The Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) is a welcome initiative that could dramatically improve the effectiveness of U.S. foreign assistance. The MCA will distinguish itself by targeting a relatively small number of recipient countries based on their demonstrated commitment to sound development policies; providing them with sums of money large enough and flexibly enough to make a real difference; and holding them much more accountable for achieving results. The program's clear focus on economic growth and poverty reduction, its unique design, and its promised funding of $5 billion per year, if realized, could together make this the most important change in U.S. foreign assistance policy in 40 years.


This paper correlated the interlaminar shear strength of 7 different carbon fiber/epoxy composites with structural characteristics determined by Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) measurements. The carbon fibers were all of the same type but had different surface treatments. The SAXS patterns of the fibers and of the composites showed a highly nonlinear Guinier region which could not be approximated by traditional linear regression. A new approach to the Guinier approximation was developed to treat this nonlinear curve using a polynomial of second order. The radius of gyration (RG) of the fibers, as determined by this new method, correlated clearly with both the extent of the surface treatment and the interlaminar shear strength of the composite. Also the difference in scattering between a dry fiber and a glycerine soaked fiber provides a way to characterize the changes obtained by surface treatments. These methods provide new ways to estimate the efficiency of a surface treatment and its effect on the interlaminar shear strength by analyzing the SAXS patterns of the fibers.


Review(s) of: The genesis of books: Studies in the scribal culture of medieval England in honour of A. N. Doane, by Hussey, Matthew T. and John D. Niles, eds, (Studies in the Early Middle Ages, 9), Turnhout, Brepols, 2012, hardback, pp. xxi, 338, 23 b/w, 17 colour illustrations, 2 b/w tables, R.R.P. 115.00, ISBN 9782503534732.


Proteinase inhibitors are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms (Ryan, 1973; Richardson, 1977). In soybean (Glycine max), at least three different classes of proteinase inhibitors have been identified, which make up to 6% of the total seed protein. These include the SKTI, the Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor, and its isoinhibitors. SKTI, which inhibits both trypsin and chymotrypsin, is a single polypeptide chain of 181 amino acids (20 kD) including two disulfide bonds (Kunitz, 1946). It has been shown that SKTI is synthesized in the seed only during maturation and maintains tissue and developmental stage-specific gene expression pattern (Goldberg et al., 1981; Jofuku and Goldberg, 1989; Jofuku et al., 1989). To study the structure and expression-regulatory mechanism of the SKTI gene, a cDNA clone for the soybean trypsin inhibitor (SKTI-a), Ti-31, was isolated by immunological screening of a soybean Xgt-11 expression vector cDNA library with anti-SKTI antibody (Table I). cDNA was synthesized from total poly(A)+ RNA isolated from the seeds of G. max cv Paldal (Lee et al., 1985). Another cDNA clone for SKTI, S-4, was isolated by nucleic acid hybridization screening with the cDNA clone Ti-31 as a molecular probe. The nucleotide sequence of Ti-31 shows that the insert size of the clone was 773 bp, and there was one open reading frame of 651 bp, which encoded 217 amino acids. S-4 had nearly the same structure as Ti-31. The insert size of the clone was 784 bp, and there was one open reading frame of 651 bp, which encoded 217 amino acids. When the deduced amino acid sequences were compared with the reported amino acid sequence of mature SKTI from seed (Kim et al., 1985), Ti-31 and S-4 matched SKTI-a and SKTI-b, respectively, except that amino acids 12 and 13 of S4 are Asp-Ser rather than Ser-Asn of SKTI-b. However, there are an extra 25 amino acids at the N terminus and 11 amino acids at the C terminus that are not present in mature SKTI polypeptide in seeds. The extended N terminus is composed mostly of hydrophobic amino acids, and it could be a signal peptide, which is commonly observed in many storage proteins of plants. On the other hand, the C terminus is composed mostly of hydrophilic amino acids, but the function of


The invention provides a chip package body, a wafer level array of chips and a method thereof. The wafer level array of chips comprises a semiconductor wafer, and a least one extending-line protection. The semiconductor wafer has at least two chips, which are arranged adjacent to each other, and a carrier layer. Each chip has an upper surface and a lower surface, and comprises at least one device. The device is disposed upon the upper surface, covered by the carrier layer. The extending-line protection is disposed under the carrier layer and between those two chips. The thickness of the extending-line protection is less than that of the chip. Wherein the extending-line protection has at least one extending-line therein. According to the invention, procedure can be simplified and cost is low.


Intrapersonal and Community-Related Influences of Rural Adolescent Pregnancy: A Mixed-Method Approach by Kimberly Becknel Brodie MAT, East Carolina University, 2004 M.S., University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2001 B.A., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1998 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health Walden University May 2009 ABSTRACT The majority of data on adolescent pregnancy pertains to urban communities, therefore, the individual and social influences associated with adolescent pregnancy in rural communities have not been extensively explored. The pregnancy rate among adolescent women aged 15 to 19 in rural Vance County, North Carolina, is 113.7 per 1,000, nearly twice the state average. This sequential mixed-method study used the social ecological model to evaluate the intrapersonal and community-related factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in this rural area. A quantitative survey assessed intrapersonal factors, namely sexual health knowledge, sex-related attitudes, and self-esteem in pregnant or parenting and nonpregnant or nonparenting groups. Two sample t tests revealed significant differences between groups relative to personal sexual values and attitudes toward premarital sex. There were no significant differences between groups for sexual health knowledge scores or self-esteem scores. Qualitative focus group discussions with one group, consisting of pregnant, parenting, nonpregnant, and nonparenting participants, assessed community opportunity structure as a behaviorinfluencing dynamic. Open-coding analysis revealed perceptions of strained employment and education-related structures, low community expectations of pregnant adolescents,The majority of data on adolescent pregnancy pertains to urban communities, therefore, the individual and social influences associated with adolescent pregnancy in rural communities have not been extensively explored. The pregnancy rate among adolescent women aged 15 to 19 in rural Vance County, North Carolina, is 113.7 per 1,000, nearly twice the state average. This sequential mixed-method study used the social ecological model to evaluate the intrapersonal and community-related factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in this rural area. A quantitative survey assessed intrapersonal factors, namely sexual health knowledge, sex-related attitudes, and self-esteem in pregnant or parenting and nonpregnant or nonparenting groups. Two sample t tests revealed significant differences between groups relative to personal sexual values and attitudes toward premarital sex. There were no significant differences between groups for sexual health knowledge scores or self-esteem scores. Qualitative focus group discussions with one group, consisting of pregnant, parenting, nonpregnant, and nonparenting participants, assessed community opportunity structure as a behaviorinfluencing dynamic. Open-coding analysis revealed perceptions of strained employment and education-related structures, low community expectations of pregnant adolescents, and the influence of peer-related normative beliefs in early sexual intercourse. To bring about social change, community organizations should collaborate to engage participantdriven research while prioritizing the implementation of county-wide, comprehensive sex education programs. Improved programming could repair social norms, increase sexual health knowledge, and encourage personal responsibility over sexual health decisions. Intrapersonal and Community-Related Influences of Rural Adolescent Pregnancy: A Mixed-Method Approach


R&D investment is an important part of technological progress and social development. Based on the vertical comparison of Jiangxi Province's R&D investment since 2014, this article puts emphasis on the current status of Jiangxi's high-tech industry R&D investment. At the same time, it compares horizontally with neighboring provinces. Issues such as unbalanced development of different industries, low technology penetration, and insufficient input of human factors, and proposed corresponding countermeasures to further promote the development of high-tech industries in Jiangxi Province.


Virtualization, as a technology that enables easy and effective resource sharing with a low cost and energy footprint, is becoming increasingly popular not only in enterprises but also in high performance computing. Applications with stringent performance needs often make use of graphics processors for accelerating their computations. Hence virtualization solutions that support GPU acceleration are gaining importance. This paper performs a detailed evaluation of three frameworks: rCUDA, gVirtuS and Xen, which support GPU acceleration through CUDA, within a virtual machine. We describe the architectures of these three solutions and compare and contrast them in terms of their fidelity, performance, multiplexing and interposition characteristics.


Background Keloid treatment is challenging because of the high likelihood of recurrence and a lack of definitive treatment combinations. The treatment of bulky and recurrent keloids is particularly difficult. We investigated the administration of extralesional cryotherapy (EL) in conjunction with intralesional (IL) triamcinolone (TA) injections as adjuvant therapy after surgical excision for the management of keloids.Methods Among all patients who visited our scar laser center between January 2016 and August 2017, 54 patients who underwent IL keloid excision with EL cryotherapy and IL TA injection as adjuvant therapy were included in this retrospective study. We examined sex, site, the number of cryotherapy sessions and TA injections, symptoms after surgery, and recurrence. The Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was used as to quantify treatment outcomes.Results Among 54 cases of IL keloid excision, after an average of 6.26 cryotherapy sessions and IL TA injections as combined adjuvant treatment, the lesion was controlled without recurrence in 49 cases. Relapse occurred in five patients, requiring additional treatment and reoperation. For 49 patients with photographic data, the average VSS score before and after treatment improved from 10.1 to 5.0. In 17 patients in whom symptoms recurred after surgery, all symptoms were controlled and maintained with adjuvant therapy.Conclusions Initial direct surgical excision, followed by a combination of EL cryotherapy and IL TA injections, was shown to be effective in challenging cases of large and recurring keloids.


Traditional digital signatures usually are computationally expensive and offer no anonymity to signers. It is not very applicable to mobile commerce, where lots of resource-constrained portable devices are involved. In this paper, we first propose a novel hash chain, called multipath hash chain. Then, a new signature protocol, that combines multipath hash chain with server-supported signature technique, is presented. It offers several important benefits: anonymity, reliable time stamp and DoS resistance. It also achieves the same security level as traditional digital signatures.


Process for manufacturing a structural component (B, B ') for a body, in which a carrier material (T1, T2, T3, T4) plane of metal, thermoplastic and / or thermoplastic fiber reinforced material is shaped to form a three-dimensional component, and wherein the carrier material (T1, T2, T3, TT4) is provided with a support material (S, S ') of thermoplastic material, such that the carrier material (T1, T2, T3, T4) and the support material (S, S ') form a composite material (W, W') by providing material, characterized in that the carrier material is configured with one layer or as a composite material with multiple layers, wherein one of the layers of the composite multi-layer material consists of metal, in that the composite material consisting of the carrier material (T1, T2, T3, T4) and the support material (S, S ') it is fabricated before forming the carrier material to form the component tridimensi onal (B, B '), wherein the layer thickness of the support material (S, S') is at least twice the thickness of the flat carrier material (T1, T2, T3, T4), with one or more layers because the composite material is heated before forming, to enable a formed of thermoplastic material, that during forming of the composite material (W, W ') a structure is embossed rib in the support material (S, S '), and that component (B, B tempera') D, having the ribbed structure (RS).


A star coloring of an undirected graph G is a proper vertex coloring of G (i.e., no two neighbors are assigned the same color) such that any path of length 3 in G is not bicolored. The star chromatic number of an undirected graph G, denoted by χs(G), is the smallest integer k for which G admits a star coloring with k colors. In this paper, we give the exact value of the star chromatic number of different families of graphs such as trees, cycles, complete bipartite graphs, outerplanar graphs, and 2‐dimensional grids. We also study and give bounds for the star chromatic number of other families of graphs, such as planar graphs, hypercubes, d‐dimensional grids (d ≥ 3), d‐dimensional tori (d ≥ 2), graphs with bounded treewidth, and cubic graphs. We end this study by two asymptotic results, where we prove that, when d tends to infinity, (i) there exist graphs G of maximum degree d such that $\chi _s(G) = \Omega({d^{{3\over 2}}\backslash ({\rm log}\ {d})^{1\over 2}})$ and (ii) for any graph G of maximum degree d, $\chi _s(G) = O({d^{{3\over 2}}})$. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 163–182, 2004


In this paper, we propose a general framework for integration of power control, routing and scheduling relying on time-scales in multihop ad hoc CDMA networks. We exploit the longer time-scale available for link (not packet) scheduling to perform that complex operation only periodically and suggest a feasible incremental strategy for admission control and re-routing between scheduling "refreshes". We also propose a feasible, distributed power control algorithm that maximizes a global (network-wide) utility. Routing identifies minimum SINR nodes per flow and these bottleneck SINRs are monitored by their (interfering) neighbors, i.e., transmission powers are adjusted specifically with the affected flows' bottleneck SINRs in mind.


Abstract Three prominent economists born early in the twentieth century—James Buchanan, Jack Hirshleifer, and Simon Rottenberg—switched from a belief in socialism in their twenties or thirties to strong support for free markets. Interviews show that for all three, and especially for Buchanan and Rottenberg, what changed them is what they learned in their economics classes. For Hirshleifer, another major influence was the pact between Hitler and Stalin, which caused him to be more skeptical about leftist ideas and made him more open to intellectual criticisms of socialism.


The invention relates to a trivalent inactivated oil emulsion vaccine for 4 type, 5 type and 13 type serum of haemophilus parasuis, which is prepared by the following steps: selecting the separated strains of three main popular types of serum of the haemophilus parasuis in China as antigens; after culturing and propagating for 24h with TSB broth, inactivating for 11-13h with 0.3% formaldehyde, and mixing the antigens of the three types of serum according to the proportion of 1:1:1; then adding oil phases of which the total volume is equal to the total volume of the antigens; and emulsifying to prepare the vaccine of the invention. The vaccine of the invention is used for preventing fibrinous polyserositis, arthritis and meningitis of pigs caused by the bacterial strains of the main types of serum of the current popular haemophilus parasuis.


Expressway is the national traffic artery and one of the monopoly basic industries, promoted the development of the economy. Expressway operation is in the initial stage, the country has long been dominated by the operation and management, has been followed by the pace of the times and slowly changing.With the development and accomplishment of Market Economy, many new forms continue to emerge: Expressway and Bridge toll, Sino foreign joint ventures, paid transfer, joint ventures, BOT model etc. But the operation of the expressway is still state-owned in China. Government-oriented operating mode have its advantages, but more disadvantages as well such as high operation cost, low efficiency, rent-seeking and expansion issues also can not be ignored. Therefore, through the analysis of expressway history and its present situation, comparing the advantages and disadvantages between the state-owned expressway operating mode and that of the marketization, we conclude that expressway in China is facing operation mechanism reform and its marketization is imperative. Keywords: Expressway, Marketization, Operation mode JEL Classification: R40, R49


We present a room temperature operated 5.35μm quantum cascade detector which was tested at high frequencies using an optical heterodyne experiment. Two slightly detuned continuous wave distributed feedback single mode quantum cascade lasers were used to generate a beating signal. The maximum frequency at which the resulting microwave signal could be detected was 23GHz. The cutoff behavior of our device was modeled with a simple RLC circuit and showed excellent agreement with the experimental data.


The present invention relates to various uses of couplers and the coupler. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a connector for use with devices operating by the power supply. This coupling allows for attachment / removal of devices without electrically isolated from the power supply. Coupler, a) a mounting member having a first sealed transformer elements and appropriate control can be connected to a power source, a member suitable for securing to a structure, b) mounting member and engageable a Do retaining member, adapted to connect the holding or equipment devices, has other suitable control device and the second sealed transformer element capable of transmitting the power to the device, a holding member, the wherein, c) by engagement of the first and second members, i) caused induction of current in the second encapsulant transformer elements to allow the power supply of the device, further, ii) between the control device and the device in the signal can be performed transmission and control of equipment and / or monitor, induction and signal transmission is not performed by disengagement of the first and second members. .The


In this paper we present a finite element (FE) approach for modelling the performance of multilayer unimorph dielectric elastomer actuators (MUDEAs) with inhomogeneous layer geometry. MUDEAs are made up of a dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) stack bonded to a flexible substrate and are capable of large out-of-plane displacements and resonant operation. MUDEAs are useful for many applications such as steerable endoscopes for minimally invasive surgery procedures, where high manoeuvrability and mechanical flexibility are required. Models of MUDEAs are useful for feasibility assessment and actuator design optimisation. The current analytical models of unimorph DEAs are inadequate for more unconventional unimorph configurations with multiple layers. The FE approach presented is capable of efficiently modelling MUDEAs with non-uniform geometries and multiple layers. The Maxwell stress equation for MUDEAs was also derived and was found to be the same as for the unconstrained DEA case. The static deflection against input voltage for two, three and four layer MUDEAs was simulated using the developed FEA approach and validated against experiments. The experimental MUDEAs had an inhomogeneous Gaussian layer geometry resulting from the fabrication process used. The model showed good agreement with the experimental data. The validated finite element model was used to investigate the effects of layer number on unimorph tip deflection for several layer thicknesses. The results show that there is an optimum number of layers for which tip deflection is a maximum and that when large deflections are expected it is more efficient to use thinner layers, rather than thicker layers, for a given overall stack thickness.


Organophosphorus pesticide residues in foods were extracted by means of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The extracted pesticides were determined consecutively by GC-FPD detection under the control of a computer. Samples were mixed with two kinds of drying agents, diatomaceous earth or a super-absorbent polymer, before extraction to remove water. Thirty-three out of 35 pesticides tested were extracted with good recovery and determined with high precision, though acephate and methamidophos were hardly recovered when diatomaceous earth was used and poorly recovered with the super-absorbent polymer. Most interfering substances, such as fats and green food colors, were not extracted during the proposed extraction process.These results suggest that extraction by SFE coupled with selective detection is suitable for the analysis of pesticide residues in foods.


The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of psychological empowerment and leader-member exchange on job embeddedness. The sample population for this research consisted of employees of 5 star hotel(5) in seoul and service enterprise(3). We were able to obtain participation of 250 people 226 responses, we derived statistics by means of the SPSS/PC version 13.0 statistics package. The major findings of this study are as follows : First, the meaningfulness and impact of four components of the psychological empowerment have influence on the fit and link of factors of the job embeddedness, and the sacrifice has influence on only meaningfulness. Second, there was also a positive correlation between the leader-member exchange and the job embeddedness. Based on these findings, the implication and limitations of the study were presented.


Research progress of germplasm resources of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch)Bge var mongholicus(Bge)Hsiao was reviewed in the aspects of resource distribution,morphological diversity,domestication and introduction,breeding and wild resource reversion.It was suggested more attention be paid to breeding and introduction in suitable area.In addition,more work should be done in wild resource reversion.


The invention discloses a security context establishing method, device and system and relates to the communication field. The security context establishing method, device and system is used for comprehensively protecting UE data. The method comprises the steps of acquiring an encryption algorithm of an access anode, acquiring a root secret key, deducing an encryption secret key of the access node according to the root secret key and the encryption algorithm, sending the encryption secret key of the access node to UE to conveniently consult the encryption algorithm with the UE, announcing the access node to start downlink encryption and uplink encryption, and announcing the UE to start downlink encryption and uplink encryption in an algorithm consulting process. The security context establishing method is mainly applied to SCC security protection.


Tourism is a versatile activity that can have both positive and negative impacts on touristic destinations and local people. Reducing the negative impacts of tourism on touristic destinations depends on the development of a planned tourism. Accordingly, it is primarily required to determine the level of present tourism activities in destinations in order to achieve the planned tourism development. In this context, the 'Doxey Irritation Index', presented by Doxey (1975) based on the stages of euphoria, apathy, irritation and antagonism, is an important guide in determining the level of tourism development in destinations. In this direction, the purpose of this study is to determine the stage of Gumushane in terms of tourism development level according to the "Doxey Irritation Index" by revealing the opinions of Gumushane residents about Gumushane tourism. Accordingly, the opinions of Gumushane residents about tourism were consulted via face-to-face interviews. As a consequence, it was determined that tourism in Gumushane was at the stage of euphoria (beginning) according to the "Doxey Irritation Index". Besides, the vast majority of Gumushane residents stated that tourism would not have negative social, cultural, economic and environmental impacts on Gumushane.


This paper examines the development of rapid, real-time hurricane/storm risk assessment tools and their cyber-implementation. Kriging surrogate modeling is adopted to approximate storm responses, utilizing existing databases of high-fidelity simulations. Principal component analysis is considered to reduce the high dimensionality of the responses over large coastal region, contributing to significant improvement in computational efficiency (lower memory requirements and faster evaluations). The developed surrogate model can be then utilized for real-time predictions during incoming hurricanes, supporting a rapid probabilistic risk assessment. The cyberimplementation of these tools is also discussed. The overall approach is illustrated for hurricane risk estimation in the Hawaiian Islands.


We study the electronic structure of copper oxide clusters, ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$ (x=1\char21{}4), using anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density-functional calculations. The experiment is used to successfully guide a computational search for the cluster geometries. The predicted electron affinities at the obtained cluster structures reproduce exactly the trend observed experimentally. The definitive determination of the cluster structures enables a detailed analysis of the chemical bonding and electronic structure involving Cu atoms in different oxidation states exhibited by these clusters. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.


Michel Contat, Sartre's bibliographer and the foremost authority on his work, has pointed out that 'Sartre's mother' was the most important woman in his life : it's not Simone de Beauvoir, like people think - no, no, it was actually Mummy - he lived with Mummy, you know...' In the same interview, citing Freud, Contat attributes Sartre's 'genius' to the 'love of a beautiful young mother', the conviction that she 'has a genius [...] and the very strong relationship between mother and child'. There are those who might object to this succinct psychoanalysis that it is rather Simone de Beauvoir who was the key female figure of Sartre's adult life, becoming the mentor and guardian of his mature genius.


A one step electrophilic fluorination of alkenes is reported which furnishes the products in a highly regioselective manner via allylic rearrangement. The reaction proceeds efficiently under mild conditions with the use of trisubstituted alkenes as olefin partner and Selectfluor as an electrophilic fluorinating agent without the need of any transition-metal catalyst or pre-functionalized substrates. Virtual screening of the newly synthesized compounds shows their potential application as herbicides by inhibiting protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) enzyme.


In health education and health promotion an ideal theory is one that is exclusive to health behaviors, predicts health behavior change, is based on empirical evidence with health behavior changes, provides enough predictive power, is parsimonious, has constructs that are malleable, caters to both one-time and long-term health behavior change, works at individual, group and community levels, and is applicable across cultures. This commentary discusses the limitations of commonly used theories such as health belief model, transtheoretical model, PRECEDE-PROCEED and ecological models and proposes a framework for a new theory exclusive for health behavior change. Such a new theory will address both initiation and sustenance of health behavior change, will incorporate cognitive, conative, and environmental empirically tested components from existing theories, will be parsimonious, applicable at individual, group and community levels, will be culturally robust and useful for resource-scarce settings.


This Research Uses A Psycholinguistic Approach. It Is A Descriptive Qualitative Research, Which Takes Purposive Sampling Technique. The Data Of This Research Are The Students' Written Test Which Contains Of Omission And Addition Errors And The Results Of The Interviews Of The Students. They Are Classified By Using The Theory Of Heidi Dulay, Marina Burt, And Stephen Krashen.
The Result Of The Analysis Shows That There Are Seven Categories Of Omission Errors. These Errors Happen In The Form Of Noun, Verb, Adverb, Pronoun, Preposition, Conjunction, And Article. Meanwhile, Double Marking, Regularization, And Simple Addition Belong To Addition Errors Were Found In This Research. The Sources Of Errors That Show The Reason Why The Students Made The Errors Are Found In Three Categories: Interlingual Transfer, Intralingual Transfer, And Context Of Learning. The Interlingual Transfer In This Analysis Occurs In Two Cases: Transfer Of Structure And Interlingual Error. The Intralingual Transfer Takes Place In Four Levels. They Are Overgeneralization, Ignorance Rule Restriction, Incomplete Application Of Rule, And False Concept Hypothesized. Finally, Context Of Learning Is The Third Reason Why The Students Made The Errors.


In this study, the effects of water stress on seed germination, seedling growth, translocation of seed reserves and other physiological and biochemical indexes in wheat with different ploidy levels were investigated at stages of seed germination and seedling growth. The results indicated that diploid wheat had a significantly higher germination speed but lower germinated capacity than tetraploid and hexaploid wheat. With the increase in ploidy, the root/shoot ratio, translocation efficiency of seed reserves, starch content, soluble sugar content at the latter stage of germination (eighth day) gradually and significantly increased, while translocation percentage of seed reserves decreased evidently. However, the degree of water stress inhibition (–0.5 MPa) to seedling growth, biomass, weight of utilized seed reserves, percentage of seed reserve translocation and α-amylase activity at the latter stage of germination gradually decreased with the increase in wheat ploidy. These results suggest that the tolerance of wheat to water stress during seed germination and seedling development gradually strengthen with the increase in ploidy.


The global confinement time is a critical parameter for characterization of plasmas in magnetic confinement fusion experiments. A practical nonlinear ensemble Kalman filter is developed for estimation of the global energy confinement time. The filter implementation runs in real time and provides quality estimates enabling novel modes of tokamak plasma feedback. Open and closed loop experimental results are reported for the regulation of a confinement time based plasma performance metric, using the total plasma current as actuator.


An excursion in sport, leisure and tourism research An introduction to the Internet as an information source for sport, leisure and tourism research Using libraries for sport, leisure and tourism research Journals as sources of information in sport, leisure and tourism A guide to using bibliographies, abstracts and indexes Finding out about statistics and market research Finding and using official European Union information on sport, leisure and tourism Sport, leisure and tourism organizations Finding out about sport, leisure and tourism on video.


The two-dimensional mathematical model of static/dynamic analysis of a thermo-viscoelastic beam with displacement components as unknown variables was established based on the plane stress hypothesis and thermo-viscoelastic integral constitutive relationship.For quasi-static bending problems,the governing equations were decoupled by introducing displacement functions in Laplace transformation domain.The thermal stress distributions of the thermo-viscoelastic beam were obtained by using the method of separation of variables and thermal stress functions given the plane temperature field and boundary conditions.The analytical solutions of quasi-static bending thermal stress responses of the thermo-viscoelastic beam were obtained by using inverse Laplace transformation,the influences of geometric and viscoelastic parameters to stress and displacement distributions were also investigated.


PURPOSE: A window and a duplex window are provided to maintain warm indoor temperature even if outdoor temperature is low by controlling the emitted amount of far-infrared rays. CONSTITUTION: A window(100) is composed of a frame(110) and a panel(120). The panel is fixed to the frame. The panel comprises a transparent base plate(122), a thermo-chromic layer(121), and a far-infrared ray emitting layer(123). The thermo-chromic layer is loaded on the transparent base plate. The far-infrared ray emitting layer is loaded on the transparent base plate and emits far-infrared rays to the outside.


Nowadays, Thai people's behaviors are still at risk to unhealthy both food consumption and life style resulting in increasing morbidity of preventable diseases. Over nutrition trend to be increased in all age groups particularly in teenagers who have improper food consumption behavior resulting in both over- and under-nutrition. So that the researcher was interested to investigate food consumption behavior and life style related to health in 1 st year public health students of the faculty of Public Health and Health Technology, Nakonratchasima college.   A descriptive study was conducted from September 2009 to June 2010. There were 146 participants aged ranged between 18 to 25 years old. Data including demographic data, food consumption frequency, food consumption pattern, life style related to health, 24-hours dietary recall were collected by a mean of questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as percentage, mean and standard deviation. The results revealed that the mean score of nutrition knowledge of the participating students was 16.9. Eighty percents of under-nourished students had high score, particularly about food for health. Whereas, they had low score about disadvantage of drinking tonic soft drink. Among the well-nourished students, 72.5 percent had high score particularly about food toxicology and food contamination and poor score about adverse effects of regular consuming monosodium glutamate.  And among the over-nourished students, 80.0% had high score particularly about role and function of proteins. Poor score was found about adverse effects of regular consuming monosodium glutamate. Regarding to attitude about food consumption, mean score of the students was 75.3. Among under-nourished students, 80.0% had high score. Good attitude was about 'breakfast is most important meal' and poor attitude about 'reduced eating is good for losing weight'. Among the well-nourished student, 72.5% had high score. Good attitude was about 'breakfast is the most important meal'.  And poor attitude was about 'dish without monosodium glutamate is not delicious'. And among over-nourished student, 80.0% had high score. Good attitude was about 'breakfast is the most important meal'. Poor attitude was about 'dish without monosodium glutamate is not delicious'. 96.6% of the student had non-sticky rice as their staple food. Non-sticky rice, meat and meat products and vegetable and fruits were consumed 3 times a day. Fried and deep fried food was consumed 1 time a day. Tonic soft drink was taken 1-3 times a week. Under-, well- and over-nourished students had physical exercises 82.5%, 63.7% and 46.7%, respectively. 52.5% and 55.0 % of under-nourished student consumed inadequate energy and protein. 75.0%, 65.0%, 45.0% 77.5% and 52.5% were received inadequate calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B1 and vitamin C. However, 90.0% consumed excess vitamin B2. Energy distribution of carbohydrate: protein: lipids was 51.3: 17.6: 31.1. 74.7% and 42.9% of well-nourished students had inadequate energy and protein intake. 71.4%, 68.1%, 45.0%, 74.7% and 76.9% consumed inadequate calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B1 and vitamin C. 95.6% had excess vitamin B2 intake. Energy distribution of carbohydrate: protein: lipid was 55.7: 16.4: 27.0. 73.3% and 53.3% of over-nourished students had adequate energy and protein intake, respectively. 80.0%, 86.7%, 76.7% and 93.3% consumed inadequate calcium, iron, vitamin A,  vitamin C. Whereas, 73.3% and 53.3% had excess vitamin B2 and B1 intake, respectively. Energy distribution of carbohydrate: protein: lipids was 51.8: 17.9: 31.0. Based on body mass index, after enrolling into the college for almost one semester, 37.5% of under-nourished students became well-nourished. 22.0% and 9.9% of well-nourished students became under-nourished and over-nourished. Meanwhile, 20.0% of over-nourished students were obese. The results of this study indicated that the 1 st year public health students had insufficient intake of energy and nutrients.   The students had high knowledge and attitude about food consumption but they had poor attitude about drinking tonic soft drink and regular consuming monosodium glutamate. These resulted in increasing both under-nourished and obese. So that, nutritional knowledge and attitude about the advantage and disadvantage of food consumption should be provided in order to correct their improper behaviors as well as promote physical exercise for be healthy, finally.


The main function and the architecture of library management system in B/S structure based on J2EE and the details in the system developing are introduced.The system can satisfy a variety of requirements of recent book management.


Based on a large international sample, we show how the decision-making power of CEOs in conjunction with prevailing institutional discretion relates to corporate resources allocated towards CSR strategy. First, especially with greater institutional discretion, powerful CEOs pursue exaggerated CSR strategies aiming at reputational gains for their private benefit, while not necessarily bearing the costs of their decisions. Second, such CEO-induced CSR enhancements turn out to be defective CSR overinvestment, ultimately entailing a decrease in firm value. By complementing organizational factors with institutional characteristics, we refute previous contradicting empirical evidence regarding a significant CEO effect and show a conditional relation between CEO power and CSR choice. Our results are robust to alternative sample compositions, different variable definitions, and various methodological specifications.


Experiments relating to supercritical helium heat transfer are reviewed and discussed according to the following modes:1) heat transfer under natural convection2) heat transfer under forced convectionCorrelative expressions are used to compare with experimental data and to predict heat flux at various conditions in further design studies.


Psoriasis is an inflammatory dysregulation that affects about 2% of the population of the United States, and has a strong genetic and environmental pathogenesis. It affects multiple organs systems, most visible being the skin. The Skin Associated Lymphoid Tissue (SALT) is a complex system to protect the skin by producing inflammation. When this system breaks down and becomes dysregulated, inflammation can cause damage. Psoriasis has a strong immunogenetic component. Psoriasis can present in half of siblings when both parents have psoriasis; in 16% of siblings when one parent has psoriasis; and 8% of siblings when neither parent has psoriasis. Amongst twins with psoriasis, identical twins have a 70% concordance rate and fraternal twins have a 20% concordance rate. The genes most associated with psoriasis are HLA-Cw6, HCR*WWCC HLA-associated S gene: these three loci are collectively referred to as the psoriasis susceptibility 1 locus (PSORS1), and reside on 50% of psoriasis cases. The initiating factor that leads to the dysregulation of SALT is in psoriasis has not been identified. However, a bacterial hypothesis has been proposed, and bacterial infections have been documented to initiate psoriasis.. In the initial phase, antigen presenting cells (APCs), in the presence of interferon γ (IFNγ), IL-6 and IL1β, migrate to regional lymph nodes, and reside there. In the lymph node, an antigen is presented to a naïve T Cell in the presence of IL12, IL23, and TNFα. This converts the naïve T Cell into either a TH22, TH1, or TH17 cell. (Figure 1) These T cells migrate back to the skin and reside in the dermis, releasing different cytokines. These cytokines have been a great target of biologics, and hence therapy. The most commonly used biologics target TNFα, and have been very effective. However, one of the most important pathways in the pathogenesis of psoriasis is IL17, and hence a great deal of attention is paid to IL17. In this review, the newest and next generation medications will be discussed in the therapeutics of psoriasis.


In both the pubMc and the private sectors, there is an increasing emphasis on the need to identify the costs and benefits attributable to alternative methods of meeting objectives. This process can be used to assess and justify computing proposals, not merely as a test of financial viability, but also as a basis for decision-making and the monitoring of a project. The decision-making must be related to the aims of an organisation and how its computing resource should be exploited to achieve those aims. It must also be related to information technology strategy. In the civil service and elsewhere, simple techniques of investment appraisal (lA) have been evolved to approve and monitor projects and these can be applied to computing proposals of any scale. They include a total assessment of cost over the life of a project, (and it sometimes surprising how these can mount up even for quite modest systems), and ways of assessing the quantifiable and unquantifiable benefits of a proposal. Hardware and software are not usually the major cost compared with staff time on input and editing, consultancy, maintenance, accommodation, training and consumables over a period of years. Some of the questions which may be asked to test the appraisal are what risk is there that the system will fail to provide the expected benefits, or, are the benefits sensitive to increased costs or the loss of key members of staff? What level of risk or speculation is acceptable and what is the level of probability? Is all the expediture 'upfront' with the benefits arising in five years' time and what are the implications for cash flow? In this paper, I will define briefly the process of lA as defined by the Treasury, refer to the wider context of procurement decisions and summarise lA as applied by the decision to provide a new computer-based record of scheduled monuments at English Heritage.


In the paper, retrieval of the terrain surface microwave emissivity from the remote sensing data of the AMSU-A is studied. Based upon radiative transfer simulation, the AI index is defined for emissivity retrieval. Comparisons of the AI and NESDIS′s retrievals show that the AI retreval is better than NESDIS, especially for the cases of high emissivity over 0.92. The effect of sub-pixels is also discussed. The bare soil percentage in one AMSU-A image pixel is derived from IGBP database. Making correction on the effect of sub-pixel scale, a better retrieval for the bare soil component can be obtained. The surface emissivity retrieval is applicable to application of atmosphere and land classification, and is of greatly helpful to numerical weather prediction.


Cultural institutions (such as libraries, archives, galleries, and museums) hold the historical, cultural and scientific evidence that communities and individuals use to build their understanding of Australian identity and values. Australia's collections are diverse, and widely dispersed. Every town or locality, no matter how remote, has its own collections of local, regional or national significance. Collecting organisations serve as vital 'third place' settings for social interaction. On display, and discoverable online, collections engage the imaginations of students, tourists and the wider community, enabling them to expand and deepen their knowledge, and to solve problems. The Collections Council of Australia is the peak body for Australia's collections sector – the collections held by organisations such as archives, galleries, libraries and museums, and the people who work with and for these collections. The Council has scoped several major proposals that have the potential to transform the ways in which Australians understand and engage with collections. Our proposals draw on the expertise of collecting, heritage and education specialists, and use innovative approaches and technologies. This paper introduces our projects within the framework scoped by ALIA's 2008 conference theme, the acrostic 'DREAM'. Particular attention is given to CollectionsCare, our proposal for 'regional hubs' that would enhance community access to regional collections and offer benefits for service delivery; for capacity building and skills development; and for social inclusion and community identity. We envisage libraries in many regions becoming directly involved in the implementation of CollectionsCare which offers exciting new roles for professionals in the collections sector who wish to engage collaboratively with others to make collections accessible to communities of users.


The T-Q diagram is a widely used tool in the industry to optimize the design and the number of heat exchangers in a process. The principle consists in minimizing the quantity ∫TdQ in WK called entransy dissipation. We performed an experimental study in climatic chamber in order to apply the T-Q diagram method for the choice of the best indoor terminal device in an office submitted to a summer climate in Brussels and for the choice of the operating parameters water flow rate and water temperature. We tested four terminal units coupled to a cooling water tank by using a reversible air-water chiller: a mixing ventilation, a displacement ventilation, the mixing ventilation combined with a low inertia hydronic radiant floor, the displacement ventilation combined with the low inertia hydronic radiant floor. The tests were performed under stationary conditions. We plot the T-Q diagram and we assessed the entransy dissipations for each system and various operating parameters. We measured thermal comfort within the climatic chamber. Tests showed that air systems were less efficient than ventilation combined with radiant floor and that the combination of displacement ventilation with radiant floor was the best system. The study also showed that entransy dissipation values represented the real quality of the indoor terminal units.


Lesson plan containing a collection of activities and resources regarding plants, animals, and habitats that meet state education standards and national sustainability standards for the 3rd grade level.


Abstract:In a brief legend about Abraham, a Morisco author takes his readers on a journey through space to a magical island where animals talk and angels fall from Heaven. Despite these fantastic elements, by reading the legend closely, a modern reader can glean information about how Moriscos used legends to maintain their religious identity. In the legend of Abraham considered here, a combination of literary styles and references to sacrifice show us how Moriscos reformulated an archetypal religious figure within the framework of an entertaining story.


This report presents lessons learned from around the country on how public safety and transportation agencies share information for managing traffic incidents. Managers of traffic incident management programs, either public safety or transportation, can apply these lessons to improve the capabilities of their programs.


The requirements specification process usually involves many contributors. In this paper I focus on the role of stakeholders—persons, who influence the contents of the requirements specification documents. I will motivate the vital importance of stakeholder analysis, emphasise the difficulties in adequately dealing with stakeholders, analyse literature from another area with similar challenges, and present a first elaboration on a scheme to represent stakeholders. I further propose some ideas for future research work that can help in analysing stakeholders.


Acknowledgments Introduction: The Making of Illicitness Itty Abraham and Willem van Schendel 1. Spaces of Engagement: How Borderlands, Illicit Flows, and Territorial States Interlock Willem van Schendel 2. The Rumor of Trafficking: Border Controls, Illegal Migration, and the Sovereignty of the Nation-State Diana Wong 3. Talking Like a State: Drugs, Borders, and the Language of Control Paul Gootenberg 4. "Here, Even Legislators Chew Them": Coca Leaves and Identity Politics in Northern Argentina Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui 5. Seeing the State Like a Migrant: Why So Many Non-criminals Break Immigration Laws David Kyle and Christina A. Siracusa 6. Criminality and the Global Diamond Trade: A Methodological Case Study Ian Smillie 7. Small Arms, Cattle Raiding, and Borderlands: The Ilemi Triangle Kenneth I. Simala and Maurice Amutabi Consolidated Bibliography Contributors Index


was placed on distinguishing between Jones, J. B., Gitaitis, R. D., and McCarter, S. M. 1986. Fluorescence on single-carbon sources for these two pathogens. separation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, P. syringae pv. tomato, and P. viridiflava on tomato transplants. Plant Disease 70:151-153. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (P. s. tomato), P. syringae pv. syringae (P. s. syringae), and P. Bacterial strains. Forty-two strains of viridiflava, three foliar pathogens of tomato, were readily separated by their differential capacity to P. s. syringae, P. s. tomato, and P. fluoresce on iron-deficient Misaghi and Grogan's medium containing sucrose, erythritol, and viridiflava were used. Seventeen strains DL-lactate as single-carbon sources. P. s. syringae fluoresced on media containing sucrose, were P. s. syringae, of which 10 were erythritol, or DL-lactate; P. s. tomato fluoresced on media containing sucrose but did not fluoresce on erythritol or DL-lactate; P. viridiflava fluoresced on media containing erythritol and DL-lactate isted from tomato plnt iG e but not on sucrose. Similar results were obtained when water suspensions from greenhouse- Sixteen strains were P.ns. tomato from the inoculated plants were streaked on the three media. When field samples were plated on media United States and Canada. Nine strains containing sucrose and erythritol, fluorescence occurred on media containing sucrose when P. s. were P. viridiflava, of which seven were tomato was present but occurred on erythritol medium when P. viridiflava was present. In a field isolated from tomato plants from where both P. s. tomato and P. viridiflava were present, water suspensions from individual lesions Florida. produced colonies that fluoresced on sucrose or erythritol but not on both. In two other fields All strains were maintained on nutrient where only P. s. tomato was present, fluorescence of colonies from similar suspensions occurred on yeast-dextrose agar (7) and held at 4-6 C media containing sucrose but not on media containing erythritol or DL-lactate. In separate tests in between transfers. For inoculum proGeorgia transplant fields where P. s. syringae and P. s. tomato were present, 91 and 0% of the lesions duction, cultures were grown for 24-48 hr infected with P. s. syringae and P. s. tomato, respectively, produced fluorescent colonies on an ation mediu m B o wn et al hr iron-deficient medium that contained DL-lactate. Capacity to fluoresce on certain single-carbon at 28 C on medium B of King et al (K M B) media may be a rapid means for differentiating three foliar pathogens that occur on tomato. (10). Evaluation of media for growth and fluorescence. Various single-carbon


Empirical models of the thermospheric density are routinely used to perform orbit maintenance, satellite collision avoidance, and estimate time and location of re‐entry for spacecraft. These models have characteristic errors in the thermospheric density below 10% during geomagnetic quiet time but are unable to reproduce the significant increase and subsequent recovery in the density observed during geomagnetic storms. Underestimation of the density during these conditions translates to errors in orbit propagation that reduce the accuracy of any resulting orbit predictions. These drawbacks risk the safety of astronauts and orbiting spacecraft and also limit understanding of the physics of thermospheric density enhancements. Numerous CubeSats with publicly available ephemeris in the form of two‐line element (TLEs) sets orbit in this region. We present the Multifaceted Optimization Algorithm (MOA), a method to estimate the thermospheric density by minimizing the error between a modeled trajectory and a set of TLEs. The algorithm first estimates a representative cross‐sectional area for several reference CubeSats during the quiet time 3 weeks prior to the storm, and then estimates modifications to the inputs of the NRLMSISE‐00 empirical density model in order to minimize the difference between the modeled and TLE‐provided semimajor axis of the CubeSats. For validation, the median value of the modifications across all CubeSats are applied along the Swarm spacecraft orbits. This results in orbit‐averaged empirical densities below 10% error in magnitude during a geomagnetic storm, compared to errors in excess of 25% for uncalibrated NLRMSISE‐00 when compared to Swarm GPS‐derived densities.


Defined by isolated del 5q and no excess of marrow blasts, the '5q‐ syndrome' is a specific type of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with particular characteristics, including severe anaemia, frequent thrombocytosis, typical dysmegakaryopoiesis and favourable outcome. Its pathogenesis remains uncertain, particularly regarding the role of the inactivation of gene(s) situated in 5q. Until the advent of lenalidomide, repeated red blood cell (RBC) transfusions were generally the only treatment for 5q‐ syndrome, which was resistant to other therapeutic approaches. Lenalidomide can lead to RBC transfusion independence in at least two‐thirds of cases of 5q‐ syndrome, and about one half of those responses are maintained after 2 years of treatment. Importantly, frequent complete pathological and cytogenetic responses are also obtained. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, especially during the first 6–8 weeks of treatment, are the major side effects of lenalidomide, justifying close clinical and blood counts monitoring. Preliminary results suggest that lenalidomide is also active in MDS with del 5q other than the 5q‐ syndrome. The mechanisms of action of lenalidomide, although uncertain, appear to include targeting of the del 5q clone. Therefore, lenalidomide may have an effect on disease course and survival, which is currently being assessed in clinical trials.


The hand gesture recognition plays a key role in many appealing applications. The sign language recognition is one of the important applications of hand gesture recognition. The existing methods on sign language recognition are limited to certain view. In this paper, we use tensor subspace analysis to model a multi-view hand gesture to recognize 26 manual alphabetical letters. In our experiment, each hand gesture is captured from 5 different views. Two experiments are conducted on gray-scale images and binary images, respectively. The results show the proposed method has a good performance on multi-view.


Dear Sir, It is my hypothesis that increased testosterone is directly involved in initiation of breast cancer (1994). Testosterone has been directly connected with breast cancer, "... androstenedione and testosterone might be more strongly associated with [breast cancer] risk than estradiol." (J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:606–16). "A positive correlation" between testosterone and IGF-1 and IGFBP3 has been demonstrated (Endocr Res 2001;27:25–33) and "physiologic, transdermal testosterone" increases IGF-1 (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3290–7). Shi et al. state that their findings "support the suggested association between high IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels and increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women." I suggest that Shi et al., may also support my hypothesis that increased testosterone may be involved in initiation of breast cancer.


The property development industry is a key actor in UK brownfield regeneration projects. UK policy has attempted to interlink `sustainable development' and `sustainable brownfield' policy agendas, which have found an additional focus through the UK government's `Sustainable Communities Plan', part of a growing international emphasis on sustainable development. This paper examines the emergence of these agendas and related policies, and the role of the property development industry in the regeneration of six differing brownfield sites, based in Thames Gateway and Greater Manchester. Using a conceptual framework, the paper investigates aspects of the sustainability of these projects and highlights key lessons from them for both the UK and overseas. The research is based on structured interviews with a variety of stakeholders, including developers, planners, consultants and community representatives to highlight emerging best practice and related policy implications.


Objective To investigate the stability of Compound Yinchen Injection in three kinds of intravenous transfusion respectively,such as in 5% glucose injection.Methods The intravenous transfusion solution was prepared at the clinical treatment concentration.The content of geniposide was detected by high performance liquid chromatography while the changes of pH,microparticles and clarity were also measured.Results Markers,such as pH,clarity,content and microparticles of three kinds of Compound Yinchen Intravenous Transfusion showed no significant change 8 hours after it was combined with three kinds of intravenous transfusion respectively.Conclusion Compound Yinchen is stable within 8 hours of combining with three kinds of intravenous transfusion respectively,such as 5% glucose injection,10%glucose injection and sodium chloride injection.


Comparative risk assessment (CRA) is playing an ever-increasing role in environmental policy priority setting, as manifested in national and numerous subnational comparative risk projects. It is widely accepted that public values, interests, and concerns should play an important role in CRA. However, the philosophical basis for public involvement in CRA has not been adequately explored, nor have comparative risk projects always made explicit their rationales for public involvement. The author examines the political, normative, and epistemic rationales for public involvement and explores the case for public involvement in the making of ethical, valuation, and evidentiary judgments. The author considers key issues each rationale raises, problems eachfaces, and some of the implications of each for specific aspects of CRA.


Tissue distribution and local targeting kinetics of PSC 833 (PSC), a multidrug resistance (MDR) modifier, were extensively studied in vitro, with human originated tumor cells, and in vivo, with tumor bearing mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that the membrane transfer and interaction with flux-carrier-protein are relatively rapid for PSC, and estimated an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 0.02 μg/ml using daunorubicin as substrate. In vivo distribution study also revealed the rapid drug distribution to normal and neoplastic tissues. These tissue distribution profiles were modeled by taking into account the time and dose-dependent plasma protein binding which was studied separately with an ex vivo technique. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model developed accordingly not only described globally the drug disposition in the whole body but also quantitatively characterized the extent of P-glycoprotein suppression efficacy at tumor site as well as brain exposure which increases sensitively to the increase in the blood concentration, resulting potential neurotoxicity. The present approach based on the PBPK model is considered helpful to optimize the safe and efficient use of the MDR modifier.


The present invention provides methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating cognitive disorders, ADD / ADHD, and other disorders such as learning disabilities.


Reinitiation of clozapine was found to be among the safest and most effective treatment options for patients with schizophrenia who had discontinued use of clozapine, according to a national registry study. The results contradicted researchers' hypothesis that former users of clozapine should avoid resuming use based on limited efficacy or lack of tolerability. Results were published online Jan. 8 in The British Journal of Psychiatry.


In the beam commissioning of J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex) Linac, the RF amplitude and phase tuning has been performed for its DTL (Drift Tube Linac). The tuning has been performed with a "phase- scan" method, monitoring the output beam energy from each DTL tank. Comparing the obtained phase dependence of the output beam energy with those from the modeling, we have tuned the RF phase and amplitude for DTL tanks mostly within the required tuning accuracy of 1 deg in phase and 1 % in amplitude, although further analysis is required to quantitatively evaluate the achieved tuning accuracy.


it is quite a common thing for the guardians to say, "Why should we pay more when we can get as many medical officers as we need for less? " Such a method of cutting down and taking advantage of competition hardly ever enters into the question when guardians are appointing their clerk or even their tramp masters; in practically every case a reasonable wage or salary is first decided. When a district medical officer is to be appointed the main con,sideration seems often to be, What is the lowest possible amount for which we can get the work done? The eleventh recommendation is to the effect that in no case shall it be lawful, by bargaining with individual medical officers, to reduce the amount paid in medical salaries for attendance on the poor unless it can be shown that the sickness claims have diminished. It is little short of a disgrace that there should be any necessity for such a recommendation, and yet there is not the least doubt that such a method of bargaining by boards of guardigins has been by no means rare, and it is difficult to reconcile any real concern for the physical health of the poor with a system which. practically says that the cheapest possible medical treatment is good enough for the pauper. It is high time, too, that some definite understanding should be reached on the questions that are constantly aiising under the head of security of tenure. It is ofben said that district medical officers ought to rest and be thankful for the amount of security of tenure that they enjoy, but it is clear that there are numerous loopholes by which guardians may often take an unfair advantage and escape their liabilities. It is quite possible that, at no distant future, whether the recommendations for reform made by the Royal Commission are followed or whether reform is left to the Local Government Board, there may be extensive rearrangements of districts and areas of administration, and the question of compensation when the office of a Poor Law medical offilcer is determined on public grounds, apart from any personal misconduct, is likely to become of even more urgent and frequent importance than it is at present. The difficulties under which the district medical officer labours when he requires the assistance of another medical man, and espcially in the provision of anaesthetists, must often be prejudicial to the patients, and the injustice that often occurs when a district medical officer receives an urgent summons to attend a confinement without an order needs to be forcibly brought home to the proper authorities. It is intolerable that a district medical officer should be subject not only to public odium, but even to censure by the guardians, if he refuses to attend a confinement without an order, and yet, if he does so attend and the case proves to be an improper one from a Poor Law point of view, he should be left to obtain his fee as best he can. These are 'only some of the matters on which the Council of the Poor Law Medical Officers' Association has made recommendations, but in themselves they afford quite suffioient reason for taking a determined stand for reform. The greater part of the time of the Special Poor Law Reform Committee of the British Medical Association has so far been taken up by questions that seemed to be of immediate urgency arising under State sickness insurance which must indirectly, but none the less seriously, affect the Poor Law MKedical Service. The committee has still to consider many other points included in its reference, and the co-ordination of the Poor Law Medical Service with other medical services will doubtlessly involve full consideration of many of the disabilities of which the Poor Law Medical Officers' Association justly complains.


Ag:ZrO2 nanocomposite films have been synthesized by a sol-gel dip coating process at room temperature, followed by irradiation using swift heavy ions. The effect of electronic energy loss and fluences on the evolution and consequently on the tailoring of plasmonic properties of films has been studied. The optical study exhibits that color of films converts from transparent in pristine form into shiny yellow when films are irradiated by 100 MeV Ag ions at a fluence of 3×1012 ions/cm2. However, irradiation by 120 MeV O ions up to the fluence of 1 × 1014 ions/cm2 does not induce any coloration in films. The coloration is attributed to the evolution of plasmonic feature resulting in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) induced absorption peak in the visible region. Increase in fluence from 3 × 1012 to 6 × 1013 ions/cm2 of 100 MeV Ag ions induces a redshift in SPR induced peak position from 434 to 487 nm. Microstructural studies confirms the conversion of Ag2O3 (in pristine films) into cubic phase of metallic Ag...


Optical encoders are widely used in applications requiring precise displacement measurement and fluent motion control. To reach high positioning accuracy and repeatability, and to create a more stable speed-control loop, essential attention must be directed to the subdivisional error (SDE) of the used encoder. This error influences the interpolation process and restricts the ability to achieve a high resolution. The SDE could be caused by various factors, such as the particular design of the reading head and the optical scanning principle, quality of the measuring scale, any kind of relative orientation changes between the optical components caused by mechanical vibrations or deformations, or scanning speed. If the distorted analog signals are not corrected before interpolation, it is very important to know the limitations of the used encoder. The methodology described in this paper could be used to determine the magnitude of an SDE and its trend. This method is based on a constant-speed test and does not require high-accuracy reference. The performed experimental investigation of the standard optical linear encoder SDE under different scanning speeds revealed the linear relationship between the tested encoder's traversing velocity and the error value. A more detailed investigation of the obtained results was done on the basis of fast Fourier transformation (FFT) to understand the physical nature of the SDE, and to consider how to improve the performance of the encoder.


In people's daily life, on some occasions, people often use certain euphemistic terms or phrases to replace those considered unpleasant, rude, or offensive to make it sound better or more implicit. Getting some ideas of the forms, functions, and applied occasions of English euphemisms will be much helpful for English lovers to deeply understand the English language and culture. This paper expounds on the forms and applied occasions of English euphemisms, and introduces its functions as well.


Sixteen formalin-fixed foetal livers were scanned in vitro using a new system for estimating volume from a sequence of multiplanar 2D ultrasound images. Three different scan techniques were used (radial, parallel and slanted) and four volume estimation algorithms (ellipsoid, planimetry, tetrahedral and ray tracing). Actual liver volumes were measured by water displacement. Twelve of the sixteen livers also received x-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) scans and the volumes were calculated using voxel counting and planimetry. The percentage accuracy (mean +/- SD) was 5.3 +/- 4.7%, -3.1 +/- 9.6% and -0.03 +/- 9.7% for ultrasound (radial scans, ray volumes), MR and CT (voxel counting) respectively. The new system may be useful for accurately estimating foetal liver volume in utero.


How should one encourage "a positive and quality usage of ICT" among students? Earlier work (Lam, June 2016) suggests that both "school and family partnership theory" and "mediation philosophy" are the keys to parents changing their attitude towards the handling of child ICT usage. Even so, what are the stages or processes of these transformation? This study reviews four models and theories (as described later) which predict people's behavioural changes. Based on these, the author also recommends a "permeability model of changes" for depicting the parents' alteration actions. Therefore, one can provide assistance, also known as – systemic therapy, immediately during the different stages or levels of change in the model. Hence, parents can successfully change their behaviour towards processing children's ICT usage and in addition control these usage. Furthermore, this author also proposes that social, cultural and psychological factors of children's ICT usage constitute a step approaching the philosophy of Digital Equity. These enhance the aim of the present research by – ultimately urging "a positive and quality usage of ICT" (Yuen et al., 2014: p.13) among students. The poor academic effects of using ICT for entertainment can therefore be eliminated. As a result, one can improve the scholarly achievements of students by using educational technology and can also bridge the digital divide in education.


Objective To investigate the relationship between cytoskeleton and metastatic potential in three human rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell lines. Methods Direct and indirect immunofluorescent stainings were used to detect and to quantify RMS cells' cytoskeletons, such as F actin, vinculin, tubulin, vimentin and desmin, in compare with cultured normal human myoblasts under laser scanning cofocal microscope. Results Immunofluorescent staining of cytoskeletons showed that microfilament cables (stress fibers) and microtubules were reduced dramatically in number and were maldeveloped in three cell lines of RMS. There was a negative correlation between the well formation of cytoskeletons and metastatic potential in RMS cell lines( P 0.05).The frequency of F actin aggregates increased as metastatic potential increased( P 0.05). There were little structure disruption of intermediate filament, which included vimentin and desmin in RMS cell lines, compared with cultured myoblasts. The fluorescent intensity between RMS and myoblasts had no significant difference ( P 0.05). Conclusion Maldevelopment of cytoskeletons in varying degrees may correlate with different metastatic potential of RMS. It may help to determine the malignant behavior of RMS and become a prognostic index of RMS.


In a study conducted in 1993, Gutierrez et al. established that aquatic weeds infest approximately 62,000 ha of water resources in Mexico (Gutierrez et al. 1994). The most prevalent species is waterhyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms), which is present in 40,000 ha of the infested waters, followed by pondweed ( Potamogeton sp.), cattail ( Typha spp.), hydrilla ( Hydrilla verticillata (L.) Royle), waterlettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.), and duckweed ( Lemna spp.). Chemical and mechanical controls have been used in Mexico since 1958 to manage waterhyacinth (Gutierrez et al. 1994). However, these methods provide only temporary relief, and for sustainable, long-term solution it appears necessary to employ an integrated approach in which biological control agents play a key role (Gutierrez Lopez et al. 1996). Presently, five waterhyacinth insects, Neochetina eichhorniae


Authored and edited by leaders in this rapidly growing field, Environmental Experience and Plasticity of the Developing Brain not only surveys preexisting literature on the effects of environment versus genetics, but also discusses more recent studies on the impacts of neurodevelopment in terms of maternal stimulation, environmental enrichment and sensory deprivation. The book also includes key examples of environmental impacts on preexisting genetic syndromes leading to developmental disabilities. Focus is also given to the consequences of early adverse experience in primates, as well as neurobiological and behavioral consequences in institutionalized human children and the reversibility of such consequences.


Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP; DYT12; online Mendelian inheritance in man [OMIM] 128235) is a dystoniaplus syndrome characterized by the abrupt manifestation of dystonia, mostly spreading in a rostro-caudal pattern with prominent bulbar symptoms accompanied by parkinsonism features. Onset commonly follows a specific triggering event consisting of physical or psychological stress. The underlying causes are autosomaldominant or de novo mutations in the ATP1A3-gene encoding the alpha-3-subunit of the Na/Ka-ATPase. With about 100 cases described in the literature, it remains a rare disease that, along with its uncommon clinical presentation, may complicate diagnosis. Consequently, little is known about sufficient treatment options.


A novel material transport and handling system utilizing simultaneous information and power delivery is proposed. This system provides a convenient and unobtrusive method of sending documents, specimens, and material to multiple locations within a single building. It consists of a fixed track, central controller, central power supply, and multiple 'smart-carriers'. By using a fixed track, the system can be placed out of the way of normal ground level activity. The system allows for horizontal, as well as vertical travel. The 'smart-carriers' carry parcels along the tracks to and from various locations at the user's command. The 'smart-carriers' each have their own onboard micro-modem and controller. The track itself delivers the power and information signals to the smart-carriers. This design allows for a very simple and flexible system. Equation reduction was used to model a generic system with "n" smart carriers. Next, a powerline communication system was built and tested to evaluate the characteristics of the track. Protocols for communicating between the centralized controller and the carriers are introduced. Finally, a preliminary design of the proposed system is presented.


The obligate aerobic Deinococcus are highly resistant against lethal effect of UV-and ionizing-radiation. Only five mesophilic Deinococcus species, i. e. D. radiodurans, D. radiophilus, D. proteolyticus, D. radiopugnans, and D. grandis are known. Since an indispensable role of catalase has been suggested in protecting cells against oxidative stress and UV radiation, Deinococcal catalase activity of each species and electrophoretic profiles of catalases were investigated on gel. Total catalase activity was varied among the species in the aerobically grown culture at stationary phase. The occurrence of multiple forms of catalases with different molecular weights in four species of Deinococcus and of a single catalase in D. radiopugnans suggests that each species shows the unique catalase profiles on gel. Some Deinococcal catalases also exhibit peroxidase activity. Since Deinococcus spp. are less-distinct to each other in their morphology, biochemical and physiological properties, the catalase profiles on PAGE would be useful in identifying the species of Deinococcus.


It provides a method for protecting the suspension and the frame of the vehicle. The method may comprise: providing a first mode of operation, wherein the strut is in a fully stretched state; providing a second mode of operation, wherein the strut in a partially collapsed state; providing failsafe mode of operation, wherein the strut is in a fully collapsed state. The method may further comprise struts remind the user is operating the failsafe mode of operation and alert the user by providing the guard member fault maintenance strut and the strut.


In the course of shield boring,serious deformation occurs to the cutterhead and the boring has to be suspended.Due to the restraints of the environment,instead of full and systematic repairing of the cutterhead,emergency repairing has to be made.The technology of the emergency repairing of the cutterhead is presented in the paper,which can provide reference for similar cases in the future.


The construction management of traditional government investing project has been exposed exactly with disadvantages on the special Chinese conditions and present market environment,so the performing of agent construction management(ACM) model has historic inevitability and practice meaning.The paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the two ACM practice models,and suggests its long-and medium-term development views: completing the ACM model regulations and enterprise system;improving employee qualities and activity by learning from personnel management and distribution system of modern enterprise;integrating construction consult industry to form total process consult as the market system completed.


In hot weather, the compounded polycarboxylic acid water reducer often appears mildew and corrupt. This paper will discuss the influence of microorganisms on the structure, composition, and performance of polycarboxylic acid water reducer and its possible reasons through the infrared spectrum, gel chromatography, cement paste fluidity and other experimental tests. The research shows that mildew has no obvious effect on the structure of polycarboxylic acid water reducer, but it will consume the retarder components and produce acids and other metabolites. The initial cement paste fluidity decreases, and the maximum is 10.8%.


Understanding Limitations and Advancements Toward Functional Prosthetic Vision Retinal prostheses have been in development for the past 20 years. These devices interface with retinal tissue to restore vision for patients suffering from degenerative retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Of the first-generation devices, the Argus II from Second Sight Medical Products has become the first retinal prosthesis to receive FDA approval (2014) and CE mark (2011) to treat retinitis pigmentosa. As an initial attempt at a functioning retinal prosthesis, the Argus II is appropriately hailed as a breakthrough; however, it is approved only for severe advanced retinitis pigmentosa with NLP or bare LP vision1 and the actual vision restoration it accomplishes is subject to debate. While the early results from first-generation prostheses are encouraging, the restored visual acuity results are still well below the 20/200 threshold and average below 20/1,000. To understand the low visual function results from current prosthesis and evaluate the possible improvements in outcomes offered by next generation implants, it is necessary to examine the underlying scientific considerations that constrain their design.


By means of minispot experiments,the effects of Huolisu on yield and nitrate content of spinach was studied under different ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus and potassium .The results showed that the balanced application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium could increase the yield of spinach significantly,increased the nitrate reductase activity,and decreased nitrate content.The application of Huolisu increased spinach yield under the condition of only applying nitrogen;and the application of Huolisu increased the nitrate reductase activity,decreased the content of nitrate and nitrite .It is favorite to improve the quality of spinach.


Excerpt In 100 hypertensive patients 18 to 64 years old, the function of each kidney was studied separately by means of ureteral catheterization. Determination was made of urinary minute volume, os...


Multilevel hysteresis comparators are discussed, including a new quasi-form, which incorporates standard hysteresis with error reference levels, for use in direct torque control schemes for induction motors.


Ecological and geographical features of spatial differentiation of avifauna and bird population of the Urup Island are analyzed. The 2019 study was carried out in the vicinity of the Novokurilskaya Bay in the north-east of the Urup Island and the vicinity of the Schukin Bay on the Van Der Lind Peninsula in the south-west of the island. The method of route accounting on the transects of unlimited width was applied for the surveying at the altitudes of 0 to 200 m above sea level. The taxonomic structure and the species composition of avifauna show the high degree of similarity at the Urup Island. In 2019 90 bird species were recorded there, 59 in the north-east and 56 in the south–west of the island. The Sшrensen similarity coefficient of local avifauna for the surveyed points (n=2) is 68%. 38% of species are omnipresent, 41% are local, and 21% are sporadic. Six species were registered for the first time. Taxonomic structure of the Urup Island avifauna, which includes species of 12 orders, corresponds to the zonal and landscape features of island territories located near the North-Eastern Eurasia. The number of species is dominated by Passeriformes (39%), Charadriiformes (28%) and Anseriformes (10%) which are characteristic of the Boreal and Hypo-Arctic zones of the Palearctic. The zoogeographic originality of the local avifauna is due to the combination of elements of the Far Eastern island, Pacific, Siberian and Chinese faunal complexes, Siberian-American and widespread species, as well as Japanese island endemics. Local avifauna is formed within the system of general zonal-landscape and altitudinal-belt patterns and combines the ecological groups of marine, land and mountain species. The mountain features of the island avifauna are represented by the species (n=9) that are ecologically closely related to land or water-near-water elements of the alpine landscape over the entire area of their range or a significant part of it. The bird population density is 323– 609 ind/km2 for land habitats (averaging to 466 ind/km2), and 774–2050 ind/km2 for the coast and nearby sea area (averaging to 1412 ind/km2). The similarity coefficients of bird populations are 20% in land-based habitats and 17% in the coastal-marine habitats.


The purpose of the research is the creation of mathematical models in MATLAB based on the double exponential model of the photovoltaic cell. The developed model allows for different physical and environmental parameters. An equivalent circuit of the model includes a photocurrent source, two diodes, and a series and parallel resistance. The paper presents the simulation results for each parameter. The simulation data are displayed graphically and numerical results are saved in a file.


Introduction:
 There is scarce information about the association between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels with subclinical atherosclerosis as the coronary artery calcium score (CAC).

 Hypothesis:
 we assessed the hypothesis that the extremes quintiles of TSH were associated with high values of CAC.

 Methods:
 We analyzed cross-sectionally baseline data of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a cohort of civil servants aged 35-74 years-old, in 4549 participants with CAC information. We excluded individuals using medications that affect thyroid function, with overt thyroid disorders and who self-reported cardiovascular disease. We included in the analysis TSH levels of subjects with euthyroidism and with subclinical thyroid disorders (subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism). Logistic regression models evaluated increasing quintiles of TSH as the independent variables and CAC greater than 100 Agatston units as the dependent variable. Multivariate models were adjusted for age (continuous), sex, race (white, mixed, black, Asian, indigenous), body-mass index (continuous), hypertension (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), dyslipidemia(yes/no), smoking (never/former/current), glomerular filtration rate (continuous, CKD-Epi formula) and C-Reactive Protein (log transformed).

 Results:
 From 3,836 subjects included (median age = 49 years;52.1%, women), 3,551 (92.6%) had euthyroidism, 239 (6.2%) subclinical hypothyroidism, and 46 (1.2%) subclinical hyperthyroidism. Frequencies of women, whites, never smokers, overweight/obesity and of reduced glomerular filtration rate increased according to TSH quintiles, but the frequency of diabetes decreased. Quintiles of TSH were from 1
 st
 to 5
 th
 respectively: TSH:0-0.99; 1.00-1.38; 1.39-1.85 (reference); 1.86-2.67; and 2.68-35.5 mIU/L. Using the 3
 rd
 quintile as reference, the odds ratio OR (95% Confidence Interval) for CAC greater than 100 Agatston units were 1.57 (1.05-2.35) for the 1
 st
 ; 0.95 (0.62-1.46) for the 2
 nd
 ; 1.25 (0.81-1.87) for the 4
 th
 ; and 1.18 (0.77-1.80) for the 5
 th
 quintiles. Restricting analysis to the 3,551 euthyroid participants, quintiles of TSH in normal range were from 1
 st
 to 5
 th
 respectively: 0.40-0.99; 1.00-1.35; 1.36-1.75 (reference); 1.76-2.43 and 2.44-4.0. Using 3
 rd
 quintile as reference, we also observed a significant association of the 1
 st
 quintile with CAC: 1.70 (1.11-2.59) but not with 2
 nd
 0.95 (0.60-1.50), 4
 th
 1.46 (0.95-1.70) or 5
 th
 1.08 (0.69-1.70) quintiles.

 Conclusion:
 contrasting with previous studies that did not find any association between subclinical hypothyroidism and prevalent CAC, our results point to an association of low and low-normal TSH levels with prevalent CAC. Although one previous study showed an association between low normal TSH levels with CAC, our results also extended this association to low TSH levels.


Objective: To evaluate the results of interventions in patients with congenital heart disease(CHD).Methods: The clinical effects of interventional therapy in consecutive patients with CHD at our hospital from July 2005 to May 2008 were retrospectively analyzed,and the patient distribution included patent ductus arteriosus(PDA)14 cases,atrial septal defect(ASD) 27 cases,ventricular septal defect(VSD)10 cases.An immediate angiography and transthoracic echocardiography(TTE) were used to observe the clinical effects.Results: Fifty cases were closed successfully,successful rate was 98%(50/51).Residual shunt was found in 1 case immediately and half a year.No mortality was observed.No surgical operation.Ⅱ°AVB in 2 cases(0.4%).Conclusion: Chinese-made Amplatzer occluder device to treat congenital heart diseases is effective and safe,there are no late complications,no mortality.


Clarke Environmental Mosquito Management, Inc. is the largest privately-owned mosquito control company in the United States. Since 1946, Clarke has provided professional contract mosquito control services which are developed using a community-based, integrated mosquito management philosophy stressing environmental sensitivity and economic feasibility. The company is presently monitoring and controlling mosquitoes for over 250 communities, including most of Metropolitan Chicage, Illinois. In addition, Clarke provides complete programs for a number of small mosquito abatement districts ranging in size from 18-25 square miles. In general, the community programs are funded through municipal taxes and approved by the city councils. The mosquito abatement districts have a Board of Trustees which levies taxes and is responsible for overseeing the contract services. The advantages of private contracting in a community-based program include the ability to individualize a program to meet the local needs of the community and to provide quick response to problem areas. Private contractors are subject to annual reviews. Community leaders can assist in the course of action, making adjustments in the pro- grain strategy easier to implement. In addition, privatization can often result in considerable financial savings. For example, in northeastern Illinois the average cost of a fully staffed mosquito abatement district is $2.15 per citizen or $6,622.00 per square mile. In nearby DuPage County, a 338 square mile county which is covered primarity by a community-based private contractor, the cost is approximately $1.34 per citizen or $3,366.00 per square mile. In the State of Illinois, there are 55 mosquito species, two of which are of primary concern. The primary nuisance species is Aedes vexans. Although Ae. vexans presents no major public health hazard, broods of these vicious biting mosquitoes can migrate up to 20 miles and cause from 70 to 90% of the season's annoyance. The other species, Culex pipiens, the northern house mosquito, is recognized as the primary vector of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus. Similar in many ways to Aedes aegypti, this mosquito develops in artificial containers, such as clogged roof gutters, tires, tin cans, vases and other water holding containers. The community-based programs developed by Clarke involve 5 components: General Services, Surveillance and Monitoring, Larval Control, Adult Control, and an Encephalitis Contingency Plan. Theoretically, a similar integrated program patterned after the Clarke program could be developed and initiated in collaboration with Health Department officials and community leaders for the control of Ae. aegypti and the prevention of dengue/DHF. For example, Part Ⅰ-General Services includes survey and mapping, public relations programs, a toll-free citizen response system, insurance coverage, monthly reports and quality control services, Part Ⅰ of an Ae. aegypti control program might include: defining the type and distribution of containers producing this species on private property; mapping of breeding areas on public property, providing staff social scientists and health educators to assist comunities in developing a source reduction plan; issuing monthly reports to community leaders and instituting quality control to assure program satisfaction. Part Ⅱ of our program, Surveillance and Monitoring, involves mosquito-borne disease monitoring through the collection of wild bird blood for laboratory testing for antibodies to SLE virus and the monitoring of Cx. pipiens populations in order to provide an early warning of the potential occurrence of human cases of SEE in northeastern Illinois. Similarly, Part II of an Ae. aegypti program could include continuous monitoring of Ae. aegypti populations and possible collection for virus isolation. Part Ⅲ-Larval Control, is the foundation of our program in Illinois and includes computer-based organization and classification of larval development sites. Larval control strategies are based on habitat type and the most appropriate control methodology, for example, stocking of mosquito fish (Gambusia offinis), treatment with B. t. i., methoprene, 5% temefhos (Abate) pellets or 5% Abate Tire Treatment. Part Ⅲ in the hypothetical Ae. aegypti control program would make the private contractor responsible for the development of a community-based program focusing on the individual citizen's role in vector control and the control and/or elimination of breeding areas, such as discarded tires and other large objects, on public property, Part Ⅳ-Adult Mosquito Management includes treatment of harborage areas where large numbers of mosquitoes congregate and spraying of residential areas during periods of excessive annoyance or an encephalitis alert. Adult mosquito control for Ae. aegypti might include house to house treatment of residential areas where dengue cases are detected. Part Ⅴ-The Encephalitis Contingency Plan, provides a contingency program using aerial application of adulticide when an SLE alert has been issued. Part Ⅴ of a Dengue Contingency Plan would outline a sequence of events the contractor would follow in the event of an encephalitis alert, this might include intensified mosquito surveillance, concentrated, community-wide information systems and area-wide adult mosquito control. The program under private contract would be evaluated annually and adjustments in the strategy would be implemented to ensure continuous improvement.


This thesis examines the everyday experiences and geographies of survivability in kidney transfer. Literature has noted that the lived realities of kidney transfer are characterised by precarity and liminality. Yet, there has been little engagement in critical discussions about how this precarity and liminality operate relationally, spatially and temporally in everyday life. Relatedly, biomedical approaches in kidney transfer reduce survival to statistics and metrics, ignoring aspects of survival that are situated beyond treatment adherence, care interventions and the individual patient. Using a new materialist, feminist and Deleuzian approach, this thesis addresses these gaps by exploring the dynamic relations and affects of living on and with kidney transfer. A contingent methodological approach is developed, which utilises interviews, observations and participant produced photography and elicitation. I begin by exploring how embodied experiences of survivability in kidney transfer occur across and between the intersecting registers of the bodily interior, exterior and body-in-space, where the role and agency of matter are ever present. I then investigate how everyday embodied experiences sit within wider assemblages of care and survivability and explore how heterogeneous entities provisionally assemble through kidney transfer care to enable or inhibit survivability. Lastly, I examine the ways in which experiences of survivability operate spatially and collaboratively through (dis)engagements with the wider world and a diversity of heterogeneous actants, agencies and relations. Rather than reducing survival to an individual, biomedically oriented scale, I demonstrate the value in attending to the intricate specificities of survivability; the situated relationships that people (re)negotiate with the wider world whilst living on or surviving. Overall, this thesis develops a conceptual framework for future research within health geography to attend to survivability and I propose four key elements that offer possible resources for challenging the ways in which geographers engage with ideas of survival and survivability.


a taxonomy of five strategic paradigms for overcoming obstructionism: antagonism ("name, shame, boycott and sue"), appeasement ("compensate the losers"), co - optation ("change from within"), institutionalism ("change the rules of the game") and countervailance ( bolster the alternative " ). Each "world" of strategy the problem of obstructionism through a different lens, reflecting a diversity of actors, tactics, and theories of change. We develop a simple heuristic framework to explore how these strategies change politician's incentives across different socioeconomic, political, and institutional contexts. Although some strategies hold sway over others in certain contexts, we find that due to mutually-reinforcing feedback dynamics, all will have a role to play in expediting the post-carbon transition.