Background: Dispositional emotional approach coping (EAC) marks an adaptive tendency to process and express emotions. EAC's association with cognitions, affect, and intra- and interindividual characteristics that may account for its utility was examined in response to an acute stressor and in daily life. Design: This study included a laboratory stress task and ecological momentary assessment. Methods: Healthy undergraduate students (n = 124; mean age: 20; women: 56%) completed a laboratory component (baseline survey, speech stress task, pre- and posttask measures) and five subsequent days of surveys via palm pilot (six surveys/day). Results: Controlling for sex, neuroticism, and social support, greater EAC was associated with more positive cognitive appraisals, personal resources, and positive affect and less-negative affect during the lab stressor, and with more perceived control and positive affect in daily life. Significant EAC × sex interactions were found for poststressor affect: men with high EAC reported more positive affect and women with high EAC reported less negative affect. Conclusions: Findings provide support that EAC's utility may be independent of intra- and interindividual characteristics, and that men and women may benefit from EAC in different ways in regards to affect. The proclivity to use EAC may come with a resiliency that protects against stress and promotes general well-being.


Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to assess current status of knowledge and attitude regarding preventive options in oral care among dentists in Davangere city, Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was adopted to carry out the study among 97 practising dentists in the city. Data on preventive options in oral care was collected by means of 26 self-administered knowledge-, attitude-, and practice-based questions. Microsoft excel and Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) software were used for statistical analysis of the data collected. Statistical evaluation was done by Chi-square test. Results: Among 97 respondents, 91 (93.80%) were aware of preventive dentistry and 88 (90.7%) were aware that initial lesions can be remineralized. Forty-eight (49.5%) of the respondents were aware that Casein Phosphopeptide and 93 (95.90%) were aware that tooth mousse can be used as remineralizing agent. A total of 53.95% respondents correctly answered the knowledge-based questions. Statistically significant differences were found (P < 0.05) between variables like professional reading and responses. There were no associations found between gender, age, practice location, years of experience, practice type, and participation in continuing dental education programs. Conclusions: The result of this study demonstrated the need to increase the emphasis on preventive dentistry education. It alarms the need to carry out a continuing dental education programs for practising dentists in order to update dentists' knowledge and attitude regarding preventive dental care .


This paper proposes two non-volatile content addressable memory (CAM) cells using magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) devices and nanoscaled CMOS transistors. The first novelty of the proposed non-volatile cells is that their operation and comparison outcome are voltage-based, hence requiring no current sensor. Two types of MTJ CAM cell are proposed; each of them utilizes two MTJs in a voltage divider arrangement. They differ in the number of required transistors, i.e. the first is a NOR type cell requiring six MOSFETs, while the second is a NAND type cell requiring five MOSFETs. Performance metrics (as related to search delay, power dissipation and static noise margin) as well as variation to process, voltage and temperature (PVT) are assessed by simulation at different feature sizes of the MOSFETs. The simulation results show that the proposed designs significantly improve in terms of search delay and power delay product (PDP) over existing non-volatile CAM memory cells utilizing MTJs.


Text in German & English. Schinkels Look towards India discusses a subject to which little attention has been paid to date: Schinkels interest in Indian architecture and culture. This interest was first aroused by the English traveller to India William Hodges, who proposed the thesis that Greek and Indian architecture were of equal value. Later, the English landscape painters Thomas and William Daniell were to become even more important for Schinkel. Oriental Scenery, the book that described their travels, left its mark on Europes image of India for decades and inspired longing for that country, which was considered almost magical. The cultural elite of Prussia were also caught up in this fascination. At the royal court of Prussia, Lalla Rookh, based on Thomas Moores romance, was celebrated in 1821 as an oriental festival. In 1822 the Indian-themed pageant Nurmahalwas performed at the opera. For both productions Schinkel created enchantingly beautiful stage sets. His interest in exotic architecture was lifelong. The sketches he based on the work of the Daniells were preliminary studies for a huge round panorama that was to show the buildings of various periods and nations in their particular setting. His unrealised project for the summer palace Orianda on the Crimea, at the geographical interface of eastern and western culture, was Schinkels convincing and timeless memorial to his dream of the unity of world cultures. The style of the exterior is classical, while that of the interior is Indian and Islamic. The work is character-ized by the hall of caryatids that lies in front of the building, with a view of the Black Sea, and the museum of Caucasian antiquities, its counterpart in the interior of the palace. Schinkel found the idea for the museum in Oriental Scenery, in the drawings of the legendary 1000-Pillar Hall in Madurai, in southern India, which the Daniells had toured full of admiration and included in their book.


An integrated approach to evaluating the causes of severe wellbore instability in the Cusiana field is described. The field is located in a tectonically active region of Colombia. Deterioration of the hole during drilling operations has led to excessive nonproductive time and expensive wells. The scale of the problem is unprecedented in the world. In wells costing tens of millions of dollars, millions per well could be attributed to poor hole conditions. This paper describes how the problem was addressed and what actions were taken to improve operational performance, resulting in reduced drilling costs. The improved understanding has contributed to better well planning, and improved drilling performance, and has underlined the need to consider all aspects of the drilling process to achieve improved hole conditions in a difficult geological setting.


We succeeded to implant Bi infrared luminescent center in the lithium niobate optical crystal. This crystal could be applied to the ultra-short pulse or tunable laser media with excellent non-linearity and ferroelectric property.


The series standards of environmentally conscious design guide for low-voltage apparatus,including general rule,knife disconnector,circuit-breaker,contactor,fuse,button lamp and terminal were presented.The general procedures to integrate environmental aspects into design and development processes of low-voltage electrical apparatus were given,and the requirement for the products above was specified.


Objective To investigate the therapeutic action of methylprednisolone (MP) in cytomegalovirus (CMV) severe pneumonia following kidney transplantation.Methods The therapy for 45 patients of control group included the elimination of immunosuppressive agents,the use of antiviral drug,measures to prevent and cure other bacterial and fungal infections,oxygen inhalation or mechanical ventilation.Besides the above therapies,MP was injected to 50 patients of MP group.The clinical data of all the patients were analyzed.Results The time of fever,dyspnea,stay in ICU and mechanical ventilation in MP group was shorter than that of control group (P0.001).There were significant differences between the two groups in the probability of using mechanical ventilation and the mortality (P0.01).The total effective rate in MP group and control group were 86% and 60%,respectively,there was significant difference between two groups (P0.01).Conclusions The treatments with MP are effective and can decrease the mortality of CMV pneumonia following kidney transplantation.


A study summarized the voting patterns to form a political profile of Texas teachers. A questionnaire was sent to 500 teachers who were members of the Texas State Teachers Association in 1983. General information was collected on nineteen characteristics of teachers, including such categories as sex, marital status, place of birth, place of residence, and political contributions. The most significant findings were: 36 percent of the teachers did not live in the school district in which they taught; and, 76 percent of the teachers voted for the candidates endorsed by the professional association. Implications are briefly discussed and responses are summarized in tabular format. (JD) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ***********************************************************************


In the past 25 years, laws related to accessibility in general have been enacted worldwide. In the United Kingdom, for example, with the passing of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) of 1995 and 2005, a number of regulations and codes of practice have been put in place to provide wheelchair users with greater access and freedom of traveling by public transport, including railway vehicles. This paper aims at contributing to the knowledge gap that exists on how human related factors may influence the safety of a wheelchair occupant in a railway vehicle during deceleration, particularly crash conditions. To achieve this, a socio-technical study on railway vehicle safety was conducted through a disability association called BADGE, acting as the gatekeeper.The research methodology developed applied two data collection research tools. The first was a focus group discussion in which six wheelchair users participated. The second tool was observational, where wheelchair users undertook two baseline railway vehicle trips within the Greater Manchester. Here data was captured through video footage and still pictures. In addition, note taking was applied.The research found that personal preferences and medical conditions greatly influence the way a wheelchair occupant interacts with the wheelchair and the railway vehicle. This could potentially affect the safety of the wheelchair occupant, generally, and particularly during a crash. The paper ends by presenting a flow diagram that postulates how these human related factors identified could ultimately influence secondary collision characteristics during a crash. The findings could help railway vehicle engineers to better design wheelchair accessible environment with improved wheelchair occupant crash safety.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


The golden period of growth and development of children occurs from the beginning of pregnancy until birth and children are 2 years or 1000 days. The impact of children not being stimulated can be growth disorders and delays. The problem of delays or deviations in child development is still a problem for children in Indonesia. The role of cadres needs to be increased to stimulate early detection and early intervention of developmental deviations. This activity aims to improve the knowledge and skills of cadres in early stimulation and intervention for growth and development, so as to be able to find early developmental deviations in toddlers. This activity uses a training method with education using modules and simulations using a developmental pre-screening questionnaire. The participants of the activity were the Melati Cadre and Kenanga Cadre totaling 14 people and 19 infants under five in the West Hadimulyo sub-district, Metro Central district, Metro city. Evaluation of activities was carried out by pre-test and post-test and assessment of the skills of cadres to stimulate development using developmental pre-screening questionnaires. The results of the activity obtained increased knowledge and skills of Integrated Service Post cadres to stimulate development with a developmental pre-screening questionnaire. The enthusiasm of the cadres in this activity and the support of partners, so that the activity can be smooth and successful. It is necessary to follow up the implementation of cadre skills directly during early stimulation activities and interventions for the growth and development of children of various ages


A method is described for applying a power arc, which is burning between various contact materials, against insulated surfaces in a controlled way in order to measure the effect on insulation surface resistance. The purpose of the test is to provide a method to evaluate insulation material for use in switch interruption chambers. The results of tests using fine silver, coin silver, silver nickel, and silver cadmium oxide contact material and three types of insulating materials are reported. Variations found in contact resistance patterns and size of erosion and contamination area are presented and discussed.


Byproducts of the disease-causing parasites in the blood can be detected through the skin. Byproducts of the disease-causing parasites in the blood can be detected through the skin.


The invention relates to the biological technology field, in particular to a fluorescence micro cell agglutination method for detecting influenza virus antibody. The method in the invention comprises the following steps: hemagglutinin gene and neuraminidase gene of influenza virus are cloned and then are transfected to a eukaryotic cell; the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are recombined and expressed on the surface of the eukaryotic cell; the recombinant expression cell is marked by fluorescence; the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase which are recombined and expressed on the surface of the cell are combined with hemagglutinin antibody and neuraminidase antibody of the influenza virus to carry out agglutination reaction; and pictures are taken by a fluorescence microscope, whether influenza virus antibody exists in a to-be-detected sample is judged according to whether the fluorescence area is increased. In the detecting method of the invention, the cell marked by fluorescence is used, the cell using amount is reduced, high-throughput detection can be carried out, and quick detection, early detection, on-spot detection and evaluation of the influenza virus antibody can be realized.


Mathability in its definition refers to cognitive infocommunication and combines machine and human cognitive capabilities essential for mathematics. In the paper educational aspects of the notion are considered. A new proposal of learning outcomes taxonomy is presented.


To assess the relationship between behavioral, subjective and physiological measures of mental workload, 10 adult subjects solved equations with 1,2 or 3 plus or minus operators (the Math Processing subtest of the CTS battery). Following extensive training, individual test sessions were held during which reaction times, subject workload ratings and a set of physiological measures were recorded. Reaction times and subjective workload ratings increased with the number of operators in the equations, but heart rhythm, eye blinks and peripheral temperature showed no systematic relationships to the number of operators. The P-300 event related potential decreased in amplitude and latency and a late positive component recorded at Cz decreased in amplitude and increased in latency as the number of operators in the equations was increased.


Methods of assessing stability are reviewed. These include using measures based on variances, regressions against environmental indices, and risk probabilities. A new approach using bivariate distributions of intercrop and monocrop yields is developed, leading to the calculation of relative risks for the two systems. The bivariate distribution methods proposed are illustrated by application to five sets of data on intercrop combinations each including sorghum.


Abstract : The goal of the APOD project was to give software applications an increased resistance against malicious attack even when they run in an environment that is not completely secured. We call any such application "defense enabled". Note that defense enabling is less ambitious than building a secure system: rather than protect the entire system, defense enabling concentrates on the survival and integrity of essential applications, possibly sacrificing other parts of the system to the attacker. Defense enabling also gives priority to some security properties over others: we are much more concerned with defending the integrity of an application's data than its confidentiality. Defense enabling is representation of a relatively recent trend in computer security, often called survivability or 3rd generation security. Several factors distinguish the APOD approach to survivability from others. First, dynamic adaption is a key theme of our approach. Intrusions cause changes in the system, and a survivable system much cope with these changes. As a consequence, defense enabled applications must be very agile and will make use of the flexibility possible in today's dynamic, networked environments. Second, a defense enabled application has a defense strategy that is typically application an mission specific. Such strategies complement and go beyond traditional approaches to security in which protection mechanisms are typically not aware of the applications they aim to protect. Third, defense enabling builds the defense in middleware, intermediate between the application and the networks and operating systems on which the application runs. Defense strategies implemented in middleware can be reused relatively easily in the context of other applications because they are only loosely coupled to the application.


The utility model discloses a silk-screen printing device which comprises a main machine header. An ink reclaiming plate and a sdueegee are arranged side by side on the main machine head along the moving direction of the main machine head, the ink reclaiming plate is used for pushing and tiling the piled ink on a silk-screen plate, and the sdueegee is used for pressing the ink in silk-screen plate holes and scraping the ink on the surface of the silk-screen plate into a pile. An atomizing spray head used for spraying diluent to the ink is placed on the main machine head and between the sdueegee and the ink reclaiming plate. Due to the fact that the atomizing spray head is placed between the sdueegee and the ink reclaiming plate and is used for spraying the diluent to the ink to adjust the viscosity of the ink to a normal state when the silk-screen printing device works, the problem that the silk-screen plate holes are blocked owning to high viscosity of the ink is eliminated, and silk-screen printing quality is improved. The method that the atomizing spray head sprays the diluent to adjust the viscosity of the ink is time-saving, labor-saving and high in adjustment efficiency, and the adjustment is not need to be carried out with a condition of stopping the production, so that the production efficiency is improved.


This paper presents a novel earth pressure cell to directly measure both vertical and lateral effective stresses in seabed soils. The double-sensing diaphragms with FBG sensors were designed to detect the signals simultaneously.


The article presents the vision of the development of countries and societies as seen in threeworks from the 1990s: Francis Fukuyama's End of History, Samuel Huntington's The Clash ofCivilisations and Benjamin Barber's Jihad vs McWorld. The author compares these visions to the contemporary world, together with their utopian and dystopian aspects, wondering whichof them more accurately predicted the directions of its development. Treating these works asan entry point, he considers the alternatives of the dominating liberal democracy, analysesthe features of the more and more popular neomedievalism and the flaws and advantages ofdirect democracy. Talking about direct democracy, he describes the only functioning exampleof such political system in Switzerland. Describing its details and specification, he wonders ifthe system analogous to the Swiss one could be useful somewhere else. By referring to thisproblem in the context of technological advancement, he considers the issue of developingdirect democracy with the use of electronic media. In the end, the again refers to the worksby Barber, Fukuyama and Huntington, expressing his regret for the lack of other, equally boldvisions of the world and political systems development in contemporary times.Key words: political system, liberalism, direct democracy, neomedievalism


1. Introduction 2. Palestine and the Gulf States 3. Iran and Suez, 1953-1956 4. Impact of the 1967 War 5. The 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the Oil Boycott 6. The 1980s: Decade of Change 7. The United Nations: The Triangle without Corners 8. The 1990s


These notes are written to give students in CSSS/POLS 494 a quick review of some of the basic mathematical concepts they will need to make use of during this course. These notes are not meant to be comprehensive but rather to be a succinct treatment of some of the key ideas. The notes draw heavily from Apostol (1967) and Simon and Blume (1994). Students looking for a more detailed presentation are advised to see either of these sources.


Compile-time elimination of subscript range checks is performed by some optimizing compilers to reduce the overhead associated with manipulating array data structures. Elimination and propagation, the two methods of subscript range check optimization, are less effective for eliminating global redundancies especially in while-loop structures with nonconstant loop guards. This paper describes a subscript range check optimization procedure that can eliminate more range checks than current methods. Two transformations called inner-loop guard elimination and conservative expression substitution are introduced to enhance propagation of range checks in nested while-loops and to define a partial order on related range checks. Global elimination is improved by considering range checks performed before control reaches a statement and after control leaves a statement. A unique feature of this method is the simplification of the available range-check analysis system for global elimination.


In this paper, a general design method for multiband filters is proposed. Firstly, the frequency and element transformation from a lowpass prototype filter to a practical multi-band bandpass filter is derived. Afterwards, formulas for extracting the coupling coefficient k between coupled multimode resonators and the external quality factor Qe are also obtained. Thereafter, the design procedure of coupled multiresonator multi-band filters is similar to that of single-band filters. A tri-band microstrip filter with tri-mode resonators is successfully designed with the proposed method and fabricated, which validates this theory.


Cibermutua is a cyber-museum developed for the Territorial Museum of the Northeastern Andes (Mutua), wich was designed as a space to know and explore the different urban, patrimonial and territorial realities of the Central-Eastern region of Colombia, contributing to the recovery of the cultural and urban heritage of the city of Tunja (Boyaca, Colombia). In order to reinforce the knowledge exhibited in the cyber-museum and generate interest among its users, digital learning activities were created that make use of free web tools. This article highlights the research process carried out in the selection of web tools for the creation of digital learning activities in the cyber-museum, presenting the results obtained during this process.


Disclosed blood-sugar-reducing sargassum-fusiforme black-peanut noodles are prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of black peanut, 8-12 parts of pigskin, 4-6 parts of haw, 2-4 parts of rose pollen, 8-14 parts of buckwheat flour, 1-2 parts of salt, 0.2-0.3 part of sodium carbonate, 0.2-0.4 part of rice bran oil, 1-2 parts of apple freeze-dried powder, 1-2 parts of cassava meal, 100-110 parts of wheat flour, 20-25 parts of corn flour, 3-10 parts of corn gluten meal, 1-2 parts of sargassumfusiforme, 1-2 parts of hancebrandisia herb and proper amount of water.


Objective – to demonstrate the clinical result of total removal and free fibular graft on the microvascular anastomoses of the clavicle affected by giant-cell tumor. Materials and methods . A 22-year-old patient L. underwent the surgery for the right clavicle giant-cell tumor in the clinic of traumatology and orthopedics, Bashkir State Medical University. The surgical intervention included total right claviculectomy and clavicular replacement with a vascular fibular fragment from the left leg. Results. The patient was examined 5 years after the surgery. No recurrent tumor was found. The function of the right upper extremity demonstrated the full extent. Conclusion. With the clavicle completely destructed by tumor, the single radical treatment is total claviculectomy and replacement with the vascular bone autograft. The "ideal" plastic material is a fibular fragment.


In recent years, the relationship between obesity and autoimmune diseases has taken interest, since adipose tissue has been identified as an endocrine organ that secretes cytokines (adipokines), among which leptin stands out as a soluble pro-inflammatory mediator associated with the body mass index (BMI).The main objectives of this study are: i) to analyse the influence of BMI on clinical response in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients who initiate TNF-inhibitor (TNFi) therapy; ii) to analyse the differences in the serum profile of adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) according to BMI and their association with response to treatment.Observational study of a prospective cohort of 73 RA patients who initiated biological treatment with TNFi from the Complex Therapy Unit (CTU) of our Hospital. Patients were classified according to their BMI in normal-weight (BMI<25) and overweight/obesity (O/O) (IMC≥25). Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were collected at baseline and at 6 months. Our outcome measures were DAS28-VSG remission (DAS28<2.6) at 6 months after TNFi initiation. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) at baseline and 6 months. A descriptive sample analysis comparing the characteristics of both patient subgroups was performed using Chi-square, T-test for independent samples and U-Mann Whitney. Likewise, a bivariate analysis was carried out by means of binary logistic regression to assess the probable association of the parameters studied with remission.Of the 73 patients studied, 51% were classified in O/O group. The O/O patients presented higher levels of baseline CRP (16.69±6.16 vs 8.74±3.81, p=0.01). No statistically significant differences were observed in the remaining variables (sex, age at the beginning of the TNFi, disease duration, baseline DAS-28), as well as therapeutic variables (use of previous DMARDs and doses of methotrexate and/or steroids). Patients with overweight/obesity presented higher DAS28-ESR values at 6 months of treatment (3.59±1.14 vs 2.93±1.27, p=0.02) and achieved remission less frequently (18.9% vs 48.6%, p=0.007). Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in O/O patients, both baseline (29.39±21.50 vs 13.49±8.78, p<0.001) and 6 months (33.06±22.03 vs 14.77±9.50, p<0.001) after TNFi initiation. In addition, O/O patients were less likely to reach remission at 6 months than normal-weight patients. [OR= 4.04 IC95% (1.40-11.64); p=0.009]. Lower frequency of remission was associated to greater leptin levels at 6 months [OR=0.94 CI95% (0.90-098); p=0.012]. No differences in serum adiponectin were found between both subgroups of patients.In this RA patient cohort, overweight/obesity is associated with i) a reduced response to TNFi therapy and ii) a lower short-term remission rate. Within the adipokine profile, leptin seems to play a relevant role in the maintenance of pro-inflammatory activity with a negative influence on the response to TNFi therapy in O/O patients.[1] Versini M. et al. Autoimmun Rev. 2014; 13, 981-1000[2] Toussirot E et al. Life Sci. 2015;140: 29-36.Marta Novella-Navarro: None declared, Borja Hernández-Breijo: None declared, Fernanda Genre: None declared, Leticia Lera-Gómez: None declared, Verónica Pulito-Cueto: None declared, Laura Nuño: None declared, Alejandro Villalba: None declared, Alejandro Balsa Grant/research support from: BMS, Roche, Consultant of: AbbVie, Gilead, Lilly, Pfizer, UCB, Sanofi, Sandoz, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Lilly, Sanofi, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Roche, Nordic, Sandoz, Chamaida Plasencia: None declared


We show that a closed, connected, oriented, Riemannian $n$-manifold, admitting a branched cover of bounded length distortion from $\mathbb R^n$, has a virtually Abelian fundamental group.


about 1.3. Of course, as a decreases, the resultant velocity ratio decreases. With the materials considered here, if a is decreased below about -J, the velocity advantage begins to disappear. In conclusion, when maintenance of moderate wall temperatures is required, it appears that condensation in a supersonic nozzle is a promising way of increasing exit velocity (specific impulse) for propulsion units.


There is a common consensus that seasonal changes in mood, behavior and psychology vary in huge across the general population. Also seasonal changes' effects are important for business administration esspecially in human resoueces management. But studying the effect of seasonality requires reliable and valid measures. Thats why in this study was used the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) on turnover intention in hotel emplyees. We administrate the SPAQ and Turnover Intention Scale in five star hotels' employees in Bodrum. The subjects (n 100), randomly selected from 8 five star hotels in Bodrum, were given the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire and the turnover intention Scale over a period of one week in November. Results indicated seasonality has an big impact on employees. According to the study results seasonality effects %39 employees. Also seasonality has a big effect on woman than mens. Finally psychological state has a positive relation with turnover intention.


Objective: Rationales of using interbody fusion cages in posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) are enhancement of the fusion rate and prevention of postoperative disc height loss. However, the prevalence of postoperative disc height loss and its influences on clinical outcomes have not been clearly understood. The objective of this study was to clarify and the incidence and clinical consequences of postoperative disc height loss in instrumented PLIF with keystone grafts and packed bone chips but without an interbody fusion cage. Methods: From July 1999 to August 2002, 20 patients who underwent at a total of 23 levels of PLIF by a single surgeon were evaluated. Preoperative diagnosis included degenerative spondylolisthesis in 11 patients, isthmic spondylolisthesis in 5 patients and failed back surgery syndrome in 4 patients. During surgery, the anterior half or two-thirds of the disc space was first filled and packed with bone chips, and then cubic keystone grafts approximately 1cm^3 in size were tamped into the disc space. Fusion status was assessed according to sequential postoperative radiographs, and clinical outcomes were evaluated at least 24 months after surgery. Results: The fusion rate and clinical outcome in this study were comparable with those in the literature. Collapsed fusion with disc height loss of more than 2mm was observed in 3 levels and pseudarthrosis developed in one level. Postoperative loss of disc height was not associated with occurrence of radiculopathy secondary to foraminal narrowing and was not associated with unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. Factors associated with postoperative loss of disc height included focal kyphosis at preoperative flexion radiographs and invasion of transpedicular screws into the disc space. Both situations may jeopardize initial solid packing of bone chips, may lead to inadequate stability of the anterior bone graft, and then predispose to subsequent loss of disc height. No other radiographic or demographic factors were found to be contributive. Conclusion: Postoperative loss of disc height developed only in the presence of certain risk factors when single-stage instrumented circumferential fusion was performed without using interbody fusion cage and would not lead to unsatisfactory clinical outcomes.


The work at the Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk (CRESPAR) has been guided by the Talent Development model, a comprehensive paradigm for school reform. The Talent Development model asserts that all students can learn in demanding, high-expectation academic settings. This goal is reachable if schools are committed to implementing multiple, evidence-based activities to "overdetermine success," and if all relevant stakeholders are genuinely involved, supportive, and held accountable. First, however, the traditional function of schooling must be redirected from that of classifying, sorting, and weeding out students to maximizing every child's potential for academic development. The model is itself a work in progress. Research done at CRESPAR is presented to demonstrate how we are building and evaluating it, with the ultimate aim to contribute to preparing our nation's children for productive participation in their communities and society at large.


The basic theories, development and applications of particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm are introduced- d.Some models of improved PSO algorithms are outlined. Chara- cteristics of PSO and GA are compared. Two methods of hybrid of PSO and GA at present was summarized:hybrid with two algorithms entirely or with only a few steps ,and illustrated with flowchart.Limitation of two methods of hybrid was analyzed. Pointed out that hybrid algorithms can be improved with a balance be- tween speed and accuracy of computation.Finally, pointed out application of PSO needs to be extended,and hybrid with other algorithms is thought a good way to improve PSO algorithm.


A high-energy pair spectrometer has been used to determine the ratio of the radiative to mesonic capture of pions stopped in liquid hydrogen. This measurement agrees well with the value expected from the charge-exchange scattering and photoproduction of pions.


Imagine that you are on an extended trip around the world and you have visited a number of different countries on every continent. On your final airplane ride home, you decide to thumb back through the diary you have kept while on your trip-to reminisce a bit before you have to face the many tasks that will require your attention when you get home. While looking back through your diary you note that during your stay in Pakistan, you observed that men were highly visible in day-to-day activities and seemed to be "in charge" in most situations. Women were rarely seen in public places and, when they were, they appeared to be on specific errands and were often dressed in a manner that made it difficult to tell much about them. You rarely saw young men and women walking together as couples, enjoying what would be called a date in the United States. Moving a few pages ahead in your diary you see an entry that indicated that during your stay in Finland, you noticed that men and women seemed to participateequally inmany daily activities. Heterosexual couples were everywhere and many young women and men were dressed in a similar unisex style. Reflecting on the various experiences you had in Pakistan, Finland, and the other countries you visited, you conclude that there are important differences in the way that men and women behave in different countries. It is obvious that the customs governing appropriate relations between men and women differ from country to country, but you wonder if there are differences in the way that people of the same gender in different countries view themselves. Are the self-concepts of men different in Pakistan and Finland? Do women in Pakistan view themselves as more feminine than women in Finland? Are the self-perceptions of men and women more similar in Finland than in Pakistan? What are the cultural perceptions and accepted behaviors of men and women in Pakistan and Finland?


The world is moving towards new and innovative approaches for providing education to the students and enhance their learning. MOOC which stands for Massive Open Online Courses is one such approach which has been quite popular in the recent times and is believed to have high potential to improve the learning of the students drastically. Universities are moving towards adopting these MOOCs by implementing various models to merge these MOOCs in their curriculum. The paper highlights the implementation of new form of blended MOOCs that has been termed as Curriculum Inclusive MOOCs which was offered by a Private University in India to its students through their academic planning worksheet as proposed by the authors in the framework of ciMOOCs. Major focus of the study was the integration of MOOCs in curriculum of Universities. Comparative of the student's performance in ciMOOCs and conventional MOOCs was the objective of this study. To complete the study, ciMOOC was implemented in a private University in India by selecting a particular course in Computer Science discipline from National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL). As a result we were able to compare the performance of students in the ciMOOC with the performance of learners of that particular MOOC on the platform.


This article presents evidence on the quality of Taylor series approximations to expected utility. To provide a transparent assessment in a broader setting, we assume that log portfolio returns follow a Gram–Charlier distribution that incorporates skewness and excess kurtosis and consider an investor with Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) preferences. In this framework, we obtain closed-form approximations to expected utility based on Taylor expansions with respect to gross and log portfolio return. We illustrate the quality of the two approximations across a wide range of scenarios in terms of distribution parameters and levels of risk aversion. The Taylor expansion with respect to log portfolio return is shown to produce reliable approximations.


In the cichlid species N. brichardi the young are tended by parent animals and broodcare helpers. No qualitative differences in the care are apparent. The regulation of eggcare by nonreproductive helpers is of especial interest as it excludes an endogenous component found in the parental care of other cichlids, based on sex and the reproductive cycle.

The importance of the factors dominance, territory, size (age) experience, model and the continuous presence of eggs for helper eggcare disposition was examined experimentally. It was shown that subdominant inexperienced young fish will clean clutches, whereas dominants feed on them. Subdominant eggcleaners can be transformed into dominant eggfeeders; the change can be delayed or prevented by the continuous presence of eggs. Subdominant fish in a territory are more inclined to clean clutches than those in an aggregation. With growing experience (or size) helpers orient broodcare behaviour increasingly by a dominant model. Dominance and experience play no part however in broodpairs; here there are sex-dependent differences. In both sexes, eggcaring behaviour can be evoked only at the beginning of a breeding cycle. The disposition is bolstered by the presence of the clutch, and wanes after egg removal in females faster than in males. The tendency to continue eggcare can be strongly extended in both sexes by the continuous presence of eggs. Comparison with other cave-breeding cichlids showed that parental eggcare in these and N. brichardi was similarly regulated. Helper broodcare, however, is very differently regulated. These differences are discussed, as well as possible conclusions on the influence of endogenous and exogenous regulatory factors.


Using environmental scanning electron microscopy and X-ray electron probe microanalysis,the Pb relative content was studied in cortex,aleuronic layer,scutellum,plumule,hypocoty,radicle and endosperm in 20 genotypes of wheat grains.The results showed that the Pb content in different part of 20 genotypes of wheat grains differred from each other as aleuronic layerhypocotylradiclescutellumplumulecortexendosperm.There was genetic difference in the Pb enrichment in different genotypes of wheat grains,which reflected as the difference of Pb content in the same part and different part of wheat grains.In different genotypes of wheat grains,there were remarkable linear correlations among Pb content in the seven parts of wheat grains.The results also showed that there were extremely remarkable linear correlations between the content of Pb and Cd,Al,Mg,Si,P,K,Ca,S in seven parts of wheat grains with different genotypes.


Two of the standardized methods for calculating available steady-state loudness are discussed. The first of these standardized methods is the German standard, called DIN 45631 and the second standardized method is the American ANSI S3.4:2005 standard. The DIN 45631 approach calculates the loudness levels in a similar manner to the 1975 ISO 532B standardized method with minor changes to the procedure. Loudness levels using the German standardized method has been determined directly using the commercially available Bruel & Kjaer PULSE LabShop software. Pure tones have been generated using a B&K 3560 B-Frame and fed back directly into an input channel on the acquisition system to control the signal quality.


This study focuses the attitudes towards lookism defined as discrimination of ethnic groups based on everyday description of their appearance such as "Slavic, North Caucasus or Asian type of appearance". It is hypothesized that the interplay of appearance type and gender influences the level of lookism acceptance. The study is aimed 1) to identify different levels of lookism acceptance in relation to type of interaction situation, type of target's (discriminated person) appearance and gender as well as 2) to analyze gender differences in acceptance of discriminating behavior. The inventory "Assessment of Acceptance of Discriminating Behavior towards Ethnic Groups" was administered. The inventory includes 15 interaction situations such as "living together" or "go for a walk" that vary in target's appearance type and gender. The results show that level of lookism acceptance depends on appearance type and gender of discriminated person and on the type of interaction situation. There no significant differences in the level of lookism acceptance in relation to participants gender. However males tend to have higher level of lookism acceptance in comparison to females. It could be also concluded that the level of lookism acceptance is significantly different when a male target with North Caucasus appearance is discriminated in studied situations. © 2017 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.UK


Abstract The wear resistance of laser brazing diamond coating with and without pre-machining V-groove on the diamond surface was investigated. The size of V-groove at the surface of diamond machined by laser was about 60°, and the edge length was around 120°. The wear loss of V-groove diamond brazing coating was smaller than that of noncut diamond brazing coating under the same laser power and friction load conditions. Thus, the wear resistance was significantly improved by pre-machining V-grooves on the diamond surface using laser. The V-groove is functioned as a 'rivet' diamond particles, greatly enhancing the diamond's anti-spalling performance throughout the wear process. Moreover, the wear loss of diamond brazing coating fabricated by laser power of 1.1 kW was smaller than that of 1 kW laser power. The wear loss of laser brazing coating is increased as the load is increased.


With homes being made tighter, combustion appliances are having an increasingly difficult time receiving adequate air to operate safely and properly. Spillage of incomplete combustion products or even chimney flow reversals (backdrafting) can result in significant amounts of carbon monoxide and other toxic combustion products being exhausted into the house. Some of these pollutants may cause immediate acute, even life threatening problems; others may cause longer term chronic health problems. Concern about the quality of indoor air has increased commensurately, with international technical organizations (eg. ASHRAE, APCA) identifying it as a major problem. The causes of spillage and backdrafting cannot be attributed to a single component of the combustion system. Conventional appliances, lacking in forced draft generators, must rely on natural draft created by the temperature difference between the flue gas and the outdoor air. Unfortunately, large quantities of dilution air and/or poorly designed systems result in large quantities of lukewarm stack gas which translate into poor draft. In other cases, the chimney itself may be at fault either through being oversized, physical deterioration or poor location. Again the result is poor draft and possible combustion product spillage or backdrafting. The elimination of these problems must therefore address not onlymore » the combustion appliances but also the chimney and associated venting system. This book discusses gas-or oil-fired combustion systems, which eliminate the dilution device and forcibly exhaust the combustion products.« less


A lab scale hybrid photovoltaic-solar water disinfection system is constructed for treating drinking water and generating renewable electricity. The photovoltaic and disinfection performances of the system are tested and analyzed.


Abstract

Aims: To investigate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) texture analysis (TA) in the detection of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Material and methods: Between January 2020 and October 2021, 15 NPC patients with 32 metastatic lymph nodes and 30 healthy subjects with benign lymph nodes were included in the study. The texture features compared between metastatic and benign lymph nodes. The independent predictor parameters of metastatic lymph nodes were determined using multivariate regression analysis. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the regression models.

Results: The first order texture features did not differ significantly between groups (p>0.05). Except for correlation in metastatic lymph nodes, all gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and gray-level run length matrix (GLRLM) features were significantly different (p


In the present study an evaluation on animal welfare (AW) in male turkey BUT 9 was performed through the relative weight of adrenal glands and testes, plasma corticosterone and testosterone levels. The worsening of poultry welfare is often due to continued influence of physiological stress by unsuitable technological breeding. The aim of the study was to determine the reliability of the same indicators in the appraisal of poultry welfare of male turkeys BUT 9, reared on the litter and on a slat floor. Two consecutive experiments on a total of 80 male turkey broilers from the hybrid BUT 9 were performed. Each experiment included two groups- group I: turkeys, reared on a litter and group ,�1��WXUNH\V��UHDUHG� on a slat floor. The birds were housed in daily controlled microclimatic conditions. The breeding period lasted from the age of 1 to 115 days.


Abstract Organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) are commonly avoided in commercial zeolite synthesis because of the economic and environmental disadvantages associated with the synthesis and removal of organics occluded within zeolite micropores. Zeolite crystallization in OSDA-free media is the route by which microporous clays form in nature, and it is also the preferred method of producing zeolites in bulk for a wide range of applications. There are many synthesis parameters that influence zeolite crystallization, among which include the molar fractions of reagents (silica, alumina, and hydroxide ions), water content, temperature, synthesis aging and heating time, the selection of extraframework cations, the choice of silica and alumina sources, and the use of crystal seeds. In this review, we discuss zeolite framework types that form in OSDA-free solutions at these different synthesis conditions in an effort to highlight structure-property relationships while simultaneously emphasizing the areas where further studies are needed to optimize and/or discover new materials. Interestingly, fewer than 15% of the total reported zeolite structures have been prepared in the absence of OSDAs. For many of these structures, fundamental mechanisms governing their formation are not well understood. In addition, OSDA-free syntheses tend to be more susceptible to the formation of crystal polymorphs (or impurities) that can be generated through a series of structural transformations during the course of zeolite growth. Here we examine the driving forces for phase transitions and explore methods to control phase selection and polymorphism. In order to better facilitate comparisons among zeolite synthesis parameters, we have reinstituted the approach of using kinetic phase diagrams to identify conditions of phase stability.


This work offers calculate technique probability errors in transmitter – receiver path during the design phase with apply theory of probability elements, which is based on results of transient process modeling. As estimation, designed method was verified by comparison his results with computer experiment results. Implementation and using variants of represented algorithm are offered.


This venture "Simulat ion and Implementation of Γ-Z-Source Inverters" is made out of Voltage-sort Γ-Z source inverters are proposed in this letter. They utilize a remarkable Γ -molded impedance arrange for boosting their yield voltage notwithstanding their standard voltage buck conduct. Contrasting them and different topologies, the proposed inverters utilize lesser parts and a coupled transformer for delivering the high-pick up and regulation proportion all the while. The got pick up can be tuned by changing the turns proportion γΓZ of the transformer inside the limited scope of 1 < γΓZ ≤ 2. This prompts to lesser twisting turns at high pick up, as compared to other related topologies.


Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have succeeded in various domains, including music information retrieval (MIR). Music genre classification (MGC) is one such task in the MIR that has gained attention over the years because of the massive increase in online music content. Accurate indexing and automatic classification of these large volumes of music content require high computational resources, which pose a significant challenge to building a lightweight system. CNNs are a popular deep learning‐based choice for building systems for MGC. However, finding an optimal CNN architecture for MGC requires domain knowledge both in CNN architecture design and music. We present MGA‐CNN, a genetic algorithm‐based approach with a novel stochastic hyperparameter selection for finding an optimal lightweight CNN‐based architecture for the MGC task. The proposed approach is unique in automating the CNN architecture design for the MGC task. MGA‐CNN is evaluated on three widely used music datasets and compared with seven peer rivals, which include three automatic CNN architecture design approaches and four manually designed popular CNN architectures. The experimental results show that MGA‐CNN surpasses the peer approaches in terms of classification accuracy, parameter numbers, and execution time. The optimal architectures generated by MGA‐CNN also achieve classification accuracy comparable to the manually designed CNN architectures while spending fewer computing resources.


— Waste heat is created as an outgrowth in many process such as driving vehicles, running, cooking, electricity generation, working on computer etc. if we perform any task in the result decay warmth is created. Now large amount of spend warmed is create by the industries. Thermoelectric generator is one of the system of the power generation. Thermoelectric generator is a system which change warmed straight forwardly into electricity by utilizing a procedure called the "Seebeck impact". In this paper i will suggested a thermoelectric generator which will utilize waste spend heat sap by the place for development of electric power. This recommended system depend on thermopiles and is called as bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3 ). Every system have two types of cost such as device and running or maintenance cost. But this system have no running cost because decay heat is the input source for this system. In our proposed design we use the digital circuit of thermometer, voltmeter, ampere meter to find the graph between decay warmth and generated power. By obtaining these graph we can easily calculate the efficiency of our proposed system.


Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome is an uncommon condition, possibly inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. This report describes an affected sib pair with intrauterine death of one of the sibs.


Purpose

National Health and Morbidity Survey of Malaysia 2011 revealed that hypercholesterolemia (35.1 per cent, 6.2 million) was the primary leading causes of cardiovascular disease in Malaysia. Currently, three established recommended approaches such as therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) diet, pharmacotherapy (simvastatin) and TLC + simvastatin are available to the public but, to our knowledge, have never been compared in Malaysia Primary Health Care setting. Hence, this paper aims to compare the lipid lowering effects of these three approaches in a primary health care clinic.

Design/methodology/approach

This randomized trial enrolled 180 patients with hypercholesterolemia who met adult treatment panel III (ATP III) criteria. All participants were randomized to TLC diet, simvastatin (10-20 mg/d) or TLC + simvastatin diets. The TLC group was enrolled in a 12-week multidisciplinary lifestyle program that involved monthly 45 minutes to hour meetings. The simvastatin group received medication, and traditional counseling was conducted by registered medical officer. Another group was enrolled into TLC + simvastain treatment. The primary outcome measure was the percentage change in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Secondary measures were changes in weight loss, blood pressure and dietary changes. Assessments were repeated at three-month interval.

Findings

Lifestyle changes combined with simvastatin had a better lipid lowering effect compared to the other two treatments. However, TLC had a better weight and blood pressure reduction compared to the other two treatments. Nevertheless, TLC group showed reduction proportions similar to standard therapy with simvastatin or TLC + simvastatin. TLC has proven as an alternative approach to hyperlipidemia for a subset of patients unwilling or unable to take statins especially in a community-based, primary health care setting.

Research limitations/implications

Weight loss was not recorded for simvastatin participants, and this was the major drawback of this study, and there was no comparable weight loss reduction with other groups.

Originality/value

In Malaysia, the efficacy of hypocholesterolemic therapies among patients who are receiving the most common lipid-lowering drug, simvastatin, in primary health care setting has not been clearly defined. There is also a lack of research on the efficacy of TLC conducted by registered dietitian in a primary health care setting in Malaysia.


Currently we see the emergence of the first commercial projector phones. Besides the standard use case of projecting media content, they are also promising as a platform for new types of mobile gaming. In this paper, we present a novel interaction concept for mobile projected gaming which leverages specifically a wall and the floor in the environment to provide a new type of semi-realistic augmented gaming. Moreover, we present a preliminary bowling game prototype.


Dynamical symmetries are of considerable importance in elucidating the complex behaviour of strongly interacting systems with many degrees of freedom. Paradigmatic examples are cooperative phenomena as they arise in phase transitions, where conformal invariance has led to enormous progress in equilibrium phase transitions, especially in two dimensions. Non-equilibrium phase transitions can arise in much larger portions of the parameter space than equilibrium phase transitions. The state of the art of recent attempts to generalise conformal invariance to a new generic symmetry, taking into account the different scaling behaviour of space and time, will be reviewed. Particular attention will be given to the causality properties as they follow for co-variant n-point functions. These are important for the physical identification of n-point functions as responses or correlators.


ABSTRACT This article examines the legitimization and institutionalization of 'parental alienation' discourse in the Province of Quebec, Canada. It draws upon an analysis of 31 documents (legislation, research reports and articles, training documents, professional documents and media articles) and interviews with 13 key informants, who were selected based on their knowledge of 'parental alienation' in research, policies or practices. The research findings reveal that the legitimization and institutionalization of 'parental alienation' discourse is a more recent process than in other provinces and countries, but that it has now permeated child custody as well as child protection proceedings. Academic researchers and media have been instrumental in this legitimization and institutionalization process, while the role played by changes to child protection policies is more ambiguous. The findings reveal researchers' and experts' tendency to distance themselves from Gardner's controversial work on 'parental alienation syndrome' and to address the critiques by proposing new approaches and new concepts. However, the terms 'parental alienation syndrome', 'parental alienation' and 'alienating behaviours' are often used interchangeably, and assessment practices tend to rely on similar indicators.


Protecting sensitive data against malicious or compromised insiders is a big concern. In most cases, insiders have authorized access in file systems containing such data which they misuse or exfiltrate for financial profit. Moreover, external parties can compromise identity credentials of valid file system users by means of exploiting security vulnerabilities, phishing attacks etc. Therefore, in order to protect sensitive information from such attackers, security measures, e.g., access control and encryption are often combined with anomaly detection. Anomaly detection is based on the key observation that the access behavior of an attacker is significantly different from the regular access pattern of a benign user. However, due to the complexity of users' interactions with a file system, the modeling of user profiles is a challenging problem. As a result, most of the existing anomaly detection techniques suffer from poor user profiles that contribute to high false positive and high false negative rates. In this paper, we propose an approach that as a first step discovers the users' tasks (sets of file accesses that represent distinct file system activities) by applying frequent sequence mining on the access log. In the next step, our approach builds robust temporal user profiles by extensively analyzing the timestamp information of users' file system accesses and thus precisely models the relation between the users' tasks and their temporal properties using a multilevel temporal data structure. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our approach on a real dataset.


On December 23, 2016, as most Australians were winding down for the holiday week ahead, Faysal Ishak Ahmed, a 27-year-old man from South Sudan died in immigration detention when he collapsed with a seizure. After his death, it emerged that the young man had repeatedly presented at the facility's healthcare provider over a period of several months for a range of health issues such as stomach upsets, high blood pressure, fevers and heart problems. However, he never got to see a doctor and each time was dismissed by the nurse on duty. He described one such 'I'm not listening to you!' Interacting in a linguistically diverse society about:reader?url=http://www.languageonthemove.com/im-not-listening...


BACKGROUND: A patient with AIDS who developed the clinical picture of bilateral progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) in combination with varicella zoster encephalitis is described. The picture developed more than 2 years after an episode of ophthalmic zoster infection, and following intermittent exposure to oral acyclovir because of recurrent episodes of cutaneous herpes simplex infection. METHODS: Aqueous humour, obtained by paracentesis of the anterior chamber, was analysed using immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Postmortem analysis of eye and brain tissue was performed by using conventional techniques and in situ hybridisation. RESULTS: While conventional techniques all failed to detect a causative agent, analysis of the aqueous humour using PCR, and histological examination of necropsy specimens from eyes and brain using in situ hybridisation were conclusive for the diagnosis varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection. CONCLUSION: This case documents the presumed association of PORN and VZV encephalitis in a severely immunocompromised AIDS patient.


There are a variety of applications for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), such as military, health monitoring systems, natural disasters, smartphones, and other surveillance systems. While the primary purpose of sensor nodes is to collect unattended data in hostile environments, many are placed in large numbers and operate independently. Due to limited capabilities, power is often limited. Therefore, these nodes are grouped into clusters to increase communication efficiency. In WSNs, two different routing protocols are possible: apartment and hierarchical or clustering protocols. Due to their significant role in minimizing energy consumption, hierarchical methods have become very popular in clustering. In cluster-based methods, nodes are organized into clusters, and the sensor node with the most resources is appointed as the cluster head (CH). In this paper, we present a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) explaining the difficulties in developing cluster-based methods, critical factors for clustering, and hierarchical clustering protocols. The most important factor of a routing protocol for WSN is the energy consumption and lifetime of a network. Focusing on energy consumption, different cluster-based methods were analyzed to determine which technology should be deployed by analyzing specific criteria to support the selection process. Additionally, the pros and cons of different protocols are listed with their relevance in specific scenarios. To identify these protocols, a systematic literature review was conducted using research studies published from 2010 to 2021, with 30 papers analyzed in the final phase. Based on the results of this SLR, several issues need to be further investigated with respect to the interaction of the potential technology with the Internet of Things (IoT) and Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs).


This work presents a library of microgrid (MG) component models integrated in a complete university campus MG model in the Simulink/MATLAB environment. The model allows simulations on widely varying time scales and evaluation of the electrical, economic, and environmental performance of the MG. The models include photovoltaic (PV) generation (with MPPT control), battery storage (including charge/discharge control), loads (campus buildings and outdoor lighting), electric vehicle charging stations, and interconnections. The campus MG model is shown to be useful for (i) week-long simulations throughout the year, to analyze seasonal differences; (ii) year-long simulations for the estimation of overall economic and environmental impacts; (iii) MG islanded-mode simulations. The model is an agile tool for planning the deployment and penetration of photovoltaic plants and battery storage, with consideration of economic and environmental (carbon footprint) aspects.


The invention relates to a light source apparatus which includes: a plurality of light emitting substrates arranged in matrix form, each having at least one light source; an intermediate substrate provided between respective rows of the plurality of light emitting substrates; and a driving unit that outputs a drive signal for driving the light sources, wherein a first supply wiring for supplying the drive signal to the light source provided on each of the plurality of light emitting substrates is printed on each of the light emitting substrates, and a first connection wiring for electrically connecting the first supply wirings printed on two light emitting substrates sandwiching the intermediate substrate is printed on the intermediate substrate.


1. The Coming of the Modern SNP: From Protest to Power, Gerry Hassan 2. The Early Years: From the Inter-War Period to the Mid-1960s, Richard Finlay (University of Strathclyde) 3. The Westminster Years, James Mitchell (University of Strathclyde) 4. Gender Politics and the SNP, Fiona MacKay (University of Edinburgh) 5. Devolution, The SNP and the Electorate, John Curtice (University of Strathclyde) 6. The State of the Party, James Mitchell, Robert Johns (both University of Strathclyde) and Lynn Bennie (University of Aberdeen) 7. The SNP and the Scottish Parliament, Colin MacKay (Radio Forth) 8. The SNP and Westminster, Isobel Lindsay (retired academic and writer) 9. Economic Agendas and Policies of the SNP, Jim and Margaret Cuthbert (independent economic analysts) 10. A Fairer, More Just Scotland?, Stephen Maxwell (Assistant Director, SCVO) 11. The Nationalists, Scottish Culture and 'the Creativity Industry', Philip Schlesinger (University of Glasgow) 12. The Auld Enemies: Labour and the Nationalists, Gerry Hassan 13. The Journey from the '79 Group to the Modern SNP, David Torrance (STV Political Reporter) 14. The SNP's Relations with the UK, Alex Wright (University of Dundee) 15. Degrees of independence: SNP demands in an international context, Eve Hepburn (University of Edinburgh) 16. Nationalist Movements in Comparative Perspective, Michael Keating (Universities of Aberdeen and Florence).


Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly adopted in society, creating numerous opportunities but at the same time posing ethical challenges. Many of these are familiar, such as issues of fairness, responsibility and privacy, but are presented in a new and challenging guise due to our limited ability to steer and predict the outputs of AI systems. This chapter first introduces these ethical challenges, stressing that overviews of values are a good starting point but frequently fail to suffice due to the context sensitivity of ethical challenges. Frequently, additional (ethical) values emerge for specific applications, as e.g. challenges with fraud detection are very different from those around language technologies. Second, methods to tackle these challenges are discussed. Main ethical theories (virtue ethics, consequentialism, and deontology) are shown to provide a starting point, but often lack the details needed for actionable AI Ethics. Instead, mid-level philosophical theories coupled to design-approaches such as Design for Values, together with interdisciplinary working methods, offer the best way forwards. The chapter aims to show how these approaches can lead to an ethics of AI that is actionable and that can be proactively integrated in the design of AI systems.


Isoflavones are biologically active plant chemicals (phytoestrogens) which are ordinarily present in human diets. There is considerable research interest in their potential to prevent or treat several chronic diseases. Biomarkers can demonstrate compliance during dietary interventions and validate associations between intake of isoflavones and health outcomes. The objectives of this study were to validate 24-hour urine collections, timed spot urine samples and timed plasma samples as biomarkers of isoflavone intake up to 165mg/day. Healthy volunteers (20 women and 11 men) consumed 55mg/d, 110mg/d or 165mg/d soy isoflavones or placebo for seven consecutive days in a randomised, double-blind, crossover study. Timed blood samples, timed spot urine samples (taken in the afternoon, 5-7 hours after consuming the isoflavone supplement) and 24-hour urines were obtained at baseline and during each intervention. Isoflavone content of the samples was assayed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 24-hour urines were validated by percentage PABA recovery. The relationship between daily isoflavone intake and 24-hour urinary isoflavone excretion was: y = 6.63132x ≡ x = (y ÷ 6.63132) where y = isoflavone excretion in μg/24h and x = isoflavone intake in μg/24h r = 0.86; p < 0.001; n = 109 samples from 31 volunteers The relationship between daily isoflavone intake and plasma isoflavone concentration was: y = (3.3543x10)x ≡ x = (y ÷ 3.3543x10) where y = plasma isoflavone in μg/ml and x = isoflavone intake in μg/24h r = 0.61; p < 0.001; n = 100 samples from 30 volunteers The relationship between daily isoflavone intake and spot urine isoflavone concentration was: y = (2.0324x10)x ≡ x = (y ÷ 2.0324x10) where y = isoflavone excretion in μg/ml and x = isoflavone intake in μg/24h r = 0.69; p < 0.001; n = 143 samples from 31 volunteers It was concluded that 24-hour urine collections, timed plasma samples and timed spot urine samples are valid biomarkers of isoflavone intakes up to 165mg/day. A curvilinear relationship was defined between a) isoflavone dose and bioavailability in plasma and b) isoflavone dose and 24-hour urinary excretion. I, Lorna Jay Mackinnon, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 24,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. Date: Signature of Candidate: I was admitted as a research student in September 2004 and as a candidate for the degree of MPhil in September 2004; the higher study for which this is a record and was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2004 and 2006. Date: Signature of Candidate: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of MPhil in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date: Signature of Supervisor: In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker. Date: Signature of Candidate:


We show that the vacuum of the quantized massless spinor field in 2+1-dimensional space-time is polarized in the presence of a singular magnetic vortex. Depending on the choice of the boundary condition at the location of the vortex, either chiral symmetry or parity is broken; the formation of the appropriate vacuum condensates is comprehensively studied. In addition, we find that current, energy and other quantum numbers are induced in the vacuum.


Realizing delay-capacity in intermittently connected mobile networks remains a largely open question, with state-of-the-art routing schemes typically focusing either on delay or on capacity. We show the feasibility of routing with both high goodput and desired delay constraints, with REAPER (for Reliable, Efficient, and Predictive Routing), a fully distributed convergecast routing framework that jointly optimizes both path length and path delay. A key idea for efficient instantiation of REAPER is to exploit predictability of mobility patterns, in terms of a semi-deterministic model which appropriately captures several vehicular and human inter-contact patterns. Packets are thus routed using paths that are jointly optimal at their time of arrival, in contrast to extant DTN protocols which use time-average metrics for routing. REAPER is also self-stabilizing to changes in the mobility pattern. A simulation-based evaluation confirms that, across the spectrum of ultra-light to heavy traffics, REAPER achieves up to 135% and 200% higher throughput and up to 250% and 1666% higher energy efficiency than state-of-the-art single-copy protocols MEED-DVR and PROPHET, which optimize a single metric only, specifically, expected delay and path probability respectively.


Handwritten, recounts an 1877 incident (in Boston) of women marching on a merchant who locked up coffee in his store when it was scarce)


U.S. president Barack Obama entered office with a bold plan to combat Afghanistan's escalating insurgency, empower its government, encourage a political resolution of the conflict, and secure the cooperation of neighboring Pakistan—all in time for U.S. troops to withdraw by the end of 2014.

The increasing boldness and lethality of the Haqqani network can be illustrated by the June 2011 assault on the Intercontinental Hotel in Kabul that left eleven civilians and two Afghan policemen dead, and the September raid on the U.S. embassy in Kabul that killed more than a dozen people.

This new Afghanistan-Pakistan (AfPak) policy has yet to deliver on its promise. While the U.S. military surge swept insurgents out of their southeastern strongholds, the rebels have responded with terror attacks and assassinations reaching into the heart of Kabul. Washington has accelerated its training of Afghan security forces, but most U.S. aid still circumvents the central government, weakening its authority. With a political settlement nowhere in sight and Pakistani support for armed extremists unabated, Washington's options for preventing a Taliban takeover have narrowed.


Corrosion has been a problem in various industrial activities where petroleum industry is one of them. The Songo Songo gas field which started production in 2004 in Tanzania has been affected by corrosion. The study that was done in 2010 revealed that some of the wells had suffered severe corrosion. Up to date three wells have been suspended due to corrosion and the plan to work over the wells is undergoing. This has stimulated further corrosion studies to be done so as to solve the problem. This thesis focused on identifying the major factors that have caused corrosion by analysing the historical production data reported on the daily basis. Other corrosion agents to the gas wells were also studied. The results obtained showed that CO2 corrosion on carbon steel to the producing wells was facilitated by higher temperature and low pH during production. Also the corrosion prediction results through a Freecorp software showed that SS10 well is at high risk to fail due to corrosion compared to SS4 and SS7 wells. Methods to mitigate corrosion in SSI wells have been suggested following the observed results and categorized into corrosion control and corrosion monitoring methods. Proper application of these methods will eliminate corrosion to SSI wells and to other fields with similar geological and operational conditions to Songo Songo gas field. It was also advised to conduct more research on corrosion to this gas field so that the best solutions can be collected and be applied.


This paper analyses environmental and trade policy reforms undertaken by a subset of countries that are bound by an environmental agreement (referred to as an environmental union). A perfectly competitive general equilibrium model of world trade is used that includes trade tari s, environmental taxes and international transfers to address trade and environmental distortions. The rst-best optimal trade and environmental policies for the union are derived in the presence and absence of transfers and we nd that the transfers internalise the negative externalities (trade and environmental) from the non-union countries. Thereafter, starting from an initial arbitrary tari and pollution distorted equilibrium, the necessary and su cient conditions for the existence of strict Pareto-improving reforms to be undertaken by the union are developed. Speci c reforms are characterised and applied to analyse the change in welfare of the union and non-union countries. We nd that, even in the presence of multiple policy options to target multiple distortions, there exists a negative relationship between the change in welfare of the union and that of the nonunion countries and it stems from the terms of trade e ect. A 3X3 example is used to elaborate on the speci c reforms and the conditions under which the union Pareto improving reforms are welfare reducing for the non-union countries. These conditions depend on the relative magnitudes of the terms of trade e ect and impact of emissions leakage on global compensated demand. The example is further used to analyse the impact of the reforms on global pollution and we nd that under certain conditions, global pollution may increase, despite union policy reforms targeted at reducing their emissions. ∗University of St Andrews, School of Geography and Sustainable Development †University of Aberdeen, Business School, Department of Economics, Edward Wright Building, Dunbar Street, Aberdeen AB24 3QY, Scotland, UK contact email: firstname.lastname@example.com


F a fatty meal, the plasma becomes turbid because the concentration of chylomicra in it rises. Several studies have shown that the intensity and sometimes the duration of this alimentary lipemia is greater on the average in subjects who have had cardiac infarction than in those who have not.Some of these studies have been open to criticism because the possible effects of a recent infarction or treatment given for it have not been considered or because the controls were not well matched. However, the study of Bronte-Stewart and Blackburn is not open to these criticisms and accords well with the earlier work. A difference in alimentary lipemia between patients with cardiac infarction and other subjects has also been revealed by tracer studies in which triolein labeled with I has been given orally." It is difficult to interpret differences in alimentary lipemia revealed by studies of this sort for the extent of the lipemia depends on contemporary processes of absorption and clearing of fat. The variable effect of absorption on lipemia could be excluded if fat could be given intravenously. Ideally such fat should be in the form of a standard chyle, but its preparation for study in man presents difficulties. Meanwhile, since a stable and safe emulsion of cottonseed oil (Lipomul I.V.)* for intravenous use has become available, we have studied the lipemia produced by it in


Cristina Bicchieri brings together (and adds to) her own contributions to game theory and the philosophy of economics published in various journals in the period 1987-1992. The book, however, is not a collection of separate articles but rather a homogeneous unit organized around some central themes in the foundations of non-cooperative game theory. Bicchieri's exposition is admirably clear and well organized. Somebody with a good knowledge of game theory would probably benefit mainly from reading the second part of Chapter 3 (from Section 3.6 onward) and Chapter 4. On the other hand, those who have had little exposure to game theory, would certainly benefit from reading the entire book. I shall begin with an overview of the content of the book and then offer some critical comments on what I consider to be the most important part of it. Chapter 1, entitled 'Rationality and predictability', deals with 'the role individual rationality plays in predicting and explaining economic phenomena' (p. 1). Bicchieri distinguishes between two kinds of ration-ality: practical and epistemic. Practical rationality coincides with expected utility maximization, while epistemic rationality means that the agent's beliefs are rational. Bicchieri argues that, with very few exceptions, agents must be credited with both practical and epistemic rationality if individual as well as systemic behavior in interactive contexts is to be explained satisfactorily. In particular, it is necessary to understand the process by which agents form their beliefs about the environment, which includes the actions of the other agents. This is the central theme of the entire book. The chapter ends with a discussion and criticism of the rational expectations hypothesis. Chapter 2, entitled 'Equilibrium', contains a general discussion of games in normal (or strategic) form, introducing the notions of pure and mixed strategy, weakly and strictly dominant strategy, rationalizability and Nash equilibrium. The discussion also covers the concepts of focal point, Pareto dominance, trembling-hand perfect equilibrium and proper equilibrium. As Bicchieri states at the beginning of the chapter (p. 33), 'the general thesis ... is that, in many non-trivial cases, knowledge of the game being played and self-evident principles of rationality are not sufficient to guarantee that an equilibrium will be attained'. For a reader with limited knowledge of game theory Chapter 2 is useful reading. However, Bicchieri's discussion leaves out some new developments in the literature, which are highly relevant to the issues that are central to this book. For example, a …


Introduction Abnormal uterine bleeding is the reason for a significant proportion of gynecologic visits both by adolescents1 and by women of other age-groups. Good quality evidence supports the practice of using medical methods for treating dysfunctional uterine bleeding delaying and often obviating the need for surgical management. Such medical management includes treatment with antifibrinolytics cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) combined estrogen-progesterone pill progestins danazol and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. This chapter will focus on reviewing current literature and evidence for hormonal management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Before proceeding with a discussion of the management of this problem it is important to review the definition of normal menstrual flow. Normal menstrual flow is defined as occurring at a mean interval of 28 days (+or-7 days) with an average duration of 4 to 7 days. Although it can be erroneous to generalize research findings from study populations to the general population of women (regardless of race ethnicity weight etc) most studies from the 1960s and 1970s found that mean menstrual blood loss in normal women (those with normal hemoglobin hematocrit and plasma iron) is 35 mL with a range of 31 mL to 44 mL.4-7 Approximately 95% of women lose less than 60 mL of blood during each menstrual cycle. Blood loss of greater than 60 to 80 mL per month is associated with anemia and iron deficiency. Interestingly almost half of the total menstrual blood loss is transudate from the endometrium. Another important issue in the management of abnormal bleeding relates to a patient?s self-assessment of flow and volume. Objective measurement of menstrual blood loss is very difficult in the clinical setting and subjective estimation by the patient is often inaccurate. Several studies have shown that there is a poor correlation between subjective assessment and objective measurement of menstrual blood loss. The definition of abnormal uterine bleeding can therefore be both subjective and variable. As a result it can be diagnosed when there is any deviation from the normal parameters such as when an individual notes a change in her established pattern of menstrual cycle and/or when she experiences an adverse impact on the quality of her life as a result of such changes. It is therefore indicated for a clinician to investigate and manage abnormal menstrual bleeding when perceived as excessive and inconvenient by a woman.


We present a THz heterodyne detector based on a single layer graphene field effect transistor (GFET) integrated with a bowtie antenna at 400 GHz. The heterodyne detection is achieved by coupling RF and LO signals quasi-optically to the same GFET. The down converted IF signal is extracted via a coplanar stripline connected to the GFET source and drain terminals. The measured IF bandwidth is 5 GHz.


This article investigates the combination of neural networks in committees for pattern recognition. For such, three neural networks were trained to recognize vehicles using a dataset composed by 946 vehicles silhouette, each silhouette formed by 18 characteristics. After the networks have been trained the results achieved by the individual neural networks were combined using parallel combination. Two type of decisions were used: hierarchical decision and majority decision. The results obtained by each combination were compared with those achieved by the individual networks. The experiments were performed following the Proben1 methodology proposed by Prechelt (1994).


A sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for plasma AVP has been developed. The extraction from plasma following the procedure described by G.L.Robertson allows a recovery of 70% of AVP. A highly specific antibody has been obtained in rabbits immunized with Lysine VP coupled to thyroglobulin. The sensitivity of the assay is 1 pg/ml. The half life of the hormone measured after injection of AVP in diabetes insipidus (DI) is 4.5 min (n=2), in nephrogenic DI 6 min (n=1) and in renal insufficiency after bilateral nephrectomy 6 min (n=1). Base line values in normal children range between ≤ 1 pg/ml to 4 pg/ml. During dehydration AVP increases in plasma. Preliminary results in children from 6 to 14 years indicate that 285 mosm/L is the critical value above which AVP is secreted in proportion with plasma osmolality. In DI of several etiologies, 10 patients exhibited a small increase of plasma AVP during dehydration. Correlation with plasma osmolality indicates that this elevation occurs for values of osmolality which are higher than in normal children. Therefore many patients with DI may retain some capacity to secrete AVP but this secretion is inadequate in regards to plasma hyperosmolality.


We consider the dynamics of the Sorkin-Johnston (SJ) state for a massless scalar field in two dimensions. We conduct a study of the renormalized stress-tensor by a subtraction procedure, and compare the results with those of the conformal vacuum, with an important contribution from correction term. We find a large trace anomaly and compute backreaction effects to two dimensional (Liouville) gravity. We find a natural interpretation for the mirror behavior of the SJ state described in previous works.


The European winter of 2005-6 was notably cold, dry and calm (Weather, 2006). Provisional data from the NCEP/NCAR climate reanalysis (Kalnay et al., 1996) suggest that for Europe as a whole (region 35°N-65°N, 15°W-35°E) the winter of 2005-6 was the coldest since 2002-3 and the least windy since records began in 1950-1. For the UK as a whole it was the coldest winter since 2000-1 (Weather, 2006). How well did the publicly-available seasonal outlooks anticipate the nature and severity of this unusual winter? Companion papers (Graham et al., 2006; Folland et al., 2006) describe the scientific basis and performance of the seasonal forecasts issued by the Met Office for winter 2005-6. Here we describe the outlook issued by UCL (University College London) for winter 2005-6 and assess its retrospective performance for temperature, precipitation and windspeed across the UK and Europe.


The purpose of study is to examine the effects of the reading discussion-oriented career exploration program for elementary school students on career development and achievement motivation. To achieve this purpose, three fifth grade classes were assigned to an experimental group, comparative group A and comparative group B. Reading discussion-oriented exploration program for the experimental group was conducted for five weeks in ten sessions, the same period of time for comparative group A was given for conducting a career education program and subject studying was conducted on comparative group B. The results of this study, the experimental group applied to the reading discussion-oriented career exploration programs showed a significant increase in their career development compared with the subject studying group. But they did not show a significant increase compared with the career education group. Second, experimental group applied to the reading discussion-oriented career exploration programs showed significant increase their achievement motivation compared with the subject studying group and career education group.


In this study, we analyzed differences of explanation on gas pressure and atmospheric pressure in elementary and secondary school science textbooks and general chemistry and general earth science textbooks based on three types of explanation criteria: first, explanation of mass; second, explanation of air pressure on unit area; third. explanation of molecular motion. The results were as follows. Elementary science textbook belonged to the first type. All of the secondary school chemistry textbooks belonged to the third type. But most of the general chemistry textbooks belonged to the first and second type. Most of the earth science textbooks for secondary school and most of the general earth science textbooks belonged to the first type. Therefore, the differences of explanation could disturb students' understanding on gas pressure and atmospheric pressure.


Starting from the aspects mentioned in the introductory paragraph, in the first section of this article some general aspects related to the internal audit procedures which should be used for the mission of stocks auditing, accompanied also by an exemplification of the audit objects specific to each procedure are presented. In the second section, an analysis of the potential solutions for optimising the costs incurred with the consumptions of inventories from the point of view of the accounting/fiscal regulations, as well as their impact upon the accounting/fiscal results are presented.


In tropical countries such as Brazil, there is not enough information about microbial contaminants in indoor environments with air conditioning systems. Microbial monitoring of such environments is important for the quality of human life. The aim of this work was to assess the fungal genera and bacterial morphotypes occurring in such environments. Air samples were taken indoors and outdoors from a public auditorium, a hospital, a company and a shopping center during the 2001 winter by using a six-stage impactor Millipore M air T® . Twenty-one fungal genera were identified. Bacterial morphological groups found were Gram positive and negative rods and Gram positive coccus.


Abstract The accuracy and limitations of phase-shift analysis of modulated photocurrents as a means of determining the energy profile of localized states in amorphous semiconductors have been investigated. The basis of the existing 'recursion procedure' is reviewed and its deficiencies are revealed by applying the method to computer-generated phase-shift spectra for model trap systems. Realistic conditions which can produce severe distortions in the trap profiles reconstructed in this way have been identified and examined. We propose a new method, based on the same experiment, which is equally simple in application and avoids most of the deficiencies inherent in the recursive method. The new method is demonstrated for both computer-generated data and preliminary experimental data on samples of arsenic triselenide.


Contemporary educational theory holds that one of the pivotal causes of inadequate student achievement, especially in disadvantaged schools, is the inability of schools to adequately staff classrooms with qualified teachers. Deficits in the quantity of teachers produced and in the quality of preparation prospective teachers receive have long been singled out as primary explanations for underqualified teaching. In this study, I hypothesize that the manner in which schools are organized and in which teachers are utilized can account for as much of the problem of underqualified teaching as do inadequacies in teacher training or the supply of teachers. This analysis specifically focuses on a little recognized source of underqualified teaching—the problem of out-of-field teaching—teachers being assigned by school administrators to teach subjects that do not match their training or education. I use data from the Schools and Staffing Survey—a large, comprehensive, nationally representative survey of teachers conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics. The results show that while most teachers, even in disadvantaged schools, hold basic qualifications, a significant proportion of these qualified teachers, especially in disadvantaged schools, are assigned to teach classes out of their fields. Data also show that out-of-field teaching is not primarily due to school hiring difficulties resulting from teacher shortages. In contrast, the analysis shows that a number of aspects of the administration and organization of schools are significantly related to out-of-field teaching. For example, school district regulations concerning minimal education requirements for new hires, the quality of principal leadership, the strategies schools use to cope with teacher recruitment and hiring, and average school class sizes all have an independent association with the extent of out-of-field teaching in schools, after controlling for other factors. Disciplines Curriculum and Social Inquiry | Educational Administration and Supervision | Educational Leadership | Educational Methods | Teacher Education and Professional Development Comments View on the CPRE website. This report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_researchreports/22 ctp Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy U N I V E R S I T Y O F W A S H I N G T O N Out-of-Field Teaching, Educational Inequality, and the Organization of Schools: An Exploratory Analysis


As a core component of infrared applications, the optical radiation characteristics of Silicon MEMS infrared source directly affects the performance of the infrared devices, however, there was not detailed report for the radiation characteristics of silicon MEMS infrared source radiated spectral characteristics at home and abroad. Therefore, to determine the radiation spectrum of a silicon MEMS infrared source distribution, the accurate testing for spectral characteristics of the MEMS infrared source is necessary. MEMS infrared source spectral characteristics are tested by using OL(Optronic Laboratories)series spectrum measurement system. The results show that the relative radiation spectrum infrared spectral band of the source is mainly distributed in 3 ~ 5μm, and the center wavelength is at 3.6μm and its atmospheric transmittance is nearly 90 percent with a good transmittance of the atmosphere.


The E-ARK4ALL1 project released an alpha version of its Common Specification for Information Packages (CSIP)2 for review at the end of November 2018. Slightly earlier, the Oxford Common File Layout (OCFL) initiative had also released an alpha version of its software independent preservation file organisation specification. While, at first sight, these would appear to attempt to do similar things, they are in fact, largely complementary approaches. While the eARK specification aims to define the logical structure and content of Open Archival Information Systems (OAIS)4 Information Packages, the OCFL describes how to map any logical digital object layout onto a physical file system in a preservation-friendly manner, as well as identifying the fundamental operations required to manage such objects. This paper provides a brief introduction to the two specifications and then describes how the OCFL can be applied to an E-ARK IP.


Cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS) celery is useful for hybrid seed production.Asymmetric protoplast fusion of fertile celery and petaloid CMS carrot was carried out by polyethylene glycol(PEG) 6000 treatment in order to introduce CMS from carrot to celery.Protoplasts of celery were treated with 6 mmol·L-1 iodoacetamide for 7 min to passivate cytoplasm,and those of carrot were continuously irradiated with UV rays(20 μmol·m-2·s-1) for 9 min to kill the nucleus.Low temperature(5 ℃) increased aggregation rates by 20%,and 40% PEG 6000 and 0.1 mmol·L-1 Ca2+ in high Ca2+ high pH solution were the best for fusion of two protoplasts.Twelve somatic hybrids were obtained and plants were regenerated on MS0 medium.AFLP analysis indicated that all of them were somewhat asymmetrically fused.STS marker analysis suggested that petaloid CMS were successfully introduced into 11 regenerated plants.