Introduction: Research results regarding the effect of communicative educative programs on patients' satisfaction from pain control are very limited and also controversial. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of a comprehensive program consisting of communication and education on patients 'satisfaction from pain management following cancer surgery. Material and methods: This clinical trial had a pre- post design with an intervention and control group which was conducted in Sayyed- Al-Shohada Hospital of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2011. 70 patients were selected based on the inclusion criteria and randomly allocated to either an intervention or control group. The intervention consisted of pre-operative education, post-operative communication and pain assessment. Data were collected using American Pain Society-patient outcome questionnaire, which measured patients' satisfaction from pain management. Results: Comparing patients' satisfaction general mean differences and patients 'satisfaction from nurses mean differences regarding  pain control showed statistically significant differences between two groups (P<0.05). In other words, in the intervention group, the mean scores of patients' satisfaction in general and patients' satisfaction  from nurses regarding pain control was significantly higher than the control group. Discussion: Research findings show that the program consists of education and communication has a positive effect on cancer patients' satisfaction in general and from nurses in specific regarding pain control. Therefore this program which is nearly easy to implement, cost–effective and safe can be used to effectively alleviate pain following cancer surgery. conducted in Sayyed- Al-Shohada Hospital of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2011. 70 patients were selected based on the inclusion criteria and randomly allocated to either an intervention or control group. The intervention consisted of pre-operative education, post-operative communication and pain assessment. Data were collected using American Pain Society-patient outcome questionnaire, which measured patients' satisfaction from pain management. Results: Comparing patients' satisfaction general mean differences and patients 'satisfaction from nurses mean differences regarding  pain control showed statistically significant differences between two groups (P<0.05). In other words, in the intervention group, the mean scores of patients' satisfaction in general and patients' satisfaction


The identification of novel and suitable approaches for the exploitation of agro-industrial residues is an important environmental and economic issue [1–3]. In fact, these wastes are generally not properly disposed of, which causes severe damage to soils and aquatic systems [4–7]. Therefore, they often constitute a substantial source of pollution. On the other hand, many byproducts of agricultural activities have an enormous potential for energy production and for the recovery of valuable compounds [8–10]. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a sustainable, environmentally friendly technology for organic residue exploitation. In anaerobic processes, the organic substrates are metabolized according to a series of sequential steps carried out by different microorganisms species that operate in the absence of dissolved oxygen at two typical temperature ranges, mesophilic (35–40 °C) or thermophilic (55–60 °C) [11]. As a consequence of these biological reactions, a valuable biogas is produced. AD is suitable to efficiently treat seasonal wastes and it can be applied in large facilities and small agricultural companies [12]. Indeed, many batch and continuous digesters with suspended and attached biomass, such as the completely-stirred tank reactor (CSTR), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), up-flow anaerobic filter, etc., have been used [11]. The processes efficiency, in addition to typical operating parameters (OLR: organic load rate, HRT: hydraulic retention time, etc.), is mainly affected by the characteristics of feedstock [11]. The co-digestion of various types of residues is an advantageous method to improve the performance of treatments [13–16]. In fact, by properly mixing different matrixes it is possible to obtain a mixture with adequate characteristics in terms of pH, COD/N/P ratio, alkalinity, etc. [13–16]. Therefore, it is very important to accurately select the type and the amount of waste to be mixed.


Cissus quadrangularis (Pirandai) is well known for its ethnomedical uses and it can be taken orally for gastroprotective activity. Among various sources of isolation, traditional medicinal plants could be considered for the presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) which can be exploited for their probiotic attributes. This study aimed at the characterization of the LAB from fermented and non-fermented Pirandai plant samples. We report the isolation of LAB (Lactobacillus spp. and Lactococcus spp.) from Pirandai. Higher percentage of LAB isolates was present in the fermented samples than the non-fermented ones. The identified LAB isolates exhibited growth at 37oC and pH 6.5. Lactococcus spp. preferentially utilized raffinose while Lactobacillus spp. fermented Lactose. Isolates were categorized as Lactobacillus spp. and Lactococcus spp. based on the partial 16-23S rRNA and partial 16S rRNA sequencing respectively. Phylogenetic Analysis revealed that the identified Lactococcus spp. were closely related to Lactococcus raffinolactis while Lactobacillus spp. related to Lactobacillus acidophilus. All isolates exhibited the inhibition of growth of E. coli demonstrating the probiotic activity. It was more marked with Lactococcus isolates than the Lactobacillus isolates.


The numerical analysis of internal flow structures in the cross flow fan used in indoor machine of air conditioner has been carried out by large eddy simulation.The results display complicate unsteady flow details,among which the eccentric vortex is the representation.The fluid passing through the cross flow fan traverses the impeller twice and there are distinct vortex shedding structures near the blade trailing edge and vortex wall.By monitoring static pressure of several characteristic points around the impeller,three characteristic frequencies are acquired.They correspond to blade passing frequency,vortex shedding frequency of blade and vortex wall,respectively.So the different spectrum characteristics are presented at different characteristic points.In addition,the main noise source region of cross flow fan is obtained by acoustic source in LEE equations,and the spectrum of far-field noise radiated from the main acoustic source surfaces including the impeller and vortex wall is analysed, which will be reference for the further experimental research.


Purpose – Following a description of the Haven Project: a school based Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) for refugee children in Liverpool, this paper aims to raise awareness of a multiagency model for replication across community mental health services.Design/methodology/approach – Using semi‐structured interviews with school head teachers and outcome measures of group therapeutic sessions, a short service review has been conducted, set against background literature, identifying refugee statistics and highlighting mental health policy imperatives that advocate multi‐agency working.Findings – The findings illustrate that refugee children are more likely and prefer to access a school based mental health service than a CAMH clinic. Links between schools and CAMHS facilitate mutual understanding of different agencies working in the interests of all children and, using outcome measures and quotes, the evidence indicates that the service achieves its aim: improvement in refugee children's ment...


This paper proposes a new solution methodology based on a mixed-integer conic formulation to locate and size photovoltaic (PV) generation units in AC distribution networks with a radial structure. The objective function comprises the annual expected energy costs of the conventional substation in addition to the investment and operating costs of PV sources. The original optimization model that represents this problem belongs to the family of mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP); however, the complexity of the power balance constraints make it difficult to find the global optimum. In order to improve the quality of the optimization model, a mixed-integer conic (MIC) formulation is proposed in this research in order to represent the studied problem. Numerical results in two test feeders composed of 33 and 69 nodes demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MIC model when compared to multiple metaheuristic optimizers such as the Chu and Beasley Genetic Algorithm, the Newton Metaheuristic Algorithm, the Vortex Search Algorithm, the Gradient-Based Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithm, and the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm, among others. The final results obtained with the MIC model show improvements greater than USD 100,000 per year of operation. All simulations were run in the MATLAB programming environment, using its own scripts for all the metaheuristic algorithms and the disciplined convex tool known as CVX with the Gurobi solver in order to solve the proposed MIC model.


The invention relates to a soluble rice protein beverage and a preparation method thereof. The soluble rice protein beverage is prepared by taking broken rice as raw materials and comprises the steps of immersing the broken rice, grinding, carrying out enzymolysis reaction, separating, concentrating, blending and homogenizing, sterilizing, and fermenting. According to the soluble rice protein beverage prepared by using the method provided by the invention, the nitrogen solution index NSI is more than or equal to 90% and the protein purity is more than or equal to 40%; the soluble rice protein beverage has the advantages of high solubility, good mouth feel, no bitter taste, easiness of being absorbed and the like, can be directly used as a beverage and can also be widely applied to the blending of other protein beverages; the protein content in the beverage is increased and the nutritive value is improved.


Myelodysplastic syndromes constitute a group of clonal hematopoietic diseases shown by studies all around the world. The survival estimation of the patients and the cases presenting leukemic evolution demand investigation in the Brazilian population, as there's no data with regard to this theme. Thus, this study aimed to characterize and estimate the survival and leukemic evolution of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes followed up in a reference service. This is a retrospective cohort study carried out from January 2000 to December 2010. The software Epi Info 2002, version 3.5.2, was used for descriptive analysis, and for the calculations of survival probabilities the Kaplan-Meier method was employed through the software Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 10.0. The calculations of the association probability between the characteristics analyzed and gender were performed using the chi-square for trend, Fisher, Mann Whitney, and Log Rank tests. The significance level was 0.05. The ethical and methodological aspects of the study were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of HUOL, under the Protocol 432/10. Out of the 29 selected patients, there was a predominance of elderly people, males, with low education. They showed low cumulative probability of survival and leukemic evolution rates around 27%, with no satisfactory outcome from chemotherapy, as well as no indication of bone marrow transplantation as a possible cure. There is a need for researches with larger populations for the characterization all over the national territory.


The purpose of this research synthesis is to investigate how using blogs and Facebook in foreign language teaching can improve pupils ́ writing skills in the target language. According to the theoretic framework around which the results of this research synthesis are organized, linguistic, pragmatic, intercultural and strategic competence are part of writing skills. The results show that out of the 8 studies included in the research synthesis five showed an improvement in linguistic competence, three out of those five showed an improvement in pragmatic competence as well, and another three studies also showed an improvement in pragmatic competence. None of the studies showed an improvement in intercultural or strategic competence. Key words: asynchronous computer mediated communication, blogs, Facebook, foreign language writing, foreign language teaching, foreign language learning, writing skills Introduction 5 Aim
  and
  Research
  Question 6 Theoretical
  framework 7 Literature
  review 9 1.
  The
  National
  Curriculum
  and
  the
  English
  Syllabus
   10 2.

  Writing
  in
  an
  additional
  language
  (L2) 11 2.1
  Factors
  which
  effect
  L2
  writing 12 2.2
  Approaches
  to
  teaching
  L2
  writing 12 2.3
  Using
  blogs,
  Facebook
  and
  social
  media
  teaching
  writing
   16 3.
  Summary
  literature
  review 18 Method 21 1.
  Research
  synthesis 21 2.
  Finding
  relevant
  studies 21 3.
  Inclusion
  and
  exclusion
  criteria 22 3.1
  Inclusion
  criteria: 22 3.2
  Exclusion
  criteria: 22 4.
  Ethical
  considerations 23 Results
  and
  discussion 24 1.
  Lingustic
  competence 25 2.
  Pragmatic
  competence 28 3.
  Analysis 29 Conclusions 32 References 34 Appendix
  1:
  Table
  of
  references 40


The present invention provides an optical module and a manufacturing method, it is easy mounting operation of the optical element, and easy to manufacture and low cost. The width of the mirror (7) is formed larger than the width of the optical fiber receiving groove (21), forming the reflection portion (22) in the peripheral portion of the end portion of the optical fiber receiving groove (21) of the mirror (7) side, the reflecting portion (22 ) from the mirror to the opposite peripheral edge portions (7) of incident light reflected and returned again to the opposing mirror (7).


Downsizing, when deemed unfair, can result in negative outcomes in terras of survivors' job attitudes and behaviors. Little research to date has examined whether a survivor's personality moderates these reactions. The present study examines the roles of personality and organizational justice in survivors' reactions to downsizing. Results show that angry hostility moderates the relationships between survivors' perceived interactional justice and (a) their organizational commitment, and (b) their intention to quit following downsizing. Specifically, the relationship between interactional justice and both criterion variables was significant only when angry hostility was low. Self-discipline was found to moderate the relationship between survivors' interactional justice and their organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) such that there was a significant positive correlation between interactional justice and OCB only for those employees who were low on self-discipline. These findings are discussed in light of how supervisors could best manage downsizing.


Through the specific dewatering application case,it summarized overall project design construction and applied effect evaluation from the aspects of the project overview,dewatering design planning,rainfall construction process control,settlement monitoring and so on.Thus,it has provided guidance and experience for similar projects.


An analysis of the problem of evaluation of distance learning in three parts: the first purely theoretical, the second drawing on the theoretical model for the construction of an empirical assessment tool, and a third on the application thereof to a training project Distance.


With the convergence of communication and Internet technologies,mobile Internet develops quickly and has become the hot topic of industry and academic community. More and more smart mobile devices are produced and new mobile Internet business is created,at the same time,mobile Internet is facing more new security threats. This paper summarizes the threats to end users,enterprise information security,network infrastructure and national information security,analyses the information security vulnerabilities from aspects of network access,mobile operating system,mobile application and end users,finally emphasizes the importance of the whole industry chain for working together to maintain a secure mobile Internet ecosystem.


Background: The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between inflammatory markers (Fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP) and Creatine kinase (CK)) and respiratory responses FEF25-75% (Forced expiratory flow in 25-75 percent) and FEV1 (Forced expiratory volume in one second) in 14-16 year's Urmia city boys in response to an incremental physical activity . Materials and Methods: The subjects were Boy of 14-16 year's amcng 24 healthy participateds. These group dividewl into two groups randomly one group as trained one (n=12) and the othes as control group. It was taken blood sample in baseline and after Modified Balke Protocol in trained group. And the blood sampling was taken in baseline and 48 hours later in control group. respiratory responses were measured immediately after Modified Balke Protocol. Results: CRP and Fibrinogen significantly increased in trained group (p<0.001) and this group had high level of these markers compared with control group(p<0.001). The association between CRP with FEF25-75% and fibrinogen with FEF %25-75 and CK with FEF 25-75% in trained group was significant(p≤0/05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that incremental physical activity increased inflammatory factors in active children. Incremental exercise shows a strong relationship between some inflammatory markers and respiratory parameters in adolescents 14-16 years old.


Increasing grain yield and protein are important wheat breeding goals. However, the simultaneous improvement of both traits is complicated by a strong negative correlation and genotype by environment interaction (G×E). A recurrent selection program (RSP) reported here was initiated to produce germplasm, which combined both high yield-potential and increased protein content for the northern wheat-growing region of Australia. Diallel crossing amongst 10 cultivars (6 high yield and 4 high quality cultivars), followed by random mating amongst the F1s were used to produce the founding segregating population. Two years of multi-environment trials were conducted in the GRDC Northern Grain Region (NR) for each of the foundation (RSA0) and first (RSA1) cycles of recurrent selection. Data from the two cycles were analysed to evaluate the genetic gain achieved over the two cycles of selection, based on five potential selection strategies. Selection based on yield or protein or yield-adjusted protein only increased selected trait but reduced the other traits. However, application of selection based on yield and protein or yield and yield-adjusted protein simultaneously increased both yield (4.7%, 6.0% for RSA0 and 4.0%, 4.2% for RSA1 respectively) and protein (2.1%, 1.3% for RSA0 and 1.7%, 1.6% for RSA1 respectively).


Land use change detection (LUCD) is a critical technology with applications in various fields, including forest disturbance, cropland changes, and urban expansion. However, the current review articles on LUCD tend to be limited in scope, rendering a comprehensive review challenging due to the vast number of publications. This paper systematically reviewed 3512 articles retrieved from the Web of Science Core database between 1985 and 2022, utilizing a combination of bibliometric analysis and machine learning methods with LUCD as the main focus. The results indicated an exponential increase in the number of LUCD studies, indicating continued growth in this research field. Commonly used methods include classification-based, threshold-based, model-based, and deep learning-based change detection, with research themes encompassing forest logging and vegetation succession, urban landscape dynamics, and biodiversity conservation and management. To build an intelligent change detection system, researchers need to develop a flexible framework that integrates data preprocessing, feature extraction, land use type interpretation, and accuracy evaluation, given the continuous evolution and application of remote sensing data, deep learning, big data, and artificial intelligence.


The application of the fire-retardant heat-insulating coatings the application of light fillers is considered the effective method of fire protection of structures. Work is dedicated to the development of the new effective cement fire-retardant and high-temperature (oxidation-resistant) vermikulitobetonnykh composites with the use of ashes and pumice. It is revealed, that the application of construction gypsum and lime as the agent of the concealed hydraulic activity of pumice it made it possible to considerably reduce the expenditure of cement without reduction in the strength of fire-retardant composite. By wood by that saponified 0,10,3% of the mass of cement the expenditure of water for the mixture is reduced during the introduction of resin, the density of vermikulitobetona decreases by 40-50 kg/m3. Is investigated the influence of the parameters of fiber reinforcement by basaltic fibers on the properties of vermikulitobetona. Are revealed the high fire-retardant properties of the developed fibrovermikulitobetonnykh composites. It is established that the addition of the volcanic pumice of the fraction dthe mass of cement significantly increases the high-temperature (oxidation-resistant) properties of concrete block with a simultaneous increase in the bending strength and without noticeable reduction in the compressive strength. The replacement of the part of the volcanic pumice by the distended vermiculite makes it possible to reduce the average density of the vermikulitobetonnogo composite and to increase their high-temperature (oxidation-resistant) properties.


The invention relates to a process for production of silicone-containing polymers by free-radical polymerization of one or more ethylenically unsaturated organic monomers in the presence of copper-free free-radical initiator and one or more polymerization regulators, characterized in that are used as polymerization silicones which at least one aldehyde group include.


We theoretically and experimentally study the Rabi splitting induced by photon tunneling modes in a paired structure composed of a permittivity-negative medium and a permeability-negative medium. It is shown that a tunneling mode will appear at the frequency where the paired structure is equivalent to a media with effective (near) zero refractive index. A cavity may be realized with features: subwavelength cavity size and exponentially increasing of the optical field. Therefore, the photon tunneling mode in a metamaterial with effective (near) zero refractive index may be used as a cavity with highly localized field and small volume.


Laser induced fluorescence probing of the nitric oxide fragment determines the distribution of rotational and vibrational energies of NO produced in the 226 and 280 nm photolysis of nitrobenzene. Combining these results with kinetic energy measurements using vacuum ultraviolet photoionization to detect the fragment gives a detailed view of the energy release in the photolysis. Boltzmann distributions describe the rotational state populations at both photolysis wavelengths. The rotational temperature of NO from the 226 nm photolysis is (3700±350) K, corresponding to an average rotational energy of (0.32±0.03) eV, and that of NO from the 280 nm photolysis is (2400±200) K, corresponding to an average rotational energy of (0.20±0.03) eV. We observe no vibrationally excited NO and place an upper limit of 10% on the fraction of nitric oxide produced in any one vibrationally excited state. Two different limiting models, impulsive energy release and statistical energy redistribution, both correctly predict much m...


where f : R × H → H and g : R × H → H are operators satisfying the conditions f ( t, 0) = 0, g( t, 0) = 0 ∀ t ∈ R and all conditions of global theorem of existence and uniqueness of solution (see [1, p. 187 – 189]). Definition 1 [2 – 4]. Differential equations (1) and (2) are said to be asymptotically equivalent if there exists a bijection between a set of solutions {x( t )} of (1) and the one of {y( t )} of (2) such that


Barium chloride dihydrate (min. 99%) was purchased from Riedel-de Haёn and used as received. The silica source was a commercial sodium silicate solution (so-called water glass) containing about 12.5 wt% SiO2 and 13.8 wt% Na, as supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (reagent grade). All solvents employed for the spectroscopic measurements were of UV spectroscopic grade (Aldrich). Stock solutions (0.1 and 1 M) of hydrochloric acid, hypochlorite acid, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, required for pH adjustments, were obtained from Merck (p.a. grade). All solutions and dilutions were prepared with water of MilliQ quality, sourced from a Milli-Q Synthesis A10 system equipped with a Quantum EX Ultrapure Organex cartridge (Millipore). All airand moisture-sensitive reactions were carried out under argon atmosphere in oven-dried glassware.


Abstract : A study of the feasibility of constructing a space environment simulator was made. This facility would supplement the already existing methods for the development of future space vehicles. Means for simulating the low pressures of space and the resultant cold heat sink are discussed, as well as solar, albedo and thermal radiation heat sources, orientation mechanisms, and time and cost estimates. (Author)


Alkaline deoxygenated aqueous treatments are employed to remove damaging chloride ions (Cl⁻) from excavated archaeological iron objects; however, their effectiveness is either qualitatively assessed or anecdotal. A novel oxygen measurement technique is used to assess pre- and post-treatment corrosion rates of individual archaeological iron objects; these rates are related to their Cl⁻ content before and after treatment. Ten archaeological iron nails were individually sealed in reaction vessels conditioned to 80% relative humidity (RH) at 20 oC. The oxygen partial pressure inside each vessel was measured remotely over the course of 37 days using an OxyMini fibre-optic meter and a sensor spot inside each vessel. Control vessels containing nitrogen gas revealed negligible leakage. Objects were removed and treated for two weeks in an alkaline sulphite (0.1 M NaOH / 0.05 M Na2SO3) solution at 60 oC and the extracted Cl⁻ was recorded quantitatively and then the objects were placed back in the oxygen measurement vessels (80% RH and 20 oC). After recording oxygen consumption, nitric acid digestion was used to determine the residual Cl⁻ content. Half of the ten objects that were treated had their oxygen consumption rate reduced by 91% or more, with the oxygen consumption rate of the remaining reducing by 49-71%. Object Cl⁻ contents reduced from between 336-3487 parts-per-million (ppm) before treatment to a maximum of 364 ppm after treatment. A linear correlation between pre-treatment Cl⁻ content and oxygen consumption rate existed but was not apparent post-treatment, suggesting that the readily accessible soluble Cl⁻, which is removed by a single two-week bath, is the most significant driver for corrosion. Half of the objects were still measurably consuming oxygen after treatment but it is expected that this slower corrosion rate should significantly increase overall lifespan. A single, brief, alkaline deoxygenation treatment is a useful addition to preventive conservation strategies for vulnerable iron objects. Use of oxygen partial pressure measurement to assess corrosion rates provides a new insight into the effectiveness of treatments for quantifying corrosion risk, determining the success of conservation strategies, developing management procedures and cost benefit analysis.


Radar sensors accurately detect different objects; however, the reliable classification remains challenging. In this contribution, new approaches to extract and interpret unique spectral features of pedestrians and bicyclists are proposed. Both methods use range-Doppler maps, which contain information on the distance to and the velocity of a detected object. The detections originate from the local dynamic of the moving (body) parts, and therefore can be used to reconstruct a unique movement pattern, which is represented by a time dependent velocity distribution. Machine learning algorithms can be also applied to the obtained time series in order to automate the classification task.


s of Papers of The ACS 228 2.5% Biophysical Journal 130 1.4% FASEB Journal 126 1.4% Journal of Dental Research 109 1.2% JACS 87 1.0% Journal of Biological Chemistry 80 0.90% Physical Review B 76 0.80% Alcoholism-Clinical & Experim. Res 69 0.80%


The effects of the alpha-adrenergic agonist methoxamine on the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was assessed by a placebo-controlled study in the morning and one in the evening. A 5-mg iv bolus dose of methoxamine in normal subjects caused a significant rise in plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations in the morning study. However, no significant change in plasma cortisol or ACTH concentrations was noted during the evening study. These studies suggest the existence of a diurnal variation in alpha 1-adrenergic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.


A mathematical model of loading of the nose-free cutting edges of each insert of the face mill with a spiral-stepped cutting scheme was created. It was established that the size of the cut elements depends on the feed magnitude, the design parameters of the mill and the position of inserts on the contact arc. Variable factors of simulation included the feed magnitude, the clearance angle of the inserts and slope angles of the cutter assemblies. This made it possible to determine the chip thickness and width of cut, the depth of cut, the maximum value of the main cutting edge angle and the cut area at an arbitrary position of the face mill on the contact arc. Simulation in the SolidWorks Motion environment has confirmed reliability of mathematical modeling of loading of the cutting edges of the mill. The relative error in determination of the cut area was in the range from 1.8 % to 5.7 %. Calculation of the cut elements in the arbitrary position of the cutter insert on the contact arc was made in the Maple environment. Analysis of influence of the design parameters of the cutter and the magnitude of feed on the values of the cut elements was made. It has been established that an increase in feed caused a linear increase in the chip thickness and width of cut and the depth of cut for the inserts of all steps. Optimal values of the clearance angle of the mill inserts (16°) and slope of the cutting assemblies (6°) were determined for the milling depth of 3 mm. Recommendations on the choice of rational values of design parameters of the face mill for its effective operation at various depths of cut were given. Thus, there are grounds to assert the possibility of improving productivity of machining flat surfaces at a required quality due to the use of nose-free face mills with a spiral-stepped cutting scheme.


This study aimed to examine the effect of Body Mass Index (BMI) on physical fitness levels in women between the ages of 65-75. The research was conducted with the participation of 687 women who were able to maintain daily life activities independently, who had no serious health problems, and who could be considered healthy in their age category. The cases included in the study were divided into 3 groups as Normal (117 cases), Overweight (273 cases), and Obese (297 cases) according to the calculated Body Mass Index values. Accordingly, those with a body mass index of less than 18.50 kg/m2 were classified as Thin, those between 18.50 and 24.99 kg/m2 as Normal, those between 25.00 and 29.99 kg/m2 as Overweight and those higher than 30 kg/m2 as Obese. 687 cases were included in the study, and the categories were designed as Normal, Overweight and Obese since there were no cases below 18.50 kg/m2 within the body mass index values calculated among these cases. In the study, the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) protocol consisting of six stations designed by Rikli and Jones (2001) was used to determine the physical fitness levels of the elderly. In the analysis of the data obtained from the measurements, arithmetic averages, standard deviations, and differences between the averages were found using SPSS 11.0 for Windows package software. As a result of the Kolmogorov Smirnov test conducted to find the level of distribution of the data, it was determined that all groups presented a normal distribution. One-way ANOVA-Scheffe test was applied to compare the test scores of the cases according to body mass index values. The correlation of the body weight of the groups classified according to body mass index with the test scores was examined at the level of 0.05 and 0.01. As a result, among the cases that were grouped according to their body mass index values, the cases with normal BMI values were found to have the best physical fitness test scores. Performance differences between groups were found to be statistically significant according to their BMI values. Especially in obese individuals, it was determined that their movement skills decreased due to weight gain.


This paper examines the success of and obstacles to structural reform in the Ukrainian economy. While macroeconomic and monetary stability have been achieved, signs of market-oriented structural change are weak. The paper's thesis is that Ukraine needs to accelerate industrial and enterprise restructuring if it wants to reap the benefits of stabilisation and attain sustained growth. Instead of fostering market-oriented enterprise restructuring, the successive governments tried for a long time to save the un-saveable structures of value-subtracting factories and thus hampered the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It seems as if Ukraine was at present embarking on a path from the non-monetary socialism to a monetary, planned economy. Socialism is definitely dead since 1992, in that the reign of the Communist Party was abandoned and a universal monetary unit of accounting introduced. But important elements of state planning in the sense of prescribing quantitative economic plans continue to dominate the process of industrial restructuring. The risk being that the economy may find itself in a low-level trap of GDP.


A new quench monitoring system by using the Poynting vector method was proposed. This new system can indirectly detect normal transitions which are suddenly induced during an operation of superconducting coils. In this system, the superconducting coil is surrounded by the thin metallic cylinder composed of several pieces, where the cylinder is electrically insulated from the coil; potential leads to measure local electric fields are directly attached to this cylinder surface and pickup coils to measure local magnetic fields are put on the surface. The Poynting vector distribution around the coil can be obtained by using many sets of both the potential lead and the pickup coil. Since sudden changes of energy flow profiles around the superconducting coil are induced in the event of local normal transitions of the coil winding, such an event of coils can be detected by the change of the Poynting vector. This system has no risk of the destructive voltage breakdown which may happen in case of the existing balance voltage method, because there is no need of direct contacts on the coil windings. In addition, this method is expected to be higher reliability and sensitivity than the acoustic emission method. A demonstration test was carried out of monitoring the quench for the Bi-2223 coil partially immersed in liquid nitrogen, and a sign of normal transitions before the quench was successfully detected by this method.


Non-linear imaging methods offer unique opportunities to non-invasively characterize functional stem cell changes during differentiation over time. Thus, they could impact significantly upon the development of improved tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and drug testing platforms.


In women, stress incontinence (involuntary loss of urine during physical activity such as sneezing or exercise) is usually caused by a weakening of the bladder sphincter and pelvic floor muscles. Shrinkage (atrophy) of tissues where the bladder and urethra meet also contributes to the problem. Hormonal changes occurring after menopause are thought to be an underlying cause of these anatomical changes in the bladder sphincter that lead to urinary incontinence.


This year, with your help, GATHER has grown immensely – local gatherings of churches and Christian leaders in towns and cities, uniting to bless those in need and reach the lost in their communities. In April, we held GATHERNORTH for church and Christian leaders in unity movements in the north of England, to be inspired and equipped to unite in evangelism and social action. Thank you for making this possible with your support.


Most oil fields worldwide are stored in carbonate rocks, which vary in rock and fluid properties. Heterogeneity, thickness, and depth play vital roles in the selection of specific acid stimulation to improve the productivity and injectivity of the wells from near-wellbore damaged formation resulting from overbalance drilling. This paper describes the integrated workflow that guides petroleum engineers in the selection of optimum acid stimulation techniques and technologies for a specific field.
 Specifically, this work discusses the stimulation strategies in the form of a stimulation workflow that considers various aspects to achieve the stimulation objectives. The stimulation objectives are also streamlined for the well objectives, which mainly consider the well completion approach. Considering the well completion and well objective, the stimulation strategies highlight the conveyance selections, fluid selections, and the methodologies. Guidelines are provided as examples for fluid specification. Some comparisons of the stimulation fluids are also shown to consider the advantages and disadvantages of each application. Example simulation and case studies show various applications in UAE.
 Numerous new technologies and different acid types have been tested worldwide on different carbonate rocks whereas very limited information exists on a tailored acid stimulation workflow that can be fit to the needs of a specific field. The developed workflow is an integrated holistic guidance based on worldwide best practice of acid stimulation and can facilitate and guide technical expertise for production and cost optimization in different oil and gas fields. The latest stimulation technologies are highlighted for the reference on the case studies.


EDITOR, - The risks of passive smoking are becoming increasingly well recognised,1,2 but attention has been focused almost exclusively on the risk to humans. I recently saw a patient who had smoked over 40 …


The current era of Industrialization 4.0 has caused many new companies to emerge, including logistics companies. One of them is PT. XYZ, a state-owned company engaged in freight forwarding and warehousing services. Constraints in the placement of goods in the warehouse, namely, the goods stored are sometimes not in accordance with the specified place, the placement of goods on the empty side of the entrance to the warehouse makes a buildup, inhibits the process of inbound and outbound and unequal distance between goods makes the goods not neat . The Class Based Storage method in this study helps the arrangement and placement of goods in the warehouse. To classify goods based on intensity of movement of goods used Fast Slow Non Moving (FSN) analysis. FSN analysis results state the placement of goods in the warehouse, the maximum number of repairs before doing the repair is 4,482 units of goods and after doing repairs to the warehouse lay out of 5,500 units of goods, minimizing search time and shorter mileage with an efficiency level of 30% of the conditions previous.


Single-sideband a cousto-optic frequency shifters using birefringent fibers have been developed. Light diffraction between the two orthogonally polarized modes was demonstrated using bulk shear acoustic waves. Efficiency as high as


Interest in hairstyling, which is a means of expressing oneself, has increased, as has the number of people who are attempting to change their hairstyles. A considerable amount of time is required for women to change their hair back from a style that does not suit them, or for women to regrow their long hair after changing their hair to a short hairstyle that they do not like. In this paper, we propose a model combining Mask R-CNN and a generative adversarial network as a method of overlaying a new hairstyle on one's face. Through Mask R-CNN, hairstyles and faces are more accurately separated, and new hairstyles and faces are synthesized naturally through the use of a generative adversarial network. Training was performed over a dataset that we constructed, following which the hairstyle conversion results were extracted. Thus, it is possible to determine in advance whether the hairstyle matches the face and image combined with the desired hairstyle. Experiments and evaluations using multiple metrics demonstrated that the proposed method exhibits superiority, with high-quality results, compared to other hairstyle synthesis models.


The Lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), is a large mammal from the order Perrisodactyla. Since their population in nature is declining, this species is listed as "Vulnerable" by the IUCN, and captive programmes in Zoos could serve as a good way of species protection in future. A 14-year-old, 198 kg, intact, otherwise healthy male from the local Zoo was presented for orchiectomy, for population management reasons. Food was withheld for 24h prior to the procedure, and water for 6h. The animal was excluded from the group, but kept in its own habitat to minimize stress. General anesthesia was accomplished with a combination of detomidine 0.1 mg/kg, butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg and ketamine 0.5 mg/kg, and administered with a blowpipe. The animal was placed in dorsal recumbence after 7 minutes. The eyes and ears were covered with a towel to minimize the surrounding stimuli. ECG electrodes were placed on the feet for heart rate monitoring. Venous blood samples were drawn from the saphenous vein for complete blood count and serum chemistry. The surgical area was cleaned with an antiseptic, and covered with sterile drapes. The incision sites and both funiculi were infiltrated with 1% lidocaine. Two parallel incisions were made just cranial to the scrotum. Orchiectomy was performed with a closed vaginal tunic. Each testis was dissected from the surrounding tissue and excorporated. Circumferential and transfixational ligatures were placed on each funiculus with a resorbable multifilament suture material (Polysorb 1). The surgical wounds were not reconstructed, allowing them to drain and prevent abscess formation. Antibiotic therapy with benzylpenicillin+streptomycin was continued for two weeks, together with meloxicam 0.5 mg/kg for pain relief. After the procedure, the animal received 3 ml of atipamezol and recovered from anesthesia uneventfully. He began to eat and drink quite soon. In the following two weeks the wounds were washed daily with tap water, and healed by secondary intention.


Sub-acute toxicity profile of Rheumatic Tea Formula (RTF), a polyherbal tea  consisting of Salix alba, Eucalyptus globulus and  Albizia chevalieri was investigated in wistar rats of both sexes. Wistar rats were orally administered three different doses of   ethanol extract of RTF for 28 days after which the effect on body weight, feed consumption, water intake, liver and kidney   functions as well as haematological parameters were evaluated. Also evaluated was the histolopathogical effect of the extract on the liver, kidney, spleen and stomach. The extract significantly (p 0.05) on kidney function indices was observed. There was also no significant effect (p > 0.05) on  haematological   parameters, except for WBC differentials where there was significant (p <0.05) elevation of lymphocytes and decrease in   neutrophils. The extract was relatively non-toxic on kidney, liver, spleen, and stomach in the histopathological evaluations. The present study suggests that RTF extract might have no serious deleterious effect on sub-acute administration. Keywords : Rheumatic Tea Formula, sub-acute toxicity, liver, kidney, blood, wistar rats.


An experiment was conducted to determine the optimum fertilizer type for the establishment and yield of brassicas when the seed was mixed with the fertilizer. Of the fertilizers commercially available Cropmaster 20 gave significantly lower establishment, producing under half the plant population of other fertilizers with 15% establishment of viable seed 30 days after sowing. The control gave the highest initial rates of establishment but post emergence deaths were greater. In a second experiment, the effect of broadcasting the fertilizer before drilling, and seed pelleting were investigated. Establishment was not improved by either of these treatments, with all plots averaging about 30 plants/m2 after 30 days. In experiment 1 lime reverted super was the highest yielding treatment and was significantly greater than Cropmaster 20, but was no better than any of the other fertilizers including the control. Phosphate based fertilizers gave lower plant population than nitrogen containing fertilizers. Individual plant weight remained unaffected and was more dependant on plant population. In experiment 2 none of the treatments had any significant effect on final yield or individual plant weight, including seed pelleting. Plots drilled with Cropmaster 20 produced significantly lower plants population than broadcast treatments. There was no difference between the fertilizers when broadcast but Lime reverted and Longlife produced significantly higher plant populations when fertilizer was drilled with the seed.


The new direction of urban transport in Dnepropetrovsk. Proposed construction of a new tram line, analyze the route and conducted technical and economic calculations operation.


The paper discusses the concept of politeness,its principles,face-saving theory,and politeness strategies.Furthermore,it mainly analyzes the application of positive and negative politeness among the dialogues between shop assistants and customers.Finally,the paper thinks that the value between English and Chinese should be explored from the cross-cultural point of view in order to explain the cultural characteristic of politeness so that it can direct people's daily communication better.


Zero Shot Learning (ZSL) aims to solve the classification problem with no training sample, and it is realized by transferring knowledge from source classes to target classes through the semantic embeddings bridging. Generalized ZSL (GZSL) enlarges the search scope of ZSL from only the seen classes to all classes. A large number of methods are proposed for these two settings, and achieve competing performance. However, most of them still suffer from the domain shift problem due to the existence of the domain gap between the seen classes and unseen classes. In this article, we propose a novel method to learn discriminative features with visual-semantic alignment for GZSL. We define a latent space, where the visual features and semantic attributes are aligned, and assume that each prototype is the linear combination of others, where the coefficients are constrained to be the same in all three spaces. To make the latent space more discriminative, a linear discriminative analysis strategy is employed to learn the projection matrix from visual space to latent space. Five popular datasets are exploited to evaluate the proposed method, and the results demonstrate the superiority of our approach compared with the state-of-the-art methods. Beside, extensive ablation studies also show the effectiveness of each module in our method.


Human-machine interfaces have evolved, benefiting from the growing access to devices with superior, embedded signal-processing capabilities, as well as through new sensors that allow the estimation of movements and gestures, resulting in increasingly intuitive interfaces. In this context, sensor fusion for the estimation of the spatial orientation of body segments allows to achieve more robust solutions, overcoming specific disadvantages derived from the use of isolated sensors, such as the sensitivity of magnetic-field sensors to external influences, when used in uncontrolled environments. In this work, a method for the combination of image-processing data and angular-velocity registers from a 3D MEMS gyroscope, through a Discrete-time Kalman Filter, is proposed and deployed as an alternate user interface for mobile devices, in which an on-screen pointer is controlled with head movements. Results concerning general performance of the method are presented, as well as a comparative analysis, under a dedicated test application, with results from a previous version of this system, in which the relative-orientation information was acquired directly from MEMS sensors (3D magnetometer-accelerometer). These results show an improved response for this new version of the pointer, both in terms of precision and response time, while keeping many of the benefits that were highlighted for its predecessor, giving place to a complementary method for signal acquisition that can be used as an alternative-input device, as well as for accessibility solutions.


In the actor-observer attribution paradigm Jones and Nisbett (1972) proposed that the causal explanation or attribution made by individuals (actors) for their own behaviour differs from the explanation that others (observers) make of that behaviour. That is, it has been theorized that actors tend to attribute their behaviour to situational demands or events (job pressures, legal problems, social relations, etc.), whereas observers attribute the same behaviour to elements in the actor's disposition (personality, attitudes, physical make up, etc.). It seemed to us that the Jones and Nisbett position had reached a kind of adolescence in terms not only of its age but also its unsettled nature of research findings. Certainly, a number of studies have confirmed actor-observer differences (Arkin & Duval, 1975; Eisen, 1979; Miller, 1975; Nisbett, Caputo, Legant & Marecek, 1973). On the other hand, a comparable number has either disconfirmcd (Calder, Ross & Insko, 1973; Miller & Norman, 1975; Storms, 1973) or only partially supported the Jones and Nisbett hypothesis (Avis, 1979; Feather & Simon, 1971; Herzberger & Clore, 1979; Fichten. 1980; Harvey, Harris & Barnes, 1975; Ross, Bier-brauer & Polly, 1974).
In spite of the fairly extensive research comparing actors' and observers' attributions, these studies have for the most part, concentrated on laboratory effects (Eisen, 1979; Feather & Simon, 1971; Herzberger & Clore, 1979; Nisbett, Caputo, Legant & Marecek, 1973; Storms, 1973). Application of the Jones and Nisbett hypothesis to events outside the laboratory are few (Avis, 1983; Fichten, 1980).


Nathiel takes Bowlby's attachment theory as her starting point in this examination of daughters' experiences of growing up with a mentally ill mother. These daughters' stories are, in part, a demonstration of the effects of insecure or non-existent attachments. We learn not only about the daughters' relationships with their mothers at different developmental stages, but also the impact of mental illness on families as a whole. What also becomes clear is the profound positive or negative effect that adult attitudes can have on a child, who is coping with mental illness in their family. Nathiel focuses on daughters as she regards the mother-daughter relationship as special and substantially different to that between mother and son. This is as much because families and society regard it as a relationship that should be unique, as it is to its being a unique relationship in its own right. This was particularly true in the 1950s and 1960s when the participants were children. Their experiences illustrate repeatedly that, when a mother is no longer capable of mothering, a daughter becomes mother to her siblings and to her own mother, whilst effectively lacking a mother of her own. Knowing that their mothers were ill, but not understanding the illness, these children struggled to live with behaviour that ranged from neglect and emotional absence to delusions and abuse. This left them with feelings of fear, uncertainty and guilt, accompanied by an absence of a sense of self. Whilst feeling invisible to outside intervention, these daughters were frequently held responsible for their mothers' care and behaviour. The participants speak of their realization, as they grew older, that their family life was not ''normal'' and of the range of coping strategies they developed to contain or escape from their mothers. Despite changes in the treatment and understanding of mental illness since the 1960s, Nathiel argues that mental health professionals still do not to give enough consideration to the effect that a parent's mental health has on a child. She argues for more communication with the children of patients, more support for families and further research. As well as alleviating a child's fears and anxieties at the time of their parent's illness, this approach is a preventative one, which may help a child to avoid or address issues with their own mental health in the future. This book provides a valuable insight into the private world of families affected by mental illness. It would be of interest to mental health professionals and social workers working with young carers or families with a mentally ill parent. It would also be useful for individuals who wish to reflect on their own experiences of growing up with a mentally ill mother.


The device of using a Christian straw man as an intermediary, for the purpose of evading the usury laws, which is mentioned in the three thirteenth century Hebrew documents quoted in Heichelheim's article, also appears in a case decided by the Court of The Exchequer of The Jews in 1272. In this case a Jew borrowed money from another Jew at interest, using the above device, and gave the creditor a mortgage on a certain house as security for the debt. The debtor then sold the mortgaged house to a Christian. Upon default by the debtor the creditor sought to recover the debt from the mortgaged property which was then in the hands of the Christian purchaser. The case is interesting because the court refused to be misled by the evasive practice and adjudged the transaction usurious, and also because of the insight it affords into the working of the medieval mind with regard to the question of usury. An English court, consisting of Christian judges, apparently held that although it was permissible for a Jew to take usury from a Christian, it was unlawful for him to take usury from another Jew.


In this thesis, I investigate the extent to which creative writing impacts the ways writing tutors work with student writers on their academic writing. In doing so, I interview five writing tutors with creative writing experiences for their personal definitions of creative writing, and the extent to which drawing on, or ignoring, creative writing impacts their writing tutoring. Through combining the interviews with reflections into my writer identities, I find creative writing focuses on self-expression and narrative features which strengthen disciplinarily and conventions. Additionally, focusing on creative writing's influence in the writing center allows tutors to engage as fellow writers able to learn alongside the students they tutor. Specifically, I notice writing tutors perceive a division between creative and academic writing. Crossing that perceived division requires a willingness to confront assumptions about academic and creative writing, but allows for the opportunity for tutors and the students they tutor to deepen their writing processes.


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We study inhibitory coherence (i.e. collective coherence by synaptic inhibition) in a population of globally coupled type-I neurons, which can fire at arbitrarily low frequency. No inhibitory coherence is observed in a homogeneous population composed of only subthreshold neurons, which exhibit noise-induced firings. In addition to subthreshold neurons, there exist spontaneously firing suprathreshold neurons in a noisy environment of a real brain. To take into consideration the effect of suprathreshold neurons on inhibitory coherence, we consider a heterogeneous population of subthreshold and suprathreshold neurons and investigate the inhibitory coherence by increasing the fraction of suprathreshold neurons Psupra. As Psupra passes a threshold P*supra, suprathreshold neurons begin to synchronize and play the role of coherent inhibitors for the emergence of inhibitory coherence. Thus, regularly oscillating population-averaged global potential appears for Psupra > P*supra. For this coherent case, suprathreshold neurons exhibit sparse spike synchronization (i.e. individual potentials of suprathreshold neurons consist of coherent sparse spikings and coherent subthreshold small-amplitude hoppings). By virtue of their coherent inhibition, sparsely synchronized suprathreshold neurons suppress the noisy activity of subthreshold neurons. Thus, subthreshold neurons exhibit hopping synchronization (i.e. only coherent subthreshold hopping oscillations without spikings appear in the individual potentials of subthreshold neurons). We also characterize the inhibitory coherence in terms of the 'statistical-mechanical' spike-based and correlation-based measures, which quantify the average contributions of the microscopic individual spikes and individual potentials to the macroscopic global potential. Finally, the effect of sparse randomness of synaptic connectivity on the inhibitory coherence is briefly discussed.


Green sensitive photopolymers have been studied to produce volume phase gratings (VPHGs) to be used as dispersing elements in astronomical instrumentations. They have been characterized determining the parameters that affect the diffraction efficiency (thickness, refractive index modulation, exposure, line density, etc.). Different prototypes have been produced varying all the selected parameters. The optical proprieties of the devices were investigated to understand the quality of the gratings. The results were encouraging, therefore, to experience the possibility to produce a VPHG for astronomical applications, low dispersion prototype has been designed, and it will be mounted in the AFOSC camera (Asiago, Italy).


We introduce a new model for rill erosion. We start with a network similar to that in the Discrete Web and instantiate a dynamics which makes the process highly non-Markovian. The behavior of nodes in the streams is similar to the behavior of Polya urns with time-dependent input. In this paper we use a combination of rigorous arguments and simulation results to show that the model exhibits many properties of rill erosion; in particular, nodes which are deeper in the network tend to switch less quickly.


This research examines the urban traffic in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam using a philosophical theoretical framework to analyze the relationship between perception, experience and practice. The study used a video-narrative approach, revealing ways in which meaning emerges through relationships with objects, both material and immaterial and the role of tacit knowledge and pre-conscious skills in negotiating the traffic environment. This approach provides an alternative and complementary way to study urban traffic that differs from other more technologically driven methods or approaches that view traffic systems in universal terms.


To launch pilot program of social endowment insurance in the rural areas is an important mark of domestication of endowment insurance system in China,which fully embodies the essential requirement of the socialism in more actively and positively seeking for equity and universal benefits.The pilot program of the new rural insurance has not only created the world wonder in expanding the coverage and promoting the leaping development in the rural areas of China,but also showed the vitality and the superiority of the new endowment insurance with Chinese characteristics.Having made a summary of the progress,effects and problems,this paper further illustrates the new direction of this system and analyzed the main progress and orientation of the domestication of this system in China.


Herein, we report an efficient and rapid synthetic methodology to diversely substituted oxa-cages from unactivated olefinic substrates derived from endo -norbornenes by employing Lewis acid (BF 3 •OEt 2 ) or base (NaH) promoted intramolecular etherification. Although both BF 3 •OEt 2 and NaH are found to be efficient for this transformation, slightly better yields and less reaction times are achieved with NaH/DMF (0.25-1 h at 100 o C) as compared to BF 3 •OEt 2 /DCM (2-3 h at 0 o C to rt). The evolution of this intramolecular rearrangement was studied by time-dependent NMR studies in CDCl 3 solvent. Further, these observations are supported by Infrared (IR) spectral data. It is worth mentioning that the present methodology enables a new route to assemble highly fused oxa-cage systems by choosing suitably substituted oxa-cage compounds for the olefin-metathesis sequence. The highly fused oxa-cage systems may have potential applications in high-energy-density materials (HEDMs) and supramolecular chemistry.


In only two situations have adrenocortical hormones been shown to be protective to the host: the replacement of hormone in hypoadrenalism, and the protective action against the lethal toxicity of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. In the first instance, the dose of administered hormone is critical. For example, intact mice were given sufficient antiserum to protect them against about 50,000 pneumococci ; adrenalectomized mice given the same dose of antiserum were killed by as few as lo00 pneumococci (FIGURE 1). The administration of cortisone restored the resistance of the adrenalectomized mice to preoperative levels, but not to levels of resistance greater than were seen in intact animals. When the dose of cortisone was increased beyond the level that restored optimal resistance to infection, the resistance of the animals decreased once again.' The second protective action of corticosteroids is that manifested against the action of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. In 1946, Lewis and Page* demonstrated that corticosteroids overcame the lethal action of typhoid vaccine in adrenalectomized animals. In 1950, Beck and Voloshina observed that the tumor-necrotizing effects of a bacterial lipopolysaccharide were attenuated if the tumor-bearing animals had previously received cortisone or adrenal cortical extract. Also in 1950, i t was observed in our laboratory and by Recant et a l . ' v 6 that pretreatment with corticotropin or with cortisone diminished the febrile response to pyrogens in man and in rabbits. Shortly thereafter, Chedid et a l . 6 observed that cortisone protected the intact animal against the lethal action of bacterial endotoxins, and the finding has been amply confirmed. Subsequent studies have shown that cortisone protects mice, rats, rabbits, and chick embryos against the simultaneous or subsequent injection of lethal doses of bacterial lipopolysaccharide.'J~8~9J0 Guinea pigs are not protected against the lethal action of endotoxins by pretreatment with cortisone and probably dogs are likewise not protected."mL2 The protective effect of corticosteroids is apparently dependent upon the presence of increased blood levels of corticosteroids at the time endotoxin is administered. A remarkable influence of age of the host on the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides was observed by Thomas and Smith.13 Large rabbits, weighing 2 to 4 kg., were protected against the lethal action of endotoxin by the prior administration of corticosteroids. However, when smaller rabbits (< 1.5 kg.) were protected with corticosteroids and then given endotoxin, bilateral renal cortical necrosis often resulted. The initial dose of cortisone, in the small rabbits, supplanted the preparatory dose of endotoxin in eliciting the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon. * The work described in this paper was supported in part by grant No. E-2582 from the Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.


Email of the presenting author: firstname.lastname@example.com The problem of biological molecules identification is of current importance in microbiology. It has been traditionally solved by means of antibodies, containing various labels, such as enzymes, radioactive isotopes, fluorogenic or electrochemiluminescent tags. However in most cases appropriate methods are focused on identification of a significant amount of interacting molecules and don't provide insight into their spatial distribution. One of possible solutions of the problem is to use atomic force microscopy (AFM) method. AFM is a relatively new technique that has provided novel opportunities for the surface analysis of biological specimens with nanoscale resolution and minimal effect on the sample structure. The specified possibilities of AFM allow to develop highly sensitive methods for single molecule detection that opens wide prospects for the analysis of immune and substrate specific activity. The aim of the work was the development of an AFM method for single antigen molecules identification using gold and carbonic labels. Direct visualization and quantitative evaluation of morphometric characteristics of the antigen-antibody complexes was used as a criterion for the detection. Protein A conjugated with colloidal gold (PrA+Au) and protein G conjugated with amorphous carbon (PrG+C) were used for labeling antibodies, being bond to Rubella virus antigens onto polystyrene microtiter ELISA plates. Images were collected by using an SMM-2000 atomic force microscope (JSC "Proton-MIET Plant", Russia) operated in contact mode. AFM-images of the antigen, antigen-antibody complexes (Ag-At); and also specific complexes Ag-At-PrA+Au and Ag-At-PrG+C were obtained step by step during the study (see Figure 1 and 2). It was shown that except specific complexes detection, the atomic force microscope allows to describe quantitatively their distribution on microtiter plate surface. Besides, the sensitivity of the method for each tag was estimated and compared to ELISA method. The obtained results indicated high sensitivity of an offered approach and certain advantages of carbonic tags use in comparison with gold tags, because of their easier detection and unambiguous identification on the received images. Thus, offered approach in the long term perspectives will allow to solve a problem of specific marking of single molecules and microorganisms in complex multicomponent associations.


A silicon-based fine granularity calorimeter is a potential technology for the future International Linear Collider ILC, the future circular collider CEPC, and is also the chosen technology for the upgraded CMS experiment of the Large Hadron Collider. Active silicon sensing pads are used as MIP counters and the standard calibration of the calorimeter uses weights based on the average energy loss, dEdx. In this work, the limitations of the dEdx calibration method in terms of energy linearity, scale and resolution are explored. In the case of a calorimeter with varying passive layer thickness as the one planned for CMS, the dEdx method leads to a significant constant term in the resolution function and a non-linearity of energy response. For these reasons, a method based on the calorimeter sampling fraction that exploits the per-event measured shower depth is presented and shown to deliver superior absolute energy scale, linearity and resolution. Calorimetric designs in which the back of the shower is sampled less, offer reduced cost without loss in performance. Therefore, a proper calibration as proposed here is crucial in obtaining the most cost- and performance-effective silicon-sampling calorimeter design.


The most basic and most essential thing of Chinese gardens is the beauty of artistic conception,and the gardening style is the final pursuit.This paper analyzes Chinese gardens' beauty of artistic conception from aspects of the concept,history,creation manner,and presentation form,etc.of gardens' artistic conception.


We study the effects of individual and collective ministerial performance on the length oftime a minister serves in British government from 1945-97, using the number ofresignation calls for a minister as an individual performance indicator and the cumulativenumber of such calls as an indicator of government performance. Our analysis lendssupport to a 'two-strike rule': ministers facing a second call for their resignation have asignificantly higher hazard than those facing their first, irrespective of the performance ofthe government. A minister's hazard rate is decreasing in the cumulative number ofresignation calls; but conditional on receiving a first resignation call, the hazard rateincreases with the number of calls that all government ministers have faced in the past.Our message is that collective ministerial performance is a key determinant of whether aminister survives his first resignation call.


The goal of this paper is to suggest a model for engaging trainees in the intellectual or mental activity necessary for training to be effective. Often, managers/trainees leave training sessions feeling that there was "too much theory." The application bridge provides the vehicle for the trainee to understand the role of theory and the trainee's responsibility to make theory useful in the training process. The application bridge overcomes a major problem in making training effective. "It was good, but it contained too much theory" is a common complaint of many managers upon their return from a training or development seminar. While in many instances, this may be true; in just as many other instances, it is an unjustified criticism leveled at the trainer. What many managers/trainees do not appreciate is the necessity for training materials to be based on solid empirical research results and evidence of support for the underlying theoretical formulations that form the basis for the training (Cameron & Whetten, 1983; Porras & Anderson, 1981). This has been referred to variously as the "intellectual" or "cognitive" or "concept" component as opposed to the behavioral or skill component of development activities (Bandura, 1977; Porras & Anderson, 1981). Without inclusion of the cognitive component, trainers run the risk of trainees perceiving that their own implicit theories of management are widely accepted. Training content might then be interpreted through the lense of each trainee's commonsense. Even one of the most popular (management) skill development textbooks, i.e. Whettenand Cameron's Developing Management Skills (2007), calls for techniques and skills based on social science and business research. On one page (p. 5) alone in the introduction of the text, Whetten and Cameron (2007) mention the need for a foundation of scholarly evidence no less than three times. Thus, the inclusion of some theory in training content is widely accepted by academics, consultants, and trainers. Coverage of theory can help trainees to develop a framework for understanding and applying the training concepts to other situations that may be similar but not exactly the same as those presented in the training session. To facilitate the acceptance and appreciation of theory in training, trainers could find it helpful to explain the purpose of theory in training to trainees via the use of the "Application Bridge" concept. The Application Bridge can be used to clarify the roles of trainer and trainee in the training and development process, thus resulting in better outcomes from the training dollars spent in the organization. The Participant/Trainee's Complaint In designing, packaging, and conducting managerial training programs for large and small as well as manufacturing and service organizations, the typical and most often voiced complaint is that the training is "not useful" because it is not directly applicable to the participant's "real world." When participants are asked what they expect from training, they typically respond with: I want personalized training that may be applied to my specific and (in their view) unique situation. Trainees are saying that general training and knowledge of general principles are of little or no value to them. They want training that is directly transferable from the training seminar to the job without thought or effort on their part. What Training Departments Do An examination of the outcomes of management development programs conducted by many organizations reveals that managers/trainees going through those programs often are unable to transfer the training to the work environment (Boyatzis, Leonard, Rhee, & Wheeler, 1996). Also, training departments' objectives are often to design and provide training that is appropriate for a class of problems faced by a group of managers. The typical training program provides general clues and guides about how to analyze a situation and then select the decision or course of action that is most appropriate, given the variety of inputs or contingencies impacting on the situation. …


Homogeneous andinhomogeneous gutter-type helical slow-wave systems areconsidered. Modelsofthe systemsareproposed. Characteristics ofthesystems, calculated usingthecommercial software packageCST Microwave Studio andthemulti-conductor lines method, arepresented. Properties andadvantages ofthegutter-type systems arerevealed.


Freeway traffic control strategies such as ramp metering and variable speed limits are gaining importance in relieving freeways congestion. Along with reducing the travel time, freeway traffic control strategies are also considered as key players in improving the traffic safety and decreasing the vehicle emissions. Traffic simulation tools overtook the real-world implementations, for testing traffic control strategies, with less time consumption, and economical and more flexible traffic analysis environment. This paper presents a micro-simulation based case-study on Istanbul freeways, where it discusses: the microscopic model calibration, the impact of ramp metering strategy Asservissement Lineaire ďEntrée Autoroutiere (ALINEA) on the traffic characteristics and traffic oscillations, and the impact of driver's behavior at merges on ALINEA's performance. The control algorithm is utilized online by integrating VISSIM with MATLAB via COM.


A portion of Br/sup 80/ (13.3 0.5%) produced by the Br/sup 79/(n, )Br/sup 80/ process was found to react with an excess of gaseous methane to become stabilized as organic activity. Varying amounts of inert gases, Br/sub 2/ , C/sub 2/H/sub 5/Br, CF/sub 4/, and C/sub 2/F/sub 6/ were added to determine the manner in which these additives moderate the reaction of Br/sup 80/ with CH/sub 4/ . These data suggest that the reaction with methane occurs principally, if not completely, as a result of the recoil kinetic energy acquired by the Br/sup 80/ in the (n, ) activation process. (auth)


Popular musicsl oomposifions are not created out of thin air; they follow a set of aesthetic principles which distinguishes a l~rticular style. Although a complete set of criteria for the comlx~tion of aesthetically pleasing music has thus far defied formalism, some heuristic principles of aesthetics have been established. For example, in jazz improvisation, Coker (1964) remarks: believe that it should be a basic principle to use repetition, rather than variety but not too much. The listener is constantly making predictions; actual infinitesimal predictious as to whether the next event will be a repetition of something, or something different...if heis too successful in predicting he will be bored; if he is too unsuccessful he will give up and call the music


Analyzing the fault-characteristic of motor,the fault-criterion is gained,which is based on the detection of the positive-sequence,negative-sequence and zero-sequence current,meanwhile,according to the thermal features,motor thermal model based on current-fabrication is established,arithmetic of the thermal model is inferred.Using super low work loss MSP430 micro-controller unit to realize the monitoring of the motor and achieve synthesize protection to various fault of motor and digital enactment of the parameter.


In a paper on "The Theory of the Helmholtz Resonator," Lord Rayleigh has carried the determination of the wave-length of the fundamental aerial vibration in a spherical vessel with a small circular perforation to a second approximation, obtaining the result λ = π√(2S/ a ) . {1-9/10 a /2π c +...}, (1) where c is the radius of the sphere, a the small radius of the aperture, and S the volume of the sphere. To obtain this value he assumes a form for the normal velocity U over the aperture and adjusts it so as to lead to agreement, to a corresponding approximation, in the values of the velocity potential derived therefrom over the aperture inside and outside, so as to provide for the condition of continuity of pressure at the opening. It is the object of this note to carry the result, by a slightly different assumption for U, to a higher approximation.


The study is titled "The Effect of Weight Training on Speed Pitching Ball At Athlete SoftballAceh Year 2015". This study aims to determine the Effect of Load Training on Speed Pitching Ball At Athlete Soatball Aceh Year 2015. Samples in this study are athletes Softball Aceh special pitcher which amounted to 8 people. The sampling technique is done by totalsampling, ie the sample is taken entirely. Data collection techniques used in this study are as follows: (1) pitching ball throwing test is done by doing Pitching test. Data is processed by using statistical formula in the form of calculation of mean value, standard deviation, and test of two mean (ttes). The result of this research is that there is Influence of Load Exercise on Speed of Pitching Ball at AtletSoftballAceh Year 2015 with average of 9,2357, with t-test of 0,357 and t-table equal to 0,131, so it is clear that t-test is bigger rather than t-tables, it can be concluded that weight training (X) on increasing the speed of the pitching ball (Y) is significant. Hence the hypothesis stating that there is Effect of Load Training on Speed Pitching ball pitch at Athlete Softball Aceh Year 2015 acceptable truth. Suggestion from this research is if exercise done in accordance with its understanding and concept there will be improvement of physical quality, technique and mental in athlete.


The use of non-human animals has been incorporated into scientific practices as an essential biomedical research tool and in industry tests for human consumption. The systematic review of protocol results of preclinical phases is not a common practice, but recent meta-analyses question the projection accuracy of these data for humans. Currently, along with scientific questioning, there is a comprehensive ethical discussion about the conflicts in the instrumentalization of non-human life, which reached its peak with the creation of transgenic animals. This article discusses the application of the concept of vulnerability to non-human animals in experiments and reflects on the implicit power relations of these practices. We propose to implement and develop alternative techniques to the animal model, combining ethics and innovation.


The invention discloses a carbon nano tube composite graphite film for heat dissipation. The carbon nano tube composite graphite film comprises a graphite heat-conduction layer and a carbon nano tube heat-dissipation layer which are compounded with each other, wherein the graphite heat-conduction layer is provided with a first surface and a second surface which are opposite to each other; the first surface and/or the second surface is at least coated with a layer of carbon nano tube heat-dissipation layer. Compared with the prior art, the carbon nano tube composite graphite film has the advantages that the heat dissipation capability of the graphite heat-conduction layer in a vertical direction is enhanced because the surface of the graphite heat-conduction layer is directly coated with the carbon nano tube heat-dissipation layer; meanwhile, the graphite heat-conduction layer has better excellent mechanical performance and flexibility due to the coating of an organic coating, and the using performance of the graphite heat-conduction layer is remarkably improved; a simple and convenient using and coating manner can be applicable to efficient coating of graphite substrates of different morphologies, and thus the carbon nano tube composite graphite film has important commercial value in large-scale application.


The findings of clinical examination, laboratory tests, and diagnostic methods of examination were compared with the results of prolonged measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) in 64 patients with a severe craniocerebral trauma. Seventy-four clinical and laboratory signs and the results of echoencephalography [correction of echoelectrography] and computed tomography were analysed and those found to be most informative on the basis of the "x-quadrant" criterion were distinguished. The distinguished signs accompanying ICP were rated in marks. A scale of hypertension was compiled according to the sum of the marks of these signs. This scale makes it possible to select patients for prolonged continuous ICP control.


Basic data were obtained from the records of 16 069 women who had smears taken for cervical cytological examination in Western Australia during an eight‐week period in 1983. The peak smear rate was 340.7 per 1000 at 25–29 years of age and fell thereafter with age. The estimated peak frequency of smears that were designated as "screening" smears was 178.3 per 1000 at 30–34 years of age. Screening smears comprised 39% to 66% of the total number of smears, depending on age. After correction for the estimated prevalence of past hysterectomy, only in the age range 20–34 years did the rate of all smears approach the rate of screening smears that would be obtained under a recommended frequency of once every three years.


Immune cells that undergo increased apoptosis include lymphocytes and macrophages,yet the apoptosis of neutrophils is decreased in sepsis.Increase in apoptosis has also been reported in non-immune cells such as gastrointestinal cells,epithelial cells of lung as well as endothelial cells.The altered apoptotic cell death may contribute to the initiation and aggravation of immune and organ dysfunction in sepsis.Elucidating the changes and mechanism of apoptosis and taking measures to control apoptosis may be an effective strategy for the treatment of sepsis.


The aim of this study is to determine whether the additional dose from imaging procedures such as four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) affect cell survival when followed by therapeutic radiation. A clonogenic assay was used for one human normal (human umbilical vein endothelial cell) and two cancer (NCI-H460 and MM576) cell lines. Each cell line was exposed to a kilovoltage 4DCT or CBCT imaging dose prior to therapeutic doses of 0, 2 and 4 Gy. The time interval between imaging and therapy was 8 h (4DCT) and 6 min (CBCT). To increase the statistical power of the analysis, the results were combined and the effects of the imaging dose tested for significance. The survival fraction was compared with the predictions of the Lea–Catcheside linear-quadratic (LQ) model with repair. The observations show that a CBCT dose (0.6 cGy) with no therapeutic dose caused an increase in survival for NCI-H460, however this effect was marginally significant. The pooled data showed that a 4DCT dose (14 cGy) caused a significant decrease in survival (p = 0.0017) when followed by a 2 Gy therapeutic dose. This effect was larger than the theoretical prediction of the LQ model. Our results suggest two opposing low dose radiation effects: an increase in survival (hormesis) imparted by the smallest imaging doses and a decrease in survival (hypersensitivity) imparted by the larger imaging doses. The LQ model was a poor predictor of survival for small doses. The prime novelty of this work is the finding that 4DCT imaging can affect cell survival after a subsequent therapeutic dose. This study identifies the potential to increase the therapeutic ratio by using the imaging dose as a priming low dose partial fraction.


The status of network experimental environment of universities both at home and abroad are studied in the paper.The intrinsic relations between the network experimental content system and the network experimental environment are revealed.The design ideas of network experimental content system and network experimental environment are also put forward.Furthermore the function system for intelligent management and opening of modern network laboratory is described,the implementation techniques of which are presented.


As one of the most famous ancient capitals in China, Yangzhou city has more than two thousand years of history and holds a vital position in southern China. With the rapid development of the economy, the ecological environment has also deteriorated, so the ecological assessment of Yangzhou city becomes more and more important. As a typical ecological assessment method, emergy theory has lots of advantages, because it is a quantitative assessment method. The research scope of this paper involves renewable resources and a nonrenewable exchange in Yangzhou city. In this paper, some parameters of Yangzhou city are discussed to evaluate ecology through emergy indexes. Simultaneously, by analyzing the changes of GDP from 2012 to 2016, the economic development and ecological changes of Yangzhou City are compared and evaluated. The results of emergy analysis show that renewable resources almost have no change from 2012 to 2016 and non-renewable resources have rapid growth. With the development of Yangzhou city, Environmental loading ratio (ELR) increases quickly from 2012 to 2016. The urban ecological sustainability has no improvement. In addition to emergy analysis, the GDP analysis results demonstrate that Yangzhou's GDP and per capita GDP grows rapidly from 2012 to 2016. However, there is no satisfied effect for the structural adjustment that the government has executed. Although the product of secondary industry has decreased, the scale of the tertiary industry has not enhanced. In conclusion, the development in recent years has not achieved sustainable ecological development in Yangzhou city.


An intense CW-YVO 4 laser beam of 1064 nm was focused into a supersaturated D 2 O solution of glycine, leading to its crystallization. At the focal point on an air-solution interface, a small single glycine crystal was trapped and grew quickly. The crystallization mechanism is considered in view of gathering and organization of large solute clusters of glycine by photon pressure.


The molecular weight of T7 DNA was determined to be 15-17 x 10^6 by
the method of sedimentation equilibrium in a CsCl density gradient. Possible
sources of error in the optical reproduction of the concentration
distribution in the cell were considered and evaluated. Comparison of
the above molecular weight with the weight of the total DNA content of
T7 phage determined by Davison and Freifelder (22) suggests: 1) that the
entire DNA content of T7 bacteriophage can be released into solution as
a single molecule and 2) that the density gradient method for determining
molecular weights of homogeneous DNA samples is accurate within 10-20%. The denaturation and renaturation of T7 DNA was studied using
formamide as the denaturing agent. The complete cycle of denaturation
and renaturation can thus be studied at room temperature without degradation
of the primary structure of DNA. Kinetics of denaturation were found to be essentially independent of
concentration but were not first order, the rate falling off with time.
Irreversible denaturation does not commence until the DNA has reached
80-90% of its full hyperchromicity. Samples of DNA isolated from denaturing
conditions appear to be mixtures of fully denatured molecules and
molecules which exhibit native characteristics to a high degree. Stirring
solutions of DNA under denaturing conditions markedly accelerates the rate
of denaturation. It seems possible that the molecular configuration of
DNA molecules in intermediate states of denaturation may be a factor in
stability to denaturation. Optimally renatured T7 DNA has 85-90% of the native hyperchromic
effect and bands at a slightly denser position than native DNA in a CsCl
density gradient. Preliminary studies indicate second order kinetics for
the renaturation reaction.


A major open problem about Z-interference channels is whether the Han-Kobayashi (HK) region with power control is optimal. We analyze the stability of Gaussian stationary points for the HK region, leading to two observations: An inequality conjectured by Costa, Nair, Ng, and Wang (ISIT 2020), posed as a sufficient condition for Gaussian optimality of the HK region, is refuted. This suggests that Gaussian optimality of the HK region, if true, cannot be established directly through this route. Second, we characterize the stability phase transition point, and compare it with the structure of Gaussian optimizers in the HK region (with power control), which reveals that Gaussian optimality of the HK region cannot be refuted by any local (under the L∞ norm with respect to Gaussian reference measure) perturbation. We propose an amended conjecture, whose validity would imply Gaussian optimality of the Han-Kobayashi bound in a certain regime.Omitted proofs can be found in the full paper [14].


The Peierls energy and Peierls stress are computed for the basal and prismatic glide systems of zirconium and other hcp metals (Cd, Zn, Mg, Co, Tl, Be). A lattice dynamics approach is used and results are compared with continuum theory predictions and experimental findings. In agreement with the experiment, the lattice dynamics estimate confirms that for zirconium the above glide systems should be almost competitive, the prismatic one being only slightly preferred; furthermore, against the predictions of continuum theory, the lattice dynamics approach allows to puzzle out the unsuccessfully debated problem of the preferred prismatic glide system of magnesium: the latter turns out to be controlled by the shape of the dispersion curves of the normal modes of vibration of this crystal rather than by the generally more relevant c a ratio. With the exception of beryllium, where the continuum theory fails and the present lattice dynamics formulation (limited to the first nearest-neighbor interplanar force constants) seems to be inadequate to this specific case, the slip behavior of all the hcp metals considered is in qualitative agreement with the experiment. (4 tables) (auth)


A growing debate in several European fora is paving the way for future rules for Artificial Intelligence (AI). A principles-based approach prevails, with various lists of principles drawn up in recent years. These lists, which are often built on human rights, are only a starting point for a future regulation. It is now necessary to move forward, turning abstract principles into a context-based response to the challenges of AI. This article therefore places the principles and operational rules of the current European and international human rights framework in the context of AI applications in two core, and little explored, areas of digital transformation: electronic democracy and digital justice. Several binding and non-binding legal instruments are available for each of these areas, but they were adopted in a pre-AI era, which affects their effectiveness in providing an adequate and specific response to the challenges of AI. Although the existing guiding principles remain valid, their application should therefore be reconsidered in the light of the social and technical changes induced by AI. To contribute to the ongoing debate on future AI regulation, this article outlines a contextualised application of the principles governing e-democracy and digital justice in view of current and future AI applications.


Significance Plastics are a contaminant of emerging concern accumulating in marine ecosystems. Plastics tend to break down into small particles, called microplastics, which also enter the marine environment directly as fragments from a variety of sources, including cosmetics, clothing, and industrial processes. Given their ubiquitous nature and small dimensions, the ingestion and impact of microplastics on marine life are a cause for concern, notably for filter feeders. Oysters were exposed to polystyrene microparticles, which were shown to interfere with energy uptake and allocation, reproduction, and offspring performance. A drop in energy allocation played a major role in this reproductive impairment. This study provides ground-breaking data on microplastic impacts in an invertebrate model, helping to predict ecological impact in marine ecosystems. Plastics are persistent synthetic polymers that accumulate as waste in the marine environment. Microplastic (MP) particles are derived from the breakdown of larger debris or can enter the environment as microscopic fragments. Because filter-feeder organisms ingest MP while feeding, they are likely to be impacted by MP pollution. To assess the impact of polystyrene microspheres (micro-PS) on the physiology of the Pacific oyster, adult oysters were experimentally exposed to virgin micro-PS (2 and 6 µm in diameter; 0.023 mg·L−1) for 2 mo during a reproductive cycle. Effects were investigated on ecophysiological parameters; cellular, transcriptomic, and proteomic responses; fecundity; and offspring development. Oysters preferentially ingested the 6-µm micro-PS over the 2-µm-diameter particles. Consumption of microalgae and absorption efficiency were significantly higher in exposed oysters, suggesting compensatory and physical effects on both digestive parameters. After 2 mo, exposed oysters had significant decreases in oocyte number (−38%), diameter (−5%), and sperm velocity (−23%). The D-larval yield and larval development of offspring derived from exposed parents decreased by 41% and 18%, respectively, compared with control offspring. Dynamic energy budget modeling, supported by transcriptomic profiles, suggested a significant shift of energy allocation from reproduction to structural growth, and elevated maintenance costs in exposed oysters, which is thought to be caused by interference with energy uptake. Molecular signatures of endocrine disruption were also revealed, but no endocrine disruptors were found in the biological samples. This study provides evidence that micro-PS cause feeding modifications and reproductive disruption in oysters, with significant impacts on offspring.


The low-frequency normal modes in a semi-rigid molecular crystal involve coupling of external and internal vibrations. A group theoretical method for the lattice dynamics of such crystals is presented. The classification of normal modes and the symmetry-adapted vectors are calculated for the BCC phase of tetracyanoethylene.