaction pathway, involving methanol synthesis over Pd and conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons on the zeolite support. 33 refs., 15 figs., 3 tabs.


Esomeprazole is chemically bis(5methoxy-2-[(S)-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl) methyl]sulfinyl]-1Hbenzimidazole-1-yl). It is a gastric proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) used in treatment of gastric-acid related diseases. Simple, selective and accurate high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were developed and validated for the analysis of esomeprazole magnesium. The objective of this review is to describe various analytical methods for estimation of Esomeprazole. All methods are validated as per ICH guidelines. © 2011 IGJPS. All rights reserved.


This report deals with the seismic response behavior of piping systems in industrial facilities such as petro-chemical, oil refinery and nuclear power plants. Piping is generally put on the supporting structures. Therefore, frictional vibration occurs between piping and supporting system during seismic excitation. Special attention is focused on this nonlinear frictional dynamic responses of piping systems due to frictional vibration appearing among piping and supporting devices. Mock-up piping structure model is excited by large scale shaking table. FEM model is made from the mock-up piping of shaking test, and model parameters of linear system are calculated. Equivalent damping ratio is estimated from friction response spectra. The maximum responses calculated by linear analysis using equivalent damping ratio are compared with the maximum responses obtained by experiment.


The present invention relates to a friction reducing polymer material having a dry operation capability, this material comprises a polymeric matrix material and a filler, wherein the filler comprises reinforcing particles, particles of high hardness material, the lubricant particles. The present invention further relates to a mechanical end face seal including a rotating friction reducing ring and a stationary counter ring, wherein the friction reducing ring and / or counter-ring comprises a friction reducing polymer material having a dry operating capacity. The present invention further provides a dry operation applications, the use of these polymeric materials having a dry operating capacity as a material for an exhaust element in wet operation and dry operation pump more.


The present valuation of experimental teaching effect can not adapt to the needs of the experimental reform and develpoment due to its deficiency. After setting up the experimental curriculum,A Multivariate method has been developed to evaluate students' experimental ability from their innovating,operating,expressing ability and scientific quality.


Stercoral ulceration results from impaction of hard fecal mass on the colonic wall and is a relatively unknown cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. In this report, we describe a case of lower gastrointestinal bleeding due to stercoral ulceration resulting from Sevelamer, a drug which is commonly associated with constipation.


Abstract: To investigate changes in vegetation and climate with altitude, we established forest plots and recorded climatic data at 100-m intervals between 550–1100 m asl on the western slopes of Mount Batilamu, Mount Koroyanitu range, Viti Levu, Fiji. Trees with a dbh ≥10 cm were identified and measured in 21 10 × 10-m plots, starting at 750 m altitude. Temperature and relative humidity sensors were deployed in two habitats, leaf litter and 50 cm above the ground, and two vegetation types, grasslands and forest, at six altitudes over a 48-h period. Two significantly distinct forest types, lowland and montane, were present. Montane forest was found at higher elevations (>950 m asl) and had significantly higher stem density. Mean temperature decreased significantly with altitude and was strongly moderated by vegetation type (lower average and less variation in forest). While average relative humidity significantly increased with altitude, it was strongly moderated by both habitat and vegetation type (higher average and less variation in leaf litter and forest). The lapse rate varied with time of day (higher during the day) and vegetation type (higher in grasslands). Therefore, vegetation and microhabitats create unique microclimates, and this should be considered when investigating current or future climatic patterns along altitudinal gradients on forested mountains.


The literature of the "energy–economy" relationship presents mixed conclusions. Such conclusions could attribute mainly to the differences in methodology (econometrics), the selection of the data (period, frequency, length, time series vs panel data), the variety of possible explanatory variables employed in the model, different dynamics (lag structure) modeled, heterogeneity in the behavior of different sectors in the economy, heterogeneity in climate conditions, and various levels of development and economic structure. Even for the same countries, as its economy develops and its structure changes, the short-run and long-run relationships between energy consumption and economic growth may also change.

This article reviews the literature on the "energy–economy" relationship and presents the evidence from studies that apply various methodologies and raise the research question at different levels of details and with different perspectives. It presents the relationships in four distinct hypotheses: a unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption, a unidirectional causality from energy consumption to economic growth, a bidirectional feedback between energy consumption and economic growth, and no relationship at all (i.e., the neutrality hypothesis). This article also dives into the role played by other macroeconomic factors such as population, capital stock, prices, and technologies in revealing the true relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. The literature has started to pay more attention to sectoral characteristics of energy consumption and economic growth as well as the characteristics of different types of energy such as oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, and renewable energy. These factors could reveal the new details of the hypotheses that drive a causality in either direction. Finally, this article presents relevant policy implications derived from the revealed relationships.

Keywords:

energy consumption;
economic growth;
causality;
sectoral analysis;
energy efficiency;
energy conservation


Plant fibers have a strong hydrophilic behavior lea ding to a water absorption associated with a large sw lling in humid conditions. This hygroscopic deformation linked to the fiber microstructure is high compared to synthe tic fibers (glass, carbon). Thus, on a laminate scale, the change in h umidity leads to hygroscopic strains and stresses g radient. This must be understood in order to guarantee the durability of biocomposites parts. The use of a 0/90 ° non-symmetrical laminates subjected to a variation in humidity shows hygrosco pi stresses which result in a bending moment and a curvature. Taking advantage of this behavior, these laminates are dev loped to create hygromorph actuators. This kind of laminates can also be used as experimental tools to characterize the s train state within the material and the couplings e xi ting between the diffusion and swelling. Then, the aim of this work is to better understand the phenomena of hygroscopi c swelling on plant fiber scale by using the curvature induced by a hyg roscopic stress state (immersion) on the scale of a non-symmetrical laminate. Moreover, the study of the laminate curva ture enables to find the stresses gradient induced by water in the biocomposite. Mots Clés : biocomposites, bilames, courbure, contraintes hygr oscopiques, gonflement hygroscopique, diffusion d'humidité


High efficiency control of synchronous reluctance motors (Syn. RMs) is very important in the sense of energy saving and conservation of natural environment because the efficiency of the synchronous reluctance motor is generally lower than that of other types of AC motors. This paper presents a high efficiency control strategy for the Syn. RMs. In this strategy, the d- and q-axis currents are controlled instantaneously. Since the control performance mainly depends on the accuracy of the machine parameters, the online parameter estimation using an extended Kalman filter is incorporated in the control strategy. This control strategy improved the drive efficiency and robust performance against machine parameter variations. The validity of the proposed scheme is demonstrated through experimental results.


Gunung Salak village has been inaugurated as a village that has natural tourism potential, Gunung Salak village also has cultural potential in the form of Okokan dance, Bunut Sakti Temple, Beji Sudhamala Temple, and subak. The Master of Tourism Applied Study Program is one of the study programs at the Bali Tourism Polytechnic. Carrying out Community Service activities in Gunung Salak Village on 29-30 March 2021. The theme of the implementation of the community service program is Training on Management of Tourism Villages, Gunung Salak Tourism Village, Selemadeg Timur District, District Tabanan. Participants in this training were 30 people consisting of elements of village officials, tourism object managers, accommodation managers, art associations, PKK, and youth organizations. The training materials include Government policies in the development of Gunung Salak Tourism Village, destination management, techniques for communicating and interacting with tourists, Sapta Pesona, as well as accommodation management and entrepreneurship. Based on the participant's assessment, this community service activity shows that the suitability of the program with the needs and suitability of the material is the highest assessment. Participants thought that this material was considered quite interesting because this activity was only a training course so that the participants hoped that further training would be held.


The status of the four taxa Ectoedemia angulifasciella, E. atricollis, E. rubivora and E. arcuatella, has always been in debate. They have now been studied using several different systematic methods, relating to morphology, gel electrophoresis, host plant differentiation, life histories and distribution. Evidence is given here which demonstrates that they should be regarded as two pairs of sibling species.


In worsted rectilinear combing, the percentage noil is influenced by the number of gilling operations and the directions of gilling and combing. At high noil settings, combing with the more hooked end fed first always results in more noil, but, at low settings, the converse is sometimes found to apply. A theory is presented that explains this type of behaviour in terms of the distribution of hook lengths within the uncombed sliver.


In this paper, the present authors investigate a scenario for the mechanism of taming chaos via bifurcation theory, and assert that this phenomenon is caused by the slight shift of the saddle node bifurcation curves.


Plenary Session 15:00 16:45 B Level – Courtyard Ballroom Opening Session Veterinary Immunology Past and Present Moderators: Moderator: Crystal Loving Moderator: Dirk Werling (Hatfield, United Kingdom) 15:00 15:30 Welcome to IVIS 2019! Invited Speaker: Crystal Loving 15:30 15:55 A historical perspective Role of Veterinary Research in Vaccine Development Invited Speaker: Diane Wendt 15:55 16:20 Role of veterinary immunology to improving animal health Invited Speaker: Gary Entrican (United Kingdom) 16:20 16:45 Focusing the global research effort: a generic roadmap for veterinary vaccine development Invited Speaker: Alex Morrow


Aim. Cytological analysis of the stability of interspecific hybrids of wheat Triticum spelta L. × Triticum aestivum L. Methods . By the method of temporal squashed prepara- tions has been analyzed ploidy level, the frequency of structural chromosome aberrations and abnormalities mitosis in root meristem cells of seedlings. Results. It was revealed that the F 1 hybrids have significantly greater number of cells with impaired mitosis compared to the initial parental components. The vast majority of violations of the hybrids was represented by chromoso-mal aberrations. It is shown that the second-generation simple and bekrossing hybrids are characterized by a certain stabilization of hybrid genomes, which manifests significant reduction in the number of abnormal mitosis. Conclusions . In interspecific hybridization spelled and soft wheat were found that when the maternal compo-nent served as spelled and his father — soft wheat total the overall frequency of mitotic abnormalities was less than in the reciprjcal crosses, which may be indicative of maternal cytoplasm effect.


Significance To shed light on the host range of Zika virus (ZIKV), we surveyed the virus' ability to infect cells of evolutionarily diverse species. ZIKV replicates efficiently in human, great ape, Old and New World monkey, but not rodent cells. These observations correlated with ZIKV's ability to blunt the cGAS/STING signaling pathway in all primate cells tested but not in mice. We demonstrate that an enzyme shared by many flaviviruses (NS2B3) is responsible for functionally inactivating this antiviral defense. Our results highlight the importance of the cGAS/STING pathway in shaping the host range of ZIKV, which in turn may guide the development of murine models with inheritable susceptibility to ZIKV and other flaviviruses. The limited host tropism of numerous viruses causing disease in humans remains incompletely understood. One example is Zika virus (ZIKV), an RNA virus that has reemerged in recent years. Here, we demonstrate that ZIKV efficiently infects fibroblasts from humans, great apes, New and Old World monkeys, but not rodents. ZIKV infection in human—but not murine—cells impairs responses to agonists of the cGMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of IFN genes (cGAS/STING) signaling pathway, suggesting that viral mechanisms to evade antiviral defenses are less effective in rodent cells. Indeed, human, but not mouse, STING is subject to cleavage by proteases encoded by ZIKV, dengue virus, West Nile virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus, but not that of yellow fever virus. The protease cleavage site, located between positions 78/79 of human STING, is only partially conserved in nonhuman primates and rodents, rendering these orthologs resistant to degradation. Genetic disruption of STING increases the susceptibility of mouse—but not human—cells to ZIKV. Accordingly, expression of only mouse, not human, STING in murine STING knockout cells rescues the ZIKV suppression phenotype. STING-deficient mice, however, did not exhibit increased susceptibility, suggesting that other redundant antiviral pathways control ZIKV infection in vivo. Collectively, our data demonstrate that numerous RNA viruses evade cGAS/STING-dependent signaling and affirm the importance of this pathway in shaping the host range of ZIKV. Furthermore, our results explain—at least in part—the decreased permissivity of rodent cells to ZIKV, which could aid in the development of mice model with inheritable susceptibility to ZIKV and other flaviviruses.


Recently, research and application in copper sulfide nanomaterial have attracted much attention base on its biocompatibility, photostability, favourable price and etc. However, nanoparticles combined the copper sulfide with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are little reported in previous literatures. Herein, the yolk-shell Fe3O4@CuS nanoparticles were fabricated from core-shell Fe3O4@Cu2O nanoparticles via ion exchange pathway, which can be developed as a theranostic platform in cancer treatment. Due to the component of Fe3O4 core which provides ferromagnetic property, it can be applied as T2-negative contrast agents of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On the other hand, shell of the CuS nanomaterials provides the photothermal conversion properties. Therefore, the Fe3O4@CuS nanostructures exhibit significant near-infrared (NIR) absorption which cover the range of the first NIR window (650-950 nm) and second NIR window (1000-1350 nm). To compare excitation by 1064 nm and 808 nm NIR laser, the nanomaterial exhibits better efficiency of photothermal therapy by irradiated with 1064 nm than 808 nm NIR laser. Besides, magnetic targeting can enhance the efficiency of photothermal therapy. In conclusion, Fe3O4@CuS yolk-shell nanostructure provides the excellent magnetic and optical properties, it will be expected that there will be a promising theranostic platform in cancer treatment.


"Booming dunes" are large desert sand dunes that make a loud droning or humming noise during
an avalanching of sand. The phenomenon has been observed for censturies, yet it remains largely
unexplained. This note demonstrates that the booming frequency does not scale with the size of
the particle or with the shearing speed of the avalanching sand. Instead, the dune may act as a
waveguide with a fundamental frequency that depends on the sound speed within the dune and
the depth of the loose dry sand layer.


gastroenteritis (24%), pneumonia (21%), malnutrition (17%), upper airway infectious diseases (13%), septicemia (12%), child abuse (4%), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (3%), and other infectious diseases (24%). Their parents reported hepatitis B virus infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and alcoholism. The unemployment rate among the fathers was 37%. Sixteen percent of mothers were prostitutes. There was an imprisonment record of 19% for mothers and fathers combined. A multidisciplinary approach for this group of children would make prevention possible and care less expensive. (AJDC. 1990;144:977-979)


AIM
This paper discusses the development of a pedagogy that nurtures not only the caring and the critical, but also the creative spirit of nursing. To explore the idea of creative pedagogy the learning/teaching of ethics in nursing is considered.

BACKGROUND
Based on the understanding of ethics as a deeply personal process that is lived in the complexity and ambiguity of everyday nursing work I describe a pedagogy that seeks to support students to 'become' moral agents -- to see ethics as something they are, not merely as something they follow, and to develop the knowledge and ability to live in and navigate their way through the complex, ambiguous, and shifting terrain of ethical nursing practice. An example of one student's experience is used to illustrate how a pedagogy of creativity can promote the development of students' creative capacity in their everyday ethical practice.


Certain patterns in history seem so stubbornly persistent as to resemble the laws of nature. One of these patterns with such enduring permanence is the role of scarcity in natural resources in the evolution of the political economy of the world and international law. It was scarcity in spices, silk, emeralds and other precious stones that inspired the evolution of exchange relations between Europe and the Far East through the famous Silk Routes. Interruptions to trade along the Silk Routes and the compounding effects of scarcity in other natural resources in Europe further inspired the age of discovery, imperialism and colonialism mostly at the end of the barrel of the gun. International law evolved in tandem with this outward push from Europe to provide the necessary legitimization of occupation, acquisition and subjugation of foreign territories and peoples to gain access to their natural resources for the advancement of the metropolitan powers. In the post-colonial era the grip of scarcity on various natural resources, particularly in biodiversity, has continued with its unyielding tenacity. Fortunately, the old regime of blatant forcible occupation of foreign territories is no longer an acceptable solution under international law and the United Nations Charter. Access to scarce biodiversity resources to support an unrestrained development model required yet again the instrumentality of an international normative regime based on the consent of resource-holding states. The Biodiversity Convention became the legitimizing instrument for access to biodiversity resources located mostly in states that were the victims of the old colonial and imperial systems. Given the untimely demise of the New International Economic Order (NIEO), the history of persistent unequal exchange, and the importance of biodiversity resources to the states in which they are located, significant questions relating to ownership, control, and exploitation of those resources remain unanswered. In a world of diverse human cultural, social, and political organization the concept of property is necessarily complex, ideological and deeply textured. The Biodiversity Convention did not and could not have resolved the critical question of property rights in those resources. Relying on established tools of international diplomacy such as polysemy and hyponymy, the Convention left the determination of property rights and their varying incidents to the municipal laws of signatory states. This article argues that there is no international law concept of property rights * Professor of Law, University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law. LL.B. (Hons) 1970, B.L. 1972 University of Ghana; M.B.A., Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, 1977; M.L.I. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1979; S.J.D. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1985. Copyright © 2013 by Kojo Yelpaala. I am immensely grateful to the McGeorge School of Law Summer Research Program for financial support. I am also grateful to Mr. Paul Howard, my faculty library liaison for his dedication, sense of mission and research support, Paul Fuller for the graphics and to Michelle Scheinman for footnotes assistance. BIODIVERSITY_CONVENTION_FINAL_SUBMISSION_DRAFT_2015.DOCX 12/15/2015 5:37 PM 2015 / Property Rights in the Biodiversity Convention 2 applicable to biodiversity resources. Neither the concept of the "commons" nor that of the "common heritage of humanity" is clearly applicable under the Convention or international law. Moreover, the concept of permanent sovereignty over natural resources including biodiversity resources rises to the level of jus cogens under international law. Thus, notwithstanding the Convention and given the protections of the United Nations Charter and various General Assembly Resolutions on sovereignty over natural resources, control over and the exploitation of biodiversity resources resides in the countries in which they are located. However, many significant global strategic issues remain. Resource-holding states must maintain active vigilance over an erosion of their property rights by subsequent international agreements and treaties. Moreover, the lessons of the dashed hopes and aspirations that perished with the demise of the NIEO should not be swept away with the dust of history. Resource holding states must develop purposeful local self-determining strategic countervailing structures to ensure that the exploitation of their biodiversity resources is directed towards addressing the fundamental needs of their


Race-based remedies often are justified by evidence of prior discrimination. They work when they benefit groups previously disadvantaged. This article examines one such remedy-minority business set-asides-and its application in the award of public procurement and construction contracts by the state of New Jersey. Analyzed are contract awards to minority and non-minority|non-women-owned business enterprises in 1990, as well as in periods before, during, and after the imposition of a state minority set-aside program. Using a conventional decomposition approach, the article reveals significant discriminatory gaps in the success of minority- versus non-minority-owned firms in obtaining contracts from the state of New Jersey. The analysis suggests that minority contracting success rates fell from the pre-set-aside era to the set-aside era and that discriminatory outcomes persisted. The particular remedy chosen-while justified based on evidence of prior discrimination-appears not to have reduced the original discrimination nor did it unambiguously benefit minority businesses.


T he idea that people who are responsible for creating a mess should be charged for its removal resonates with common perceptions of fairness. But in public policy-making, even before the financial crisis, there are many examples of this idea being turned on its head. Climate change policy is one such area – a problem inherently linked to the realities of trying locally to regulate greenhouse gas emissions that are thoroughly global in their impact. Despite many efforts to coordinate policies across countries since the signing of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 20 years ago, climate change policy is still very much a localised affair. So although some governments are trying to reduce emissions, they also worry about the possible negative effects of pollution legislation on the competitiveness of their countries or regions. In a globalised economy, such concerns are not unfounded as the dynamics of comparative advantage are conducive to shifting pollution-intensive production from regulated to unregulated regions. Regulated firms also have every incentive to play up the risks to their competitiveness even if there is no basis for their claims. What's worse is that governments have little to go by in evaluating such risks other than the assessments of the regulated firms themselves. And irrespective of any risks to When governments design policies to reduce firms' greenhouse gas emissions, are they too lenient on heavy polluters that claim such measures will damage their ability to compete in the global economy? Ralf Martin, Laure de Preux and Ulrich Wagner assess the UK's experience with the climate change levy.


Web caching aims at reducing network traffic, server load and user-perceived retrieval delays by replicating popular content on proxy caches that are strategically placed within the network. While key to effective cache utilization, popularity information (e.g. relative access frequencies of objects requested through a proxy) is seldom incorporated directly in cache replacement algorithms. Rather other properties of the request stream (e.g. temporal locality and content size), which are easier to capture in an online fashion, are used to indirectly infer popularity information, and hence drive cache replacement policies. Recent studies suggest that the correlation between these secondary properties and popularity is weakening due in part to the prevalence of efficient client and proxy caches. This trend points to the need for proxy cache replacement algorithms that directly capture popularity information. We present an on-line algorithm that effectively captures and maintains an accurate popularity profile of Web objects requested through a caching proxy. We propose a novel cache replacement policy that uses such information to generalize the well-known greedy dual-size algorithm, and show the superiority of our proposed algorithm by comparing it to a host of recently-proposed and widely-used algorithms using extensive trace-driven simulations and a variety of performance metrics.


Hydrobromic acid is a catalyst in the production of purified terephthalic acid.But the states of bromine is very complex,and the total amounts of bromine can not be determined correctly by common method of potentiometric titration.This paper describes a method for determining the total bromine,cobalt and manganese by X-ray spectrometer,which shows as a simple,rapid and accurate one.


The"exhortation" folktales of Hui Nationality show the traditional ethics of Hui people from pieties、 amity、frugality,and other aspects.Not only are the folktales handed down,but also restrict people's life.Their functions can strengthen national beliefs and exhort traditional moralities.These traditional moralities that folktales contain are accord with the socialism moralities.


Objective
To explore the influencing factors of leakage of urine of indwelling urethral catheter in ICU critical patients and put forward the nursing countermeasures, to provide nursing management for urethral catheter.

Methods
102 patients with indwelling urethral catheter hospitalized in ICU of our hospital from January 2016 to December 2017 were selected, and analyzed their clinical data, explored the influencing factors of leakage of urine.

Results
Of the 102 ICU patients with indwelling urethral catheter, 21 cases had leakage of urine; and there were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, education level, and type of urethral catheter between patients with leakage and patients without leakage (P>0.05), there were statistically significant differences in the length of stay, the time of indwelling urethral catheter, urinary catheter associated urinary tract infection, and constipation between patients with leakage and patients without leakage [(22.29±13.18)d vs.(14.20±7.24)d, (21.81±12.70)d vs.(13.99±9.92)d, 52.38% vs.6.17%, 61.90% vs.12.35%] (P<0.05). The longer the time of indwelling urethral catheter was, the higher the incidences of urinary tract infection, constipation, leakage of urine were.

Conclusion
The incidence of leakage of urine in ICU patients with indwelling urethral catheter is high. The management of urinary catheter should be done well, the control and prevention of the factors causing urine leakage should be strengthened, the aseptic system should be strictly carried out, and the body resistance of patients should be improved, which can reduce the occurrence of urine leakage.

Key words:
ICU; Indwelling urethral catheter; Leakage of urine


Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging using innovative photonic THz sources and detectors have turned out to be very useful techniques for applications in nondestructive testing and sensing. Typical examples of THz imaging and spectroscopy are presented.


Min-delay (MID) error rates increase dramatically under aggressive voltage and technology scaling, limiting <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm{ MIN}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Pulsed latches offer significant clocking power savings over flip-flops but further aggravate MID failures. This letter proposes MID margin/error detection and correction (M2/EDAC) for flip-flops and pulsed latches to reduce <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm{ MIN}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> guard bands for voltage noise, temperature variation, and aging, and to detect and correct rare MID failures. Statistical data collection from a prototype in 10-nm tri-gate CMOS shows up to 122-mV <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm{ MIN}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> reduction. Reliable pulsed latches enabled by M2/EDAC offer 12%–18% total dynamic power savings for logic blocks in 10-nm CMOS.


AbstrcatUnder the competitive environment of Iron Steel industry information resources unification, in order to resolve the urgent demands on the integration of enterprises resources, this paper proposes ERP-based integration scheme of CRM and SCM for Iron Steel industry, demonstrates the feasibility of this scheme on the level of business process and techniques, and finally presents actual case which applies that scheme.


Bankura district is drought-prone in nature from where rural people regularly migrate to the nearby agriculturally and economically developed districts. In the paper, regional pattern, nature, distance, duration, mechanism of this rural male-out-migration and linkages of migrants with the native villages have been analyzed. The study is primarily conducted on the basis of information collected from door to door survey through a structured questionnaire. These collected data indicate that the landless people, especially from drought-affected villages, experience a higher proportion of outmigration. They normally migrate during the absence of agricultural activities at their native villages and a large portion of these migrants also return to their village during the short agricultural season. It is also found that the frequency of visiting the native village has an inverse relation with distance. Those who regularly visit their native village, most of them move from a short distance. Article history Received: 07 February 2020 Revised: 16 April 2020 Accepted: 17 April 2020


www.chestpubs.org those receiving placebo. However, after adjusting for age, sex, smoking history, bronchoscopic biopsy, procedure time, operator experience, and baseline hemodynamic variables and oxygen saturation, the use of anticholinergic premedication was associated with signifi cantly lower airway secretions as reported by the bronchoscopist. Because excessive airway secretions are rarely encountered at bronchoscopy, 3 the antisecretory effects of atropinelike drugs might not have been appreciated in the earlier studies, given their limitations in sample size and failure to account for confounding factors. The absence of excessive airway secretions at bronchoscopy, even without antisecretory premedication, might also explain why such premedication may not be associated with clear clinical benefi t to the patient in terms of reduction in cough, patient discomfort, development of oxygen desaturation, or time taken for bronchoscopy. In summary, the comments by Dr Cowl that antisecretory drugs prior to bronchoscopy are not benefi cial and actually could be harmful in some patients and that the routine use of anticholinergic premedication during bronchoscopy should be abandoned are well supported by evidence, including that from the current study .


The increase of internal resistance caused by finite electrode size effects is calculated by means of conformal mapping in a fashion similar to that used by Hurwitz et al. but also taking into account the effect of varying the relative size electrodes and insulators. It is shown that the relation insulator length/electrode length = Hall angle/ninety degrees leads to a minimum of the generator internal resistance and a minimum of ohmic dissipation in the vicinity of the electrodes. The relation also gives the largest size which the electrode can attain before current starts to flow between adjacent electrodes.


Liver failure without transplantation is associated with high morbidity and mortality.Artificial liver support systems,particularly bioartificial livers,are one possible solution for bridging the time to transplantation and/or recovery from liver failure.Bioartificial livers comprise bioreactors containing hepatocytes,and provide both biotransformation and synthetic liver functions.The hepatocytes can be either allogeneic or xenogeneic(animal origin).The patient's blood or plasma circulates through the bioreactors and is returned to the patient after toxic compounds have been cleared and synthesized products added by the hepatocytes.The successful long-term propagation and culture of both human and pig hepatocytes and the development of adequate biocompatible microcarrier modules means that it is now possible to achieve sufficient hepatocyte density per unit volume to develop bioartificial liver systems.Hollow-fiber bioreactors filled with hepatocytes growing on microcarriers are widely used.The development of a bioartifical liver support system is a particularly appealing and pragmatic approach to the future treatment of liver failure.


In this paper, for extracting low-dimensional features from multi-dimensional data in data field environment,we propose a novel method of canonical correlation analysis(CCA) called DFCCA(data field based CCA) by introducing interactions among data into data correlation solving. The features extracted by DFCCA have better distribution properties, that is the features corresponding to a data point pair that are far apart from each other gather together in a small region, but other features corresponding to the pair of data points that are neighboring each other will scatter regularly around the region. Thanks to these properties, DFCCA has a good capability of frontier identification. Experimental results on image segmentation demonstrate that the frontiers extracted from complex images by DFCCA hold better fidelity.


The billions of dollars in assets seized by law enforcement each year represent a crucial source of revenue for these organizations, but also raise important constitutional questions and can create significant tensions within the jurisdictions they administer. Research on asset forfeiture to date has focused heavily on municipal police, largely neglecting forfeiture activities by sheriffs. Thus, it has missed an important opportunity to build theory about the differences between appointed and elected administrators and neglected an important source of institutional variation that may help to explain this particular administrative activity. To develop expectations about the relative levels of asset forfeiture and the response to intergovernmental incentives related to forfeiture, we draw on and extend scholarship comparing the behavior of elected versus appointed administrators in other settings. We test those expectations in analyses of more than 1,200 sheriff's offices and over 2,200 municipal police departments between 1993 and 2007. Results suggest that sheriffs receive less forfeiture revenue than municipal police and are less responsive to state-level policies that change the financial rewards of asset forfeiture for agencies. These results hold whether we examine forfeitures made through the federal Equitable Sharing Program, where civil and criminal forfeiture cases can be distinguished, or jurisdictional level data on forfeiture, where civil and criminal forfeitures are combined. We conclude with a discussion of implications for both the research on asset forfeiture and on elected versus appointed public administrators more generally.


AbstractThe effects of storage humidity on the properties of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMc)-based hydrophilic matrix tablets were investigated. Hydrochlorothiazide tablets prepared with HPMCs of different thickening capacities were stored for 6 months (a) at a relative humidity corresponding to the prestorage equilibrium moisture content of the HPMCs, or (b) at a higher relative humidity. Only tablets stored at the higher humidity showed significant changes in properties, indicating that the observed changes (reduced crushing strength, increased total porosity, and increased mean pore diameter) were due to water uptake. All changes were completed within 1 month of storage. Drug release properties were unaffected, even after 6 months. Effectively identical results were obtained regardless of whether the HPMC variety used had a nominal viscosity of 4,000 cP or 100,000 cP.


After reviewing all the previous studies on this region,the author discusses the population affinity of Yanbulake Culture(including Yanbulake cemetery,Wubao cemetery and Hanqigou cemetery),and proposes a different hypothesis of the physical characteristic of this crania series, as well as a concept of"transitional form"to the description.


Location based multicasting has been gaining considerable attention due to its stateless operation, potential for scalability and resilience against mobility in mobile ad hoc networks. One of the key requirements for location based multicast is location service, which operates in a distributed manner to provide the current locations of all group members in order to construct a location based multicast tree. While literature describes a few mulitcast location service protocols, there has been no prior study to evaluate these protocols for scalable operation in a large ad hoc network. In this paper, we study four multicast location service protocols, namely-MLS, HRPM, AMDLM and SPBM-for scalability in a uniformly distributed ad hoc network. Our analysis shows that the MLS protocol scales well in both the total location service cost as well as the per node storage requirement to carry out location service.


Cloud Computing is a new concept for pool of virtualized computer resources. There are many approaches available to improve the job scheduling and load balancing in cloud environment. However, this research focused on the Job scheduling in cloud computing environment at Virtual Machines level by considering their bandwidth and RAM size. Three (3) traditional scheduling techniques are employed (min-min, max-min, and suffrage) to find the minimum completion time possible for a given job(s) for each Virtual Machine (VM). The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied after the job scheduling is completed for load balancing and to attained the Quality of Service (QoS) required by properly utilizing the resources available. A CloudSim simulator is used to test the efficiency of the proposed technique. We found that the proposed technique called Random Make Genetic Optimizer (RMGO) can minimize the makespan as compared to classical job scheduling techniques.


College students in West Germany, the Netherlands, India, and the United States made birth-planning "decisions" for forty hypothetical family situations. The situations depicted eight familial characteristics which could be descriptive of families in any country where there is monogamous marriage, where it is expected that the husband (father) should be the major provider, and where the wife (mother) should be chiefly responsible for activities involving the home and children. Comparisons of responses revealed large similarities across national samples in thinking about the family in the abstract. Some irregularities in decisions across samples were also evident. It is suggested that a similarity in thinking regarding family structure may underlie the cultural differences found by earlier crossnational family research.


BACKGROUND
In Connecticut, despite hazards of raw milk consumption, attempts to ban raw milk sales have been unsuccessful. In July 2008, 2 children experienced Escherichia coli O157-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) after consuming raw milk purchased at a retail market and a farm (farm X). We investigated to determine the outbreak source and control measures.

METHODS
Confirmed cases were HUS diagnosis or E. coli O157:NM infections with isolates matching outbreak strains among patients during June to July 2008. Probable cases were diarrheal illness among farm X customers during the same period. We conducted case-control studies to determine the source of E. coli O157 exposure and assess for dose-response relation between illness and frequency of raw milk consumption. Farm X dairy practices were evaluated; stool specimens of humans and animals were cultured for E. coli O157. Staff time and laboratory and medical costs were calculated.

RESULTS
We identified 14 cases (7 confirmed). Five (36%) case patients required hospitalization; 3 (21%) experienced HUS. No deaths were reported. Raw milk consumption was associated with illness (P = .008); a dose-response relation was demonstrated (P = .01). Dairy practices reflected industry standards. E. coli O157:NM outbreak strains were isolated from stool specimens of 6 case patients and 1 milking cow. The total estimated outbreak cost was $413,402.

CONCLUSIONS
Farm X's raw milk was the outbreak source despite no violations of current raw milk regulatory standards. This outbreak resulted in substantial costs and proposed legislation to prohibit nonfarm retail sale, strengthen advisory labels, and increase raw milk testing for pathogens.


Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report the effect of Korean m edical treatment for viral warts. Methods : All patients were treated by Bojungikki-tang gami. One of them was treated with only herbal medicine. The others were treated with herbal medicine, acupuncture, sweet bee venom acupuncture and moxibustion. To evaluate the results of these treatments, we observed condition of the patients and took the photos of lesions. Results : After Korean medical treatment, the viral warts of all patients remarkably disappeared and there have been no recurrence at all. Conclusions : We suggest that viral warts can be treated by Korean medical treatment.


Three alfalfa fields were sampled for alfalfa weevil (AW), Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), larvae to determine if reducing the number of stems per sample or subsampling the field would significantly influence the estimation of larva populations as determined by the standard whole-field, 30-stem sampling method. Results indicated that estimates of mean AW populations using 6- or 12-stem samples taken from 100-or 2,500-m2 subunit areas were not significantly different from those of the standard 30-stem, whole-field method. Analysis of variance indicated that mean AW population estimates of the 6- and 12-stem samples were not significantly different; nor were mean population estimates from the 100- and 2,500-m2 subunit sizes significantly different. However, less time was required to collect stems from a 100-m2 subunit using the 6-stem sampling method and to count larvae that were recovered from the 6-stem sample. Also, total effort required to estimate AW larva populations with a precision of 0.2 was least for the 6-stem, 100-m2 method.


Frequency offset estimation using sample autocorrelation functions with lags from 1 to N is investigated experimentally for the transmission of a 112 Gbit/s PDM-QPSK signal over 1600-2400 km of non-zero dispersion shifted fiber.


Submillimetar continuum observations have been conducted toward GGD 27 IRS, a well-defined bipolar outflow plus dense disk system. Photometry was done in the wavelength range of 350 microns to 1.1 mm toward the peak, and spatial distributions at 450 and 800 microns were measured. Both emissions consist of a very compact (FWHM approximately equal to 20 arcsec) core and a diffuse component which is aligned to the previously known dense molecular disk. A numerical model calculation that fits to the current data favors power-law radial distributions of dust density and temperature, with exponents of alpha = 1.8-2.2 and gamma = 0.2-0.4 and a spectral index of the dust emissivity beta = 1.5. The dust distribution, and hence, the total mass distribution thus derived reproduce the nature of the simulated model of the rotating isothermal cloud. The total gas and dust mass of the disk is estimated to be about 100 solar masses within the radius of 30 arcsec, assuming a dust emissivity of 3.9 sq cm/g at 400 microns and a gas-to-dust ratio of 100. 27 refs.


The development of self-management strategies is an important aspect of living with chronic arthritis and an intervention to which occupational therapists devote a significant amount of time. Within this context, the evidence base is informed predominantly by research undertaken from a psychological perspective. Sociological approaches to living with chronic illness provide valuable insights into the personal perspectives of living with and managing chronic illness. Located within a sociological perspective and focusing on women with chronic arthritis, this study aimed to gain a greater understanding of the strategies that the women used to maintain activity and the integration of such strategies into their lifestyles. A longitudinal qualitative study using interviews, diaries and focus groups was conducted over a period of 2 years. The interviews and focus groups were recorded, transcribed and analysed to identify key themes and concepts. The diaries were analysed to provide insights into the daily activities of the women. Three interrelated themes were identified: the embodied experience of living with chronic arthritis, the development and use of strategies and the integration of the strategies into the women's evolving personal context. This paper explores these themes and discusses their implications for the development of self-management programmes informed by the experiences of people living with these impairments.


Lo Icidnce If this latter, the incidence upon public elementary school children, be studied from the official returns made by local authorities of tonsillectomies done under their schemes of treatment, comparisons between neighbouring or similar areas often show startling differences in the tonsillectomy rates, that is, in the number done each year shown as a percentage of the children in average attendance at the public elementary schools in that area. These great variations in local incidence are unrelated to


Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are involved in transcriptional networks controlling a number of biological processes in plants. However, little is known on the roles of bHLH proteins in cotton fiber development so far. Here, we show that a cotton bHLH protein (GhFP1) positively regulates fiber elongation. GhFP1 transgenic cotton and Arabidopsis plants were generated to study how GhFP1 regulates fiber cell elongation. Fiber length of the transgenic cotton overexpressing GhFP1 was significantly longer than that of wild type, whereas suppression of GhFP1 expression hindered fiber elongation. Furthermore, overexpression of GhFP1 in Arabidopsis promoted trichome development. Expressions of the brassinosteroid (BR)-related genes were remarkably up-regulated in fibers of GhFP1 overexpression cotton, but down-regulated in GhFP1-silenced fibers. BR content in the transgenic fibers was significantly altered, relative to that in wild type. Moreover, GhFP1 protein could directly bind to the promoters of GhDWF4 and GhCPD to activate expressions of these BR-related genes. Thus, our data suggest that GhFP1 as a positive regulator participates in controlling fiber elongation by activating BR biosynthesis and signaling. Additionally, homodimerization of GhFP1 may be essential for its function, and interaction between GhFP1 and other cotton bHLH proteins may interfere with its DNA-binding activity.


My diploma thesis concentrates on the comparison of the amounts of energy spent for heating and cooling systems in a building with or without glass house extensions. The calculations were made in TOST computer program, developed at the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering Ljubljana. A glass house extension or a sun-room is one of possible construction elements in bio-climatic architecture. It is mainly used for collecting and storing solar energy and can be easily converted into a comfortable living area. Building a sun-room requires cautious planning as only well engineered glass panels and accumulation materials can contribute to energy savings.
The calculations showed that heating energy consumption is lower in house areas within the immediate vicinity of glass house extensions. In distant parts of the building the effect of a sun-room is negligible. Buildings without glass extensions do not require cooling whereas the necessity for cooling systems is greater in all of the affected parts of buildings with sun-room extensions. The cooling energy consumption can be reduced by shading methods executed over sun-rooms as well as on buildings themselves. I have presented two possible methods of shading: using jutting roofs over the glass constructions, and shading with deciduous greenery covers.


Polytene chromosomes were found in several larval and pupal tissues of the Medfly, Ceratitis capitata, during a search for chromosomes suitable for detailed cytological analysis. Well-banded highly polytene chromosomes, which could be adequately separated and spread, were found in trichogen cells of the spatulate superior orbital bristles of male pupae. These chromosomes proved suitable for full polytene analysis. Thoracic trichogen cells of both male and female pupae also contain useful polytene chromosomes, although they are considerably thinner and thus more difficult to analyze. Contrasting with those in pupal trichogen cells, the chromosomes in the salivary glands, Malphighian tubules, midgut, hindgut, and fat body of larvae and pupae were difficult to prepare because of high levels of ectopic pairing and chromosome fragmentation. In hindgut preparations partial separation of up to three chromosomes was achieved, but in all other tissues no useful chromosome separation was possible. In trichogen poly...


Although laser texturing technology is known for effective method to improve the tribological performance of friction surface for years, new applications are reported. Up to date, laser texturing approaches found in the literature are mainly discussed about the dimple shape cases or its friction effect problems. However, for industrial applications, the LST pattern on lubricating surface conditions was investigated in this study. Tribological experiments were conducted with the CrN coated SAE 9254 steel patterned for dot and line marking. Marking laser with a scanner were used for the laser texturing process. In addition, LST was applied to the Piston top ring and tribological experiments were compared.


Objective: To study the transcription level and expression level of MMP-9 in colorectal cancer and explore its function and the mechanism during the invasion and metastasis.Methods: The quantitative-RT-PCR and immunohistochemical method were employed to determine the transcription level and expression level of MMP-9 in 41 cases of colorectal cancer,including the cancer tissue and the distal cut margin.Results: Both the transcription level and expression level of MMP-9 in the cancer tissue were significantly higher than in the distal normal tissue.And the results were correlated with the invasion depth,lymph node metastasis and Dukes stage.Conclusion: MMP-9 plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer and is helpful for the judgment of prognosis.


Patellogastropod limpets are a widespread and extensively studied taxa, and yet comparisons between species and geographic regions are rare; instead, results are often generalized across these differences. This study investigated patterns of head orientation in Patella species at four locations in the UK. The proportion of downwards facing limpets was also compared between areas in two locations with and without barnacles. Regardless of location, there was a strong downwards bias in orientation and the proportion of downwards facing limpets did not differ in the presence of barnacles. The results are compared with patterns of orientation exhibited by the Australian patellogastropod Cellana tramoserica; this suggests that malacologists should be more cautious in extrapolating patterns of behaviour and distribution between species of patellogastropods and across regions.


The size-frequency distribution (SFD) of craters on the Moon, Mars, and Mercury turns up at very small crater diameters; for the Moon the upturn occurs near 3 km [1, 2]. Neukum, Ivanov, and Hartmann [2] propose that this upturn is a result of collisional process in the asteroid belt and represents the impacting population. On the other hand, Shoemaker [3] and others [1, 4, 5] propose that this upturn is a result of secondary cratering, wherein solid material ejected from an impact crater itself impacts the surface, forming a crater. Secondary craters are formed from solid blocks (or groups of blocks) ejected from impact craters. Therefore, to better understand whether secondary craters cause this upturn in the SFD, we examined ejected boulders scattered around four small craters — three on the Moon and one on Mars. We compare the observed distribution of these boulders to the distribution of secondary craters around large primary craters. Lee et al. [6] also examined boulders ejected from craters and constructed size-frequency plots, though they do not specifically address the issue regarding secondaries and the SFD.


Coproantibodies [1] in experimental cholera have been investigated to assess the effectiveness of oral vaccination [1-3], but the levels of intestinal antibody have been difficult to measure and to correlate with protective effects of the cholera vaccine. Recently, the canine species has been used as an animal model for experimental cholera because the syndrome of fluid and electrolyte loss can be produced [4]. Also, the lack of demonstrable gastrointestinal histopathology in this canine model [5] makes further analogy with the human illness possible. Since the dog is a useful experimental model and is subject to many of the diseases that occur in man, we have been interested in the canine immunological system, particularly in describing the immunoglobulins in serum [6, 7] and in external secretions [8, 9]. This paper will include a discussion of the immunoglobulin content of normal canine intestinal secretions and will quantitate the concentrations of these copro-immunoglobulins. An isolation procedure for recovery of the copro-immunoglobulins, particularly secretory IgA, will be outlined; in addition, some of the physical properties of the IgA molecule and its polypeptide-chain components will be examined.


This paper reviews a scatterometer capable of measuring scatter throughout most of the sphere surrounding the sample. The instrument can be configured to operate at many different laser wavelengths, or with a broadband source, and at virtually any angle of incidence. Automated polarization control of both source and receiver has been accomplished, which allows calculation of incident and scattered Stokes vectors as well as the Mueller matrix associated with either reflective or transmissive samples. A unique 'no sample' method of instrument calibration and Mueller matrix calculation results in a normalized Mueller noise floor of only +/- 0.003.


As an essential yet also mundane everyday activity, eating in all cultures is expressive of both belief-systems and social distinctions that exist within them. While this has been recognized in social science - and, particularly, anthropology - many questions concerning the meanings of foodways within the overall patterns of "post-modern" culture have yet to be tackled. We argue that a novel signification of food consumption is currently taking place: in a social context where attrition of customary practices creates an extended range of options (which, notably, also represents a constraint), some of the needs of self-conscious individuation that arise within such a context are met through eating practices based on personal choice rather than social habit. In this article, the concept of an "eater's career" is used to explore theoretical and methodological dimensions of inquiry into uses of food that are significant for identity formation and maintenance in contemporary society.