Immunological cause may contribute to 5-15% of the male infertility factors, including cryptorchidism, primary testicular failure, testicular trauma, epididymitis, varicocele, idiopathic infertility, and infections. Therefore, ASA can be found in primary or secondary infertile men. The aim is to study the correlation of ASA with trace elements in primary and secondary infertile men. The study was carried out in the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology in Southern Technical University. Seminal fluids were collected from each of them, seminogram test (semen analysis) was performed for each participant, and all semen samples were collected following (3-5) days of abstinence. After liquefaction, sperm concentration, total sperm count, morphology, motility grades were determined using World Health Organization (WHO) standard procedures. The mean values of were significantly increased ASA in infertile men as compared to fertile control group (p<0.0001), sperm concentration significant decrease in infertile men as compared to control group (p<0.05) and significant decrease in all sperm motility, total progressive sperm (A Rapid progressive motility ,B Slow or sluggish progressive motility and C Non-progressive motility and D Immotility) and normal sperm morphology in infertile men as compared to fertile control group (P<0.05). Decrease in infertile compared to fertile men was statistically significant (p<0.05), while Cu highly increase in infertile men group compared to fertile group highly significant (p<0.001), decrease in Zn infertile men compared to fertile men highly significant ( p<0.001). In addition, decrease in Ni in infertile men as compared to fertile group was highly significant (p<0.001).


The availability of low-cost plug-and-play devices may contribute to the diffusion of methods and technologies for the personalized monitoring of physiological parameters by wearable devices. This paper is focused on biosensors, which represent an interesting enabling technology for the real-time continuous acquisition of biological or chemical analytes of physio-pathological interest, e.g., metabolites, protein biomarkers, and electrolytes in biofluids. Currently available commercial biosensors are usually referred to as customized and proprietary solutions. However, the efficient and robust development of e-health applications based on wearable biosensors can be eased from device interoperability. In this way, even if the different modules belong to different manufacturers, they can be added, upgraded, changed or removed without affecting the whole data acquisition system. A great effort in this direction has already been made by the ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 standard that introduces the concept of smart sensors by defining the main and essential characteristics that these devices should have. Following the guidelines provided by this standard, here we propose a set of characteristics that should be considered in the development of a smart biosensor and how they could be integrated into the existing standard.


INTRODUCTION The introduction of new chemicals in nature may be responsible for numerous negative effects in humans, such as biochemical malfunctions or genetic instability (Tsutsui et al., 1984; Evans, 1985). Pesticides are widely used noxious chemicals in agriculture, either separately or in mixtures, and they invade the environment in large quantities (Demsia et al., 2007) and one of the major environmental health problems caused by these pesticides is their potential adverse effect on non-target organisms (Cavas et al., 2012).


Plants are exposed to many different stress factors during their lifetime, often more than one factor at a time, which highlights the importance of research regarding interaction among stress factors. Cadmium and ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm) are two potential stress factors in the environment, which have gained increased interest due to atmospheric pollution.

In this work the interaction between Cd and UV-B radiation was investigated in two species of Brassicaceae; Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana, the latter including the wild type and phytochelatin-deficient cad1-3. In both species photosynthetic parameters and element content were studied after the plants were exposed to Cd and supplemental UV-B radiation for 14 days. A separate Cd uptake study was carried out on Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the effect of different Cd pretreatments on Cd uptake.

The experiments showed that Cd was the dominant factor, but in Brassica napus, Cd+UV-B showed some interaction effects on energy dissipation and chlorophyll ratios. Generally, Cd decreased the chlorophyll content and influenced photosynthesis by altering oxygen evolution, non-photochemical quenching and the quantum yield. Cadmium had large effects on the content of essential elements, particularly in roots, that may be due to competition during uptake. The Cd uptake study showed that the wild type contained much higher amounts of Cd than the phytochelatin-deficient cad1-3, although Cd uptake is expected to be independent of phytochelatin content. Phytochelatins chelate and transport Cd to the vacuole, thus removing Cd from the cytosol. This compartmentation may disrupt a possible feedback mechanism in the cytosol.


The public nowadays has become more aware on the environmental issue. This is because they have understood the negative impact of pollution and wasting of natural resources to human being and also the Mother Nature. The conventional housing area that has been built to fulfil the basic needs of housing to the community in Malaysia was seen as a negative type of development to environment. This is because the abundance use of energy and thus high amount of carbon dioxide release to the atmosphere. In order to handle this problem, the greenhouse resident concept has been introduced. This concept can reduce utilization of energy, water, and natural resources but still can give good quality of air and importantly the comfort of the occupant. But, how much do the public especially house buyer knows and understands about the concept of greenhouse resident because it is relatively new trend in the home development in Malaysia. This research is done to evaluate the level of knowledge among the house buyers in the concept, components, and the challenges in developing green house residence in Malaysia.


Objective:To compact the clinical treatment effect of bruxism by using ultra-form occlusal splint and popular plastic occlusal splint.Methods:To made ultra-form occlusal splint and popular plastic occlusal splint and to ask the patients wearing the splint during night.Results:In one month, the teeth grinding stopped in 6 cases to 11 cases by using popular plastic occlusal splint and ultra-form occlusal splint ,in six month,which is in 10 cases to 17 cases;and there is remarkable difference between the two of kinds methods(P0.05).Conclutions:The treatment effect of bruxism by using Ultra-form occlusal splint was more effective than which the popular plastic occlusal splint did, and the former was more comfortabl too.


A solid propellant ingredient reclamation pilot plant has been evaluated at the Strategic Operations of Thiokol Corporation, located in Brigham City, Utah. The plant produces AP wet cake (95 percent AP, 5 percent water) for recycling at AP vendors. AP has been obtained from two standard propellant binder systems (PBAN and HTPB). Analytical work conducted at Thiokol indicates that the vendor-recrystallized AP meets Space Shuttle propellant specification requirements. Thiokol has processed l-, 5, and 600-gallon propellant mixes with the recrystallized AP. Processing, cast, cure, ballistic, mechanical, and safety properties have been evaluated. Phillips Laboratory static-test-fired 70-pound and 800-pound BATES motors. The data indicate that propellant processed with reclaimed AP has nominal properties.


1. It is known that the distribution of the vanishing coefficients in the power series of an integral function is closely connected with the analytic properties of the function. But the following theorem has apparently not yet been noticed, although simple and elegant both in statement and in proof.


Non‐cultivated areas in agricultural landscapes can substantially contribute to biodiversity. Therefore, to examine the role of tree‐line hedges in supporting arthropod diversity in an agricultural landscape, we sampled carabid beetles in three replicates of a native deciduous (hawthorn, Crataegus mono‐gyna), a non‐native deciduous (rowan, Sorbus intermedia), and a non‐native coniferous (spruce, Picea spp.) hedge in Jytland, Denmark. We hypothesised that hedgerows with deciduous trees harbour more diverse carabid assemblages than hedges composed of non‐native trees. The number of carabid individuals and species was highest in the hawthorn hedges and significantly lower in rowan and spruce. This was caused by the presence of forest specialist species. Differences in the number of the grassland and the cropland specialist ground beetle individuals and species were not statistically significant among the hedges. Litter depth and the density of herbs and grasses negatively, while hedge width positively influenced carabid diversity. Overall, hedges composed of the native, deciduous hawthorn were superior to ones composed of the non‐native rowan, and especially to coniferous ones to conserve and maintain carabid diversity in this cultivated Danish landscape.


Drag reduction is one way to reduce vehicle fuel consumption. Tractor-trailers have a higher drag coefficient than other vehicles due to their bluff-body shape. Over the years, numerous add-on devices have been invented to help reduce drag and fuel consumption. The current research extends our previous idea of add-on humps and investigates their effect in conjuction with curved boat-tail flaps. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the form of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) and detached-eddy (DES) simulations were used to determine viable design strategies. Design optimization was applied on the new add-on devices. A 3D baseline computational model was constructed using an Ahmed body. The predicted drag coefficient of the baseline configuration showed good agreement with experimental data. The results from the optimized design with add-on humps and curved boat-tail flaps are shown to have a 50.9% reduction in drag coefficient. The predicted results using three different turbulent models, including standard k-e, RNG k-e, and DES, were compared with each other. Predictions with the standard k-e model produced the best agreement with the baseline experimental drag coefficient.


In this paper, we consider the problem of energy optimization in mobile networks by enabling the MIMO feature only when necessary. Enabling MIMO features at the base station increases energy consumption unnecessarily under many operating conditions. In this study, we employ machine learning-based approaches to decide on whether a SISO scheme can achieve the required Quality of Experience (QoE). If SISO can satisfy the target QoE, the base-station can decide to switch the MIMO feature off which can result in considerable energy savings. We consider two different machine learning approaches, namely, multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs), to learn the SISO features from realistic mobile network data. The trained models are tested against the data obtained from MIMO cells in which the MIMO feature is disabled. Our results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach which presents a real-time, automated approach for MIMO enabling decisions.


Advisor: Dr. Abla Mehio Sibai, Professor, Epidemiology and Population Health--Committee Members : Dr. Souha Fares, Assistant Professor, Epidemiology and Population Health; Dr. Shadi Saleh, Associate Professor, Health Management and Policy; Dr. Rima Nakkash, Assistant Professor, Health Promotion and Community Health.


The stress corrosion cracking(SCC) behavior of API-X70 steel was investigated in a near-neutral pH solution by fluctuant slow strain rate test(F-SSRT).The test results indicated that the steel API-X70 had certain susceptibility to SCC in specific near-neutral pH solution under fluctuant tension load and cathodic potential(-850 mVSCE).The fluctuant slow strain rate test(F-SSRT) showed that the mechanism of crack growth was obviously different from that of normal slow strain rate test(SSRT).The SCC crack was able to start from the tiny hole on the surface,and when strain rate was in certain range,the SCC cracks would propagate along 45 degree direction to the maximum shear stress plane.The effect and mechanism of hydrogen in the course of SCC initation and growth were analyzed.


Sustainable development has been one of the critical issues on the world agenda since the 1970s given the depletion of natural resources, environmental degradation, inequalities, population growth, and urbanization. Therefore, uncovering the factors underlying sustainable development matters for the design of optimal policies. This study investigates the influence of higher education and globalization on sustainable development in the new EU members for the 2000–2019 duration with a panel data approach in view of the research gap in the empirical literature. The consequences of the analyses point out that higher education and globalization have significant influences on sustainable development in the short and long terms. However, the long-term influence of globalization over sustainable development is found to be relatively higher than the influence of higher education on sustainable development.


This paper analyzes the effect of mass diffusion and variable suction on two dimensional unsteady magnetohydrodynamic convective flow of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid between two vertical porous parallel plates through a porous medium in the slip flow regime. The governing equations of the flow field are solved employing perturbation technique and the expressions for the velocity, temperature, concentration distribution, skin friction and the rate of heat transfer i.e. the heat flux in terms of Nusselts number N u are obtained. The effects of the pertinent parameters such as magnetic parameter M , permeability parameter K p , Grashof number for heat and mass transfer G r , G c , slip flow parameters h 1 , h 2 ; Schmidt number S c , Prandtl number P r etc. on the flow field have been studied and the results are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively.


Abstract : Approximately 780 officers in the chains of command of 53 U.S. Army battalions responded to paper-and-pencil exercises in order to test the replicability of earlier results on a model which links effective leadership to problem-solving abilities. In this replication, criteria included subordinate and superior assessments of leadership behavior/performance as well as career achievement (rank and awards). Limited replication of the earlier results was obtained. The group of variables reported earlier to predict achievement were also significantly associated with achievement in this replication. However, strengths of relationship were appreciably less than reported earlier for achievement and weak (even though statistically significant) for superior and subordinate assessments. The obtained data also raised questions about the validity of measures newly designed for the earlier effort and about the reliability of measurement needed for leader development research and practice.


A brief review of recent research into Australasian sauropterygians is given. The earliest record is an Anisian pachypleurosaur from South Island, New Zealand. An Early Jurassic record from Queensland, hitherto included in the Plesiosauria is shown to be the last known pachypleurosaur. A diverse record of Pliosauroidea is known from the time of the break-up of East Gondwana, in marginal rift sediments of Western Australia and South Australia, dated to the earliest Cretaceous. The record of the marine incursion into the Eromanga Basin, Queensland, contains Albian-age pliosaurs and elasmosaurs. The New Zealand plesiosaurian record contains mostly members of the 'long-necked' Plesiosauroidea, all from the Haumurian stage of the Campanian-Maastrichtian. One specimen represents a unique record of a cryptoclidid in Australasia, more closely related to the European Callovian Cryptoclidus than to the other late cryptoclidids known from South America and the Antarctic Peninsula. The sauropterygians were an entirely aquatic group of reptiles which trace their ancestry to the Late Permian tangasaurids of Madagascar, and whose intermediate evolutionary stages, the Pachypleurosauridae and the Nothosauriformes, are best displayed in the Middle Triassic of the European Alpine (Tethyan) region (Brown 1981; Carroll 1987). The best-known of the sauropterygians are the Plesiosauria, the earliest of which is Pistosaurus, also occurring in the European Tethyan realm, and of Anisian (Middle Triassic) age. A functional progression from laterally undulatory swimming, through a 'rowing' phase, to underwater 'flight', akin to that practised by living sealions, is demonstrated in the sauropterygians, with the plesiosaurians showing full adaptation to underwater flight. The Plesiosauria comprises the plesiomorphic Pliosauroidea (here we follow Brown 1981 in recognizing only a single family, the Pliosauridae: but other classifications recognize the additional families Polycotylidae and Brachauchenidae); and the more derived Plesiosauroidea, obtaining three families: the Plesiosauridae, the Elasmosauridae and the Cryptoclididae. The last two are well represented in the Australasian realm (Figure I,


An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any preexisting network infrastructure or centralized administration. On Demand Multicast Routing protocol (ODMRP) is a multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Its efficiency, simplicity, and robustness to mobility renders it one of the most widely used MANET multicast protocols. In this paper, our proposed scheme presents two different scenarios (static and dynamic) used to study the performance of ODMRP as a multicast routing protocol based on mesh topology and fmally concluded that protocol operates well in dynamic environment than in static one because the mobile node has a better packet delivery ratio than in static scenario.


One of the frequently used stages in seismic data processing is removing random and coherent noise. In case, if , the recorded signals lies hiding below wide range of random noise, then , useful seismic images will not be produced. Filtering is the formal and most effective method used for random and coherent noises attenuation. In this paper we use a new filtering technique for random and coherent noise attenuation in seismic data on constant-frequency slices in the frequency-offset _ f-x_ domain. This new filtering technique is based on the empirical mode decomposition (EMD).


Nanocrystals of Y and Zr doped SnO2 have been prepared by sol-gel route and annealed at 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ºC. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the average size of the particles in the freshly prepared samples to be ~ 3 nm. The Extended Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) technique was used to study the dopant environments in nanocrystalline tin oxide. In all Y-doped samples, except the one annealed at 1000 ºC, there is clear evidence that Y has not entered the SnO2 lattice. This is clearly supported by the Raman scattering results. In all Zr-doped samples, there is a simple substitution for Sn by Zr.


Simulation plays important role in many problems of our daily life. There has been increasing interest in the use of simulation to teach the concept of sampling distribution. In this paper we try to show the sampling distribution of some important statistic we often found in statistical methods by taking 10,000 simulations. The simulation is presented using R-programming language to help students to understand the concept of sampling distribution. This paper helps students to understand the concept of central limit theorem, law of large number and simulation of distribution of some important statistic we often encounter in statistical methods. This paper is about one sample and two sample inference. The paper shows the convergence of t-distribution to standard normal distribution. The sum of the square of deviations of items from population mean and sample mean follow chi-square distribution with different degrees of freedom. The ratio of two sample variance follow F-distribution. It is interesting that in linear regression the sampling distribution of the estimated parameters are normally distributed.


The participation of small end-users in the smart grid brings benefits for the end-users and for the smart grid. This paper will treat end-users using communities involving energy sharing between private buildings (residential and commercial) and public buildings. The energy can be shared among end-users and the community can be managed centralized. The paper uses IoT devices to enable the active participation of end-users. The use of this type of devices is growing and more and more market available product are appearing. The remote control and monitor capabilities, provided by the normality of IoT devices, can and should be used in energy management systems as enablers. This paper uses IoT devices, located in end-users, to enable the participation of these player in the community. The paper will propose a smart energy community platform and show its results.


-- The increase of infect-contagious sexual transmitted diseases like AIDS have generated a greater emphasis in the prevention and in its cure or vaccine search. AIDS for being degenerative, mortal and irreversible produces psycho-emotional disturbs in the patient generating him/her emotional support needs, In thet way the relatives are the indicated ones to cover this need. Such it is so the survey about: "Existing relationship between of the HIV-AIDS patient Relative's Resiliency Level and their participation in the Satisfaction of Patient's Emotional Support Needs in the H.N.A.L." had as objective to determine the relation between the level of resiliency of the HIV-AIDS patient relative and its participation in the satisfaction in the patient emotional support needs.


The objections that Mises, Hayek and other Austrian economists raised against socialism were directed also against the tradition of thought that issued in modern ecological economics (see MartinezAlier, 1987). The precursors of ecological economics PopperLynkeus, Ballod-Atlanticus, Neurath, Ostwald, Geddes, Soddy and Solvay were all included among their targets. In particular two central assumptions of ecological economics were subject to criticism: 1 ) that social choices have to recognize that economic institutions and relations are embedded within the physical world and subject to resource and ecological constraints; and hence 2) that economic choices cannot be founded upon purely monetary valuations. Thus, if, as many assume, the arguments of Mises and Hayek were conclusive against socialism, then they have more general implications. They raise problems with the perspectives on ecologically rational choices that emerged in the tradition of ecological economics. Indeed, while their assumptions are very different from those of the neoclassical economists, and in the case of Hayek more powerful, the conclusions drawn by the Austrian tradition parallel neoclassical approaches to environmental problems. For both, the existence of environmental problems is the result of the absence of markets in environmental


Character formation is a mandatory requirement for all theological leaders and students. The purpose of this empirical and field research is to understand the perceptions of theological leaders and students regarding the role of theological education in ministerial character formation. The study seeks to discover the difficulty that theological institutions face as they develop and implement moral formation programs. Incongruencies tend to exist between what theological leaders do in the preparation of students for ministry and what they finally produce as 'the product' of their efforts. The study analysed results from interviews with theological leaders and students regarding their perceptions of the role of theological education on character formation. The finding of the study was that college leaders and students showed different perceptions, raising questions on 'what is theological about theological education'. Theological students viewed character formation as key in ministerial formation, whereas theological leaders believed that they played pivotal roles in character formation. Theological students underscored the importance of college leaders as models, the role of churches as essential partners for character formation and the place of co-curricular activities in ministerial formation programs. The study concludes by underscoring key theological implications that are drawn from the study. First, the major contributions that both theological leaders and students make to the ministerial formation process. Second, the need to have ministerial leaders who have skills to minister in diverse contexts. Finally, the need for clarity of purpose of any theological education program.Contribution: This article contributes to the knowledge about the role of theological leaders and contribution of theological students to character formation. The theological leaders and students are leaners and teachers in the ministerial formation process. Sound theological education practice revolves around co-construction of knowledge through the interaction of the students, their college teachers, homes, churches, and the wholesomeness of seminary life and its curriculum.


The effect of proton donors on the electrochemical reduction of 2, 3-disubstituted 1- indenones (IDO) in N, N-dimethylformamide containing 0.1 mol.dm-3 n-Bu4NBF4 has been investigated. Kinetic study of the reaction of electrolytically generated IDO anion radical with hydroquinone was performed by DC polarography. The results indicate that the IDO in the presence of hydroquinone is reduced via the ' ECE rnechanism ° and rate law is given as -d[IDO']/dt=k[IDO-][Hydroquinone]. The activation parameter was also determined. A good linear correlation of the rate constant, k was observed to Hammett substituent constant, Σσp=σ1-1-0.5σ, for the 2, 3-diaryl-1-indenones, [1]∼[11] or Taft polar substituent constant, Σσ*=σ1* +0.5 σ2* for [1], the 2-aryl-3-alkyl-, [12]∼[16], and the 2-alkyl-3-aryl-1-indenones, [l7], [l8], respectivery.


In this work, a colloidal damper rendered controllable under variable magnetic fields is proposed and its controllability is experimentally evaluated. This absorber employs a water- based ferrofluid (FERROTEC MSGW10) in association with a liquid-repellent nanoporous solid matrix, consisted of particles of gamma alumina or/and silica gel. Control of the dynamic characteristics is obtained by moving permanent neodymium annular magnets, which are placed either on the piston head (axial magnetic field) or on the external surface of the cylinder (radial magnetic field). In order to properly select these magnets, flow visualizations inside of a transparent model damper were performed, and the quantity of the displaced liquid by the magnets through the damper's filter and through the nanoporous solid matrix was determined. Experimental data concerning variation of the magnetic flux density at the magnet surface versus the height of the magnet, and versus the target distance was collected. Based on such data, the suitable magnet geometry was decided. Then, the 3D structural model of the trial colloidal damper obtained by using Solidworks, and the excitation test rig are presented. From excitation tests on a ball-screw shaker, one confirmed larger damping abilities of the proposed absorber relative to the traditional colloidal damper, and also the possibility to adjust the damping coefficient according to the excitation type.


1. The Few Rotten Apples Theory 2. The Poisoned Orchard 3. The Orchard Keepers 4. The Court-Martial of Javal Davis: The Soldier Who Snapped for Ten Seconds 5. The Court-Martial of Sabrina Harman: Why Didn't Smiling Girl just Walk Out the Door 6.The Court-Martial of Lynndie England: The Story of "Leash Girl" in Love with the Ringleader of the Night Shift 7. What the Trials Revealed: Abu Ghraib as Hell on Earth 8. Recognizing and Overcoming Dysfunctional Responses to Abu Ghraib 9. Detox for the Contaminated Apple Orchard


There is a global prerequisite for making and implementing a diminution strategy in the want of drugs of addiction, both legal and banned, which may otherwise lead to plentiful negative health, family, socio-economic and mental consequences. During the 63rd session of the WHA (World Health Assembly), held at Geneva in May 2010, including India the 193 global member states reached on mutual consensus for global strategies to trim down the detrimental use of alcohol by adopting resolution WHA 63.13. The (GoI) Government of India enforced, The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, Act No. 61 of 1985 with guidelines, protocols and essential framework to reduce drug abuse and sale in India. Alcohol causes 3 million deaths per annum globally; responsible for 5.1% of the global burden of disease, gender wise harmful consumption of alcohol is about 7.1% in males compared to 2.2% in females. The Bihar Excise Act, 1915 was amended and new amendment Act, 2016 was enforced from 01.04.2016, vide Gazette Notification No. 1485 dated 05.04.2016. Absolute Prohibition of sale and consumption of liquor in any form was declared in the State of Bihar. Bihar Prohibition and Excise Act, 2016 was notified on 2 October 2016 to put into effect complete ban of alcohol consumption/sale in the territory of Bihar. The key objective of this study is to find out impact of alcohol ban on the prevalence of under trial, Prisoners of Liquor & Narcotics Drugs related Acts violation before the intervention (i.e. alcohol ban) and after alcohol ban. This novel cross sectional research study revealed that there is 1190.39 percent increase in the Under trial, prisoners violating Bihar Liquor & Narcotics Drugs Excise Act after absolute prohibition of sale and consumption of liquor in Bihar, India. Added to this the research study also revealed that there is 355.12 percent and 169.30 percent increase in violation of Liquor & Narcotics Drugs Prohibition Act as well as Liquor & Narcotics Drugs NDPS Act respectively during the period when alcohol is banned in the state of Bihar as compared to same period before alcohol ban.


This paper describes an efficient method to calculate sensitivity of shell structures. Sensitivity parameters of interest are shape and thickness of shell structures. An 18-node hexahedral shell is used in element formulation with inclusion of proposed methodologies to alleviate various locking phenomena. Automatic mesh generation scheme using the design element concept and isoparametric technique is employed to avoid re-meshing structures every iteration of optimization process. Numerical examples are performed and compared with exact solutions and forward finite differences to investigate the accuracy of proposed element formulation and sensitivity analysis.


It is difficult to perform any effective control when a conventional PID control method is applied to a room temperature system with time varying and hysteresis characteristics.It is also difflcult for the conventional fuzzy control to realize its function with a steady state temperature error of no less than ±1℃.This paper deals with the design of a fuzzy controller with self-correcting fuzzy control rules applied to a room temperature control system.The result of the MATLAB simulation has shown that the self-correcting fuzzy controller is superior to the conventional fuzzy controller and PID controller.


West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, originally isolated in Uganda in 1937, and responsible for sporadic outbreaks in Africa, Europe and Asia. In 1999 WNV was introduced into the USA starting in New York City, and has since become endemic in North America leading to thousands of cases annually. In Australia, a closely related strain of West Nile virus called Kunjin virus (WNVKUN) is endemic to the country. Despite the antigenic similarity between the two strains, WNVKUN does not cause an overt disease and is not linked to any human outbreaks. However, in 2011 a more virulent strain of WNV initially found in New South Wales (WNVNSW2011) caused a large equine outbreak in south-eastern Australia, illustrating the national as well as global impact of WNV disease.This thesis investigates the role of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in control of WNV in vitro and in vivo using an engineered WNVNSW2011 library that encodes artificial microRNAs (amiRs) targeting over one hundred mouse ISGs. Three in vitro passages of the virus library in mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in selection and enrichment of WNVNSW2011 encoding IFITM3-amiR, implying that IFITM3 was a dominant factor restricting WNV titres in vitro. This finding fits with the known role of IFITM3 in restricting various virus infections, including WNV. Peripheral infection of mice with the virus library led to a strong selection and enrichment in spleens and/or brains of viruses encoding amiRs targeting various ISGs, in particular ATF3-amiR. The ATF3-amiR WNV was the most enriched WNV in spleens and brains from several mice, and is a novel finding, as the transcription factor ATF3 was not previously known to have an antiviral function.To verify the role of identified ISGs in restricting WNV infection, recombinant WNVNSW2011 viruses encoding corresponding individual amiRs were generated and examined in vitro and in vivo. Infection with IFITM3-amiR-encoding WNV showed that depletion of IFITM3 in infected cells led to secretion of virions with increased infectivity. This implied that the most critical factor for virus replication in a cell culture environment was to increase infectivity. Furthermore, the IFITM3-amiR WNV exhibited increased replication in vitro and elevated virulence in mice. Moreover, the recombinant virus targeting ATF3 exhibited enhanced replication in vitro and virulence. Taken together, these data identify host factors that define WNV pathogenicity, and validate the artificial microRNA virus library approach as a unique tool to examine virus-host interactions in cells and in animal models.


High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and diode array spectroscopy (DAS) were applied simultaneously for the separation, identification, and quantification of the anthocyanins of Vitis vinifera variety Tempranillo. Use of diode array detector (DAD) permitted simultaneous recording of the chromatographic analysis at several wavelengths and the visible-ultraviolet (v-uv) spectra of the different anthocyanins separated by HPLC. Using these techniques and on the basis of their elution order and spectroscopic properties, 15 anthocyanins were identified: the 3-monoglucosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin and the derivatives of these five compounds acylated with acetic and p -coumaric acids. Acid and alkaline hydrolysis of both the anthocyanins isolated and the total anthocyanin extract obtained from the grapes confirm the identities of these compounds.


Moir\'e materials are artificial crystals formed at van der Waals heterojunctions that have emerged as a highly tunable platform to realize much of the rich quantum physics of electrons in atomic scale solids, also providing opportunities to discover new quantum phases of matter. Here we use finite-size exact diagonalization methods to explore the physics of single-band itinerant electron ferromagnetism in semiconductor moir\'e materials. We predict where ferromagnetism is likely to occur in triangular-lattice moir\'e systems, and where it is likely to yield the highest Curie temperatures.


In this thesis, a novel method for control of overor under-actuated dynamic systems is developed. The primary control method considered here is Sliding Mode Control which requires an inversion of the control input influence matrix. However, on many systems this matrix is nonsquare, requiring alternate methods in order to obtain the control solution. Some existing solutions for this class of problems include pseudo-inversion such as the Moore-Penrose (which does not allow the design engineer to select the desired state to be controlled), dynamic extension (which is difficult to implement on large systems), and pseudo-inverse squaring transform methods. While the squaring transform method solves the key issue in the Moore-Penrose method of not being able to select the desired control state, it still has been limited to systems with only one input. The current effort seeks to extend this squaring transformation method to multiple input systems and demonstrate the control allocation properties of the technique. By extending this method to multiple-input systems the technique becomes applicable to a wider range of real world problems, allowing designers to select and optimally control any desired state on multi-input-multi-output systems. This thesis examines the existing solutions for squaring of input influence matrices such as Moore-Penrose and dynamic extension, the transform method developed in previous work, and derives a multi-input extension to that method and also considers control allocation in the solution process. Simulations are then developed on a twoinput, four mass-spring-damper system, and a multi-input longitudinal aircraft model to demonstrate the technique and characterize its performance in both sterile and noisy environments. The results of these simulations demonstrate the significant performance gains in tracking performance, reduced control effort, and noise rejection compared to the legacy MoorePenrose pseudo-inverse technique. In addition the ease of configuration for both desired state tracking and control allocation is demonstrated.


Objective To study the pneumoconiosis incidence and mortality in water power corporation.Methods A retrospective study method was carried out to analyse the dust exposed period, incidence age, incidence and mortality of the pneumoconiosis patients statistically with life chart.Results The minimum, medium and maximum incidence ages of pneumoconiosis were shown to be 31, 51 and 73 years old, respectively. Average dust exposed period was 27 years. No pneumoconiosis was found in cases of dust exposed period shorter than 10 years, whereas the accumulation incidence rate increased in case of dust exposed period over 10 years. The minimum, medium and maximum age of mortality of pneumoconiosis patients was shown to be 34, 60 and 74 years old, respectively. There was no significant difference between different stages on mortality rate. 18 years after diagnosis, the accumulation living rate was 71 95%, the accumulation mortality rate was 28 05%.Conclusion The key health surveillant subjects among dust exposed workers of water power corporation should be those who had worked for more than 10 years. The pneumoconiosis might not only affect the dust exposed workers' body health and life quality, but also shorten their lives. The pneumoconiosis mortality rate of three stages was rather closed, so every pneumoconiosis patient's health and treatment should be strengthened.


Perioperative fluid restriction has been suggested to reduce morbidity and length of stay. The purpose of this study was to compare the morbidity following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) between fluid restriction group and conventional management group.


This paper proposes the lane-change Bayesian networks (LCBNs) incorporated with a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), termed as LCBN-GMM, to estimate the driver's LC intent considering the drivers' driving style over varying scenarios. According to the scores made by participates with a behavioral-psychological questionnaire, three driving styles are classified. In order to be more effective, labeled LC and lane-keep (LK) data for model training, the authors propose the gaze-based labeling (GBL) method by monitoring the drivers' gaze behavior, instead of using a time-window labeling method. The capability of LCBN-GMM to estimate the driver's lane-change intent is evaluated in different LC scenarios and driving styles, in comparison to the support vector machine and Naive Bayes. Experimental results demonstrate that LCBN-GMM with GBL achieves the best performance by estimating the driver's LC intent on average 4.5 s ahead of actual LC maneuvers at 78.2% accuracy, when considering both driving style and contextual traffic. investigates a traffic signal scheduling (TSS) problem in a heterogeneous traffic network with signalized and non-signalized intersections. The minimize the total network-wise of all vehicles within a finite-time a novel is proposed to describe a heterogeneous and non-signalized on the and their ensemble


The results of seismic surveys on the territory of the Middle-Lena and Aldan petroleum region conducted from 2004 to 2021 are summarized. In total, 10,775 km of seismic profiles were worked out in the study area, the area of seismic exploration was 138,400 km. 72 local objects were discovered, and total resources were estimated. The deposits of the Vendian and Cambrian on the territory of the Aldan petroleum region have the greatest prospects for oil and gas potential.


Porous composite materials based on biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) were obtained by mechanical mixing and hot-pressing. Mechanical properties of materials were studied in tension and compression tests. Studies have shown that polymer nanocomposites of experimental samples PHB / HAP with the degree of filling up to 35% by weight have a high tensile strength of more than 30 MPa. At high degrees of filling a brittle fracture of the material and the strength reduction were observed. Compressive strength is also greatly reduced in case of filling degree above 40% by weight of HAP. Compressive modulus of the composite PHB / HAP is smaller than modulus of bone, so it will not lead to growth of microstrain in bone-material border. Recommended degree of filling of biodegradable matrix PHB with bioactive HAP is 20% by weight. This degree of filling does not decrease the bioactivity and do not lead to a reduction in strength of the porous composite material.


In the cytoplasmic layer that faces the outer periclinal wall in epidermal cells of leaves of the aquatic angiosperm Vallisneria gigantea Graebner, we examined a possible interrelationship among the configuration of microfilaments, chloroplast motility, and anchoring of chloroplasts. In dark-adapted cells, microfilaments are arranged in a network array. During a 10-min incubation in darkness 10 to 20 min after irradiation with red light (650 nm, 0.41 W m~ 2 ) for 5 min, the number of cells containing a network array decreased substantially while the number of cells containing microfilaments in a honeycomb array increased. Irradiation with red light rapidly produces an increase in chloroplast motility, but chloroplast motility declined almost to initial levels during the 10-min incubation in darkness after the irradiation. Simultaneously, the chloroplasts in these cells became extremely resistant to centrifugal forces. These effects of red light were negated either by far-red light or by the presence of DCMU, and were sensitive to cytochalasin B. It appears, therefore, that microfilaments not only drive the movement of chloroplasts but also play a crucial role in accumulation of the chloroplasts along the outer periclinal wall through dynamic changes in the configuration under cooperative regulation by P FR and photosynthesis.


The Semantic Desktop brings the ideas and the technologies of the Semantic Web into the personal computer desktop. As a prerequisite for applying Semantic Web technologies to a certain domain of knowledge an ontological model of the domain is required. In the Gnowsis Semantic Desktop, the PIMO (Personal Information Model Ontology) addresses this problem by providing a generic lightweight ontology whose classes model the main concepts involved in the daily activities of a person: places, organizations, persons, etc. But in order to be fully useful for a certain user, this generic model needs to be personalized and populated, adding more classes and concrete instances of the existent classes. As the process of manual population could be tedious and time consuming, in this paper we propose an alternative which tries to exploit the information that the user provides while performing Web searches. Apart from populating the PIMO, our approach is useful in resource annotation.


Coincident-current techniques, usually associated with parallel ferrite-core stores, may also be used for the operation of serio-parallel or purely serial memories. After outlining, in block diagram form, one possible physical realization of a serial system, the paper examines the conditions under which such a store is economically justified. The distinguishing feature of the system discussed is that coincidence is established in the memory matrix between two currents representing an address signal and a time signal, respectively. Studies of the characteristics and economics of serio-parallel devices are however not reported in detail. It is shown how the properties of the time-controlled serial store may lead to the adoption of a word-asynchronous design for serial digital computers. In such a machine, timing is not controlled or determined by limited store access. As examples, the paper indicates how the serial techniques facilitate the incorporation into small serial computers, of autonomous transfers, automatic floating point operations, high speed multiplication, division and shift orders and asynchronous transfers between, say, a high speed store and a magnetic drum.


The Standard Model Extension is a generic parametrization for Lorentz violation and the phenomenological consequences of its minimal gravity sector are usually studied using a postnewtonian expansion that requires spacetime to be asymptotically flat. However, there is one term in this sector for which these approximations are unable to make predictions; this is known as the t puzzle. The present paper studies a model of spontaneous Lorentz violation in the minimal gravity sector of the SME, in a static and spherically symmetric situation, when no additional matter fields are present. It is shown that t is the only term in the minimal gravity sector for which no asymptotically flat solutions exist. The reason for the lack of asymptotically flat solutions for t seems to be related to the fact that this term fixes the behaviour of all the pieces of the curvature tensor near infinity. Clearly, the results shown here are one of the strongest clues to date on the nature of the t puzzle.


The endogeneity of regressors, due to a correlation with the error term, can involve significant biases in the estimation of behaviors. When both the explained variable and the regressors are continuous, several methods to detect the endogeneity and correct its effects are avaialbe. However, when the two variables are dichotomic, the resolution of the problems due to the endogeneity is more difficult and seldom carried out. A test of endogeneity, which can be computed very simply with the usual software, is presented in the paper. Moreover, a method of estimation based on numerical techniques of integration is developed. The two procedures are then applied to detect the endogeneity of fertility in a model of female activity when the husband is not self-employed. The two techniques conclude in a very similar way to an absence of endogeneity.


In image processing operations involving changes in the sampling grid, including increases or decreases in resolution, care must be taken to preserve image structure. Structure includes regions of high contrast, such as edges, streaks, or corners, all indicated by large gradients. The authors consider the use of local spatial analysis for both sampling and interpolation. Anisotropic diffusion is considered as a directional smoothing technique that preserves structure. This is used in conjunction with a method of directional interpolation, which is also based on structure analysis.<<ETX>>


The construction of the exclusionary rule for illegal words evidence is favorable to the criminal contentious procedure of our country and guarantee of citizen's right , and accords with the international criminal judicial development trend. We should set up legal norm system for intact illegal words evidence, and strengthen the supervision obtained to the evidence of the words constantly in the criminal judicial practice, standardize the questions , such as proposition of the words with "illegal " evidence and distribution of the burden of proof, etc, structure the illegal words evidence which accords with the national conditions of our country and get rid of the rule progressively .


This article discusses the primary significance test that is used when determining whether a claimed trademark word should receive trademark protection or should be considered a generic term. The usual way to determine the primary significance of a word is to use consumer surveys, allowing the public to say how it perceives the disputed word. The authors in this article focus on how many surveys allow the consumers to choose only between whether a word is primarily generic or primarily a brand name. The authors criticize this approach, arguing that the consumers should be able to determine that the word is both a generic term and a brand name, or what is called a hybrid word. Therefore, the authors present a new model consumer survey that incorporates this hybrid result. The article goes into detail of how the survey should work and how the results should be analyzed, including what type of remedies and protections a hybrid word should receive.


The vegetation of Kleinmond Lagoon suggests that this system is in transition from an estuary to a coastal lake. Two major types of vegetation were recognized, one which is subjected to soil and water conditions of marine origin and the other which is subjected to conditions of terrestrial origin. These vegetation types are discussed and compared to the vegetation of other estuarine systems. Artificial manipulations of the mouth seem to have resulted in sediment deposition and a freshening of the system. These unseasonable manipulations also threaten the continued existence of a number of species in the system.


This article has explained the meaning of "the advance development"in China's higher education.It points out that a great opportunity is waiting for China' s higher education and its advance development is of great significance. The necessity and possibility of the advance development are expounded. It concludes that the key to the advance development lies in the ideological innovation,and a series of measures must be taken in the institution, pat-tern and fund raising.The problems involved have also been discussed.


The growth behavior of ferrite grains under three different thermal mechanical processing schedules was investigated by SEM, EBSD (electron back scattering diffraction) and X-ray diffraction techniques. Results show that the relative contribution of recovery, recrystallization and grain growth was related with the status of second-phase particles and the orientations of ferrite grains. The ultra-fine ferrite grains produced by deformation-enhanced transformation had less driving force to recrystallize since less stored energy was left after deformation. They grow apparently because of the late precipitation of second-phase particles. Although ferrite deformed below A1 temperature gained the highest stored energy and strongest texture, only partial recrystallization occurred in such grains because of the effective pinning of second-phase particles. The intensity of 111 fiber texture decreases more apparently than that of 100 fiber texture. When deformed at α+γ dual-phase region, the ferrite grains grew in the way of recovery. The recrystallization tendencies of grains with 111 and 100 orientations are different.


Information is a fact that provides answers to queries and some kind of resolve to an uncertainty that can cause changes in human perspective as regard to any state of affairs or happenings in the country. But in a country like Nigeria where social unrest as well as insurgency becomes the bane and persist occurrence; and several studies attested to the fact that information is an agent of transformation as well as sharper of minds and perspectives that direct human actions and directions. One is now left with a phenomenon of who, what, where, when and how (W4H) of such information could be deployed for alternative dispute resolution and curbing of social unrest in our society. Without any gainsaying, confirmation from the literature as well as researchers critical observation confirmed that libraries did not only provide access to information but also make provision for an avenue where patrons can investigate subjectively issues that bothered about national security. It is on this submission and solid ground that this current study reviewed the literature on roles of libraries in the provision of information services for alternative dispute resolution. Literature has it that libraries contribute positively to dispute resolution in the society through their service of providing access to relevant and timely information to library clientele. A recommendation was given that for libraries to be able to act effectively on dispute resolution through their information resources and services, they needed to incorporate the use of ICT tool for quick and efficient information service delivery. It was also recommended that selective dissemination of information to appropriate quarters will curb social unrest as each group will be rightly be informed what needed to be known on government policies. Since there are attestations from the literature on the important roles libraries play in resolving a dispute in the society, the researchers then suggest ways in which such information could be effectively be disseminated, which include outreach programs for remote users as well as a Champaign program for sensitization of citizen on national security.


(1963). Programs for Modern Principals. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 42-43.


the coMParatist 31 : 2007 which identity and the self are two different things (79). Chapter 2 is a rich exploration of the power of names, naming, and the unnamable in contemporary texts and includes a section on Kathy Acker, Toni Morrison, and the stories names tell (and retell). Chapter 3 astutely explores the posthuman and goes on to examine the posthumanity narrative and "apocalyptic intertextuality" of Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow, which Moraru suggests may be the most ambitiously memorious in the postmodern canon, as well as posthuman texts by Philip Roth, Joseph McElroy, and Marc Leyner. The final two chapters directly take on the larger theoretical issues of the study, introduce new areas of investigation such as the postmodern sublime, and engage in lively debate with theoreticians like Jameson, Baudrillard, Lyotard, Nancy, and others. Moraru's postmodernism is not ahistorical, culturally oblivious, or politically apathetic. Indeed, it is precisely its insistent citation and recirculation of earlier texts that acknowledge its cultural debt and mount ideological critiques, and he even allows that "postmodernism's self-acknowledged reprises every so often surprise us with their powerful, unorthodox deviations from their 'model,' with their unexpected plot-twists, media mixes, and other deflections, inflections, and irreverent revisions" (16). Overall, this is an astute, carefully reasoned, and delightfully wide-ranging investigation of the theory and practice of postmodernism. It is exemplary both for the number of diverse texts Moraru is able to discuss in a compelling fashion and for its deft theoretical sweep. On page after page, Moraru adds substantially to the interpretation of texts and the refinement of postmodern theory. His assessment of the progressive politics of postmodern practices is particularly effective. While it is probably true that those who are unconvinced by the more extreme claims of poststructuralism on topics such as the inseparability of the fictional and the nonfictional will probably remain unmoved by Moraru's arguments, readers can be expected to admire the way in which the author supplely weaves his many subjects into the intricate and illuminating web of memorious discourse.


The Jacobi coordinates is used to eliminate center of mass motion of three-body systems. We write the results in hyperspherical coordinates and expand eigenfunction in a series of orthonormal complete set of Ykαi(Ωi) in partition i of Jacobi coordinates. The matrix elements of two-body interaction potential in hyperspherical harmonic approach are determined exactly using computed analytical form of Raynal–Revai coefficients to change the base set of Ykαi(Ωi) to other set such as Ykαj(Ωj). The generalized Laguerre functions are used to change the second order coupled differential equations to a non-differential matrix equation. This is solved to find energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of three-body molecules. The obtained results are in agreement with computational methods.


Nitrogen (N) cycle dynamics and N deposition play an important role in determining the terrestrial biosphere's carbon (C) balance. We assess global and biome‐specific N deposition effects on C sequestration rates with the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ‐GUESS. Modeled CN interactions are evaluated by comparing predictions of the C and CN version of the model with direct observations of C fluxes from 68 forest FLUXNET sites. N limitation on C uptake reduced overestimation of gross primary productivity for boreal evergreen needleleaf forests from 56% to 18%, presenting the greatest improvement among forest types. Relative N deposition effects on C sequestration (dC/dN) in boreal, temperate, and tropical sites ranged from 17 to 26 kg C kg N−1 when modeled at site scale and were reduced to 12–22 kg C kg N−1 at global scale. We find that 19% of the recent (1990–2007) and 24% of the historical global C sink (1900–2006) was driven by N deposition effects. While boreal forests exhibit highest dC/dN, their N deposition‐induced C sink was relatively low and is suspected to stay low in the future as no major changes in N deposition rates are expected in the boreal zone. N deposition induced a greater C sink in temperate and tropical forests, while predicted C fluxes and N‐induced C sink response in tropical forests were associated with greatest uncertainties. Future work should be directed at improving the ability of LPJ‐GUESS and other process‐based ecosystem models to reproduce C cycle dynamics in the tropics, facilitated by more benchmarking data sets. Furthermore, efforts should aim to improve understanding and model representations of N availability (e.g., N fixation and organic N uptake), N limitation, P cycle dynamics, and effects of anthropogenic land use and land cover changes.


Somaclonal variations inflowerandinflorescenceaxis~vereinvestigated among theplantsmicropropagated through protocorm-1ikebodies inducedbyflower stalkbud culture ofvarious cultivars ofPhalaenopsis and Doritaenopsi.~'. Eighteenhundred to 14,750 micrapropagated plantsweregrown foreach of 11 genotypet:~-in greenhousesfor 1-1 5years tillflowering Somaclonalvariationsappearedinflowerandinflorescence were classified into9categories irrespective ofcultivars Thefrequencies ofthesesomaclonalvariations ineach genotyperangedfromOto100%,butmostofthecultivarssho~lvedvariations lessthan10% Changesin leaf shapes and ploidy level were not detected in these variants. Possible mechanisms involved in these variationsand theproblems of themicropropagationmethod used in this study were discussed.


Knowledge of the relative contribution of within-fi eld inoculum sources of Gibberella zeae to infection of local wheat and barley is important for developing and/or excluding strategies for managing FHB. Our experimental objective was to quantify the relative contribution of within-fi eld corn debris as an inoculum source of Gibberella zeae for Fusarium head blight and DON contamination in ten variable wheat environments in 2009, all in regions where corn is the predominant crop in the agricultural landscape and corn debris is left on the land surface over large areas. Our research is based on the hypothesis that spores of Gibberella zeae that are deposited on wheat spikes and that result in Fusarium head blight come primarily from well-mixed, atmospheric populations in an area. The research was conducted in two commercial-scale wheat fi elds in Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, and Virginia, each following an FHB nonsusceptible crop. Over these environments we encountered six severe epidemics (in Illinois, Missouri, and Virginia), two moderate epidemics (in New York), and two mild epidemics (in Nebraska). Locally overwintered, natural corn stalks were collected in spring from two different sources in each state or locale by placing a 33 inch diameter plastic 'Hoola Hoop' onto four arbitrarily selected areas in a corn stubble fi eld, and then removing all of the stubble within the hoop and placing it in a paper bag. Replicated (four) microplots containing corn debris and without debris were set out in each fi eld and were separated by a minimum of 100 ft in each dimension. Debris was secured within the source circles by using cages fashioned of 2 ft high hardware cloth and shaped with the same 33 inch diameter plastic 'Hula Hoop', fastened with plastic zip-ties, and secured to the soil with metal ground staples. Wheat heads above each microplot were rated at soft dough stage for FHB incidence, severity, and index. At grain maturity, at least 100 heads from each microplot were harvested, dried and shipped to Cornell where grain was threshed from a subsample of heads and sent to Virginia Tech for DON analysis. Only in one fi eld in Virginia did wheat heads from microplots containing locally overwintered corn debris show a slight but statistically signifi cant increase in FHB incidence and index over those from microplots with no corn debris. The astounding result is that DON level did not differ signifi cantly between corn debris and no debris microplots in any of the ten wheat environments. By inference of our results, it appears that elimination of corn debris from single wheat fi elds in a major corn producing region may have rather limited benefi ts in terms of reducing FHB and especially of reducing DON contamination of grain. The experiments will be repeated in ten additional environments in 2010. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND DISCLAIMER This material is based upon work supported in part by the U.S. Department of Agriculture under agreement No. 59-070-4-093. This is a cooperative project with the U.S. Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative. Any opinions, fi ndings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily refl ect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.


An knowledge representation method is introduced by based on object type for Deliberative Agent.The deliberative Agent has three hierarch structure,each structure have to achieve the smallest operating function set and other data structures.On knowledge base,to introduce inference strategys and implementation mechanisms at all levels.Finally,the use of generic programming in the container,inference methods and logic operations are implemented with algorithms of the containers on knowledge bases.


With the continuous development of electronic information technology, the Internet has brought convenience to college students, but at the same time, there are many negative effects. The phenomenon of Internet addiction has emerged one after another, and it has caused damage to the physical health, social closure, moral behavior and personality alienation of college students. Therefore, studying the causes of Internet addiction among college students has become an important part of current psychological research work. The aim of this study is to understand the characteristics of college students' Internet addiction, explore the influencing factors of Internet addiction, and provide theoretical level reference for intervention of Internet addiction, related academic research, and departmental decision making. The systematic literature review method was used to search the Chinese and foreign literature databases. Based on the results of existing studies and researches, this paper analyzes the factors that may influence college students' excessive use of the Internet from three aspects, including the inherent characteristics of the Internet, personal factors and external environment, and proposes feasible suggestions for these three aspects.


ABSTRACT Coyotes (Canis latrans) have expanded their range to the north and east in North America during the last century. It has been suggested that vegetative cover reduces hunting efficiency of forest-dwelling coyotes, which could explain their lower performance compared to rural coyotes. Also, in their northern range, coyotes must periodically cope with deep and soft snow conditions for which they are not morphologically adapted. We snow-tracked coyotes in a forested landscape of southeastern Québec to test the hypothesis that coyotes modify their hunting strategy with respect to vegetative cover, snow condition, and hare distribution (Lepus americanus), the main prey species during winter in our study area. When snow sinking depth hampered mobility, coyotes used habitats with the lowest snow sinking depth (coniferous habitats) in a greater proportion than availability (47.0 versus 29.7%), despite dense lateral cover. As a result, coyotes chased hares over short distances (17 m on average). However, when snow conditions did not hamper mobility, use of coniferous habitats decreased to 18.5% in favour of open habitats, which were used more than availability (47.7 versus 32.5%), despite low hare abundance. Use of sites with little lateral cover and low sinking depth facilitated long chases by coyotes (126 m on average). Throughout winter, coyotes used sites characterized by less lateral cover and lower snow sinking depth than random sites. Our results suggest that coyotes selectively used habitat and hunting strategy to maximize their net energy budget throughout winter. Fragmentation of forest landscapes generates abundant openings and small refuges which may benefit coyotes to the detriment of native prey populations.


The invention belongs to the field of crane equipment machinery and particularly relates to an automatic opening and closing fixture. The automatic opening and closing fixture comprises a caliper, a shell-shaped sleeve, a hanging plate and a connecting rod. The caliper is arranged in a crossing manner, the caliper and the shell-shaped sleeve are integrally hinged by a first pin, one end of the connecting rod is hinged to the caliper by a third pin, and the other end of the connecting rod is hinged to the hanging plate through another third pin. A guide rod is vertically fixed to the top of the shell-shaped sleeve, a trapezoidal column is fixed onto the guide rod, and a sliding sleeve which can move up and down freely is sleeved on the guide rod between the trapezoidal column and the shell-shaped sleeve. A bushing is fixed on the lower portion of the hanging plate, ear plates are welded to two sides of the bushing, a pair of hook-type sliders is hinged to the ear plates through second pins, and the guide rod is mounted in the bushing and can move up and down in the bushing. The whole fixture opens and closes without being driven by external force.


The New Basel Accord identified various requirements for an effective operational risk management framework. Most central banks and regulators adopted these requirements for their own banking environments. However, there are many challenges facing these banks to ensure the effective incorporation of such a framework. An end-result of establishing an operational risk management framework is to calculate and allocate a realistic capital charge for operational risk. To achieve this, various principles and methodologies must be embedded that will ensure a practical approach to operational risk management. This paper aims to identify certain critical issues and challenges for banks of emerging countries to consider when developing an operational risk management framework in order to comply with the Basel requirements.


I formulate a political-economy model of a fiscal union where the threat of secession imposes a limit on fiscal redistribution between regions. I argue that the trade-off between implementing the region's preferred fiscal policy and benefiting from inter-regional risk sharing depends on the nature of economic shocks. Specifically both correlation of shocks across regions and their persistence over time are important. The gains from inter-regional risk sharing are potentially large when shocks are negatively correlated and temporary. In contrast, unions with negatively correlated permanent shocks are likely to prove politically unviable. JEL-Code: D720, F590, H770.


This study employed the uses and gratifications approach to investigate how patterns of mobilephoneusearelinkedtocivicandpoliticalinvolvement.Findingsrevealthatuseofthe technology for information exchange and recreation are positive predictors of participation in civic life, however associations are moderated by mobile communication competence. Notably, individuals who report higher levels of comfort with mobile telephony and use it for information exchange tend to be more civically and politically engaged than those who report less comfort with the technology. These findings shed new light on the positive role of mobile communication in civil society, while highlighting competence as an emergent dimension of the so-called ''second-level'' digital divide, which has traditionally focused on computer skills.


Vehicle, in particular motor vehicle (1, 1 ') comprising a heat-generating drive means (2), particularly an engine, and a cooling means comprising (8) Air conditioning system (10) for cooling an interior space and / or at least one by one or the cooling device (8) to be cooled component (11), wherein the cooling means (8) as a waste heat of the drive device (2)-use absorption chiller (9), in particular a diffusion absorption refrigerating machine is formed.


Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a high-speed data transmission to transmit data in the visible light spectrum (350 nm to 750 nm) using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Li-Fi can be a complementary wireless technique to high speed traffic in an indoor environment. Li-Fi system is limited in operation due to ambient noise from different illumination sources. The main sources of ambient noise are conventional fluorescent light, incandescent lamps, and sunlight. Photo-detectors are exposed to these sources degrading the overall performance of the link. This work highlights the performance of Li-Fi communication under different modulation techniques and using various ambient noise sources. An experimental Li-Fi testbed is designed and tested to analyze the performance.


In a before-and-after study of the impacts of extending Metrorail service into a dense residential community of 30,000 persons along upper Connecticut Avenue in Washington, D.C., it was found that there was substantial diversion of nonwork automobile trips to transit by those who are not in the work force and have a car in the household, a diversion of work trips to transit for both workers with a car in the household and those with no car, and no significant increase in the total amount of daily nonwork trip making, because transit increases were matched by reductions in automobile trips.


Thus Tf(x) is the average of f over a curve "centered at x". The condition ∂γ ∂t (x, t) 6= 0 ensures that the averaging is smooth; T doesn't degenerate into a fractional or singular Radon transform. Our goal will be to prove sharp L estimates for T . In the semitranslationinvariant case, this has been done for real-analytic γ(x, t) by Phong and Stein [PS], and for general γ(x, t) (not just semi-translation invariant) this was done up to derivatives by Seeger [Se]. In this paper we will relate L regularity of T to uniform sublevel set estimates for a certain determinant function that arises. The estimates will be sharp for a significant class of T many of which are not semitranslation-invariant; for such operators the results of this paper are not covered by [Se] or [PS].


The article deals with the concept of "vigilante justice". The authors analyze the creative works of Agatha Christie to find out the ways of the representation of this concept. They use the linguistic hermeneutic method of interpretation based on the three-leveled system of comprehension which was worked out by Prof. Bogin. The main objective of this method is discovering of metaconcepts because only by understanding them a reader can reach the level of deep meanings of the text. Using this method, the authors discover the artistic details which contain symbols referring the concept of "vigilante justice". Moreover, with the help of metaconcepts represented in the novels they try to find out the deep inner meaning decoded by Agatha Christie in her creative works.


We present a new experimental set-up capable of providing measurements of both the cut-off wavelength and the mode field radius of monomode optical fibres. The work consists in an original implementation, by means of a single experimental device, of two efficient methods conceived previously in our laboratory: the azimuthal far-field analysis technique for and the analysis of the autocorrelation function of the far field for . Two components (a mirror and a small screen pierced by a narrow slit) are fixed or rotated at the output of the fibre tested, to suitably filter the far field, according to the required parameter. This parameter is finally computed from the temporal variations of the power detected after the slit. The results obtained for both and are demonstrated to be precise and reliable. The measurements are self-referenced and can be achieved for any length of fibre as well as for fibres in cables or installed optical links.


Objective To explore the blood pressure values during changing from supine position to various lateral positions.Methods Systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure(DBP) of left upper limb at brachial artery of 60 ICU patients were taken at such various positions as supine,30-degree and 90-degree right lateral,respectively.Results SBP and DBP values of left upper limbs descended step by step from supine,30-degree and 90-degree right lateral position,and there were significant diffe-rences in SBP and DBP values taken at the 3 positions(P0.01 for all).Conclusion As the angle of lateral position increased,the SBP and DBP values changed significantly.As regard to bedbound patients,particularly those in critical condition who need conti-nuous BP monitoring,the effect of lateral decubitus angle on blood pressure value should be paid more attentionto.


In this study, lignocellulosic material derived from guava tree pruning was used to make pellets in a laboratory machine. The following experiments were conducted to identify the properties of the biomass samples before the pelletizing process: chemical analysis, proximal analysis, elemental analysis, ash microanalysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG). The following analyses were performed on the densified material: moisture content, particle density, bulk density, impact resistance and calorific value. The guava pellets evaluated, with respect to open fires, mitigate the CO2, CO, CH4, HCNM, EC, OC and PM2.5 emissions. Emissions per unit of consumed energy were reduced by 8 times for PM2.5, almost 5 times for HCNM, 3 times for CH4, 7 times for CO, 2 times for CO2, 6 times with respect to EC and almost 30 times for OC. The results of the physical and energetic evaluation of the pellets indicate good potential for its use as a solid densified biofuel.


The analytical model for the depth of correlation (measurement depth) of a microscopic particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) experiment derived by Olsen and Adrian (Exp. Fluids, 29, pp. S166-S174, 2000) has been modified to be applicable to experiments using high numerical aperture optics. A series of measurements are presented that experimentally quantify the depth of correlation of micro-PIV velocity measurements which employ high numerical aperture and magnification optics. These measurements demonstrate that the modified analytical model is quite accurate in estimating the depth of correlation in micro-PIV measurements using this class of optics. Additionally, it was found that the Gaussian particle approximation made in this model does not significantly affect the model's performance. It is also demonstrated that this modified analytical model easily predicts the depth of correlation when viewing into a medium of a different index of refraction than the immersion medium.


The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has several ongoing tests relating to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). A six-battery test has been running for over 2 years and is producing excellent data on the operation of a simulated HST electrical power system (EPS). A 22-cell 'flight spare' battery (FSB) has also been on test for almost 2 years. Since this battery is comprised of cells identical to those in orbit, it is the best ground-based simulation of the operation of a flight battery. The authors not only discuss the results of the HST Ni-H2 six-battery and FSB tests but also describe the operation of the HST EPS and give an overview of the flight batteries' performance.


Through model experiments, relation between impact angel and discharge ratio and effect of impact for energy dissipation have been studied in this paper. The result indicates the main function of jet impact in air is to disperse flow. When deciding discharge ratio, it is not necessary to make it equal to 1. The aim of dispersing jet flow can be gotten by colliding large jet flow with small one, which will improve inflow condition of jet flow when it enters the water plunge pool and improve effect of impact for energy dissipation.Experiments show that the jets flow can be fully scattered when the ratio of flood discharge of the middle outlet and the top one reaches 0.2 under the condition of relative bigger impact angel.


This Article engages in a critical comparative analysis of the recent history and likely future trajectory of the Supreme Court's constitutional jurisprudence in matters of race and religion to uncover new aspects of the racial project that Reggie Oh has recently called the "racial superordination" of whiteness—the reinforcing of the superior status of whites in American society by, among other things, prioritizing their interests in structuring constitutional doctrine. This analysis shows that the Court is increasingly widening the gap between conceptions of, and levels of protection provided for, equality in the contexts of race and religion in ways that prioritize the interests of whiteness and set those interests as the normative baseline in both areas of constitutional law. While the Court has increasingly moved toward an aggressive and religion-conscious "most favored nation" equality theory in the Free Exercise Clause context, its continued march toward mandating colorblindness is arguably moving toward something akin to a "least favored nation" equality theory for race and race consciousness in the equal protection context. Arguments can be made that the most favored nation approach should also be applied to race. Doing so would provide more doctrinal space for racial equality-enhancing government programs and call into question deeply entrenched aspects of the Court's current affirmative action jurisprudence. The Court's refusal to even hint at the possibility of such an approach points to a racial project of superordinating the interests of white Americans to be constitutionally protected from race-conscious interference with their dominant position in the racial hierarchy over the application of consistent constitutional principles.


Psychological studies on obesity have focused on finding common traits in the population of people with obesity, such as personality traits. In contrast, in the field of medicine, it is pointed out that individuals with obesity can be very different from each other, e.g. in terms of their metabolic profile, which gives rise to different phenotypes. This article proposes a clinical and theoretical observation of the role of life events in the development of obesity. Obesity patients indeed report differentiated life and weight control histories. The proposal is to distinguish these types of patients into two psychological phenotypes at initial assessment, as surgical and post-surgical outcomes may differ. While from a mental health point of view, identifying these elements may be an indicator to send the patient to effective and targeted psychological treatments


The Northern North Sea experienced two episodes of lithospheric extension during the Permo- Triassic and late Jurassic. Along the Mid-Norwegian margin, a third rifting event led to crustal breakup and formation of oceanic crust near the Paleocene-Eocene transition. This talk will focus on principles and styles of sedimentation during the various stages in this multiphase rift evolution, as illustrated by selected examples from the area.


Opinions or points of view expressed in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Corporation or the Learn and Serve America program.


Ameeting on Dissolution and Quality by Design (QbD), co-sponsored by Extension Services in Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin and FDA in cooperation with AAPS, was held June 10–12, 2009, in Rockville, MD. In the first talk, "Impact of QbD and Future Expectations: Role of Biopharmaceutics and Quality by Design for in vitro Dissolution/Release Specifications Setting," Helen Winkle of FDA stated that the future of CMC review is QbD and related tools that will allow companies to build better quality into their products. Significant scientific and technological advances are facilitating improved bridging of product development and manufacturing to clinical relevance. She asked, as we gain momentum from the new QbD paradigm, what would be new and unique opportunities from early integration of biopharmaceutics? An outcome of the conference could be a better understanding of the relationship between biopharmaceuticals and QbD and how the integration can improve the regulatory process. The second speaker was Arzu Selen, also of FDA, who spoke on "Introduction to the Conference Workshop Objectives, Program


It would cause big effect on aviation material support mode after incorporate combined operations appeared, it is important to investigate a new aviation material support mode. The aviation material support mode of which establish in this article is to introduce the third party logistics into the aviation material support, this would be both theoretically and realistically for enhancing the capability of aviation material support.


This paper develops analytic techniques for achieving macro-level configurational optimization of computer systems. The computer is viewed as a network of queues with the processors, main memory, auxiliary memory and the transfer channels being the servers. The objective function to be minimized is the total system cost divided by the probability of the CPU busy time for a given user benchmark. A queueing model is developed which evaluates this probability. The scope of optimization includes the determination of the parameters related to component selection and the determination of management oriented variables like degree of multiprogramming, main memory space allotted to each program. The optimization algorithm is a modified 'Direct Search Method'.


Michael Ondaatje's most acclaimed fictional work The English Patient (1992) is characterized by intertwined issues like identity, masculinity and, femininity, and some political implications as well. This paper seeks to illustrate how this work of fiction through its many aspects manifests and promotes a deconstructionist view of nationhood thereby giving us a sense that nations are being increasingly viewed as volatile structures. There are various theories on nationalism, and they can be grouped into two types: those emphasizing the positive influence of nationalism, and those focusing on the destructive force contained in nationalism. The notion "nationalism" itself is a double-edged sword: colonizing, injustice, and anti-colonizing, justice both can be under its name. It is what it is used for that exactly gives nationalism a positive or negative connotation. Then what is nationalism like in The English Patient? Is Ondaatje for or against this nationalism? Can this kind of nationalism, in his opinion, be transcended? What is the significance of this transcendence? Through a detailed analysis of the novel mainly from the perspectives of the protagonist's profession as a cartographer, the transnational community established in the villa, and the discussion on the seemingly abrupt ending, I come to conclusion that nationalism in this novel is indeed a narrow nationalism, or the negative aspect of nationalism. By associating it with war, trauma and great damage, Ondaatje severely criticizes and condemns the practice of such a narrow nationalism. That's why, he, as an optimistic writer, still depicts an inseverable relationship between the characters of the villa, which definitely reveals his yearning for and belief in its transcendence. Actually, transcending nationalism, in its real sense, should first and foremost respect rather than efface different nationalities. It may well


The monolayer formation of a series of 2-substituted benzimidazoles at the air/water interface was studied by the measurements of surface pressure-area isotherms. Concentrated silver(I) ion in the subphase can induce the monolayer formation of 2-alkylbenzimidazole derivatives (BzCn) with the alkyl chain equal to or greater than C5 although the derivatives cannot form monolayers on pure water surface except BzC17. Similar behavior of monolayer formation of 2-phenylbenzimidazole was also observed. The measurements of UV spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the transferred films suggested that such monolayer formation was fulfilled through an in situ formation of a polymeric silver(I)−benzimidazole complex at the air/water interface.


AbstractTwo types of highly lethal toxins have been isolated from certain crotalids, elapids, vipers, and seasnakes that act by blocking peripheral neuromuscular impulse transmission and cause death by respiratory paralysis. One type acts postsynaptically by binding to the acetylcholine receptors, contains proteins of 61—74 amino acids, has been intensively studied, and will not be discussed here. The other type consists of proteins that are at least twice as large and are all related to and presumably derived from phospholipase A2. The four most studied of this group are crotoxin, β-bungarotoxin, notexin and taipoxin from the Brazilian rattlesnake, the Formosan krait and the Australian tigersnake and taipan, respectively. Their structures and modes of actions, largely presynaptic and complex, represent the subject matter of this review.


The main aim of this study is to demonstrate the reliability of an online EEG based BCI using covert visuospatial attention. For this purpose the BCI system has been tested across different days and in two different conditions: with neutral background and with natural images. The achieved classification performances achieved (70.6±4.3% in average, in case of neutral background) makes this mental signal as a promising candidate for BCI control. Although the performances dropped (61.2±3.3% in average) with natural images, this was the first attempt of a comparison between these two conditions in the case of a covert visuospatial attention task.


The anchoring of the photoinitiator and the photo-grafting polymerization of methyl methacrylate(MMA)on the surface of nanometer silica particles have been performed.The anchoring of the initiator on the silica was achieved by treating silica with thionyl chloride and reacting with Irgacure2959.Poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)has effectively grafting on the surface of the nanometer silica particles during the photo-grafting polymerization initiated by Irgacure2959.The change of particle surface and the grafting of PMMA polymers were confirmed by IR,TGA and TEM technique.Monomer conversion,grafting ratio and grafting efficiency under various conditions were investigated.It is shown that grafting reaction with stirring has a prominent effect on the grafting ratio and the grafting efficiency during the photo-grafting polymerization.The grafting ratio of MMA could be up to 110% initiated by Silica-2959 with stirring in the presence of nitrogen,and the thermostability of the products measured by TGA would be remarkably improved.However the grafting ratio can only reach a less degree in a static state(no stirring)during the process.


Rectorate building of Mataram Islamic State University was designed of four story building and startedunder construction on 2008. However, the construction was aborted due to lack of administrationmanagement and left the building under incomplete condition with only foundation and the first floorerected. Ten years afterward, the management decided to continue construct the building. This studyaimed to investigate the condition of existing building whether can be rebuilt properly corresponding tothe previous design. The investigation included structural cracks that happened on structural element aswell as the deflection of structural beams. The conditions of existing structural column have also beeninvestigated.The assessment process was conducted both on field and laboratory testing. The field testing was run withSchmidt Rebound Hammer test to know the compressive strength of structural concrete and its quality.The waterpass, theodolite, and tape measurement were used to measure the building geometric. SAP2000 computer package was used to analyze the structure. Loading test was carried out base on the totalmeasurement test which was required in SNI 03-2847-2002. The total measurement load of 700 kg/m2was employed representing U = 85% (1,4D + 1,7L), where D was dead load and L was live load. In thisstudy, the loading test was conducted on 300/700 and 200/500 size beams.Test result indicated that the qualities and the concrete compressive strengths on the buildingconstruction elements were varied. Steel reinforcement of structural columns was good enough towithstand the load, but, the column concrete strength should be improved. On the beam of 300/700 in thefirst floor, the deflection did not exceed the maximum deflection based on the code. However, themaximum deflection on 200/500 beam was 6.92 mm > 5.85 mm (maximum allowable deflection) andpermanent deflection after loading of 2.31 mm > 1.46 mm (maximum allowable permanent deflection).Therefore, rehabilitation and retrofitting of structural columns and 200/500 mm beam are essential.


By comparing the dynamic responses of saturated soil to Biot's and Yamamoto's models, the properties of the two models have be pointed out. First of all, an analysis has been made for energy loss of each model from the basic equations. Then the damping of elastic waves in coarse sand and fine sand with loading frequency and soil's parameters have been calculated and the representation of viscous friction and Coulomb friction in the two models has been concluded. Finally, the variations of loading wave damping and stress phase angles with water depth and soil's parameters have been obtained as loading waves range in ocean waves.


An automatic plate cutting device is composed of a cutting machine shell, a conveying belt, cutting tools, tool stands, side clamping plates, a plate bracket, a rotating base, signal receivers, signal emitters and a gravity sensing device; grooves are evenly formed in the contact surfaces between the plate bracket and plates; the side clamping plates are installed at two sides of the plate bracket; a gravity sensor is arranged in the bracket; the gravity sensor is linked with the base through nuts; the gravity sensor and the base are installed on the conveying belt together; the four signal receivers are arranged in the front position, the back position, the left position and the right position of the side edge of the rotating base; the signal receivers correspond to the signal emitters on the conveying belt; the four groups of the cutting tools are installed on the two tool stands respectively; and the tool stands are fixed on the cutting device. Compared with the prior art, the signal sensing and the single chip microcomputer control are adopted, the number of the working cutting tools can be selected according to the demand, finished products of different sizes can be cut out, the grooves are reserved in the plate bracket, the plates can be cut out thoroughly when the bracket is not damaged, the gravity sensor is arranged in the bracket, and the reciprocating motion of the device can be achieved.


We present the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS), a 1.1 mm continuum survey at 33 (cid:3)(cid:3) effective resolution of 170 deg 2 of the Galactic Plane visible from the northern hemisphere. The BGPS is one of the first large area,


Understanding the causes of mortality for a declining species is essential for developing effective conservation and management strategies, particularly when anthropogenic activities are the primary threat. Using a competing hazards framework allows for robust estimation of the cause-specific variation that may exist across multiple dimensions, such as time and individual. Here, we estimated cause-specific rates of severe injury and mortality for North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis), a critically endangered species that is currently in peril due to human-caused interactions. We developed a multistate capture-recapture model that leveraged 30 years of intensive survey effort yielding sightings of individuals with injury assessments and necropsies of carcass recoveries. We examined variation in the hazard rates of severe injury and mortality due to entanglements in fishing gear and vessel strikes as explained by year and the age and reproductive status of the individual. We found strong evidence for increased rates of severe entanglement injuries after 2013 and for females with calves, with consequently higher marginal mortality. The model results also suggested that despite vessel strikes causing a lower average rate of severe injuries, the higher mortality rate conditional on injury results in significant total mortality risk, particularly for females resting from a recent calving event. Large uncertainty in the estimation of carcass recovery rate for vessel strike deaths permeated into the apportionment of mortality causes. The increased rates of North Atlantic right whale mortality in the last decade, particularly for reproducing females, puts the species at risk of severe decline. By apportioning the human-caused threats using a quantitative approach with estimation of relevant uncertainty, this work can guide development of conservation and management strategies to facilitate species recovery.


Modelling and simulation is rapidly becoming a mainstream approach in determination of dynamical behaviour and management of operation of physical systems. This paper presents a study of nonlinear modelling and simulation of city of Gaziantep water supply system, and some experiments on the real system. The nonlinear model is obtained using active and passive dynamical elements. Validation of the simulation model is accomplished through comparison with system observations and using data validation and face validity approaches. The nonlinear system is simulated for comparison with the realsystem measurements. Results demonstrate the dynamical behaviour of the real system about flow stability, water heads in the reservoirs and a measure of the friction at different sections of the water supply system.


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Abstract This article presents a model of practicing Teachers' technology learning processes. The model emerged from comparative analysis across life-history case studies of four English teachers who had varied technology and teaching experience. The phases of the process include the individual, an initial learning experience, reflection, exploration, technology use, evaluation, and rejection. Teachers' pathways through this learning model do not follow a linear, stage progression as described in past research. The knowledge and experience teachers possessed and the nature of the technology learning experience, together, led to multiple pathways through the model and impacted Teachers' ability to integrate technology in support of subject matter learning. Due to the multiplicity of paths, educational technology courses and inservice need to focus more fully on particular content and provide more strategies for integrating the technology to support student learning.