Abstract Our presentation will focus on a comparison between the reciprocal or adjoint approach (AA) (Vallaghe et al., 2009) and the partial integration (PI) direct approach using the transfer matrix approach (Wolters et al., 2004; Vorwerk, 2011) for realistic forward modeling in EEG source analysis.Following (Vallaghe et al., 2009), the AA is deduced using the adjoint method and Riesz representation theorem is used in order to depict the connection between the AA and the EEG forward problem. Next, the PI is derived and used for a comparison with the AA (Wagner 2011). In order to investigate realistically shaped head models including tissue inhomogeneities and anisotropy, the finite element method (FEM) is used for numerical realization of both forward modeling approaches. The underlying theory will be discussed and the connection between lead field approach, Helmholtz' principle of reciprocity and the AA will be demonstrated in detail.By means of a validation of our implementation in tetrahedral as well as hexahedral anisotropic multi-compartment spherical shell models, an estimation of the computational complexity and a derivation of closed formulas, we will show that the AA and PI are essentially identical (Wagner, 2011).However, the AA can be used to calculate and investigate lead field sensitivity distributions that serve as sensitivity maps for the considered pairs of electrodes (lead) in EEG source analysis. Sensitivity maps can be used to (1) assess the influence of an arbitrary dipolar source on the potential difference between a fixed lead at a glance; (2) identify the orientation of certain dipoles needed to maximize the potential difference measured between the considered lead in an intuitive way; (3) visually predict the differences in forward modeling when extending a head model from a standard homogenized three-compartment model to a more realistic one.


Chinese property management has a short development time and low maturity,but the domestic needs of quality and quantity of property management are increasing,resulting in property management problems are frequent,especially the property management of comprehensive office building.For the status quo,this paper analyzes the property management of Shandong Broadcasting Center Integrated Services Building,summarizes the building's management characteristics and management experience,in order to provide a reference for similar building's property management.


To protect the maritime navigation safety of the world,countries have dispatched warships in succession to the Gulf of Aden and the Somali Coast to carry out escorting mission and attacking pirates.This article aims to interpret the relevant issues involved in the action.First,the legal basis of escorting mission and attacking pirates;Second,the main rights of escorting mission and attacking pirates;Third,the main international law which should be taken;Fourth,some other related legal issues.Furthermore,some proposals and the countermeasures are put forward to deal with the legal obstacles in the action.


The discovery of x-rays can be perceived as the culmination of work of many years, beginning as early as 1821. Roentgen started his work on x-rays during the summer of 1894, when he repeated all of Lenard's published work (on cathode rays and inverse square law), familiarizing himself with the equipment. Following several experiments, Roentgen discovered x-rays on November 8, 1895. Roentgen's discovery opened up an exciting field for doctors. It was now possible to use this new form of radiation in the study of the human body.


The current inventory of used nuclear fuel assemblies (UNFAs) from commercial reactor operations in the United States totals approximately 65,000 metric tons or approximately 232,000 UNFAs primarily stored at the 104 operational reactors in the US and a small number of decommissioned reactors. This inventory is growing at a rate of roughly 2,000 to 2,400 metric tons each year, (Approx. 7,000 UNFAs) as a result of ongoing commercial reactor operations. Assuming an average of 10 metric tons per storage/transportation casks, this inventory of commercial UNFAs represents about 6,500 casks with an additional of about 220 casks every year. In January 2010, the Blue Ribbon Commission (BRC) [1] was directed to conduct a comprehensive review of policies for managing the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle and recommend a new plan. The BRC issued their final recommendations in January 2012. One of the main recommendations is for the United States to proceed promptly to develop one or more consolidated storage facilities (CSF) as part of an integrated, comprehensive plan for safely managing the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle. Based on its extensive experience in storage and transportation cask design, analysis, licensing, fabrication, and operations including transportation logistics, Transnuclear,more » Inc. (TN), an AREVA Subsidiary within the Logistics Business Unit, is engineering an integrated system that will address the complete process of commercial UNFA management. The system will deal with UNFAs in their current storage mode in various configurations, the preparation including handling and additional packaging where required and transportation of UNFAs to a CSF site, and subsequent storage, operation and maintenance at the CSF with eventual transportation to a future repository or recycling site. It is essential to proceed by steps to ensure that the system will be the most efficient and serve at best its purpose by defining: the problem to be resolved, the criteria to evaluate the solutions, and the alternative solutions. The complexity of the project is increasing with time (more fuel assemblies, new storage systems, deteriorating logistics infrastructure at some sites, etc.) but with the uncertainty on the final disposal path, flexibility and simplicity will be critical. (authors)« less


We explore the premise that life emerge as an epiphenomenon of a primordial consciousness. We posit a transcendent primordial consciousness which preexists life and which produces and evolves life. We suggest that cyclic processes which produce and implement informational fields and signals are inherent to the mesostratum which is a signal storage and transmission modality. Accordingly, we argue that a primordial consciousness generates the life cycles.


Objective To assess the clinical effect of over-extending reduction combined with percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP) in treating vertebral compression fractures caused by osteoporosis.Methods A total of 16 patients with vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis were treated with over-extending reduction by using traction on the operation table,and then PVP through trans-single-pedicular approach was performed on the fractured vertebra.The visual analogue scale(VAS) was used to evaluate the clinical effectiveness.The preoperative and postoperative heights of the fractured vertebral body were determined,and the vertebral height recovery ratio was calculated.Results Technical success was achieved in 20 vertebrae of 16 cases.Bone cement leakage was observed in front of the vertebral body(n = 5),in the side of vertebral body(n = 20) and within the intervertebral disc(n = 2).After the treatment VAS score decreased from preoperative 8.5 ± 1.2 to postoperative 2.5 ± 1.4.The vertebral height recovery ratio was(40.1 ± 23.5)%.After the surgery,the VAS score and the vertebral height were significantly improved(P 0.05).Conclusion The over-extending reduction combined with PVP through trans-single-pedicular approach is an effective treatment for vertebral compression fractures caused by osteoporosis.


Abstract :
Introduction : The provisional crown is a key factor in the success of obtaining pink esthetics around restorations . providing enough keratinized tissue around implants enables patients to maintain good oral hygiene without irritation or discomfort during routine oral hygiene . to obtain this beauty of a particular material can be used in the construction of temporary crowns . the objective of this poster is to compare the types of material used in the construction of a temporary prosthesis .
Method and material : we selected 25 articles that were published in 2004-2010 .
Conclusion : today , Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)resin ,Polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) resin , Polyvinyl methacrylate (PVM) resin , Bis-Acryle or resin composite and VLC urethane dimethacrylate are used to construction temporary crowns .PMMA has high polishability , good esthetics , good colour stability and low cost and has disadvantages such as low abrasion resitance , free monomer toxic to pulp , short working time . PEMA: has less shrinkage than PMMA , low cost and has disadvantages such as less esthetic than other currently marked materials .PVM has good polishability , good abrasion resistance , good stain resistance. Bis-Acryle or resin composite has good abrasion resistance , low shrinkage , low cost & acceptable esthetic . VLC urethane dimethacrylate advantages has high surface hardness , good abrasion resistance , colour stability & controllable working time .


Background and Objective : Lavandula stoechas is a species of native and permanent plants in Golestan province that belongs to the family Lamiaceae . L. stoechas has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of various diseases. The aim of this study was to extract essential oil using steam distillation method from the flowers of L. stoechas collected from Jahan-nama region in the Golestan province, and evaluate its antibacterial activity. Methods : Steam distillation (Clevenger) and GC-MS system were used to separate volatile oils and identify the essential oil components, respectively. Two methods of disk diffusion and broth micro dilution were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of L . stoechas essential oil. Six bacterial species including Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus sp., Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. Results : The essential oil yield was 0.28%. The main components were camphor (71.86%), 1, 8-cineole (4.08%), linalool (3.77%) and borneol (3.19%). The essential oil showed no inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis , while it had different inhibitory effects on other bacteria. S. aureus and Bacillus sp . showed the highest sensitivity with inhibition zone diameter of 32 and 29 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the essential oil of L. stoechas has high inhibitory and antimicrobial activity particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, which may be due to the presence of 71.86% camphor in its composition. in the Golestan province) and investigating its antimicrobial effects.


There are a large number of problems of physical interest that can be formulated in the abstract setting in which the Lax-Milgram lemma is applied to an equation expressed in terms of an appropriate bilinear form to prove existence of a unique solution. The selection of the solution space and the bilinear form controls the PDE and boundary conditions that the solution will satisfy. We will give some examples to illustrate the interplay between the bilinear form, the solution space and the formal problem that the corresponding solution satisfies.


Fatigue is a common phenomenon in welded structures. Prediction of fatigue life of welded joints in-service is still an unsolved puzzle by the conventional linear ultrasonic testing method. However, the nonlinear ultrasonic waves or the acoustic nonlinear signal can provide clear signs of the accumulative fatigue damage in materials, as reported by a number of researchers. Hence, the nonlinear ultrasonic testing method has revealed a tremendous potential for fatigue damage evaluation. This paper presents a study to characterize the fatigue damage using the analysis of the signal characteristics and a new nonlinear parameter. Based on the very high-cycle fatigue testing results for a 6N01 aluminum alloy welded joint, the relationship between the amplitude of the second-order harmonic and fatigue cycling has been established. The nonlinear ultrasonic system test results show that the amplitude of the second-order harmonic increases at the early fatigue stage, with further increase in cyclic loading until reaching a peak. Metallographic examinations show that a fatigue crack will nucleate in the weld joint in the stage as the amplitude reaches the peak value. Finally, theoretical and experimental results confirm that the amplitude of the second-order harmonic is useful for assessing the fatigue life of a 6N01 aluminum alloy welded joint.


We study the initial boundary value problem with dynamic boundary conditions to thePenrose-Fife equations with a 'memory e ect' for the order parameter and temperature time evolutions.The dynamic boundary conditions describe the process of production and degradation of surfacecrystallite near the walls, which confine the disordered binary alloy at a nearly melt temperatureduring the fast cooling process. The solid-liquid periodic distributions, which were obtained in 1Dcase, represent asymptotically periodic piecewise constant spatial-temporal impulses in a long timedynamics. It is confirmed that, depending on parameter values, the total number of discontinuity pointsof such periodic impulses can be finite or infinite. We refer to such wave solution types as relaxationor pre-turbulent, respectively. These results are compared with experimental data.


Based on the daily precipitation data from 78 stations in Shaanxi during 19612007,the spatial and temporal distributions of precipitation amount,frequency and are analyzed.The main conclusions are as follows:The annual precipitation decreased by a rate of 18.4 mm per 10 years,being manifested by precipitation decrease in spring and autumn;The annual rainy days had a significantly decreasing trend at a rate of 3.2 days per 10 years,which was mostly due to the decrease of light and middle rain events;The intensity of precipitation on the whole showed a slight increasing trend due to the increase of heavy rain and rainstorm frequencies.In a word,precipitation change in Shaanxi province has been becoming uneven and extreme since warm 1990s,and drought and flooding calamities will exaggerate.


The paper is devoted to an implicit finite difference method (FDM) for solving initial-boundary value problems (IBVP) for one-dimensional wave equation. The second-order derivatives in the wave equation have been approximated at the four intermediate points, as a consequence, an implicit nine-point difference scheme has been obtained. Von Neumann stability analysis has been conducted and we have demonstrated, that the presented difference scheme is unconditionally stable.The paper is devoted to an implicit finite difference method (FDM) for solving initial-boundary value problems (IBVP) for one-dimensional wave equation. The second-order derivatives in the wave equation have been approximated at the four intermediate points, as a consequence, an implicit nine-point difference scheme has been obtained. Von Neumann stability analysis has been conducted and we have demonstrated, that the presented difference scheme is unconditionally stable.


Using the scanning method we study by extensive simulations the [theta] transition of self-avoiding walks with nearest-neighbor attractions in the bulk and near a linear wall on a square lattice. Consistent results for the two models are obtained for the radius of gyration, but not for the end-to-end distance. Our results for the exponents [nu] and [gamma] agree with those derived by Duplantier and Saleur [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 539 (1987)] for the [theta][prime] model. However, our results for the crossover exponent [phi] (which constitute upper bounds for the correct value) are significantly larger than the value of [phi]([theta][prime]). At the ordinary point our result for [gamma][sub 1] is larger (even though not much) than the value suggested by Vanderzande, Stella, and Seno [Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2757 (1991)] for the [theta][prime] model.


The term racism is engaged at two seemingly independent levels of analysis within Marxism. At one level it constitutes a definite concept within some general theory of capitalist relations of production and their corresponding ideological forms. At another level these ideological forms express themselves in a range of discriminatory practices. Marxism here takes up the challenge in terms of a more practical struggle. The present article establishes the connection between these two levels of analysis. It does so in particular via a consideration of the contributions of O. C. Cox and E. Genovese to the field. The implications of such theoretical work are then identified in terms of a number of strategies adopted by the Left to combat racism. The deficiencies at one level are seen to generate problems at the other. Racism, it is argued, signifies an almost indiscriminate range of practices that cannot be conceived together as effects either of dominant economic class relations and/or the political will of th...


ABSTRACT Given a finite group G, we denote by Δ(G) the commuting graph of G which is defined as follows: the vertex set is G and two distinct vertices x and y are joined by an edge if and only if xy = yx. Clearly, Δ(G) is always connected for any group G. We denote by κ(G) the number of spanning trees of Δ(G). In the present paper, among other results, we first obtain the value κ(G) for some specific groups G, such as Frobenius groups, Dihedral groups, AC-groups, etc. Next, we characterize the alternating group A5, in the class of nonsolvable groups through its tree-number κ(A5). Finally, we classify the finite groups for which the power graph and the commuting graph coincide.


Carbon-based caged and heterocyclic compounds tend to have strained molecular structures leading to high heats of formation and energetic behavior. In the current paper, molecular modelling calculations for 10 caged compounds of this type along with 2 strained aliphatic compounds and 4 simple cyclic chains are presented in view of their possible use as oxidizers in propulsion applications. Density functional theory (B3LYP) was employed for the geometry optimization of the proposed molecular structure using the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Heats of formation of the compounds were calculated using the molecular modeling results and their specific impulses were computed using the NASA CEA [1] software package to evaluate their potentials as propellant oxidizers.


Objective To discuss the efficacy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma on the radiation therapy.Methods Retrospective analyzed from November 2005 to October 2006 in my hospital for radical radiotherapy of 48 cases with nasopharyngeal carcinoma,and the clinical efficacy.KapLan-Meier method was used for statistical analysis.Results After treatment three months,there were of 41 patients with CR,five cases with PR,2 cases with NC.The local tumor control rate was 95.8%.Six months and one year overall survival rates were 97.9%and 100.0%,and 1 patient died one year after treatment transfer.Conclusion Radiation therapy is a effective treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.


This paper is a brief introduction to idempotent and tropical mathematics. Tropical mathematics can be treated as a result of the so-called Maslov dequantization of the traditional mathematics over numerical fields as the Planck constant $\hbar$ tends to zero taking imaginary values.


The paper analyzes the problem of extracting knowledge from clinical recommendations presented in the form of semi-structured corpora of text documents in natural language, taking into account their periodic updating. The considered methods of intellectual analysis of the accumulated arrays of medical data make it possible to automate a number of tasks aimed at improving the quality of medical care due to significant decision support in the treatment process. A brief review of well-known publications has been made, highlighting approaches to automating the construction of ontologies and knowledge graphs in the problems of semantic modeling of a problem-oriented text corpus. The structural and functional organization of the system of knowledge extraction and automatic construction of an ontology and a knowledge graph of a problem-oriented corpus for a specific subject area is presented. The main stages of knowledge extraction and dynamic updating of the knowledge graph are considered: named entity extraction, semantic annotation, term and keyword extraction, topic modeling, topic identification, and relationship extraction. The formalized representation of texts was obtained using a pre-trained BERT transformer model. The automatic selection of triplets "object" - "action" - "subject" based on part-of-speech markup of the text corpus was used to construct fragments of the knowledge graph. An experiment was carried out on a corpus of medical texts on a given topic (162 documents of depersonalized case histories of patients of a pediatric center) without preliminary markup in order to test the proposed solution for extracting triplets and constructing a knowledge graph based on them. An analysis of the experimental results confirms the need for a deeper markup of the corpus of text documents to take into account the specifics of medical text documents. For an unmarked corpus of texts, the proposed solution demonstrates satisfactory performance in view of the selection of atomic fragments included in the automatically generated ontology.


This paper describes the large-scale photonic asyn- chronous transfer mode (ATM) switching systems being devel- oped in NTT Laboratories. It uses wavelength division multi- plexing (WDM) techniques to attack 1 Tb/s throughput. The architecture is a simple star with modular structure and effec- tively combines optical WDM techniques and electrical control circuits. Recent achievements in important key technologies lead- ing to the realization of large-scale photonic ATM switches based on the architecture are described. We show that we can obtain a 320-Gb/s system that can tolerate the polarization and wavelength dependencies of optical devices. Our experiments using rack-mounted prototypes demonstrate the feasibility of our architecture. The experiments showed stable system operation and high-speed WDM switching capability up to the total optical bandwidth of 12.8 nm, as well as successful 10-Gb/s 4 4 broadcast-and-select and 2.5-Gb/s 16 16 wavelength-routing switch operations.


The fifth-generation cellular networks aim to provide uniform and very high throughput. Massive MIMO is widely seen as the most promising 5G radio technology as it promises very high throughput to many users while also guaranteeing fairness, thanks to the channel hardening effect limiting the small-scale fading. A key question though is to what extent this achieved throughput is homogeneous among users, and what degrees of freedom exist to improve fairness. A promising option to provide uniform throughput using Massive MIMO would be a proper power control, based on long-term channel statistics. This paper studies the trade-off between throughput and fairness and it compares different power-allocation schemes. Assuming users affected by log-normal large-scale fading, simulations show that the trade-off is critical. as user-dependent differences caused by large-scale fading are causing unfairness in the system and fairness is achieved at the price of throughput reduction. In a limited large-scale fading scenario, throughput or fairness optimization is possible without incurring huge losses on the other dimension. For heavy large-scale fading scenarios the cost of enforcing fairness is very large: more than 50% of throughput reduction is observed. Despite the critical trade-off, Massive MIMO is shown to be less sensitive to throughput losses when enforcing fairness, compared with traditional communication systems.


to draw, and in any case this section on its own would give a very distorted overall picture of the year under review, if it were not used in conjunction with the other African sections. The compiler must also confess that his coverage of the periodicals has not been quite as full as usual, especially for United States publications, some of which he found uncommonly elusive, e.g. he did not succeed in 1977 in obtaining any copies of Stiidies ill Black Literatrrre and is thus unsure whether this title has ceased to publish or whether there has merely been a mailing-list error. There was much bibliographic activity in 1977, with Hans Zell in particular providing very solid and useful information, especially Tbe _-lfricau Book 1t-'or-ld and Press with its z347 individual entries. Though published in the United States, the SCOLMA Periodicals from Africa: A Bibliogiaphj> and Union List of Periodicals is a copious and invaluable resource-book and particularly useful to Africanists working in Britain as the union list gives locations in United Kingdom libraries. The new Africa Index and the Anal)'tic Index of Priseiice Africaine z9¢7-z972 are publications that will be warmly welcomed. Langston Hughes's pioneering anthology, An African Treasflry, which has introduced many readers to African literature, was re-issued in paperback, while a volume of selections from the writings of Edward Vlilmot Blyden (see Anthologies) will bring this early apostle of Pan-Africanism to the more intimate attention of many who have known him rather vaguely


From the Publisher:
Make a multimedia project or Internet site come to life using this state-of-the-art resource. Discover how to integrate text, graphics, audio, video and animation through design and authoring tools, using the core fundamentals and technology that create powerful and successful multimedia products.


A new polymorphic BgI II restriction endonuclease site in the alpha-globin gene complex has been found in Cypriot, Sardinian, and Greek populations. In all cases, this polymorphism is linked to a particular hypervariable region between the zeta 2 and zeta 1 genes. This suggests that these hypervariable regions are stable and will be useful for genetic analysis.


This paper presents an intelligent breaker based on TMS320LF2407 and CAN Bus it focuses on the hardware and software design of the CAN communication interface.An optoelectronic isolation component 6N137 is used to enhance anti-jamming capability of the node.


The current research is a self-developed questionnaire, which investigates the notion of "attitudes and stereotypes toward mental illness". Due to lack of similar questionnaire in Asia area, and the cultural differences which may not be analogical from western research, this questionnaire is developed based on questionnaire from western studies, yet, more cultural adaptable questions are added to make the questionnaire more accommodated to Chinese community. As mentioned, this questionnaire aims to measure attitudes and stereotypes that individuals may obtain toward people who suffer from mental illness, by such it also employs a variety of settings to see how one would react when they encounter the mentally ill in different situations. SPSS software is applied on descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, and exploration factor analysis, as to explore factors that prompt to negative reactions; factors are categorized and named after analysis according to their meaning. As a result, the current questionnaire including all the variety of settings that one may approach persons who are mentally ill in daily life, is highly adaptable be an useful instrument to measure attitudes and stereotypes toward mental illnesses especially in Chinese community in the future. In addition, suggestions and advices are made for further research, in particularly to be the references for application for clinical practices.


We have recently succeeded in preparing b‐axis oriented YBa2Cu3Oy thin films by laser metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and special thermal treatments. The b‐axis orientation means that the CuO chain in the basal plane is perpendicular to the film surface, while the a‐axis orientation is parallel to the film surface. When oxygen is introduced after complete oxygen depletion around y≊6, we always obtain a‐axis oriented films. On the other hand, b‐axis oriented films can be obtained if the film whose c‐axis is parallel to the film surface is refilled with oxygen after medium oxygen reduction close to the orthorhombic‐tetragonal phase boundary. These phenomena can be explained by oxygen arrangement in Cu‐O basal planes caused by the stress between the deposited films and the substrates due to the difference in their thermal expansion coefficients.


By analyzing the relationship of public access to information resources and privacy protection,this paper discusses the privacy protection strategies in aspects of developing Privacy Act,establishing suitable measuring principles,advocating self-discipline and perfecting supporting legal measures.


An autobiography by celebrated Japanese writer/television show host/journalist Kurihara Miwako, Where Are the Sunflowers depicts the failure of two over forty adults to find lasting happiness, while introducing social prejudice and discrimination as the catalysts for their misery. Protagonist Kyoko Igarashi's fear of her parents' prejudice toward buraku ancestry eventually destroys her short marriage to Taro Kaiji, a wonderfully warm and sympathetic man of buraku origin. The other man she wanted to marry, much earlier, was a third-generation Korean. That relationship was doomed because the man's father continued to despise the Japanese for their historic mistreatment of his people and thus insisted that he marry a Korean woman. Thus are two of Japan's most destructive social taboos, buraku heritage and Korean ancestry, introduced in a manner which is within easy reach of any reader.


Shear connections in steel structures should satisfy dual criteria
of shear strength and rotational flexibility and ductility.
This paper is concerned with the behavior of single-angle shear
connections where the parameters are number of high strength bolt,
arrangement method of bolt, and thickness of angle-leg. An experimental
 investigation of single-angle shear connections was conducted by
testing 14 beam-to-column joint specimens.
Based on experimental and analytical studies, the failure modes are
developed and proposed design formulas.


Abstract The Marble Springs homestead in south Knox County serves as a significant heritage site for the state of Tennessee because it was the final home of one of our nation's most important founding statesmen and first governor of Tennessee (1796 to 1801, 1803 to 1809), John Sevier. Recent archaeological and historical research had called into question the authenticity of the original John Sevier log cabin located at the Marble Springs homestead. We used tree-ring dating to determine the year(s) of construction of the Governor John Sevier cabin and the adjacent Walker Springs log cabin (which had been relocated to the site later and has no ties to Gov. John Sevier) by first extracting cores from all accessible logs in the cabins and then evaluating the cutting dates of these logs. A nearby reference chronology at Norris Dam anchored the Gov. John Sevier cabin chronology from 1720 to 1834 and the Walker Springs cabin chronology from 1675 to 1826. The cutting dates obtained from six logs in the Gov. John Sevier cabin suggest construction of the cabin was completed sometime between late 1835 and early 1836. We were able to date cores from 29 logs from the Walker Springs cabin, which strongly support final construction between late 1827 to early 1828. Our dendrochronological analyses suggest that the cabin at Marble Springs long thought to be the original cabin occupied by Gov. John Sevier was instead likely built during the occupancy of the property by a later tenant, George Kirby, in the early to mid-1830s, well after the death of Sevier in 1815.


The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of biosolid composts (BC) and carbonized rice hull (RH) on the production of Coffea arabica L. cv Catuai Vermelho seedlings (IAC H 2077-2-5-99) grown in tubets. A totally randomized experimental design with five treatments and four replications was conducted in a nursery, to evaluate Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn contents in roots, stems and leaves. Higher contents of Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn were found in roots, while leaves carried the highest content of Mn. Zn in leaves went from average to high in plants developed in BC. In plants developed in RH. Mn content was about four times higher than the adequate concentration. Ni, Co, Cr, Pb and Cu contents found in leaves were considered normal, according to international standards. The best treatment for coffee seedling nutrition was 50% RH + 50% BC.


Some vesicles in certain subaerial flows of basalt and basaltic andesite are partially filled with dark, partly-glassy segregation material. The segregation material has about three times the concentration of K₂O, TiO₂, and P₂O₅ as the associated host rock. Therefore, the segregation materials are inferred to be frozen residual liquids that migrated into the vesicles. Several possible processes for filling the vesicles are examined within the context of the cooling time implied by heat conduction. The preferred process is one in which the residual liquid migrates through a porous and permeable, but rigid, network of interlocking crystals in response to a pressure gradient generated by vapor saturated crystallization. As crystallization proceeds H₂O is concentrated in the residual liquid and gas. This produces a higher pressure in the gas-poor matrix than in the vesicles and forces liquid to migrate into the vesicles. Textural features suggestive of or consistent with the process include: (1) vesiculation of segregation material, (2) convex perforations of the segregation lining of vesicles, (3) vuggy voids in the matrix, and (4) bubbles in residual glass. We suggest that filter pressing by gas effervescence may petrologically be important to crustal depths as great as several kilometers.


Increasing amounts of sustainable concretes are being used as society becomes more aware of the environment. This paper attempts to evaluate the properties of precast concrete elements formed with recycled coarse aggregate and low clinker content cement using recycled additions. To this end, six different mix proportions were characterized: a reference concrete; 2 concretes with 25%wt. and 50%wt. substitution of coarse aggregate made using mixed construction and demolition wastes; and others with recycled cement with low clinker content. The compressive strength, the elastic modulus, and the durability indicator decrease with the proportions of recycled aggregate replacing aggregate, and it is accentuated with the incorporation of recycled cement. However, all the precast elements tested show good performance with slight reduction in the mechanical properties. To confirm the appropriate behaviour of New Jersey precast barriers, a test that simulated the impact of a vehicle was carried out.


Association rule mining is one of the fundamental tasks of data mining. The conventional association rule mining algorithms, using crisp set, are meant for handling Boolean data. However, in real life quantitative data are voluminous and need careful attention for discovering knowledge. Therefore, to extract association rules from quantitative data, the dataset at hand must be partitioned into intervals, and then converted into Boolean type. In the sequel, it may suffer with the problem of sharp boundary. Hence, fuzzy association rules are developed as a sharp knife to solve the aforesaid problem by handling quantitative data using fuzzy set. In this paper, the authors present an updated survey of fuzzy association rule mining procedures along with a discussion and relevant pointers for further research.


In 2007 a geothermal project was realized for a tomato grower in Bleiswijk, The Netherlands. This project was realized in a cretaceous sandstone reservoir at a depth of approximately 1,700 m. Since then, numerous other greenhouse owners became interested in this energy source. However, the subsurface area required for the heating of a greenhouse is much larger than the areal extent of the greenhouse itself. Also, in 2008, oil and gas prices reached extremely high levels. This combination of circumstances initiated a 'gold rush' for the subsurface in order to claim the rights for the exploration of the geothermal heat contained within. In the greenport Westland-Oostland several requests to claim for these rights were made by individual applicants. The pattern of individual claims suggested a future suboptimal use of the subsurface. Confronted with this, the Greenport Westland-Oostland asked for the development of a masterplan according to which the subsurface could be divided in a more optimal way. First, a geological model of the region's subsurface was created. Two sandstone layers occurring at depths of 1,500 and 2,500 m, respectively were identified as potential heat reservoir layers. Based on the geological findings, a geothermal modeling study was carried out to determine a more optimal well configuration. Results from these calculations show that the amount of heat extracted according to the masterplan (the optimal well configuration) doubles compared to the extraction of geothermal heat by individual projects. The masterplan comprises a total of 153 geothermal doublets spread over an area of roughly 170 km2, realized in the two sandstone layers. Assuming an injection temperature of 40°C, at least 49% of the estimated 707,750 TJ of heat in place can be produced during the lifetime of a geothermal doublet. This corresponds to an average capacity of around 4.2 MW thermal per geothermal doublet. Moreover, with the masterplan approximately 25% of the greenhouses in the greenport Westland Oostland can be heated with geothermal energy for thirty years


Objective:To detect NF-κB in the placenta in order to evaluate the relationship of NF-κB with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy.Methods:The expression of NF-κB in 18 nomal and 50 hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy placenta(15 cases of hypertension complicating pregnancy,17 cases of mild and 18 cases of severe preeclampsia)was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results:The NF-κB expression levels in hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy group were all significantly higher than those in normal pregnancy group(P0.05).Conclusion:The elevated expression of NF-κB in the placenta may play an important role in hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy.


Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurological condition resulting in impaired social interaction and difficulty in understanding verbal and nonverbal communication. Caring for children with ASDs is challenging for both children and their caregivers. The child suffering from ASD starts to show the developmental outcome during early 2.5–3 years and continues thereafter till the child turns to an adult. Many caregivers face severe financial crises, high out-of-pocket healthcare expenses, and unemployment. Previous studies have reported a plethora of psychosocial problems affecting caregivers of children with ASD, ranging from stress, depression, anxiety, restrictions of activities, strain in marital relationships, and diminished physical health. Objective: This article aims to explore the concerns of the caregivers of children suffering from ASD. Aggregate themes were prepared based upon Corley and Gioia's method of data structuring. Methods: After development and validation of an interview schedule, verbatim of seven caregivers of children with ASD were imported on the Atlas.ti version 8. Initial coding and final coding were followed by extracting the aggregate themes. Lincoln and Guba's framework was used to assess the quality criteria as a part of qualitative analysis. Results: Caregivers face various challenges while caring for a child with ASD, with a negative impact on physical health, psychological well-being, societal reactions, and financial balance. Caregivers reported concerns related to service availability for ASD, poorly coping with the diagnostics, and disease processes. Conclusions: Caregivers undergo a lot of problems while taking care of a child with ASD. Health professionals must have an understanding of these problems and must provide the education and information for a better management. Furthermore, the findings of this study have policy implications for the health authorities for providing better health services to children diagnosed with ASD.


Objective To study the clinical characteristics of nontypical acute myocardial infarction(AMI). Methods 52 cases of nontypical AMI were analysed . Results The main clinical manifestation of nontypical acute myocardial infarction were acute left heart failure, digestive tract symptom, arrhythmia, pneumocardial disease, cardiac shock, psychiatric symptom, and fatality rate striking increased. Conclusion Result sindicate that condition of patients with nontypical AMI is very severe; its treatment must be energetic and careful.


Introduction Cancer is the second major cause of death among people with psychotic disorders. With the same incidence, mortality in these patients remains higher than in the general population. As stigma has been identified as a risk factor for excess mortality, we focused on oncologists' beliefs and attitudes towards people with psychotic disorders. Objectives The aim of this study was to uncover physicians' representations about the impact of psychosis on oncological care. Methods In this qualitative study, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 physicians working in oncology in the University Hospital of Brest (France). Transcribed interviews were thematically analyzed. This study meets the COREQ criteria. Results Psychosis is described as a broad-spectrum condition whose severity ranges from the "mild" patient with imperceptible abnormality to the "severe" patient with cognitive and affective deficits. Oncologists identified behavioral and emotional symptoms which may modify the patient-physician relationship with difficulties to interact. Some of them consider that these patients are not interested in their health and will not get involved in oncological care. While the psychotic disorder is not considered as a limiting factor per se, oncologists felt concerned about being stigmatizing. They mentioned different aspects (like anticipation of non-compliance or inability to get help) that lead to changes in conventional treatment regimens and may result in a loss of opportunity. Conclusions Oncologists' beliefs may lead to stigmatizing attitudes towards people with psychotic disorders who may not be given the best possible chances. Thus, these specific elements should be the basis for collaboration between psychiatrists and oncologists. Disclosure No significant relationships.


Aimed at the power tube faults, this paper proposed a fault detection method based on wavelet packet technology. On the base of fault model, The energy of the three phase output current signals is extracted. Then used the BP neural network as the fault classifier to deal with fault characteristic values, could get the corresponding error code and accurately detected the power tube fault.


V>JpposiTiON to oppression is coterminous with the existence of hierarchical social systems. Opposition is permanent, but for the most part latent. The oppressed are too weak politically, economically, and ideologically to manifest their opposition constantly. However, as we know, when oppression becomes particularly acute, or expectations particularly deceived, or the power of the ruling stratum falters, people have risen up in an almost spontaneous manner to cry halt. This has taken the form of revolts, of riots, of flight. The multiple forms of human rebellion have for the most part been only partially efficacious at best. Sometimes they have forced the oppressors to reduce the pressure or the exploitation. But sometimes they have failed utterly to do so. However, one continuing sociological characteristic of these rebellions of the oppressed has been their "spontaneous," short-term character. They have come and they have gone, having such effect as they did. When the next such rebellion came, it normally had little explicit relationship with the previous one. Indeed, this has been one of the great strengths of the world's ruling strata throughout history the noncontinuity of rebellion. In the early history of the capitalist world-economy, the situation remained more or less the same as it had always been in this regard. Rebellions were many, scattered, discrete, momentary, and only partially efficacious at best. One of the contradictions, however, of capitalism as a system is that the very integrating tendencies that have been one of its defining


This paper examines the experiences of refugee athletes in pursuing their ultimate dream to compete in the Olympics, and explores the challenges and prospects they faced. Relevant data were obtained from secondary sources, such as sports articles and biographies on websites, about refugee athletes competing in the Rio Olympics in 2016. Eleven sports personalities among the refugees from South Sudan, Syria, Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia were studied. They represented the Refugee Team in judo, athletics and swimming. A summative content analysis was conducted to see variations in their sporting motives. The analysis suggests that despite of harsh living conditions in their home countries, refugees' passion to compete in sport was very much alive when they arrived at the host countries. The paper also reveals that host countries like Germany, Brazil, and Luxembourg provided several opportunities for the refugees to venture into sport, but available opportunities are selective due to their status as refugees. Also, their participation in sport is confined to Olympic events only. Today, participation in sport is seen as an avenue for refugees to salvage their pride and dignity apart from seeking better opportunities in life. Indeed, sport is a powerful tool to unite people from different backgrounds and nationalities.


Background Cognitive impairment and dementia among elderly adults is a pressing public health issue in China but research on biomarkers of cognitive decline has been limited. Aim Explore the relationship between multiple domains of cognitive functioning and the volume of the left and right hippocampus in healthy elderly adults. Methods Structural MRI scanning was performed on 65 community-dwelling healthy participants 65 to 75 years of age using the Siemens 3.0 T Trio Tim with the MPRAGE sequence. The volumes of the left and right hippocampus were determined using Freesurfer software. Cognitive functioning was evaluated using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Both unadjusted and adjusted associations between the hippocampal volumes and cognitive functioning were estimated. Results Within this relatively narrow age range, age was significantly associated with most of the cognitive measures assessed in women but was not significantly associated with any of the cognitive measures in men. In both men and women right hippocampal volume was positively associated with delayed memory and left hippocampal volume was positively associated with both immediate memory and delayed memory (though the relationship with delayed memory in women was only at a trend level). After adjustment for age, gender, and years of formal education (the variable that was most strongly associated with all of the cognitive measures), both left hippocampal volume and right hippocampal volume were positively associated with delayed memory, but not with immediate memory. Interestingly, the difference in the volumes of the left and right hippocampi was negatively associated with the score of the RBANS attention subscale, a relationship that was stronger in women than in men. Conclusions This study confirms previous work about the relationship of hippocampal volume and memory, identifies a possible relationship between attention and the difference in size of the two hippocampi, and suggests that there may be some differences in these relationships by gender.


To determine whether theophylline exerts hormonal and metabolic effects in neonates, we measured plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon and 3′5′ cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) before and at 30, 60, 120 minutes after a single IV dose of theophylline (4.25 gm/kg - in 30 minutes) for treatment of apnea in 18 preterm neonates. All neonates were receiving only constant glucose infusion (5gm/kg/min) and their blood glucose was normal before the administration of the drug. In 7 neonates (Group1) the level of blood glucose was decreased after it and in 11 (Group2) it was increased. Birth weight was 1621±468 gm, gestational age was 33.0±1,7 wks and postnatal age was 3.5±0.9 days(Group1) and 1525±291gm, 33.0±1.0 wks, 5.8±3.3 days (Group2). There was a significant difference (p< 0.05) in the postnatal age between groups 1and 2. Data show variable effect in blood glucose after administration of theophylline. There was increase of insulin inGroup1. It suggests a direct effect of the drug on insulin release independent of blood glucose decrease. In Group2 there was a late increase of insulin, this could be due to increase of blood glucose, to a direct effect of the drug on insulin release, or both. The similar effect could be occured with the glucagon in both groups. The cAMP response was without discernable pattern. Data show significant effect of theophylline on glucose homeostasis and suggest monitoring during the theophylline therapy in premature newborn. Table


THE present study is a continuation of that described in a preceding article.' The object of this earlier investigation was to obtain for as long a period as possible prior to the outbreak of the World War an index of business activity as indicated by the fluctuations in a monthly series of aggregate bank clearings based upon a representative group of cities.2 The first installment of the present article contains certain supplementary discussion regarding this aggregate clearings series; the second installment will deal with the analysis of monthly data for eighteen individual cities.


In this paper, we propose a new method for path planning to a point for robot in environment with obstacles. The resulting algorithm is implemented as a simple variation of Dijkstra's algorithm. By adding a constraint to the shortest-path, the algorithm is able to exclude all the paths between two points that violate the constraint.This algorithm provides the robot the possibility to move from the initial position to the final position (target) when we have enough samples in the domain. In this case the robot follows a smooth path that does not fall in to the obstacles. Our method is simpler than the previous proposals in the literature and performs comparably to the best methods, both on simulated and some real datasets.


The effect of an electric field (EF) application on crude avocado oils samples was evaluated and presented. Polyphenol oxidase enzyme in avocado pulp is inactivated by the treatment of EF, the conditions of the treatment are a square voltage 9 kV cm -1 with a frequency of 60 Hz for 3 min. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the EF as a preservation method on crude avocado oil. EF is directly applied on avocado pulp and oil was extracted. The oil is stored in a closed container at room temperature and analyzed at different periods of time with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique in the mid infrared region. Chemical values like acidity, peroxide and iodine are also reported. The fatty acid composition in avocado oils is not substantially modified by the EF during the storage. EF treatment may decrease the rate of oxidation reaction of unsaturated fatty acids extending the shelf life of avocado oil.


Dynamic simulation model to test operational policies in the supply chain wooden-furniture To determine the impact effects changing demand on the Supply Chain Wood-Furniture, and how the operational policies of capacity, inventory and processes can mitigate this impact, we designed a dynamic simulation model based on a sample of 20 carpenters Piar located in the municipality of Bolivar State, Venezuela and their relationships with suppliers of raw materials and distributors of finished products. The structure of the chain down in the top three sawmills, a collection of wood and five carpenters. These small enterprises, except the storage center that is not yet built, usually work on an individual basis, but have realized that integration in a string improves the competitiveness of all its members. In that sense, the fundamental contribution of this work is that it can support or help to reduce uncertainty in decision-making of the manager of the chain, so fast that you can discuss politics individually or in combination which is better than another before a shift in demand before putting it into practice and on the other side can be reduced by the Bullwhip effect.


Introduction: Arterial stiffness is an emerging field of interest in atherosclerosis. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are predisposed to have premature atherosclerosis. Aims: To compare the arterial stiffness among patients with SLE and non-SLE controls. The study also compared arterial stiffness among SLE patients in relation to disease activity (SLEDAI) and end organ damage (SLICC index). Study Design: Case control study. Methodology: 53 SLE patients and 53 non-SLE controls were studied. Data was obtained in a Original Research Article structured format. Arterial stiffness indices were obtained by measuring the brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). The SLEDAI Score and SLICC Damage index were measured in the SLE group. Age-matched controls were obtained from the general population. cm/s p<0.001) when compared with those having low activity (SLEDAI<6). Conclusion: Patients with SLE had increased arterial stiffness. End organ damage and high disease activity among SLE patients correlated to increased arterial stiffness, and is contributory to an increased risk of atherosclerosis.


The Glasgow Coma Scale aids decision making with regards to advanced airway management of acutely intoxicated patients. There is some evidence for lower levels of gastric aspiration when using a Glasgow Coma Scale score of eight or less to decide upon tracheal intubation, but this is not substantiated in the literature.


Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmissions are emerging as important modulation technique because of its capacity of ensuring high level robustness against interference. This paper presents a prototype of a high throughput and low complexity OFDM transceiver. OFDM is a modulation technique which is now widely used in various high speed mobile and wireless communication systems such as: fixed Wi-Fi system (IEEE 802.11a standard), mobile Wi-Fi system (IEEE 802.11b standard), fixed WiMAX system (IEEE 802.16a standard), and mobile WiMAX system (IEEE 802.16e standard). In this paper, the design and implementation of OFDM system will be illustrated. Moreover, the design and simulation results for some standards of OFDM using MATLAB will be observed as a practical system examples that uses OFDM as a modulation technique. All the proposed modules are designed using VHDL programming language. The transceiver is implemented on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) through Xilinx System Generator for DSP. The proposed transceiver provides low processing latency. A rapid prototyping platform interfacing MATLAB with Xilinx kit is used in this development. Our experiments show that the proposed transceiver utilizes 68% of the slice LUTs and 55% of slice registers on Virtex-6 FPGA, operating at a maximum frequency of 112 MHz, which proof that our design have the lowest area over the previous related work presented before.


According to the recent Laboratory News' Proteomics Special article Mass Spectroscopy (MS) has become the technology of choice to meet today's unprecedented demand for accurate bioanalytical measurements, including protein identification. Although MS can be used to analyze any biological sample, it must be first converted to gas-phase ions before it can be introduced into a mass spectrometer for analysis. It is transfer of a very small liquid sample (proteins are very expensive and often very difficult to produce in sizable quantities) into a gas-phase ions that is currently considered to be a bottleneck to high throughput proteomics. Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a technique developed in early 1990th to generate a spray gas-phase ions by applying high voltage (from several hundreds volts and up to a few thousands kilovolts relative to the ground electrode of the MS interface) to a small capillary through which the liquid solution is pumped. The high electric field ionizes the fluid forming the converging Taylor cone of the exiting jet which eventually breaks into many small droplets when the repulsive Coulombic forces overcome the surface tension. Because of the focusing effect associated with the spraying the electrically charged fluid, the size of the electrospray cone and thus of the formed droplets is in a few tens of nanometers range although the inner diameter of the capillary is in the micrometer range.Copyright © 2004 by ASME


The microorganism of the two typical habitats of Hippophae rhamnoides rhizosphere soil are isolated and counted on early budding period of Hippophae rhamnoides in Maxian Mountains of Gansu.The bacteria,actinomyces and fungi are identified primarily by character of morphology,culture and chemistry.There are 47 colonies of bacteria which can be divided into 12 genera,31 pure colonies of actinomyces belong to 3 genera,20 fungi culturists of four genera are gotten.Both the total microorganism number and the amounts of bacteria,actinomyces and fungi are higher in the river valley soil of Hippophae rhamnoides rhizosphere than the sunshiny and dry grassland soil.The microorganism are different in two environment sample of Hippophae rhamnoides rhizosphere soil.


As we enter the 21st century, it is more important than ever to provide comprehensive and integrated educational, mental health, medical, and social interventions. Full-service schools represent a convenient way for students and their families to access these services.


The microstructural change around a fatigue crack in 15% cold-rolled low-carbon steel specimens was investigated by using the back-reflection X-ray microbeam diffraction technique. The results obtained are summarized as follows:(1) Dislocations introduced by predeformation rearrange themselves in the vicinity of a fatigue crack. The excess dislocation density in a subgrain, the subgrain size and the micro lattice strain in a grain are decreased by this rearrangement of dislocations while the excess dislocation density at subboundaries increases. In this way the preformed substructure developes near a fatigue crack. Micro cracks are expected to exist at subboundaries of fatigue-induced substructure and a main crack will propagate along subboundaries, joining these micro cracks.(2) The crack propagation rate has a great deal to do with the degree of development in substructure at crack tips, that is, the amount of decrement in micro lattice strain and subgrain size become larger as the propagation rate increases. It is considered that by using this relation, the estimation of the propagation rate of a crack whose rate is unknown will be possible, if the information about substructure at the crack tip is given in the observation by the X-ray microbeam.


To identify the lithology of coal seam roof and explore the influence of these roofs on the enrichment of coalbed methane, low-frequency rock petrophysics experiments, seismic analyses and gas-bearing trend analyses were performed. The results show that the sound wave propagation speed in rock at seismic frequencies was lower than that at ultrasound frequencies. Additionally, the P-wave velocities of gritstone, fine sandstone, argillaceous siltstone and mudstone were 1,651 m/s, 2,840 m/s, 3,191 m/s and 4,214 m/s, respectively. The surface properties of the coal seam roofs were extracted through 3D seismic wave impedance inversion. The theoretical P-wave impedance was calculated after the tested P-wave velocity was determined. By matching the theoretical P-wave impedance of the four types of rocks with that of the coal seam roofs, we identified the lithology of the roofs. By analyzing known borehole data, we found that the identified lithology was consistent with that revealed by the data. By comparing and analyzing the coal seam roof lithology and the gas-bearing trends in the study area, we discovered that the coal seam roof lithology was related to the enrichment of coalbed methane. In the study area, areas with high gas contents mainly coincided with roof zones composed of mudstone and argillaceous siltstone, and those with low gas contents were mainly associated with fine sandstone roof areas. Thus, highly compact areas of coal seam roof are favorable for the formation and preservation of coalbed methane.


When impurity gas exlsts in a discharge lamp, both the breakdown voltage and the positive column field strength increase. Value (E2-Eo')/E*', which means an increasing ratio of electron energy loss by impurity gas to that by main gas, is proportional to impurity gas concentration, where E and E* are the electric field strength in positive column with and without impurity gas, respectively. This ratio depends on electron energy loss mechanism by impurity gas. In Penning mixture gas, electrons lose their energy by exciting main gas atoms to their metastable levels. The metastable atoms lose their energy by the second kind collision with impurity gas motecules. On the otherhand, in the positive column with a current density between 5xlO-* A/cm' and 5xl0-2A/cm', eiectrons lose their energy by direct collision with impurity gas molecules. tmpurity gas affects more strongly on the positive column fleld than on the breakdown voltage.


AIMS
Response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is associated with improved survival, and reduction in heart failure hospitalization, and ventricular arrhythmia (VA) risk. However, the impact of CRT super-response [CRT-SR, increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to ≥ 50%] on VA remains unclear.

METHODS AND RESULTS
We undertook a meta-analysis aimed at determining the impact of CRT response and CRT-SR on risk of VA and all-cause mortality. Systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, identifying all relevant English articles published until 31 December 2019. A total of 34 studies (7605 patients for VA and 5874 patients for all-cause mortality) were retained for the meta-analysis. The pooled cumulative incidence of appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for VA was significantly lower at 13.0% (4.5% per annum) in CRT-responders, vs. 29.0% (annualized rate of 10.0%) in CRT non-responders, relative risk (RR) 0.47 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39-0.56, P < 0.0001]; all-cause mortality 3.5% vs. 9.1% per annum, RR of 0.38 (95% CI 0.30-0.49, P < 0.0001). The pooled incidence of VA was significantly lower in CRT-SR compared with CRT non-super-responders (non-responders + responders) at 0.9% vs. 3.8% per annum, respectively, RR 0.22 (95% CI 0.12-0.40, P < 0.0001); as well as all-cause mortality at 2.0% vs. 4.3%, respectively, RR 0.47 (95% CI 0.33-0.66, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Cardiac resynchronization therapy super-responders have low absolute risk of VA and all-cause mortality. However, there remains a non-trivial residual absolute risk of these adverse outcomes in CRT responders. These findings suggest that among CRT responders, there may be a continued clinical benefit of defibrillators.


This is the second release by a research project undertaken by the Institute for International Law and Justice at New York University, following the previously reviewed (21 EJIL (2010): 251) From Mercenaries to Market. The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (Simon Chesterman and Chia Lehnhardt (eds), Oxford University Press, 2007). In that commendable first volume, the editors sought to bring a variety of perspectives to bear on the increasingly topical issue of private security providers and their regulation by states. The contributions to that earlier collection were characterized by a distinctly pragmatic approach to the issue, seeking to re-assess the degree to which international law�s categorical proscription of mercenarism remained tenable in a world where most states, rich and poor, view private service providers as an increasingly important part of their military posture.
The common point of departure of both books� contributors is the accurate empirical observation that almost all states, as well as many international and non-governmental organizations, are relying increasingly more strongly on the real or perceived benefits of �outsourcing� certain hitherto public functions to private actors. Somewhat belying its title, which hints at a broader examination, the present book continues the theme of the first volume, namely the regulation of private security providers. This is based on the editors� correct estimate that the perceived benefits accruing to states from their utilization of private actors outweigh normative concerns. Their agenda is therefore a self-consciously pragmatic one in search of �relevance�, with the overriding aim of regulation rather than abolition of private security.
In the pursuit of this goal the editors try in this volume to cast a wider net of empirical and conceptional approaches, trying to extract from the experience with privatization in other industries applicable lessons for the regulation of private violence. They realize that �


This article reveals that high buildings' indoor concentration of Radon is different due to the difference of building materials,indoor decoration materials and building structure by monitoring and analysing indoor concentration of radon of high buildings higher than twenty floors for one year.High buildings'indoor concentration of radon is also different due to the difference of time and seasons.


India is one of the leading oilseeds producing countries in the world with 21 % of world's area and 15% of world's production. Oilseeds also form the second largest agricultural product subsequent to cereals sharing 13% of the country's gross cropped area and accounts for nearly 5% of gross national product and 10% of the value of all agricultural products. Sunflower is scientifically known as Helianthus annuus, derived from the name of Greek sun God Helios. It was originally grown as an ornamental plant for its attractive flowers and photosensitive nature. The total area under sunflower in the world is about 25.34 million hectare with the production of 40.04 million tonnes (USDA, 2012). In India, sunflower occupies the fourth place among oilseed crops in terms of acreage and production. The area under sunflower cultivation in India was 0.72 m ha, with a International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 1 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


The recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm for online parameter identification (OPI) of induction machines (IMs) has a high potential to serve as a basis for an innovative electric vehicle diagnosis concept. Commonly used for control parameter tuning, this approach is established in numerous industrial applications. However, in the automotive environment, special machine designs are used, and the highly dynamic operation takes place in a wide speed and load range. This results in fast transient parameter behavior, which is challenging in terms of OPI. Therefore, the algorithm performance must be rated in our field of application with suitable dynamic test profiles. In this work, we compare several algorithm extensions to a novel RLS algorithm with multiple variable forgetting factors for IMs. The algorithms are analyzed regarding their handling of the associated transient parameter behavior. In addition, different identification model structures are considered to deal with the dynamic speed operation and the associated transient iron losses. Special attention is given to the real-time performance of the overall identification algorithms as this is a major requirement for implementation in automotive embedded systems. For validation, both simulation and experimental results are presented, and associated configuration recommendations are provided.


An expert group set up to investigate a meningitis outbreak in south Wales in which three people have died is about to meet for the first time. The full terms of reference for the group, to be chaired by Professor Ian Cameron, provost and vice chancellor of the University of Wales, were still being finalised this week.

It is understood that the team may look at possible ways to reduce public anxiety and to increase understanding of preventive measures. "The terms of reference will be very wide, and we will look at what happened …


Lung cancer continues to be the number one cause of death from cancer in men and women, far surpassing the cumulative deaths related to prostate cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer. The high number of deaths related to lung cancer stems from the high incidence and prevalence of lung cancer, as well as the late stage of most lung cancers at the time of diagnosis. Cigarette smoke continues to be the most common underlying cause of lung cancer, accounting for at least 85% of patients who develop lung cancer. Even with decreasing rates of smoking in the United States, the carcinogenic effects of cigarette smoke continue to be an issue, given the increasing age of baby boomers, as well as continued high smoking rates internationally. It has long been known that the majority of lung cancers can be cured if they are detected at an early stage. Chest radiography was initially targeted as a screening tool for lung cancer, given its wide availability, low cost, and low radiation dose. However, chest radiography has not been shown to improve survival. The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial included 154,901 subjects aged 55–74 years; participants were either screened for 4 years annually or not screened (1). Both groups were then followed for 12 years. There was no difference in survival between the screened and unscreened groups. Given the failure of chest radiography in detecting early-stage lung cancer, studies were performed in the 1990s, using low-dose chest computed tomography (CT) as an alternative screening modality. However, many early low-dose chest CT screening trials were performed using a single-arm methodology in which subjects were evaluated with both chest radiography and low-dose chest CT. Not surprisingly, these studies demonstrated that low-dose chest CT was much more sensitive in the detection of early-stage lung cancer than chest radiography. However, because of the lack of a control group to act as a reference standard, lung cancer and overall mortality superiority could not be established. To determine whether low-dose chest CT screening for lung cancer in fact improves survival, the national lung cancer screening trial was instituted by collaborative team of researchers in the United States. In total, 53,454 subjects were randomly placed into a low-dose chest CT screening group or a chest radiography screening group. Three screenings were performed. The study was stopped early, as the primary endpoint had been reached. The study demonstrated that lung cancer screening with low-dose chest CT in a high-risk population resulted in a 20% reduction in mortality relative to chest radiography screening. One of the major criticisms of lung cancer screening with low-dose chest CT is the high number of incidental lesions potentially detected on chest CT, which can lead to patient stress, overdiagnosis of nonpulmonary lesions, and additional costs (2–5). As opposed to screening mammography, the cross-sectional nature of chest CT has very high contrast resolution, allowing for detection of many more findings relative to radiography. Moreover, given the relatively large scan range necessary to image the lungs completely, the chance of detecting an incidental lesion is increased, given that more nonpulmonary organs are imaged during the study. Although the detection of incidental lesions could be mitigated by "coning down" only on the organ of interest (which is employed in spine imaging and cardiac imaging at some centers) or segmenting out nonpulmonary portions of the study, the standard of care is to use a reasonable field of view to include adjacent nonpulmonary structures as well. This presents a challenge for clinicians and radiologists alike, given the associated additional costs of work-up, patient anxiety, and iatrogenic risks. Indeed, studies that have evaluated the rate of incidental findings on low-dose lung cancer screening have shown that well over half of cases will demonstrate some incidental findings. However, many of these lesions are not clinically relevant, with an extremely low number of nonpulmonary malignancies detected. In this issue of the AnnalsATS,Morgan and colleagues (pp. 1450–1456) report their single-center experience screening patients with lung cancer with low-dose chest CT (6). The report is valuable, in that it mirrors ideal clinical practice in regard to patient inclusion for lung cancer screening. They showed that nearly all 320 low-dose chest CT scans contained incidental findings. Most of these were pulmonary and cardiovascular in nature, and 15% of incidental findings required further work-up. Their report is especially valuable, as they totaled the Medicare-level reimbursement for the lung cancer screening studies and actual downstream evaluation tests and procedures, as well as surgical resections of screendetected incidental findings, which averaged approximately $817, directly addressing one of the major criticisms of screening.


Housing is a place where sustainable urban spaces are produced and where people's physical, cultural, environmental, economic, social and psychological needs are evaluated together with their surroundings, rather than just a building where the need for shelter is met. With the acceleration of urbanization, new needs arise, and the first of these is the need for housing. The housing sector has become one of the most dynamic and continuous sectors associated with the increase in the need for housing. The need for adequate and accessible housing comes to the forefront in our country as well as in the world. Understanding and predicting the key features determining housing prices and value is an important consideration for urban planners and housing policymakers. In this study, machine learning and artificial neural network models were used to predict the housing demand of Konya, and their forecasting performances were compared. As a result, it was concluded that ANN is a better alternative for housing demand forecasting in Konya.


(i) Bieberbach's conjecture motivated the development of the Loewner parametric method (1923), which became a very useful tool in the theory of univalent functions. (ii In 1971, I. M. Milin constructed a sequence of functionals associated with his exponentiation approach and the Bieberbach conjecture. He conjectured that these functionals were nonpositive, and gave an elementary argument showing that his conjecture implies Bieberbach's. (iii) In 1984, L. de. Branges proved that Milin's functionals were nonpositive. He used Loewner's method together with results and ideas from several fields of mathematics. This achievement allowed de Branges to confirm the Bieberbach conjecture as a theorem.


Infrastructure and buildings constructed today will experience significantly different weather patterns over the course of their lifetime due to the impacts of climate change. In order for utility agencies and property developers to plan for these changes, localized data on the projected changes in rainfall patterns is needed. For stormwater management, this data would include changes in rainfall intensity, duration, and frequency, along with correlating updates to existing hydrologic design standards. The WeatherShift flooding tool uses data from 21 global climate models to generate projected rainfall statistics for a range of emission scenarios and future time frames. This data is presented in the form of localized climate change-shifted rainfall IntensityDuration-Frequency (IDF) curves for use in drainage infrastructure design, such as for sizing storm drain networks, pump stations, and treatment plants. In this paper we discuss how we use data from global climate models and an Argos Analytics-developed tool to construct distributions of future rainfall intensity as a function of rainfall duration and return time, which can then be applied in engineering practice for risk-based resiliency planning of drainage infrastructure. Optimizing infrastructure capacity design enables planning for risk-based adaptations while minimizing lifecycle costs. We also discuss a proposed tool for morphing daily rainfall time series to reflect future climate conditions, which can be used by the TopUp rainfall harvesting tool to predict future rainfall harvesting scenarios.


The purpose of this research is to know the application of ijarah multijasa contract on educational cost product, to find out more which is driven by BMT in the implementation of multijasa ijara agreement and the best solution benefit, and additional reason from the members who prefer multijasa ijarah financing as an alternative to education on Deposits Education at BMT Muamalat Jumapolo Karanganyar. This research use case study method. Data technique uses observation techniques, interviews, and documentation. The results showed to use ijarah multijasa educational financing, the community must be a member in BMT Muamalat. Its implementation in ijarah multijasa educational financing through two ways, namely first, the BMT directly standardize funds to the school. Second, funds are given directly to members who apply for pay and charge themselves to the school. Constraints that are members consist of ordinary people who really do not understand or understand about sharia economy. Members are more interested in financing ijarah multijasa financing education with education savings. Because, for the saving of education. Keywords: Implementation of Multijasa Ijarah Financing of Education, Constraints, and Member Reasons Using Multijasa Ijarah.


Medical calculation is a core competence for nurses. During their study period this subject is trained intensively. Research showed however that 40% of the nurses, already graduated for several years, can't calculate accurately (Medinews, 2007). Some hospitals argue that the basic medical calculation competences of new graduated nurses are already too low. Research question is how can elearning improve the medical calculation skills for nurses? A 3 year project was financed by the Flemisch Government to research if it is possible to develop an e-learning platform for in-service nurses to improve their medical calculation skills through learning in the workplace, using an e-learning platform. A moodle-server was setup. Tests were made to measure nurses basic calculation skills. Also some courses, used in the regular education of nurses, were uploaded in the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). The pilot group counted five hospitals. First results of the tests showed that the basic calculation skills are effectively too low. Even in hospitals were the results of the first tests were relatively low, we saw that other nurses even didn't do the test. Also a result was that doing the test is scaring for nurses. They are concerned about the negative influence, in case of bad results. Extra courses, as a kind of lifelong learning course, for medical calculation seems necessary. Digital courseware is developed and offered online. Nurses can during the worktime improve their skills and do new tests until the medical calculation skills have reached an acceptable level. Managers in the hospitals are asking now for a structural solution. They want to test applicants with the same tests and exercises before they can start working in hospitals. A lifelong learning program will be developed for medical calculation.


Russian grammatical rules are complicated,the nominative case is especially hard to grasp because of the various meanings.The author compares the limiting meaning of nouns in Russian and the relative expressions in English to help the students major in English whose second foreign language is Russian.


What does the frequency of occurrence of different words in an article have to do with the number of times an article is cited? Or, for that matter, with the number of publications an author has? All of these—word frequency, citation frequency, and publication frequencyobey an ubiquitous distribution called Zipf's law. Zipf's law applies as well to such diverse subjects as income distribution, firm size, and biological genera and species. Zipf in 1949 described a hyperbolic rank-frequency word distribution, which he fitted to a number of texts. He stated that if all unique words in a text are arranged (or ranked) in order of decreasing frequency of occurrence, the product of frequency times rank yields a constant which is approximately equal for all words in a text. The law has been shown to encompass many natural phenomena, and is equivalent to the distributions of Yule, Lotka, Pareto, Bradford, and Price. An ubiquitous empirical regularity suggests some universal principal. This article examines a number of theoretical derivations of the law, in order to show the relationship between the many attempts at ascertaining a theoretical justification for the phenomenon. We then briefly examine some of the ramifications of applying the law to the bibliographic database environment. The structure of the Zipf distribution resembles that of many other distributions, such as the Yule and Bradford distributions, and Lotka's law. Each has been observed as an empirical regularity in the study of many diverse subjects, ranging from the frequency of citation of published works to the distribution of the length of rugged coastline. What are the relationships among these phenomena? More importantly, how can one theoretically justify the existence of these regularities? This article is devoted to an explication of the appropriateness of the Zipf distribution to the word-frequency relation


The rock concert is the environment for one of the most popular and spectacular "rituals of controlled drug use." For some persons, however, such public drug use elicits "bad trips". This paper outlines the nature of adverse reactions recorded by the Rock Medicine Section of the Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic at San Francisco area rock concerts between 1973 and 1977. A careful analysis of these reactions reflects the drug-taking patterns of the larger youth culture. The analysis also delineates the peculiar nature of "crowd dysphoria" in the rock concert environment. The paper identifies a trend away from LSD and toward "downers" after 1973, which foreshadowed the dominance of alcohol among the 1977 adverse-reaction victims.


Part 1 Remarks on Gauss sums over Galois rings 1
 1 Introduction 1
 2 Characters over Galois rings 2
 3 Galois rings and Proof of Lemma's 3
 References 8
Part2. Splitting Multiplicative Sets in Dedekind Domains 9
 1 Introduction 9
 2 Splitting multiplicat


Computations of N. B. S. units of color differences from C. I. E. specifications to control the dyeing properties of viscose-acetate union fabrics require so much time, that the simple inspection method should be considered.The writers have found that color differences are given from the reflectances in a given wavelength on the spectral reflectance curve.Blue colors in general use are chosen as a dye for the inspection method, because they have less MacAdam ellipse.At first, the same three union abbrics are separately dyed by the Direct-color (Azin Briilliant Blue 6B conc.) or Acetate-color (Diacelliton Fast Brilliant Blue BF), and then the reflectance was determined in 480, 580, and 650mμ in turn for the undyed, direct-dyed and celliton-dyed fabrics.Their reflectances of color difference are immediately obtanied as follows:for the undyed fabric y=0, 56x1+1.11for the direct-dyed fabric y=0.92x2+1.3 and, for the celliton-dyed fabric y=0, 77x3+1.0where y is the color differnce in MacAdam ellipse unit, x1 is (1-R480/R580)×100, x2 is R580, and x3 is R650, and R is reflectance in the subscript wavelengths.


Contemporary artists in Lusaka, Zambia, range from the more traditional potters to the new popular painters. The messages communicated define the artists as a group and reflect important cultural changes. In some cases, the art forms contain an indirect symbolic protest and in others an innovative combination of traditional and modern styles and messages. The artists' symbolic expressions are not direct statements of cultural transformation but instead must be interpreted through knowledge of the milieu in which they are presented. The symbolic content of these diverse art forms will be discussed in terms of the artists' social milieux, their audience, and the methods that they employ to learn and to execute art works. The first section of this discussion will outline the four major types of popular art found in Lusaka, and the concluding portion will compare these art works as ideological expressions and communicative forms. Popular African art works are produced in a plural social environment over which the artist has little control (cf. Fouquer 1975: 30-40). * It is a misconception to state that all of these works fall into the category of tourist or airport art made to please outsiders. However, while much of the contemporary art is to be found and sold within the crowded settlements of modern Africa's larger cities and towns, its target audience is a group of outsiders: tourists, expatriates, and those strata of elite local residents most likely to come in contact with visitors. The artists that I have interviewed over a twoyear period in Lusaka have repeatedly emphasized that they "produce for the Europeans", despite their feelings of uneasiness and reluctance about this orientation. Their statements are controversial.


Addressed is the physics of sound propagation through a shallow water waveguide whose seabed has a random rough surface. The basic coupled integral equations for the modal amplitudes can be split into forward and backward going coupled integral equations. Numerical solutions of the coupled equations are obtained for multiple roughness realizations from which ensemble averages can be obtained for the modal intensities and cross-mode coherence as a function of range. Sample calculations illustrate some of the basic characteristics of the average cross-mode coherence and intensity with and without seabed attenuation and for different source depths on range scales of 1500 acoustic wavelengths.


The article deals with the problems of accentuation types of noun word forms in Old Persian. The materials from Old Persian glossaries were used to form the register with 202 noun word forms in volume. Using traditional methodology that is accepted in Iranian comparative linguistics the author distributed available lexicon to seven accentuation types, each of them consisting of noun word forms with a stressed syllable of the same quality. In addition, some word forms that show unusual accentuation patterns because of the etymological uncertainty, sporadic appearance or possible orthographical mistakes in original cuneiform texts were referred to a separate accentuation type. According to the position of the stressed syllable in a noun word form every accentuation type was divided into accentuation models, the total number of which is 20 units. The author gives a special linguistic commentary within each accentuation type that explains the conditions of the functioning and diachronic evolution of its type. In addition, this paper shows accentuation influence on morphology and morphophonology of Old Persian nouns. Besides Old Persian lexicon, the article deals with Avestan and Pahlavi noun word forms, which are closely related to Old Persian. The use of lexicon of related languages assists in more accurate diachronic analysis of accentuation processes and better demonstrates Indo-European lingual universals within the Old Persian lexicon.


An approach to assessing the probabilities of threats realization based on Markov random process is proposed in the article. In the system of indicators characterizing a certain area of economic safety, a stable state is distinguished, in which the values of all indicators are within the acceptable values, and several unstable states, in which some of the indicators are beyond the acceptable values. Transitions of the system between states are supposed under the influence of a certain set of threats to economic security in the form of an inhomogeneous Markov process. A feature of the model is that the rates of the transitions depends on the quantity of budgetary funds allocated by the structures responsible for monitoring the level of economic security, on eliminating potential threats or to weaken their action. It's shown that under certain constraints on the parameters of the model, a stationary regime is setting in the system, in which the probabilities of the system states don't depend on time. An algorithm for modeling the process of changing the states of the system at some finite time interval and calculating the final probabilities of states is described, based on the Monte Carlo method. A modeling program has been developed and the simplest example is given when budget funds are allocated in equal parts at regular intervals, regardless of the system state. It's shown that the results of imitation modeling are coincided with the analytical final distribution obtained from the Kolmogorov equations. The model and its program implementation can be useful tool for regional authorities dealing with the problems of monitoring economic safety and scenario forecasting of the socio-economic development of the region.


This article reconstructs the «prehistory» of the second paragraph of the Professio fidei of 1989, concentrating on the period between the two Vatican Councils. It aims to show that the subtle development of the notion of the «connection» and its formal statute are not of great significance- and the little interest shown in it during both Vatican Councils is a confirmation of this. A notion such as this can only be interpreted understood and evaluated if we take into account those «cases» which have been classed as «connections» of this sort - initially not very many (consider the debate in the 17th century on «dogmatic facts») but many more after the «modernist crisis». In the years that immediately preceded the Second Vatican Council, the plausability of a Catholic vision of the world, one which had established the notion of a «connection» during the papacy of Leone XIII, was already giving way to a more culturally heterogenous vision. At the same time, the idea that what had once been, in a certain epoc and in a particular context, «necessarily tied to the depositum fidei», need not necessarily be so in a different epoc and cultural context, was one which the Catholic historical and theological conscience was unable to accept.


Objective To study epidemiology, clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment of sepsis caused by Vibrio vulnificus. Method Patientss with Vibrio vulnificus sepsis were collected from 1995 to 2008. The medical records including epidemiological and clinical data were analyzed. Results The male-to-female ratio of 34cases was 4.7:1 and 76. 5% of these patients suffered from chronic liver disease. Most patients occurred from April to October with signs of abrupt fever, characteristic cutaneous lesions, hypotension and progressive multiple organ disfunction syndrome (MODS). The mortality was over 47.1% . The criteria proposed for early diagnosis of Vibrio vulnificus sepsis were abrupt onset with fever during the period from April to November, characteristic cutaneous lesions, such as the most commonly occurred haemorrhagic bullae on the extremities or even extensive necrosis of skin and muscular tissue, progressive hypotension or shock accompanied by MODS, pre-existing liver disease or chronic abuse of alcohol, and consumption of raw seafood or exposure to seawater within 12 week. Early administration of the third-generation cephalosporins with the quinolones in full dosage, aggressive wound debridement,appropriate dermoplasty and supportive care contribute to a better outcome. Conclusions Vibrio vulnificus sepsis progresses rapidly with high mortality. Early diagnosis, rapid treatment with prompt antibiotics and aggressive surgery treatment are very important to improve the outcome.

Key words:
Vibrio vulnificus;  Sepsis;  Epidemiology;  Diagnosis;  Treatment


The complicated transfer path relationship between the vibrations of a seat and the noise at the locations of the driver's ears was estimated from the residual spectrum. For accurate quantitative estimation of the rattle noise at the locations of the driver's ears, in particular the partial coherence function of the pure inputs to the output was modelled by considering the correlation between the inputs and the input–output. Whenever a coherence analysis was performed with the noise sources in close proximity selected as the inputs and the noise at the locations of the driver's ears modelled as the output, the partially coherent output spectrum as a quantitative contribution of the inputs to the output was determined. In this study, we applied a coherence analysis technique to identify the sources of the rattle noise of a seat by visualizing the noise sources with an acoustic camera while excitation of the seat was carried out using a hydraulic exciter. We were able to generate the rattle noise from the headrest stay, the recliner and the front part of the slide while excitation of the seat was obtained using a hydraulic exciter with white noise. We observed that the noise was generated by utilizing a hydraulic six-axis exciter positioned at the driver's seat of a middle-sized manual transmission vehicle. We determined that the noise measured at the locations of the driver's ears had a frequency of 58 Hz using acoustic visualization and a coherence technique. It was selected in particular as the target frequency since the 58 Hz resonant frequency caused by the twisting mode of the seat back was identical with the frequency of the rattle noise. Finally, it was verified through a modal test that the rattle noise at 58 Hz was generated by the vibration characteristics of the seat, which depended on gaps between the headrest stay and the guide.


A new breed of healthcare professional pioneered at Southend Hospital NHS Trust has proved so successful that numbers are set to double, thanks to a government award of £190,000.


A nonvolatile semiconductor memory unit is provided, belonging to the technical field of the semiconductor memory. A silicon substrate (101) is provided and a source and a drain region (102, 102') is formed in the both side of the carrier channel in the upper surface of the silicon substrate (101). A tunneling oxide layer (103) is formed on the carrier channel region of the silicon substrate (101). A floating gate charge storage layer (104) is formed on the tunneling oxide layer (103). A block dielectric layer (105) is formed on the floating gate charge storage layer (104). A polysilicon control gate (106) is formed on the block dielectric layer (105). The coupling between flash units and the generation and the density of the defect in the block dielectric layer of the flash are reduced by the memory unit, and the signal window of the flash is increased and the retention performance and the reliability of the flash unit are improved. The memory unit has a wide application prospect in the high density and the high reliability storage application.


Purpose: We examined the natural course of patients with retinitis pigmentosa of the eight sporadic and five autosomal recessive forms over 5 years. Methods: We measured the areas of the visual fields by Goldmann perimetry using a digitizer and a computer software. Results: The visual field of V-4 isopters in 4 sporadic cases was approximately 200 cm2 during 30 years after the initial examination, but decreased down to 40 cm2 in the next 10 years. The visual field was reduced to half the normal field in 3 autosomal recessive cases early below the age of 25 years. In 4 sporadic and 2 autosomal recessive cases, the inferior temporal visual field was the widest at the onset of the disease, but exhibited the most severe loss. The superior nasal area was the narrowest initially, and showed the mildest progression. Conclusions: The visual field in retinitis pigmentosa is constricted age-dependently with severe loss of the inferior temporal visual area and mild damage to the superior nasal area.


Off-diagonal spin–orbit coupling matrix elements are calculated for the lowest 1Σ+, 3Π and 3Σ– states of the rare-gas oxides from SCF wave functions in a double-zeta basis. From the resulting parameters and calculated potential energy curves of Dunning and Hay, estimates of the O(1D) collisional quenching rate constant at 300 K have been made. Calculated values are in good agreement with experiment for Ar and a little too low for Kr and Xe; this may be due to an under-estimation of the spin–orbit parameter. For Ne the calculated value is too low by a factor 104. Reduction of the calculated crossing point by a factor of three would be needed to give agreement with experiment, suggesting that latter may be in error. Experimental data at other temperatures is needed unambiguously to decide the source of error.