BACKGROUND
 Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 71% of deaths worldwide. The World Health Organization has recently developed a global action plan to address the impact of NCDs, with a goal of reducing the number of premature NCD-related deaths to 25% by the year 2025. Appropriate therapeutic adherence is critical for effective disease management; however, approximately 30-50% of patients with an NCD do not comply with disease management activities as prescribed. Online patient communities can represent a platform from which to gather specific information outside of a clinical trial setting on patient perception of treatment adherence.

 OBJECTIVE
 This study aimed to better understand patient perspectives regarding therapeutic adherence and iatrogenic risk in two major groups of NCDs for which poor disease management can have fatal consequences: cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders. Therapeutic adherence, motivational factors, patient awareness and perception of iatrogenesis, and treatment tools used by patients were assessed.

 METHODS
 An online survey was performed among patients with cardiovascular diseases and/or mental disorders who were registered on the French Carenity platform, an online community in which patients with an NCD can share experiences and receive support and information. The study inclusion criteria were defined as follows: adults with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease and/or mental disorder, ≥18 years of age, residing in France, registered on the French Carenity platform and undergoing pharmaceutical treatment for their illness. The patients that met the inclusion criteria were then invited to complete a self-administered online questionnaire, which included questions addressing therapeutic adherence and iatrogenic risk.

 RESULTS
 A total of 820 patients were enrolled in the study which included patients with cardiovascular diseases (403/820, 49.2%), mental disorders (292/820, 35.6%), and both (125/820, 15.2%). The mean age of the participants was 55.2±12.7 years. It was found that 82.8% (679/820) of patients experienced medication side effects. Patients tended to perceive themselves as more adherent than they actually were, as a significant number of patients disregarded their prescription and stopped or interrupted a medication without consulting with a doctor. Patients with cardiovascular disease were nearly twice as adherent as patients with a mental disorder (P≤.001). Gender, age, and treatment complexity were significantly associated with adherence. Finally, for each disease type, three patient profiles were identified that provide significant insight to improve therapeutic adherence and adapt strategies specifically according to patient behavior.

 CONCLUSIONS
 This study provides insight into the perspectives of patients undergoing therapy for cardiovascular disease and/or mental disorder, which could help to improve the management of NCDs and prevent premature death. Our study also shows that online patient platforms provide new opportunities to improve disease management based on patient experiences.


Why and how are the past decisions of legislatures, courts, and other political institutions relevant to the content of the law in a given political community? For legal interpretivists, this is a thoroughgoing moral question. If (say) parliamentary enactments contribute to the law, they do so only in virtue of some justifying political principles such as democracy, authority, or legal certainty. Those principles will determine which aspect of the statute is legally relevant—whether, for instance, it is the literal meaning of the text, the intentions of the legislator, particular moral principles or something else. And those principles may rule out certain purported statutes as genuine contributions to the law. By approaching legal theory in this way, interpretivists connect arguments about law and legality to broader questions of political legitimacy and constitutional theory: what justifies the power of the state to alter our pre-existing moral rights and duties? What are the limits of that power? Do we have a general moral obligation to obey the decisions of political institutions, including decisions that seem to us unfair or unjust? Who is 'we' and 'our'? In Shared Authority, Dimitrios Kyritsis offers a sophisticated set of responses to these types of questions. He does so using a two-pronged strategy. On the one hand, he defends the interpretative tradition against those who reject it altogether, most notably Joseph Raz. On the other hand, he crafts a careful revision of the


During this DOE SBIR Phase II project, we have successfully developed several soft ionization techniques, i.e., ionization schemes which involve less fragmentation of the ions, for use with the Aerodyne time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (ToF-AMS). Vacuum ultraviolet single photon ionization was demonstrated in the laboratory and deployed in field campaigns. Vacuum ultraviolet single photon ionization allows better identification of organic species in aerosol particles as shown in laboratory experiments on single component particles, and in field measurements on complex multi-component particles. Dissociative electron attachment with lower energy electrons (less than 30 eV) was demonstrated in the measurement of particulate organics in chamber experiments in Switzerland, and is now a routine approach with AMS systems configured for bipolar, negative ion detection. This technique is particularly powerful for detection of acidic and other highly oxygenated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) chemical functionality. Low energy electron ionization (10 to 12 eV) is also a softer ionization approach routinely available to AMS users. Finally, Lithium ion attachment has been shown to be sensitive to more alkyl-like chemical functionality in SOA. Results from Mexico City are particularly exciting in observing changes in SOA molecular composition under different photochemical/meteorological conditions. More recent results detecting biomass burns at the Montana fire lab have demonstrated quantitative and selective detection of levoglucosan. These soft ionization techniques provide the ToF-AMS with better capability for identifying organic species in ambient atmospheric aerosol particles. This, in turn, will allow more detailed study of the sources, transformations and fate of organic-containing aerosol.


A method of primary frequency modulation test of unit No.4 is introduced,and the static characteristics of unit No.4 governor and the dynamic response characteristics of primary frequency modulation are tested.It gives the related data of primary frequency modulation and provides a rational way to bring about primary frequency modulation function of unit No.4.As a result,power quality of Hubei power grid and frequency control is improved.


The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical framework for the analysis of medication adherence based on longitudinal data from electronic medication monitors and to suggest methods for unbiased estimation of the effect of time and covariates on adherence.


_ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ Optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is a topic of great interest. A wide variety of components for WDM have been proposed and are under development The unbalanced Mach-Zehnder ( M Z ) interferometer on LiNbO3 is a promising candidate having the following advantages: (1) LiNbO3 waveguide fabrication is a mature commercial technology, (2) MZ based components are simple, (3) the number of channels can be increased by cascading multiple MZ devices, and (4) IaiNb03 is electro-optic, thus allowing wavelength selection on a nanosecond time scale suitable for high speed packet switching. We have developed a hybrid fiberbiNb03 interferometer. The hybrid approach is an intermediate step which allows us to test the control electronics during development of the fully integrated L i W 3 MZ chip. In addition, the hybrid MZ has the useful characteristic of adjustable channel spacing, ranging from 2 GHz to >loo0 GHz. The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. The hybrid interferometer consists of two 50/50 polarization maintaining (PM) couplers, a high speed LiNbO3 phase modulator, a free space optical attenuator, and 40 meters of single mode PM fiber wrapped around both mechanical and piezoelectric stretchers. The optical attenuator is used to balance the loss in the phase modulator. The mechanical stretchers allow the path length imbalance between the arms of the interferometer to be varied from 0-10 mm, corresponding to filter channel spacings of > 1 GHz). The stretcher assembly is made from Invar and miihtains a stable path length imbalance over long periods of time. A precision reflectometer was used to measilre the optical path length difference (nM) in the interferometer. For this experiment n M was set at 6 mm, Corresponding to a 25 GHz channel spacing.


With the expansion of software system scale, the study of software complexity has become a hot topic in software engineering. However, the domestic research on software complexity analysis technology is not mature, especially the measurement and evaluation methods of software complexity are not perfect. In order to solve the problem of prediction and evaluation of program structure complexity in software engineering more effectively, this paper proposed a program complexity measurement technique based on OINK framework. The technology uses the data sharing interface design to analysis target program by extracting the complex relationship between OINK components. On this basis, the technology adopts the layered software architecture to realize the automatic design of the function of the measurement data acquisition module, the complexity measurement module and the data management module of measurement results, thus, the structure complexity of the target program can be analyzed more clearly and accurately. At the same time, this technique applies multiple measurement methods to quantify the complexity of program structure, such as McCabe, HalStead, and Line Count. Experimental results show that this method can effectively measure the complexity of program structure. The solution on software complexity based on the open source ONIK framework will be open up worldwide, and will be continuously supported and improved by global communities and teams under the constraints of common driving forces.


Universities in Southern Mediterranean countries are experiencing changes and challenges at the present time. This paper aims at describing the structural and academic difficulties facing the Moroccan university. As an outcome of both Arab-Islamic and European traditions this university has, during the last four decades, been searching for an identity where its developmental and academic functions are efficiently performed. Being sponsored and supervised by the State, the Moroccan university has difficulties in securing autonomy from the interference of political power. Moreover, due to economic constraints and to the increasing numbers of students, this institution has lost a part of its respectability and distinction, and in some cases its mission has been tarnished by mediocrity and obsequiousness.


The elementary Swedish language program for adult immigrants (Sfi) is in many ways a privileged language program, as it is supported by an official language policy and is part of an integration policy ensuring all immigrants the right to free language tuition. However, after 40 years of practice, it still represents a low-status activity in search of recognition. After periods of intense pedagogic development, informed by research within applied linguistics, Sfi, as a field of expertise, now runs the risk of stagnation in a system of short-term tendering characterised by conflicts of interest, perspectives and values regarding the role and responsibility of the language program. In municipalities strained by poor finances and requirements to improve employment rates, Sfi professionals find it hard to claim their expertise. Longterm goals for immigrants to achieve personal and professional development and future citizenship are often overshadowed by demands for more efficient language training to speed up entrance to the labour market. Ignorance of important cognitive, sociocultural and affective aspects of second-language learning often characterises the official debates in which the time and effort it takes to learn another language and come to terms with another culture are often underestimated. This article gives an outline of the professional development of Sfi from a critical perspective, along with an overview of some key research within the field.


ABSTRACT A1.0 GJ/h cord wood gasifier-combustor was designed and tested. Two-staged combustion of cord wood up to a diameter of 15 cm was achieved with a net energy efficiency of 70 to 80 percent. Exhaust which was low in carbon was emitted when the C02 content of the exhaust was below 15 percent. Modulation of the system output was demonstrated. The major operational problem encountered was batch loading of wood into the hot gasifier.


We discuss two classes of methods for characterizing solar concentrators (mainly nonimaging): "direct" and "inverse", in relation to the way these are irradiated. We derive the optical collection efficiency under collimated and diffused light.


Patients with early onset dementia (EOD), defined as dementia with symptom onset at age <65, frequently present with atypical syndromes. However, the epidemiology of different EOD presentations, including variants of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), has never been investigated all together in a population‐based study. Epidemiologic data of all‐cause EOD are also scarce.


The present invention relates to a method of heat-treating a manganese steel alloy of this steel material, - 0.09wt. % And 0.15wt. Percent of carbon between% (C), and - 3.5wt. % ≦ Mn ≦ 4.9wt. The proportion of% of the range of manganese (M), - the percentage of bainite microstructure, It includes, - a step of performing a first annealing process having the following substeps (S4.1), - the steel is heated to a first holding temperature exceeding 780 ℃ (T1) (E1); - During a first time period (.DELTA.1), holding the steel in the first holding temperature (T1) (H1); - the steel is cooled (A1), - a step of performing a second annealing process having the following substeps (S4.2), - the steel to exceed 630 ° C., and then heated to less than 660 ° C. The second holding temperature (T2) (E2); - during a second period (Delta] 2), holding the steel in the second holding temperature (T2) (H2); - the steel is cooled (A2), Having. .FIELD 4A


Solutions were proposed based on document format standards,set-up of function point demand models,and design of document interoperability test evaluation methods to solve the problems in document interoperability testing that the function point partition granularity is not unified,with the test coverage rate being hard to measure and the workload on regression testing being heavy.The metrics of document format standards change index,test coverage rate,and correlation between test cases were defined to develop the qualitative estimation into a quantitative measurement system in the manual test,with the visibility of testing process improved.The results show that the proposed method can improve the document interoperability testing efficiency,ensuring the quality of testing and promoting the understanding,control and prediction of the document interoperability process.


The proliferation of networked mobile devices and smart gadgets in the IoT landscape has accelerated the demand for lightweight, low power and operationally compatible cryptographic solutions. As a result, emergent hardware-intrinsic security architecture must demonstrate manufacturability, power efficiency and platform compatibility, in addition to robust security performance. Here we present a novel design of physical unclonable function, called VRPUF, and prototype it using unformed 4K-ReRAM passive crossbar circuits fabricated with a CMOS-compatible process, suitable for the back-end-of-line (BEOL) integration. The architecture utilizes intrinsic process variations in crossbar circuits, manifested as variations in device I-V nonlinearities and the leakage currents, and allows for extremely large (~1025) number of challenge-response pairs (CRPs). The VRPUF design does not require forming/ programming crosspoint devices, which simplifies peripheral circuits, leading to ~ 4× better density compared to the architectures which rely on switching the states of ReRAM devices. Moreover, uniform I-Vs of the virgin-state devices, coupled with lower conductance and stronger static nonlinearity, allow for ~100× improvement in power consumption and more robust security metrics. The intrinsic reliability of VRPUF primitives is also ~4× better compared to CMOS architectures, which can be further improved via selective de-enrolling of worst-case CRPs prior to deployment.


PURPOSE
Adherence to peak expiratory flow rate monitoring by children with asthma was evaluated, and a behavioral strategy to enhance adherence to daily monitoring was tested.

DESIGN AND METHODS
Forty-two 7- through 11-year-old children with persistent asthma were recruited into a 5-week randomized, controlled clinical trial. Adherence data were collected electronically by PeakLog and the self-report Asthma Diary.

RESULTS
Adherence declined over time. At week 5, intervention group adherence (Median = 79%) was higher than the usual care group adherence (Median = 64%), but the difference was not statistically significant. The effect size did suggest that differences between groups were present.

CONCLUSIONS
Even small improvements in adherence to asthma treatment may be clinically significant in light of the alarming increases in asthma morbidity and mortality. Contingency management shows promise for improving adherence outcomes. Future research should engage larger sample sizes and increase the number and intensity of sessions to teach behavioral strategies.


When denoising with the method of directed diffusion equation,the edges will be blurred quickly.To make up for this disadvantage,the Laplace operator in the directed diffusion equation is replaced by the anisotropic diffusion operator,diffusion coeffi- cients are added in the front of the two diffusion items.It is ensured that the noise can be removed quickly and the edge can be preserved better.When initial approximation image degenerates to constant,the new model will degenerate to Perona-Malik diffusion equation.In some sense,Perona-Malik diffusion equation is a special case of the new model.Experiment results and objective data all indicate the ef- ficiency of our new model.


Abstract It is crucial to inform the public about the procedures in psychiatric practice, meant to ensure complex and adequate medical care for the mentally ill patient, in respect of the dignity and rights of the patient, but also according to legal regulations. The occurrence of twisted considerations about psychiatry and patients with mental illness is due to the lack of information about mental illness, the beneficial effects of drug therapy, the need for hospitalization and patient protection in a psychiatric hospital, as part of treatment. When a psychiatric patient is brought in the guard room of a psychiatric hospital by the public services (EMT, police, public guardians, etc.), by his family or when the patient voluntarily asks to be hospitalized (the ideal model), they will receive complex medical care in full respect for his rights. Some situations occur when the patient refuses to express his consent regarding the consultation, diagnosis, treatment or even hospitalization (surveillance and monitoring) in the psychiatric hospital, considering unjustified any approach in this regard and that this violates his fundamental rights. The form of hospitalization, without the patient's consent, is called involuntary hospitalization (sectioned). This raises an issue between "respecting the patient's rights" if he is acting to endanger himself or others or "restricting" them by involuntary hospitalization, which would increase the quality of care and patient safety.


The author explains how "geodrains" operate. Geodrains consist of woven strips placed in the soil to accelerate its consolidation. The effectiveness of geodrains is comparable to that of sand piles having a cross-section a hundred times larger. To determine the factors which affect the rate of consolidation, the horizontal soil layers with the highest degree of permeability must be found. (TRRL)


Sorption-desorption thermodynamics were evaluated for two polymers and 13 low molecular weight compounds. The polymers, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, are of major use in packaging. The sorbents were bacteriostatic agents of pharmaceutical utility and organic solvents employed in package fabrication. GLC procedures were used where the polymers constituted the stationary phases and the sorbents constituted the mobile phases of the columns. Auxiliary methods were adapted for obtaining the data necessary for the thermodynamic computations. The measurement of interaction affinities was based on Raoult's law activity coefficients. The GLC methodology was fast and convenient to perform and could be a valuable tool for applied and theoretical investigations in this area.


In this paper, we challenge the conventional wisdom that due to the negative correlation between family size and earning ability, family size can be used as a 'tagging' device, so that subsidizing children (via child allowances) enhances egalitarian objectives. We show that the case for subsidizing children crucially hinges on child allowances being provided on a universal basis. Notably, when child benefits are means-tested, taxing children at the margin (namely, setting total child benefits to decline with the number of children) is optimal under a broad class of egalitarian objectives. JEL Classification: D6, H2, H5


In the July 2009 issue of Learning and Teaching Mathematics (see [1]), I described a proof without words of the area of a trapezium. Unfortunately, due to the given diagram being a special, symmetrical case rather than a general trapezium, some readers might have misinterpreted that the proof was only valid for an isosceles trapezium (see [2]). To clarify this point, we can refer to the visual proofs for two general trapeziums below.


Grid synchronization algorithm is used to track the fundamental phase angle and frequency of the grid voltages/ currents accurately, to generate the reference currents for control of grid-interactive power converters. Phase-locked loop (PLL) is vital in the grid synchronization technique. It is mandatory to track the phase angle and filter out the harmonics and interharmonics during distorted grid conditions. In this article, a modified sliding Goertzel discrete Fourier transform (SGDFT)-based PLL is proposed to extract the fundamental component during interharmonics conditions. The proposed PLL grants three degrees of freedom (DOFs), i.e., vigorous against several distorted grid conditions, namely, voltage sag, high-frequency harmonics, interharmonics, and dc offset. Furthermore, the proposed PLL precisely extracts the fundamental frequency and phase angle with the faster transient response and attains superior system stability. The detailed mathematical modeling of recommended PLL is analyzed with existing PLLs, such as harmonic, interharmonic, and dc offset PLL (HIHDO PLL), hybrid prefiltering stage PLL (HPFS PLL), and SGDFT-based PLL. The numerical simulations for the proposed PLL are carried out using MATLAB®/Simulink environment and the performance of the recommended PLL is tested experimentally through the dSPACE 1104 DSP platform.


The evolutionary ecology of plant defenses against herbivores is generally under- stood in a cost-benefit framework. We studied the ecological consequences of the spines of Cen- taurea solstitialis L. (yellow star thistle) which are typically thought of as defenses against mam- malian herbivores. By experimentally removing spines, which consist of dead tissue, we show that "nectar robbing" lepidopteran visitors are deterred by naturally occurring spines (a benefit). Unlike the lepidoptera, legitimate pollinators (bees and flies) were not more likely to visit spineless flower heads, although bees and flies did spend 20% more time per visit on spineless flower heads. One potential cost of having spines is the lower time per visit of the bees. The net result of spine removal from flower heads was a 22% reduction in the percentage of filled seeds of spineless flower heads compared to spined controls. Thus, spines of yellow star thistle may not only deter mammalian herbivory, but also deter lepidoptera which are illegitimate flower visitors. Although the spines may be energetically costly (not measured in this experiment), or costly because of other ecological trade-offs, it appears that these costs are outweighed by the benefits of spines as a plant defense.


This paper describes the mechanical design of a six-legged walking robot named Little Crabster as a ground test platform of an underwater walking robot. First, the dimensions, joint structure, range of motion, and mass distribution of the robot are determined by considering biological data of the crabs, lobsters, and insects. Second, the joint actuators including motors and reduction gears are chosen through the simple force analysis. Third, the two types of the joint mechanism are established for the detailed design. Finally, the 2D design is performed using AutoCAD which is a commercial CAD software. The detailed design features are addressed in this paper.


The 4f band gap states (BGSs) of Dy and Eu ions play an important role in luminescence and energy transfer in monoclinic Lu2WO6. The corresponding white and red light emissions were ascribed to ele...


Research the multi -path fading channel statistical properties and system simulation problems.Aim at the uncertainty and decline of current wireless channel issues which have greatly limited the development of mobile wireless communications systems,to improve the inter - symbol interference arising from the multi - path delay In this paper,based on the characteristics analysis of a multi - path channel transmission,ISI caused by the base band signal reception is simulated and analysed,and the general approach of simulating wireless mobile channel with MATLAB is summarized..This will provides the study on mobile channel anti - fading technology whith the fundamental basis and has a certain theoretical significance for the actual project.


A new transdiaphragmatic laparoscope technique is proposed which provides a large window for drainage that is rapid, safe and eliminates the need for one lung ventilation, drainage tubes, and painful incisions.


A more literal version, In the dead willow cicadas din. In the western sky one red star begins to shine, suggests a political context! Akaboshi in poetry, however, normally means Venus as the morning star (being interpreted as ake no hoshi rather than akaki hoshi, although the character "red" is sometimes used). Kareyanagi is not attested before 1825. Semishigure ("cicada-shower," in reference to their noisy song) is a figure introduced by the haiku poets. Nishizora, too, strikes a modern note. Both poems mix seasons, making them additionally suspect. Last and least, yomibito shirazu as a designation of anonymous authorship is appropriate only to poems of the Heian period. Here is a puzzle for explicators!


A total number of 48 male growing New Zealand rabbits were used to study the effect of two different levels of ration energy supplemented with mixture of Lupinus albus L, Trigonella foenum-graecum L and Cassia senna L as feed additives. Rabbits were classified into four equal groups (G 1 -G 4 ). The 1 st and 3 rd groups received basal ration with 100 % and 90 % energy requirement and served as first and second control respectively. The 2 nd and the 4 th groups received basal ration with 100 % and 90 % energy requirement supplemented with mixture at the level of 1.5 %, respectively. The results showed that decreasing energy requirements level by 10% in rabbit diets significantly (P 0.05) CF and EE digestibility coefficients and TDN value. The 90% energy requirement with 1.5 % additives mixture (G 4 ) recorded the best digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE and nutritive values of TDN and DCP. The 90% energy level significantly (P 0.05) increased the total inedible offal's (weight and % of SW) and Dm contents of the 9, 10 and 11 th ribs. The 90% energy level with 1.5% additives mixture (G 4 ) diet recorded the highest value of  relative economic efficiency (145.1%) and the lowest value of feed cost/ kg live body weight (3.97 LE). It can be concluded that this mixture of medicinal plants can be considered as growth promoter that is effective for improving the utilization of low energy diet by lowering circulating glucose levels through enhancing insulin sensitivity.


The propagation of linearly polarized electromagnetic waves through the Earth's ionosphere is accompanied by Faraday rotation (FR), which is due to gyrotropy of the ionospheric plasma in the magnet...


The heat transfer process of a single titanium coil during annealing in vacuum furnace was analyzed,and the equivalent radial thermal conductivity was determined by solving the inverse problem of heat conduction.The temperature field of the titanium coil during annealing was simulated using finite element software Ansys,and the real temperature was measured by experiment.The results show that at the beginning of the annealing process,there was a considerable temperature difference between the outer surface and the core,and the greatest deviation was 310℃.The temperature difference in the titanium coil was decreased by stage heating and fan forced argon cycle.After annealing for 30 h,the temperature of the titanium coil was stabiluzed at 700℃,and the temperature difference was only 6℃.The simulated temperature agreed well with the experimental data, proving that the numerical model was reasonable.


ABSTRACT – The authors developed and evaluated DNA barcodes for use in differentiating domestic and
imported fish species (1). First, we sequenced part of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene in accordance
with standard DNA barcoding protocols. These alignments allowed the development and analyses of
consensus barcode sequences for each species and comparison with limited sequences in public databases
(GenBank and Barcode of Life Data Systems). In this study, we report test regarding Mediterranean fish
identifications. Experimental validation parameters were obtained on certain specie-specific DNA and
sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, concordance tests role out value as 100%, 100%, 99%, 99.8%
respectively. The advantage of using "CO1"gene is that it is short enough to be sequenced quickly and
cheaply yet long enough to identify variations among species, and enabling identifications where traditional
methods are not "applicable, such as for immature stages or body fragments (2). FISH-BOL will also provide
a powerful tool for enhanced understanding of the natural history and ecological interactions of fish species.


The physical absorption has been experimentally investigated in a bubble column for to determination of volumetric mass transfer coefficients referred to the liquid phase, kLa, and quantify the effect of the viscosity of the absorbent solution on the same, operating in continuous and batch regime with respect to the liquid phase. The variables studied in the process have been the physical properties of the liquid phase (density and viscosity) and the physical properties of the gas phase (diffusivity and solubility), the gas flow rate and the pore diameter as well as the liquid flow rate. The experimental results have been correlated through two equations, depending on the flow regim. Both equations reproduce the experimental data with an average deviation of 10%. INTRODUCTION Mass transfer process in gas-liquid systems is an elemental field in chemical engineering, both on industrial and laboratory level. In the former case, this process was carried out using specific apparatus, but it is very difficult to predict its behaviour only with theoretical models [1, 2, 3]. Due to it, it is necessary to evaluate the volumetric mass transfer coefficients or the specific interfacial areas at the laboratory level. Many authors had developed different models in order to simulate industrial absorbers, i.e. apparatus with the wall-wetted column [4, 5, 6, 7], the rotator tambour [8], the mobile band absorbed [9], the laminar jet apparatus [10] and the bubble column [11]. The behaviour of an industrial column is similar to the laboratory model when for a same solution and equal operation conditions, the volumetric volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) remains constant. When we perform absorption studies with pure gas, i.e. without resistance to mass transfer in gas phase, it is not possible to determine the liquid side mass transfer coefficient (kL) and the specific interfacial area (a) independiently. Then the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) is obtained through absorption experiments that have a character purely physical (physical method). Bubble columns are important among the different gas-liquid contactors because they present some advantages respect other contactors, like minor cost of maintenance, effective interfacial areas and very high mass transfer coefficients, big versatility of operation and high residence times. This type of contactors is widely used in the chemical industry as absorbers, fermenters and anaerobic and aerobic biology reactors. The design parameters of these apparatus [4, 5, 12, 13, 14], are: flow regime, coalescence and bubble size, hold-up, mass transfer coefficient and interfacial gas-liquid area. Further, there are some factors which influence the hydrodynamic of the system, like the physical properties of the contact phases, the operation parameters (gas flow, liquid flow and liquid volume) and geometric parameters (diameter and height of the column, height of the liquid in the column) Different authors show that the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) is a parameter related directly with superficial velocity and physical properties of liquid phase. However, the relation between these parameters is distinct from some authors to others (Table 1). This fact can be attributed to the different plates and the different range of variables [12, 17, 18, 19]. Most part of authors reproduce the experimental results using equations with the physical properties of the solutions, with the physical properties of the gases, and other characteristics of the systems. Other authors use correlations with dimensionless numbers [12, 13, 18, 20]. It is possible to classify both types of equations in two big groups: equations that depend on hold-up [12, 14, 17] and equations that are non-dependent on this parameter [20, 21, 22]. Some authors [23, 24] correlated the kLa values with the superficial gas velocity. In these equations the influence of the physical properties is reflected in the constant of the correlation. Taking into account the diversity of correlations that exist in the bibliography, we have opted for the experimental determination of the volumentric mass transfer coefficient, as well as the obtainment of the empirical equations that reproduce the behavior of our system. In this work we will present the results obtained upon accomplishing physical absorption experiments in batch and continuous regime. We have correlated kLa with the superficial gas velocity, with the physical properties of the liquid phase, with the liquid flow rate and with the bubble size. We have employed as liquid phase aqueous sucrose solutions (0-135 g/l), and as gas phase pure CO2 in the different experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mass transfer measurements Mass transfer measurements were carried out using the apparatus shown in Fig.1. Except for the contact device, this set-up has been described in detail elsewhere [25]. The bubble column used as contact device in this work, 1, was made from two metacrylate cylinders. The internal diameter of the column is 11.3 cm, the external diameter is 12.1 cm and the height is 108.6 cm. In order to make all absorption experiments to the same temperature, a thermostated liquid pass between the two cylinders of the column. The top plate is flat and has three orifices, a central orifice for a thermometer, 2, two off-centre orifices for inflow of liquid, 3, and outflow of gas, 4. Table 1. Previous correlations for volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a bubble column Author System Operating Variables Equation Akita (1973) H2O, glycol, methanol Na2SO2, CCl4, NaCl, O2, Air, Helium, CO2 uG=5.3·10-4.2·10 m/s dc=15-60 cm T=40-10 oC Single-orificie sparged 10 . 1 g 93 . 0 17 . 0 62 . 0 L 12 . 0 L 50 . 0 L 2 L g D D c a k ε       ρ σ θ = − − 10 . 1 g 31 . 0 62 . 0 50 . 0 2 Ga Bo Sc c Sh ε = Akita (1974) H2O, glycol, methanol, CCl4, Sodium sulphite Air, O2 uG=3·10-4·10 m/s dc=7.7-15 cm T=5-40oC Single-orifice sparged 50 . 0 vs 37 . 0 37 . 0 L 50 . 0 L 60 . 0 L d D g 5 . 0 k − σ ρ = 25 . 0 37 . 0 50 . 0 Ga Bo Sc 5 . 0 Sh= Hikita (1981) H2O, Sucrose, butanol, methanol, Na2SO4, KCl, K2SO4, K3PO4, KNO3, AlCl3, CaCl2 Air, O2, H2, CH4, CO2 uG=4.2·10-3.8·10 m/s dc=10-150 cm, T=10-30oC Contin.-semicont Reg. Single-orificie sparged 76 . 0 G 75 . 0 85 . 0 L 24 . 0 g 08 . 0 L 02 . 1 0.60 L L u g D 9 . 14 a k ρ μ μ σ = − − Hughmark (1967) Water, glycerine Air, O2 uG=4·10-4.5·10 m/s Multiple-orifice sparged dc>10 cm 779 . 0 L 78 . 0 g 06 . 0 68 . 1 L 04 . 0 L 6 . 0 2 . 0 L L L U D 051 . 0 D 65 . 0 k ε σ ρ + σ ρ = 779 . 0 L 78 . 0 g 06 . 0 88 . 0 L 04 . 0 31 . 0 g U g U ε σ μ Kawase (1987) Water, carbopol 1, 2, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, CO2 uG=1·10-1 10 m/s Multiple-orifice sparged dc=14-762 cm 01 . 1 a 44 . 0 g 4 L U 10 35 . 8 a k − − μ ⋅ = 62 . 0 057 . 0 62 . 0 5 . 0 Re Fr Bo Sc 646 . 0 Sh= Kawase (1996) Water, glycerine, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose Air uG=1·10-1 10 m/s Multiple-orifice sparged dc=23 cm 89 . 0 a 52 . 0 G 3 L u a k 10 14 . 2 − − μ = ⋅ 87 . 0 07 . 0 60 . 0 50 . 0 Re Fr Bo Sc 2 S 14 . 0 h= Nakanoh (1980) Water, Sucrose, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, O2 uG<1 10 m/s Multiple-orifice sparged dc=14.55 cm, T=30 oC 39 . 0 0 . 1 75 . 0 5 . 0 Ga Fr Bo Sc 09 . 0 Sh= Sada (1985) NaCl, NaOH, Ca(OH)2 CO2, O2 uG=1·10-1 10 m/s Multiple-orifice sparged dc=5 cm, T=35 oC 86 . 0 G L u c a k = c= f (solution) Sotelo (1988) Sucrose Glycerine, Water, Ethanol Air, CO2 Multiple-orifice sparged T=25 oC uG=6.4·10-4.9 10 m/s n G L u b a k = b, n= f (solution) Zhao (1994) Sucrose, CMC, oil, water, SAE CO2 Multiple-orifice sparged dc=14 cm uG=0.8.10-6.5 10 m/s 50 . 0 37 . 0 80 . 0 G L H u b a k − − μ = The baseplate has three orifices, a central orifice, 5, for inflow of gas through a porous plate 4 cm in diameter, 10, (plate 1: equivalent pore diameter 150-200 10 m; plate 2: equivalent pore diameter 90-150 10 m; plate 3: equivalent pore diameter 40-90 10 m) and two off-centre orifices for a thermometer, 6, and outflow of the liquid phase, 7. Figure 1. Experimental set-up for measuring absorption of gas. The gas to be absorbed, pure CO2, was passed through a humidifier at 25 °C, 8, into a thermostated, 9, and entered the contact device at a constant flow rate measured with a bubble flow-meter, 10. Gas outflow was measured with another bubble flowmeter, 11, before its release into the atmosphere. The gas absorption rate was calculated as the difference between inflow and outflow rates. We had employed different gas flow oscillating between 3 10 and 9 10 mol/s. The liquid phases used in this work (water and aqueous solutions of sucrose of concentrations up to 135 g/L) were thermostated to room temperature (25°C) before entering the contact device. For batch runs the liquid load was 12 L. The contact between the liquid phase and gas phase was in counter current flow. Physical properties Interpretation of the mass transfer data obtained as described above required knowledge of the densities, viscosities and surface tensions of the liquid phases used, and the diffusivities and solubilities of the gas in these phases. The densities and viscosities of the sucrose solutions were measured, at 25°C, by a pycnometric method and a Schott capillary viscometer (model VAS 350), respectively. The surface tensions were measured by means a Prolabo tensiometer, which uses the Wilhelmy plate method. The diffusivity was calculated from the Joosteen and Danckwerts equation [26] obtained different values with sucrose concentration, and the solubility of CO2 was calculated from the equation proposed by Linke [27]. The obtained values were shown in the Table 2. Table 2. Values of physical properties. ρ (kg/m3 ) μ·103 (Pa·s) σ·103 (N/m) D·109 (m2/s) Ce·102 (mol/L) WaterCO2 997.00 0.896 72.00 1.897 3.36 Sucrose (16 g/L)-CO2 1003.14 0.923 72.09 1.768 3.33 Sucrose (50 g/L)-CO2 1016.19 1.015 72.29 1.664 3.28 Sucrose (85.7 g/L)-CO2 1029.90 1.135 72.49 1.549 3.23 Sucrose (135 g/L)-CO2 1048.83 1.327 72.78 1.401 3.1


A plurality of organic generation source for generating a plurality of active ingredients, and a plurality of catalyst includes identifying (inorganic) pathway, a plurality of such multiple of the plurality to determine the active ingredient galenical methods are disclosed.


Due to the high sensitivity, nearly linear response, and easy availability, we will use a 1N4148 diode for the temperature transducer in our measurements. The current conducted through an ideal diode is described by the Shockley ideal diode equation: I D = I S exp q V D n k B T − 1 where q is the electron charge, k B is Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature of the diode junction, and V D is the voltage across the diode (positive voltage indicates a forward-biased diode). n is a quality factor or emission coefficient that typically lies in the range of 1–2 and is usually assumed to be approximately 2 for a diode.


Abstract Endocytosis and relocalization of auxin carriers represent important mechanisms for adaptive plant growth and developmental responses. Both root gravitropism and halotropism have been shown to be dependent on relocalization of auxin transporters. Following their homology to mammalian phospholipase Ds (PLDs), plant PLDζ‐type enzymes are likely candidates to regulate auxin carrier endocytosis. We investigated root tropic responses for an Arabidopsis pldζ1‐KO mutant and its effect on the dynamics of two auxin transporters during salt stress, that is, PIN2 and AUX1. We found altered root growth and halotropic and gravitropic responses in the absence of PLDζ1 and report a role for PLDζ1 in the polar localization of PIN2. Additionally, irrespective of the genetic background, salt stress induced changes in AUX1 polarity. Utilizing our previous computational model, we found that these novel salt‐induced AUX1 changes contribute to halotropic auxin asymmetry. We also report the formation of "osmotic stress‐induced membrane structures." These large membrane structures are formed at the plasma membrane shortly after NaCl or sorbitol treatment and have a prolonged presence in a pldζ1 mutant. Taken together, these results show a crucial role for PLDζ1 in both ionic and osmotic stress‐induced auxin carrier dynamics during salt stress.


Indoor air quality is an important factor for the health of young children and senior citizens, who stay longer indoors and have weaker immune system than younger adults. In spite the fact that young children and senior citizens stay long in day nurseries and senior citizens centers respectively, there are a few studies on indoor air quality of these welfare facilities. Especially, investigation of indoor air quality for senior citizens centers are very rare. In this study, we focused on finding ways to maintain and manage safe indoor air quality in day nurseries and senior citizens centers, and suggesting policies to promote improvement of indoor air quality in the welfare facilities. In oder to do this, we reviewed current rules and regulations, policies, and projects. The measurement data of pollutants in day nurseries and senior citizens centers were collected and analyzed. Also, surveys of 100 senior citizens visiting frequently senior citizens centers and 101 staff working for senior citizens centers were conducted to assess perception and management behavior of indoor air quality in the facilities. In addition, a survey of 27 experts who have experiences of investigation of indoor air quality in day nurseries was carried out. Consequently, suggestions for indoor air quality management in day nurseries and senior citizens centers were made. The suggestions include education and promotion plans for the staff of day nurseries and senior citizens in order to lead them to manage indoor air quality on their own. Also, the public support systems for indoor air quality management of the facilities were presented.


An e-learner's characteristics are very important variables with regards to educational performance and the e-learning environment. This study suggests a research model, based on a successful e-learning model, which presents the relationship between e-learner's self-regulated learning strategies and the quality perception in LMS (learning management systems). This research model focuses on self-regulated learning strategies and satisfaction with the learning environment. This learning environment consists of a learning management system, learning content, and interaction that are provided by e-learning. Especially, this study suggests that e-learner's self-regulated learning strategy is very important in e-learning performance. The validity of the model will be shown empirically.


Hailed as "the only game in town" after the collapse of communism, neoliberal economic reform doctrines have since revealed some serious theoretical and policy limitations. After reviewing these weaknesses, this paper explores reasons for the continuing political success of neoliberal ideas. It is argued that what from the viewpoint of theory and policy may appear as weaknesses helps to account for the strength of the neoliberal position when viewed as a transformation ideology. While its positive contribution in the initial period of change should not be underestimated, neoliberal ideology has now atrophied into "official" ideology. The debate on the economic transformation of post-communist Eastern Europe has passed through two distinct stages. In the first, the debate revolved around the choice between radical or gradualist strategies. This round was won by the neoliberal proponents of the radical strategy counselling rapid, comprehensive, and simultaneous marketization reforms. After most ex-communist countries had tried some version of shock therapy, it became clear and generally accepted that a functioning and growing market economy requires a host of additional institutional reforms and changes that can only be created, or will emerge, in a gradual fashion. This realization that the "transition from socialism to capitalism" is a lengthy, complex, and difficult-to-control process marks the beginning of the second stage in the debate on economic transformation. It has brought to the foreground a variety of "non-economic" variables which before had been considered of secondary importance or irrelevant, such as the social costs of radical reform and its political implications, the role of the state, the question of industrial or structural policy, and the significance of cultural factors. Yet while the theoretical and strategic weaknesses of neoliberal transformation doctrines have become increasingly evident, their political influence continues to be surprisingly strong. With few exceptions, East European * Financial support from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada is gratefully acknowledged. A revised German version of this paper has appeared in Berliner Debatte INITIAL 6 (November 1995). This content downloaded from 188.8.131.52 on Wed, 20 Jul 2016 04:18:57 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms


This is a series of studies that attempted to obtain some systematic data on the capacity of children between the ages of 5 and 12 to consent to psychological research. Most of the children understood all or most of what they were asked to do in a psychology study, but few children below the age of 12 fully understood or believed that their performance would be confidential. Similarly, most children appeared to know that they could end their participation in the study, but younger children were not clear on the details of how to accomplish this, and many of all ages believed that there would be some negative consequences if they asked to stop. Moreover, obtaining prior permission from parents, while providing protection for the children, appeared to introduce additional pressure on them to agree to participate in the research and to continue once they had agreed. It is concluded that in general children of these ages do have the capacity to meaningfully assent to participation in research, but that there are substantial problems in guaranteeing that they are able to make this decision freely.


The RF environment in the future will consist of many mobile devices operating across a wide range of applications. Most radio developments assume a static operating environment. The physical layer, MAC layer, and network protocols are optimized for that specific environment. However, this new RF environment consisting of many mobile devices will be very dynamic. Radios will need the capacity to sense and adapt to changing environmental conditions. That characteristic is generally associated with cognitive radio. This paper will provide an introduction to new strategies for designing systems for this new, dynamic environment using cognitive radio technology.


A communications apparatus (40) configured to provide a prescribed service via a network based on a standardized interface of a prescribed communications protocol (e.g. SOAP) is provided. The communications apparatus includes a proof confirmation unit configured to, upon receiving a request message representing a request for call-up of the standardized interface from a user, extract proof information about the user from a header region of the request message and have validity of the user verified based on the proof information; and a service executing module configured to execute a process in accordance with the standardized interface for which the call-up is requested if the validity of the user is verified.


The quantity of complications at a resection of a liver and kidneys remains till now high enough. According to different authors, their quantity makes 15-50 % [2, 18]. In structure exudative complications bleedings (8,9-18,4 %) [7, 12] prevail. Bleeding at liver resections meets in 24,2 % [5] and comes to an end with formation of an external bilious fistula in 7,3 % [1]. Uric fistulas are formed at resections of kidneys in 12,7 % of cases [10]. Despite constant improvement of technical maintenance of the operations, a favorable outcome of operative treatment depends on personal experience of the surgeon and rational use of accessible means for dissections and coagulations of parenchymatous bodies [1, 9, 13, 34].


In this research work, three new spaces are proposed and investigated. The spaces are named characterized proximity L-space, characterized compact L-space and characterized uniform L-space. The properties of such spaces are deeply studied. Some sort of relationship were introduced among such spaces and other published spaces resented by the author. The published spaces are named characterized.... More details can be found in the full paper.


This article describes a characterisation of competitive market behaviour using the concepts of cointegration analysis. It requires all (n) …rms to set prices to follow a single stochastic trend (equivalently the vector of n prices should relate to cointegrating rank n 1). This implies that, in the long run, prices are driven by the shocks that impact on all companies, ruling out the possibility that the price set by any one …rm is weakly exogenous for the set of cointegrating vectors. Key Words : Cointegration, Common trend, Competition, Equilibrium Price Adjustment, Stochastic Trend, Weak Exogeneity. JEL Classi…cation: C32, D18, D40. We would like to thank, Valentina Corradi, Heinze Martin Krohlzig, Bent Nielsen, Hashim Pesaran, Yongcheol Shin, Sonia Falconieri, Andros Gregoriou, Christos Ioannidis, Guy Liu, Mike Utton, Sarmista Pal, and participants at the BMRC Conference Brunel University, 2010 for their comments. Corresponding author Simon Burke, School of Economics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AA, UK. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, tel.: +44 (0)1837 85046.


In the age of knowledge economy,knowledge will be an effective impetus foran enterprises in their creation of profit in the future. Therefore it is vital for an en-terprise to accumulate knowledge and utilize it effectively.


The bacterial community structure in the intestinal content of grass carp of different diets(non-extruded feed,extruded feed and beans) were investigated using a culture-independent method of 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE fingerprinting,and the main advantages of the gel bands were cloned and sequenced.By the analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprint,we found that non-extruded feed group,extruded feed group and beans group had 19,16 and 15 bands,respectively,which can be identified,and the dominant bacteria were 2-3 bands;the similarity coefficient of DGGE fingerprint of non-extruded feed group bacteria and beans group was 53.6%,while the similarity coefficient of non-extruded and extruded feed group was 39.4%.The major bands of PCR-DGGE fingerprinting were recoverd,cloned and sequenced,25 sequences were obtained.By NCBI database homology analysis results showed that bacterial communities from grass carp contents mainly were Vibrionaceae,Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas spp.,including 14 sequences which were uncultured bacterial.


This study aims to determine the quality of compost produced by monitoring the evolution of different humic fractions (humin, total humic substances, humic and fulvic acids) generated during the composting. This is achieved by determining the organic carbon content, humic spectroscopic UV-visible ratio (E4/E6), humification parameter estimation and the number of humic fraction. The compost used is produced from a mixture of olive pomace and cattle manure composted for a 5 months at different proportions 50:50, 66:33, 75:25, 80:20.During composting, different fractions of humic substances undergo a decrease in carbon and E4/E6 ratio is the lowest in humic acids and the highest in fulvic acids. The results confirm the relative maturity of the final product after 150 days of composting but do not reach the expected humic quality. The fulvic acids predominate on the olive pomace control, while humic acids are dominant on composted mixtures. The estimated number of humic fraction can provide information on the agronomic use of composted mixtures. Composted mixtures can be used on soils at pH 5.5-6.5 whatever the content of the soil organic matter. Olive pomace composted can be used on soils at pH between 6.6 and 8, even higher than 8 and whatever the organic matter content of the soil.


The detection of the intrinsic charge of biochemical molecules is a promising strategy for the fabrication of field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensors for direct, non-destructive detection of several biochemical reactions. Nevertheless, the high ionic concentration of standard environments for biochemical species represents a significant limitation to this sensing strategy. Here, an investigation on the physical mechanisms behind the ability of an organic FET-based sensor to detect DNA hybridization at high ionic strengths is proposed. The capability of the device to correctly detect single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides and their hybridization with a complementary target sequence has been analyzed in detail. In particular, the electrical response in solutions with different ionic strengths was investigated and put in relation with the nano-scale properties of DNA strands employed as receptors. Fluorescence analysis shows that it is possible to electrically modify their orientation and consequently improve the device sensitivity in conditions close to those occurring during in vivo hybridization.


The isolation and X-ray structural characterization of [Li2(thf)4{SCH(SiMe3)2}2](1) and [Li2(thf)3.5{SC(SiMe3)3}2](2)(thf = tetrahydrofuran) show them to be dimers with a central Li2S2 core (Li–S distances average 2.43 A); the lithium atoms have approximately tetrahedral co-ordination and each sulphur is three-co-ordinate, being pyramidal in (1) and almost planar in (2) where severe crowding is evident.


In this paper we present an approach which given only a set of rules is able to learn to play the game of Checkers. We utilize neural networks and reinforced learning combined with Monte Carlo Tree Search and alpha-beta pruning. Any human influence or knowledge is removed by generating needed data, for training neural network, using self-play. After a certain number of finished games, we initialize the training and transfer better neural network version to next iteration. We compare different obtained versions of neural networks and their progress in playing the game of Checkers. Every new version of neural network represented a better player.


Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous injection of betaloc in patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP).Methods 18 patients with UAP whose symptoms were serious and resistant to nitroglycerin were studied by injecting betaloc intravenously,firstly 5~15 mg,then 25~100 mg twice a day. The changes of symptoms of angina pectoris and electrocardiogram (ECG) were observed.Results (1) 14 of 18 patients with UAP relieved (8.2±8.0) minutes after they were intravenously injected with betaloc, and 8 patients had no onset 24 hours after administration. As compared with that before administration,the onset frequency of angina pectoris was decreased and the resistant time was significantly shortened after administration with betaloc (P0.01).(2) Abnormal ST segments on ECG restored to normal position in 12 cases, obviously improved in 4 cases and have no change in 2 cases.(3) Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were significantly lowered after 10 min of intravenous injection of betaloc.(4) Sinus bradycardia was present in 4 cases but recovered after immediate management.Conclusion The therapy of intravenous injection of betaloc is effective and safe for patients with UAP and for those with refractory unstable angina pectoris.


Abstract Animal fats/vegetable oils (called biofuels) and their emulsions are quite promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. This article reports a comprehensive study on the use of animal fats/vegetable oils and their emulsions as fuel in compression ignition engines. Emulsions preparation method and their effects on engine performance, emission, and combustion characteristics have been studied in detail. Information indicates that biofuel emulsions in diesel engines enhanced the combustion efficiency with improved performance as compared to neat fuels. The maximum percentage of water addition to biofuel was found as 30 per cent by volume for maximum efficiency. They reduced NO x , smoke, and particulate emissions considerably. Emulsions resulted in higher ignition delay as a result of vaporization of water as compared to neat fuels. Peak pressure, rate of pressure rise, and premixed combustion rate in the heat release curve were found to be higher when compared to neat oils because of longer ignition delay. Further improvements could be achieved by adding oxygenated fuels like methanol, dimethyl carbonate, and cetane number improvers like diethyl ether with biofuels in small quantities. It has also been suggested that dual fuel operation can significantly reduce particulate and NO x emissions with biofuels. Exhaust gas recirculation can reduce ignition delay considerably with reduced NO x emissions. Finally, modelling techniques were presented because they can help in in-depth analysis of the combustion process of biofuel emulsions in diesel engines.


Objective To observe the curative effects of temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation for perennial allergic rhinitis. Methods 72 patients with allergic rhinitis were treated with radiofrequency ablation after nasal mucosal surfaces and infiltrating anesthesia. Rseults All patients were followed-up 6 months,the total effective rate was 91. 67% ( 66 /72) . Conclusion Radiofrequency ablation is effective,simple and safe in treating perennial allergic rhinitis.


In this article I rely on 50 years' worth of parole hearing transcripts in the Manson family cases to argue that, on parole, the embodiment of aging is treated evasively and with hostility by the parole board. The parole board's difficulty to reconcile the applicant's youthful and violent past with their aging, frail present, almost always results in a rejection of the embodied present and future—and of parole. Following an explanation of the California parole process, emphasizing the role that time and aging plays in its different stages, I analyze Susan Atkins' last parole hearing as an example. To show the general implications of the analysis, and its disastrous consequences for public health, I place the argument in the context of California's covid-19 prison crisis.


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This paper is an application of our study in the medical field, particularly on vitiligo disease which discuss the problem of assessment of the quantitative parameters which are the factors to check the efficacy of Vitiligo therapy response. These parameters add a extra level of discrepancy when they are assessed by non-standard procedures. The background work is the recordings of the strategies discussed by different Dermatologists and the analysis of the currently existing quantitative parameter clinical tools. Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) is a clinical tool which evaluates vitiligo parametrically. This paper focuses on consistent estimation of the area of vitiligo patches. In dermatological practice, methods of evaluating the vitiligo affected body surface area are often crude and subjective. The main objective is to control this parameter quantitatively and estimate area with minimum errors. A software - Area Estimating System (AES) is developed with highly performing computerized Java programs which relies on


Cement mixing pile composite foundation has been extensive used in high way,as well as industry and civil construction.The status research of bearing capacity property,composite foundation bearing capacity calculation,pile-soil stress ratio,composite modulus of deformation and foundation settlement was introduced in this article,it can improve the research and application of cement mixing pile composite foundation.


Sumatera Composite (SC) sheep and Barbados Black Belly cross (BC) sheep are two sheep that have half the genetics of Sumatera local (SL) sheep. Populations with partially the same genetic composition are sometimes difficult to distinguish. Based on female body size sheep, an analysis was carried out to distinguish the three breed sheep that have genetic relationship. The research was conducted using SC, BC and SL ewe measured in body weight and 8 body sizes. Analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis, Mahalanobis distance, plotting canonical and dendogram were performed by SAS software ver. 9.0. Body weight and all body sizes of SC and BC sheep were significantly different from SL sheep. Canonical discriminant analysis successfully could differentiate among the three sheep breeds that have genetic relationship. The results of genetic distance estimation showed that SC sheep had genetic closeness to BC sheep compared to SL sheep. The size of the skull length, body weight and chest girth were the breed differentiation variable in this study.


Two new representations of higher-order transition boundary conditions are presented for uniaxial homogeneous-bianisotropic layers, which are expressed in the vectorial and scalar form, respectively. The differential operators on the tangential field vectors and normal field components are cast into the first- and second-order polynomials in normal derivatives, respectively


This paper introduces a cooperative approach of a swarm intelligence algorithm and a linear programming solver to solve the capacitated facility location problem (CFLP). Given a set of potential locations to open facilities, the aim in CFLP is to find the minimum cost, which is the sum of facility opening costs and transportation costs. The developed solution strategy decomposes CFLP into two sub-problems. The former sub-problem has a binary domain. Although most of the swarm intelligence algorithms employ additional procedures such as sigmoid function to deal with binary domains, the proposed algorithm does not require for such methods. An adaptive mutation operator enhances this algorithm. The aim of the latter sub-problem is to generate a policy that optimally assigns customers to the opened facilities. In this regard, the generated binary vectors by the proposed algorithm are passed to a solver to optimise the generated linear model. Commonly used instances available in the literature are solved by the proposed strategy. Comprehensive experimental study includes comparisons with the sate-of-the-art. According to the statistically verified results, the proposed strategy is found as promising in solving CFLP.


Heat exchanger is an equipment to exchange heat between two kinds of fluid or more. Making a heat exchanger aims to understand and analyze how it works displacement the heat and know performance. Heat an exchanger type shell and tube made with stages and started with from consideration election kind of heat an exchanger,design specification in tube and shell next counting the coefficients displacement heat after be allowed to enter stage pabrikasi. The calculations of the outcome of lab work value the effectiveness of obtained 33.3 % prandtl to the number of 1.73 , the higher speed the rate alir fluid influence at all on characteristic of heat an exchanger the more good performance of heat an exchanger. The other factors that can affect the value of efekivitas instrument heat exchanger is the sum and the distance baffles on specifications instrument heat exchanger.


Weather Forecasting is a scientific estimation of forecasting the weather. Weather is observing the state of atmosphere at the given period of time. To predict the weather is one of the most challenging task to all the researchers and scientist. Parameters that are considered for predicting weather are temperature, rainfall, humidity and wind. The prediction is made based on the past values. The future values are estimated based on the past meteorological record. Hence it is termed as numerical based model. Weather plays a major role in Agriculture and the industries. Bringing out the Accuracy in the weather prediction is still under research. In this paper we focus on various techniques that are used for weather prediction. Nearly about 10 papers are compared with their problem, techniques and tools that are used in the paper with its own advantage and disadvantage. Several approaches are used in but the Artificial neural network and the concept of fuzzy logic provides a best solution and prediction comparatively.


In 1998 the South African government adopted water legislation that provides a new constitutional framework for water management. Economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental sustainability are the guiding criteria of the new South African water policy. Water management will be implemented through decentralized institutions (Catchment Management Agencies and Committees, Water Users Associations). These institutions will be in charge of local negotiations and the decision-making processes regarding resource allocation among stakeholders. The new water management institutions have the complex context characterized by inequalities, lack or asymmetry of information, and conflicting interests. Hence, a clear need for negotiation and decision support tools for these institutions is perceived. An action research project was initiated at the University of Pretoria in 2001. It has the main objective of supporting the sustainable establishment of decentralized water management institutions as negotiation and decision-making entities on water resource management at basin level. This paper describes and discusses the participatory approach, aimed at developing a negotiation support tool called Action-research and Watershed Analyses for Resource and Economic sustainability (AWARE). More precisely, the phases of development of the model in close collaboration with DWAF officers are analysed. The choice of involving different stakeholders at different stages of the process, and its possible consequences on the nature of the tool is discussed.


Minimization of land consumption and maintaining compact urban forms, have become key components of pursuing sustainable development through land use planning means, at least in most of the Western World. This represents a substantial ideological shift in the Western planning profession, which from its inception to the mid-to-late twentieth century was dominated by notions of deurbanization, urban dispersal and de-centralization. Thls paper strives to understand where does the Eastern European planning profession stand in this eternal planning debate between advocates of compact and advocates of disperse urban forms. This question is particularly relevant today, as historic Eastern European cities are undergoing radical spatial transformations, brought about by the collapse of the socialist system, transformations which include the loss of the urban edge and the emergence of low-density development on the urban fringe. The paper uses a case study this of the City of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria to throw light on the historic and current standing of Eastern European planning. The paper finds that planning in Sofia has subsequently wavered between promoting compact and promoting disperse urban forms, with each school of thought claiming a temporary victory at some historic era. Based on the latest plan of Sofia, and on a few dozen in-person interviews with planners, the paper also concludes that victory in the latest, post-socialist, round belongs to advocates of urban de-centralization. If this is the case, Eastern European planners seem to embrace an ideology of sustainable development starkly different from that of their Western European colleagues, and seem intent on pursuing the current de-centralized Western model the very same model that Western planners are now trymg to overcome. At the same time, the paper argues, due to the financial crises in Eastern Europe, the extreme de-centralized model, even if blessed by planners, has a limited chance of implementation. Transactions on Ecology and the Environment vol 67, © 2003 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541


Technology and performance of electronic crosspoint switches with data rates above 1 Gb/s/channel are reviewed. Switch applications and architectures are described, as well as the principal problems in achieving low output jitter. Recent results for different IC technologies are summarized. As a particular example, a 10 Gb/s crosspoint switch implemented in GaAlAs/GaAs-HBT technology is described, including details of design, packaging, testing methodology, and performance results.


Abstract : Calculation of supplementary terms in the expression for mass flux at a surface in a flow which is not free molecular is carried out by introducing a Maxwellian functional distribution. The feasibility of including consideration of nonequilibrium in density measurement is considered. (Author)


Objective To investigate whether metformin or pioglitazone combined with insulin can reduce insulin dosage in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Method Sixty T2DM patients using insulin alone were randomly divided into 3 groups,insulin group who continued to use insulin alone,insulin plus metformin group and insulin plus pioglitazone group.Insulin dosage,HbA1c,weight and hypoglycemia symptome were recorded at beginning and end of trial.Results Insulin dosage were lower in both insulin plus metformin group(36.6±8.3U/d) and insulin plus pioglitazone group(40.2±9.0U/d) than in insulin group(49.1±11.5U/d)(P0.05,P0.01 respectively).So were HbA1c level and hypoglycemia symptome(all P0.05). Conclusion Both pioglitazone and metformin have insulin-sparing effects when combined with insulin in T2DM.


Along with the use of digital medical imaging devices in hospitals in a wide range,it becomes more and more necessary to store,manage and share medical images as well as relevant data.So building PACS is a good idea.In this field,engineers in western countries studied many more years than we did.The authors have studied an internationally accepted standard\|DICOM,specially on compatibility,IOD,SOP,and data encoding.We worked hard about how to design an information archiving and management system for medical images in PACS.We implemented a medical image database system.Our work is helpful for medical information sharing on internet/intranet.


Use of the laryngeal mask is described. The advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The results of a personal survey of the use of the laryngeal mask in this department, are presented.


An electronic cigarette, a control circuit thereof and a control method therefor, the control circuit comprising: a heating element (20); a power supply device (10), connected with the heating element (20) and used to power the heating element (20); a first switch circuit (110), connected between the power supply device (10) and the heating element (20) to form a power supply circuit; a second switch circuit (120) and a resistance detection circuit (130), wherein the second switch circuit (120) and the resistance detection circuit (130) are connected between the power supply device (10) and the heating element (20) to form a detection circuit which is independent from the power supply circuit, and the resistance detection circuit (130) is used for detecting a resistance value of the heating element (20); and a control unit (140), connected to the first switch circuit (110) and the second switch circuit (120) respectively, and used to control one of the first switch circuit (110) and the second switch circuit (120) to be opened and the other one to be closed.


We study a parsimonious correlated rounding problem motivated by e-commerce fulfillment. In this problem, we are given a multi-item order of size q; for each item i = 1, ..., q, we are given the probability uki with which it must be shipped from each Fulfillment Center (FC) k = 1, ..., K, with [EQUATION]. The goal is to randomly select a FC to ship each item following these marginal probabilities uki (motivated by trying to satisfy long-run inventory flow), in a way that not many distinct FC's end up being used (motivated by reducing the number of boxes that need to be shipped). In particular, the objective is to use each FC with probability at most α · yk, where yk:= maxi=1 ..., q uki is a lower bound on the probability with which FC k must be used, and α ≥ 1 is the guarantee to be made as small as possible.


.......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... v List of Figures .................................................................................................................. x List of Tables .................................................................................................................. xii List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... xii


The summary of 12 patients who had a pelvic mass diagnosed by sonography during pregnancy was presented. The pelvic patho logies included serous cystadenoma, dermoid cyst, endometriotic cyst of the ovary, cervical and uterine leiomyoma, malignant tumour of the cervix, bicornuate uterus, ectopic kidney and psoas abscess. The value and pitfalls of sonography in the evaluation of these conditions in a pregnant patient were discussed. One patient with uterine leiomyoma was incorrectly diagnosed as a dermoid cyst. In 2 patients where a cystic mass in the Pouch of Douglas was demonstrated by sonography, their presence could not be confirmed during subsequent laparotomy. Pelvic varicocoele was diagnosed in one case and in the other, no significant pelvic pathology was found. All 3 patients had unnecessary laparotomy. It was concluded that while sonography is extremely helpful in identifying and differentiating pelvic masses occurring during pregnancy, the diagnostic pitfalls of the investigation must be fully recognized. Careful correlation with other clinical information is also mandatory before decision on operative intervention.


Gestational diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a common disorder that without screening would have remained undiagnosed and may result in hazardous consequences both for mother and neonate. Screening for GDM is still a matter of dispute and there is no consensus as yet regarding the screening of GDM.. Therefore the main objective of this study was to determine prevalence of GDM in low risk pregnant in women referred to selected health center of Bandar Abbas on March 2012 to September 2013. This was a cross Sectional study in which , the number of 1800 low risk pregnant women for GDM in during the first visit were investigated. During this visit, after obtaining the history and complete physical exam questionnaire was completed, all pregnant women to low risk of gestational diabetes was selected as the study group and for the glucose challenge test with 50 g glucose at 24-28 weeks of gestation age. If blood glucose was ≥ 130 mg/dl, two-hour glucose tolerance test by 75 g glucose requested. GTT was done according to International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria. The data were analyzed by SPSS and statistical analysis was performed using T and Chi square test. The results indicate that the prevalence of gestational diabetes in pregnant women at low risk of Bandar Abbas 3.4% (61 of the 1,800 patients studied had impaired oral glucose tolerance test). There is a significant relationship between GDM and location. According to this study, and high prevalence gestational diabetes mellitus in lowrisk pregnant it is suggested that the selective screening of pregnant women will do not detected most cases of GDM. Therefore, routine screening in low-risk women to be taken seriously.


This paper introduces a semi‐discrete implicit Euler (SDIE) scheme for the Allen‐Cahn equation (ACE) with fidelity forcing on graphs. The continuous‐in‐time version of this differential equation was pioneered by Bertozzi and Flenner in 2012 as a method for graph classification problems, such as semi‐supervised learning and image segmentation. In 2013, Merkurjev et. al. used a Merriman‐Bence‐Osher (MBO) scheme with fidelity forcing instead, as heuristically it was expected to give similar results to the ACE. The current paper rigorously establishes the graph MBO scheme with fidelity forcing as a special case of an SDIE scheme for the graph ACE with fidelity forcing. This connection requires the use of the double‐obstacle potential in the ACE, as was already demonstrated by Budd and Van Gennip in 2020 in the context of ACE without a fidelity forcing term. We also prove that solutions of the SDIE scheme converge to solutions of the graph ACE with fidelity forcing as the discrete time step converges to zero. In the second part of the paper we develop the SDIE scheme as a classification algorithm. We also introduce some innovations into the algorithms for the SDIE and MBO schemes. For large graphs, we use a QR decomposition method to compute an eigendecomposition from a Nyström extension, which outperforms the method used by, for example, Bertozzi and Flenner in 2012, in accuracy, stability, and speed. Moreover, we replace the Euler discretization for the scheme's diffusion step by a computation based on the Strang formula for matrix exponentials. We apply this algorithm to a number of image segmentation problems, and compare the performance with that of the graph MBO scheme with fidelity forcing. We find that while the general SDIE scheme does not perform better than the MBO special case at this task, our other innovations lead to a significantly better segmentation than that from previous literature. We also empirically quantify the uncertainty that this segmentation inherits from the randomness in the Nyström extension.


Abstract This work is a computational study of a rarefied non-reacting hypersonic flow past a forward-facing step at zero-degree angle of attack in thermal non-equilibrium. Effects on the flow field structure and on the aerodynamic surface quantities due to changes in step frontal-face height are investigated by employing the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. The work focuses the attention of designers of hypersonic configurations on the fundamental parameter of surface discontinuity, which can have an important impact on even initial design. The results presented highlight the sensitivity of the primary flow field properties, velocity, density, pressure and temperature, to changes in the step frontal-face height. In addition, the behaviour of heat transfer, pressure and skin friction coefficients with variation of the step frontal-face height is detailed. The analysis shows that hypersonic flow past a forward-facing step in the transition flow regime is characterized by a strong compression ahead of the frontal face, which influences the aerodynamic surface properties upstream and adjacent to the frontal face. The analysis also shows that the extension of the upstream disturbance depends on the step frontal-face height. It was found that the recirculation region ahead of the step is also a function of the frontal-face height. A sequence of Moffatt eddies of decreasing size and intensity is observed in the concave step corner. Locally high heating and pressure loads were observed at three locations along the surface, i.e. on the lower surface, on the frontal face and on the upper surface. The results showed that both loads rely on the frontal-face height. The peak values for the heat transfer coefficient on the frontal-face surface were at least one order of magnitude larger than the maximum value observed for a smooth surface, i.e. a flat plate without a step. A comparison of the present simulation results with numerical and experimental data showed close agreement concerning the wall pressure acting on the step surface.


SUMMARY: A steroid fraction obtained from lemon juice was found to be an essential metabolite for Paramecium aurelia, var. 4, stock 51.7 (s), in axenic culture. This steroid is closely related to, or is identical with, either β-sitosterol or γ-sitosterol.


Prunus mongolica is lack for pollination insect.which is influenced by bearing fruit.The little habitat of pollination insect and natural enemy harm are restrict with pollination insect population increase.


Neuroscience is progressively increasing its comprehension of the normal functioning of the central and  peripheral nervous system. Such understanding is essential to challenge important neurodegenerative disorders  and clinical conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, etc. The  aim of neuroscience research is to improve understanding of normal and pathological functions and to  develop therapeutic strategies and tools. Fundamental neuroscience utilizes a variety of techniques which  include: electrophysiology, imaging, and computational modelling and entails interactions with clinical  studies. Non-human primates are the closest species to humans in terms of biological, physiological, immunological  and neurological characteristics; their closeness has been, and is still, an important reason for  using them in biomedical studies. These animals have a vertebrate brain that is most like that of humans  in terms of neural circuitry and this, together with similarities with human physiological and behavioural  characteristics, makes them more valuable and accurate models of neurological and psychiatric diseases  than other animals. This article provides an overview of the contribution of non-human primate models in  fundamental neuroscience research and in generating clinically relevant findings and therapeutic developments.Â


Public Health Microbiology reference laboratories fulfil a critical role in providing overarching testing and surveillance for notifiable, emerging and important pathogens. These duties require the laboratory to possess an extensive repertoire of validated assays and the ability to rapidly respond to novel threats and outbreaks. For these, among other reasons, the 'one stop shop' approach of whole genome sequencing (WGS) has been embraced by microbiology reference laboratories. The ability to replace multiple labour-intensive assays with a single technique of superior typeability and discrimination at an often competitive price, although not without its challenges, has already begun to change the workflow of Public Health reference laboratories. Overseas laboratories such as Public Health England and the US Centers forDiseaseControl andPrevention (CDC)areexemplars of howWGS has replaced not only conventional molecular typing for the routine surveillance of pathogens but also phenotypic testing suchas serotyping. TheUSFoodandDrugAdministration (FDA) sequencing initiative,GenomeTrakr consistsof anetworkofUSand international laboratories performing real time sequencing on foodborne pathogens from food, environmental and human samples, with sequences being made available on the public NCBI database. This rapid and detailed genomic surveillance has already been highly successful in detecting more outbreaks than prior genotyping whilst restricting the number of cases associated with each outbreak (Figure 1). Participation in GenomeTrakr resulted in an Australian listeriosis case with no known cause being linked to a US stone fruit outbreak, demonstrating the importance of integrated international surveillance to monitor what is now a global food chain.


In recent years, autonomous driving through deep learning has gained more and more attention. This paper proposes a novel Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication based autonomous vehicle driving system that takes advantage of both spatial and temporal information. The proposed system consists of a novel combination of CNN layers and LSTM layers for controlling steering angle and speed by taking advantage of the information from both the autonomous vehicle and cooperative vehicle. The CNN layers process the input sequential image frames, and the LSTM layers process historical data to predict the steering angle and speed of the autonomous vehicle. To confirm the validity of the proposed system, we conducted experiments for evaluating the MSE of the steering angle and vehicle speed using the Udacity dataset. Experimental results are summarized as follows. (1) "with a cooperative car" significantly works better than "without". (2) Among all the network, the Res-Net performs the best. (3) Utilizing the LSTM with Res-Net, which processes the historical motion data, performs better than "no LSTM". (4) As the number of inputted sequential frames, eight frames turn out to work best. (5) As the distance between the autonomous host and cooperative vehicle, ten to forty meters turn out to achieve the robust result on the autonomous driving movement control.


Resistance to Pyricularia oryzae of the rice variety Toride 1 selected from the cross Norin 8 (Japanese variety) ×TKM.1 (Indian variety) was fcund to be controlled by a dominant gene which was allelic to Pi-z of the U.S.A. variety Zenith. This gene was designated as Pi-zt.


According to the information we have obtained from written and archaeological sources, Cimmerians and Scythians, known as warrior mounted tribes, started to enter Anatolia through the Caucasus since the 8th century BC. These tribes, who first encountered the Urartians in Eastern Anatolia, entered into political and military struggles with the Assyrian, Phrygian and Lydian states. Cimmerians and Scythians, who found their place in the written documents of these states, also left various archaeological materials behind. One of these materials is the arrowheads, which are the subject of the study and known as "Scythian Type". A group of arrowheads, which is one of the archeological data showing the distribution area of the Cimmerians and Scythians in Anatolia, is also registered in the inventory of the Rize Museum. Some of these arrowheads, some of which are known to have come from Tokat/Zile, are also unknown. These arrowheads were brought to the Rize Museum by purchasing. In the study, 12 Scythian arrowheads in the Rize museum were basically cataloged, its typology was examined and its analogy was made with other Scythian arrowheads in Anatolia.


Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) are a relatively well-studied family of nematocerous flies distributed worldwide, including 6,206 extant and 296 fossil species. To date, 1,146 extant and 32 fossil species in the genus Forcipomyia have been recorded in the world (Borkent & Dominiak, 2020). Biting midges of the subgenus Forcipomyia s. str. are indicative of forests because their larvae and pupae usually live under the bark of rotting trees (Szadziewski, 2018). The oldest records of the genus are from the Eocene. Forcipomyia are reported from early Eocene Fushun amber (one species; Hong, 1981; Stebner et al., 2016; Szadziewski, 2018; Krzemiński et al., 2019), early Eocene Cambay amber (unnamed, Stebner et al., 2017), middle Eocene Sakhalin amber (one species, Szadziewski & Sontag, 2013), Eocene Baltic amber from the Gulf of Gdańsk, Rovno and Bitterfeld (21 species; Szadziewski, 1988, Szadziewski, 1993, Sontag & Szadziewski, 2011), Miocene Dominican amber (10 species, Szadziewski & Grogan, 1998) and Miocene Mexican amber (unnamed, Szadziewski & Grogan, 1996).


A new basis set of triple zeta quality for carbon, 3z-S, is developed and tested at the DFT, MP2, and CCSD(T) levels with taking into account solvent and vibrational corrections for a number of molecules ranging from the smallest fluoromethane, CH3F, to the largest 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, C44H30N4. The proposed highly economical 3z-S basis set has been proven to provide very good accuracy in all examinations, comparable to that of the NMR-oriented Jensen's pcS-2 basis set, which is ca. one and a half times larger than the 3z-S basis set.


Achieving fine control over the twist angles of stacked two-dimensional (2D) layers is critical for device fabrication. Here, we demonstrate that the interplay between lattice mismatch strain and f...


A new Web initiative to be launched in Ohio by several health plans is designed to benefit patients and practices by reducing the time, effort, and expense associated with the paperwork required for office visits.


A hydraulic piston type locking disk comprises a locking disk inner taper sleeve. A hollow shaft penetrates through the inner taper sleeve in a sleeved mode. A working machine main shaft is embedded into an inner bore of the hollow shaft. The conical surface of an outer taper sleeve is combined with the conical surface of the inner taper sleeve. A left inner bore of the outer taper sleeve and a middle part of the inner taper sleeve are assembled in a matched mode. All combination surfaces are sealed with sealing components. The outer tamper sleeve is connected with a pressing plate through a bolt. The left inner bore of the outer taper sleeve and the pressing plate are assembled in a matched mode. The combination surfaces are sealed with sealing components. An inner bore of the pressing plate and the left portion of the inner taper sleeve are installed in a matched mode. The combination surfaces are sealed with sealing components. Two oil inlet holes are formed in the outer taper sleeve and blocked through an oil blocking plug and a screw plug respectively. A boss of the inner taper sleeve, the pressing plate and the outer taper sleeve form a main oil cavity. The boss of the inner taper sleeve and the outer taper sleeve form a subsidiary oil cavity. The installed locking disk has the advantages that combination pressure is formed quickly, the locking disk can operate immediately as long as high-pressure oil is pumped into the locking disk, and the locking disk can be disassembled immediately as long as the high-pressure oil is released, so that the efficiency of disassembling and assembling the locking disk is improved greatly.


The primary objective of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic and volatile compounds extracted from cranberries. The Griess Reagent System assay was used to measure the in vitro anti-inflammatory capabilities of cranberry phenolic and volatile extracts on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. This study tested the antiinflammatory capabilities of the cranberry phenolic and volatile extracts before, as a preventative treatment, and after, as a means of treating pre-existing inflammation, inducing inflammation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). All experiments were conducted in the following manner, varying only in whether treated with the extracts before or after LPS: 1 x 103 RAW 264.7 cells were seeded into individual wells of a 96 well plate, given 16 hr to attach, and treated with the phenolic and volatile extracts at 2x, 4x, and 8x dilutions of their respective starting concentrations present in a cranberry for 1 hr either before or after 24 hr of induced inflammation by LPS. Then, nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured to assess the anti-inflammatory capabilities. When treated with the extracts after LPS, the phenolic 635.7 ppm, 317.8 ppm and volatile 1.8 ppm NO levels were significantly lower than the positive control, reduced by 62%, 46%, and 50% respectively. When treated before LPS, the phenolic 635.7 ppm, 317.8 ppm and volatile 1.8 ppm, 0.9 ppm NO levels were significantly lower than the positive control, reduced by 52%, 25%, 47%, and 13% respectively. Upon overall evaluation, the phenolic and volatile extracts' anti-inflammatory capabilities were very comparable even though the volatiles were at a 353x lower concentration, and an overall stronger preventative effect was observed. Future studies are needed to reveal the mechanisms by which these compounds act to prevent and reduce inflammation and to determine the bioavailability of these compounds. Acknowledgements To my thesis director, Dr. Luke Howard, thank you for welcoming me into your lab, this project would not have been possible or finished on schedule without your persistence and guidance. Thank you for your always open door and constant support and belief in me. To Dr. Sun-Ok Lee, thank you for all of your cell-culture guidance and expertise. This was unlike anything I had ever done before and I truly would not have been able to get through it without you. To Cindi Brownmiller, thank you for all of your help with HPLC, GC, DMAC, DPPH, extraction of compounds, and double checking of calculations and dilutions. This project would not have been possible without you and you are so very appreciated. To Dr. Andy Mauromoustakos, statistical analysis of the data would have been nearly impossible without your help and knowledge, thank you for your time and patience. To my parents, Ron and Sandy Moore, thank you for your constant support and love throughout this entire journey, through all of the late-night experiments and failures and successes. You guys are the best support system I could ever ask for. To the University of Arkansas Food Science Department and the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology faculty and staff, thank you for your continuous dedication to students' achievement and success.


The synthesis of novel chiral sulfinamide bisphosphine catalysts, so called Wei-Phos catalysts, is developed and their utility for the cross-Rauhut—Currier reaction of enediones of type (I), (IV), (VI), and (VIII) with α,β-unsaturated ketones (II) is demonstrated.