........................................................................................................................i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1 Rationale .................................................................................................................3 Definitions ...............................................................................................................8 Overview of Thesis ...............................................................................................10 CHAPTER TWO: SITUATING THE SCHOOL IN THE GERMAN CONTEXT ..12 Immigration to Germany ....................................................................................12 Attitudes towards the Notion of an Immigrant Country..................................14 The German School System ................................................................................17 Structure and Responsibilities ................................................................18 Characteristics of the German School System.......................................21 Immigrant Students in the German School System ..............................25 Teacher Attitudes towards Immigrant Students ...................................28 Summary ...............................................................................................................30 CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................31 The Construction of Cultural Differences .........................................................31 Construction of "the Other" Student in the German School System..............34 Homogenization, Normalization, and Blindness towards Differences ............39 Positive Perspective on Diversity: Egalitarian Difference and Multiperspective on Differences ...................................................................................42 Hybridity and Intersectionality – the Third Way .............................................46 Pedagogical Reactions to Diversity.....................................................................50 Ausländerpädagogik ................................................................................50 From Deficit over Difference to Diversity ..............................................52


Recent rapid urbanization in developing countries presents challenges for sustainable environmental planning and peri-urban cropland management. An improved understanding of the timing and pattern of urbanization is needed to determine how to better plan urbanization for the near future. Here, we describe the spatio-temporal patterns of urbanization and related land-use/land-cover (LULC) changes in the Tarai region of Nepal, as well as discuss the factors underlying its rapid urban expansion. Analyses are based on regional time-series Landsat 5, 7 and 8 image classifications for six years between 1989 and 2016, representing the first long-term observations of their kind for Nepal. During this 27-year period, gains in urban cover and losses of cultivated lands occurred widely. Urban cover occupied 221.1 km2 in 1989 and increased 320% by 2016 to a total 930.22 km2. Cultivated land was the primary source of new urban cover. Of the new urban cover added since 1989, 93% was formerly cultivated. Urban expansion occurred at moderately exponential rates over consecutive observation periods, with nearly half of all urban expansion occurring during 2006–2011 (305 km2). The annual rate of urban growth during 1989–1996 averaged 3.3% but reached as high as 8.09% and 12.61% during 1996–2001 and 2011–2016, respectively. At the district level, the rate of urban growth and, by extension, agricultural loss, were weakly related to total population growth. Variability in this relationship suggests that concerted urban-growth management may reduce losses of agricultural lands relative to historic trends despite further population growth and urbanization. Urbanization and LULC change in the Tarai region are attributable to significant inter-regional migration in a context of poor urban planning and lax policies controlling the conversion and fragmentation of peri-urban cultivated lands. Urban expansion and farmland loss are expected to continue in the future.


It is known that polynomials over quaternions may have spherical zeros and isolated left and right zeros. These zeros along with appropriately defined multiplicities form the zero structure of a polynomial. In this paper, we equivalently describe the zero structure of a polynomial in terms of its left and right spherical divisors as well as in terms of left and right indecomposable divisors. Several algorithms are proposed to find left/right zeros and left/right spherical divisors of a quaternion polynomial, to construct a polynomial with prescribed zero structure and more generally, to construct the least left/right common multiple of given polynomials. Similar questions are briefly discussed in the setting of quaternion formal power series.


According to narrate the mechanical and control system of the toilet-roll thin film wrapping machine that was fully automatic and high speed,it was known its composition and characteristics. According to analyse the related parameters including wrapping membrane principle,wrapping film transmission system servo motor and transport motor movement relationship,motor running angle,it was designed a complete,reasonable film wrapping system creatively. In combination with the thin film wrapping system,it was designed the toilet-roll input and output mechanism,which was established the foundation for the mechanical and electrical integration design about the machine.


Objective To evaluate the role of serum levels of soluble tumour necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleuleukin-1β(IL-1β),transforming growth factor β_1(TGF-β_1),E-selectin and L-selectin in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS).Methods Blood samples from 41 HFRS patients(22 of moderate type,19 of severe type) were collected for detecting TNF-α and IL-1β,and ELISA for E-selectin,L-selectin and TGF-β_1 by radioimmunoassay.Meanwhile,serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and platelet count were examined.ResultsDuring the first three stages of HFRS,serum levels of IL-1β,TNF-α,L-selectin and E-selectin were significantly increased,the curves of them were sinilar to those of ALT and BUN.On the contrary,serum TGF-β_1 level,TGF-β_1/IL-1β ratio,TGF-β_1/TNF-α ratio and blood platelet count were significantly decreased in a parallel manner,so did the changes of platelet.Conclusions The increased serum levels of soluble TNF-α,IL-1β,E-selectin and L-selectin associated with a decreased TGF-β_1 level might be an important cause leading to uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response and liver-kidney damage,and thus involved in the pathogenesis of HFRS.The combination of reasonably symptomatic therapy with immunomodulator would improve the prognosis of HFRS.


A method and apparatus for extending cache coherency to hold buffered data to support transactional execution is herein described. A transactional store operation referencing an address associated with a data item is performed in a buffered manner. Here, the coherency state associated with cache lines to hold the data item are transitioned to a buffered state. In response to local requests for the buffered data item, the data item is provided to ensure internal transactional sequential ordering. However, in response to external access requests, a miss response is provided to ensure the transactionally updated data item is not made globally visible until commit. Upon commit, the buffered lines are transitioned to a modified state to make the data item globally visible.


Objective: To investigate the relationship between VEGF-induced chemotactic migration of MSCs and their differentiation states. Methods: MSCs were isolated by Percoll gradient centrifugation from rat and induced to neuron-like cells. Then, Boyden chamber and Dunn chamber were used to study the behavior of direct migration from the population level and single cell level respectively.Results: Data from Boyden chamber experiment revealed that the migration number of cells differed among the differentiation states and the concentration of VEGF also affected the number of migrating cells. Meanwhile, time-lapse video analysis revealed MSCs at certain stage(24 h pre-induction) possess higher FMI(forward migration index). Conclusion: Differentiation of MSCs influences their chemotactic responses to VEGF.


Intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) are devastating neurological events frequently resulting in a serious negative prognosis. The exact physiological and disease processes involved in ICHs are complex, but are thought to involve microRNAs (miRNAs), 22 nucleotide small noncoding RNAs that control a variety of normal physiological and disease processes. In this study, we show that a miRNA, miR-34a, regulates BDNF in a model of ICH injury. In particular, we assessed the impact of AM34a, an inhibitor of miR-34a, on the toxicity of thrombin-induced apoptosis and on BDNF-mediated signaling. We investigated the increased expression of miR-34a after an ICH-induced thrombin toxicity injury using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and evaluated miR-34a as a therapeutic target. Apoptosis was confirmed by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenindUTP- biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL). The number of apoptotic cells detected by TUNEL after ICH injury was decreased by AM34a. Additionally, the ICH injury model treated with AM34a had a significantly lower caspase-3 level. We performed western blot analyses for BDNF, phosphorylated Akt, and phosphorylated ERK. The levels of BDNF were significantly higher in samples treated with AM34a. Furthermore, the level of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated ERK were significantly higher under AM34a. In conclusion, we demonstrated a distinct miRNA expression pattern after an in vitro ICH injury model, and modulation of this pattern can have therapeutic potential. miR-34a antagomir reduced cell death and enhanced neurological recovery by activating the BDNF pro-survival pathway. This suggests that inhibiting miR-34a might be a potential therapeutic target in ICH.


T. 0 r a v i s t 0: Clinical Observations on Eye S y m p t o m s in Hypertension. The most usual classifications of fundus hypertonicus are described and the reliability of the different criteria of classification discussed. Seventy patients with hypertension treated in the Vihuri Foundation's Experimental Hospital nSaluscc have been examined and classified according to Wagener-Keath. Grades I11 and IV are easy to distinguish, but grades I and I1 cause difficulty because objective determination of the width of the blood vessels is not easy. Correct diagnosis should be aimed a t already in the early stages. Discussion: Vannas, Helminen.


In this work fruit and vegetable juices were analyzed for their ability to prevent the aggregation of trypsin using turbidity measurement. Fruit and vegetable juices are capable of inhibiting the aggregation of PMS-trypsin in aqueous ethanol. Among the juices examined, avocado was found to be the most effective. Choline bitartrate was investigated for its ability to inhibit the fibrillation of PMS-trypsin. We have found that avocado juice and choline bitartrate have an inhibitory effect on the formation of trypsin amyloid-like fibrils using Congo red-binding assay.


Abstract Biosensors based on terahertz (THz) metasurfaces have recently attracted widespread attention. However, few have been reported so far because it is a challenge to achieve ultrasensitive multidimensional detection in the THz spectrum. Here, we propose a novel THz biosensor that consists of a metasurfaces and a metal oxide semiconductor-like structure (MOSLS), which is based on patterned graphene–polyimide–perovskite. We varied the photoconductivity of the MOSLS via the electrostatic doping effect. The biosensor could detect whey protein down to a concentration limit of 6.25 ng/mL. Significant responses in frequency, phase, and transmission amplitude were all detected for different protein concentrations. The transmission value difference, frequency shift, and phase difference increased with the concentration of whey protein, clearly demonstrating multidimensional biosensing. Moreover, by applying lasers with different wavelengths, we have realized reversible biosensing in THz region for the first time. These results are very promising for applications of THz metasurfaces in the field of biosensing.


Our study assesses the effect of incidence angle on classifications obtained using various polarimetric classifiers applied to polarimetric RADARSAT-2 synthetic aperature radar (SAR) images for mapping surficial materials in Arctic Canada. The RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR images were acquired over the Umiujalik Lake test area of Nunavut in three west-looking descending beam modes (FQ1, FQ12, and FQ20) with increasing respective incidence angles. Polarimetric analyses included computation of polarimetric signatures, Wishart supervised classification, as well as Wishart–H/ , Wishart–H/ /A, and Freeman–Wishart unsupervised classifications. Polarimetric signatures helped to understand class separability as a function of the scattering mechanisms of the surficial materials considered in this study. The medium incidence angle (FQ12) image produced the best overall classification accuracy (48.7%) for the Wishart supervised classification. In general, the Freeman–Wishart unsupervised classification produced better areal distribution of surficial materials with the FQ12 and FQ20 images than with the steep angle FQ1 image. More sophisticated classification algorithms are required to combine the multibeam RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR images with other geospatial data such as optical images and digital elevation model data. The influences of variable environmental conditions (moisture and temperature) on mapping accuracy of surficial materials also require further research.


The study was aimed to to develop learning media in Writing Descriptive Text for Grade VII of Junior High School Students. This study was conducted by using Research and Development (R&D) design through six stages; gathering information and data, analyzing data, designing materials, validating by experts, revising, and final product. The subject of the study was Grade VII of SMP Ypi Amir Hamzah Medan. The instruments of data collection were gathered  by administring interview and distributing questionnaire. The study conducted interview to the English teacher and distributing questionnaire to 25 respondents to get the students' needs. The interview and questionnaire results proved that the students need English learning media which can motivate the students to understand about writing descriptive text. The product had been validated by the experts namely English lecturer and English teacher. The product result was Word Wall which is modifying House based on destination of North Sumatera. The result of experts' validation showed that the media was an appropriate media to be used on writing descriptive text by getting the average percentage 92% categorized excellent.Keywords: Writing, Descriptive Text, Word Wall, Research and Development


SEAMISTTM is an innovative technology that facilitates measurements of contaminants in both vertical and horizontal boreholes. The essence of SEAMISTTM is an airtight membrane liner pneumatically emplaced inside the borehole and maintained with positive pressure. Sampling ports, absorbent collectors, and various in-situ measuring devices can be fabricated into the liner. Small instruments and cameras can be guided through the borehole to obtain real-time data.

This article reports on the cost and performance effectiveness of this new technology. In this report, SEAMISTTM is evaluated as a tool for obtaining data on volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, other water-borne contaminants, and radionuclides. SEAMISTTM is also compared to traditional borehole casing, to conventional soil vapor probes, and to conventional pore-fluid collecting lysimeters. The most cost- and performance-effective applications of SEAMISTTM are shown to be those applications for which multiple characterization requirements can be combined into one SEAMISTTM membrane system.


[1] At some point in anyone's ethical development, they must attempt to chart a path between the naïve acceptance of existing ethical dogmas and the black hole of rejecting the possibility of ethics altogether. Some people never manage to strike a balance. One sort falls back into the blind acceptance of the "self-evident" truths of their culture or revealed religion. I will call these people ethical dogmatists. Another sort of person gives up on ethics altogether, embracing some sort of skepticism or relativism. Following Harman (1977) I will call these people ethical nihilists . Between these two lies the realm of moral complexity. Many academic commentators have noticed that Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin-off Angel are deeply concerned with moral issues but also are loathe to give simple moral answers. This concern is even closer to the surface in Whedon's subsequent projects Firefly and Serenity . [1] Whedon's projects share an affinity with Alan Moore, who frequently imposes morally complex situations on the more simplistic genre of the superhero comic (see, e.g., the classic Moore and Gibbons 1985).


NCs (Nanocomposite) made of crosslinked polypropylene (XLPE) & silica (Si)is potential options for cable insulating in the future. Although numerous researches have shown that NCs have better dielectric characteristics than XLPE, little emphasis has been paid to how well polyolefin NCs operate in moist settings. This research describes the dielectric behavior with XLPE/SiNC in moist settings, including the large decrease in water tree aging, rises in loss & spaces charge production, as well as decreases in AC failure strength. Because to the addition of Si particles, XLPE/SiNC are observed to absorb more moisture than the XLPE basic polymer. The development of a concentric ring around the particle that contains a lot of water (the "water shell") with the alteration in the Two key elements that control the dielectric behaviour in moist XLPE/SiNC are inter-particle and cluster separation. A novel methodology was utilized to quantify the distribution & distribution of the nanofillers, and a technique to rebuild the 3D framework was employed to ascertain the size of the liquid shell necessary for precipitation. In the XLPE/SiNC that were investigated, it was discovered that an aqueous film density of a few tens of nanometers may start precipitation. Despite this, the XLPE/SiNCs significantly inhibited water tree development, while some speculative reasons are offered in light of the reported properties.


Chemiluminescence has been observed at 675 to 900 nm from the reaction Ca(4s3d 1D)+O2→CaO*+O under single collision conditions. From the short wavelength limit of the chemiluminescence, the dissociation energy of CaO is found to be 4.11±0.07 eV, in agreement with the lower of two currently disputed values. Absolute chemiluminescence cross sections for emission from CaO(A′ 1Π) and CaO(A 1Σ+) are (3.2±1.4)×10−16 cm2 and (1.1±0.48)×10−16 cm2, respectively, and a lower bound of (5.2±2.5) is given for the total photon yield. The present Ca* source, in which a gaseous discharge is used to excite the atoms, was found to produce the metastable 3P0J and 1D levels very efficiently. Under optimum conditions (different for the two states), up to 85% of the atoms can be converted to the 3P0J levels, and 5% into 1D. A previous laser fluorescence study [L. Pasternack and P. J. Dagdigian, Chem. Phys. 33, 1 (1978)] of the reactions of Ca* with O2 and CO2 is reinterpreted using the lower value of the CaO dissociation energy.


To the Editor: --It was no surprise to learn from the excellent study by Applebaum et al of the bleak outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) initiated in the nursing home.' Given such data, other procedures would be relegated to antiquity. Thus the authors' proposal that CPR be withheld from all nursing home residents is understandable. However, nursing home populations are not n e c d y homogeneous, and this across-the-board decision would deprive the very few who might benefit from CPR of a choice in the matter. Moreover, by isolating from other therapeutic measures this widely known and emotionally laden procedure, this proposal complicates the process of developing a comprehensive health-care plan for the individual in a nursing home. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation differs from other medical procedures in that its use has been taught to the lay public for the bystander who witnesses an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.2 It is not clear that the elderly fare worse than the young in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, particularly in certain subsets of patients.3" A few individuals in these subsets may reside in nursing homes, particularly those with shortterm rehabilitation units. It certainly could be argued that such an individual should be allowed to have CPR if desired. Because of the widening of media coverage of death and dying issues, many residents and their families may be familiar with CPR. Anticipating questions and addressing concerns that might not always be voiced is an important skill of the geriatrician. I offer the analogy of a patient with lung cancer determined to be inoperable by staging aiteria. The patient may be fearful of W i g subjected to surgery or of facing his or her own mortality. In either case he or she may be reluctant to broach the subject for a variety of personal reasons. Antiapating this, an experienced physician would take the initiative to raise the subject. This would provide an opportunity to address not only this specific issue, but also to begin discussing prognosis and plans for future therapy. Similarly, because of lay awareness of CPR and the symbolic baggage it carries, its discussion may provide a platform for discussion of broader treatment issues relevant to the nursing home resident. Whether to attempt resuscitation constitutes only a fraction of the therapeutic decisions that may confront the nursing home resident. Other modalities considered may include feeding tubes, intravenous catheters, antibiotics and other medications, and the transfer of the patient to the hospital for acute illness. Although every potential fu-


The long-term trend toward more work from home due to digitization has found a strong new driver, the Covid-19 pandemic. The profound change in urban mobility patterns supports the often-held view that reducing the number of commuting trips can lower carbon emissions to a certain degree. We investigate this optimistic view from a long-run perspective in a monocentric urban model with household-level vehicle choice based on fuel efficiency. In the medium run, fewer trips lead to the choice of less fuel-efficient vehicles. In addition, with lower annual driving costs to the city center, households change their location in the long run toward longer commuting trips, but cheaper housing, implying an adjustment in the real-estate market. These changes in vehicle choice and the urban form largely eliminate the initial environmental benefits. Binding fuel economy standards completely prevent the medium-run drop in fuel efficiency, but slightly exacerbate the long-term increase in commuting trip length.


Rather than enjoying a fine book in imitation of a cup of coffee in the afternoon, then again they juggled gone some harmful virus inside their computer. a cognitive neuropsychological approach to assessment and intervention in aphasia a clinicians guide is genial in our digital library an online entry to it is set as public thus you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in multipart countries, allowing you to acquire the most less latency era to download any of our books behind this one. Merely said, the a cognitive neuropsychological approach to assessment and intervention in aphasia a clinicians guide is universally compatible bearing in mind any devices to read.


Pressure tubes are basic features of both the NPD and CANDU. The tube design must promise adequate resistance to corrosion and adverse radiation effects and must promise the highest possible integrity for operating pressures and temperatures. An important factor in setting pressure-tube thickness is the allowable design stress. Calculations for the CANDU reactor show a saving of million or 0.1 mill/kwh if the design stress for its tube material (Zircaloy-4) is increased from 15,000 to 18,000 psi. The results of high-pressure burst tests have increased the confidence in Zircaloy-2 as a pressure-tube material and in the soundness of rolled joints between the Zircaloy tube and the stainless-steel end fitting. The strengths of Zircaloy-2 as obtained from burst and tensile tests are compared. (B.O.G.)


Property in an elusive concept. In many respects it has been regarded as a source of authority to use, develop and make decisions about whatever is the subject matter of this right of ownership. This is true whether the holder of this right of ownership is a private entity or a public entity. Increasingly a right of ownership of this kind has been recognised not only as a source of authority but also as a mechanism for restricting or limiting and perhaps even prohibiting existing or proposed activities that impact upon the environment. It is increasingly therefore an instrument of regulation as much as an instrument of authorisation. The protection and conservation of the environment are ultimately a matter of the public interest. This is not to suggest that the individual holders of rights of ownership are not interested in protecting the environment. It is open to them to do so in the exercise of a right of ownership as a source of authorisation. However a right of ownership – whether private or public – has become increasingly the mechanism according to which the environment is protected and conserved through the use of rights of ownership as a means of regulation. This paper addressed these issues from a doctrinal as well as a practical perspective in how the environment is managed.


Present investigation was carried out to develop intermediate moisture shelf stable product, by osmo-mechanical dehydration process. The effect of different parameters viz. harvesting stage, pricking, chemical treatment, osmosis and drying air temperatures was observed on the quality of dried product like solid gain (i.e. sugar gain), water loss during osmosis, rehydration characteristics, water activity, colour and sensory characteristics. It was observed that pricking and chemical treatment resulted in maximum removal of moisture and solid gain during osmosis. The moisture reduction was upto 52.8 - 59.1% and solid gain was 16.3 - 18.0% (control treatment had actually leaching of sugar). The chemical treatment was more effective in non-pricked samples and vice versa. The coefficient of rehydration and rehydration ratio both increased. The osmotic dehydration enhanced the sensory qualities and shelf life of the product by lowering water activity from 0.8 to between 0.4 - 0.6. Harvesting at stage II (turning stage) helped in retaining light brown colour product due to more yellowness It was concluded that drying ber at 55°C, treated and pricked, harvested at stage II resulted in a good quality intermediate moisture and shelf stable dried product.


The biomass resources existing all over the world can give us an idea of the global potential of biogas production, which is still not exploited to its full capacity, especially in our country. Biogas has proven in many countries its big potential as an alternative source of energy, being used on a large scale. In this study, we analysed the biochemical process of anaerobe digestion of biogas, because it is one of the most important processes which take place in a biogas plant. Agricultural biogas production provides agricultural, economic and environmental benefits and for this reason, the promoters of the biogas development in Europe, especially after the oil crisis, were the organic farmers, interested in anaerobe digestion, not only for renewable energy generation, but as a way to improve fertiliser quality of their animal manure.


This chapter explores rural teacher attitudes towards emergent bilinguals at the secondary level before, during, and after translanguaging professional development. Within the current political climate, accountability measures and assessment training affect teacher perceptions of second language acquisition and add to the deficit perspective. Juxtaposed with the accountability climate are the benefits of rurality and teachers who value the funds of knowledge these linguistically and culturally diverse students possess. Through a mixed methods study using qualitative and quantitative survey data, the authors examined the effects of translanguaging pedagogy on an English-only school district. The translanguaging strategies used in English language arts and reading classrooms showed potential to improve standardized English assessment scores by shifting the monolingual ideology of the teacher participants to a multilingual stance. The results of this study could revise current perceptions and pedagogy for emergent bilinguals.


Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is native to the tropical and subtropical region of America. Being a polyphagous pest known to cause major damage to economically important cultivated grasses. This insect is one of the most important pests of maize, being firstly registered in the India in 2018 and it causes a 33% yield loss in the plant production. The use of chemical pesticides as a prophylactic method causes some problems such as ecological instability, pollution, high costs and death of natural enemies. In the current study, screening of native B. thuringiensis isolates and their insecticidal activities were tested against the 2nd instar larvae of maize fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda under laboratory condition. Preliminary bioassay was conducted using diet incorporation method and treated with spore crystal lysates prepared from the native Bacillus thuringiensis isolates. Upon screening 50.0 per cent (of the B. thuringiensis isolates exhibited mortality in the range of 26-50 per cent while 10.0 per cent of the B. thuringiensis isolates showed more than 75 per cent mortality after 7 days of exposure. Among the seventy isolates, Bt-Oa1 and Bt-257 recorded maximum of 86.84% mortality after 7 days after treatment.


The current study sought to determine what factors inhibited psychologists, naturopaths and fitness instructors from detecting an eating disorder (ED), and the discipline differences across these factors.


Mass immigration over the past four decades has changed the racial and ethnic composition of United States by ushering in millions of Asians and Latinos whose arrival has not only challenged the traditional black-white color line, but has also changed perceptions about race. Focusing on Asian Americans, I show how contemporary immigration has changed the racial status of this group; once considered "unassimilable" and "undesirable immigrants," Asian Americans now exhibit the highest rates of intermarriage, the lowest rates of residential segregation, and the highest median household incomes of all US racial groups. By highlighting the changing selectivity of Asian immigration after the passage of the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, I illustrate how their hyper-selectivity has not only affected their patterns of incorporation, but also produced positive stereotypes of contemporary Asian Americans. This, in turn, has resulted in a social psychological process that I refer to as stereotype promise—the promise of being viewed through the lens of a positive stereotype that leads one to perform in such a way that confirms the positive stereotype, thereby enhancing performance and outcomes. By introducing research in social psychology to the fields of immigration and race, I provide a better understanding of the ways in which immigration is changing the meaning of race for Asian Americans in twenty-first century America.

Keywords:

immigration;
race;
Asian Americans;
stereotypes;
stereotype promise


Information on tree crown is prerequisite for sustainable utilization of forest tree resources, as it is the site for physiological activities that lead to tree growth and development. Crown ratio (CR) is an index of tree stability; it indicates tree vigour and is a useful parameter for assessing forest condition. This study aimed at assessing crown ratio for improved silvicultural management of naturally grown Prosopis africana species within the University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria. Nine temporary sample plots (TSPs) of size 100 m x 100 m were established using simple random sampling method. Diameter at breast height (Dbh), total height (Ht) and crown diameter (Cd) and height to live crown base (HCB) were measured for all living P. africana trees with Dbh > 10 cm within the 9 TSPs. Data collected were subjected to descriptive and bivariate correlation analysis. The trees were further classified based on their Crown ratio as high vigour (CR>0.50), moderate vigour (CR= 0.30-0.50) and low vigour (CR<0.30). The result revealed that CR had strong negative correlation with Ht and HCB. Tree diameter attributes showed low positive correlation with CR. However, about 69% of the trees are within moderate CR class and only 3% areof the low CRclass. This implies that majority of the P. africana species in the study area are of moderate and high vigour. Hence, appropriate silvicultural Treatment such as thinning is recommended for trees with CR <0.3 to ensure moderate, better stand stability and sustainability of the species benefits. Keywords: Correlation; Crown ratio; Economic trees; Tree growth characteristics; Prosopis africana


The task of planning trajectories for a mobile robot has received considerable attention in the research literature. Most of the work assumes the robot has a complete and accurate model of its environment before it begins to move; less attention has been paid to the problem of partially known environments. This situation occurs for an exploratory robot or one that must move to a goal location without the benefit of a floorplan or terrain map. Existing approaches plan an initial path based on known information and then modify the plan locally or replan the entire path as the robot discovers obstacles with its sensors, sacrificing optimality or computational efficiency respectively. This paper introduces a new algorithm, D*, capable of planning paths in unknown, partially known, and changing environments in an efficient, optimal, and complete manner.<<ETX>>


Introducing our cultural and artistic works, brought from past to present, to new generations, qualifying them as to be understood and benefited by today's youth and coming generations are possible as a result of a combination of some of the efforts. Different dictionaries, prepared throughout the history of our language and literature, translated and having the opportunity to be used intensively in certain periods, has played an important role on both assisting in the understanding of our old works and meeting the need of researchers in different areas. Mutercim Asim is scholar, historian, and poet but first of all he is linguist. His most important works which has brought fame to him are three dictionaries which are primarily two translations –one of them is our main subject- and a copyright. How great these two translations have made impact on society can be understood from that; the name of Ahmet Asim has become "Mutercim Asim" because of these. His constantly use of the statement "translator says" to add his own thoughts to substances in translations of Kâmus and Burhan, has led to acquire this new name. To summarize what Turkish language has won from these translations; two very great and very comprehensive dictionaries of Persian and Arabic Language that have the most extensive place in literature of their time have been introduced by these two translations. All the difficulties have been corrected by looking at them since the release of these works. The doubts, not solved by applying other sources, have been solved by these. There was no recognized work as trusted source than these two sources and these works were considered to be the greatest conflict resolver. "Mutercim Asim says like that" statement is the highest authority. Because, Asim revised all of the important resources, examined their truths and mistakes and reported the most accurate results in translations, while making these translations. In this paper, Mutercim Asim Efendi, who has a very important place in Turkish Language and history of culture, will be introduced and those will be presented that how the Translation of Kamus, one of his most important works, was prepared in which period and its validity within its own period. With this knowledge, seeking answers to the questions, which methods the dictionary is used, will be subject of this paper.


When an organisation miscommunicates with its stakeholders, they can spread their anger through social media, write Madeline Toubiana and Charlene Zietsma


In this study, loadings of plate-rod structures were considered, causing a complex stress state, which are exposed to significant external forces applied outside the plane, causing torsion of the structure as a whole. An analysis of the stress-strain state of a plate-rod reinforced concrete truss with regard to concrete creep is given. The core and volumetric models and the calculation of the plate-rod trusses in the ANSYS software package taking into account the creep of concrete are created, the results of computer calculations and the comparative characteristics of the results obtained are presented. The forces in the truss elements from the load located in its plane are determined by any method known from structural mechanics for the calculation of plate-rod systems. External torques that act on the structure are balanced in the amount of reactive support torques. The calculation of the strength of elements of reinforced concrete plate-rod trusses is carried out for sections that are normal to their longitudinal axis, and also for sections of the most dangerous direction that are inclined to it. Calculation of the plate-rod trusses under the action of bending and torque is associated with the determination of the twist angle of the truss sections or with the determination of its torsional stiffness.


An attempt was made to develop a scale to precisely measure the attitude of Deputy Agricultural Officers towards Adaptive Research-an extension promotion programme. which takes into account the regional and agro-climatic variations within the State and in district. Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu was the locale of the study. This study would facilitate other researchers to adopt such procedures in the construction of scales and to use the same to know the attitudes of personnel involved in such programmes.


The AMMON experimental program in the Cadarache EOLE zero power reactor is devoted to the experimental validation of the HORUS-3D neutron and photon calculation scheme for the future Jules Horowitz Material Testing Reactor. Several experimental core configurations have been investigated, based on the same lattice global geometry: a central hexagonal aluminium box, with 7 JHR fuel elements, surrounded by a driver zone composed of standard PWR-UO2 fuel pins. For experimental purposes, one assembly can be fully disassembled to enable precise measurements of local fission rates in the plates. Within this frame, a dedicated γ-spectrometry device has been designed to precisely measure axial and azimuthal fission rate distributions on these special fuel elements.


The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 77, No. 3 (September 2017). © The Economic History Association. All rights reserved. doi: 10.1017/S0022050717000705 José-Antonio Espín-Sánchez is Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Yale University, 27 Hillhouse Ave Room 38, New Haven Connecticut 06511. E-mail: jose-antonio. email@example.com. I am indebted to my advisor, Joel Mokyr, for helpful discussions, guidance, and support. I am also grateful to the members of my dissertation committee, Joseph Ferrie, Regina Grafe, and Robert Porter, for advice and encouragement. Discussions with Javier Donna, Tim Guinnane, Alejandra Irigoin, Naomi Lamoreaux, and Yannay Spitzer, as well as participants at Northwestern University and Universidad Carlos III Economic History Workshops, the WEHC 2012, and the


The all-solution method was employed as a vacuum-free technics to fabricate white light-emitting diodes. The performance of the device was optimized by adding a modified layer and optimizizing the thickness of each layer. ITO was used as the cathode,and PFN film was added to reduce the work function of the cathode. The polymer PFN was also used as the electron injection material and the blue emitter. The polymer MEH-PPV was used as orange emitting layer. By intro ducing Cs2CO3as modified layer,the turn-on voltage was reduced and the electron injection ability was improved effectively. The highly conductivity PEDOT∶ PSS film was employed to replace metal electrode as the anode. The results show that the EL spectra of the device extend from 400 nm to 800 nm,covering the whole visible region,the device starts to glow at 4 V and exhibits a maximum luminance of 1 500 cd / m2with a maximum current efficiency of 0. 55 cd / A.


On the occasion of Open Access Week (22-28 October) I had a talk with Stevan Harnad, a pioneer and one of the world's best-known Open Access advocates, author of the Subversive proposal (1994-1995) which triggered the whole movement. Professor Harnad highlights achievements, further steps, and obstacles ten years after the Open Access manifesto of the Budapest Open Access Initiative.


ABSTRACT We report new advancements in the experimental investigation of the giant optical nonlinearity observed in azo-dye doped nematic liquid crystals. We show that the extreme sensitivity of the azo-dye doped nematics results from a combined action of the trans-cis photoisomerization process of the azo-dye molecules and the light-induced changes of the anchoring energy. The molecular reorientation at the surface can be controlled by changing the length n of the aliphatic chain of the ionic surfactant, CnTAB, used as anchoring agent. Polarization holography experiments show that, during the reorientation, the nematic director mainly follows the direction imposed by the linear polarization along the interference pattern. The diffraction gratings show a large response, proving that all the mechanisms related to light intensity gradients, such as charge migration or thermal heating, may be excluded from the effects that are at the origin of the giant nonlinearity.


Second language anxiety is a common phenomenon among English language learners of different native languages. Beliefs regarding English language and learning English as a second language have been a major cause of anxiety for many language learners. The goal of the study is to identify whether gender of the learners has an impact on their anxiety levels when learning English as a Second Language. The secondary objective of this study is to investigate the causes of anxiety among the learners. To inspect whether learners' beliefs in language cause second language anxiety, Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI), introduced by Horwitz in 1983, was distributed among fifty female and fifty male first year undergraduates of University of Kelaniya. Twenty participants from each gender group were randomly selected for unstructured interviews, to gather further information regarding their English language learning experience. The findings of the study have been analysed through a mixed approach which consisted of both qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods. The analysed data revealed that the anxiety levels of female undergraduate learners and the male undergraduates have no substantial difference; however, it was also disclosed that female learners were more enthusiastic in learning English as a Second Language when compared with the male learners. The study reveals that the learners from the both gender groups possess a significant level of anxiety due to the requirements of the job market and as most of the courses in Sri Lankan universities are carried out in English.


A research framework, called task-centered research, is described for studying managerial expertise in complex task environments. A difficult, complex, and real-world task forms the focus for research aimed at understanding reasoning expertise in management. Three research efforts within the framework are presented to illustrate how it can be instantiated in practice and in the context of managerial decision-making. One effort is explicitly oriented to the study of reasoning in experts and novices. The second involves the construction of an expert system that both models the expert's methods and augments managerial decision-making. The third effort concerns the application of machine learning techniques for discovering rules that form the knowledge-base of expert judgement.<<ETX>>


Cardiologia CROATICA Background: A decade ago, women with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were significantly older than men, with more comorbidities, less likely treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) and their prognosis was worse. The progress in treatment of STEMI patients resulted in an increased survival after STEMI. Our aim was to evaluate and compare possible differences in the treatment and in 30-day and 6-months mortality between the genders in the STEMI patients. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 255 STEMI patients — 187 men and 68 women, admitted in 2012. Reperfusion strategy was PPCI, combined with aspirin and clopidogrel or prasugrel or ticagrelor and a heparin with glycoprotein receptor IIb/IIIa antagonist or bivalirudin. We compared baseline clinical data between the genders. We also compared the use and time to PPCI, in-hospital complications, 30-day and 6-month mortality. Results: The STEMI patients were treated by PPCI in 92.6%. Their 30-day mortality was 9% and 6-month mortality was 12.9%. We observed insignificant differences in mean age, comorbidities, the use and time to PPCI, in-hospital complications, discharge treatment, 30-day, and 6-month mortality between the genders. We even observed significantly increased admission troponin I (10.0±20.2, women 3.7±9.1 μg/l, p=0.015) and peak troponin I levels (54.4±38.8 vs 39.7±39.2 μg/l, p=0.009) in men. Conclusion: Women account for 1/3 of STEMI population; the gap between the genders in presentation, treatment and outcome in STEMI population is significantly decreasing.


The volume of data organizations and government agencies usually collect and store are increasing rapidly. Centralized database according to Elmasri and Navathe [1] stores data or information in a particular location within a network. It allows data from existing database to be collected and stored in a single database for sharing, analysis or updating in an organisation. In Nigeria, organizations and government agencies usually operates distributed databases and do not have a centralised database in a central location for sharing and other policy making. Therefore, this paper highlights the need for centralised database that can be adopted by government to control data redundancy and inconsistency for security and sustainable development. The paper is a survey paper that explored the use of research schedules for data collection. Enumeratorwas picked from each of the four agencies that constitutes the population and samples of the study. The data collected were categorised and presented based on the research schedules retrieved. The results show the common fields used on personal information of individuals as ID, names, Date of Birth, Gender, address, phone no, finger print, and photograph. The results also show that data sharing among agencies are rarely done using the distributed databases, but plans are on the way to actualize that especially with the yet-to-be implemented model of National Identity Management Commission known as National Identity Management System (NIMS). Finally, the paper recommends that government should explore the possibility of adopting centralised database that can harmonise records of organisations and agencieswhich will help in ensuring security and sustainable development in the country; a model of centralised database should be designed to ascertain the feasibility of implementing a centralised database in Nigeria; thorough research should also be made to ensure the compatibility between organisations and agencies with the centralised database for data sharing and other accessibility issues.


Asparagus is a high-yielding, early-season vegetable for home gardeners and commercial growers across Missouri. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), which is in the same family of vegetables as onion, is grown as a perennial vegetable in Missouri and can yield for 10 or more years. The asparagus plant is composed of ferns, crown and a root system (Figure 1). The ferns are not true leaves but are stems that photosynthesize and transfer energy to the crown. The crown is a collection of rhizomes (modified stem) and lateral roots that initiate new ferns. Spears, which are the harvested portion of the asparagus plant, are immature ferns. Thus, if the spear is not harvested, it develops into a large fern, which manufactures and stores energy in the crown for next year's crop. Asparagus is a dioecious plant, which means that there are separate male and female plants. Male asparagus plants (Jersey types) produce more spears than female plants do. Female asparagus plants produce numerous bright, red, berrylike fruits with seeds that can become volunteer weeds in the garden or field. Preparing the asparagus bed: Because asparagus is a perennial vegetable, attention should be given to choosing the best planting site. Like most vegetables, asparagus will not tolerate wet, soggy soil. Choose a well-drained field, or use raised beds to promote drainage. Asparagus will perform best in sandy, light-textured soils. Do not rotate asparagus with vegetables such as onion, leeks, chives or garlic because they can transmit diseases to the asparagus planting. Choose a site with as few weeds as possible. Growing a cover crop during the summer (buckwheat) and the fall and winter (rye or wheat) the year before you wish to plant asparagus will suppress weed growth and increase organic matter in the soil. Take a soil sample the fall or spring before planting for nutrient analysis. The optimal pH for asparagus is 6.5 to 7.0; lime may need to be incorporated into the soil before planting. Before planting, broadcast and plow in fertilizer to supply about 75 pounds of nitrogen (1.7 pounds per 1,000 square feet), and 25 to 200 pounds (0.6 to 4.6 pounds per 1,000 square feet) of P2O5 and K2O per acre.


The current knowledge of the Chinese species of the hangingfly genus Bittacus Latreille, 1805 is reviewed. A checklist of the known species is provided. A key to species is compiled. Three species of Bittacus are described as new to science: Bittacus longantennatus sp. nov. from Sichuan and Hubei, Bittacus setigerus sp. nov. from Hubei and Guizhou, and Bittacus jiulianshanus sp. nov. from Jiangxi. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5167E4E9-C123-4C1E-B33F-BCC7AF873BEA


The influence of adsorbent dose, initial metal ion, pH other ions, temperature and contact time were studied for the adsorption of ferrous ions on t acid activated carbon prepared from Albizia lebbeck bark. The results were analyzed in the light of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms From this, the adsorption efficiency, ads orption energy, adsorption capacity, intensity of adsorption and dimensionless separation factor w e e calculated. From the kinetic studies the rate constant values for the adsorption process was calculated. F rom the effect of temperature thermodynamic parameters like ∆G°, ∆H°, and ∆S° were calculated. The mechanism of adsorption for that ferrous ion onto carbon have in vestigated by using the experimental results and confirmed by IR spectra, XRD and SEM images.


Rationale:Atrial fibrillation (AF) causes atrial-tachycardia remodeling (ATR), with enhanced constitutive acetylcholine-regulated K+ current (IKAChC) contributing to action potential duration shortening and AF promotion. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. Objective:To evaluate the role of protein-kinase C (PKC) isoforms in ATR-induced IKAChC activation. Methods and Results:Cells from ATR-dogs (400-bpm atrial pacing for 1 week) were compared to control dog cells. In vitro tachypaced (TP; 3 Hz) canine atrial cardiomyocytes were compared to parallel 1-Hz paced cells. IKAChC single-channel activity was assessed in cell-attached and cell-free (inside-out) patches. Protein expression was assessed by immunoblot. In vitro TP activated IKAChC, mimicking effects of in vivo ATR. Discrepant effects of PKC activation and inhibition between control and ATR cells suggested isoform-selective effects and altered PKC isoform distribution. Conventional PKC isoforms (cPKC; including PKCα) inhibited, whereas novel isoform...


The invention relates to a planet (11) for a planetary rolling-contact screw, along the planetary axis of which a central portion (12) having a larger diameter and, axially on both sides of the central portion (12), in each case one end portion (13) having a smaller diameter are formed, wherein a first engagement profile (14) is formed on the lateral surface of the planet (11) in the central portion (12) and in each case one second engagement profile (15) is formed on the lateral surface of the planet (11) in the end portions (13), wherein the first engagement profile (14) has a multiplicity of first teeth (16) that are arranged in an annular manner around the planetary axis, wherein in each case one first channel (17) that is arranged in an annular manner around the planetary axis is formed between successive first teeth (16), wherein the two first peripheral teeth (23); located at the ends of the central portion (12) are formed within and at a distance from a tooth contour (18) of the first teeth (16) of the central portion (12).


Objective To explore the value of CT in diagnosing abdominal leiomyosarcoma.Methods CT findings of abdominal leiomyosarcomas conformed pathologically in 9 patients were analyzed.Results The tumors localized in peritoneum in 3 cases,in stomach in 3 cases,in rectum,colon and uterus in 1 case respectively.On plain CT scan,the tumors appeared as unhomogeneous dense masses with mecrosis at the centre,the periphery of tumors was flocculation or ringlike,and having fluid-fluid level in 1 case.The delayed peripheral enhancement on contrast CT could be seen.Conclusion CT imaging can help to diagnosis the abdominal leiomyosarcoma.


In this paper, we have applied the semi-parametric method for estimating the regression function to estimate first-order functional autoregressive models. To this end, the conditional nonlinear least squares estimation method is used to estimate the parameter and the nonparametric kernel approach is applied to estimate the adjustment factor. In this case, we have also proven some asymptotic behaviors of this estimator and shown its adequacy using simulations and a real series of financial data in Iran's MelliBank.


The metal-induced low-temperature (≤550°C) crystallization of a-Si1-xGex (0 ≤x ≤1) on SiO2 has been investigated. A Ge-fraction-dependent crystal growth was observed. In the case of a low-Ge fraction, plane growth dominated, the velocity of which was enhanced by 80% with increasing Ge fraction from 0 to 20%. This produced strain-free poly-SiGe with large grains (18 µm). On the other hand, dendrite growth became dominant in the case of intermediate Ge fractions (40–60%). By optimizing the growth conditions (x: 0.4, annealing: 450°C, 20 h), very sharp needlelike crystals (width: 0.05 µm, length: 10 µm) were obtained. These new polycrystalline SiGe films on insulator should be used for system-in-display, three-dimensional ultra large-scall integrated circuits, and novel one-dimensional wires.


The following article deals with the data from a comprehensive study of the ecophysiological effects of water deficiency on cotton varieties. The ecophysiological features of drought adaptation of medium-fiber Bukhara-6, Aqdarya-6, Bukhara-8, C-6524 and Bukhara-102 cotton varieties studied in the conditions of vegetation and field experiments with different soil moisture levels. Levels and forms of drought adaptation and tolerance during the ontogeny of cotton varieties were analyzed comparatively.


The invention discloses a street lamp energy saving management apparatus. The system comprises: a street lamp monitoring center computer (1), a street lamp management and control soft ware (2) installed in the street lamp monitoring center computer, a wireless communication system (3), a mobile management terminal (4), a remote management accessing terminal (5), a public reporting module (6), a loop controller (7), a single lamp controller (8), a single lamp energy saving unit (9), street lamps (10), a traffic flow sensing module (11), illumination sensing module (12), accident alarm linkage unit (13), city digitlization management superior management system (14), a cable antitheft monitoring module (15) and a GPS vehicle positioning and scheduling system (16). The system can realize switching, state monitoring, energy saving and life predicting to single street lamp, street lamp daily service management; and can realize street lamp cable antitheft alarm, and can adjust street lamp brightness according to traffic flow. And the street lamp management controlling apparatus can be widely applied in city street lamp and night scene illumination construction management.


The invention discloses an ester exchange catalysis method. Specifically, phenol, dimethyl ester, a solvent and a catalyst are mixed and subjected to a contact reaction. The method is characterized in that the catalyst is a soluble zinc salt modified heteroatom molecular sieve.


The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) constitutes a complex and diverse ecosystem. Escherichia coli is one of the most frequently studied and characterized species in the gut ecosystem. Nevertheless, there has been little research to determine their diversity and population dynamics in the intestines of children over time. Many intestinal E. coli lineages carry antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, which have implications in disease and public health. In this one-year prospective study, a fresh fecal sample was obtained from 30 children longitudinally for one year (n = 82 fecal samples). From each stool sample, five Escherichia coli colonies were randomly selected to characterize their genotype and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern (n = 405 E. coli isolates). We found that the most numerically dominant E. coli lineages in children's intestines were transient colonizers, and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance varied significantly over time, however, ST131 a multi-drug resistant pathogen, and 3 additional STs persisted in a child's intestine for 3 months or more. IMPORTANCE The length of residency and numeric dominance of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli may affect the extent to which an isolate contributes to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. We studied the persistence of numerically dominant and antimicrobial-resistant lineages of E. coli in the human intestine and found that E. coli lineages in the gut of children change rapidly over time.


In this paper we show that US prices can be specified in terms of a time series model that contains roots simultaneously at zero and the cyclical frequencies. Using a general procedure for testing this type of hypothesis, the results show that the secular component in the US prices is nonstationary, with an order of integration ranging between 0.7 and 1.4. However, the cyclical part seems to be stationary, with the order of integration fluctuating around 0. This implies that shocks affecting the long run component will be highly persistent, while those affecting the cyclical part will disappear quickly.


The utility model discloses a two-wire MEMS microphone and an earphone. The two-wire MEMS microphone comprises an MEMS microphone chip and an ASIC chip which is connected to the MEMS microphone chip. The ASIC chip has a first connection end and a second connection end. The ASIC chip receives the sound signal picked by the MEMS microphone chip and converts the sound signal into a current signal to the second connection end from the first connection end. The two-wire MEMS microphone has the advantages of simple structure and small size, and the miniaturization development of an earphone wire control part and the reduction of cost are facilitated.


In his book Engineered Death: Abortion, Suicide, Euthanasia and Senecide, John Woods uses an argument from analogy to establish the following conclusion: even if one grants that foetuses are not persons but only potential persons, killing foetuses is murder. Murder, according to Woods, is the defeasibly wrongful violation of the right to life ascribed to persons. If this argument is successful, it would of course have profound consequences for the ongoing philosophical debate over the morality of abortion. Whether or not they hold that foetuses are persons, philosophers would be forced to adopt the same moral attitude toward foeticide as they would adopt toward the killing of persons. That is, the killing of foetuses and the killing of persons would be defeasibly wrong in the same way; their wrongfulness could be defeated only in special and limited circumstances, perhaps like those suggested by Judith Thomson in her "Defense of Abortion".


The utility model discloses an external bracing drawer type refrigerator which is suitable for a direct cooled refrigerator. The utility model comprises a box body, evaporators, and drawers inserted and arranged among the evaporators, wherein, the external ends of the drawers are connected with a door into a whole, and the circumference of the door is provided with sealing members; meanwhile, the evaporators are designed into the double bank pipeline arrangement to increase the refrigerating amount. The utility model has the advantage of small loss of refrigerating amount, low power consumption, low cost, and good heating insulating and preserving effect; foods can be stored and taken conveniently.


This experiment was conducted on November 19, 2008 on the Wheaton College campus at the ICUC lab in the Science Center with a Ms. Sara Houlihan. The study was was executed to support the hypothesis that pseudopodia count will decrease in amoeba when treated with the drug nocodazole. After pooling the control results in comparison to our experimental value it was found that the average pseudopodia count started at 4 pseudopods and decreased to 1 pseudopod after the drug nocodazole was dispensed to our amoeba. This was only a single instance, and repeated measures would need to be conducted to increase the power of the results. Other microtubule polymerisation inhibiting drugs or anti-mitotic drugs such as vincristine and colcemid could also be tested in comparison to nocodazole to help support this hypothesis in further research. Introduction: In this study we tested the hypothesis that the number of pseudopodia of an amoeba treated with the drug nocodazole would decrease due to its ability to depolymerise the microtubules of the cell. Microtubules are essential to cells. They constitute one of the intricate fibers of the cytoskeleton that supports the cell before reaching the plasma membrane. They are very active in motility, due to their ability to rapidly polymerize and depolymerise their protofilaments, which consist of 13 tubulin dimers. These tubulin dimers consist of α and β subunits giving them respective plus or minus ends, which determines which way they traffic vesicles. Vesicular transport is an important role of microtubules for the Secretory pathway and cell trafficking, and they are necessary for cell division when creating the mitotic spindle. Dynamic cell functions such as the ones carried out by microtubules can be observed easily using the administration of drugs, to see if there is an effect if any on the targeted aspect of the cell. Nocodazole is an antiThe Effects of Nocodazole on Amoeba Pseudopod Counts http://icuc.wheatoncollege.edu/bio219/2008/Gilpatrick_Joshua/index.htm[8/31/2015 11:11:27 AM] neoplastic agent that exerts its properties by depolymerising microtubules. Since microtubules are involved with the process of cell division, research related to targeting certain cells to stop dividing could be useful in respect to cancer treatments. There has already been research on nocodazole and its effects on lymphocytic leukemia cells, as well as other cancerous cells. This study however, focused on the effects of nocodazole on the pseudopodia count of amoebae. Amoebae are members of the protozoa family and are classified into two different species amoeba dubia and amoeba proteus. They are large unicellular organisms that can range from 700 microns up to as large as a millimeter in size this makes them very easy to study using light microscopy. Amoebae have an exaggerated behavior when they use their microtubules for motility. The cell extends temporary projections called pseudopods or pseudopodia (Egmond, 2005). This is done by the reverse assembly of actin subunits into microfilaments, when a pseudopod stretches from the cell body the opposite end of the pseudopod contracts because it interacts with myosin. Pseudopodia are hard to classify since amoebae are very active and motile, for this experiment we concluded that a pseudopod must be at least 26 microns in length and 10 microns wide with two defined shoulders. A shoulder is a defined by an angle that is greater than 45 degrees from the cell body. Pseudopods are recognizable usually by curved ended extensions that seem to be actively moving away from the cell body. Pseudopodia differ from filopodia, which are mostly clear ectoplasm material and lobopodia, which are short and blunt in formation. The parameter for what comprised a pseudopod was further developed due to a previous lab on November 12th that allowed us to become familiar with the amoebae and their characteristics. In this study we compared an amoeba that had been treated with nocodazole at a concentration of 2ug/ml via a wash through a flow cell to a control amoeba that was washed with water. The final number of pseudopods were measured after 30 minutes from the administration of the drug, and the cells behavior was observed throughout. Methods: For this experiment we observed two amoebae, one to serve as the control, and the other the experimental subject. First two flow cell slides were created one for each of the amoeba. Flow cells allow the scientist to wash the cells that they are studying with drugs as well as allow oxygen to pass through 2 sides of the cover slip. These were made by preparing shards of cover slips by fragmenting them using a Kimwipe and placing them where the outer edge of the top cover slip will be placed. This places the top cover slip on a mount so oxygen may still pass through and drugs can be washed through the flow cell slide. Next the amoeba were placed in the middle of the square arrangement of chips and covered with a cover slip. By carefully using a pair of tweezers and placing an edge down first this reduces air bubbles that will interrupt viewing later on. When the top cover slip is placed on the cover slip chip arrangement the top and bottom sides of the cover slip are sealed with VALAP, which is a mixture of Vaseline, Lanolin The Effects of Nocodazole on Amoeba Pseudopod Counts http://icuc.wheatoncollege.edu/bio219/2008/Gilpatrick_Joshua/index.htm[8/31/2015 11:11:27 AM] and Paraffin reduced to created a quickly sealing adhesive for aqueous specimens. Once this is complete for the control and experimental amoeba pictures were taken using the SPOT insight camera, and loaded into Adobe photo shop for the fitting of the scale bar that would constitute what a pseudopod was. We used an E200 Nikon Eclipse camera light microscope at the 10X objective, throughout the experiment. Once pictures were taken of the control and experimental amoeba we washed the cells over a period of 30 minutes 3 times at 10 minute intervals. The control was washed with water from its natural environment and was kept undisturbed, while the experimental specimen was treated with 2ug/ml of nocodazole. Washing an aqueous solution under the flow cell can be done by first applying an amount of the solution on one side of the cover slip and then gently touching the corner of a Kimwipe to the other side for a short period of time. After 30 minutes we took a picture of the experimental amoeba and compared it to the control and the experimental data that was obtained earlier (Gilpatrick, 2008). Results: According to our description of what defined a pseudopod our control amoeba had 5 pseudopodia and our experimental amoeba before treatment had 3. The cells are very active on their own and were constantly stretching their pseudopods to move. Taking the average of the amoebae pseudopod count before any drug was administered on average we got 4 pseudopods. The experimental amoeba's pseudopod count decreased to 1 after 30 minutes of being exposed to nocodazole. The control picture below was taken at 3:20 p.m. (Figure 1.1) The picture of the experimental amoeba before drug administration was taken at 3:35p.m. The final image was taken at 4:12 of the amoeba that was washed with nocodazole. (Figure 1.2) Comparing these results we took the average of our control and experimental before drug treatment and looked at the differences of our final experimental pseudopod count. This bar graph is shown below as figure 1.3.


The conviction procedures and sentencing procedures are mixed in China,which causes a lot of problems in sentencing aspect.By comparing the experience of two legal families,the writers propose to build relatively independent sentencing procedures in China,including: to establish complete independent sentencing procedures in ordinary criminal cases,to add direct sentencing procedure in those cases of defendants plead guilty,to retain the mixing procedures in simple cases;follow the principle of "Who advocate,who take the burden of proof";to expand the application of simple procedures,enhance the explanation about sentencing in criminal verdict and so on.


Thus the problems are large-scale, with one problem per semester, and they are selected from problems that have arisen naturally in the research investigations of the graphics faculty. As an example, in a recently completed CS3 (Data Structures) course at Clemson University, students were assigned the task of writing (in C++) a ray-tracing system capable of generating images such as that shown in Figure 1. This image contains 528,979 texture-mapped polygons, and so a linear implementation of ray-polygon intersection testing with texture lookup would require hours of runtime on a high-end CPU. The students were allowed 3 minutes. Thus the only feasible approach required mastering sophisticated data structures and their associated search routines.


To avoid surface erosion damage and to assist in understanding RF breakdown limitations imposed on high gradient linac operation, a gradient hardened structure is being fabricated having high temperature brazed and machined stainless steel surfaces located in the high E- field region of the beam apertures and in the high H-field regions of the racetrack shaped coupling cavities. The microwave design parameters and physical dimensions of this 17 GHz, 2pi/3 mode, 22-cavity structure were established specifically to allow comparison of its high gradient performance to that of a similar all-copper structure tested under identical conditions, using an existing 4X power amplifying, RF recirculating dual ring system. Use of the 6X thicker skin depth material, the resulting de-Q-ing effects and the minimal reduction of beam energy (2%) associated with the strategically located lossy surfaces are discussed; fabrication techniques are described; and design parameters of the gradient hardened linac and the 17GHz power amplifying system are presented.


Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) imaging microscopy is used to examine the morphology and structural aspects of tissues including muscle, bone and tendon. SHG polarization anisotropy and signal processing methods can differentiate normal and diseased states.


The aim of this paper is to highlight timeline mapping exercise as a research tool and the benefits and challenges of incorporating this method into research. Timeline mapping offers a novel methodological approach toward gathering and accessing rich and meaningful data in the study of life transitions for instance from secondary education to higher education or from education to employment. This paper especially focuses on how it can be incorporated into research studies specific to HPE (Health Professions Education). It also offers researchers step-by-step instructions on how to conduct timeline mapping exercises and how to go about analysing the findings and gathering insights from the findings.


Objective A surveillance study was performed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa to investigate the change of antimicrobial resistance,so as to provide basis for clinical antibiotic selection.Methods K-B test was used for the antibiotics susceptibility test and the results were read based on National committee for Clinical Laboratory standards(NCCLs).Results The drug resistance rates of P.aeruginosa were increased rapidly by years.Those antibiotics such as amikacin、imipenem、cefoperazone/sulbactam、cefepime、ciprofloxacin were very effective to P.aeruginosa with the drug-resistant rate below 20%.Conclusion P.aeruginosa is drug-resistant to common antibiotics.With the patient infected by P.aeruginosa,it should be first treated experientially by amikacin、imipenem、cefepime、cefoperazone/sulbactam、ciprofloxacin,et al.


ABSTRACT The Floating Drilling Production Storage and Offloading (FDPSO) Platform is functionally a non-propelled vessel and belongs to a subset of a wider group of vessels called Floating Production Systems (FPS). The FDPSO, besides its unique attribute of drilling capability, has all the functionalities of FPSOs. Given the remote offshore locations of oil fields, FDPSOs provide viable economic solution for drilling, production, storage and offloading to smaller vessels for transportation of oil. This paper addresses the designer's concern in the critical role of positioning of the moonpool since it has a direct bearing on the dynamic effects experienced by the platform. The investigation provides valuable quantitative insights into the important effects on drag during towing, sloshing effect within the moonpool and motion dynamics due to the liquid oscillation. The results of this investigation using numerical and experimental tools, is expected to give key inputs for the designer towards the design of better performing FDPSO platform and benefit the industry. This paper investigates the vessel dynamics including the liquid oscillation behaviour inside the moonpool as a function of the moonpool location in the vessel. The results of the study are important inputs to a designer for consideration of new designs. The FDPSO is a dedicated design of a large capacity platform, different from the conventional FPSO which is usually a retrofitted ship for the purpose. The investigation is based on computational simulation using a commercial RANSE solver namely, STAR-CCM+. Comparison with results from towing tank tests serves to initially validate the numerical simulation-based results. The study performs hydrodynamic diffraction analysis using a potential flow-based solver, namely ANSYS – AQWA. A simplified hull form represents the FDPSO, considering that it is a platform predominantly stationary in operation. However, drag and interactive effects with the moonpool as well as a liquid oscillation in the moonpool are important dynamic conditions for investigation in stationary as well as transit conditions during the tow. The focus of the investigation is on moonpool dynamics in calm water and regular sea conditions and ship motion in waves. The moonpool is vertical circular cylindrical shaped and the investigation considers three moonpool locations namely, at the forward, the midship and the aft, respectively. The water column in the moonpool experiences large oscillatory motions in the piston mode or the sloshing mode. The analysis captures the flow physics, amplitude of oscillations, hydrodynamics resistance and the vessel motion response. The results obtained establish that the location of the moonpool contributes to the augmentation of the cavity drag in the FDPSO. For the selected parameters, the study indicates that the moonpool located in the forward region gives better performance as compared to responses in the other locations.


The utility model relates to plug-in Chinese character blocks which mainly comprise a group of positive flat square Chinese character building blocks having the same shapes and sizes, wherein, the upper, the lower, the left and the right surfaces of each building block form oblong shapes having the same shapes and sizes and are printed with Chinese character radicals, letters and patterns, and Chinese characters, pinyin and patterns can be assembled and combined. The front and the rear surfaces of the building block are respectively provided with a bulged plugging block and a concave surface which is plugged and matched with the bulged plugging block; multiple Chinese character building blocks can be plugged together backwards and forwards; in addition, as the effect of auxiliary building blocks of other shape structures, the utility model has more interests. Compared with the existing Chinese character blocks, the utility model can combine the learning with the play better, and the utility model is more favorable for children's intelligence development.


Cutaneous pseudolymphomas (CPLs) are a group of benign lymphoproliferative conditions of the skin that histologically and, occasionally clinically, resemble malignant cutaneous lymphomas. CPLs may resemble cutaneous T-cell lymphomas or cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. The differentiation between benign and malignant lymphoproliferations can be challenging and requires a combination of clinical, histological, immunohistological and molecular analysis for accurate diagnosis. On rare occasions, absolute differentiation may not be possible. In this review, we discuss the histological techniques used in the evaluation of lymphoproliferations.


Bankruptcy prediction is essentially a judgemental task. Yet, most models use statistical methods to select the relevant financial variables for prediction. This study provides behavioural evidence from 31 bank managers and officers of financial institutions in Nigeria on the appropriateness of the choice of variables for bankruptcy prediction. The study finds that there was a consensus on short‐term liquidity ratios being consistent predictors of financial distress, a finding which confirms the usual choice of these variables based on statistical models. Interestingly, the short-term lending orientation of the financial institutions represented on the study appears to have yielded a consensus in the respondents' preference for the short-term liquidity ratios. The study finds that the level of experience of the manager has an important bearing on the choice of variables to be used in predicting bankruptcy.


New C3-symmetric (S,S,S)-triisopropanolamines are easily obtained with high regioselectivity from bulky epoxides and ammonia in the presence of molecular sieves.


Abstract A computational study (MM3 and PM3) on the endohedral isomers of C60H2 has been carried out. The exohedral isomers were computed by MM3. A comparison between the computed properties for both isomers is also presented.


The air-based information network of the Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network has the distinct characteristics of heterogeneous, time-varying, distributed and self-organized, which bring not only new challenges of node mobility model, dynamic network grouping and interconnection and intercommunication of heterogeneous networks, but also higher requirements of network security. Therefore, selecting an efficient and safe communication link is critical when there may not be fixed rules. In this article, we build a model of the air-based information network, and use the method of dynamic programming to select the most efficient communication link by minimizing the energy consumption in the communication model. In the communication model, energy consumption is associated with the security level of the communication link. The experiments show that the presented algorithms can effectively reduce the total cost while satisfying security constraints.


We present a study on the light extraction properties of thin film light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on the radiative transfer theory. We show that the well known ergodic limit for absorptivity in textured solar cells also applies to emissivity in LEDs accordance with the Kirchhoff's radiation law. This limit for the emission enhancement by surface texturing in LEDs is fundamental and cannot be exceeded even with index-matched optics. We further carry out numerical calculations accounting for realistic absorption in typical GaN-InGaN LEDs to compare their performance with the ergodic limit for non-absorbing structures. The results show that the optical power of InGaN-GaN LED designs can be improved by a substantial factor of 2–4 with textured surfaces and engineering of the emission pattern and provide a guideline for more efficient LED designs.We present a study on the light extraction properties of thin film light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on the radiative transfer theory. We show that the well known ergodic limit for absorptivity in textured solar cells also applies to emissivity in LEDs accordance with the Kirchhoff's radiation law. This limit for the emission enhancement by surface texturing in LEDs is fundamental and cannot be exceeded even with index-matched optics. We further carry out numerical calculations accounting for realistic absorption in typical GaN-InGaN LEDs to compare their performance with the ergodic limit for non-absorbing structures. The results show that the optical power of InGaN-GaN LED designs can be improved by a substantial factor of 2–4 with textured surfaces and engineering of the emission pattern and provide a guideline for more efficient LED designs.


Monitoring the perimeter of a wildfire in real time is crucial for effective firefighting and decision-making. This paper proposes a multi-UAV system that combines real-time infield data with a fire propagation model to accurately predict the state of the wildfire perimeter and improve fire prediction. To achieve this, a data fusion scheme is used to merge historical data with real-time measurements obtained from UAVs to update the fire propagation model. The model is then used to predict the future perimeter of the fire, which then guides the team of UAVs to track the perimeter more accurately. The system has been tested through simulation experiments, indicating its effectiveness in providing accurate real-time wildfire perimeter propagation information.


A geometric formulation of Lax integrability is introduced which makes use of a Pfaffianformulation of Lax integrability. The Frobenius theorem gives a necessary and sufficient conditionfor the complete integrability of a distribution, andprovides a powerful way to study nonlinear evolution equations. This permits an examination of the relationbetween complete integrability and Lax integrability. The prolongation method is formulated in this contextand gauge transformations can be examined in terms ofdifferential forms as well as the Frobenius theorem.


Structures, phase composition, hardness, microhardness of the investigated chromo-manganese cast iron alloys in the cast stay were studied at the present work. It is shown that the hardness and wear resistance of the investigated alloys are determined by the carbon content, degree of alloying matrix and austenite-carbide eutectic and also the number and form parameter eutectic carbide.


Due to their sensitivity to acquisition parameters, medical images such as magnetic resonance images (MRI), Positron Emission tomography (PET) or Computed Tomography (CT) images often suffer from a kind of variability unrelated to diagnostic power, known as the center effect (CE) or domain shift. This is especially true in MRI, where units are arbitrary and image values can strongly depend on subtle variations in the pulse sequences [2]. Due to the CE it is particularly difficult in various medical imaging applications to 1) pool data coming from several centers or 2) train machine learning algorithms requiring large homogeneous training sets. There is therefore a clear need for image standardization techniques aiming at reducing this effect. Considerable improvements in image synthesis have been achieved over the recent years using (deep) machine learning. Models based on generative adversarial neural networks (GANs) now enable the generation of high definition images capable of fooling the human eye [5]. These methods are being increasingly used in medical imaging for various cross-modality (image-to-image) applications such as MR to CT synthesis [3]. However, they have been seldom used for the purpose of image standardization, i.e. for reducing the CE [4]. In this work, we explore the potential advantage of embedding a standardization step using GANs prior to knee bone tissue classification in MRI. We consider image standardization as a within-domain image synthesis problem, where our objective is to learn a mapping between a domain D constituted of heterogeneous images and a reference domain R showing one or several images of desired image characteristics.


Three indium foils 40 to 50 mu thick were given a total neutron dose of 10/sup 12/ to 10/sup 14/ n/cm/sup 2/. The foils were fused and degassed in a fused-quartz crucible in a mass spectrometer. The ratio of ion current due to the dimer I/sub 2/ to the ion current due to the monomer I/sub 1/ (i = I/sub 2//I/ sub 1/) was determined as a function of temperature from 773 to 1373 l K (melting point of indium is 429.4 l K), and these values were compared with values obtained on unirradiated foils of indium. It was found that i increases with temperature in both cases, but the value of i for the irradiated samples is a factor of 15 to 20 greater than that of the unirradiated samples ( n at the 1800 d 10/sup -2/ compared to 3 x 10/sup -4/ for the unirradiated samples). This effect can be detected even after the lapse of one year after the irradiation of the sample. On heating the irradiated sample to a temperature of 1423 to 1473 l K for a short time, the sample lost its ability to form the dimer, and could not be distinguished frommore » an unirradiated sample. (TTT)« less


Back ground and Objective: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a polymicrobial syndrome having alteration of vaginal flora involving a decrease in Lactobacilli and predominance of anaerobic bacteria. Objective was to evaluate the efficacy of the Bark of Acacia arabica (chal babool) as an alternate therapy in the management of Bacterial Vaginosis.
Methodology: This was a prospective, single blind, standard controlled randomized clinical trial on 45 patients (30 patients in test group and 15 in control group) who attended in and outpatient Department of OBG, National Institute of Unani Medicine hospital, Bangalore, India with complaint of abnormal vaginal discharge or vulvovaginal pruritus. Married patients aged 18- 45 years with regular cycles and diagnosed as having BV were included in this study. Patients were excluded if there was a blood stained discharge, any organic pelvic pathology, systemic illness, malignancy, AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhoea, pregnant and lactating women. Decoction of Chal babool was given orally (30gms twice daily) for one month and standard drug Tab. Metronidazole (400mg twice daily) for 7 days was given in test and control group respectively. For diagnosis and cure rate of bacterial vaginosis, Amsel's criteria were used.
Results: There was a significant improvement in the subjective and objective parameters; test drug was found to have similar effective as in control drug in the management of Bacterial Vaginosis (P =1.000) statistically.
Conclusion: Patients in both groups have shown improvement by treatment. This study confirms the efficacy of chal Babool as potent astringent and antimicrobial. Phase -3 clinical study shall be recommended with large sample size and prolonged duration.


In precision potentiometers there is usually a minimum residual potential above zero, which prevents the balancing of very small potentials. The method now used for overcoming this residual and allowing also small negative potentials to be balanced is described.


Electrochemical mass transfer in turbulent flows and binary electrolytes is investigated. The primary objective is to provide information about mass transfer in the near-wall region between a solid boundary and a turbulent fluid flow at different Schmidt numbers. Based on the computational fluid dynamics and electrochemistry theories, a model for turbulent electrodes channel flow is established. The turbulent mass transfer in electrolytic processes has been predicted by the direct numerical simulation method under limiting current and galvanostatic conditions, we investigate mean concentration and the structure of the concentration fluctuating filed for different Schmidt numbers from 0.1 to 100 .The effect of different concentration boundary conditions at the electrodes on the near-wall turbulence statistics is also discussed.


As stated by some recent authorsl,2~, several problems in the taxonomy of the Oryza os ficinalis complex warrant further intensive investigations. Species of this complex are easily separated from all other species of Oryza and make part of the section Oryza (=section Sativa). This species complex is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, but no species are common to the New and the Old Worlds. Some discussions of the taxonomy of the Old World representatives, with special reference to African species, are presented below. In Africa there are two species in the officinalis complex : O. punctata Kotschy ex Steud. and O. eichingeri A. Peter. Our knowledge of the morphological distinctions between these two species has been rather limited, and it has sometimes been noted that delimitation of these taxa is obscure. The present author therefore made special efforts to examine a number of populations of O. eichingeri and O. punctata when he visited East Africa in 1964, and studied them from a taxonomic viewpoint. These results have already been reported in a previous paper3> . It was found that O. punctata and O. eichingeri differ in a combination of several morphological characters though a few intermediates are found. In this investigation several living stocks were also used. They had originally been collected in Africa and used as material for cytogenetic studies by many previous authors. Unfortunately, the present author found that some of these living stocks had been incorrectly identified. In the National Institute of Genetics, Misima, there are two stocks (W0015 and W0043) which have been used for genetic and cytogenetic investigations of O. eichingeri. Stock W0015, which was identified as O. eichingeri by a previous investigator, was supplied by the Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack. Stock W0043 was furnished by the United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville. It is not certain whether W0015 and W0043 were derived from the same parental stock. These stocks were in turn distributed from Misima to various Institutes in Taiwan and the Philippines. Many cytogenetic investigations have been made on these stocks, and it has been repeatedly described that O. eichingeri is a tetraploid species with BBCC genomes. Unfortunately neither W0015 or W0043 can be referred to O. eichingeri but are more correctly identified with O. punctata in the light of the present author's recent work3~. Stocks W0015 and W0043 have the following morphological features: Base of culms spongy and thick; ligules 3-5 mm long, soft, whitish ; panicle branches :spreading ; spikelets 5.0-5.5 mm long, 2.1-2.3 mm broad; sterile lemmas triangular and acute; awns of the lemma almost straight; bristles on the awn rather rigid. In all of these morphological features, W0015 and W0043 agree completely with the type specimen of O. punctata and differ quite significantly from true O. eichingeri (see Tateoka3)). As a consequence, the results of the many investigations made by previous cytogeneticists on material identified as O. eichingeri should not be applied


Few case studies of atypical presentation of pediatric Rasmussen's encephalitis (PRE) have been reported, but none of them described the emergence of super-refractory status epilepticus. Despite substantial advances in identifying the underlying routes, triggers, and etiology, the prognosis for Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) patients remains uncertain. Epileptic spasms with delayed onset in RE patients are common but not drug-resistant epilepsy. In this article, we aim to describe an atypical presentation of PRE which was complicated by super-refractory status epilepticus.


"Neo-inclusivism" is explained and assessed as an approach to the problem of the conflicting claims to truth of different religions, with reference to inter alia John B. Cobb (Jr.), Gavin D\'Costa and Paul Ingram. For the neo-inclusivist the truth of a religious tradition depends on its inclusivistic capacity, i.e. its capacity to assimilate other traditions. For ex ample, by being enriched and transformed through "radical openness" to other traditions, while remaining "committed" to her own tradition – so the neo-inclusivist claims – the theology of the Christian can become "truly global". Neo-inclusivism seemingly transcends the absolutist habits of inclusivists, i.e. to assess the religious other in view of criteria (the inclusivist\'s own religious tradition) with which the other does not identify himself or herself. However, the neo-inclusivist plays down the possible limits of inter religious openness and is overly optimistic about the possibility of a "truly global" theology. Moreover, whether the neo-inclusivist\'s "committed openness" significantly differs from the approach of those who arbitrarily use the definitive norms of their own religious tradition to assess other traditions, is at least debatable. Whatever the case may be, insofar as tolerance cannot tolerate intolerance, the neo-inclusivist is necessarily intolerant, and, in this sense, "absolutist", towards those who make their own beliefs normative for all and shun themselves from the assessments and new insights of others.

S. Afr. J. Philos. Vol.23(1) 2004: 82-107