The Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) is transmitted by the fungus Polymyxa graminis. To evaluate the incidence and the disease index (DI%) and the presence of the vector in the root system, an experiment was carried out using: oat (Avena strigosa and A. sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), triticale (Triticum secale), wheat (Triticum aestivum), Lilium multiforum, mayze (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Pannisetum americanum, Digitaria sp. and Brachiaria sp. The experiment was conducted during two sowing periods. Incidence was calculated based on the percentage of the symptomatic plants and grades (0-5) were given to determine the DI (%). Root segments were collected, then stained with solution of cotton blue-lactofenol and visualized in optical microscope. The quantity of resting spores groups was rated. No symptoms were observed on oat species, however, the presence of resting spores in moderate quantities was observed on barley. The incidence and DI (%) for the triticale and wheat in the first sowing period were higher than in the second one. A direct relationship between DI (%) and the quantity of resting spores on root was observed. No symptoms of SBWMV or resting spores in the root system of summer grasses were observed.


This thesis is an investigation of the fields of leadership and corporate governance in the context of workplace safety. The research has made a contribution by defining four criteria of safety leadership and applying these criteria to board members, senior executives and written communications. The thesis outlines the findings of two studies; the first is an analysis of public disclosures in ASX200 annual reports and CSR reports, and the second comprises two case studies of large Australian companies including interviews with board members and senior executives. The concept of safety governance is defined and a safety governance framework is developed.


Bistatical SAR with geosynchronous illuminator and unmanned aerial vehicle receiver (GEO-UAV BiSAR) has significant potential advantages in the field of continuous local observation under a dangerous environment within nearly 24 h. Due to the extreme platform velocity differences, the ellipse orbital movement of GEOSAR makes this BiSAR configuration not like the conventional spaceborne BiSAR. In this paper, based on the orbital kinetic characteristic of GEOSAR, we theoretically analyze the variations of bistatic configuration effect on common azimuth coverage and coherent accumulated time. In addition, two-dimension the resolution is deduced by geometrical configuration on the basis of gradient method. The simulations show that the appropriate selection of initial bistatic configuration can restrain from the appearance of the dead zone in common coverage. And the image results are obtained by frequency domain RD based on Method of Series Reversion (MSR). It is shown that GEO-UAV BiSAR has the high resolution ability.


Aims Wild rape (Brassica juncea var. gracilis), a wild relative of oilseed rape (B. napus), was chosen for a case study because gene flow from herbicide-resistant oilseed rape to wild rape rarely has been explored. We asked a) are transgenic herbicide-resistant oilseed rape and wild rape sexually compatible, b) is the fitness of their F1 improved and c) is gene flow possible? Methods We used hand pollination to test sexual compatibility and examined resistance of the F1 by applying herbicide of 2 000 μg a.i.·kg-1 with 0.1 L·m-2 volume at 3-4 leaf stage twice and by PCR and examining vegetative growth, pollen viability and seed setting rate. Crossing from herbicide-resistant oilseed rape to wild rape also was tested under open pollination. Important findings Indexes of sexual compatibility of wild rape×glufosinate-tolerant oilseed and wild rape×glyphosate-tolerant oilseed were 13.87 and 13.83, respectively, under hand pollination, and these indexes were not significantly different from that of the female parent under self pollination and open pollination. All F1 were significantly resistant to the corresponding herbicide. Moreover, herbicide-resistant gene of F1 was confirmed by PCR and F1 of wild rape×glufosinate-resistant oilseed and wild rape×glyphosate-resistant oilseed produced 426 bp and 931 bp identical special band, respectively. The fitness of the F1 changed compared with that of the female parent. The germination rate of the F1 was similar with that of the female parent, 98%. Due to taller individuals and larger leaves, the vegetative growth of the F1 was much better than that of the female parent. However, pollen viabilities of both kinds of F1 were only half that of the female parent. Furthermore, the seed number per silique of the F1 was very low, only 0.59 and 0.58 seeds per silique, respectively. The cross rate of wild rape×glufosinate-resistant and wild rape×glyphosate-resistant was 0.02% and 0.01%, respectively, under open pollination. Our study suggests the possibility of gene flow from transgenic rape to wild rape. The possibilities of gene flow from the two herbicide-resistant transgenic oilseed rapes to wild rape were similar under hand pollination or open pollination. However, the effect of gene flow from transgenic herbicide-resistant oilseed to wild rape needs further research.


ABSTRACT This paper presents and discusses a conceptual model for understanding, describing, and explaining personnel selection processes and activities. Four theoretical strands--decision theory, impression formation, inference theory, and rating theory--are briefly discussed and woven together as the basis for the proposed model. The model is then used as a theoretical framework for examining the results of a study investigating the effects of letters of recommendation on teacher selection processes and decisions. The study involved creating a file for a hypothetical social studies teacher that included one of four constructed letters of recommendation. The four letters each contained nine identical items of information about the candidate but varied by tone of information (favorable or neutral) and length of letter (short or long). Four treatment groups were established by sending the different types of letters of recommendation to 160 randomly selected high school principals in a large midwestern state. Major conclusions reached from the study are that when the content items of letters remain constant, there is no statistically significant difference in rating of teaching applicants who present long or short letters of recommendation. However, favorable information had a significant effect on the rating high school principals gave a hypothetical teaching candidate. (MLF)


Nowadays, the organization of research activities of children is considered as a powerful innovative educational technology to enhance the effectiveness of teacher's and learner's work in the classroom, as well as during out-of-school activities. The program of the elective course for students of pedagogical faculty aims at development of a circle of intellectual and creative abilities of primary school children in the process of research and project activities, development of creative, critical, logical thinking, as well as problem-solving skills.


Sorting catfish manually requires a lot of time, yet it presents low accuracy. Export catfish farmers need better instruments to increase the yield of sorted catfish. Using the right method of image processing is one of the ways. Length is one of the parameters of export quality catfish. Somehow measuring the length is challenging as catfish has very smooth and flexible body. By using interpolation method and aerial image capturing technique, the average error is pretty small, only 5.97%.


Reports on findings from carotid ultrasonography vary among individual hospitals. In 2008, Shimane University Hospital converted its paper-based records of carotid ultrasonography to an electronic format. The format for reporting the findings of carotid ultrasonography was constructed with the cooperation of the departments of diabetic internal medicine, neurology, and neurosurgery, focusing on the perioperative management of carotid artery stenting. B-mode ultrasonography was used to measure vessel diameter, maximum intima-media thickness of bilateral arteries (common carotid artery, carotid bulb, internal carotid artery, and vertebral artery), total plaque score, and rate of stenosis in the internal carotid artery. Doppler mode was used to measure peak systolic flow velocity, end-diastolic flow velocity, and resistance index. The most important issue was the sonographer's impression. The schema drawn by the sonographer using a built-in drawing tool was very useful for enabling the attending physician to understand the patient's carotid situation, although this was somewhat time-consuming. The greater the increase in the number of carotid ultrasound examinations, the more time needed to draw such a schema. The development of carotid ultrasound reporting is ongoing, and more sophisticated approaches are needed.


This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Baggerly LL, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Lappe JM. Not presented [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-10-02.


Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have been an important tool for astronomy for quite some time; however, the nature of their progenitors remains somewhat mysterious. Recent theoretical studies indicated the possibility of producing thermonuclear detonations of carbon-oxygen white dwarfs (CO WDs) at masses less than the Chandrasekhar mass through accretion of helium-rich matter, which would, depending on mass accretion rate, mass, and initial temperature of the WD, spectrally resemble either a normal SN Ia or a peculiar one. This study aims to further resolve the state of binary systems comprised of a sub-Chandrasekhar-mass CO WD and a helium star at the point where an accretion-induced detonation occurs and constrains the part of the initial parameter space where this kind of phenomenon is possible. Preexisting data obtained through simulations of single, constantly accreting CO WDs is used as an indicator for the behavior of new binary models in which the WD is treated as a point mass and which include the non-degenerate partner as a fully resolved stellar model. We parameterize the ignition of the accumulated helium layer, changes in the WD temperature, and changes in the CO core mass depending on the mass transfer rate. The initial conditions allowing for detonation do not form a single contiguous area in the parameter space, whose shape is profoundly influenced by the behavior of the donor star. Mass loss due to Nova outbursts acts in favor of detonation. According to our criteria, about 10% of the detonations in this study can be expected to show spectra consistent with ordinary SNe Ia; the rest exhibit peculiar features.


ABSTRACT Crowdsourcing is increasingly used to create innovations. Despite the popularity of the approach, it is not known what its implications for the innovation processes are. This paper presents the results from a pilot study on crowdsourced, participatory innovation processes. Creation of innovations is framed as a search problem and a single case is analysed by comparing the crowdsourced innovation process to heuristics that individual inventors are known to use. INTRODUCTION Crowdsourcing, the act of outsourcing a task traditionally performed by an organization to an undefined crowd, has gained popularity as an approach to include more diverse groups of participants to innovation and design processes. Despite the popularity of the approach, clear best practices have not yet emerged. The situation may partially result from not knowing how crowdsourcing changes the innovation process. This paper is built on the assumption that creation of innovations can be framed as recombinant search over the space of possible solutions (Fleming and Sorensen 2001). The space of possibilities is naturally enormous, and therefore it is not possible to try out every solution. Instead, some other approach SEARCH HEURISTICS OFmust be used. While search algorithms on computers often rely on approaches such as local hill-climbing (Russell and Norvig 1995), this is not how humans typically create inventions. Rather, the individual inventors rely on more flexible search heuristics. (Maggitti et al. 2013). Under the paradigm of innovation as search, it is assumed that searching for solutions locally (i.e. focusing on the neighbourhood of solutions already familiar to the searching agent) is easy compared to distant search (searching for solutions not related to the current knowledge of the searching agent). Afuah and Tucci (2012) propose that problem solving through crowdsourcing works because it transforms the distant search to a local one. Crowdsourcing could therefore be considered as some kind of search algorithm. But how does that algorithm work, and how does it compare to the heuristics used by an individual inventor? This paper presents the results from a pilot study on crowdsourced, participatory innovation processes, aiming to clarify these research questions by framing the creation of innovations as a search problem. The contributions of the paper are twofold: 1) development of an approach for data collection and analysis to be used in further cases, and 2) analysis of the pilot case, which reveals that the algorithm used by the analysed crowdsourcing site can be described as a search-within-search. The algorithm resembles the heuristics used by individual inventors, but during the process each participant must still act as an individual inventor.


In the Mediterranean basin, the treatment and disposal of olive mill pomace (OMP) remain a salient environmental issue for the olive oil-producing industry. This study assesses the effects of olive-processing technology (three-phase and two-phase systems) on the potential use of OMP as a soil amendment. Samples from 12 Croatian olive mills were analysed for their total phenolic content (TPC), residual oil fraction, and elemental concentration. The samples were profiled using FT-IR spectroscopy and structurally characterised using SEM-EDS. Compared to three-phase samples, two-phase OMP was more acidic (pH 4.5 vs pH 5.0), with a higher TPC (3835 vs 1576 mg/kg f.w.), oil content (11.7 vs 7.5% d.w.), EC (5.1 vs 3.0 mS/cm), and levels of Ca (1.34 vs 1.20 g/kg d.w.) and Cu (10.4 vs 7.0 mg/kg d.w.). Similar values of C/N (61 vs 72), N (10 vs 8.1 g/kg d.w.), P (1040 vs 691 mg/kg d.w.), and K (13.7 vs 8.1 g/kg d.w.) were observed. The amounts of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn were below EC limits in both cases. The EDS mapping revealed that Ca was concentrated at sharp-edged OMP particles while K was evenly distributed, suggesting that pelletized OMP compost is preferable for amending soil to obtain a homogeneous distribution of nutrients. It was also possible to distinguish between OMPs based on oil and lignin absorption bands in their FT-IR spectra. According to the obtained results, composting is recommended for both types of OMP to produce a safe product for amendment purposes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


In the Coalition's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs 1998 election policy statement, The Honourable John Herron, Senator for Queensland and Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, claimed that a second term Howard/Fischer government would continue to assist Indigenous Australia to move beyond welfare by continuing to target key areas that include education and economic development (Herron 1998:1).


Today, at a joint press conference at the World Economic Forum's Annual Meeting, Switzerland, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the United States Government and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria revealed the results of their joint efforts to increase the availability of ART in poor countries. They underlined that progress has been made thanks to extensive collaboration and unity of purpose. However all the organizations warned that major, continued efforts are needed in countries and internationally to continue working towards the goal of access to treatment for all who need it.


O N APRIL 19, 1933, representatives from several small reform parties met in the Municipal Theater at Santiago to create the Socialist Party of Chile. Five years later this heterogeneous organization had grown sufficiently in numbers and resources to play a leading role in the formation of Pedro Aguirre Cerda's Popular Front government. In this formative period the party leadership consisted not of doctrinaire socialists inspired by Karl Marx but rather of men devoted to welfare statism. Typical of this breed of non-Marxian, nontheoretical socialist was Colonel Marmaduke Grove Vallejo, career army officer, senator from Santiago, and secretary general of the Socialist Party. Chilean socialism prior to 1933 developed slowly with frequent crises and agonizing reverses. It evolved from and later complemented the labor movement, which had expanded rapidly after the turn of the century under the bold leadership of Luis Emilio Recabarren. In 1909 Recabarren's efforts bore fruit with the establishment of the Workers' Federation of Chile (FOCH), and in 1912 he organized the Workers' Socialist Party. Both groups were initially moderate, designed to "cultivate amicable relations with the public powers and administrative authorities, while adhering closely to the spirit of the statutes. . . Yet a few years later the workers abandoned these principles and openly embraced Marxism. In 1922 the Socialist Workers' Party voted to join the Communist International, and by 1925 Communists were in positions of power in FOCH.1 Meanwhile, many Chileans who sought social and economic advancement refused to accept the alliance with communism. Disillusioned socialists formed a number of political parties, but they all proved ineffective in national political warfare. For a few years each of these parties went its own way until finally it became clear


Liquid Crystalline Phenyl-trans-4-n-alkylcyclohexanecarboxylates

The syntheses of p-substituted phenyl-trans-4-n-alkylcyclohexanecarboxylates 1–12 and cyclohexyl-p-n-alkylbenzoates 15–17 and their mesomorphic properties are described. p-n-Alkoxyphenyl-trans-4-n-alkylcyclohexanecarboxylates 1–8 exhibit larger thermal stability of mesophases than analogous phenylbenzoates 13. Trans-4-subst. cyclohexyl-p-n-alkylbenzoates 15–17 and S-phenyl-thiocylohexanecarboxylates 19 on the other side are less stable.


Background: The effect of related factors on recovery or death rates may vary from country to country. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between demographic, clinical, laboratory factors on the survival rates of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Shahroud, Iran. Methods: This is an analytical study of the estimation of the survival of patients with COVID-19. Patients who had positive PCR test were considered as COVID-19 cases, and the 2-month survival of these patients was estimated. Among the diseases, heart disease and diabetes were considered as separate variables, and the patients' histories of other diseases were included in the model as comorbidities. Results: Of 396 confirmed patients hospitalized, 109 patients (27.5%) had a history of heart disease, 100 (25.3%) were diabetic, and 80 (20.2%) had a history of other comorbidities. The number of deaths due to the disease was 59 (14.9%). The median age of those who died was 76 years. The multivariate Cox regression analysis shows that heart disease increases hazard ratio more than two times (HR=2.37, 95% CI: 1.33–4.23). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) factor, (HR=1.15, 95% 1.08–1.22), and older age (HR=1.06, 95% CI: 1.03–1.08) increases the risk of death significantly. Conclusion: The heart disease history, NLR factor and older age are associated with death of COVID-19 and may be helpful for the early warning and prediction of disease progression.


 To explore challenges in the role of resident assistants (RAs) in situations where students are influenced by alcohol Cultural Expectations  Assumed norm that students drink in college  "That's what you do when you go to college...you drink"  "How are you supposed to get your college experience if you can't drink?" Training Inadequate  "I feel like alcohol training is pretty useless"  "I don't feel like I really got trained how to talk with those individuals about [alcohol abuse]" RA Preparedness


Benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters (BP-type UV filters or BPs) are extensively used in a diverse array of personal care products (PCPs), including sunscreens and many cosmetics.


The inherent saturation non-linearity of the op amp is used to design circuits having a wide variety of useful non-linear v-i characteristics. These circuits are made of one op amp and 3 or 4 linear resistors which are passive under a rather mild assumption derived from the 3-port paramountcy condition. Explicit design formulae are given for each prototype circuit and numerous examples are given and validated by actual measurements.


This article is devoted to the study of information security in the EU member states, in particular Germany and France, in the context of the analysis of their national legislation, state, national programs and regulations. Particular attention is paid to the study of the features of regulatory and legal security of information security of Germany and France in the context of the study of their national legislation in terms of economic security as an inherent component of national security. In the course of this study the peculiarities of the functioning of the institutional and legal mechanism of cyber defense in the context of the multi-vector system of international security and legal regulation of international cooperation are analyzed. The article substantiates the expediency of developing an integrated, coordinated information policy of the EU member states in order to unify approaches to information security.At the same time, the current realities of European Union policy require comprehensive research in the context of ensuring national interests, developing effective mechanisms for protecting the information space, and legal mechanisms for shaping the economic system as a strategic factor of national security. Accordingly, the approaches to information security adopted in the European Union are currently not unified due to the geopolitical specifics of the EU's countries. Therefore, the research, evaluation, and implementation of the positive experience of Germany and France in this area, according to the authors, is important in building the information security system of the European Union in the context of reliable protection against cyber threats.


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The invention provides a top-emitting OLED device and a preparation method thereof. The top-emitting OLED device includes a substrate, a reflective metal layer, an organic functional layer and a second electrode layer in sequence, a scattering layer and a transparent electrode layer are also arranged between the reflective metal layer and the organic functional layer, both sides of the scattering layer are in contact with the reflective metal layer and the transparent electrode layer, and the other side of the transparent electrode layer is in contact with the organic functional layer. According to the top-emitting OLED device provided by the invention, the scattering layer and the transparent electrode layer are arranged between the reflective metal layer and a luminous layer in sequence, and the scattering layer mainly eliminates a microcavity effect existing in a top-emitting device structure, thereby eliminating the problem of the visual angle of the device.


Pain threshold (PT) in left foot of rats was significantly increased when a non competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine, was intraperitoneally injected after the PT was significantly decreased by carrageenin injection; The increase in value of PT became even more apparent and prolonged if both carrageenin and ketamine were injected simultaneously. The results indicate that NMDA receptor seems to be involved in the formation and development of inflammatory pain; The analgesic effect of its antagonist, ketamine, might be improved and the development of inflammatory pain in skin slowed down if the ketamine is given prior to carrageenin injection.


INCE THE BEGINNING of this Journal is 1966, the technology of composite materials. has made significant advances. Graphite and Kevlar fibers are produced in millions of pounds per year and plans are underway to triple the current capacity. Applications of composite materials in aerospace vehicles are expanding. Nearly every new military aircraft in the world has components made of composite materials. There is an all-composite aircraft, the Learfan 2100, scheduled for test flight before the end of 1980. Ford made an all-composite automobile. The Prince graphite tennis racket is one of the best selling rackets in the United States.


Abstract— The ∼66 km wide Tookoonooka impact structure (27°07′S, 142°50′E) was first recognised, from seismic profiles, as a circular structure consisting of a concentric arrangement of anticlines and synclines, which surround a complex central dome, ∼22 km wide. A gravity low and a central magnetic high characterize the structure. Now buried by up to 900 m of Cretaceous and Tertiary clastic sediments, the Tookoonooka structure was formed ∼128 Ma ago, during deposition of the paralic Cadna‐owie Formation. Thin sections from a centrally located exploration well reveal an impact melt breccia, composed of local Ordovician quartz‐mica schist bedrock. Detailed study of planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz grains from this breccia show 64 lamellae sets in 25 grains. Most of the PDF measurements correspond to ζ {112∼2} andr/z {101∼1}/ {011∼1} crystallographic indices, with five other orientations also measured. This distribution of PDFs corresponds to that found in quartz from impact structures in porous sedimentary rock targets, thus confirming an impact origin for Tookoonooka.


The use of flexible electronic components has increased considerably, and a study on the different vibration profiles for different fixtures and loads are of great importance in determining the conditions required to evaluate the reliability of flexible boards. Hence, in this study the behavior of flexible electronic circuit boards under different acceleration levels of vibration and with different fixtures are investigated. The vibration amplitudes of the flexible board at different locations are calculated from the strain gauge measurements from those respective locations. Further the change in the strain measurements at a location of the board is compared for different acceleration levels of vibration and for different type of fixture used during vibration. To study the change in behavior of the flexible board during the up-sweep and down-sweep vibration profiles, strain measurements at each location for up-sweep and down-sweep profiles were analyzed based on frequency and statistical characteristics of the signal. The variation of maximum amplitude at a location during the upsweep and down sweep vibration profile of the shaker frequency is also studied for all conditions of acceleration levels and for different fixtures. A comparative study on the flexible board vibration signals and a rigid board at the same vibration levels and location were also carried out to find the similarities and differences in the behavior of both. Frequency and time-frequency information of the strain signals were also analyzed and change in the occurrence of frequency components for upsweep and down sweep vibration profiles were studied for different fixtures and acceleration loads. A detailed analysis on the failure of flexible circuits for different fixtures and for different acceleration levels were also conducted to determine the optimum fixture for vibration at various vibration levels. This will also help in designing different types of fixtures for different levels of vibration and for minimizing the maximum amplitude vibrations for each fixture.


In this paper we explore how methods of truth maintenance and nonmonotonic reasoning may be applied in the engineering of integrated, dynamic systems. In the life of a large system, it is not possi...


Some chemical reactions are versatile and can be used with various topics to provide a valid educational experience. Two such reaction types are those of metals with acids and of halogens with alkali metal halides (Figures 1 and 2, respectively, pp. 44-45). I have used each of these reaction types for various lab purposes, including modeling single replacement reactions, determining an activity series, and writing net ionic equations as a part of redox chemistry. Both reaction types provide reliable data and typically work as predicted, which adds to their versatility. This article describes how these reactions could fill a laboratory gap in the chemistry curriculum while engaging students in evidence-based reasoning and aligning with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Lead States 2013; see box, p. 49). Background: New uses for old reactions A teacher can address many topics when the class studies the patterns of the periodic table. A few years ago, my class was grappling with the reactivity of elements as evidenced by reactions they had performed in the lab. Because the reactivities of metals and nonmetals are explained with opposite reasons, I referred back to the original atomic properties we studied when first determining periodic patterns, specifically ionization energy (the energy required to remove an electron from an atom) and electron affinity (the energy released or spent when an electron is added to an atom). I elicited the students' prior learning by asking them why metals generally have lower ionization energy and electron affinity than nonmetals. (Simple answer: Larger atom size and lower effective nuclear charge leads to less attraction for the outer electrons or for any additional electron). We then discussed which type of atoms--metals or nonmetals--would more likely attract electrons away from another atom. (Simple answer: Nonmetal atoms because they are smaller, so their positive nuclei can get close to those extra electrons, and because they have a generally high effective nuclear charge, so their attractive force on any set of electrons would be high.) This discussion led to the generalization that metal atoms generally will lose electrons in a chemical reaction, and nonmetal atoms will gain or share electrons in a chemical reaction. Later, I realized I might purposefully use the reactivity of metals and of nonmetals to more concretely teach those original patterns of atomic properties. The reactions of metals with acids, if limited to calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and zinc, with hydrochloric acid, nicely correlate with both the period and group patterns in ionization energy (higher acid reactivity and lower ionization energy moving down a group or left across a period). The halogen/halide reactions perfectly model the electron affinity group trend (decreasing down a group, because the more-reactive chlorine will always attract electrons to end up in its anion form, while the less-reactive iodine won't attract electrons and has low attraction for its extra electron when in anion form, thus always ending in its neutral molecule form). Because chlorine, bromine, and iodine are the only halogens commonly available in high school labs, this investigation is limited to those three halogens and their alkali metal salts. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Note that the atomic properties cannot truly be measured by these chemical reactions. In chemical reactions, students are using the bulk form of the substances, and many other factors beside their atomic nature influence their behavior. I don't usually permit "bad chemistry" in my classroom, but I reasoned that if students are told that our reactions only model the trend and do not measure it, then the infraction is acceptable. I also have students figure out why it would be difficult for us to do an experiment to study the "real" version of the properties. This typically leads to a good discussion. …


The taxonomy position and life cycles of culture-difficult fungi which associated with plants at various symbiosis extent are very completed and diverse.Most of these fungi can finish their life cycles when the other living things(such as plant,bacteria etc.) present.The non-obligate with no-vivo nutrition culture-difficult fungi are easier to be pure cultured than that of obligate with vivo nutrition one.On the basis of introducing taxonomy position,life cycle and symbiosis type of culture-difficult fungi associated with plants,the present author summarized the cultural characteristics and method for these fungi,as well as discussing the research trend and prospects,in order to provide new idea and basis for further investigating the pure culture of the fungi.


Objective: To find the faster and easier way than the existing intubating technique for double-lumen tube. We prediction of required double lumen tube size by measure the X-ray trachea diameter size before surgery.
Methods: Randomly selected 100 cases of single lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracic surgery. Measurement of tracheal diameter at the level of clavicle in X-ray. Choose the double-lumen size according to the measurement of tracheal diameter in X-ray. If the tracheal diameter greater than 16 mm, choose a 39 Fr double lumen tube, if the trachea diameter between 15-16 mm, used 37 Fr double lumen tube, with less than 15 mm, used 35 Fr double lumen tube. Record the number of intubation and whether there is difficulty for double lumen tube through the glottis.
Results: All patients' double lumen were selected according for the measurement of the diameter of the trachea, all successful intubation and accurate localization of bronchus.
Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the diameter of trachea with age, body weight and height, and the diameter of the female trachea was significantly narrower than that of the male. For vast majority of male Chinese, 39 Fr double lumen tube is suitable, and the height and weight is of small relation, female patients with large differences in the airway diameter, height, weight, gender cannot be the basis for the choice of double lumen tube.


Case studies of union responses to economic crisis in East Asia contest the proposition that unions are powerless in tbe face of the competitive pressures of globalisation, recently intensified by economic crisis and International Monetary Fund programs. Responses to the crisis by the regional organisations of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, and by independent unions in South Korea and tbe Philippines, are analysed. Unions in the region are generally weak and divided, but these independ ent unions have succeeded in organising in spite of repression by both governments and employers. They have formed alliances with other social forces and organised both industrial action and public demonstrations against aspects of International Monetary Fund programs, and called for alternative policies. These actions have had an impoct on the scope of employer and government action and policy.


In this paper we consider the algorithm for SVD updating based on Jacobi rotations. In order to overcome the tradeoff between accuracy and updating rate intrinsic in the original algorithm, we propose two schemes which improve the overall performance when the rate of change of the data is high. In the "variable rotational rate" scheme, the number of Jacobi rotations per update is dynamically determined. In the "variable forgetting factor" approach, the effective width of the observation adjusts to the data nonstationarity. The former scheme ensures closeness to convergence at all times, while the latter adapts the response to data variation. We consider applications of the SVD updating algorithm to speech processing of segmentation, adaptive parameter estimation, and glottal closure detection.


The reproducibility of separating polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) by adsorption chromatography is known to be a function of the adsorbent's activity, i.e., water content. In this work, a multiple-point R/sup 0/ calibration curve (equivalent retention volume vs. adsorbent activity) was constructed by using a model solute/solvent system (naphthalene/hexane) for two commonly used adsorbents. The optimum activities for neutral alumina and silicic acid, two adsorbents used in a previously reported separation method designed to provide chemical class separation of complex, coal-derived mixtures, were determined by using the R/sup 0/ calibration-curve method. The optimum activity ranges for these adsorbents, as used in this separation method, were 1.0-1.5% H/sub 2/O (w/w) for alumina and 5-8% H/sub 2/O (w/w) for silicic acid. Once the R/sup 0/ calibration curves were constructed for these two adsorbents, they were used to standardize and routinely monitor their activities. Finally, this standardization technique was used to determine the required oven temperature at which alumina (150/sup 0/C) and silicic acid (50/sup 0/C) could be stored so that they reached and maintained their determined activity levels. 18 references, 7 figures, 3 tables.


Background: Studies by our group have shown an inverse relationship between sudden death and cardiac rhythm disturbances and environmental levels of geomagnetic activity (GMA). The aim of this study was to use the precise data provided by automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) regarding the onset of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia to link these events to GMA level.


The present invention, at least one flexible casing or tubing, in laying machine for laying cables or wires, the blade equipped 2 for forming the groove 5 in the ground, are arranged behind the blade equipped 2, grooves 5 at least one flexible casing or tubing to the inner, while laying the cable or wire, to prevent it from collapsing as well as clean the groove 5, relates laying machine includes a compaction and laying means 3, the . Blade assembly includes a compartment for cooling the fluid and air. .FIELD 1


Professor Kerlinger here poses a sharp challenge to graduate schools of education, today explicitly concerned with the preparation of educators equipped to do meaningful research—perhaps, as Dean Robert Shaefer of Teachers College puts it, to the end of making the school "a center of inquiry." Dr. Kerlinger stresses the social scientific nature of educational research, the need for mastery of new techniques, and the importance of an apprenticeship system within the graduate school. His paper is based upon a talk given at the February, 1966 Phi Delta Kappa luncheon during a meeting of the AERA.


The complete solution for the equation of motion of an ion in the ICR cell is shown to give results for the instantaneous power absorption in excellent agreement with experiment at all pressures. The instantaneous power absorption at resonance initially increases linearly with time, and at high pressures levels off to a constant value at saturation where the energy gained by ions from the rf electric field is equal to the energy dissipated in collisions. An expression is also derived for the average kinetic energy of an ion at saturation in the steady‐state limit. Pulsed ICR techniques are used to obtain the instantaneous power absorption curves for N2+, CO2+, and H3+ ions in their parent gases as a function of pressure, from which are calculated the momentum transfer rate constants k, and the dependence of the rate constants on ion kinetic energy. At 293°K, k(N2+)=k(CO2+)=0.67×10−9 cm3 molecule−1· sec−1, and k(H3+)=1.09×10−9 cm3 molecule−1· sec−1. For N2+ ions in N2 and CO2+ ions in CO2, the rate constan...


In this work, we present the influence of the substrate temperature on the optical and mechanical properties of tin oxide thin film deposited on soda-lime glass by using the spray pyrolysis method. The film is deposited at various substrate temperatures ranging from 300 to 500° C using steps of 50° C. The structure of the film is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that at 300° C the film presents an amorphous structure. While at higher substrate temperatures, the structure becomes polycrystalline with preferential growth direction (200). The formation of tin dioxide (SnO2) is achieved at 500° C. Besides, the variation of the transmittance in function of the wavelength in the region (300–850 nm) shows a wavy behavior between 300 and 500 nm and then a tendency towards a constant level. The transmittance level varies with the substrate temperature. It passes from 75% at 300° C to 91% at 500° C. The samples are also mechanically characterized by using Vickers indentation technique which allows to obtain the hardness and the fracture toughness (KIC). The results show that the hardness variation decreases linearly in function of the applied load in the used loading range (0.2 – 1.6 N). The lines level increases with the substrate temperature. The hardness passes from 5.4 GPa for the as received state to approximately 7 GPa for samples treated at 500° C. The fracture toughness decreases linearly in function of the applied load. The KIC variation lines for different temperature tend towards the same value (0.77 MPa√m) at P = 1.6 N.


This paper presents an experimental study of primary breakup of liquid jet in an annular passage in a cross flow of air at a fixed Mach number of 0.12, at atmospheric pressures. The experiments were conducted for various velocities of liquid jet from 1.417 m/s to 7.084 m/s (based on orifice diameter = 1 mm) and the corresponding liquid-air momentum flux ratios varied from 1 to 25. The droplet sizes and velocities were measured using a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) downstream of the liquid inlet port along the axial direction at the centerline of the annular passage along the plane of injection. Observed droplet sizes and velocity variations at different momentum flux ratios, in the axial direction, show three distinct zones. The first zone is the ligament formation zone represented by large variation in droplet Reynolds number with momentum ratio. The second zone is the primary droplet formation zone in which a fairly monotonic decrease in droplet size and droplet acceleration due to the breakup is observed. However, the Reynolds number of the droplets is almost invariant with momentum ratio. The third zone is where the spray attains the critical state where the size and velocity does not vary in the axial direction and the variation in size in this zone with the momentum ratio is primarily due to the initial conditions established in the ligament formation zone.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


. The paper deals with the problem of the S235jr and S355j2 hull steels enriching with chromium in order to improve their corrosive resistance against sea water. The attempts were undertaken to explain the mechanism of formation of durable layers inside the diffusion zone while the steel alloying process is providing. In the research to model the process of surface layer steel modification by means of modified friction stir processing (FSP), a continuous wave co 2 laser beam was served as a model activator of thermodynamical phenomena appearing there. Mainly, diffusive mass transport was considered in the work as it being the original and basic phenomenon affected in the phase transformations. The theoretical and experimental concentration distributions of chromium inside the diffusive layers being diffused from galvanic coating of steel matrix were performed in the paper for short and long laser exposition time. of the concentration diffusion component mass transport, it is possible to design the structure and the thickness of diffusive layers in the matrix.


The effects of feeding Penicillium cyclopium and Aspergillus flavus contaminated barley on Leghorn chicks were examined. Mycotoxin screening determined the mold-contaminated barley to be free of suspect toxins. This study examined the hypothesis that the effects of mold-contaminated barley are due to a deficiency of readily digestible nutrients, or some other factor. Chicks were fed diets containing either mold-free barley, a non-nutritive bulk (cellulose) plus mold-free barley, or a mold-contaminated barley (7% mold), in combination with low (2%) or high (10%) dietary tallow and supplemental starch (0 and 15%). High fat and starch supplementation both resulted in slightly higher weight gains for birds fed the mold-contaminated barley and cellulose containing diets, but the maximal improvement values were still more than 60 and 20%, respectively, lower than birds given a 6.7% tallow reference diet. Neither fat nor starch affected feed consumption. Birds fed the cellulose diet performed about 100% better t...


In their thoughtful and well-supported target article, Andrew Garland, Stephanie Morain, Jeremy Sugarman (2023) argue that clinicians have a duty to participate in pragmatic clinical trials. This duty, on their account, is defeasible, but the burden of opting out is on clinicians who are required to justify their refusal to participate. A primary impetus in their overall argument is the idea that clinicians, as members of a healthcare profession, are required to contribute to medical knowledge, and so should participate in Pragmatic Clinical Trials (PCTs). However, I argue that healthcare practitioners do not have a professional duty to participate in PCTs, at least in what Garland, Morain, and Sugarman describe as more "traditional" healthcare systems (e.g. not learning health systems). They are correct that clinicians have a professional duty to contribute to medical knowledge; however, this duty need not be realized in one specific way, even in locations where PCTs occur. That is, clinicians might satisfy this duty in ways other than participation in PCTs, so the authors' argument becomes less persuasive. After exploring a variety of ways in which clinicians might do this, as well as reasons why they might opt to satisfy this duty in another way, I conclude the OPC by suggesting that given the cited interest in clinician participation in PCTs, the invocation of professional duty is somewhat puzzling. Let us take each point in turn. First, an ethical duty to contribute to medical knowledge may be grounded in a variety of different considerations; however, a professional duty to do so comes from the kinds of things that professions, and thus members of professions, must do. Borrowing from the work of Allen Buchanan on the nature of medical professions, a profession has five necessary and jointly sufficient conditions (Buchanan 2009). For a group of persons engaged in a complex practice to count as a profession, the members of the profession must possess a(n):


In the late twentieth – early twenty first centuries, one can observe serious changes in the museum architecture; they are connected with dominating new concepts in the museum, exhibition and landscape structure. The ideas of the social and intellectual role of museums are in the process of transformation; new strategies of the museum space are worked out. On the example of Japan, the author makes an attempt to trace main tendencies, dominating in the architecture of contemporary museums.


The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of inoculation time, cocultivation period and various concentrations of hygromycin and kanamycin on genetic transformation of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. King's Ruby through Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The Chitinase gene (for fungal resistance) and GUS gene (for phenotypic expression of transgenic) were introduced in the embryogenic calli developed from leaf discs, through Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harboring plasmid pBI121 nptII as selectable marker for GUS gene and hptII for Chitinase gene. Regarding transformation efficiency rate, 10 minutes inoculation period with bacterial suspension showed the highest transformation efficiency rate i.e. 2.83% with Chitinase gene and 2.5% with GUS gene. Infected calli with Chitinase gene and GUS gene co-cultivated for 2 days showed the maximum transformation efficiency of 2.75% and 3.25%, respectively. For elimination of excess bacteria, cefotaxime treatment (300 mg L−l) showed the highest survival rate of 3.16% for Chitinase gene and 2.5% for GUS gene. The maximum i.e.2.83% transformation efficiency rate was achieved at 10 mg L−l of hygromycin for selection of transformed calli. The highest 2.25% transformation efficiency was yielded when kanamycin was used at the rate of 100 mg L−l. Five out of 8 calli showed positive expression with 62.5% transformation efficiency through histochemical GUS assay. Present results may be helpful in improving genetic transformation efficiency of grape through Agrobacterium tumefaciens against fungal diseases and reduce the use of fungicides.


A fresh 1% solution of KOH in 70% ethanol in 2 hr at 2-4 C restores basophilia to methylated acid mucosubstances satisfactorily without detaching or damaging tissue sections. A 0.5% solution of Ba(OH)2 under the same conditions gives results nearly as good, but NaOH and KMnO4 are unsatisfactory.


ABSTRACT Although theory and research have discussed identity insecurity as a factor that influences intercultural communication behaviors, no reliable measure has been presented to capture this construct. This paper reports results from three studies designed to test and validate a new measure of identity insecurity. Study 1 (N = 173) included item generation and exploratory factor analysis, revealing five unidimensional identity insecurity factors, termed individual identity insecurity, public presentation insecurity, dissimilar others insecurity, reactive insecurity, and social identity insecurity. Study 2 (N = 524) confirmed this five-factor structure. Study 3 (N = 807) further examined the structure and construct validity of the identity insecurity scale. Results confirmed the five-factor solution obtained in Study 2 and revealed the measure had good construct, convergent, and discriminant validity. Thus, we conclude that the proposed new measure for identity insecurity has a clear factor structure, strong factor loadings, and good reliability and validity.


Yuanjiang dry-hot valley is poorly vegetated as a fragile arid
ecosystem. Although it was lushly forested in the past, it becomes a
tropical montane savannah in recent decades. This study focuses on the
relationship between plants and their living environments in the low
land of this dry-hot valley. Plant species and their individuals are
investigated in transects and plots arranging along the river channel.
Alpha and beta indices are employed to cope with biodiversity change in
species and environments. Estimated species, rarity and abundance
indices are subscribed to the correlation among species, population
size, and their living circumstances in terms of Species_estimated,
Singletons, Uniques, ACE, ICE, and Chao2. Meanwhile, fifty years'
meteorological records including temperature and precipitation are
collected for environmental references. The results indicate that: (1)
in Yuanjiang dry-hot valley, alpha diversity is higher in the transects
and plots closing to river channel than apart from while beta diversity
increases from upper stream to the lower with Bray-Curtis <
0.500, but this condition is reversed in the transect perpendicular to
the river; (2) tidal range contributes a lot in alpha biodiversity
especially in the upper stream; (3) estimated species, rarity and
abundance indices are significant in the sites closing to the river,
which is strongly indicating heterogeneous habitats. (4) Solanum
virginianum Ortega are screened as an indicator representing xeric
environment in Yuanjiang dry-hot valley. Conclusively, plants are not
flourished at the low altitude ascribed to high temperature and low
water supply. More attention and ecology policy should be thrived
exclusively to the microhabitat protection and environment management in
this valley.


OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of using continues quality improvement(CQI) to reduce the incidence of sharp instrument injury in surgical nurses.METHODS The PDCA(plan-do-check-act) cycle was used to execute the CQI.The precautions were stressed,the process of administration and prevention was paid attention to.The guide line was made and executed to reduce the incidence of sharp instrument injury.RESULTS After practicing the CQI for 1 year,the ratio of injury(by ampoule) decreased from 92.9% to 60.7%;the frequency of sharp instrument injury(except the injury by ampoule) decreased form 2.32 times per person to 1.46 times per person.CONCLUSION Applying the CQI and more prevention measures can reduce the incidence of sharp instrument injury,consequently decrease the incidence of occupational infection and blood transmitted diseases.


Follicular cell‐derived carcinomas of the thyroid gland comprise a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland with varied histologic appearance and molecular profiles. In most patients, these tumors represent relatively indolent neoplasms; however, certain subtypes/variants behave in an aggressive manner, and the recognition of this subset of tumors is essential because of their variable response to therapy and significant morbidity and mortality. Fine‐needle aspiration is considered an essential tool for the diagnosis of suspicious thyroid nodules. In this review, the authors discuss the clinical, histologic, and molecular findings and the prognostic implications of aggressive thyroid neoplasms with emphasis on the characteristic cytomorphologic features on fine‐needle aspiration smears. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:484–503. © 2014 American Cancer Society.


Abstract : The On-Line Pattern Analysis and Recognition System (OLPARS) was demonstrated as a tool for evaluating program characteristics which contribute to program readability, freedom from errors, and development time. Structural features were extracted automatically from a data base of 155 PL/I programs and used as inputs to OLPARS. As expected, program length had a dominant effect on the time required to uderstand programs; additional features affecting understandability included GOTO and RETURN statements. Significant contributions of this study were methods for estimating program error rates from archival data, and reliable techniques for estimating understandability of programs. An interesting by-product was the ability to identify individual programmer styles. The principal outcome of the study was the demonstration that OLPARS could provide a facility for evaluating factors contributing to software quality. (Author)


As a countermeasure for global warming, the development of CO 2 recovery technology from fossil fuel power plant flue gas has continued. MEA processes are widely used for CO 2 recovery from combustion flue gas in beverage use, etc. However, if we consider power plant scale CO 2 recovery, the biggest theme is the reduction of energy needed to recover CO 2 , Our presentation focuses in sterically hindered amines and a new absorber packing. Also, the result of optimum steam system analysis are indicated. CO 2 disposal method is needed with the combination of CO 2 recovery, therefore CO 2 subterranean disposal method is also discussed as the practical way.


Aim: Nesfatin -1 is a novel peptide which is defined as satiety peptide with an anorexigenic action. Studies have shown its association with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. With this study, we sought to establish the association between clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with biopsy-diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Nesfatin-1. Materials and Methods: Serum Nesfatin-1 levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 59 patients with histologically diagnosed NAFLD and a control group comprising 32 healthy subjects. Results: Serum Nesfatin-1 level did not significantly differ between patients with NAFLD and control group (p<0.170). Simple correlation analysis showed that nesfatin-1 levels decreased as body mass index increased (p=0.043) and nesfatin-1 values increased in proportion to eleva-tions in AST (p=0.05). A multiple regression model constructed for assessment showed that while portal inflammation (B=10.767, p=0.007), body mass index score (B=-0.510, p<0.001) and HDL cholesterol (B=-0.208, p<0.001) had a negative association with nesfatin-1, age (B=0.120, p=0.031), sex (lower levels among males versus females) (B=-40.897, p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (B=0.063, P=0.050) and AST (B=0.033, p=0.019) had a positive and linear significant association with nesfatin-1. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings point out that serum nesfatin-1 level may be an independent predictor of portal inflammation in NAFLD.


Abstract The reaction of bis(diisopropylphosphano)methane disulfide with elemental iodine leads to a 1:1 adduct 1 in which only one sulfur atom of the disulfide coordinates to a diiodine molecule. The corresponding reaction of bis(diisopropylphosphano)ethane disulfide with iodine leads to the "standard" 1:2 adduct, in which both sulfur atoms coordinate to diiodine molecules.


This book comprises 17 chapters that deal with a variety of topics related to cocaine and its abuse. Several of the chapters are excellent, and the book in its totality contains a wealth of information. These are major strengths. On the down side, some important topics are ignored, the relevance of several chapters to cocaine abuse is not apparent, and the various chapters are not well integrated. We recommend Cocaine Abuse as a reference volume for scientists with specific training in the areas that it covers. But we do not recommend it for cover-to-cover reading as an overview of cocaine abuse.


We present the first case of application of therapeutic hypothermia in a newborn with a diagnosis of moderate ischemic hypoxic encephalopathy with the inclusion criterias. Risk factors, diagnostic criteria, evolution and monitoring during hypothermia and the followed-up post-discharge, are reported in our institution.


Due to the absence of natural free-wheeling paths, the commutation in matrix rectifiers is much more complicated than in the other kinds of AC-DC converters. In this paper, based on the measurement of the output current direction and the signs of the input line-to-line voltages, a new one-step commutation strategy is applied in the design of matrix rectifier. Experimental results show that the new method is valid and feasible, founding a basis of further practical application.


The fourrier transform infrared photoacoustic spectra of tetra-(parachlorophenyl)porphyrin and its coordination compounds LnT(p-Cl)PPacac(Ln:Nd,Sm,Eu Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Lu)in the range of 3600-220 cm-1 were measured and investigated. Because of the coordination bonding between the rare earth ion and nitrogen in LnT(p-Cl)PPacac forms,the band near 400 cm-1 and M-O stretching vibration on the acetylacetonate ring become weaker,and shifted to the lower wavenumber. Metal sensitive bands were found at about 1558,1474,1427,1219,798,733 and 250 cm-1.


Aim: To clarify improvements in maternal and perinatal mortalities in the world.
Methods: Calculation of UNICEF data, quotation of reference and statistical analysis.
Results: Global maternal mortality was slightly improved; along with the increase of countries of maternal mortality
lower than 20, while the mean global mortality more than 20 was unchanged, and the highest maternal mortality were
2,000. Maternal mortality was high in high total fertility rate and low when total fertility rate was less than 3. Maternal
mortality was high when less than 5, mortality was high. Maternal mortality was reported to be significantly lower when
the birth space was 36 or more months. Perinatal mortality was reported only in limited countries, while the mortality
was closely correlated to maternal mortality. Thus, perinatal mortality was estimated from maternal mortality, where
mild improvement was noted in the increase of countries of low estimated mortality, and the peak of estimated perinatal
mortality decreased from 130 to 120.
Conclusion: Maternal mortality was slightly improved, but it was unchanged in high mortality countries. The
mortality was low in low total fertility rate. Perinatal mortality was estimated from maternal mortality, because they were
closely correlated.


Statistical data from the Independent Commission and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) indicate that Russia is the worst violator of anti-doping rules. Multivariate statistical models find evidence that Russia performed unexpectedly well at the London Games, that the cross-country pattern of outperformance correlates with the number of abnormal athlete biological passports and anti–doping rule violations, and that Russian outperformance was not limited to track and fi eld but extended to sports such as wrestling, where WADA has documented a pattern of signifi cant violations.


The present paper is aimed at revealing the major emotional-expressive peculiarities in the translation of a stylized text of fiction into the English language. Unlike previous linguopoetic studies, the authors offer a comparative analysis of emotional-expressive connotations in "The Prophet" by K. Gibran with the core Sufi imagery (in translations from Arabic and Persian) analysing different types of emotions through specific lexical units transferring an emotional state. For the purposes of the data analysis, it was suggested to expand the traditional Ekman's classification of the most common types of emotions. Thus, in this paper, various shades of basic positive emotion types were considered. The study shows new prospects for future research and concludes with linguistic implications for translators and comparativists.


The Minerva Press is being written back into Romantic-era literary history, both for its impact on the novel market and for the "Romantic" tropes (e.g. genius, transcendence) that its unprecedented output of novels – many by new women authors – inspired. The novels themselves, which are usually dismissed as derivative, hover at the margins of literary history. This dismissal obscures the fact that Minerva novels were published prior to modern divisions between high and low literature. A discussion of four Minerva novels suggests that novelists drew on Romantic projections of poetic genius as well as anxieties about profligate print culture to develop their own model of collective authorship. Marginalized novelists connected with each other over space and time via the circulating-library novel. Popular tropes and fashionable terms also provided marginalized authors with the language to contribute to pressing conversations – most importantly, Romantic reassessments of authorship and literature. Novelists' contributions are not entirely one-sided. It will be suggested that Minerva's "generic" model of authorship reverberates in Romantic poetics – and in particular, in Percy Shelley's portrayal of how the poet comes to compose.


Background: This study was performed to analyze the effects of differences between initial and follow up amounts of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2), lactate, anion gap (AG), and corrected anion gap (CAG). Methods: Patients with systolic blood pressure that was lower than 90 mmHg participated in this study. Along with Arterial Blood Gas Analysis (ABGA), the amounts of electrolytes, albumin, and Scvo2 were initially checked and then re-checked four hours later. The patients were divided into two groups, which were survived and expired, and the differences in initial and final values were compared in both groups. Results: Out of a total of 36 patients, 29 patients survived and 7 patients died. The data showed almost no dif- ference in mean age, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature between two groups. Comparing the initial amount, there was a statistically significant variation in lactate. Comparing the final values, lactate, AG, and CAG varied significantly. However, for both groups, the differences between the initial and final val- ues were not significant. The area under curve (AUC) of follow up lactate and follow up CAG was 0.89 and 0.88. AUC of ED-APACHEII and original ICU APACHEII was 0.74 and 0.96. Conclusions: There was no prognostic effect of ScvO2, lactate, AG, and CAG in hypotensive patients. The initial and final values of lactate and CAG were good prognostic factors for the expired group.


The invention relates to a method of recovering dimethyl formamide. The method includes (1) selecting raw materials, (2) performing extraction and separation, (3) performing primary rectification, (4) performing secondary rectification, (5) performing a third time of rectification, (6) repeating extraction and rectification and (7) recovering. The method is advantageous in that completely continuous production and industrial-scale production of a whole process are achieved by utilizing the specific gravity difference between an organic solvent and the dimethyl formamide; the secondary extraction and rectification can be performed simultaneously, thus shortening time of the whole process; the rectified organic solvent can be recovered through condensation by a condensing tower and can be recycled, thus reducing the recovery cost; and through a plurality of times of extraction and a plurality of times of rectification, the recovery rate of the dimethyl formamide can be greatly increased and can be 99% or above.


Finnish teacher educators with the research background joined in a common enterprise to gather information from the Finnish education system and used practices in teaching science and mathematics to explain the Finnish students' success in the international PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) assessment. The items dealt with were the following: the Finnish school system and teacher education, learning environments, gender issues, influential factors outside the school, and teaching science and mathematics at the comprehensive school. From the articles by 40 authors the book "How Finns Learn Mathematics and Science?" was produced. The explanations for Finnish success based on the authors' conceptions can be classified into three groups: Teacher and teacher education, school and curriculum, and the national developmental projects. Most probably a true explanation will be a combination of several factors as no single clear explanation was found, although research-based teacher education seems to be a rather influencing factor.


Introduction to Museum and Monument Studies book edited by Professor Olena Honcharova, DSc in Cultural Studies, and Associate Professor Serhii Pustovalov, DSc in History, is devoted to topical issues of museum and monument protection, museum studies history and theory, museum staff archaeology training, legislative support for the museum industry, examination of historical and cultural values; presents the views of leading Ukrainian and world scientists and experts on solving current problems in this area. The book is addressed to students, graduate students of field-oriented higher education institutions, museum and heritage conservation staff. For the first time, the textbook comprehensively provides the basics of both programme subject area components: museum studies and monument studies.


The preparation of cassava cross-linked starch octenyl succinate by the mothod of extrusion was studied in this manuscript.The effect of the content of sodium trimetaphosphate,sodium hydroxide,moisture,reaction temperature and screwing speed on the emulsifying capacity were carefully investigated by single factor experiment.The optimum conditions of cassava cross-linked starch octenyl succinate preparation were: 1.0 % sodium trimetaphosphate,0.6 % sodium hydroxide,moisture 35 %,barrel temperature 120 ℃,and screwing speed 110 r/min,the emulsifying capacity of the product reached at 58.56 %.Thc structure of the product was determined by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).


This study examined the impact of financial liberalization on the stability of Nigerian Money Demand Function between 1970-2008. It surveyed a stream of theoretical and empirical literatures on money demand in both developed and less-developed countries. The data employed were gathered from various sources such as the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, Economic and Financial Review, Monthly and Annual Reports and statement of Accounts for various years; and the publications of International Monetary Fund such as International Financial Statistical Year Book and Bureau Office of Statistics. The study employed the multivariate co-integration methods by Johansen (1988) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) to estimate the relationship between M1, M2, Gross Domestic Product, domestic inflation exchange rate, foreign interest rate, Treasury bill rate and savings deposit rate. The time series property of quarterly data employed, were first investigated. This was then followed by testing for cointegrated variables which appear in the aggregate money demand models, using the sample period from 1970-2008. Based on the time series property of data used, the results clearly indicate that there are, at most, two co-integrating vectors. The long-run income elasticity is significant and positive. The coefficients of inflation rate, foreign interest rate and domestic interest rate are statistically significant and correctly signed. The short-run dynamics of the demand for money function shows that the speed of adjustment to equilibrium are about 34 percent for M2 and 56 percent for M1. This indicates that 34 percent and 56 percent of the errors in the short run are corrected in the long run. Based on the fact that the shift variable that captured the impact of financial liberalization is negative and significant, we conclude that financial liberalization has not really altered the stability of Nigerian Money Demand Function. Therefore, in line with the findings of this research work, we can conclude that a monetary aggregate can be a viable policy for monetary authority in Nigeria. Copyright © IJEBF, all rights reserved.


Concerning the problems including repetitive query,storage and processing in the process of complex event query processing in Internet of Things( IOT),an Event Sharing Mechanism( ESM) was proposed. Firstly,in order to realize the query and detection of complex events,a semantic event definition about IOT and semantic descriptions of event operators were presented. Secondly,research on the IOT ESM was done from the following three aspects: the definition of public subqueries,the design of public internal query structure and the sharing of event resources. Through rewriting the query expression,building the Directed Acyclic Graph( DAG) related to the query expression and using the improved Continuous,one of the parameter contexts,on each node to handle event streams,the sharing of public events' query,storage and processing was implemented. Finally,a Semantics Formal Query-plan Processing Model( SFQPM) based on ESM was also designed,which could process query expressions and predicates automatically,and fulfill the automation of complex event detection and processing. The simulation results show that,compared with the method based on BTree( Binary Tree),the proposed SFQPM has high efficiency and reliability in processing,and can process massive and real-time IOT event streams timely and efficiently. In addition,a case study was given to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed SFQPM.


In order to study the deterioration of bending property of prestressed concrete beams under the condition of steel strands corrosion,5 pre-tensioned prestressed concrete beams and 5 post-tensioned prestressed concrete beams with knockout core pores were fabricated.Of which,4 beams of each group were mixed with salt to be corroded for 13 months(corrosion rates are from 0.94% to 2.87%).Then,all the 10 beams were subjected to loads at the 3 divided points.The experimental results and analysis indicate that,there are 2 typical bending failure modes occurring in the prestressed concrete beams with corroded steel strands.One failure mode is the conventional ductile failure with tendons hardening first in which the ultimate bending capacity and deformation property do not depress because the process from tendons hardening to concrete crushing is not deprived by corrosion.The other failure mode is that the wires of steel strands breaking before the crushing(named wire-breakage failure) in which the ultimate bending capacity and deformation property depress at different levels.Under the condition of low corrosion rate(less than 2.87%),the effects of corrosion are not significant to the cracking moment,the initial hardening moment,the ultimate moment and the initial hardening deflection in any case,but are remarkable to the ultimate deflection for the beams with wire-breakage failure.After the ultimate load,the beams still hold a relative high level of capacity to bear load and develop residual deformation.


OF THE DESCLOSURE, A process for seasoning and/or modifying wood which comprises impregnating wood to be seasoned with a halo genated hydrocarbon solvent or wood to be seasoned and modified or only modified with a halogenated hydrocar bon solvent which contains a wood modifying chemical e.g., wood preservative, fire retardant and/or colorant, at ambient temperature to about 250 F. under atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure, removing excess solvent, including excess modifying chemical, from the wood, and subjecting the so-impregnated wood to a heating fluid, e.g., the vapors of water or a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent, to remove the impregnant solvent and, if season ing, water and removing the so-vaporized solvent and water from association with the wood. This is a continuation-in-part of our prior application Ser. No. 728,755, filed May 13, 1968. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION The seasoning and preservation of wood to improve its characteristics for industrial, use is widely practiced. Methods of air-drying and kiln-drying green lumber, poles, etc. are not only time consuming but expensive in space requirements and/or utilities. Most efforts to intro duce new techniques have met with failure because of in ability to dry or season all woods, as Well as their ex pense in capital outlay and operating costs. Thus the prac tice of airor kiln-drying is still a widely practiced tech nique. In the field of wood preservation, some progress has been made. The creosote oil treatment has given way to some considerable extent to the impregnation with penta chlorophenol dissolved in petroleum oils. This latter proc ess has given way to the salt process where clean lumber is required, and both processes have seen some in-roads be ing made by the liquefied petroleum gas process of U.S. Patents Nos. 3, 199,211 and 3,200,003. Recent efforts by utility companies to color their poles to blend with the surroundings, as well as demands by the lumber consumer, for a preserved product which can be painted or stained has stimulated work to develop inex pensive, flexible processes for treating and seasoning. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ENVENTION In accordance with the present invention, Wood to be seasoned and/or modified is impregnated with a liquid halogenated solvent or such solvent containing dissolved modifying agents, when modification is to be accom plished, at ambient or elevated temperature under atmos pheric or super-atmospheric pressure for a period suffi cient to impregnate the wood with the solvent. Thereafter, the excess solvent is removed from Wood and the Wood heated with a heating medium, e.g., steam or vapors of a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent, which may be the same or different from that employed to impregnate the wood, to remove the impregnant solvent. The temperature to which the system is heated should be below that at O


INTRODUCTION Coding for behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry requires knowledge of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), both of which have evolved to new revisions. Changing diagnostic standards, paired with the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for Evaluation and Management (E/M) and procedures perhaps less familiar to neurologists than other mental health professionals, add to the complexity of creating a precise progress note. In this article, representative coding tables, crosswalks, and procedure codes are presented along with an example vignette to help navigate these changes and illustrate opportunities for neurologists to expand their services to patients with behavioral disorders. Physicians are advised to consult with local and national payer coverage determination documents prior to billing for new services.


In this paper, we aim to shed light on the measurement of L2 lexical richness in the written production of primary school learners of EFL by means of a computational tool such as P_Lex (Meara & Bell, 2001). We consider it necessary to find out whether this instrument will be appropriate to analyse their embedded vocabulary, since as far as we know, this experimental tool has not been used to analyse the written production of learners with such a low proficiency level.


A method of preparing a functionalized polymer, the method comprising the step of polymerizing a monomer to form a reactive polymer, and a step of the reactive polymer with the multi-cyano compound.


We address the main technical challenge encountered in the practical implementations of full-duplex MIMO relays, i.e., how to mitigate efficiently the self-interference that loops back from the relays transmit antenna array to its receive antenna array. In particular, we consider spatial-domain suppression using optimal eigenbeamforming that minimizes the power of the residual self-interference signal by pointing the transmit and receive beams to the minimum eigenmodes of the self-interference channel. As a special case, the scheme covers also the null-space projection approach discussed in earlier papers. To demonstrate the feasibility of full-duplex relaying, we have previously built prototype antenna arrays for a full-duplex MIMO relay and measured an extensive set of real-world self-interference channels in different deployment scenarios. Using the measurement data, we now evaluate the natural isolation between separated antenna arrays and the additional isolation given by optimal eigenbeamforming.


In this paper we consider whether the effects of trade liberalisation on GDP growth are offset by changes in other policy variables, namely changes in fiscal policy. Governments increase welfare spending as a response to greater exposure to international trade. We find for a sample of developing countries that this is not the case. Countries that liberalise their trade regimes do increase their spending on welfare, but once we control for fiscal policy trade liberalisation still has no effect on the rate of growth. Fiscal policy itself has the expected effect on GDP growth. The paper uses a difference-in-difference approach for a matched sample of non-liberalising countries. JEL codes: F43, H5, O40, O57 Outline


ABSTRACT The initialization problem of electromagnetic transient simulation is to calculate the steady-state solution of the differential equations describing the electromagnetic transients of power systems. Currently, the widely used initialization method in electromagnetic transient programs (EMTP) is the fixed-point iteration or the so-called EMTP-based approach where the steady-state periodic response is found for a given initial state by simply integrating the system equations until the response becomes periodic. In lightly damped systems, this type of method could extend over many periods making the computation costly. In this paper, the initialization is described as a two-point differential boundary value problem. On this basis, the differential quadrature method (DQM) is used to solve this problem, therefore, a new electromagnetic transient initialization method is derived. The proposed initialization method is a rigorous Newton algorithm and thus has better convergence than the fixed-point iterative method. In order to solve the problem that the Jacobian matrix involved in the DQM solution is very large, a block recursive solution method based on V -transformation is proposed. Case studies conducted on two typical networks have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Abstract This article studies the political and symbolic importance of elephants for medieval Muslim kingship in South Asia. Specifically, the incorporation of the elephant by the Ghaznavid dynasty led to a crisis of sovereignty for early Muslim kings of South Asia. This was because while the elephant stood for divinity and sovereignty among Hindus, it represented satanic pride among Muslims. The famous Koranic chapter of "the elephant", tells the story of a king Abraha who had tried to destroy the House of God in Arabia (the Ka'ba) with elephants, but it was said that God pelted his army to death by small pebbles thrown by birds. This meant that any Indo-Muslim ruler that posed as an elephant-master could appear as the destroyer of the house of God in the eyes of his Muslim subjects. In order to compensate for this crisis, early Indo-Muslim rulers employed a number of tactics, which included trying to present themselves as the opposite, i.e. destroyer of pagan temples for which they are infamous today. But perhaps more significantly, the continued symbolic (and not just practical) use of the elephant, in spite of its problematic association, shows that what is often today understood as an alien institution imposed upon a majority non-Muslim population, was actually the opposite: that is, it was mainly a project equally pitched to non-Muslim South Asians with a compensatory nudge toward Muslims.


Wireless sensor and actor networks are used enormously in critical applications. Due to their clustered structure, where the actors are the cluster heads, failure of an actor disrupts the inter-actor communication and may lead to partition in the network. Network thus partitioned divides the sensing area into discrete segments, leaving coverage holes. Dimension of such coverage holes depends on the number of failed nodes and their position. Detection of such holes and their recovery is very crucial for a critical application and have thus attracted several researchers from the research community. This paper presents a survey of approaches to fault tolerance, detection and recovery techniques in WSAN. Survey is based on classification of approaches viz. proactive, reactive and hybrid.


Summary The simultaneous renal clearances of endogenous urate and of inulin were measured in five normal ewes, three pregnant and two not, and in two sheep moribund with ovine toxemia of pregnancy. The urate clearance exceeded the inulin clearance in every period in each sheep, with the ratio ranging from 1.7 to 3.2 and averaging 2.46.


The purpose of this research is to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of using the InSAR technique as a tool for measuring seasonal snow depth and inform snow-melt water resources for the Reclamation water information system. Snow depth estimation is a critical component for quantifying seasonal Reclamation water resources at reservoir areas, expanding the use of the hydrologic database across Reclamation regions, assisting other water facility operational decisions for hydrological applications with real-time data, and informing recreational reservoir water users of reservoir water conditions. This research is aimed at evaluating the feasibility and value of using the InSAR technique to increase the detection accuracy of snow depth and density, quantify seasonal snow-melt water resources, and improve accuracy into river and reservoir operations models to better inform water allotments and planning efforts. The proposed research could provide an alternative snow depth estimation approach to the Reclamation water resources area offices and other agencies. Since InSAR data and the time-series analysis results will be periodically collected, this information could provide valuable information to Reclamation in snowmelt water resources evaluation in the future.


Thermal insulation materials are used to increase the efficiency of many structural and heat-resistant applications. A sawdust-filled alkali-treated Neem/Banyan hybrid composite is prepared and its behaviors of thermal stability, short-term heat resistance, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity are examined by conducting Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and a thermal conductivity test. The hybrid composite is prepared by hand layup technique, using an epoxy matrix blended with sawdust as the matrix and varying the weight fraction of the Neem/Banyan fibers as reinforcement for fabrication of hybrid composites. The weight fractions of five composite samples of Neem/Banyan fibers are 90/45, 90/60, 45/45, 60/90, and 45/90 (in grams), respectively. The mass loss of fabricated composite laminates due to temperature has been investigated through TGA. Sample A gives an initial deformation from a mass of 11 mg to 10.9 mg at a 330°C temperature and a maximum working temperature of 427°C during mass at 25 % of hybrid composites. The material can withstand up to 25 % of the mass of the hybrid composite after this mass of 2.75 mg moves to degrade hybrid composites. Therefore, the percentage efficiency of the hybrid composite is 75 % of the mass, giving working conditions of hybrid composites.


A discrete choice model is presented of travelers' decisions whether or not to use different forms of ICT (travel information and teleworking) in the context of risky travel times and arrival time constraints. The model is estimated on data from two travel simulator experiments. One experiment featured a reward which was related to participants' choices (implying a so-called induced-preference approach). The other experiment featured a fixed participation fee (a stated-preference approach). Results suggest that the developed model succeeds in capturing subtle behaviors related to the use of ICT; evidence for the usefulness of the induced-preference approach is mixed, at best.


Primary literacy involves many different learning processes, which can make it challenging to teach, particularly in diverse classroom environments. Combining an examination of theory and research with practical case studies and real examples of teaching practice, this book shows trainee and early career teachers how to engage and motivate children to develop a range of primary English skills. Chapters incorporate broader aspects of primary teaching such as active learning, self-regulation and assessment, and activities and discussion points explore how to apply important principles to your own teaching. Drawing from international research and aware of policy developments in different countries, the book covers key topics on primary teacher education courses, including: •The foundations of reading, writing and oracy skills •Planning, assessment and classroom organisation •Using new technologies and social media as tools for learning •Engaging with the literacy needs of diverse learners. This is essential reading for students on university-based and school-based courses preparing to teach in primary education, and early career teachers seeking to continue their professional learning.


Photovoltaic cells have been used for a long time to supply the electrical devices of small power in areas without access to the electricity networks (or other sources of electric energy). The ecological aspect of the use of the renewable energy sources, together with the technology development and increasingly lower costs of production the photovoltaic cells, cause the increase of their application. The solar power plants are built in several places in the world, not necessarily in the areas of high light intensity. Nowadays, such developments mostly depend on the wealth of a particular country. The largest photovoltaic power stations have power of a several dozen of MW. The major disadvantage of the photovoltaic cells is that the energy production is possible only during the day. This causes a necessity of energy accumulation in large photovoltaic systems. One possibility of storing large amounts of energy gives a hydrogen fuel, generated in the electrolysers powered directly from photovoltaic cells. Hydrogen, stored in pressure tanks or in tanks with synthetic porous materials, can be again used to produce electricity in fuel cells. This paper introduces selected is-sues and test results associated with the use of photovoltaic cells to power the hydrogen generators. The possible connections of photovoltaic modules integrated with electrolysers were analyzed. In this article the results of the electricity daily production by polycrystalline photovoltaic cells, collected in the course of the entire year were also presented.


Forecasting of consumer electricity usages plays an important role to make total smart grid system more reliable. As the activities of individual residential consumers has many uncertain variables, it is hard to accurately forecast the residential load levels. For planning of the electrical resources and to balance demand and supply, accurate forecasting tasks are critical. This paper presents Deep Neural Network (DNN) based short term load forecasting for Residential consumers. In this work, we compare the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) value for residential electricity dataset using different types recurrent neural network (RNN). Our preliminary results indicate that Long short-term memory (LSTM) based RNN performed better compared with simple RNN and gated recurrent unit (GRU) RNN for a single user with 1-minute resolution based on one year of historical data sets.


The invention relates to a device for performing and verifying therapeutic radiation. An x-ray (4) is arranged across from a target volume (3) of the beam source (11) for the high-energy beam (1) in such a way that the beams (1, 4) run in essentially opposite directions (5, 6). The invention also relates to a computer program and a control method for operating said device. The inventive device makes it possible to exactly verify areas (16, 16', 16') that are subjected to different levels of radiation, the entire anatomy of the target volume (3), and the surroundings thereof in addition to the contour of the therapy beam (1). The x-ray (4) detects the anatomy and position of the patient (21) within the range of the target volume (3) before the high-energy beam (1) is applied and then detects the shape of the applied high-energy beam (1) and areas (16, 16', 16') that are subjected to different levels of radiation as well as at least one partial segment of the target volume (3) during the emission breaks of the high-energy beam (1). The detected datan is used for correcting the treatment plan.


The study aims to evaluate nuggets substituted with chicken intestine and breadfruit flour. The treatment consisted of 100% topica flour (P1), and substitution with breadfruit flour each of 15% (P2), 25% (P3), 35% (P4), 50% (P5), 65% (P6), 75% (P7), 85% (P8), 100% (P9). The study showed that the water content of P4 nugget to 100% (P9) was significantly lower than the control (P1). 100% ash content substitution nugget (P9) breadfruit flour was significantly higher than the control. The substitution of breadfruit flour does not affect protein and fat. It was concluded that the substitution of breadfruit flour with tapioca in the manufacture of the nugget was significantly different in water content and ash, but protein and fat content of the resulting nugget were relatively the same. The composition of 50% substitution nugget tapioca flour and breadfruit 50% (P5) contains 61.5% water, 1.65% ash, 17.55% protein, and 17.72% fat.


We report in this paper for the first time the results of long lifetimes in Cr'+-ion activated silicate glass at room temperature, and explain the structural mechanism underpinning the long metastable lifetimes and broad emission in the telecommunication windows for designing fibre and planar lasers, amplifiers, and integrated devices. The Cr'c.4t-ions in glass and crystal hosts exhibit strong vibronic coupling of 3d-electrons leading to significantly broadened energy levels, compared to the shielded 4f electrons in the rare-earth ions. The vibronically broadened states are strongly dependent on the ion-host interaction, site symmetry, and dopant ion co-ordination field. The observed broadband emission in fosterite (MgZSiOJ) crystals covering near1 400 nm broadband in the


To date, the design of externally coupled klystron cavities has been performed experimentally, with several weeks of fabrication and testing required to achieve the desired resonance frequency and Q for a typical new design. The application of computer-aided analysis to this design problem has achieved significant results, which are presented in this paper.<<ETX>>


An efficiency of heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) plays an important role in the power productivity of combined cycle power plants. One of the essential systems in HRSG related to efficiency is high pressure (HP) economizer and high pressure (HP) evaporator. This paper presents a solution to overcome HRSG which has decreased energy performance output from low production high pressure steam flow system. The proposed method solves the problems associated with increasing the energy output performance of HRSG by increasing steam production. HP economizer and HP evaporator tube replacement solutions are based on the idea that high pressure steam system production is reduced due to low heat absorption due to blocking of gas flows from waste trapped between the fintubes that cannot be cleaned by water jet method, another thing is result of the assessment which the number of tubes below the minimum allowable wall thickness. The feasibility of this concept is assessed based on the calculation of the increase in steam production and energy output of HRSG using the thermodynamic concept. Steam production and energy output compared between at commissioning, before replacement tubes and after replacement tubes. The results presents that there is returned HP steam flow in HRSG output by 45.17 percent. The method proposed in this paper can be used for HRSG which has experienced decrease in performance at the high pressure system output flow due to low heat absorption, especially for horizontal dual pressure type HRSGs with an operating life of more than 20 years.


Wavelength stability with respect to temperature for Fiber grating external cavity semiconductor lasers (FG-ECL) is analyzed theoretically. It is found that the use of temperature insensitive fiber grating can decrease the thermal induced wavelength shift, but simultaneously, reduce the temperature interval of mode hopping. Furthermore, a method is proposed to suppress the thermal induced mode hopping and wavelength shift in FG-ECL.


The number of empirical studies using daily stock returns is rapidly increasing.' Researchers generally assume that the distribution of stock returns is identical for all days of the week-a convenient statistical assumption but not a necessary condition of market equilibrium. Nevertheless, there are reasons to suspect that the distribution of returns may vary according to the day of the week; the most obvious is the impact of weekends on Monday's return. Since Monday's return is calculated over three instead of one calender day, the mean and variance may well be higher on Monday compared with any other daily return (perhaps three times as large). Previous research has examined the daily distribution of stock returns for a Monday effect. While Fama (1965) does not compare daily mean returns, he does report that Monday's variance is about 20o greater than other daily returns. With A traditional distributional assumption regarding the returns on a financial asset specifies that the expected returns are identical for all days of the week. Contrary to this plausible assumption, this paper discovers that the expected returns on common stocks and treasury bills are not constant across days of the week. The most notable evidence is for Monday's returns where the mean is unusually low or even negative. Several explanations of the results are investigated, but none proves satisfactory. Aside from documenting significant day of the week effects, the implications of the results for tests of market efficiency are examined. While market-adjusted returns continue to exhibit day of the week effects, these effects are no longer concentrated on Monday. * During the last year we have had many conversations with our colleagues throughout the professions. We are particularly thankful to the participants at sessions of the Western and American Finance Associations where preliminary versions of this paper were presented. Special thanks are due to Gene Fama, Gailen Hite, Jon Ingersoll, Robert Jarrow, Merton Miller, Clifford Smith and Rex Thompson. The expert research assistance of Frank Rabinovitch and YoungSup Yun is gratefully acknowledged. 1. The list of papers using daily stock returns is too long to name. Recent examples include Charest (1978), Dodd (1980), Banz (1981), and Reinganum (1981).