Aiming at the low heat dissipation efficiency of portable fuel cell hydrogen generator a fin optimization scheme based on an orthogonal test is proposed. At first, we use UG software to build the three-dimensional model of fuel cell hydrogen generator; Next, the heat dissipation performance of three kinds of fins with different shapes is analyzed and designed by using 6SigmaET software, and the optimal fin shape is obtained; Finally, combined with the orthogonal test, an orthogonal test table is designed, which takes the fin spacing, height and thickness as factors, and the maximum temperature of the hydrogen generator and the weight of the heat dissipation fins as evaluation indicators to optimize the structure. Moreover, both the maximum temperature of the hydrogen generator and the weight of the heat sink were reduced and the results were ideal.


The Swedish Government has decided that the Swedish Armed Forces shall decrease the numbers of JAS 39C/D aircraft from 100 to 60 upgraded JAS 39E. With decreased numbers of aircraft, increased availability becomes more important. This was also pointed out by the Swedish Government in the appropriation bill to the Swedish Armed Forces for Fiscal Year 2017.Even though increased availability is clearly stated, there are uncertainties regarding how availability should be measured and what availability is. This thesis researches what the personnel working with the JAS 39 Gripen system believes availability is, and compares these answers between different groups of personnel within the Swedish Armed Forces as well as between the Swedish Armed Forces and the Swedish Defense Materiel Administration. This comparison aims to point out differences and similarities in order to create a more common view of the term availability and by this facilitate future availability increasing measures. Apart from this, a comparison is made regarding the term availability with other nations operating the JAS 39 Gripen system in order to research to which extent military culture affects the answers.


This research focuses on the benefits sought by hot spring goers who visited Raksawarin hot spring in Ranong province, Thailand. It investigates their characteristics and identifies the set of benefits they sought, classifying hot spring goers based on these benefits. The data was collected from a set of questionnaires distributed to 384 domestic and international tourists at Raksawarin hot spring. The findings show significant differences as well as similarities in the benefits (social, relaxation, health, rejuvenation, and tourism) sought by hot spring goers in terms of nationality, frequency of visit, and type of travel party. Recommendations were made for hot spring goers seeking to improve their health and for the local municipality to better meet the needs of these tourists when they visit the hot spring.


Objective To summarize the experience in treating multiple system organ failure(MODS) caused by severe head injury(SHI) in 32 cases.Methods The data of 32 patients with MODS cause by SHI,who received comprehensive treatment,was analyzed retrospectively.Results After treatment,2 patients were remission,6 patients' symptom improved,7 patients were moderate disability and 7patients were severe disability,and 17 died.Conclusions The symptoms of MSOF are complex and changeable,and prognosis of MODS is bad,so recovery of brain function as soon as possible is important treatment of MODS,comprehensive treatment can improve the therapeutic efficacy.


An agreement should meet requirements regulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, and agreement for Sharia Pawnshop is without exception. The province of Aceh is the strongest base for Sharia pawnshop. There are two factors considered essential regarding the Sharia Pawnshop in Banda Aceh, i.e. the type of agreement between debtors and the shop and the settlement of default dispute. To examine those two factors, the author conducted an empirical study with a descriptive-analytical approach. The research results showed that the contract between the Pawnshop and the debtors was stated in the form, agreed upon and filled in by both parties. Debtors commit a breach of contract because of several factors, i.e. high price estimate, decrease in the gold price, communication problem, and financial factor. The settlement for the default case was conducted by calling, texting, and sending debtors notice. When the case could not be settled, the collaterals were placed in an auction after notifying the debtors who breached the contract.


The objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the efficacy of periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) when treating severe crowding in patients with Class I malocclusion; 2) to compare orthodontic treatment by modified PAOO approach for crowded cases without extraction versus traditional extraction orthodontic treatment regarding the duration of treatment and changes in the inclination of upper and lower incisors and 3) to study the short-term stability of the results for PAOO technique. A randomized controlled trial was held at the Orthodontic Department of the Dental Faculty, Al-Baath University, Hamah, Syria. Thirty patients (13 males and 17 females) with a mean age of 20.43 years participated in the study. 15 patients were randomly selected to undergo PAOO treatment. During the first week following bracketing and wire activation, labial fullthickness flaps were reflected in the maxillary and mandibular arches. Prior to the primary flap closure, a bone grafting/augmentation procedure was performed over the partially decorticated bone. Another 15 patients were randomly selected to undergo conventional treatment for decrowding (extraction of upper and lower first premolars); after first premolars extraction, decrowding and space closure were accomplished. The measured outcomes for the two groups included: duration of the orthodontic treatment, canine to canine width and inter2nd premolars-width, upper and lower incisor axial inclination, distance between ls-point to the E Line, distance between lipoint to the E Line, SNA and SNB angles, maxillary and mandibular arch length analysis and maxillary and mandibular incisors irregularity. The orthodontic treatment in the PAOO group was faster than that in the extraction group throughout the experiment (p<0.001). At the end of treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in inter-canines width, but the inter-2nd premolars width was statistically higher in PAOO group than in the extraction group. Compared with traditional orthodontic treatment, the PAOO procedure provides a safe alternative for patients with moderate to severe crowding who desire the benefits of orthodontic treatment in a relatively short duration.


The composition algebra based methodology—previously shown to generate the pre-Higgs Standard Model Lagrangian in intrinsically left-chiral and local gauge invariant form—places a strict constraint on gauge mediated proton decay which phenomenologically differentiates it from the Yang–Mills formalism.


Aim To track the magnetic field generated by the propagating muscle action potential (MAP). Method In this prospective, proof of principle study, the magnetic activity of the intrinsic foot muscle after electric stimulation of the tibial nerve was measured using optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs). A classical biophysical electric dipole model of the propagating MAP was implemented to model the source of the data. Results The signal profile generated by the activity of the intrinsic foot muscles was measured by four OPM devices. Three devices were located above the same muscle to compare the direction and the strength of the magnetic signal while propagating along the muscle. Interpretation OPM devices allow for a new, non-invasive way to study MAP patterns. Since magnetic fields are less altered by the tissue surrounding the dipole source compared to electric activity, a precise analysis of the spatial characteristics and temporal dynamics of the MAP is possible. The classic electric dipole model explains major but not all aspects of the magnetic field. The field has longitudinal components generated by intrinsic structures of the muscle fibre. By understanding these magnetic components, new methods could be developed to analyse the muscular signal transduction pathway in greater detail. What this paper adds - Technological concepts to record and analyse the small magnetic fields generated by electric muscular activity - Model to link the signals measured by the OPM sensors to the underlying physiology - Insights into the propagation of muscle action potential and the sequential control of motor activity


To study micro-scale characteristics of porous media,the micro-scale structure has to be measured.Due to limitations of iterative method and recursive method,backtracking algorithm was used to mark the pore areas.The marking process was analyzed by labyrinth.VC + + programming was adopted to measure pore size of starch SEM(scanning electron microscope) image and TiB2 SEM image.The measurement included pore-marking and the pore area calculating.The results showed that backtracking algorithm improved the former two methods and had good application value.


In dilute aqueous solution unimers of Pluronic F127 associate to form micelles. In more concentrated solution, micelles pack to form high-modulus gels. Our interest is the effect of addition of 10–30 wt % low molecular weight PPG400 on the micellization and gelation of solutions of F127. DLS was used to determine the apparent size of the micelles (rh,app). The critical micelle concentration (cmc) using the dye solubilization method of F127 in PPG400 solutions was studied. Visual observation was carried out to detect gel formation in concentrated solutions and the onset of clouding and turbidity, as the temperature was raised. Oscillatory rheometry was used to confirm the formation of high-modulus gels and provide values of elastic moduli (G′max) over a wide temperature range. SAXS was used to determine gel structure. Our results for the hydrophobic adduct PPG400 were compared with literature values for the hydrophilic adduct PEG6000.


The signs of ataxia in patients with inherited ataxias have been reported to improve after single injections or single oral doses of physostigmine. To study this effect, 21 patients with various inherited ataxias underwent a randomized, double-blind, triple-crossover trial of physostigmine and inert placebo taken orally in low doses for four sequential 3-month periods. Overall, the drug was more effective than the placebo (p <0.051. Thirteen patients had consistent, statistically significant responses to physostigmine; 8 did not (x2=46.9, p <0.0001). Only three patients improved on placebo. Responses did not correlate with age, sex, or severity of ataxia. Some aspects of ataxia improved in some patients, other aspects in other patients. Preliminary accounts of this work were previously reported.1-2


In the words of artist William Powhida, the Readykeulous exhibit that ran from 14 January–13 February 2010 at the Invisible-Exports Gallery on New York City's Lower East Side was dedicated to ''angry letters'' (Wetzler 2011). Indeed. Carolee Schneemann simmers in a prototypically feminine mode. ''I was very happy to meet you the other night, to talk, and look forward to the next time,'' she politely informs a well-known gallerist, the recipient of the letter now known as CS to Cee Brown (1978). She then lets him know that she is enclosing several Xerox documents he has requested, as well as a bill for those documents, because she is ''exasperated with financially 'low' and 'middle' level artists having to support materials and awareness by which the entire art market evolves itself.'' Eileen Myles's contribution, Dear Ridykulous (2001) says, ''Dear Ridykulous, today I'm just pissed I have to think about your fucking show.'' There are no ''xoxoxo''s in the all-caps note, scrawled in black marker on a dry erase board, which gestures towards the reality of what it means to be a feminist, lesbian artist who must always be working, for whom taking time off to make a certain kind of work, or to participate in a show – even one espousing one's own values – is to siphon off energy from other practices. But in a gallery full of written missives, visual manifestoes, and other forms of fuck you, K8 Hardy's might be the angriest angry letter, a memo that outlines her gallery's sins, point by expletive-laden point, and traffics in a mode of address that both evokes and opposes Schneemann's surface professionalism – a strategy that, if it worked, would mean this show wouldn't need to exist. ''I will not have my hand taken out of my own fucking art show in order to take it 'to the next level'. I am completely repulsed by that patriarchal view of success,'' says Hardy. Her letter highlights the ways in which things don't change for feminist and queer artists, the ways in which the conditions of the masculinist art world persist over time, and the


– July 2005: PhD, Hasselt University, Belgium. Title: Efficient Rendering of Translucent Objects Using the Diffusion Approximation. Supervisors: Philippe Bekaert and Frank Van Reeth. Jury: Frédo Durand (MIT), Philip Dutré (K.U. Leuven), Eddy Flerackers (UH), Marc Geyssens (UH), Hans-Peter Seidel (Max Planck Institut für Informatik). Passed with "congratulations from the jury". – June 2001: License degree (Master) in applied computer science, Hasselt University (UH), Belgium


Joint production and general equilibrium theory As it invalidates the Non-Substitution Theorem the joint production assumption was bound to create some problems for NeoRicardian theory. Our aim is to show that most of the paradoxes encountered in this approach disappear if one is willing to accept the principles of General Equilibrium Theory. We show how a long run stationary equih'brium can be defined and determined and we analyze its properties. The only paradox attached to joint production is the possibility, outside the Golden Rule, of an increasing factor- price- frontier.


The A VI Image File Format (A VIF) is an open-source, royalty-free image compression standard that is aimed at providing higher compression gains. In recent years, there has been an exponential increase in the amount of image data captured, stored, rendered and transmitted by billions of users across the globe, via several web and mobile applications. It is important to make image encoders faster and memory-efficient to cater to a wide range of devices ensuring quality user experience. In this paper, we provide an overview of speed optimizations that were contributed to the libaom encoder. We describe methods to reduce the complexity of prediction mode and residual-transform search. Experiments indicate that on average, the slowest libavif encoder speed setting provides a BD-Rate (PSNR) gain of 39%, whereas the fastest libavif encoder speed setting provides a BD-Rate (PSNR) gain of 16% with a 48% speed-up over the best quality WebP encoder for still images.


Remakes rarely outshine their original counterparts, but filmmakers still try to buck the trend. Rodney Appleyard finds out how the Ben Hur TV series hopes to be different.


Static Mining techniques are applied on a fixed amount of data. Data mining is an efficient technique which classifies, organize and retrieve relevant information from the data based on a user need. The mined information helps the user for classifying and categorizing the data. The information that is relevant for the given query is retrieved and presented to the user. The mining techniques considered for this research clustering. Enhanced K-mode algorithm is proposed


'Plains-type folds' are those folds formed in gently dipping sediments overlying a crystalline basement in cratonic areas of the world. They are the result of differential compaction of sediments over rigid basement fault blocks. Trends of the folds in the sedimentary section thus coincide with trends of basement features. Plains-type folds generally are (1) small in areal extent, (2) increase in closure downward, (3) without a corresponding depression, and (4) asymmetric and associated with faulting. The features were developed intermittently through time by differential compaction of the sediments over an inherent structural pattern of uplifted fault blocks in the basement. Plains-type folds were recognized early in the twentieth century in the Midcontinent (USA) as containing petroleum. They were the object of much speculation on their origin and development and were studied intensively in the 1920s and 1930s. Most of the studies were concentrated in Kansas and Oklahoma and revolved around the relation...


In this paper, a noncontact method of measuring the pulse wave velocity (PWV) is proposed based on the Doppler phase modulation effect. System level design and simulations are presented to demonstrate the detection mechanism. Preliminary experimental results are reported.


Hearing-impaired individuals face many problems in daily life. One of these problems is the difficulty in determining where the sound is coming from. In this study, a sound direction detection system is proposed for hearing impaired individuals to perceive surround sound sources. In this proposed system, two microphones are used, which are placed on the ears of the head manikin, taking the human head structure as a model. Surround sound data recorded by these microphones are transferred to a LattePanda single card computer via USB sound cards. Fifteen features are created by filtering and normalizing these transmitted sound data. These features are obtained separately for sound data from eight different surrounding regions. The surround sound source is created using a BlueTooth speaker and a platform environment divided into eight different regions around the head manikin. Using this surround sound source, a data set is created with twelve different sound recordings for each region, with three different locations in each region * Sorumlu Yazar: Karabük Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Biyomedikal Mühendisliği Bölümü, Karabük, Türkiye, ORCID: 0000-0002-43809075, email@example.com Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi e-ISSN: 2148-2683 204 and four different sound levels at these locations. An interface has been designed in the C # programming language to create this data set. This interface enables different trials to be made to prepare a data set for system model improvement and development. System models are created using decision trees, linear support vector machine, stochastic gradient descent, single-layer and multi-layer Perceptron algorithms in the ML.NET library. When these models are compared, the most successful result in performance evaluation has been the system model created with the single-layer Perceptron algorithm. The model created with the single-layer Perceptron algorithm determines the surrounding sound direction with a success rate of 87.5%. The results obtained show that the surround sound direction detection system for the hearing impaired is promising for the future.


Preface Within the framework of the 50 years of the Basic Science Center of the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Colombia, on September 29, 2017, the First Multi-Campus Meeting on Basic Science was commemorated in the city of Medellin, an event that spread the results of research in the area of natural and exact sciences, and their applications in different areas of knowledge. The research was developed by students, professors, and researchers of the research groups attached to the respective units of Science of the Pontifical Bolivarian University. The First Multi-Campus Meeting on Basic Science was a space for academic, scientific exchange and experiences related to basic sciences. All papers in these Proceedings refer to one of the following topics covered in the First Multi-Campus Meeting on Basic Science: General Topics of Physics and Applications, General Topics of Mathematics and Applications, General Topics of Chemistry and Applications, General Topics of Biology and Applications, Teaching of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, as well as Articulation Between Sciences and Engineering. The editors hope that those interested in the area of science, can to enjoy this reading, which reflects a wide variety of current issues. List of committees are available in this pdf.


The invention discloses an electronic device with a multi-time-zone event reminding function and a reminding method. The electronic device comprises a plurality of clock modules, a multi-clock setting module, an event reminding setting module, and a clock matching module, wherein the plurality of clock modules correspond to time information of a plurality of time zones; the multi-clock setting module is used for setting whether to start any one of the plurality of clock modules and display information of the started clock module; the event reminding setting module is used for setting event reminding information and the corresponding time information and time zone information; and the clock matching module is used for matching the event with the corresponding clock module and initiating processing to remind a user at a time trigger point corresponding to the event. The electronic device can display the time of a plurality of time zones, remind the user of different events according to the time of the different time zones and avoid the failure of a reminding event which is set by the user.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) revealed themselves as potential tumour markers and play a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL). This work is designed to investigate the expression of miR‐21, miR‐26, miR‐148a, miR‐133b and miR‐24 in paediatric ALL patients in response to treatment. The expression of miRNAs was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–‐PCR) in 43 paediatric ALL patients (33 treatment responders and 10 non‐responders) compared to 42 healthy controls. miR‐21, miR‐148a, and miR‐24 were found to be significantly (P < .05, P < .01, P < .05; respectively) up‐regulated in ALL patients compared to controls. No statistically significant differences in expression levels of miR‐26a and miR133b were detected in both groups. Concerning treatment, responders are found to have a decreased level of miR‐24 compared to non‐responder patients. A significant increase (P < .01) in miR‐24 expression level in relapsed patients compared to non‐relapsed ones was found. Positive correlations were detected between miR‐148a and miR‐24 (r = .347; P < .05) and between miR‐26a and miR‐24 (r = .353; P < .05) in ALL group. The highest sensitivity (72%) and specificity (81%) among miRNAs were detected in miR‐24 at a cut‐off value of 2.928. Taken together, the up‐regulation of tumour suppressor miRNA(miR‐148a) concur with the up‐regulation of oncomiR (miR‐21) might provide a new era that could help in disease management strategy. The reduction of oncomiR‐24 is one of the promising effects of treatment. A larger prospective study is highly recommended to confirm our findings.


Abstract : The upper yield point of low carbon steel can be completely removed by cyclic stressing above the fatigue limit under fully-reversed conditions. This removal is dependent upon both the magnitude of the cyclic stress and the number of applied cycles. The locus of points, superimposed on an S-1ogN diagram, representing this yield point removal, appears similar to the French damage line. The objective of this research was to investigate this similarity. The results verify the macroscopic similarity, but suggested mechanisms which control the phenomena are quite different. The French damage line is dependent primarily upon localized microcrack initiation and propagation, and the cyclic yield point behavior is dependent upon gross cumulative multiplication of mobile dislocations. (Author)


The development and current situation of through-the-earth communication technology at home and abroad were reviewed.The newest results of theoretical and experimental studies of through-the-earth communication technology were presented and the actual application status of through-the-earth communication system was demonstrated taking several most representative products offered by world-noted manufacturers as samples including the PED(personal emergency device),the TeleMag,and SWECS(subterranean wireless electronic communication system),etc.Finally,the paper pointed out problems existed in actual system,such as small channel capacity,poor anti-interference performance,low antenna utilization,and prospected the future developing trend of through-the-earth communication technologies.


Because operators of small water systems often deal directly with the boards that oversee them, they need to develop the skills and techniques that managers in larger water systems often use.


The study presents the concept and computations of the CO 2 compression for the purposes of transport and underground storage of the gas. Cooling between individual stages is needed to reduce the power needed for CO 2 compression. Heat obtained from the cooling process can be used to provide heat to the municipal heat power systems. A design of a heat accumulator for storage of excess heat was proposed in order to improve heat supply safety. The solution proposed in the study allows for heating condensing power units using waste heat from the CO 2 cooling process.


We investigate the period doubling cascade in symmetric and asymmetric trapezoid maps. We prove that as the slope a of the trapezoid is increased, there occurs a cascade of period doubling bifurcations. Further we prove that the symbolic sequence is the Metropolis Stein-Stein sequence R*m and that the ratio 8m of the interval of a, where the 2m-cycle is stable, to the interval where the 2 m + 1 _cycle is stable scales as 8m ~ ,(-1)"'/3(ac,2/3)2"', where ac is the accumulation point of the period doubling cascade, and , is the ratio of the two slopes of the trapezoid. That is, convergence of the onset point of the 2 m -cycle to ac is extremely rapid, and the Feigenbaum constant 8 == limm~oo 8m is infinite. Further, we give approximate expressions for the accumulation point as functions of b, the length of the smaller side of the trapezoid. The agreement between theoretical results and numerically obtained data is excellent.


Being reported by the Associated Press via Chicago Pro-Life Activist, who just left the press conference....
Mayor Tom Weisner came out and said legally the C(...)


This report describes our proposed method of measuring pulse wave velocity (PWV) using a flexible piezoelectric film array. PWV is important cardiovascular information that can contribute to the early detection and treatment of hypertension and arteriosclerosis. Conventional methods used to calculate PWV measure the pulse transit time (PTT) between pulse waves measured at multiple positions of the body, or between an electrocardiogram (ECG) and a pulse wave. These methods require multiple devices to be worn on the body. By contrast, the proposed method realizes PTT measurement and PWV estimation using a single device incorporating a piezoelectric film array. Although it requires extraction of slight differences of pulse arrival times between pressure pulse waves with low signal-noise ratio (SNR), we introduce a signal processing method using cross correlation to resolve this difficulty. The proposed algorithm was applied to the pressure pulse wave measured using the prototype sensor at two points on the wrist. Measurements of four participants using the reference sensor confirmed that positive correlation was obtained with measured PTT. The correlation coefficient was as high as 0.94 with a low-noise condition.


The invention relates to a module and method for receiving an RF signal. The module for receiving an RF signal is provided. The module comprises a first amplification block located between an input node and a middle node and for amplifying an input signal, an attenuation and amplification block formed between the input node and the middle node, in parallel connection with the first amplification block for attenuation and amplification of the input signal, an attenuation block formed between the middle node and the rear node for attenuation or transmission of a signal and a control block for controlling the first amplification block, the attenuation and amplification block and the attenuation block according to the intensity of the signal outputted from the rear node or the rear end of the rear node. The invention provides a method for receiving an RF signal.


Marx and Engels provide a series of important theoretical arguments on the nature of philosophy,the origins of basic philosophical questions,and the fate of philosophy after the rise of science and establishment of historical materialism.These arguments are significantly different from the mainstream views.This difference in understanding also reflects in social practice.The major manifestation is that historical materialism has not been unswervingly insisted while dialectics is occasionally applied idealistically.Therefore,we should re-recognize "philosophy",and scientifically understand and practice "Marxist philosophy" based on reviewing and studying the relevant arguments made by the founders of Marxism.


Current sampling is one of the key problems in the design of power circuits. Based on different circuit design, three methods for current sampling are discussed. Their principles, the physical implementation of sampling sensors, and application examples in the circuit design are dealt with. Finally, these techniques are compared for their advantages and disadvantages.


This study aimed to determine risk factors that predict musculoskeletal discomfort in Chikan embroiderers of West Bengal, India, and to compare the effect of two rest break schedules to reduce these symptoms.


Achievement is a kind of indicator of to what extent one benefits from certain academic curricula or a course. In this study, achievement means "Academic Achievement", which expresses the marks that are improved in school lessons and appreciated by teachers, test scores


We study theoretically quantization effects in intrasubband magnetoplasmon energy spectra, for both quasi-one-dimensional (1D) and quasi-2D structures, using random-phase-approximation calculations. We find interesting peak structures in the intrasubband magnetoplasmon energy spectra when the Fermi surface crosses new energy subbands. The heights of such peaks are quantitatively calculated. Experimental accessibility of such effect is discussed.


B0 magnetic field non-uniformity is the cause of a large amount of image artifacts in MRI. B0 inhomogeneities arise due to magnetic susceptibility differences between tissues. In particular, the 9 ppm magnetic susceptibility difference between air and tissue generate disturbances in the B0 main field near the skin. We study the B0 passive shimming approach of covering the skin with a susceptibility-matching material from both an experimental and a mathematical viewpoint. In the experimental study, a lightweight and simple to shape pyrolytic graphite composite foam is used to compensate for the field inhomogeneities in the region of the neck. We experimentally demonstrate that the pyrolytic graphite foam improves the uniformity of the static field in a phantom and in vivo at 3T. In the numerical study, we aim for a design of a neck shim which efficiently homogenizes the B0 field while being practically implementable. We propose a level set optimization method as an approach to find the optimum design for a neck shim. Simulations prove that the proposed method is able to solve the topological optimization problem while preserving the imposed constraints.


In the paper an algorithm for adaptive hybrid error control system synthesis is presented. The channel is considered as a quasistationary Gilbert model under the constraint that only transitions from one stable state into two adjoining states are possible. The states are ordered according to the decreasing error probabilities. It is also assumed that the channel error statistics are known in advance. Thus, by computer simulation, the optimum codes (i.e. optimal values of the code parameters) are chosen for maximising the throughput for every channel state. During trans mission, identification of the channel states is performed continuously and the optimum code is applied. The criteria for the channel state identification are determined as suitable for block as well as convolutional codes. Channel identification and control are performed on the basis of the number of erroneous blocks within an interval of a given length. The interval lengths, as well as the corre sponding thresholds, depend on the channel state. They are optimised to achieve the minimum probability of error in channel state identification. An illustrative example of the proposed algorithm application for real channel error statistics (i.e. an experimentally obtained error sequence) is given. The approach to optimising the parameters in state identification, as presented, is more general than others found in the literature, since it can be applied to both block and convolutional codes. In the case under consideration, convolutional codes with majority logic decoding are implemented in the hybrid procedure.


This paper discusses the repetitive tracking control method for a coarse-fine actuator which is implemented on the existing PID controller augmented with feedback linearization loop. The proposed positioning system is composed of a magnetic linear drive as a coarse actuator and a piezoelectric linear positioner as a fine actuator. In particular, the nonlinear friction in a magnetic linear drive and the hysteresis characteristic of a piezoelectric linear positioner are modeled. The feedback linearization loop uses these models in tracking position control. The control strategy is then further extended to include a repetitive control algorithm in tracking periodic inputs. The experimental results show that the performance in tracking sinusoidal waveforms is noticeably improved by augmenting a PID controller together with feedback linearization loop and a repetitive controller.


EDITOR,--Fiona Alderdice and colleagues reported on the safety of labour and birth in water and recommended that information about such practices should be collected routinely as part of local audit.1 We have audited 112 case records selected by hospital number sequence from those of the 353 women who either laboured or delivered in a birthing pool in our unit between January 1990 and December 1993.

The mean cervical dilatation on entry to the pool was 4.8 (SD 2.0) cm (range 1-10). The time spent in the pool ranged from 10 minutes to a total of 13 hours 25 minutes (mean 2 hours 28 minutes). Fifty one (46%) women delivered in the pool while …


This book is divided into five parts, which in turn have been divided into a further 29 chapters, reflecting the five components of the management process: plan, organize, staff, direct, and control. The book addresses a broad range of management topics, from theories of leadership to budgeting to management of change. Also available is an Instructor's Resource Manual.


Aim:To clone a glycosyltransferase gene sisZ for sisomicin biosynthesis from Micromonospora inyoensis. Methods:Glycosyltransferase gene sisZ by PCR from the chromosome of M.inyoensis was isolated, cloned into pUC18 vector and expressed by pET-30a. Results and Conclusion:A novel glycosyltransferase gene sisZ (the key gene in sisomicin biosynthesis) was isolated from M. inyoensis and cloned into pUC18 vector. Its open read fragment (ORF) is 1 176 bp coding 391 amino acid (41690 D). Sequence analysis verified that sisZ gene and amino acid sequence showed 94% and 98% identity with gntZ (one of the gentamicin biosynthesis genes from M. echinospora), respectively. It was predicted that sisZ gene may also be a glycosyl transferase protein. The expression plasmid pET-sisZ was constructed by fusion of the flanking sisZ ORF into the pET-30a plasmid. The SisZ protein was expressed by IPTG induction in E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-sisZ.


The dwells upon the main directions and concepts of theoretic analysis of economic growth. Jt presents an analysis of these concepts. The author offers his particular definition of economic growth and methods for understanding it.


The leaching reaction kinetics of weathered-crust, elution-deposited rare earth with mixed ammonium salts was studied. The influence of the concentration of the reagents and the particle size of the ore on the leaching rate was investigated. The results showed that the diffusion process and the leaching rate could be improved by increasing the reagent concentration and decreasing the leaching flowing rate and particle size. The leaching process could be explained using the shrinking-core model, which could be controlled with the diffusion rate of the reacting reagents in a porous solid layer. The leaching rate followed the equation 1–2/3 –( 1 –) 2/3 = 7.126 × 10 –4 C 0.3038 R 0.1942 t.


In the difficult debate over human embryonic stem-cell research, the concept of the soul is sometimes invoked to defendthe dignity and inviolability of human life even in its earliest beginnings. Although a complete exploration of this idea isbeyond the scope of this essay, some reflection on the classical philosophical meaning of ensoulment may provide theunderstanding essential to find a solution to our current conflict. Specifically, this consideration may delineate criteria todefine a human embryo and to know which methods for generating pluripotent stem cells destroy embryos and which donot.In literature and the arts, the human soul is often depicted as a translucent copy of a person's body that floats awaytowards heaven upon death. This naive image has little to do with the concept of the soul put forward by St ThomasAquinas (1225–1274) in the Christian tradition and by Aristotle (384–322 BCE) before him


Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) causes significant economic losses in farmed shrimp, where associated mortality in ponds can reach 70%. To explore host-pathogen interactions, a next generation sequencing approach using lymphoid organ tissue from IMNV-infected shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, was conducted. Preliminary deep sequencing assembly showed that there were at least an additional 639 base pairs (bp) at the 5' terminus and 23 bp at the 3' terminus as compared to the original description of the genome (7561 bp). Reverse transcriptase PCR and Northern blot analysis confirmed the presence of novel sequence. Using 5' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE), 4 additional nucleotides were discovered; 3' RACE confirmed the presence of 22, rather than 23 bp of additional


This paper focuses primarily on the methodological considerations of a study investigating the interactions of pairs of disabled and non‐disabled children working together on computer‐based tasks, in mainstream primary schools in Cyprus. Twenty dyads of pupils (each pair comprising a disabled child and a non‐disabled peer), were observed and videotaped while working together at the computer. Extensive piloting of data collection strategies, coding schemes and methods of analysis led to the use of Transana, a computer‐based qualitative analysis tool, for much of the analysis. Firstly, the analysis involved extracting two 'video transcripts' which were synchronized with the video; one for non‐verbal interaction (events) and one for verbal interaction. Two coding schemes were then developed, one for each transcript. The next stage of the analysis involved identification of specific verbal interaction patterns within the non‐verbal (event) phases, in respect to collaboration and inclusion, as documented by specific video clips synchronized with both transcripts. The authors believe that this work is unique in applying Transana in this context and it is suggested that the approach has much to offer researchers seeking to understand the fine grain of interactions in inclusive classrooms.


The 100 tonne main magnet of the cyclotron has been successfully energized without a single quench. Detailed magnetic field measurements were completed using a fast and fully automatic mapper system. Based on the measurements, shimming of the magnet iron was done to bring down the first harmonic below acceptable level near the cyclotron center and in the extraction region. Prior to that, several teething but interesting problems were successfully overcome during cool down and energization of the main coils. The magnet was operated satisfactorily for over one year. Currently, assembly of various other systems is going with an aim to tune out the first beam in early part of 2008. We have gone through very difficult but useful experience during the assembly of the complex RF resonator structures and in providing sufficient cooling for the cryo-panels. Work is also going on for installation of the injection line, extraction system, computer control etc. In this paper, brief details of various activities will be presented.


This article empirically analyses the determinants of US interest rate swap spreads, and makes two key contributions. First, it considers the nonstationarity of time series, which previous studies have not done, and conducts a cointegration test using the bounds testing approach. The empirical results reveal that there exists a cointegration relationship between interest rate swap spreads and four determinants: the corporate bond spread, the slope of the yield curve, the T bill and Eurodollar (TED) spread and yield volatility. Second, it analyses the determinants of swap spreads using the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). Considering the cointegration relationship, all explanatory variables were significant within the 5% level.


The main goal of digital forensics is the extraction of suspected files from the target devices that can be defined as digital evidence. Nowadays, law enforcement agencies in Malaysia such as The Royal Malaysian Police have extensively varying capabilities to conduct forensics, and sometimes have to enlisting the assist from other agencies or outside consultants to perform digital forensics investigation and analysis. Unfortunately, new forensics discoveries are seldom formally shared among the organization or agency even under the same roof. One main problem needs to be addressed is there is no effective way that allows digital forensics experts to share their expertise and collaborate among them. A web-based Knowledge Management System (KMS) for digital forensics is needed to encourage experts in digital forensics share and improve their knowledge. This paper presents a prototype web-based application using the concept of Web 2.0 technologies integrated with the suitable features of KM System. We had adopted throwaway prototyping methodology and the results show that the system had passed the unit testing.


This study aims to produce a mobile learning media using an android studio application based on edupark physics waterfall Bayangsani Pesisir Selatan on fluid material for high school students and find out the validity level. This type of research is development research using the Plomp model. The data source of this study was a validator team consisting of three lecturers from the Department of Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences UNP. The research instrument used in this study was an initial observation questionnaire for students and teachers, as well as a validation instrument. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive statistical techniques. Based on the results of data analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the mobile learning media using android studio applications based on edupark physics has a validity value of 82.43 with a very valid category. The validity of the characteristics of this media product is assessed in terms of material substance, learning design, display (visual communication), and software utilization


The case of Greater Paris represents a passage to a certain extend, from which we can build an idealtype of metropolitan action. It presents specific characteristics that strongly distinguish types of action usually studied within organisations, the political sphere or social movements. Heavily illustrated by the Greater Paris, here emphasis is on four levels and where we try to show how they structure the Metropolitan Action : (1) characteristics of players and their means of engagement and involvement, (2) regulation of cooperation by the territorial reference, a concept that in a Metropolitan case has great features, (3) the specific terms of building the meaning given to the action and (4) the objectives nature of the action (aimed and actually achieved), which raises many questions.


THE writer was confronted with the problem of treating a patient who was having an average of four attacks of angioneurotic oedema a day. He was 32 years of age, and had a history of sensitivity to aspirin and penicillin ; treatment with antihistamines, and other remedies had proved ineffective, and it was considered that cortisone should not be given if it was possible to devise another form of treatment. It was thought that a food allergy was by far the most probable cause of his attacks, but apart from a protracted, elaborate, and somewhat impracticable series of trial diets, there did not seem to be any known way of isolating the offending foods. Skin testing, according to Urbach and Gottlieb (1956), is of great value in conditions such as hay fever, but is of little or no value in food allergies, or angioneurotic oedema, and it was therefore ruled out as being unlikely to be of assistance. It was thought that a solution to the problem of isolating allergens might be found if a homologous problem in some other discipline could be discovered, and for which the method of solution had been found. In order to gather data the patient was instructed to write down as accurately as possible everything that he ate, the time he took the meal, and also the times when he had an attack, and to return in a week. When this record was examined the writer felt that the data necessary for isolating the food or foods must be present, and that a suitable coding should reveal them. Refiection showed that there was a similarity between this problem and that found in certain double substitution ciphers based on the Vigenere tableaux.


Simple Summary Although targeted therapies represent a promising approach in advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC), large groups of patients do not harbor actionable mutations, especially in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA). In this review, we provide a timely appraisal of the evolving landscape of eCCA, especially focusing on recent studies on molecular characterization and molecularly targeted treatments in this aggressive malignancy. Abstract Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) include a heterogenous group of aggressive malignancies with limited therapeutic options. According to their anatomical location, these hepatobiliary tumors are usually classified into intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA), and gallbladder cancer (GBC). Unfortunately, BTCs are often diagnosed when already metastatic, and although the advent of genomic sequencing has led to a deeper understanding of iCCA pathogenesis, very little data are currently available about the molecular landscape of eCCA. Moreover, despite novel systemic treatments emerging in BTC, the grim prognosis of eCCA patients has not changed in the past decade, and no targeted therapies have been approved so far. The aim of the current review is to provide an overview regarding molecular features and potential targeted therapies in eCCA, together with novel therapeutic approaches and future directions of translational and clinical research on this highly aggressive disease that poses many unanswered questions.


The pressure-strain correlation model of Hanjalic and Launder is extended to rotating curved shear flows. Stationary plane flow data together with the requirement that the critical Richardson number should be predicted correctly are used to determine the model constants. The value of the constants are found to be the same as those determined by Hanjalic and Launder through computer optimization. It is also found that the pressure-strain correlation model of Hanjalic and Launder has negligible effects on the shear stress relation for curved shear flows compared to the simple "return to isotropy" model of Rotta. In view of this, significant improvement on second order closure of the mean flow equations for curved shear flows cannot be obtained by improving the simple Rotta model. Nomenclature al , a2, a 3 A 1 . . . A 6 b~j


The article describes the process of teaching students aimed at the foreign communicative competence development by means of the problem-solving tasks system. The stages and the results of the experiment research are presented in detail. The effectiveness of the tested system of problem-solving tasks in the process of the students' foreign communicative competence development is experimentally proved.


Automatic segmentation is an essential problem in biomedical imaging. It is still an open problem to automatically segment biomedical images with complex structures and compositions. This paper proposes a novel algorithm called Gradient-Intensity Clusters and Expanding Boundaries (GICEB). The algorithm attempts to solve the problem with considerations of the image properties in intensity, gradient, and spatial coherence in the image space. The solution is achieved through a combination of using a two-dimensional histogram, domain connectivity in the image space, and segment region growing. The algorithm has been tested on some real images and the results have been evaluated.


Stellar photometry of about one million stars in the system of the interacting galaxies M51 (NGC5194/NGC5195) has been carried out on the basis of the ACS/WFC images of the Hubble Space telescope. The distance to the system has been determined by TRGB method and metallicity of red supergiants along the NGC5194 radius has been measured. A comparison of the spacial distribution of stars in the main galaxy NGC5194 with our empirical model of spiral galaxies showed their similarity, in spite of interaction in system M51. It has been discovered that the "feathers", arising as a result of the interaction of galaxies, mainly consist of stars of intermediate age.


Developing the best professional talent is critical to the success of planning. Graduate school admissions procedures often rely heavily on prior grade point averages and standardized test scores to determine who is allowed to study toward planning degrees. The efficacy of these credentials in predicting graduate school performance is examined. Findings suggest that over-reliance on quantitative credentials may not be effectively identifying those who are most likely to graduate.


The rapid rate of global urbanization has forced governments worldwide to develop sustainable cities through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), which appear to offer suitable solutions that overcome the shortage of public finance and cuts on public spending. However, it is still unclear what strategies to follow when engaging private sector partners who can fulfill the requirements of PPP for sustainable cities. Based on the existing gap, the current study seeks to understand the role of PPP as a strategy for developing sustainable cities, by studying its framework, opportunities, and mechanisms. The study adopted a systematic review of relevant literature and published materials. The findings demonstrate that PPPs contribute to developing sustainable cities and further identify four common themes: Governance, Public-Private-People Partnerships (PPPPs), Sustainability, and Innovation. The study concluded that these themes are interconnected within the successful development process of a sustainable city PPP. The study further recommends adopting these themes while developing PPP frameworks and mechanisms for sustainable cities. This study adds to the body of knowledge literature on the applicability of PPPs for sustainable urban development.


A class of nonlinear boundary value problems with sigular peturbation for third-order differential equation is studied.The formal asymptotic solution is constructed by the composite expansion method,and by using the fixed-point theorem,the existence of the solution for the original problem and the uniform validity of the formal asymptotic solution are proved.


We build a model of search and matching in which agents trade using coins that are imperfectly recognizable, but have access to a coin inspection technology—known as coin assaying—that reveals the intrinsic content of coins for a fee. We consider two sources of imperfect information: counterfeit coins and clipping. With counterfeits, coin assaying reduces the extent of inefficiencies associated with imperfect recognizability of coins (namely lower traded quantities and lower trading frequencies). Yet coin assaying does not necessarily increase welfare, because it unmasks counterfeits that then trade at a discount, reducing total output. With clipping, we show that agents clip for two reasons: in the hope of passing an inferior coin for a superior one, and to reduce the purchasing power of coins that are too valuable. Although coin assaying could remove the first type of clipping, it had no effect on the second.


he National Council ofState Boards of Nursing's(NCSBN) Board of Direc-tors charged their Practice, Regu-lation, and Education Committeewith developing a regulatorymodel for transitioning newnurses from education to practice.Because the mission of the boardsof nursing is to protect the public,they are responsible for ensuringthat safe and competent nursesare entering the workforce. There-fore, the Board requested an evi-dence-based transition model thatboards of nursing could use as aresource for the transition issuesthat many states are facing.


In this paper, the implementation of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) and drive system for the propulsion system of a two-seat electric motorcycle is described. The overall design focuses on the required vehicle speed, acceleration, driving distance, and overall system cost, as well as reliability. The performance of the three-phase 6/4 pole (six-stator pole and four-rotor pole) and four-phase 8/6 pole (eight-stator pole and six-rotor pole) are investigated and compared by static performance analysis and dynamic performance analysis. Their performance is further investigated by finite element analysis. The indirect torque controller in a drive system for optimal torque and efficiency operation is also mentioned. A methodology for rotor position detection and its hardware implementation are also proposed. The designed 3.5 kW three-phase 6/4 pole SRM and its drive system were constructed and tested on the test bench. A maximum efficiency of about 82% could be achieved for the SRM and drive system. It was also installed on a 120-cc electric motorcycle, and the vehicle's performance was also validated by on-road and dynamometer testing. The maximum vehicle speed reached was 82 km/h, and a cruising distance of about 98 km at a constant speed of 40 km/h was measured.


Crowdfunding has become a major consideration for individuals looking to fund their ideas, endeavors, and businesses. This phenomenon raises interesting questions for management scholars such as what theories help to explain the success of such campaigns and the consequences of these campaigns. In this paper, we address these questions. With regard to campaign success, we argue that there are mixed motives associated with contributing to these campaigns, and theoretical dynamics vary according to these different motives. With regard to consequences of campaigns, we note that there are two fundamental differences associated with using crowdfunding vs. more traditional means of funding early stage ideas and/or ventures – diffused (vs. concentrated) engagement of funders and a product (vs. a person/company) focus which requires fundees to lock-in to a specific set of product attributes. Drawing on theory related to capabilities and cognitions in contexts of uncertainty and entrepreneurial processes, we identify conditions under which crowdfunding is likely to be more and less advantageous based on these two dimensions. In summary, we provide a model that explains important sources of heterogeneity (i.e., motives) and homogeneity (i.e., diffused engagement and product lock-in) within the crowdfunding phenomenon that guide theory application and development in our field.


INFATUATION AND FEAR [CZESŁAW MIŁOSZ: MUSINGS IN A HOTEL LOBBY] The text is an introduction to an article by Czeslaw Milosz, providing a context for its interpretation and discussing the circumstances in which it was created. It concentrates on particularly interesting themes in the poet's press correspondence from the late 1940s, which was found in Czeslaw Milosz's archives and is published here for the first time.


The feasibility of using Auger electron peak‐height ratios for film thickness determination has been demonstrated for ultrathin films of chromium oxide on gold substrates. The range of equivalent film thicknesses determined was from 3 to 67 A, but the technique can measure thicknesses up to ∠100 A. Using peak‐height ratios from Auger electrons of different energies, the uniformity of the chromium oxide film was demonstrated. It was also demonstrated that argon‐ion sputtering removed the chromium oxide in a nonuniform manner. The mean free path lengths of 70‐, 527‐, and 2024‐eV electrons in chromium oxide were determined to be 4.3, 14, and 28 A, respectively.


Within the current standards-based framework of early primary education, teachers must negotiate the integration of assessment with traditional, developmental orientations to teaching and learning. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine teachers' approaches to early primary assessment within five different school contexts: public, independent, Froebel, Waldorf, and Montessori. Data were collected from 12 kindergarten to Grade 2 teachers through in-depth interviews followed by ethnographic observations of eight classrooms. Data were thematically analyzed to identify core approaches to assessment across the contexts related to the following themes: (1) diverse conceptions of assessment, (2) commitments to student-oriented assessment, (3) knowing children through a practice of observation, and (4) assessment of academic standards. Underpinning these assessment themes was the fundamental commitment of early-primary educators to whole-child teaching and assessment. The article concludes with suggestions for future research that explore the intersection between teaching and assessment in play-based pedagogical contexts, alternative educational approaches, and systems of high accountability, with the aim of supporting teachers in bridging developmental and academic priorities in the early primary grades.


In attempts to produce machine learning models less reliant on spurious patterns in training data, researchers have recently proposed a human-in-the-loop process for generating counterfactually augmented datasets. As applied in NLP, given some documents and their (initial) labels, humans are tasked with revising the text to make a (given) counterfactual label applicable. Importantly, the instructions prohibit edits that are not necessary to flip the applicable label. Models trained on the augmented (original and revised) data have been shown to rely less on semantically irrelevant words and to generalize better out-of-domain. While this work draws on causal thinking, casting edits as interventions and relying on human understanding to assess outcomes, the underlying causal model is not clear nor are the principles underlying the observed improvements in out-of-domain evaluation. In this paper, we explore a toy analog, using linear Gaussian models. Our analysis reveals interesting relationships between causal models, measurement noise, out-of-domain generalization, and reliance on spurious signals. Interestingly our analysis suggests that data corrupted by adding noise to causal features will degrade out-of-domain performance, while noise added to non-causal features may make models more robust out-of-domain. This analysis yields interesting insights that help to explain the efficacy of counterfactually augmented data. Finally, we present a large-scale empirical study that supports this hypothesis.


Suture needle localization is necessary for autonomous suturing. Previous approaches in autonomous suturing often relied on fiducial markers rather than markerless detection schemes for localizing a suture needle due to the in-consistency of markerless detections. However, fiducial markers are not practical for real-world applications and can often be occluded from environmental factors in surgery (e.g., blood). Therefore in this work, we present a robust tracking approach for estimating the 6D pose of a suture needle when using inconsistent detections. We define observation models based on suture needles' geometry that captures the uncertainty of the detections and fuse them temporally in a probabilistic fashion. In our experiments, we compare different permutations of the observation models in the suture needle localization task to show their effectiveness. Our proposed method outperforms previous approaches in localizing a suture needle. We also demonstrate the proposed tracking method in an autonomous suture needle regrasping task and ex vivo environments**The code is available at https://github.com/ucsdarclab/suture-needle-tracking..


Ascites formation and peritoneal dissemination are critical problems in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), also known as angiogenic growth factor, is a potent mediator of peritoneal fluid accumulation and angiogenesis of tumors. E‐Cadherin is an adhesion molecule that is important for cell‐to‐cell interaction. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of ascites formation and peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer, we examined the expression of VEGF and E‐cadherin in different ovarian cancer cell lines and utilized nude mice to compare the biological characteristics of ovarian cancer cells. Three human ovarian cancer cell lines (AMOC‐2, HNOA and HTBOA) were used in this study. Expression of genes was analyzed by northern blotting and RT‐PCR methods. AMOC‐2 expressed E‐cadherin, but not VEGF. HNOA expressed VEGF without E‐cadherin expression. HTBOA expressed both VEGF and E‐cadherin. Each human ovarian cancer model revealed a specific feature. The AMOC‐2 mouse had a single large peritoneal tumor without ascites or remarkable peritoneal dissemination. HTBOA and HNOA mice had bloody ascites and marked peritoneal dissemination. Introduction of VEGF antisense into HTBOA cells could inhibit the ascites formation. It is suggested that VEGF is important for the ascites formation via the increased vascular permeability effect. The deregulation of E‐cadherin expression might be involved in the peritoneal dissemination. These molecules are important for the formation of specific features of advanced ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer cell lines that had different gene expression patterns produced nude mouse human ovarian cancer models with different characteristics.


Background: Chronic liver disease is a common cause of metabolic neurologic deterioration. We analyzed the clinical features and MRI findings of patients with liver cirrhosis who showed rapidly progressing cerebral dysfunction. Methods: From August 2001 to July 2003, we had 9 liver cirrhosis patients hospitalized due to acutely developed and rapidly progressed neurologic symptoms that were caused not by other metabolic disturbances. Blood tests and liver ultrasonography were performed to assess the severity of liver cirrhosis. A brain MRI study was done in all patients. Results: The causes of liver cirrhosis were viral hepatitis (n=6), chronic alcoholism (n=2), and autoimmune disease (n=1). Serum ammonia and electrolyte levels were within the normal range. Truncal or limbs ataxia and dysarthria were the most common symptoms. The corpus callosum and dentate nucleus of the cerebellum were commonly involved on diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI. In spite of intensive investigation and treatment, all patients had a rapidly deteriorating course with the appearance of uncontrolled abnormal movements and a decreased consciousness level. Their deaths occured within 1 month of the onset of symptoms. Conclusions: We present nine liver cirrhosis patients with characteristic clinical features and diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI findings for the first time. It is assumed that some neurologic circuit plays a role in pathogenesis.


Existing knowledge-enhanced methods have achieved remarkable results in certain QA tasks via obtaining diverse knowledge from different knowledge bases. However, limited by the properties of retrieved knowledge, they still have trouble benefiting from both the knowledge relevance and distinguishment simultaneously. To address the challenge, we propose CPACE, a Concept-centric Prompt-bAsed Contrastive Explanation Generation model, which aims to convert obtained symbolic knowledge into a contrastive explanation for better distinguishing the differences among given candidates. Firstly, following previous works, we retrieve different types of symbolic knowledge with a concept-centric knowledge extraction module. After that, we generate corresponding contrastive explanations using acquired symbolic knowledge and explanation prompts as guidance for better modeling the knowledge distinguishment and interpretability. Finally, we regard the generated contrastive explanation as external knowledge for downstream task enhancement. We conduct a series of experiments on three widely-used question-answering datasets: CSQA, QASC, and OBQA. Experimental results demonstrate that with the help of generated contrastive explanation, our CPACE model achieves new SOTA on CSQA (89.8% on the testing set, 0.9% higher than human performance), and gains impressive improvement on QASC and OBQA (4.2% and 3.5%, respectively).


Innate immunity is now known to impact tissue metabolic responses with members of the Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR 2/4) family implicated in dyslipidemia. However, the impact of other TLR proteins on metabolic regulation has remained poorly understood. In this issue of Diabetes , Strodthoff et al. (1) provide interesting new evidence that TLR3 regulates glucose metabolism though the modulation of insulin levels in both rodents and humans. These findings reveal a new area of investigation in regulating glucose metabolism beyond fatty acid modulation of TLR 2/4 that may have the potential to reveal novel therapeutic targets.

TLRs are critical to the regulation of innate immune responses. TLRs are transmembrane proteins that contain leucine-rich repeat domains capable of binding to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The PAMPS are comprised of bacterial, parasitic, or viral components, and the binding of these PAMPS to the extracellular domain of TLRs results in the activation of intracellular adaptor molecules. The two most common and studied downstream molecular adaptors are the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF). Almost all identified TLRs signal through MyD88 except for TLR3. In contrast, only TLR3 and TLR4 signal via TRIF (2). The activation of MyD88 and TRIF results in a signaling cascade that leads to the formation of proinflammatory mediators. TLR3 is able to …


At present, 108 Justices have served on the United States Supreme Court. Some have clearly been successes as judges, while a few have clearly not, and a large number are cast into that middle, "satisfactory" or "average," category. The purpose of this paper is to propose, examine, and evaluate specific factors as determinants of judicial success, and then to consider Justice Harry Blackmun's place on a continuum of successes and failures.The paper is divided into three sections. First, it reviews several ideal qualities and examines the results of several surveys of experts, which classify the Justices into categories based on their relative degree of success. Second, this article considers whether success can be predicted, and in answering this question offers several case histories illustrating examples of when judicial success could not be predicted.Finally, because the purpose of this symposium is to commemorate the release of Justice Blackmun's papers, this article evaluates Justice Blackmun on the success–failure continuum. Because of his shift in position during his 24 years on the Court, Justice Blackmun is especially of interest. This article further analyzes and proposes explanations for his shift.


In order to investigate mechanism of drilling control thoroughly,the simulation system was established,which consisted of computer,signal detection and processing module,driller,power station,proportional solenoid valves and so on.By using of sensor,signal processing circuit,PCI interface board and data analysis software,the technical problems of real-time detection,acquisition and processing of drilling parameters were solved.Based on this,the improved PID and Fuzzy-PID algorithm were used to realize the closed loop control of thrust force,rotational speed and penetration rate.The results indicate that the simulation system of drilling control has fast dynamic response,high control accuracy and strong anti-jamming capability,and the maximum error is controlled within about 10%,so it has the favorable functions of monitoring and controlling the drilling parameters and drilling process,and successfully realizes the prospective controlling objective.


1. Objective ofdocument Anaphylaxis seems to be increasingly common, almost certainly associated with appreciable increase in prevalence of allergic disease over the last two or three decades. Although the drug treatment and management of anaphylaxis is described elsewhere,' anaphylaxis continues to be poorly managed. There are two main problems. First, epinephrine (adrenaline) is greatly under-used: chlorpheniramine and hydrocortisone injections are more often given. Second, there has been a vogue for inappropriate use of intravenous epinephrine (adrenaline), both by paramedics and in accident and emergency (A&E) departments, when epinephrine (adrenaline) should have been given intramuscularly. Published recommendations for the management of anaphylaxis also vary. This document provides a broad consensus on the appropriate emergency management of acute anaphylactic reactions by first medical responders who are unlikely to have specialised knowledge. No definitive clinical trials have been performed to provide an unequivocal evidence base: moreover such evidence is unlikely to be forthcoming. A wealth of experience does, however, exist. This has been integrated through the wide membership of the Project Team which was convened under the aegis of the Resuscitation Council of the United Kingdom with representation from four royal colleges and three specialist associations: other members were coopted because of their individual expertise. Consensus was achieved after two meetings and multiple circulation of working papers. An earlier document from broadly the same group (but at that time representing the Joint Royal Colleges and Ambulance Liaison Committee) has dealt with the management of anaphylaxis by paramedics-who are often the first to attend out ofhospital emergencies.2 This complemen-


Numerous Built-In Self Testing (BIST) designs now exist for the testing of Programmable Logic Arrays (PLA), but their practical usefulness has not been studied. In this paper, we implement and compare several BIST designs using a common methodology of implementation. We also perform an yield analysis to characterize the yield degradation due to the BIST design methodology. Our preliminary findings of this work is that BIST approach results in considerable degradation of yield, and therefore may not be suitable as a test vehicle for PLAs.


Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the several viruses that infects the genital tract of women. Although antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved HIVassociated morbidity and mortality, resistance to antiretroviral therapy is a global problem. More than 10% of HIV in low and middle income countries is already resistant to this treatment.1 Additionally, unlike another genital tractinfecting virus, human papillomavirus (HPV), a successful vaccine is yet to be developed against HIV. There is an ongoing need for new approaches to combat HIV. Basar et al.2 propose that HIV infection can be inhibited using RNAi to target the infected cells, making the otherwise permissive cells (including T cells, dendritic cells and Langerhans cells) nonpermissive for HIV infection. RNAi was chosen by the authors on the strength of the FDA approval of an RNAi therapy for hereditary transthyretinmediated amyloidosis associated peripheral nerve disease. The principle of RNAi therapy is that doublestranded complementary sequences (small interfering RNA, or siRNA) for the gene target are introduced into the cell. This is bound by the endogenous enzymatic machinery, eventually resulting in degradation of the target mRNA. While this approach may be relatively straight forward in vitro, challenges to be addressed for successful gene silencing in vivo include targeting the cells of interest and delivery of the siRNA payload to the RNAi machinery in those cells. In their proof of principle study, Basar et al., took the approach of conjugating siRNA with cholesterol or lipid. They show that the cholesterolconjugated siRNA penetrates into the cells of the vaginal mucosa in the mouse. It is interesting to note that the conjugated siRNA did not have access to the cellular RNAi machinery in vitro but did in vivo, reminding us to not draw too heavily on in vitro data and its translatability to in vivo efficacy. The authors delivered the modified siRNA using simple topical application into the genital tract of the mouse on two consecutive days. The targeted protein was CD45, a molecule that is widely expressed on immune cells. CD45 expression was reduced in CD11c+ dendritic cells in the epithelium and lamina propria, whereas CD11b+, F4/80+ macrophages took up the conjugated siRNA however CD45 was not silenced. Therefore, while Basar et al. demonstrated that delivery of siRNA can be achieved in the vaginal mucosal epithelium with relative ease, the appetite of cells for the conjugated siRNA and the efficiency of silencing in those cells are both highly variable. Finding ways to control these factors will be critical to a successful therapy. Furthermore, the siRNA approach is yet to be tested in an HIV infection model using an HIVrelevant target, a critical next step that brings this research a step closer to the clinic. Bearing those caveats in mind, is also important to consider how this approach might be applied in humans. How will the gene silencing treatment be coordinated to prevent HIV infection? This is not a gene editing approach, and gene silencing would have only transient effects. Is this therapy going to need to be frequently applied to be effective? If that is the case, then the therapy must be cost effective and accessible to those who are most at need. This raises the question of how this might be funded, especially when the greatest need is currently in lowand middleincome countries with limited resources. It is exciting to see the efficacy of this RNAi approach in the genital tract and to consider it in a global context Received: 12 January 2023 | Accepted: 12 January 2023


We examine the impact of atmospheric correction, specifically aerosol model selection, on retrieval of bio-optical properties from satellite ocean color imagery. Uncertainties in retrievals of bio-optical properties (such as chlorophyll, absorption, and backscattering coefficients) from satellite ocean color imagery are related to a variety of factors, including errors associated with sensor calibration, atmospheric correction, and the bio-optical inversion algorithms. In many cases, selection of an inappropriate or erroneous aerosol model during atmospheric correction can dominate the errors in the satellite estimation of the normalized water-leaving radiances (nLw), especially over turbid, coastal waters. These errors affect the downstream bio-optical properties. Here, we focus on the impact of aerosol model selection on the nLw radiance estimates by comparing Aerosol Robotic Network-Ocean Color (AERONET-OC) measurements of nLw and aerosol optical depth (AOD) to satellite-derived values from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). We also apply noise to the satellite top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance values in the two near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths used for atmospheric correction, to assess the effect on aerosol model selection and nLw retrievals. In general, for the data sets examined, we found that as little as 1% uncertainty (noise) in the NIR TOA radiances can lead to the selection of a different pair of bounding aerosol models, thus changing nLw retrievals. We also


The disclosed embodiments include a method and a computer program product for modeling three-dimensional objects such as, but not limited to, fractures for the purpose of reservoir simulation. For example, a disclosed embodiment includes a method that receives a set of 3D fractures with a geometry that has been discretized by 3D surfaces by a collection of polygonal facets, one set of 3D stages at fixed radii about each facet in the collection generated at the polygonal facets, produced closed 3D stages surfaces around intersecting facets discretized all 3D stages surfaces using different shaped cells generated 3D cells in each of the closed 3D stages areas and each cell assigns reservoir properties that for a numeric simulation program such as, but are not limited to, Nexus


The present invention relates to an electrode for high frequency surgical neutral used, which comprises an electrically conductive and malleable and flexible textile material composed of several sections at least in the surface, it may be in contact with the patient's body part . The present invention recommends, the surface is a stocking, a hose or the like preventing thrombosis anatomically shaped - plug shroud. Whereby the one hand to ensure reliable contact of the neutral electrode, on the other hand no additional components for this purpose.


Repeated attempts at surgical repair of serious complications involving either the partial or complete breakdown of the hypospadias repair are less likely to succeed because the penisis densely scarred, or significantly shortened, and the skin over the penisis immobile and hypovascular. Buccal mucosa (BM) has become the preferred material for reconstruction, whenever a child with skin-deficient hypospadias needs reoperation. We report the results of our surgical experience with staged reoperation using BM, in the repair of hypospadias a patient of 22 years with complications after multiple failed


ABSTRACTTraditional workflow time analyses have been performed treating an activity as an independent  queueing system. Using the general forms of performance measures in the  system, various aspects of analyses can be performed. Especially, on the time analysis of an AND structure in a workflow system, the mean system sojourn time can be formalized by applying the performance measures of  system. In the real workflow system, the AND structure cannot be described correctly under the assumption of independent  systems. To overcome this limitation, this research makes the assumption that the all activities for a task starts simultaneously. In this situation, the theoretical solution can be derived using the performance measures of the  system. In addition, the simulation modeling method will be proposed to analyze the AND structure of a real workflow system. Finally, some numerical results from the theoretical solutions and simulation models will be provided for verification. The main performance measures used in this research are mean queueing time and mean sojourn time.


We evaluated the changes in magnetic properties due to cold rolling and thermal aging of a Fe-1%Cu model alloy in this paper. First, the alloy was 10% cold rolled, and isothermally aged at 753 K for 20, 200, and 1800 min. The hysteresis loops, magnetic Barkhausen noise, and Vickers micro hardness were measured, and the results are interpreted using the small angle neutron scattering measurement. The change of magnetic and mechanical properties can be interpreted in terms of the domain wall motion and dislocation dynamics associated with copper rich precipitates. The results were interpreted in terms of aging time dependence of the precipitates evolution, such as the volume fraction and size distribution.


The nanopattern of highly ordered and uniform Au nanoporous membranes with different sizes and thicknesses and the downscaling approach through the combination of colloidal based nanosphere lithography (NSL) and thermal evaporation was proposed to fabricate an extending-gate field effect transistor (EGFET) membrane. The fabrication involved the use of PS nanospheres templates of 500 nm and 100 nm in diameters and various Au thickness of 10, 25 and 40 nm. Carried out in the detection of Staphylococcus aureus 16S rRNA hybridization test with analytical range of 10 1 –10 6 pM DNA targets, the smaller the Au nanoporous diameter made up by the thicker Au layer produced a gradual improvement in potentiometric study. The Au-nanoporous produced by the thickest Au film at 40 nm and smaller diameter of PS nanospheres (100 nm) demonstrated the most optimum threshold voltage shift and limit of detection (LOD) of ∼ 1 pM altogether with remarkable specificity in the presence of highly concentrated non-specific DNA of other pathogens. Analytical outcomes point out that smaller, periodic and uniform nanoporous EGFET membrane facilitated the larger hybridization signal due to the higher active surface area enabling the more optimum control of DNA orientation and immobilization.©TheAuthor(s) electron beam lithography (EBL) and the like, nanosphere lithography (NSL) has emanated as a simple and cheap colloid based lithography, particularly for the generation of highly periodic 2D metallic nanopar- ticles array on a large surface with 200–1000 nm range. 22,23 In this study,NSLwaselaboratedastheunderlyingprocessinAunanoporousEGFETfabrication.NSLreliesontheapplicationofpolystyrene(PS)nanospheresasatemplate 24 prior to the thermal evaporation of different thickness of Au film. Specifically, we performed tem- plating methods with different PS nanosphere sizes, i.e 500 nm and 100 nm followed by the deposition of 10, 25 or 40 nm thick Au film. This work spotlights the novelty of highly oriented nanoporous structures for EGFET biosensor. The impact of the downscaling procedure was investigated through the detection DNA hybridization of the predesigned 16S rRNA sequence of Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogenic precursor in nosocomial diseases. 25,26 Results indicate that


The use of models to target conservation efforts, or "precision conservation," has become a research interest due to its ability to evaluate different conservation practices in multiple areas and determine where conservation expenditures will provide the best return. To determine if automation of the data collection process is possible, the intersection of USDA common land unit maps, which define the boundaries of agricultural lands, with vegetative cover maps, represented by the USDA cropland data layer, was analyzed for accuracy on approximately 80 central Iowa fields over two years. The resulting dataset successfully determined mean field centroid within 3 pixels, area with an r2 of 0.99, crop cover with 95% accuracy, and when compiled over a period of years, crop rotations. The value of the resulting map can also be extended with the use of other technologies to determine field average of properties such as residue cover, tillage, yield, and biomass production. The dataset can also serve as an input for numerous precision conservation models and enable the ability to create maps of other field level processes or properties, such as residue cover, tillage, or fertilization, by defining the boundaries over which management uniformly occurs.


Article clarified corporate application as a law subject that had not been fully applied in Indonesia. Corporate status as a subject for criminal law only could be found in Criminal Law Legislation, out of KUHP that had been categorized as special criminal law, or administrative regulation having crime sanction.  The research applied yuridis –normatif and yuridis comparative methods with the following results. There is incompleteness for the status of a corporate, when the corporate will be considered as a liable institution, how to show the liability, etc. The corporate liability in Indonesia in the special criminal law ( outside KUHP), started with UU no. 7/Drt/1955  concerning Economy Criminal Act that later was continued by other special  criminal law up to the  affects that the corporate responsibility did not work in general , but  it was only limited and applied to some special regulations out of those KUHP. Therefore, the design of Criminal Law Regulations that will be authorizeed into Law is supposed to be able to be guidance in overcoming   corporate 's criminals


Abstract Objectives: (1) To assess the statistical correlation between the tumor thickness (TT) by ultrasonography (USG) and microscopic measurement in cases of early oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). (2) To assess the predictive capacity of TT by ultrasound in detecting nodal metastasis. Materials and Methods: Prospective analysis was performed in 24 patients for a period of 2 years from 2012 to 2013. Nodal status and TT measurement was done preoperatively by neck and intraoral USG respectively in cases of early (pT1 & T2, clinically N0) OTSCC. As per the institution protocol after histopathological confirmation of malignancy, all patients underwent resection of primary lesion and ipsilateral elective neck dissection (Level - I to IV). Measurement of TT was obtained intraoperatively from fresh glossectomy specimen and postoperatively from histopathological paraffin section examination. The statistical correlation between TT measured by USG and histopathology was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Chi-square test was used to find the association of pathological T stage, TT with pathological nodal status. Results: Significant statistical correlation was seen between TT by USG and microscopic measures. Between the two, TT measurements were within 1 mm in 37.5% (9/24) of cases, within 2 mm in 29.16% (7/24), and was greater than 2 mm in 8 cases. The Pearson's correlation r is 0.678 (P < 0.001) and ICC (interclass correlation coefficient) is 0.808. The average difference between microscopic and US thickness (Bias) is -0.14637 and the limits of agreement is (4.717, -4.863) with 95% limits of agreement. The rate of occult nodal metastasis was 16.6% and TT of <4 mm had no incidence of nodal metastasis. Conclusion: Ultrasonographic evaluation is reliable and cost-effective tool to measure the TT preoperatively, which will be of help in deciding the management in early OTSCC. TT of 4 mm and above was predictor of occult cervical nodal metastasis.


argue with their critics: such argument, however, seemed hardly necessary, for anti-clericalism was not so rife in this diocese as it was elsewhere. In her final chapter, Mrs. Bowker studies the clergy who served in the collegiate churches of the diocese and, above all, those who were canons in the cathedral church of St. Mary, Lincoln. The cathedral had 58 canons but rarely did more than five reside: the close, however, was not deserted for there were many vicars choral who deputised for the canons in choir, poor clerks and chantry priests. The author in her conclusion warns that the state of the secular clergy in the diocese of Lincoln may not be typical of that in the country as a whole, although it was one of the largest dioceses in the country. That the first quarter of the sixteenth century saw rapid changes in the English Church is an admirably demonstrated proposition, but one must agree that these changes would not of themselves have caused the break with Rome. The appendices, particularly those listing the family presentations to benefices and the names of nonresidents are extremely valuable. All scholars of English ecclesiastical and social history will be deeply indebted to Mrs. Bowker for this pioneer study and will hope that she, or others, will do similar work in other dioceses so that her conclusions may be tested and either proved or disproved as valid in other parts of the country.


these values, as part of the Supreme Law, would prevail. "Surely," he said, "there was no reason for them to suspect, before the fact, that the experiment would be such a shabby failure." (p. 243) Kirschner said rural Americans really feared the immigrants who filled Chicago and flourished in its grime and noise. Henry A. Wallace, influential young editor and plant geneticist, said farmers realized the genetic consequences of sharing America with "people of low grade intelligence from southern and eastern Europe." (p. 37) Wallace proved statistically that cities sapped the procreative powers of "native" Americans, while not affecting the new races, and therefore cities could only become "the death chambers of civilization." With stakes so high, ruralites were right to fight back, but Kirschner's theory that Prohibitionism was mainly a "rational" outgrowth of a uniquely rural racism is somewhat confounded by the Al Smith campaign. Kirschner said ruralites abhored Smith because he personified the ambition of the immigrant, but in fact Wallace and other Midwest farm leaders supported Smith's candidacy (attracted by his farm plank), and Smith ran well in rural Illinois and Iowa, compared with previous Democratic presidential candidates. The author was honest in noting other, less "rational" motives for Prohibitionism. The 18th Amendment enabled rural minds to draw a geographic line between good and evil—between the rural districts af Illinois whose representatives voted for the Amendment, and the urban districts which opposed it then and subsequently. To draw such a geographic line required a superb hypocrisp—overlooking rural carousing and crime, refusing to concede that rural hearts were already being won away from simple living by the materialistic appeals in the ads, movies, and on the radio. Kirschner said, "Unwilling at first to surrender to the larger meaning of that choice, they mounted an assault against the new urban America, as if the smoke and sounds of battle would hide their shame from the enemy, and more important, from themselves." (p. 252) Yet as the decade went on rural Americans became less anxious rather than more anxious to impose fundamentalist values on others. In 1926, almost half of the rural referendum voters in Illinois seemed ready to give way on Prohibition, (pp. 93-94) For measures of rural attitudes and behavior, Kirschner relied mainly on editorial comment appearing in about three dozen small town nswspapers, and roll call votes in the two state legislatures. "Typically it was in the country press that the rural mind was reflected and reinforced," (p. 261) Kirschner asserted. Kirschner selected legislative roll call votes which reflected a rural-urban division. He separated these by subject matter and placed them in time sequence. Each vote was broken down by party and by rural-urban (with subdivisions for Chicago-other cities, and for rural poor—average—above-average areas). He provided his eyeball interpretation of each raw vote breakdown, aided by accounts of the debates. Most of the significant votes were entered as tables, but it was not clear what the reader was supposed to learn from them. Kirschner's interpretations were sensitive and usually persuasive. On cultural issues, rural legislators usually maintained a united front, and urban legislators did not. On economic and governmental issues the reverse was true, permitting the cities to protect and enhance their economic interests. Rural legislators were pragmatic in their choice of economic and governmental objectives but lacked the self-confidence to bargain, when this was desirable. They preferred to try to checkmate the cities by refusing to reapportion seats, by refusing to authorize the use of the initiative and referendum, and home rule, and by keeping certain subjects outside the law. Rural legislators lost their most important objective—property tax relief—because they refused to allow cities to raise money by other means. The important new expenditure of the decade was for highways, and conflict among rural regions permitted urban legislators to negotiate the formulas for dividing road funds. Exemplary of rural intransigence and its results was an Illinois constitutional convention in which rural delegates had their way on virtually every issue, and thereby assured defeat of the proposed constitution at the hands of urban referendum voters.— DON HADWIGER, Iowa State University.


As the development of the Internet of Things, various mobile devices and solutions have been emerged. This calls for the edge computing technology, which processes data on device-side instead of cloud-side. However, the limited power capacity of mobile devices becomes the bottleneck of edge computing. In this paper, we first discuss the energy consuming model and analysis the trade-off problem. Then, a systematic approach that can balance the power consumption between computation and communication and minimize the total consumed energy for IoT mobile devices is proposed. We also conducted real measurement to evaluate the proposed scheme. The results show that the method we propose can always find the most energy-efficient options, and saves the battery of devices.


This article proposes questions and reflections about the educational psychology service from the perspective of Gestalt Therapy. Our goal is to show that the human growth process can be guided in an inclusive relationship with their environment, to the extent that this is not presented him hostile and frightening way. The practice of educational psychology applies to learning, be it individual, group or institutional character. We remember that learning begins from the first contact of the subject with the outside world and lasts for a lifetime, so it is essential to take account of events from childhood to adulthood, which makes us consider learning "eternal ad" . Gestalt therapy greatly contributes to this reflection, in that it brings for granted the idea that man is a being-in-relation with the world, full of potential and capable of giving meaning to their lives, from their perceptions and experiences in touch with the world. It is therefore up to us - educators, parents, adults and health professionals - provides means favoring a more productive human interaction, including when it comes to learning.


This paper introduces basic considerations that inform education for geospatial thinking, as proposed in the KA2 Erasmus Plus GI-Learner project. It reports on some initial state-of-the-art activities of the project, presents a list of GI-Learner competences based on a broad literature review and establishes a roadmap for future support activities for geospatial learning.


Pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets (also called vitamin D dependent rickets type I) is one of the types of inherited rickets and is caused by a deficit in renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase. This form of rickets has not been reported from the Indian subcontinent. Three patients with this disorder are presented. These patients were all females aged 3–20 years and presented with growth failure and skeletal deformities. All had florid clinical and radiological rickets. The biochemical abnormalities seen included hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia, and hyperphosphatasia. All patients had grossly raised 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and markedly low to undetectable concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. A disturbing feature of this study was the late referral of the patients.


Many professional training courses in counselling psychology are now presenting a number of therapeutic models, with the expectation that trainees will demonstrate a way of working with clients that incorporates features of each.This pilot study sets out to find out the perceptions of trainees around the process of learning a number of therapeutic approaches.Six trainees were interviewed in-depth about their training, in relation to the therapeutic models presented and expectations of practice. Three course directors and three experienced counselling psychologists were also interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis.A key theme was that trainees often find developing an integrative stance quite a challenge. They tend to feel that courses could approach this aspect of their learning in a more explicit and systematic manner. On the other hand, conflicts in the training constellation between course, supervisor and practice context were seen as stressful, but very growth promoting.Counselling psychology trainees often experience the requirement to integrate a number of approaches to be quite challenging. Understanding and facilitating this process is worthy of further exploration. Finally it is suggested that trainees are often limited in the extent to which they articulate psychology as a foundation for their practice and identity as a counselling psychologist. It is suggested that there is scope for further development in this area. In particular, psychology can serve as a more explicit framework for integration, which potentially makes counselling psychologists unique within the therapeutic market place.


OBJECTIVE
To study the chemical constituents from the water-soluble part of Euphrasia regelii.

METHOD
The compounds were isolated by macroporous resin and column chromatography, and identified by IR, NMR data.

RESULT
Two special compounds were isolated and identified.

CONCLUSION
Two compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.