At home and abroad,publicness is regarded as the nature of Country(Government) and public policy.Foreign scholars think that main reasons of deviation of public policy′s publicness contain objective and subjective reasons and defect of public administration theory.Performances about deviation of public policy′s publicness contain: On the one hand,the government should act,but for various reasons,the government tries to delay or has no action;On the other hand,the government has done,because of subjective and objective reasons,deviated from the public interest,resulting in deviation from the publicness of public policy.Causes of deviation contain: The role of government dislocated,law′s soft constraint,the imbalance between supply and demand of public policy,deviating publicness during identification,implementation,evaluation of public policy.Measures of overcoming the deviation of public policy′s publicness contain: Culture innovation of the government;promoting opening government information,building a transparent e-government;improving mechanism of going behind responsibility of the government;improving public finance system for the publicness of public policy to provide material protection.


Case Report: We report the case of a 29-year-old patient who presented with typical infarctoid pain and notion of intermittent claudication of the lower limbs, in whom clinical examination found subacute ischemia of the lower limbs. The trans-thoracic echocardiography show an apex akinesia with voluminous apical thrombus, an arterial doppler confirming an arterial obliterant arteropathy of the lower limbs.


Taking advantage of innovation resources in the most effective way, reducing unemployment in agriculture and providing regular employment are one of the important problems must be solved in Turkey. Innovation must be encouraged and supported in order to solve these problems. Increasing the level of consciousness and awareness of farmers increases the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship understanding in corporate organizations that affect positively. Innovative farmers who are aware of the importance of innovation and R & D seem to have not been able to make the most effective use of support for innovation, support for grants and incentives for institutions and organizations because they do not have enough information about the support they provide. This shows the importance of supporting organizations in Turkey. The aim of this study will be to give some detailed information about some of the organizations that are working to support innovative activities in Turkey.


How does one define the "national security research bureaucracy" (NSRB) in the Chinese context and are there enough empirical data to sustain an article on this topic? The definition one chooses directly determines the data base one uses and, in turn, answers the question of the viability of the topic.


During the last years, the evolution occurred in WWW and communication technologies has enabled access to e-Services via diverse means and locations. E-learning systems presenting diverse features and functionality are implemented en masse. We propose a management framework that acts as a facilitator among e-learning systems, learners, underlying communication infrastructure, learning content and provided learning methods, offering an integrated management architecture, while at the same time, it acts as a broker for e-learning and content providing systems. A key characteristic of proposed architecture is detection and management of parameters, which change dynamically at each user session and mainly concern connection context and access device characteristics. In this paper, we present content and e-learning provision services context, resulting in features and capabilities that a management and brokerage framework should support. We outline key features of proposed architecture and present main functional services supported by proposed framework. A use scenario is also presented and we conclude with summarizing main points of proposed management framework.


This paper recounts the experiences of the SAOL Project over a 14 month period. It includes a description of the context in which SAOL operates and the project's work with women who are drug users in the North Inner City of Dublin. The SAOL Project is a two year pilot programme for former and stable women drug users. The aim is to move from addiction and dependency to self direction and self reliance, it operates on the basis of social justice, adult education and community development principles, and focuses on re-integration into the community. SAOL does not operate an abstinence model. Use of methadone maintenance is an informed decision by its clients. Drug use for women is interconnected with the problems of poor housing, domestic abuse, low levels of nutrition and medical services. Often a woman drug user is frightened to say that she cannot cope because this type of exposure might suggest to the authorities the she is not a capable mother


The paper present the dynamic oscillation of the electric power system. The concept of system resilience that functions for machines that move normally and can return to a stable state after a disturbance occurs. Oscillation of changes in speed and oscillation changes in the electric power system occur due to disturbances. Disturbance in electricity causes an electric current that works on the system beyond the nominal current. The effect of the current disturbance will have an impact on changes in the current torque parameters that cause prime-over instability when the generator is operating. This instability will affect the rotor speed and the voltage emitted by the generator. Dynamic oscillation repair testing by applying phase compensation control and PID-Controller on the excitation system is done to see the response of speed and voltage response when the system is experiencing interference. Observation of system oscillation response using matlab simulation to see system performance. The simulation results show that dynamic stability improvement with phase compensation method can reduce oscillation speed and voltage within 6 seconds and the use of PID-controller can reduce the speed and voltage in 3 seconds. The phase compensation method and PIDcontroller applied to the excitation system can reduce the electric power system oscillation.


Charge transfer in collisions of Si4+ ions with He atoms below 100 keV/u is studied by using a molecular orbital representation within both the semiclassical and quantal representations. Single transfer reaction Si4+ + He → Si3+ + He+ has been studied by a number of theoretical investigations. In addition to the reaction (1), the first semiclassical MOCC calculations are performed for the double transfer channel Si4+ + He → Si2+ + He2+ Nine molecular states that connect both with single and double electron transfer processes are considered in the present model. Electronic states and corresponding couplings are determined by the multireference single- and double- excitation configuration interaction method. The present cross sections tie well with the earlier calculations of Stancil et al., Phys. Rev. A 55, 1064 (1997) at lower energies, but show a rather different magnitude from those of Bacchus-Montabonel and Ceyzeriat, Phys. Rev. A 58, 1162 (1998). The present rate constant is found to be significantly different from the experimental finding of Fang and Kwong, Phys. Rev. A 59, 342 (1996) at 4,600 K, and hence does not support the experiment.


nucleophilic anion. Recently, Teixidor and co-workers reported that this cosane presented an amphiphilic character that led to the formation of monolayer vesicles at low concentration in water and small micelles at higher concentrations. All these properties make it suitable for the stabilization of transient complex cation particles in catalysis and for use as a strong non-oxidizing acid or as a solid electrolyte. It has also been proposed as a doping agent in conducting polymers and as an extractant of radionuclides. The cobaltabisdicarbollide and its derivatives have several applications in medicine, for instance as specific inhibitors of HIV protease and for boron neutron capture therapy of cancer (BNCT). The use of cobaltabisdicarbollide in ion-selective poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrodes for chiral amino acids and tuberculosis drug analysis has been recently published. Great expectations have risen from these promising pharmaceutical tectons, and studies about their type of binding in the solid state, or association in solution, are being developed in order to understand the behavior of these borane compounds and their influence on biological mechanisms. The modification of surfaces with boron clusters to obtain new materials with specific properties and applications resulting from the presence of these compounds has recently attracted much attention. The functionalization of gold, silver, and magnetic nanoparticle surfaces with charge-neutral ortho-carborane derivatives has been reported. Nevertheless, to our knowledge very few examples of surface functionalization with the cobaltabisdicarbollide anion have been described. Recently, we reported the surface functionalization of TiO2 nanoparticles with the cobaltabisdicarbollide anion, in which two phosphorous-containing cobaltabisdicarbollide derivatives Cs ACHTUNGTRENNUNG[1,1'-m-(HO)(O)P-3,3'-Co(1,2C2B9H10)2], and Cs ACHTUNGTRENNUNG[8,8'-m-(OH)(O)-P(O)2-3,3'-Co(1,2C2B9H10)2] were grafted to the nanoparticles. [13]


Vehicles have become an integral part of everyone's life. As we know that a coin has two sides that have their own effects, one of the main side effects is air pollution. Every vehicle is having emission but the problem occurs when it is beyond the standardized level. This emission from vehicles cannot be completely avoided but, it definitely controlled. Now a day accidents is a common feature of deaths. The common feature of accidents will be rash driving, drunk and driving, due to minor drivers etc. Rash driving is a nature of driver which causes panic in the traffic and finally leads to accidents. These are critical things to control so we aim to develop a system that reduce rash driving. As a solution to the above problems we aim to build an automated control system for air pollution detection and rash driving prevention in vehicles. This emission of hazards gases can be control by the evolvement of semi-conductor sensor system. Sensors in the system detect the level of pollution gases along with level of ethanol in driver's breath & indicate it on the display. If the pollution level goes beyond the threshold level the microcontroller alerts the buzzer and displays pollution level on LCD. At the same time, microcontroller activates the timer that indicates vehicle will be stopped after predefined time if appropriate action is not taken by driver. When timer run-out, the vehicle will be get stop due to the fuel supply to engine get stop. For that a relay circuit is used. The GSM sends the alert SMS at registered mobile number with vehicle current location using GPS in the latitude & longitude values.


These two books share the same concern, namely the continued lack of educational success for students from disadvantaged/non-traditional backgrounds, but their approaches are quite different. Bowl reports an in-depth longitudinal study of a small group of mainly female, single parents attending a 'reachout' project in the community, most of whom eventually enter some form of higher education. It unashamedly and quite rightly gives voice to the students themselves. In contrast, Thomas et al's edited book presents a series of case studies focusing primarily on educationalists' attempts to 'build bridges' between, and ease transfer into, further and higher education. There are eight contributions to the debate in Thomas et al's edited book, including case study examples from the USA, New Zealand, Australia and Britain. Vincent Tinto outlines 'conditions for student success' in chapter 1, and his 'model of retention' is revisited in the final chapter by Abramson and Jones. Unlike Bowl, Tinto and other contributors to Thomas et al's book are primarily concerned with the conditions and experiences of students in educational establishments which might impact upon progression and retention rates, (a) because it is within their power to alter these, and (b) because educational establishments cannot change students' lives outside the institution. For Tinto the emphasis is, as always, on institutional integration, involvement and support. Other contributors focus on preparation for admission, 'bridging' students into higher education, supporting progression and transition, and supporting students once there. The most interesting case is that of 'Maia', a one-stop shop for Maori students (chapter 7, Benseman et al.) where culture, language, role models, financial and academic support are all addressed to improve retention amongst Maori students. This is the closest one gets to an Cambridge Journal of Education Vol. 35, No. 2, June 2005, pp. 275–293


Objective To explore the relationship between insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1),superoxide dismutase(SOD) and osteoporosis(OP) in elderly.Methods IGF-1,SOD and bone mineral density(BMD) in 150 senile OP patients(group A) and 124 normal elderly as normal controls(group B) were determined.And then the results were compared and analyzed between the two groups.Results The levels of IGF-1,SOD and BMD in the senile OP sufferers were all lower than those in the controls,respectively(110.30±41.79) μg/L vs(186.13±68.13) μg/L,(89.57±18.67) kU/L vs(109.86±17.97) kU/L,BMD values in different positions of group A were significantly lower than those of group B(all P0.01).And there was a positive correlation between IGF-1,SOD and BMD.Conclusion The levels of IGF-1,SOD and BMD in the senile OP sufferers are obviously lower than those in the healthy elderly.And IGF-1 and SOD are closely correlated for the occurrence and development of senile OP.


Summary form only given. Second harmonic generation (SHG) is investigated in planar waveguide geometry under conditions for which the use of a linear grating fabricated on top of the waveguide reproduces a photonic band-gap structure. The fundamental mode of the guide, which coincides with the fundamental pump frequency, is tuned at the photonic band edge resonance in order to enhance field localization effects. However, the linear grating alone is not able to produce both field confinement and phase-matching of the SHG process. Phase-matching is obtained with the additional modulation of the nonlinear susceptibility /spl chi//sup (2)/, as in conventional quasiphase-matching schemes. The conversion efficiency achieved using both linear and nonlinear gratings is orders of magnitude greater than that of a quasi-phase-matched device of the same length. Enhancement of the second harmonic generation (SHG) in Cerenkov configuration is also investigated.


Energy efficient buildings are buildings that consume less energy while also maintaining or improving the comfort conditions for their occupants, compared to the normal building type. Such buildings result not only in less negative impact on the environment, but are economically sustainable and resilient. This study investigated the extent to which building professional firms in Abuja, Nigeria are aware and implement the different energy efficiency design strategies available for deployment in office buildings, in order to ascertain the current level of knowledge and implementation of the strategies within the building industry in the study area. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from 80 professionals drawn from architectural and engineering firms involved in the design of office buildings in the study area. The data were analysed by descriptive statistics and the results indicate that both the awareness and implementation levels of energy efficiency design strategies by the firms are high. Whereas most (78%) of the respondents are aware of the various energy efficiency design strategies employed in office building designs, few (22%) of them have little or no knowledge of the strategies investigated. On the implementation level, majority (69%) of the participants recorded a high rate, while few (31%) recorded a low rate. The study also found that the strategies the firms are mostly aware of are site planning, natural ventilation and building orientation. Whereas, the three most adopted strategies among the strategies investigated are: building plan and space organisation; site planning and building orientation. Among the recommendations of the study is that relevant stakeholders of the building industry in the country, should provide platforms from time to time for promoting the benefits of energy efficiency design strategies in the country, in order to maintain the high level of understanding and deployment of the strategies by the building professionals that currently exist in the study area. This is envisaged to ultimately lead to curtailing the adverse effects of global warming on the environment in the long run.


Abstract Concrete structures must be sized to ensure stability over their lifetime. Moreover, there are criteria that must be followed for fire safety verification. Given this context, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the partial and integral replacement of CPII-Z32 cement by a refractory cement in concrete compositions related to the residual properties after exposure to different temperature levels. For the tests, cylindrical specimens were molded with cement replacement percentages of 0% (reference), 50%, and 100%, and exposed at 450 °C and 900 °C without load. The results showed a change in the color of the specimens and a reduction of the mechanical strength with increasing temperature. The increase in the percentage of refractory cement resulted in lower heat conduction for the concrete made with this material.


So by placing a barrier layer having a larger band gap than the light absorbing layer between the pinned layer and the light absorbing layer, the photodetector is a photodetector and a manufacturing method of reducing the flow of the dark current which may occur before the light is incident are provided on. Disclosed the photodetector has a substrate; An insulating layer formed on the substrate; So the first pinned layer formed on said insulating layer; Said first 2D Yes material layer formed on the pinned layer; Yes second pinned layer 2D formed on the material layer; So the first first electrode formed on the pinned layer; And said second yes second electrode formed on the pinned layer; including, 2D and the material layer comprises a barrier layer and a light absorption layer, the barrier layer has a larger band gap than the light absorbing layer.


Utilization of illicit drugs in Nigeria have become a menace in our society which had equally aggravated the antisocial behaviours among the young and the old. This had tremendously increased the numbers of mentally ill individuals in the nation. Hence, this study employed cross-sectional survey of quantitative research design to explored predictors and patterns of marijuana use among adolescents in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo State. The objectives of the study are to: assess adolescents' level of knowledge about marijuana; assess the pattern of marijuana use among adolescents; examine the effect of socioeconomic status of parents on the adolescents' use of marijuana; Find out the influence of peer group on adolescents use of marijuana; determine the adolescents' perception of marijuana as a drug of social influence. Multistage sampling technique were used to select 432 respondents from four district/areas of the local government. Self designed semi-structured questionnaire was used in data collection that spanned seven month, and data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The result revealed that majority of the respondents were introduced to marijuana by friends. However, it was also revealed that most respondents disagreed that adolescents from rich parents smoke marijuana more than those from poor parents. In addition, majority of the respondents admitted that marijuana is used to withstand stressful situation and obtain relief from social pressure. It was also revealed that marijuana as a drug has some therapeutic benefits to the body. In conclusion, utilization of marijuana among adolescents has become rampant to the extent that respondents believed on the positive effects without considering the long term negative effects of marijuana use.


Accurate and timely macro forecasting requires new and powerful predictors. Carbon emissions data with high trading frequency and short releasing lag could play such a role under the framework of mixed data sampling regression techniques. This paper explores the China case in this regard. We find that our multiple autoregressive distributed lag model with mixed data sampling method setup outperforms either the auto-regressive or autoregressive distributed lag benchmark in both in-sample and out-of-sample nowcasting for not only the monthly changes of the purchasing managers' index in China but also the Chinese quarterly GDP growth. Moreover, it is demonstrated that such capability operates better in nowcasting than h-step ahead forecasting, and remains prominent even after we account for commonly-used macroeconomic predictive factors. The underlying mechanism lies in the critical connection between the demand for carbon emission in excess of the expected quota and the production expansion decision of manufacturers.


The present article is a condensed account of an experiment in Grade VII A geography instruction which was conducted in 1923 in two public schools in New York City-Public School io and Public School 171, Manhattan-and which the writers plan to report in full technical detail at a later time. The results, however, are of sufficient general interest and usefulness to the teaching profession that a non-technical paper is, in the writers' opinion, desirable at the present time. The experiment was conducted through the courtesy and with the co-operation of the central school authorities; E. L. Crandall, director of visual instruction in the New York City schools; the principals of the schools; and the teachers of the classes. The outstanding features of the experiment were the care taken to remove factors that might affect the significance of the results, the use of several means to determine the effects of visual instruction, and the nature of the findings. Particular care was taken to have the methods of instruction constant for all groups; to have in the various groups, so far as possible, pupils of equal ability; and to keep the physical conditions, such as comfort, warmth, and ventilation of classroom, constant for the various groups. In Public School I7I the organization of the school is that of a junior high school; all the groups studied had the same teacher and used the same text. In Public School io, teachers were chosen whose work was considered by those in authority as being of equal merit; the groups used different textbooks. Both of the schools are for boys only; both schools are located in densely populated portions of Harlem; the pupils of both schools are, for the most part, American-born children of immigrants from Russia, Rumania, Poland, and Austria; the pupils of both schools come from families speaking both English and Yiddish; the pupils of both


Previous methods using low- or high-pressure liquid chromatography and UV absorbance for quantitation of arabinosides in plasma can practically detect only ≥200 ng of adenine arabinoside and ≥100 ng of hypoxanthine arabinoside per ml, and they require expensive equipment and expert technical assistance. We describe in this report a simple quantitative microbioassay for arabinosides in human plasma based on their ability to inhibit the cytopathic effect of vaccinia virus in an adenosine deaminase-free cell culture system. Using prior separation of nucleosides in plasma by thin-layer chromatography, followed by the microbioassay, we quantitated adenine arabinoside with a sensitivity of ∼4 ng/ml and hypoxanthine arabinoside at ∼625 ng/ml. This assay method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible, requires small plasma samples, measures biological activity, and is adaptable to routine use. It is an important tool for evaluating the pharmacology of adenine arabinoside and Ara-AMP in patients in current clinical trials.


Objectives: It is hypothesized that non-coplanar beam orientation optimized 4pi radiotherapy is dosimetrically superior to manually created non-coplanar volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans that are practical to deliver on existing C-arm linacs. We test the hypothesis in this prospective trial. The goal of the trial is to test the safety, patient tolerance, intrafractional motion and delivery efficiency of 4pi treatments. Methods: Seven patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) have enrolled in the ongoing trial. All patients received 60 Gy to their primary PTV on prior treatment. Both 4pi and non-coplanar VMAT plans were created and compared in dosimetric metrics, including target dose homogeneity and normal organ sparing. The 4pi plans were initially created using an in-house beam orientation optimization program and subsequently imported into the traditional treatment planning system for dose recalculation and creation of clinically deliverable plans. A machine and human 3D model were used to eliminate undeliverable beams. In the 4pi plans, 14-19 non-coplanar beams were used, and 3 full and partial arcs were used in VMAT plans. One of the seven patients was not treated due to near-maximum-tolerance dose to the brainstem from the prior treatment; another patient received VMAT because of undemanding dosimetry. Five patients received 4pi treatment of 25 Gy in 5 fractions (3) or 30 Gy in 10 fractions (2). Radiosurgical masks were used for immobilization. Patients were set up based on initial CBCT. Three additional 2D X-ray images were taken to determine the intrafractional motion. A patient survey was conducted after every fraction of treatment. Results: Overall, 4pi plans showed either unchanged (p>0.05) or significant reductions in organs at risk (OAR) mean and max doses (p<0.05). The most clinically relevant dose improvement was a 38.4% reduction in the brainstem max dose. The 4pi treatment was well tolerated by the five treated patients. One patient experienced moderate discomfort with positioning on the last 3/10 fractions, but tolerated the treatment without incident. The total treatment time ranged from 26 minutes with remote couch rotation to 49 minutes with manual couch rotation. The intrafractional motion was less than 1 mm for all fractions of treatment. Conclusions: We demonstrated the feasibility of delivering beam orientation and fluence optimized non-coplanar 4pi treatment, with minimal intrafractional motion. The treatments Open Access Abstract


This paper presents a method for regulating the transferred power to ICPT pickups.A phase-controlled variable inductor was dynamically switched by changing conduction delay angles,and the pick-up circuit was tunned or detuned to maintain constant output voltage and regulate the transferred power.The equivalent inductance of the phase-controlled inductor was derived out.Effect of the detuned inductance in regulating output voltage and the transferred power was systematically analyzed.The control method for a constant output voltage was obtained using the variation curve between the output voltage and the delay angle.The resonant circuit parameters of the power pickup were deliberately designed.Soft switching was achieved in controlling the phase-controlled inductor.Power losses were reduced significantly and maximum power transfer capability was unaffected.Simulations are carried out and the results show that with the proposed method,a significant improvement is achieved in regulating transferred power under variable load ratings.


Abstract Bright moonlight is thought to increase predation risk for nocturnal rodents and consequently reduce their activity levels and capture rates. We examined the effect of moonlight on the foraging activity and capture success of the federally endangered giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) in the Carrizo Plain National Monument, California. D. ingens is adapted to open grasslands, a habitat type where moonlight should strongly influence its visibility to predators. Using a trapping data set of 11,353 captures from 2007 to 2009 and accounting for factors such as cloud cover, temperature, abundance of the San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica), plant biomass, trap acclimation, and trap effort, we found a consistently positive effect of moonlight on capture success. In foraging trials we detected no effect of moonlight on giving-up densities or time spent at seed piles. Our results suggest that giant kangaroo rats do not perceive a higher risk of predation in bright moonlight. Nocturnal rodents that rely on early visual detection of predators might benefit from moonlight as much as their predators do, thus resulting in no net change in predation risk.


Objective: To assess the additional effects of Myofascial Release (MFR) on gross motor and fine motor functions and on spasticity. Design: An Experimental Study Setting: Tertiary hospitals, private clinics/institutions. Subjects: 20 patients with hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy (CP) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to either experimental group (n=10) or the conventional group (n=10) Intervention: The experimental group received MFR along with Conventional treatment three times a week for 4 weeks. The conventional group received general exercise protocol for the same duration. Outcomes: The outcome measures were Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST) and Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS). Results: A total of 20 subjects completed the 4 weeks study program. Post treatment, there was a significant decrease in the values of the MTS in both the groups. There was a significant increase in the scores of the QUEST scale within both the groups; as well as significant change between the two groups. The QUEST's Gross Motor and Fine motor Domains showed a significant improvement in the experimental group. There was a significant difference in the total QUEST score within the groups pretreatment and post treatment. Conclusion: The study showed that MFR has an additional effect on quality of upper extremity function.


This paper examines the dynamics of the financial system including banks and Decentralized Financial Systems (DFS) in Benin. While the reforms have produced the expected effect in terms of financial depth, compared to other developing countries, financial deepening is still weak - despite a remarkable contribution of DFS - with respect to the economy's mediumand long-term production or growth objectives. The result is an expansion of financial dualism with the financial micro intermediationdevelopment. Is the consequent financial architecture efficient in providing appropriate solutions to the economy's financing constraints? Concentration and competition are evaluated according to different indicators: the market shares of the first banks, the Lerner index and the H-statistics indicate a concentration structure with a low level of competition. If this has improved since 2010, they call for an analysis of the efficiency of the banking market in Benin. We apply then the Panzar and Rosse methodologyto account for technical inefficiencies in the banking system as a whole. The results confirm the absence of an explicit relationship between competition and efficiency; they also recommend a better organization of the Benin's financial system to meet the requirements of financial stability, economy financing, and financial inclusion.


The purpose of the experiment was to examine the effects of the presence of an observer on self-presentation in a delayed choice reaction setting. Sixty-seven university undergraduates were divided into two groups. Group 1 was given a delayed choice reaction task under two different conditons, first with the subjects in isolation and second with the subjects in front of an audience. Group 2 was administered a delayed choice reaction task only in a condition of isolation. After the subjects had made the choice, they were asked both to rate how confident they felt that their response was correct and to choose whether they wished to see the results on a CRT. Latency was found to be substantially longer in the presence of an audience in the case of rating times (Fig. 1), especially when the subjects judged their choice "extremly confident" (Fig. 2). The results arediscussed in terms of the drive and self-presentational theories of social facilitaion.


By coincidence Hardiman was born in the very year of India's independence, in Rawalpindi, the son of a British army officer. He appears to have devoted much of his life as as an academic to the study of Indian nationalism. This work, carried out since his retirement from Warwick University and to be completed by a promised second volume, is a tribute to a career of diligent research and of years of fieldwork mainly in Gujarat.


Hate speech existed even before the world gained a digital dimension. But unlike the past, with the widespread use of the Internet this language that carries violent, racist, sexist and hostile notes acquired a plane that enables it to spread much faster over these networks. Extant literature shows us that groups that are exposed o this speech the most are women, LGBT individuals, racial and religious minorities, foreigners, immigrants and refugees. It is a wellknown fact that the regions that experience that most immigrant mobility are South Sudan, Afghanistan and Syria. This study focuses on online hate speech directed at Syrian immigrants. The objective is to reveal the hate speech generated by users on Syrian immigrants and circulated on YouTube and to show through which speech practices this takes place. As a result of this study, it was observed that Syrians were stigmatized with negatives labels such as "traitors, a potential threat, overstepping, the sources of financial difficulties."


Pure polycrystalline Al (99.998%) was oxidized in dry oxygen and water. The surface products formed were analysed by ESCA. The thicknesses of the amorphous Al2O3 formed during oxidation for 1 h in dry oxygen at 25°C and 250°C are 14 and 20 A, respectively. During exposure of the oxidized sample to water a surface layer of amorphous Al2O3 in hydrated and Al(OH)3 is formed by the reaction: Al2O3 + 3H2O⇄2Al(OH)3. The hydroxide is not stable in a vacuum. During analysis in the ESCA instrument, Al(OH)3 is decomposed to Al2O3 and H2O because the equilibrium pressure of H2O is higher than the partial pressure of water in the vacuum system. It is found that a 7 A thick layer of Al2O3 is formed on the surface of Al(OH)3. The binding energies of the Al3+(2p) and O2−(1s) signals recorded from Al2O3 formed on Al at 22°C and at 250°C are 75.8 and 532.7 eV, respectively. The binding energies of these peaks are 0.6 eV lower for a sample preoxidized at 250°C and then exposed to a humid atmosphere and immediately analysed. It is suggested that the change of the binding energy is due to set up of a space charge during exposure to a humid atmosphere. After exposure for a long time to a humid atmosphere the charging decays and the binding energies approach their normal values.


Indirect evidence suggests that prolactin exerts its physiological action without entering the cell. When linked to the inert polymer Sepharose beads which presumably do not enter the cell, prolactin exerts its biological activity on mouse mammary tissue in vitro (Turkington, 1970). In this respect, prolactin is similar to insulin (Cuatrecasas, 1969) and to the other polypeptide hormones and catecholamines (Khan & Roth, 1975). In uitro, ''I ovine prolactin binds preferentially to the subcellular fractions containing the cytoplasmic membranes of the rabbit mammary gland (Shiu et al., 1973). Injected in uiuo it tends to accumulate on the surface of the vascular pole of the mammary epithelial cells in the rabbit (Birkinshaw & Falconer, 1972). These pieces of evidence suggest that the first step in the cellular action of prolactin is its 'interaction' with structures located on the outer surface of the Cytoplasmic membrane, which have been termed 'receptors'. When the interaction between ''I prolactin and its receptors takes place in uirro, the hormone remains in equilibrium with prolactin in extracellular fluid and can be displaced from the membrane receptors by excess unlabelled hormone. The fraction of the bound labelled prolactin which is displaced by the,corresponding cold hormone is considered to be 'specifically' bound, and to represent an index of the biological activity of the hormone on that tissue. Indeed, good quantitative correlations have been demonstrated between specific binding and the biological activity as studied by the pigeon crop sac assay and by the in vitro mouse mammary gland assay (Friesen et al., 1973; Frantz ef a l , 1974). After binding to the receptor, the hormone remains unaltered, since '1 prolactin eluted from the complex hormone-receptor with excess cold hormone or alkali, retains its ability to react to the membrane binding sites or with specific antisera (Frantz et a!., 1974; Shiu & Friesen, 1974a). The study of membrane receptors for polypeptide hormones resulted in several lines of investigation, all of which are applicable to prolactin and its receptors. For example, possible new target tissues have been recognized because specific binding sites have been found on these tissues although a physiological action of the hormone on them was not suspected (Aragona & Friesen, 1975; Posner et al., 1974a). Correspondence: Dr F. Gornez, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E OW3.


To date, there has been a dearth of coherent argument on this side of the issue. Frankly, the arguments put forward, with rare exception, smack of the kind of "fuzzy thinking" that makes our conservative brothers and sisters so frustrated. It need not be so. A clear, concise argument can be built from the Holy Scriptures for the consecration of Gene Robinson, or any other homosexual person, assuming no other "impediments." I propose to offer that argument here.


Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758, Giant Anteater, is a very sensitive species in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, a region of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais responsible for a large part of the country's iron ore production. Information on the occurrence of this species in the area is limited to literature reviews, data papers, and interviews. Here, we present the first record of M. tridactyla from the Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Poço Fundo (a natural heritage private reserve) and what is likely to be only the fifth record from the Quadrilátero Ferrífero region. We highlight the importance of larger, connected areas for the long-term survival of this threat-ened species.


[Editors' Note: In keeping with JAF editorial practice, we engaged a single evaluator, Norm Cohen, for this special issue on country music. Because Cohen eschewed "de- tailed critiques" to emphasize additional matters worth pondering and researching, because he has the long view of a key contributor to the path-breaking 1965 JAF "Hillbilly" Issue, and because our editorial intention was to foster open discussion and debate through essays and commentaries, we herewith include his slightly revised remarks.]This is an interesting collection of articles-with lots of data, especially from field- work-that together raise provocative points about hillbilly/country music. I see no need for any detailed critiques on my part. This is not to say I agree entirely with their theses, but I feel it is appropriate to bring this discussion to the open as a proposed antithesis to the original thesis that has come to be associated with Bill C. Malone's name. It's surprising that it has taken this long for the troops to come up out of the trenches. I suspect there will eventually be a synthesis that takes a measured middle view. That said, I have a few thoughts to share with the editors and authors.A major theme of these papers is the extent to which "hillbilly" music is not ac- curately characterized as "southern." Malone is repeatedly blamed for this association, but he is not its author. Academics in general, and most fans, since the 1950s, have made this assumption. Older still, the industry itself did as much-in their choice of locations for field recordings, in where the records were primarily placed for sale, and also in their advertising copy; the author of "The New York Sound: Citybilly Record- ing Artists and the Creation of Hillbilly Music, 1924-1932," Patrick Huber, cites the Old Time Melodies of the Sunny South brochure issued by Victor in 1926. Brunswick designated their hillbilly releases as "songs from Dixie."One academic who challenged the southern character of hillbilly was Simon Bron- ner-who may deserve more credit than he gets in these papers-although Tyler does refer to him. Bronner's work in the JEMF Quarterly [John Edwards Memorial Foun- dation Quarterly] elicited some strong negative reactions from some readers, who felt we were straying from our original charter (Bronner 1976). I believe some threat- ened to terminate their subscriptions if this sort of work continued.Huber's "New York Sound" discusses Vernon Dalhart at some length. Dalhart also evoked strong reactions, especially among urban aficionados. Dick Spottswood, whose ear is as good as anyone's, spoke of him with undisguised contempt. Even the more eclectic Mark Wilson was dubious about his hillbilly credentials. However, none of the southern musicians I spoke with had anything negative to say about him: I recall in particular Asa Martin and Buell Kazee, who were very approving.There is an interesting question in why the 1960s string band revival was so enam- ored of southeastern music to the exclusion of southwestern. I think some of this was due to the New Lost City Ramblers, who for many years virtually ignored the south- west (Eck Robertson was, of course, an exception). I suspect their bias may have been due as much to the high proportion of older traditional folk songs and ballads in the southeastern repertoire (absent in the southwest) as much as to instrumental differ- ences. Then, too, there may have been a semi-political agenda: easier to associate hillbilly/southeastern with Appalachian/Ozark poverty than it was for southwestern music.Tyler is quite right to criticize my focus on recordings to the exclusion of radio shows; I was uncomfortable at the time about making the assertion. But I felt that if there wasn't some reliability to the evidence presented in recordings, then there was no real justification for our studying them so intently-a position I didn't want to accept then. I doubt that radio shows will ever be able to present the quantitative evaluation that discs do, but that is a different question. …


A long-term goal of future naval shipboard power systems is the ability to manage energy flow with sufficient flexibility to accommodate future platform requirements such as, better survivability, continuity, and support of pulsed and other demanding loads. To attain this vision of   shipboard energy management, shipboard power and energy management systems must coordinate operation of all major components in real-time. The primary components of a shipboard power system are the generators, energy storage modules, and increasingly power electronics that interface those sources and main load centers to the system. Flexible management of energy flow throughout shipboard distribution systems can be realized by automated coordination of multiple power electronic converters along with storage and generation systems. Use of power converters in power distribution systems has continuously increased due to continued development of the power electronics building blocks (PEBB) concept which reduces cost and increasing reliability of converters. Recent developments in SiC power devices are yielding PEBBs with far greater switching frequencies than Si based devices resulting in an order of magnitude reduction of the time scales as compared to converter systems utilizing conventional IGBT based PEBBs. In addition there have also been advancements in highly modularized converter systems with hundreds of PEBBs such as the Modular Multilevel Converter. Both of those trends have resulted in the continued evolution of the Universal Controller Architecture which attempts to standardize control interfaces for modular power electronic systems.  Further development of interface definitions and increasing communication and computational capabilities of new FPGA based controllers provides opportunities beyond simply supporting SiC PEBBs. Fast control coordination across the system using an appropriate communication architecture provides a degree of energy management not previously realizable in shipboard power systems. The paper will present recent research results in networked control architectures for power electronic converter coordination and control. It will demonstrate that current FPGA and gigabit speed serial communication technologies allow for a very high degree of energy flow control.


This study aims to describe the variables and indicators that affect the performance of farmer groups in forest management before and after the determination of HTR area and analyze the performance of farmer groups in forest management before and after the determination of Community Timber Plantation area. This research is done by the study of diagnostic study and interview then data analysis is done with quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results show that the performance of farmer groups is strongly influenced by group work plans, management areas, land preparation and breeding processes. The performance of farmer groups as a whole is good / not good because not yet the issue of IUPHHK-HTR SK individually by Padang Pobbo forest farmer group.


Lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) has become a material of intense interest in recent years due to its low work function, thermal stability and intriguing optical properties. LaB6 is also a semiconductor plasmonic material with the ability to support strong plasmon modes. Some of these modes uniquely stretch into the infrared, allowing the material to absorb around 1000 nm, which is of great interest to the window industry. It is well known that the plasmon of LaB6 can be tuned by controlling particle size and shape. In this work, we explore the options available to further tune the optical properties by describing how metal vacancies and Eu doping concentrations are additional knobs for tuning the absorbance from the near-IR to far-IR in La1−xEuxB6 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0). We also report that there is a direct correlation between Eu concentration and metal vacancies within the Eu1−xLaxB6.


To achieve the flexible traffic offloading, significant user throughput improvement and mobility robustness, the Dual Connectivity (DC) is regarded as a promising technology in the future heterogeneous network. Recently, many technological issues on the resource allocation in heterogonous network have been studied, including how to improve overall system utility and fairness among users, but most studies assume all the involved UEs are with the capability of dual Radio. From the perspective of telecommunication operators, the experience of legacy UE with single radio should be also ensured in the initial phase of DC deployment. Different from the existing works, we investigate a radio resource allocation problem in LTE heterogeneous network with non-ideal flow control between MeNB and SeNB, as well as considering the penetration ratio of DC-capable UE. In order to reduce the computation complexity of the optimization problem, an optimal distributed resource allocation strategy is derived based on the indirect decomposition by introducing the reserved resource of macro cell. Lastly, the simulation results are provided to verify our analytical result, and demonstrate the improvement of both overall system utility and the fairness of resource allocation by the proposed algorithm.


Bowker,]. Licensed Insanities (Darton, Longman & Todd) £8.95 Carroll, D. What is Liberation Theology? (Mercier Press/Fowler Wright) £4.95 Chesney, R. J. Judgment (Pentland Press) £9.00 Davies, R. E. Making Sense ofthe Creeds (Epworth Press) £3.95 Hanson, A. T. & R. P. C. The Identity of the Church (SCM Press) £10.50 Helm, P. (ed.) Objective Knowledge (Inter-Varsity Press) £10.95 Kavanagh and Austin, whose interpretations of the early evidence cannot be ignored in any serious study. Moreover, David Holeton (a Canadian Anglican scholar) has written a trenchant assessment of Confirmation in Thurian's WCC collection of essays, Ecumenical Perspectives on Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry (I983) ; and Buchanan fails even to mention this. But perhaps most significant of all is the possible effect of the loss of Confirmation in Anglican piety, which (for Evangelicals of Buchanan's persuasion) would result in a rigorist infant baptism policy, followed immediately by Communion, but no doubt followed later on by various types of conversion experience, individually powerful in character, but ecclesially weak in content. Perhaps this is the path which many Christians tread in a complex world, but while it solves some pastoral problems, it raises other theological ones. However, this is common terrain, and Buchanan's documented tract should be read, not least by those who disagree with him, whether that be in the substance of his message (that Confirmation has run out of steam) or in the route through history which he himself takes in order to reach his poin t of arrival. In conclusion, we must wish this significant series well, as it now embarks on a betrothal with the Alcuin Club, in order to produce yet more weighty quarterly liturgical studies that will serve Church and scholarship in equal measure.


This study aims to determine and analyze how much influence the quality of service and social media to interest of blood donor volunteers at Unit Donor Darah PMI Kabupaten Gianyar. Results of data processing with SPSS For Windows Version 24 obtained the results of multiple linear regression results obtained results of multiple linear regression analysis Y =  4,982 + 0,088X1 + 0,439X2. The result of the analysis of multiple correlation is 0,730, lies between 0.60 to 0.799 which means there is a positive and strong correlation. Based on the result of determination analysis, the value of R2 stated that 55,1% of blood donor volunteer interest is influenced by both variables, service quality and social media, the rest 44,9% volunteer donor blood interest influenced by other variables outside of research. Simultaneously the quality of service and social media influence on the real interest of blood donor at Unit Donor Darah PMI Kabupaten  Gianyar. Partially, the  service quality (X1) and social media (X2) have positive and significant effect on interest  of blood donor volunteer in Unit Donor Darah PMI Kabupaten Gianyar. Thus the quality of service and social media is not only important for the company or profit organization but for non profit organization both of them give a positive effect. Especially for Unit Donor Darah PMI Kabupaten  Gianyar engaged in community services, especially blood transfusion.


One of the most common fungi with which the market pathologist must deal is the ubiquitous Fusarium. There are very few vegetables on which Fusarium does not occur, either as a primary or secondary incitant of decay, and so the problem of identification of Fusarium species is an ever present one. During the course of recent work with species of Fusarium isolated from decayed onion bulbs, one of the chief difficulties has been the production in artificial culture of sufficient normal macrospores for taxonomic studies. Various methods of inducing sporulation have been tried, but in many cases these were unsuccessful or only. inconsistently fruitful. Often microspores were produced in abundance but the macrospores, which are usually necessary for identification, were lacking. The consistent success of RAMSEY and BAILEY (14) in producing macrospores of the onion parasite Fusarium cepae Hanz. emend. LINK and BAILEY (8) upon irradiation with ultraviolet suggested the use of this method for unidentified strains of Fusarium from onion. In not all instances was the irradiation as beneficial as in the case of F. cepae, but in a large percentage of strains it was helpful and in some it induced marked increase in spore production.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of hydrogen peroxide administered in combination with 17 mineral and organic acids authorized for use in the food industry.


In 2019 and early 2020, drug pricing in the United States was a top concern of the public and therefore of politicians. President Trump, the moderate Democrats, the progressive Democrats, and some Republicans competed to denounce louder and regulate more substantially the manner by which pharmaceutical firms set their prices.1 With the advent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic, all the momentum was lost, and no major legislation was passed. The attention has shifted to finding therapies and vaccines to treat and prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and the US public wants more innovation, more manufacturing capacity, and more access for all. Only the usual industry critics are publicly concerned about price. An important question is whether the drug price reform debate was merely a tale told by novices, full of sound and fury, but signifying nothing, or whether there will be reform after COVID-19? In an article in JAMA Internal Medicine, Emanuel and coauthors2 remind physicians, the public, and politicians that drug prices have not decreased and that soon enough, when the pandemic begins to decline, it is likely that there will be further debate about the cost of drugs. The authors provide an answer to this concern and suggest that the United States should learn from its peers, from other developed nations that have created publicly accountable institutions for health technology assessment and drug price determination and that have reaped a return in the form of prices that are lower and better aligned with clinical value than drug prices in the United States. The authors summarize drug assessment and pricing of 6 nations with which the United States can be compared (Australia, France, Germany, Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) and derived 2 principal lessons. The first is that successful drug purchasing is built on scientifically independent and well-resourced health technology assessment entities, either inside or closely aligned with government. The second is that unified purchasing, informed by the health technology assessment, is essential for obtaining meaningful price discounts. Technology assessment has the potential to provide useful data to inform drug pricing. Payers in the United States (governmental programs, self-insured employers, insurers, pharmacy benefit managers) conduct their own implicit health technology assessments but usually without the transparency or evidence focus of the peer nations studied by Emanuel et al. Most US payers do not publish the basis for their drug formulary coverage and prior authorization policies. When they do, it becomes apparent that some payers interpret the clinical literature in idiosyncratic ways. A review of coverage policies from the largest 17 private payers in the United States reported that only 15% of 4811 coverage policies had cited the same study evaluating a specific drug for a specific indication.3 US payers should be required to conduct their assessments in a transparent manner, with public proceedings and published findings, and give a clear evidence-based rationale for formulary exclusions and prior authorization requirements. Patient advocacy organizations and professional societies should have an opportunity to review and comment. Mandated transparency would push US payers toward standardizing their methods, as is occurring in Europe. The approaches used for drug purchasing from the 6 countries studied by Emanuel et al also provide useful information regarding drug pricing. Payers in the United States negotiate discounts and rebates with drug manufacturers in ways not completely different from those used in other nations. In both contexts, payers have leverage over manufacturers to the extent payers can credibly restrict patient access to medications unless manufacturers offer a discount. This credibility varies across drugs depending on the physicians' ability to substitute therapeutically equivalent products. One role of health technology assessment in purchasing strategy is to highlight comparability across products and thereby enhance substitutability as a negotiating strategy. Payers in the United States are using the potential of access restriction ever more successfully. The rate of growth in net prices, after accounting for rebates, is difficult to observe due to confidentiality provisions in the rebate negotiations. Estimates by price analysis organizations indicate that US prices and spending, net of negotiated rebates, have been increasing only slowly or actually have been decreasing (in 2017-2019).4,5 There are 2 problems with the prevalent strategy for price negotiations in the United States. First, the interests of the payers are only imperfectly aligned with those of patients, employers, and taxpayers. Rebates are negotiated in strict confidence as are coverage and prior authorization decisions. Payers often favor high-price and high-rebate drugs over therapeutically similar low-price and low-rebate drugs because payers can retain a significant share of the rebates rather than pass them through to the patients, employers, and governmental programs. Second, the method used by US payers to move from health technology assessment to price discounts imposes Related article at jamainternalmedicine.com Opinion


Objective:To compare surgical outcomes of retroperitoneal laparoscopic pyelolithotomy/uret- erolithotomy(RPL),transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site surgery(U-LESS)and suprapubic-assisted lapa- roendoscopic single-site surgery(SA-LESS)for upper urinary tract stones in patients with solitary kidney.Meth- od:There were 32patients with upper urinary tract stones and solitary kidney in the study.They were divided into three groups(RPL,n=12;U-LESS,n=10;SA-LESS,n=10)according to the experience of the surgeons and the patients' wishes.The indices including operative time,intraoperative estimated blood loss,Visual Analog Pain Scale(VAPS),postoperative intestinal function recovery time,postoperative drainage time,the incidence of com- plications,hospital stay,Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire(PSAQ)were used to compare among three groups.Result:All the 32procedures were successfully completed without serious complications.The operative time of SA-LESS and RPL group was shorter than U-LESS group(P0.05).The scores PSAQ for SA-LESS and U-LESS were less than RPL group(P0.01).There was no statistically significant differences in intraoper- ative estimated blood loss,postoperative drainage time,postoperative intestinal function recovery time,hospital stay,VAPS,and the incidence of complications among three groups(P0.05).Degree of hydronephrosis and re- nal function improved and no stones recurrence and ureter stenosis were shown in all cases after follow-up period of seven to forty months.Conclusion:Three procedures of RPL,U-LESS and SA-LESS are all safe,feasible and ef- fective for upper urinary tract stones in patients with solitary kidney.They may be the firs-line treatment for pel- vic and upper-middle ureter calculi in patients with solitary kidney.SA-LESS can be the first choice because of good cosmetic and easy-to-operate results.


Diagnosis of the disease is a crucial stage as it leads to the patient's proper treatment. Thyroid disease is one of the most chronic endocrine illnesses. The thyroid gland becomes dysfunctional as a result of thyroid disease. Thyroid gland secretes the hormones which controls the metabolism of the body. There are mainly two thyroid disorders namely hypothyroid and hyperthyroid. Using machine learning techniques including Random Forest, Naive Bayes, and Decision Tree, this study aims to detect thyroid disorders. Thyroid dataset is collected from Lata Mangeshkar Hospital at Nagpur. The dataset consist of total 225 patient's data. The performance of the algorithms was evaluated using different metrics as accuracy, precision, recall and f-score.


In 2 previous editorials—"The 'McDonaldization' of Psychiatry" and "Doctor, Are You 'Drugging' or Medicating Your Patients?"—I focused on some serious problems in current psychiatric practice and on various shortcomings in our treatments. In the third "panel" of this editorial triptych, I want to take note of the considerable good that psychiatric treatment may bring to those who suffer with devastating illnesses.


The effects of fluoride on the activity of immune-related enzymes( ACP,AKP,SOD and CAT),NBT positive cells,and interleukin 1 beta( IL-1β) protein expression in Carp were studied. The results showed that after the exposure of different concentrations of sodium fluoride( 0,40,80 and 120 mg·L-1) for 30 days,fluoride contents in blood and gill increased compared with the control group,showing a certain amount of dose-dependent relationship. The activities of superoxide dismutase( SOD) and catalase( CAT) in the serum of the fish in 120 mg·L-1group was significantly lower than that in the control group. The acid phosphatase( ACP) and alkaline phosphatase( AKP)activities in the serum decreased,and those in the 80 and 120 mg·L-1groups were remarkably lower than that in the control. NBT positive cells decreased and expression of IL-1β protein in gills reduced. CORREL correlation analysis showed that there were dose-dependent relationships between the exposure concentrations of sodium fluoride and the activities of ACP,AKP,SOD and CAT activity,the exposure concentrations of sodium fluoride and protein expression of IL-1β. The results indicated that fluoride in the water environment can inhibit immunization of carp gills.


The proposed system helps in identification of multiple plant diseases and provides remedies that can be used as a defense mechanism against the multiple diseases with help of expert system for farmers. Our paper covering the work on multiple plant diseases detection on different plants and fruits, and present an expert system based on important criteria of agriculture. Various options of web portals, mobile applications need to be explored to enhance the effectiveness of the traditional approaches of extensive education on agriculture. Our expert system helps farmers to communicate with Experts in agriculture industry in their own space. In this paper we have also described the development of an application feature that gives users or farmers the capability to identifying the multiple crop leaf diseases based on the photographs of plant leaf with help of application. Keywords— CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), Plant Disease, Deep learning, Test database, Expert system.


Elipse ball-like activated CaCO3 particles were synthesized by solid grinding reaction at room temperature in the presence of span60,using Ca(Ac)2·H2O and Na2CO3 as raw materials.The obtained calcium carbonate samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier transform infrared spectrum(FTIR) and Size analysis.The growth mechanism of elipse ball-like CaCO3 was discussed according to the experiment result.It was shown that,the structure and crystal morphology of calcium carbonate is controlled by span60,the micrometer-size olive ball-like CaCO3 particle was assembled by nanometer-size calcium carbonate particles.When the concentration of span60 is 4%(ω),the target product with uniform large particles of mean size 1~3μm and high activity and better dispersivity could be synthesized.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the proportion of inappropriate transfusions in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery at a tertiary care university hospital, and factors associated with inappropriate transfusions.

METHODS
The prospective study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from December 2008 to September 2009, and comprised patients admitted to the Orthopaedic Department and received transfusion of at least one packed cell. Patients were divided into four groups: A, those with haemoglobin < 7, B, haemoglobin 7.1-10 without ischemic heart disease, C, haemoglobin 7.1-10 with ischemic heart disease, and D, haemoglobin >10. Variables recorded were, pre-transfusion haemoglobin level, co-morbids, symptoms of hypovolemia, pre-transfusion volume replacement with fluids, transfusion reactions, and haemoglobin after 48 hours. Indications of transfusion were assessed in accordance with available data.

RESULTS
Of the 126 patients, 65(52%) were males and 61(48%) were females. There were 18(14%) patients in group A, 88(70%) in group B, 12(10%) in group C, and 8(6%) in group D. Overall, Overall, 44(35%) were transfused appropriately according to the criteria, and 82(65%) were inappropriate.

CONCLUSIONS
The number of inappropriate transfusion was quiet high and demands revision of institutional policy of packed cell transfusion in accordance with available guidelines.


This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the processes and technologies in drying of vegetables and vegetable products. The Handbook of Drying of Vegetables and Vegetable Products discusses various technologies such as hot airflow drying, freeze drying, solar drying, microwave drying, radio frequency drying, infrared radiation drying, ultrasound assisted drying, and smart drying. The book's chapters are clustered around major themes including drying processes and technologies, drying of specific vegetable products, properties during vegetable drying, and modeling, measurements, packaging & safety. Specifically, the book covers drying of different parts and types of vegetables such as mushrooms and herbs; changes to the properties of pigments, nutrients, and texture during drying process; dried products storage; nondestructive measurement and monitoring of moisture and morphological changes during vegetable drying; novel packaging; and computational fluid dynamics.


This paper closely follows the text of a paper presented at the National Seminar on the contributions of K. P. Chattopadhyay and Iravati Karve to the development of Social Anthropology, organised by The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, September 8-9, 2009. The article hypothesises that the reason for some of the social ills embedded in the meta-culture of India as an independent former colony are the result of unconsciously holding in the mind British Imperialism as the aggressor, even though over sixty years ago India got rid of the yoke of being a colonised country. What the founding fathers of newly independent India did not take into consideration was the impact of two hundred years of barbaric control over the indigenous population of the sub-continent by an imperial power. Most of the ministers of the newly formed Government of India came from the stratum of Western educated upper middle class elite who had little idea of the realities of 80 percent of rural Indians at the time of independence. Yet in their push for creating a country wedded to the ideal of democracy, they decided to introduce election to all seats of State power based on adult franchise. Inevitably this resulted in gradual dominance in the state legislatures and the central parliament, the lower house of which is known as the Lok Sabha, of people from rural areas still maintaining a feudal outlook with 200 years of slavery internalised from under a punitive and ruthless British yoke.


We experimentally demonstrate CPRI data compression based on a partial bit sampling and compare its performance with other compression methods. Very low compression delay and EVM degradation less than 3.2 μsec and 0.2% are presented.


The half-saturating concentration of ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) from Euglena gracilis Z for CO2 in its activation by CO2 in the presence of a saturating concentration of MgCl2 (Ka) was measured by analyzing the partial reversible inactivation of the fully activated enzyme in the medium with dilute CO2. The Ka of the Euglena enzyme was 12.5 μM. The Ka values were 6.3 μM for the enzyme from soybean, 10.8 μM from maize, 23.3 μM from Scenedesmus obliquus, and 20.8 μM from Anabaena 7120. The activated state of Euglena RuBisCO was stabilized by 6-phosphogluconate, fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate, and 3-phosphoglycerate in the medium containing low concentrations of CO2. Both fructose 6-phosphate and ATP stimulated inactivation in the medium. NADPH not only stabilized the activated state of the enzyme, but also enhanced the enzyme activity over the full activity measured in the absence of NADPH. NADP+ did not nullify the effects of NADPH on the activation at all. The physiological significance of the effects of these photosynthetic metabolites on the activated state of Euglena RuBisCO is discussed.


The use of battery tools is very common in many fields of work. In fact, the electric engine and batteries have several advantages over traditional endothermic engines, including low emissions, in terms of pollutants, vibration and noise. In this context, the chainsaw market started producing electric models powered by batteries. These machines can be useful in forestry, but information on their performance is scarce. The aim of this work was to compare the performance, in terms of cutting times, of three Stihl chainsaw models: the MS 220C-B (battery powered), and the MS 201 C-M and MS 261 C-M (both petrol powered). The study was carried out on five different wood species, also taking into consideration the presence/absence of wood defects in the cutting. More than 800 cuts on 15 m × 15 cm wood beams were video recorded, and the cutting times were later obtained to a resolution of 4/100 of a sec, using video-editing software. The results showed a poorer performance of the battery chainsaw than the petrol chainsaws, especially on certain wood species. However, this difference has been reduced when compared with older models. In conclusion, battery chainsaws need some additional improvements to be introduced into forestry, but their high potential is evident.


To advocate, one must characterize facts in a way that makes it appear not to be advocating. Though that may seem contradictory, the most persuasive facts are those that persuade by their sheer objective weight and inherent logic. It is by modeling objectivity that facts advocate most compellingly.


Filling more challenging areas such as the temples, frontalis, tear trough, jawline and chin can help dermatologists and other core aesthetic specialists stand out among providers of injectable treatments, an expert says.


Gamma spectroscopy, alpha counting and x-ray fluorescence techniques have been developed and applied to testing nuclear reactor fuel elemsents. A gamma analyzer system incorporating a NaI(Tl) scintillator measures in a two minute counting period the enrichment level of the U-235 isotope over a 0.15 to 3.0 weight percent range with accuracy of about 0.1 percent. An alpha scintillation system, with unusually sturdy mechanical features to position heavy reactor fuel elements,detects uranium contamination at the 100 microgram level in a 10 minute counting period. A prototype x-ray fluorescence system detected uranium contamination in a weld zone over a 2-10 weight percent range in a small volume (0.25×10-3in3) at a scan rate of 5 in/min. These techniques and in particular x-ray fluorescence offer promising methods for testing impurity levels or alloying concentrations of space age components or materials.


Provided herein for the cyclic intermediate position C-QFDLSTRRLK-C (cQFD; SEQ ID NO: 1) and C-QYNLSSRALK-C (cQYN; SEQ ID NO: 2) antibodies and methods of using the binding interface frame. In one embodiment, the framework region of an antibody or functional fragment thereof instead of complementarity determining region (CDR) formed in the bonding interface. In another embodiment, the therapeutic human or humanized one or more human antibody framework residues replaced with one or more corresponding murine residue, such that the intermediate bit sequence having a stabilizing binding cQYN cQFD or one or more people framework residues.


The drought tolerance of four perennial ground cover plants which grown in Kunming were studied,to provide the theoretical and practical references for selecting and applying of the drought tolerance plants resources in landscape planning and management.Physiological indices in leaves of these ornamental plants were continuously observed for 20 days by pot experiment under artificial water stress conditions,and changes of the plant appearance,soil relative water content and percentage of withered leaves,proline content,relative conductivity were measured.The results showed that physiological indices of each plants changed significantly.The drought resistance order of the four ornamental plants was that Sedum mexicanumHemerocallis fulva Polygonum capitatumViola philippica.Sedum mexicanum and Hemerocallis fulva were well drought resistance plants,which should be widely used in landscape planning and management.


We describe an inertial measurement device based on an electrodynamically trapped proof mass. Mechanical constraints are replaced by guiding fields, permitting the trap stiffness to be tuned dynamically. Optical readout of the proof mass motion provides a measurement of acceleration and rotation, resulting in an integrated six degree of freedom inertial measurement device. We demonstrate such a device—constructed without microfabrication—with sensitivity comparable to that of commercial microelectromechanical systems technology and show how trapping parameters may be adjusted to increase dynamic range.


This paper explores the idea of "enclosures" as encircling lines. These include semantic boundaries, insider-outsider binaries, and the gray area that includes the technically illegal and the rarely actually prosecuted, focusing on "wild" campervanning in the Scottish Highlands. Also considered are non-enclosures: common grazing, faraway gazes for driving on single-track roads, and alone time in a campervan that is not easily regimented into work and life. This paper thinks with Tim Ingold's work on lines, showing how the "ghostly lines" of social imaginaries are changing in light of COVID-19. Lockdowns lead to staycations, which lead to overcrowding in the Highlands. Thus, previously elastic lines are drawn tighter, and gray areas coalesce into lines that are more obviously and more problematically crossed.


This paper presents a 4-D chaotic oscillator using linear and hysteresis 2-port VCCSs. The oscillator has various chaotic and periodic attractors. The circuit dynamics is described by a Jordan form equation. Using the equation, various periodic attractors are demonstrated.


The binary system RW Aur consists of two classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs). The primary recently underwent its second observed major dimming event ( V 2 mag). We present new, resolved Chandra X-ray and UKIRT near-IR (NIR) data as well as unresolved optical photometry obtained in the dim state to study the gas and dust content of the absorber causing the dimming. The X-ray data show that the absorbing column density increased from NH < 0:1 10 22 cm 2 during the bright state to 2 10 22 cm 2 in the dim state. The brightness ratio between dim and bright state at optical to NIR wavelengths shows only a moderate wavelength dependence and the NIR color‐color diagram suggests no substantial reddening. Taken together, this indicates gray absorption by large grains (&1 m) with a dust mass column density of &2 10 4 g cm 2 . Comparison with NH shows that an absorber responsible for the optical/NIR dimming and the X-ray absorption is compatible with the ISM's gas-to-dust ratio, i.e., that grains grow in the disk surface layers without largely altering the gas-to-dust ratio. Lastly, we discuss a scenario in which a common mechanism can explain the long-lasting dimming in RW Aur and recently in AA Tau.


Transcription of flagellar genes in Caulobacter crescentus is programmed to occur during the predivisional stage of the cell cycle. The mechanism of activation of Class II flagellar genes, the highest identified genes in the Caulobacter flagellar hierarchy, is unknown. As a step toward understanding this process, we have defined cis‐acting sequences necessary for expression of a Class II flagellar operon, fliLM. Deletion analysis indicated that a 55 bp DNA fragment was sufficient for normal, temporally regulated promoter activity. Transcription from this promoter‐containing fragment was severely reduced when chromosomal DNA replication was inhibited. Extensive mutational analysis of the promoter region from ‐42 to ‐5 identified functionally important nucleotides at ‐36 and ‐35, between ‐29 and ‐22 and at ‐12, which correlates well with sequences conserved between fliLM and the analogous regions of two other Class II flagellar operons. The promoter sequence does not resemble that recognized by any known bacterial sigma factor. Models for regulation of Caulobacter early flagellar promoters are discussed in which RNA polymerase containing a novel Sigma subunit interacts with an activation factor bound to the central region of the promoter.


Background: Hop tests are frequently used to determine return to sports (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Given that bilateral deficits are present after ACLR, this may result in a falsely high limb symmetry index (LSI), since LSI is calculated as a ratio between the values of the limbs. Hypothesis: Athletes after ACLR would achieve LSI > 90% for the hop test. Secondly, athletes after ACLR demonstrate decreased jump distance on the single hop for distance (SLH) and triple leg hop for distance (TLH) and decreased number of hops for the side hop (SH) for both involved and uninvolved limbs compared to normative data of sex, age and type of sports matched healthy athletes. Materials and methods: Fifty-two patients (38 males mean age 23.9 ± 3.5 years; 14 females mean age 21.7 ± 3.5 years) who had undergone an ACLR participated in this study. Patients performed the 3 hop tests at a mean time of 7 months after ACLR. Hop distance, number of side hops and LSI were compared with normative data of 188 healthy athletes. Results: The differences between the involved limb and the uninvolved limb were significant in all hop tests (SLH P = 0.003, TLH P = 0.003, SH P = 0.018). For females, only significant between limb differences were found in the SLH ( P = 0.049). For both the SLH and the TLH, significant differences were found between the involved limb and the normative data (males; SLH P < 0.001, TLH P < 0.001; females; SLH P < 0.001, TLH P = 0.006) and between the uninvolved limb and the normative data for both males and females (males; SLH P < 0.001, TLH P < 0.001; females; SLH P = 0.003, TLH P = 0.038). For the SH, only significant differences were found between the involved limb and the normative values in males ( P = 0.033). Conclusion: Athletes who have undergone an ACLR demonstrate bilateral deficits on hop tests in comparison to age and sex matched normative data of healthy controls. Using the LSI may underestimate performance deficits and should therefore be analyzed with caution when used as a criterion for RTS after ACLR. Level of evidence: III, case control study.


The Dutch grammatical marker -s is well-known for its occurrence in possessive noun phrases such as Piets auto (Piet-s car, 'Piet's car') and vaders hoed (father-s hat, 'father's hat'), where -s is attached to a proper name and a kinship term, respectively. As has been observed by various Dutch traditional grammarians, the marker -s also shows up in a great variety of Dutch dialects in what appear to be non-possessive contexts (cf. Van Haeringen 1947, Overdiep 1940). An example of this quite remarkable phenomenon is given in (1), which represents Alblasserwaard Dutch (cf. Van Haeringen ibidem):


Explains the decision of Ulster Carpets to choose "total customer satisfaction" (TCS) over traditional "total quality management", in order to involve the entire workforce in their quality programme. Details the company′s use of awareness sessions and Training to involve employees, as well as the display of successful project teams′ achievements on the TCS noticeboards. Indicates how the directors saw winning the Northern Ireland Quality Award for manufacturing as an opportunity to recognise the employees′ contribution to the company′s success, and also as a way of making more improvements, using the feedback from the award judges.


The Hall coefficients of magnesium-cadmium alloys have been measured as a function of composition at both room temperature and 300°C with the magnetic field up to 6.5 KG. For all the compositions, the Hall coefficients are independent of magnetic field. An electronic structure of this system has been discussed with results of the lattice-spacing relations obtained by Hume-Rothery and Raynor. A relation between energy gap and concentration is discussed by comparing their results with the Hall coefficients measured by us. The present experimental results indicate that the energy gaps show a tendency to increase with the addition of cadmium to magnesium.


Background                                               Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common, yet curable childhood malignancy within the pediatric cancers; but in most developed and developing countries cost of cancer treatment in children with ALL is high. So, we specified the range of expenses for the treatment of pediatric cancer and compared the results in developed and developing countries.Materials and MethodsTo evaluate treatment costs in childhood ALL, a review was taken place through published papers during the years 2000 to 2015. We searched multiple well known databases such as Medline, Scopus, ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar on January 2015 with "cost effectiveness", "cost utility", "cost minimization", "cost analysis", "economic evaluation", "childhood", "acute lymphoblastic leukemia", and "ALL" as our keywords.ResultsRegarding the reviewed evidence the essential result was that the total costs for treatment of pediatrics ALL in developing countries such as Asian countries were considerably lower than the costs reported from high income countries in Europe and North America. So different protocols were performed to treat ALL and this matter was significant due to the different durations of hospitalization.ConclusionAccording to the results, the total costs for treatment of pediatrics ALL in developing countries were considerably lower than the costs reported from high income countries.


N. P. Fofonoff In the two decades since the first publication of Stommel's (1965) monograph on the Gulf Stream, our knowledge of the Gulf Stream System has been expanded dramatically through the development and application of new, powerful measuring techniques. Multiple ship surveys of the type organized by Fuglister (1963) provided the first systematic descriptions of the spatial structure between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks that included the surrounding slope waters to the north and the Sargasso Sea waters to the south of the Gulf Stream. Several major theoretical and interpretative studies grew from the base of data and descriptions provided by this study. During the same period, instrumented buoys, both moored and drifting, were beginning to reveal some of the complexities of the subsurface and deep fields of temperature and currents. Among the new techniques implemented in the 1960s was infrared-radiation imaging to map the thermal patterns of the ocean surface from satellites orbiting the earth (Legeckis, 1978). The two-dimensional surface thermal maps that have been obtained have added rich detail to our knowledge of the strongly varying thermal structure associated with the Gulf Stream throughout its path. Yet, despite these advances in our ability to measure, our understanding of the dynamic mechanisms by which the Gulf Stream forms, develops in intensity, decays, and finally merges into the largescale circulation of the North Atlantic have not evolved as satisfactorily. Even the mechanism controlling the position of the Gulf Stream after leaving the continental shelf at Cape Hatteras has not yet been firmly established. Is the Gulf Stream controlled by bottom topography, by the distribution of mean wind stress, or by a mechanism yet to be determined? The dynamics by which meanders of the Gulf Stream amplify and develop into large rings and eddies and the subsequent movement and evolution of these entities are not well understood. In spite of the impressive progress of the past decades, much remains to be done to resolve and understand the particular mechanisms that determine the character and behavior of the Gulf Stream along its entire path from the Gulf of Mexico into the central North Atlantic. In preparing material for this review, I concluded that my initial plans for a comprehensive discussion of the literature since 1958 were unrealistic. As over 200 references plus numerous technical reports and articles were identified, it became obvious that only a few aspects of the Gulf Stream System could be covered in a single short review. Given the necessity for choice, it is clear that the selection must reflect my preferences, interests, and perhaps, biases. I hope my effort to trace particular lines of research in the literature


Acne is a common skin disorder that can be a problematic for adolescents. It has several key pathophysiological features such as follicular hyperkeratosis and reactive inflamation, all of which should be targeted for an optimal outcome. Azelaic acid has profound anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antikeratinizing effects are inhibitory toward comedones. Azelaic acid is effective in targeting multiple causes of acne and has been proven to be well tolerated in numerous clinical trial


This research is experimental-blind cross-cutting measure pretest and posttest, aimed to determine which of the two most consumed sports drinks major alteration in salivary pH in producing high-performance athletes. We use 36 volunteers, who are a high performance athletes, were used with a range of 20-25 years old, deportist were submitted to consume "most consumed beverage 1 – Gatorade" and "two most consumed beverage – Powerade"; the pH of the beverages studied was 4 on both Powerade and Gatorade. Each individual was subjected to the action of the drink during your workout (2 hours), this procedure was performed once a day with hourly intervals for each sample. The t Student for comparison between groups test determined that in no case significant differences between the groups were recorded, as in all cases p greater than 0.05. No age-related differences were observed.


ABSTRACT Three yellow dent corn hybrids (FR1064×LH59, FR600×FR1087, and FR618×LH123HT) from the 1994 crop, one hybrid (FR1064×LH59) from the 1995 crop, and two hybrids (FR1064×LH59 and FR618×LH123HT) from the 1996 crop were used to study the effect of storage time and storage temperature on starch yields. Samples of all of the corn hybrids were stored under one of two conditions: in a 4°C cold room or under a shed exposed to ambient conditions. The hybrids from the 1994, 1995, and 1996 crops were stored for up to 24, 12, and 3 months, respectively. No significant differences were found between starch yields of the hybrids with respect to storage time. However, there was a significant difference in hybrids from the 1994 samples. Starch yields of two of the three corn hybrids (from the 1994 crop) stored in the 4°C cold room were higher when compared to the starch yields of the same hybrids stored at ambient conditions.


Many of the Palestinian poets of the 9th–10th centuries composed sets of yotser compositions for the Sabbath lectionary.2 These poetic compositions served as replacements for the statutory text of the benedictions of the Shema.3 Because the texts changed from week to week with the changing lection, the congregation did not generally participate in their recital; rather, the poems were recited by the precentor of the congregation, often with the assistance of a choir, while the rest of the congregation passively


Introduction:
 Resident c-Kit
 +
 cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) differentiation into cardiomyocytes
 in vivo
 is controversial. Using lineage tracing and gene ablation techniques we documented that the Wnt signaling modulator Sfrp2 substantially increased differentiation of c-Kit
 +
 CPCs into cardiomyocytes in post-MI heart and restored cardiac function.

 Methods:
 c-Kit-CreERT2/mTeG mice were used where the c-Kit promoter drives expression of a tamoxifen (TX)-inducible Cre. Upon TX treatment Cre-mediated recombination drives expression of eGFP exclusively in c-Kit cells. Mice were crossed with a Diphtheria toxin receptor (DT) strain to selectively ablate heart c-Kit cells. Mice were subjected to myocardial infarction. 2 days later, mice were injected with Sfrp2 (0.5 μg) or saline at the infarct border zone. Heart tissue was analyzed 2 months post-MI for eGFP expression and various markers by microscopy.

 Results:
 c-Kit-CreERT2/mTeG model was tested. eGFP expression had no effect on in vitro c-Kit CPC differentiation or proliferation. In TX treated mice, >90% of c-Kit+ cells were eGFP+. No eGFP+ c-Kit+ cells were seen in vehicle-only mice (N=6, p<0.001). c-Kit negative cells, such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, did not express eGFP following TX treatment. In sham animals, eGFP was localized to small c-Kit+ cells. In the vehicle MI group eGFP+ cardiomyocytes were rare (0.08% in infarct border zone. N=8, P=0.005). In contrast, the number of eGFP+ cardiomyocytes was significantly higher in the Sfrp2 treated group (15% in infarct border zone, N=10, P=0.0002). Co-localization of eGFP with blood vessels (0.77%, N=10) was infrequent. Induction of c-Kit CPC differentiation into cardiomyocytes by Sfrp2 was associated with lower fibrosis (15%, N=10, P=0.01), higher LV mass (58mg, N=10, P=0.01) and increased ejection fraction (16%, N=10, P=0.02). DT treatment ablated c-Kit cells (>95% N=4, P=0.01). Sfrp2 induction of c-Kit differentiation to cardiomyocytes and functional improvements were completely ablated by DT.

 Conclusion:
 Using c-Kit lineage-tracing and genetic ablation we have identified that these cells are important in cardiomyocyte generation
 in vivo
 in response to Sfrp2 and improves cardiac function following MI.


I deal with the women?s system of values in this bachelor work. The aim of this work is to find out the position of work in the women?s system of values. The bachelor work is divided into two parts, the theoretical and the practical part. The theo-retical part describes the position of woman in previous times. I also deal with the feminism, women?s roles in today?s society, the system of values and its qualification and with the transformation of values in this part. The practical part consists of the quantitative research based on the results of the question-naire for chosen employed women. The research concentrates on the relation between women and work in general. The aim of the research was to show the position of work in the women?s system of values. The results of the research are described in the final part of the work.


A novel quad band circular polarized stacked patch antenna has been designed for global navigation satellite systems. The presented antenna operates in the three GPS carrier bands (L1, L2, L5) and the 2.3 GHz frequency band. The stacked patch technique has been used while the antenna performances are analyzed in respect to the simulated s-parameters, radiation patterns and axial ratios. The antenna is potentially suitable for use in mobile or satellite communication receivers.


A brain fraction prepared in the same way as liver methylpherase, was also effective in promoting the methylation of normorphine, and was optimally active at pH 5.5 when S-adenosylmethionine was the methyl donor. With the same enzyme preparation from brain, norcodeine was methylated to codeine, and morphine was also recovered in these incubations, presumably by 03-demethylation from codeine. In these in vitro incubations, the concentration of 8-adenosylmethionine was limiting (0 .2 -3 .5 ,umoles/assay) so that less than 1 % of the norderivative (50 ,umoles/assay) was methylated. However, the reaction could be shifted toward completion by doubling the level of S-adenosylmethionine and decreasing the normorphine level to 1 ,umole/assay. I n this case 15.4% of the normorphine was methylated to morphine in an hour of incubation with 15 mg. of liver methylpherase protein/assay. The methylation of normorphine in vivo in brain was also demonstrated. In these experiments, methionine-(l4C-methyl) was injected into the cisterna magna of the rat (at a dose of 0.5 pmoles containing 2.5 pciiries of W); 15 minutes later, 0.3 pmole of normorphine was administered by the same route. Since maximal analgesic activity had been found in earlier experiments during the 5 to 15 minute period after the intracisternal injection of normorphine, the doubly-injected rats were killed 10 minutes later, and the brains were rinsed in buffer and subjected to the isolation procedures used in the in vitro incubations. Labelled morphine was isolated from these brains. Thus, in considering the analgesic activity of normorphine, one cannot exclude re-methylation to morphine as a possible metabolic step.


Production of γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA), which shows an antihypertensive effect, from glutamate was investigated using rice germ as enzyme (glutamate decarboxylase, GAD) source. At the optimum conditions, 20.6g of GABA per 100g rice germ was gotten by incubation for 6h at 40℃, with the conversion rate of 100%.