We describe a new framework and method for the optimal selection of anatomical landmarks and optimal placement of fiducial markers in image-guided neurosurgery. The method allows the surgeon to optimally plan the markers locations on routine diagnostic images before preoperative imaging and to intraoperatively select the fiducial markers and the anatomical landmarks that minimize the Target Registration Error (TRE). The optimal fiducial marker configuration selection is performed by the surgeon on the diagnostic image following the target selection based on a visual Estimated TRE (E-TRE) map. The E-TRE map is automatically updated when the surgeon interactively adds and deletes candidate markers and targets. The method takes the guesswork out of the registration process, provides a reliable localization uncertainty error for navigation, and can reduce the localization error without additional imaging and hardware. Our clinical experiments on five patients who underwent brain surgery with a navigation system show that optimizing one marker location and the anatomical landmarks configuration reduces the average TRE from 4.7mm to 3.2mm, with a maximum improvement of 4mm. The reduction of the target registration error has the potential to support safer and more accurate minimally invasive neurosurgical procedures.


Information technology (IT) industry accounts for approximately 2% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Data centres use a significant amount of energy. This has become problematic during the last few years. Power intensities have been increasing over time, largely because of the increasing heat density of IT equipment. The number and usage of PCs have been rapidly increasing worldwide. By implementing IT sustainability programmes, organizations can drastically reduce the amount of energy spent, develop efficient technology products, keep e-waste out of landfills and adopt recycle and reuse programmes. Using more efficient technologies can help consume fewer resources and emit less waste. This article discusses various aspects of sustainable IT programmes and proposes sustainability metrics for IT to demonstrate a positive impact on the environment.


OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a transmition technique which uses some orthogonal
subcarrier frequencies (multicarriers). Each of the subcarrier is modulated by conventional modulation technique at low symbol
ratio. It can be a Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
A simulation in this final project is made with Matlab 7.1. The purpose of the simulation is to analyze M-PSK and MQAM
modulation effects in OFDM system for AWGN channel, nonlinear distortion channel and also distortion clipping. OFDM
system performance in AWGN channel is observed by analyzing Bit Error Rate (BER) values and Energy per Bit to Noise Power
Spectral Density Ratio (Eb/No) received by OFDM receiver by varying channel Eb/No value. Meanwhile, OFDM system
performances in nonlinear distortion channel and also distortion clipping have additional parameter that is Input Back-off (IBO).
The results show that the lower modulation level the better system performance against noise. In AWGN channel,
OFDM system with M-QAM modulation has better performance than M-PSK OFDM system. It can be known based on BER
values of M-QAM OFDM system that reach zer value faster than M-PSK OFDM system. In nonlinear distortion channel, M-PSK
OFDM system has better performance than M-QAM OFDM system,but after having distortion clipping M-QAM OFDM system
has better performance than M-PSK OFDM system.
Keywords: OFDM, M-PSK, M-QAM, BER, Eb/No, IBO


One of the most important things on a motorcycle is the frame. The motorcycle frame is a structure that supports almost all of motorcycle components, such as the engine, front and rear suspension, fuel tank, and others components. The purpose of this research is to determine the cause of the failure of the motorcycle frame in based on actual conditions in the field. In this study, a case study was carried out on a sport-type motorcycle frame with 150cc engine capacity, using a trellis-type frame, and had traveled 10,000 km as indicated on the odometer. The results of the case study and analysis on the failed part, it was found that the main cause of the failure of the motorcycle frame or frame body was due to the bolt flange on the engine hanger having a torque below the standard. This happens due to consumers who make modifications and add accessories. So the torque below the standard or low torque causes the frame body to break as a result of the reduced rigidity of the frame body structure and also as a result of repeated dynamic loads on the welding area, which is included in the HAZ area, which is the weakest part of the welding joint. Failure or fracture can occur as a result of the continuous load received on the frame structure, resulting in fatigue failure. The failure also occurred at the low torque bolt flange earlier.


Jicamarca Radio Observatory observations and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere‐ionosphere eXtension (WACCM‐X) simulations are used to investigate the effects of the 7 September 2005 X‐17 solar flare on 150‐km echoes, electron densities, and vertical plasma drifts. The solar flare produces a remarkably similar response in the observed 150‐km echoes and simulated electron densities. The results provide additional evidence of the relationship between the background electron density and the layering structure that is seen in 150‐km echoes. The simulations also capture a similar rapid decrease in vertical plasma drift velocity that is seen in the observations. The simulated change in vertical plasma drift is, however, weaker than the observed decrease at the longitude of Jicamarca, though it is stronger east of Jicamarca. The effect of the solar flare on the vertical plasma drifts is primarily attributed to changes in conductivity due to the enhanced ionization during the solar flare.


This paper presents an application of the Multi Agent System (MAS) in the Building Energy Management System, more specifically to manage the energy in the classrooms of a university. The grid connected photovoltaic (PV) is used as the electrical generation system to supply the loads in the classrooms. The objective is to minimize the electricity cost while maintaining user comfort. The MAS consists of the PV Agent, the Utility Agent, the Load Agent and the Central Control Agent. In addition, the Course Scheduler Unit is employed to inform the utilization or occupancy of the classrooms. The proposed system provides a new method to manage the energy usage from the PV by changing the temperature set-point of the air conditioner system using the Fuzzy Logic Controller. The simulation results show that the proposed system provides the highest performance index of 0.9902 in the optimization of the electricity cost and temperature comfort compared to the conventional method using a fixed temperature set-point.


The aim of this study was to develop a prediction model and identifying relative important factors in the evaluation of moisture content of pharmaceutical granules using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) techniques. Optimal models of ANN and SVM models were developed and compared, utilizing Matlab16.0 as a software tool. The performance of the models is evaluated using a quantitative error metric; mean squared error (MSE), Regression(R) and Confusion Matrix (CM). This study reveals that the ANN model is an optimal model for predicting moisture content of pharmaceutical granules for datasets of APF. The model of ANN, with MSE of 0.016941 and classification accuracy of 98.7% is built and accepted as optimal model for predicting moisture content of pharmaceutical granules. Temperature, Loge-Mixer time, Initial moisture, air flow rate and drying time respectively are the most important factors in determining the moisture content of the granules.


Derivation of patient specific induced pluripotent stem cells, in combination with directed platelet differentiation, provides a promising platform to study human thrombopoiesis or platelet disorders, and has clear potential for future clinical applications. However, efficient differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into functional blood cells remains challenging. In this study, we report a novel protocol for the generation of CD41a+, CD42b+, and CD61+ functional platelets from human iPSCs under feeder-free culture conditions. Platelets derived from this feeder-free system showed similar fibrinogen binding activity after agonist stimulation when compared to platelets derived from a previously reported cell line co culture system. Evidence showed these culture-derived platelets responded to different agonist stimulation by increased expression of activation markers (CD62P and PAC1) as expected. Together, these results provide an important step towards generating in vitro functional platelets from an unlimited source of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells using an animal component-free culture system.


Cells were transfected with luciferase reporter genes, under the control of promoters derived from either the farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, or low density lipoprotein receptor genes. The increase in luciferase activity that occurred when cells were either incubated in sterol-depleted medium or cotransfected with a cDNA encoding sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1a was prevented by coexpression of wild-type E1A or a Gal4-CBP (1–451) fusion protein. The inhibitory effect of E1A was overcome by coexpression of CBP. The increase in reporter gene activity noted above was not affected when the cells were cotransfected with cDNAs that encoded either a mutant E1A that is unable to interact with the transcriptional activator CBP or Gal4-CBP fusion proteins encoding separate fragments of CBP, which span the remainder of the CBP molecule. A preformed SREBP-1a:[32P]DNA complex bound specifically to membrane-immobilized GST-CBP fusion proteins that contained amino-terminal portions of CBP. In order to investigate the role of CBP in the regulation of endogenous genes, we isolated stable transformants that express Gal4-CBP(1–451) in response to added doxycycline. Induction of endogenous FPP synthase and HMG-CoA synthase mRNAs, in response to cellular cholesterol depletion, was prevented when cells expressed Gal4-CBP(1–451). We conclude that when cells are incubated in the absence of sterols, the transcriptional activation of the HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, FPP synthase, and low density lipoprotein receptor genes is dependent on a specific interaction between SREBP, which is bound to the promoter DNA, and the amino-terminal domain (amino acids 1–451) of CBP.


Real world supply chains differ not only in their current standard of performance, but also in the most effective actions required to move each towards world class supply. A generic approach for the identification of the appropriate re‐engineering programmes based on the uncertainty circle principle is presented. A total of 20 European automotive supply chains have been analysed via a "quick scan" audit procedure. The output is a clear portrayal of the present "health status" of those supply chains. Some 10 per cent of these are performing at the present day level of "best practice", with a further 20 per cent within sight of this goal. Specific re‐engineering requirements are identified for the remaining 70 per cent dependent on present maturity levels.


Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are used for displaying still and moving images in all types of large or small display media, including monitors for laptop computers or desktop personal computers, display panels for TVs, mobile phones, smartphones, on-board navigation, viewfinders for video cameras, preview screens for digital cameras, projection displays and information display monitors in public spaces. In order to utilize liquid crystal (LC) material in LCDs for such applications, an electro-optical response is applied, in which the transmitted light intensity is controlled by the application of a set voltage to the driver devices. For this purpose, the alignment control of LC molecules is essential. In this chapter, alignment materials and their surface deformation anisotropy for alignment control of LC molecules are discussed.


Miriam Saiz-Rodríguez, Carmen Belmonte and Francisco Abad-Santos To the Editor: Recently, we showed that cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C19 metabolizer status was associated with the clinical outcomes of 123 patients treated with clopidogrel undergoing neurointerventional procedures. Indeed, we demonstrated that carriers of the CYP2C19*2 allele show lower response rate to clopidogrel, and that carriers of the CYP2C19*17 allele are at increased risk of bleeding. Given the lack of knowledge on clopidogrel effect in this cohort of patients, we decided to increase the sample size, adding 21 patients treated in the last year. Although the results do not change substantially, these new data add more reliable results that are even more consistent with the expected. Table 1 compares the patients' outcome according to their CYP2C19 phenotype. It can be observed, resembling the previous study, that CYP2C19 intermediate metabolizer (IM)poor metabolizer (PM) patients showed a significant lower response to clopidogrel. As a new result, we found that the incidence of ischemic events was lower in the ultrarapid metabolizer (UM) group, which was significant in the survival analysis. Moreover, the comparison by pairs did not detect significant differences in IMPM vs. normal metabolizer (NM): P = 0.996 and IMPM vs. UM: P = 0.076, whereas there was a difference in NM vs. UM: P = 0.017. Besides, Habermancorrected typed residues indicated that the frequencies observed in the UM patients were significantly


Homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) is strictly regulated by a unique struc- ture of blood vessels, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Experimental and clinical evidence has revealed that abnormalities in the BBB in chronic inflammatory diseases such as mul - tiple sclerosis (MS). By using an animal model of MS, we identified novel neuro-immune crosstalk to explain how pathogenic immune cells enter the CNS to disrupt its homeosta- sis, a phenomenon we named the gateway reflex. Regional neural inputs such as grav ity, electricity, pain or chronic stress cause specific neural activation to create a gateway of immune cells, particularly pathogenic ones, at specific blood vessels. Moreover, the recently discovered stress-induced gateway reflex uncovered a stress-induced neural link between the brain, gastrointestine, and heart. Thus, the gateway reflex is critical for the homeostasis of various organs, and aberrant activation of neural pathways by the gateway reflex disrupts normal organ homeostasis. The inflammatory reflex is another mechanism for local neuro-immune interactions. It potently exerts a cholinergic anti- inflammatory effect on various disease conditions. In this section, we discuss emerging roles for local neuro-immune interactions, with a special focus on the gateway reflex. sympathetic ganglion (4) and induces the activation of sympathetic nerves (5), which results in norepinephrine (NE) secretion (6) at the L5 dorsal vessels. NE enhances the inflammation amplifier in the L5 dorsal vessels, causing an upregulation of chemokines and recruiting pathogenic CD4+ T cells from the vessels (7).


Summary Birch wood discolours during artificial drying, which is a considerable problem for the use of birch as raw material in the mechanical wood industry. In this investigation sample boards of Betula pendula were sawn to the dimensions used as raw material for parquet billets. The variables studied were those that may affect wood discolouration: growing site, felling date, length of the storage period for logs and location of the wood in the trunk. Discoloration of birch wood was studied in conventional and vacuum drying processes. The wood layer of about 2–5 mm under the yellow surface of conventionally dried boards remained light-coloured, while the inner wood of the boards became discoloured. During vacuum drying, however, the inner wood of sample boards clearly became discoloured. The radial location of the wood in the trunk affected the colour of dried wood more than the longitudinal location did. To keep the colour of dry wood as light as possible, it may be best to fell birch in winter and store the wood for several weeks before conventional drying. On the other hand, the lightest coloured wood obtained during vacuum drying was from autumnfelled five weeks stored birches, which may indicate differences in the process of discoloration in these two drying methods.


Nowadays electric cars are in the spotlight of automotive research. In this context we consider data based approaches as tools to improve and facilitate the car design process. Hereby, we address the challenge of vibration load prediction for electric cars using neural network based machine learning (ML), a data-based frequency response function approach, and a hybrid combined model. We extensively study the challenging case of vibration load prediction of car components, such as the traction battery of an electric car. We show using experimental data from Fiat 500e and VWeGolf cars that the proposed ML approach is able to outperform the classical model estimation by means of ARX and ARMAX models. Moreover, we evaluate the performance of a hybrid-ML concept for combination of ML and ARMAX. Our promising results motivate further research in the field of vibration load prediction using machine learning based approaches in order to facilitate design processes.


The method of setting the tracking offset for a single disk drive, in which a measurement position for forming of offset values on a disk is initialized, an offset table of the hard disk drive is initialized, a head is moved to a measuring position, the value of the replacement head and the cylinder offset are respectively recorded, it is checked whether the current head position is the last measuring position, the next measurement position is selected and is returned to the head moving step, if that is not the case, and the recorded head offset values and cylinder offset values are respectively stored in the offset table of the hard disk drive when that is the case.


The Supreme Court's analysis of the fundamental right to abortion as articulated in Planned Parenthood v. Casey fails to take into account how race operates to restrict women of color's ability to exercise their right to an abortion. This article argues that Casey's undue burden test imposes a conceptual blind spot on the connection between race and access to abortion. Even though states are using race to burden women's access to abortion, most recently in the form of sex and race-selective bans on abortion, the undue burden test does not take race into account, and, therefore, allows for a regulatory system that burdens women of color more heavily than it burdens white women.Thus, the current legal framework obscures the impact of race and almost inevitably perpetuates racial stereotypes, disproportionate burdens, and racial inequalities so as to systematically ensure that the fundamental right to abortion is less secure for women of color.


Microbial community-based measurements to detect effects of heavy metals in soils rely on the premise that metal toxicity exerts a selection pressure, which induces a change in the composition of the community. The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition gives an integrated picture of all living organisms in the soil, and changes in the PLFA pattern of the soil indicate an altered species composition due to, e.g. metal toxicity. An increased bacterial community tolerance to metals also indicates an altered community composition, with tolerant organisms becoming more abundant relative to sensitive organisms. The use of these two techniques is described, and their advantages and disadvantages as monitoring tools are discussed and exemplified by field data and laboratory experiments from different soils. (Less)


An experiment was carried out in a net-house, Aligarh Muslim University Department of Botany. The six different treatments that were used in this study includes control, Salicylic acid, NaCl (50 mM), SA + 50 mM NaCl, 100 mM NaCl and SA + 100 mM NaCl. The resultant plants from salt-treated seeds of the present investigation indicated that seeds recorded lower values for all the growth attributing parameters. It was deep-rooted that 50 mM and 100 mM salt concentrations harm the growth, biochemical and yield parameters of fenugreek. Salt stress reduces plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, Nitrate reductase activity, number of pods and seed yield in fenugreek. The foliar application of Salicylic acid alleviates the negative effect of salinity. This effect was more pronounced in 50 mM salt stress than 100 mM.


The limitation of theory and practice of resources real right legislation within the interpersonal ethics view has caused tension between the human and resources.The resources real right legislation should emphasize the value orientation of view about environmental ethics,and implement the principle of environmental limitation,the principle of resources use of sustainable development,the principle of the limitation of environment right as well as the principle of strengthening environmental responsibility of resources real right in real right legislation concretely.We should strengthen the permeation dynamics of the value orientation of the environmental ethics in our country resources real right legislation,and establish general environmental principles which are related to resources real right legislation,for preventing environmental ethics become the environmental Utopia,we should make environmental responsibility of the resources real right type and internalize specially.


A complete electrical characterisation of thin-film solar cells necessitates the analysis of capacitance vs. voltage measurements at different frequencies and illumination intensities. The authors developed a fully numerical device simulation tool for polycrystalline CdTe and CuInSe/sub 2/ solar cells, which carries out frequency-domain calculations. Numerical simulations of I-V and C-V characteristics of CdTe cells are compared with measurements. It is shown that capacitance-voltage measurements not only confirm the thesis that a back contact barrier limits the current at high forward bias-they also yield additional information on the CdTe doping in the vicinity of the contact. The numerical model has also been applied to CuInSe/sub 2/. The authors indicate that especially the doping profiles which are deduced from C-V data may be misinterpreted when interface states are present at the heterojunction.


To search for new candidates of the true and simultaneous two-proton (2p) radioactivity, the 2p decay energies (Q 2p ) are extracted by the Weizsäcker–Skyrme-4 (WS4) model, the finite-range droplet model (FRDM), the Koura–Tachibana–Uno–Yamada (KTUY) model and the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov mean-field model with the BSk29 Skyrme interaction (HFB29). Then, the 2p radioactivity half-lives are calculated within the generalized liquid drop model by inputting the four types of Q 2p values. By the energy and half-life constraints, it is found that the probable 2p decay candidates are the nuclei beyond the proton-drip line in the region of Z ≤ 50 based on the WS4 and KTUY mass models. For the FRDM mass model, the probable 2p decay candidates are found in the region of Z ≤ 44. However, the 2p-decaying candidates are predicted in the region of Z ≤ 58 by the HFB29 mass model. It means that the probable 2p decay candidates of Z > 50 are only predicted by the HFB29 mass model. Finally, the competition between the true 2p radioactivity and α-decay for the nuclei above the N = Z = 50 shell closures is discussed. It is shown that 101Te, 111Ba and 114Ce prefer to 2p radioactivity and the dominant decay mode of 107Xe and 116Ce is α-decay.


En the past 15 years, the banking industry has faced growing competition from other lii financial service firms and financial markers and, at the same time, has undergone subsnannial deregulation and change. Proponents of further deregulation, such as the removal of barriers no nhe commingling of commercial and investment banking, argue that such changes would enhance the eff'mciency and viability of American banks. The impact of competitive and regulatory changes on banks can be judged by gross measures of performance, such as profitability and failure rates. Economisns are also interested in how such changes affect the efficiency with which banks transform resources into various financial services. Inefficiency implies that resources are wasned, that is, that firms are producing less than the feasible level of output from the resources employed, or are using relatively costly combinations of resources no produce a particular mix of products or services, Thus, a goal of policymakers, as well as stockholders and managers, is to devise policies than improve the efficiency of commercial banks. linforrunately, economists do not agree upon the appropriate methodology for measuring the efficiency of banks, Several estimation techniques have been proposed, each with advantages and disadvantages. The problem is complicated by the myriad of different services that commercial banks perform. Researchers deal winh complex issues in measuring bank production: Is a deposit an input no the production process, or an output? Should outputs he measured in terms of the number of a bank's accounts, the number of transactions it processes or the dollar amounts of Its loans or deposits? Perhaps non surprisingly estimates of commercial bank inefficiency vary considerably across studies that use different techniques, conceptions of bank production and data samples. This article investigates the sensitivity of efficiency measures no broadly different conceptions of how banks operate. We use a single-esnimanion technique and a common pooi of banks to compare efficiency measures based on alnernanive views of bank production. We find substantial differences in mean efficiency across models and low, though statistically significant, correspondence in the rankings of banks by efficiency scores across models. First, we discuss why measuring commercial bank efficiency is useful, some alternative measures of efficiency and techniques for estimating efficiency A description of the approach we take, our data and our results follow.


The present invention discloses a method for preparing a high-temperature battery, nickel hydroxide, nickel sulfate solution formulation which is at a concentration of 0.2-2 mol / liter of nickel sulfate solution containing from 0.005 to 0.05 mol / liter cobalt sulfate, 0.08-0.1 mol / l of zinc sulfate, an alkali solution is 0.2 to 10 mol / liter, the ammonia concentration of 1-10 mol / l, the above three solutions were continuously introduced into the autoclave, at a temperature of 5-30 deg.] C, to 10- 50 rev / min speed stirring, nickel sulfate solution flow control 20 to 70 liters / hour, keeping the pot ammonia content of 10-100 g / l, the alkali content of 0.01 to 10 g / l, after the solid-liquid fill to overflowing mixture was filtered to give a nickel hydroxide particles, dried at 80-120 ℃ conditions after washing. Also in the preparation of nickel sulfate solution was added to a solution of 15% of its volume of ethanol or acetone, at least one of glycerin. The product can be directly used to produce high-temperature battery cathode, low production cost, normal and high temperature performance are very good.


13 C/ 12 C isotope ratios of vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde are determined using gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). Optimised combustion conditions and the influence of extraction parameters (solvent, extraction efficiency) are discussed as fundamental prerequisites for reliable measurements. Improved authenticity assessment of vanilla is deduced from δ 13 C V-PDB -data of vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.


Preplanning for decision style, method, and membership to be used in solving a problem can help lead to solutions of high quality, acceptability, and originality. An integrative decision support system is described that is based on behavioral contingency research. This predecision model is related to other computerized approaches that can facilitate the decision process.


India is an agricultural country. At the time of independence our country faced food shortages. Later on due to green revolution we became self sufficient in food grain production despite population increase. One of the important factors in success of green revolution is the role played by agricultural graduates. After independence, state agricultural universities were established in all the states to impart education in the field of agriculture. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi regulates and ensures effective dissemination of agricultural education. At the same time, as agricultural universities are established by respective state governments, they are controlled by them. Although agricultural universities have done commendable job but in present liberalized and globalized era of World Trade Organization and General Agreement on Trade in Services, they face certain challenges viz financial constraints, lack of autonomy, inbreeding, lack of faculty competence in newer areas of agricultural sciences etc. Agricultural education being a professional education, it is necessary to take remedial measures so as to ensure food sufficiency for our growing population. In this context this paper describes the status of agricultural education in India highlighting challenges and suggesting strategies to overcome them. Key words: Agricultural education, State Agricultural University, Indian Council of Agricultural Research


This paper studies a marriage market with heterogeneous preferences. Two types of preference-based assortative matching increase household welfare: positive assortative matching based on individuals' optima and negative assortative matching based on their willingness to compromise. Preference-based assortative matching may reduce the sensitivity of collective decisions to "bargaining power," and it may dominate productionbased assortative matching as incomes and wages rise. Data from the PSID (1972-1976) reveal significant correlation between spouses' self-reported rates of time preference, and marriages appear more stable when partners agree.


Hunger and poverty are main critical issues in less developed countries (LDCs) and can be attributed to the fact that almost 70% of the LDC populations are employed in the agricultural sector. Although the international trade can reduce food insecurity in LDCs, for example, facilitating the access to larger markets, the volatility in food prices since the late 2000s has negatively aff ected the food availability. Th is study examines the eff ects of trade on the food security and traces a U-shaped relationship between two variables, using 2000–2010 panel data for the LDCs. Th e results are robust across different methods and show that the food security decreases in the initial stages of the trade expansion but increases beyond a given threshold. Th e key fi nding of this study is the U-shaped relationship between trade and food security, which suggests that the policy makers should pay more attention to expanding investments in the agricultural productivity, particularly from the viewpoints of the self-suffi ciency and self-reliance.


Purpose - The aim of this paper is to get an insight into the potential determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) for a panel of ten OECD member countries over the period of 1985-2009. Design/methodology/approach - Granger causality tests have been implemented in the study to identify causalities, both in the short- and long-run, between FDI and the variables that emerge as significant determinants of FDI during the regression analysis. Findings - The fixed effects estimation indicates that market size, labor cost and quality of infrastructure yield significant coefficients in relation to FDI for the panel of countries under study. A bi-directional short-run relationship is established between market size and labor costs in the short-run; whereas quality of infrastructure causes market size and labor costs in the short-run. For the long-run deviation of FDI from equilibrium, market size, labor costs and quality of infrastructure all bear the joint burden in the short-run to re-establish the equilibrium. Practical implications - The research findings have a number of policy implications for the OECD countries in specific and other developed economies in general. Labor costs seem to affect the FDI decision on the part of investors; therefore, the countries with low labor costs are preferred by investors in order to reduce the cost of their business and products. Policies should be devised to reduce the labor costs and improve the equality of infrastructure in the country in order to attract more FDI into the economy and for quick adjustment purposes in case of shock to the system. Originality/value - This paper investigates the relationship and significance of nine potential determinants of FDI in ten OECD member nations using panel data methods. The practices that are undertaken in developed and established economies are of vast significance to the economies that are in transition stages. The paper uncovers some important factors influencing FDI in the ten countries under study and provide a guide-map for other developed countries.


A series of ILS approaches using seven airline-rated Boeing 737 pilots in an FAA qualified simulator have been conducted. The test matrix included both manual and coupled approaches with and without atmospheric turbulence in Category II weather. A nonintrusive oculometer system was used to track the pilot's eye-point-of-regard throughout the approach. The results indicate that, in general, the pilots use a different scan technique for the manual and coupled conditions; however, the introduction of atmospheric turbulence does not greatly affect the scan behavior in either case. A comparison is made between the objective measures of the instrument scan (oculometer data) and the pilots' opinions of their instrument use. The data show a high degree of consistency among pilots for both the quantitative data and the qualitative data (pilots' opinions). However, there is a slightly lower agreement between the quantitative and qualitative measures.


The proposed way to increase the accelerating rate of a cavity consists in adding the third harmonic to the fundamental accelerating field. For this purpose, the shape of the cells is changed so that the frequency of one of the higher order modes is shifted to become the multiple of the fundamental mode. Preliminary calculations show that the accelerating gradient can be increased by several tens percent with the same or low er surface electric and magnetic fields as for the TESLA cavity geometry. INTRODUCTION The shape of the TESLA cavity cells is carefully optimized to obtain maximal accelerating rate for a given magnetic and electric fields on the surface. Some improvements of the shape have been proposed [1]. Such approaches yield 10 – 15 % improvement in gradient potential depending on the features that are compromise d, such as aperture or surface electric field. Another possibility to increase the accelerating rate is the "s liding phase structure" when the length of the cell is severa l percent longer and the lost of acceleration due to the "wrong" cell length is compensated for a few percent gai n by better optimized shape of these cells [2]. The investment level in the present cavities is so big tha t i is doubtful that the shape of the present cells will be changed for small gains. Only an appreciable increase of accelerating rate in several tens percents can make possible to change the mature scheme of acceleration. Here a new approach to increase the accelerating rate is proposed. However it requires considerable development and so would only be suitable option for 1 TeV upgrade. INFLUENCE OF TRANSIT TIME FACTOR The transit time factor decreases the effect of applied RF voltage on the accelerated beam. To obtain maximal acceleration, the maximum of the sinusoidal field is usually applied to the bunch of particles when it appears in the middle of the cell. We consider the case of th e π ________________ *firstname.lastname@example.com mode that is used for the standing wave structure of TESLA. When the bunch goes to the end of the cell (or enters the cell) the field decreases (increases) sinus oidally with time. Moreover, even at the moment of its maximum the field is going to zero at the both ends of the cell . It would be helpful if the field is big enough even when the bunch is close to the cell ends. This can be accomplis hed by admixture of modes with multiple frequencies to the fundamental mode. MODES OF THE ACCELERATING CELL The frequencies of eigenmodes of the cavity are not multiple numbers in a general case. As an example, frequencies of the first axially symmetric TM-modes of the regular TESLA cell are shown in Table 1, the force lines of these modes are shown in Fig. 1. Because of symmetry, only halves of the cells are shown. The fundamental π -mode with a frequency f = 1300 MHz has a "magnetic wall" boundary condition on the iris end. F or our purpose to find the best mode to admix we can include in consideration modes with an "electric wall" on the iris plane alike the 0-mode. Modes with the magneti c wall at the iris plane are shown in the upper row; mode s with the electric wall are in the lower row of Fig. 1. We can try to shift the frequency of some mode to obtain a n odd multiple of the fundamental mode frequency so that it can be admixed to the fundamental mode giving additional acceleration. Table 1: Frequencies of the TESLA regular cells lowest TM axially symmetric modes, MHz Modes with magnetic wall in the middle iris plane Modes with electric wall in the middle iris plane 1300.0 (fundamental, π -mode) 1275.7 (0-mode)


Abstract We prove some asymptotic results for the solutions of the Vlasov-Poisson system in the case of spherical symmetry as t→∞.


PURPOSE: A porous heat sink is provided to reduce the size of the heat sink while improving heat exchange efficiency per unit area by increasing heat releasing surface area without changing the structure of a radiator. CONSTITUTION: A radiator(10) is made up of an aluminum and consists of a radiation plate(12) arranged in horizontal direction and radiation fins(14) arranged in vertical direction. The radiator is formed to have a porous structure through a foaming or a sintering process. Alternatively, the radiator is formed into a simple plate through an extrusion or a casting process. The space between the radiation fins of the radiator accommodates a porous body(22) made up of an aluminum which is inserted into the space through a foaming or a sintering process. Alternatively, the radiator has the radiation plate which is formed into a simple plate shape, and the porous body made up of an aluminum is coupled onto the radiation plate, while eliminating the radiation fins from the radiator.


Purpose . The comprehensive assessment of the local recreational areas in the basin of Seversky Donets River within Kharkov region for prioritizing of development a summer short rest facilities without compromising the environment. Methods are based on the approach developed by the author, of prioritizing the development of recreational activities in the local areas, taking into account environmental and economic characteristics. Results. Designed classification and grading scale are the basis for assessing the resources and services of water bodies, forests, aesthetic appeal, territorial and transport accessibility of potential recreational areas. Comprehensive assessment, taking into account both natural and environmental and economic conditions of the territories, carried out for 6 plots in the coastal zone Seversky Donets River. Selecting areas was carried out taking into account the hydrographic, hydrological, climatic criteria and recreational demand. Conclusions . Based on the assessment were selected two local areas, the most promising for the placement of small recreational facilities.


In non-Hamiltonian dissipative systems that have attracting limit cycles there are phase shifts analogous to the geometric phase of Hamiltonian quantum systems. Here the phase variable is the equal-time parametrization of a limit cycle. The phase shift is calculable when the differential equations of the variables of the systems are known. We study such a system with both numerical and analytical methods and show that the phase shift sometimes, but nor always, have a geometric meaning. The computation is obtain by using the IBM SP2 at NCHC.


Physicochemical properties of Agricultural soil samples from Ishielu LGA were determined using standard methods. Twenty-four soil samples were used for the analyses. The soil samples were collected at 0 – 20 cm and 40 cm at twelve locations. The result of the mechanical analysis showed that the soil samples were sandy-clay-loam for top and sub-soil. Chemical properties analysis showed mean values for exchangeable acidity (EA), effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and base saturation (BS) of 0.76 mg/kg, 9.68 mg/kg and 91.82 % respectively for top-soil while values for sub-soil were 0.075 mg/kg, 8.78 mg/kg and 91.40 % respectively. The mineral analysis showed mean values (mg/kg) of Ca, Mg, K, Na, P and N at 5.80, 2.87, 0.18, 0.07, 53.42 and 0.09 for top-soil while values for sub-soil were 5.33, 2.40, 0.19, 0.11, 51.37 and 0.12 respectively. The heavy metals' analyses showed that the mean values of all the heavy metal were below Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, 2015 values. This shows that the soil is safe for Agricultural use.


BOVINE viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an economically significant pathogen in many countries, including the UK and Ireland ([Bennett and others 1999][1], [Saatkamp and others 2008][2]). Overall, losses attributable to fetal damage are recognised to make a significant contribution to economic losses


The new complex diindium triphthalocyaninate has been synthesised in crystalline form from the reaction of In–Sn alloy with 1,2-dicyanobenzene at 210 °C. It crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P with Z= 1 in a unit cell of dimensions a= 14.492(3), b= 13.179(3), c= 11.493(2)A, α= 113.96(2), β= 97.15(2) and γ= 66.13(2)°. The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier difference methods and refined by block-diagonal least-squares techniques to R= 0.0282, R′= 0.0372 and S= 1.22 for 7019 independent reflections having Fo > 4σ(F). The centrosymmetric molecule consists of three phthalocyaninate ligands and two indium anions. The planes of the two peripheral ligands are parallel to each other, while the third central ligand is rotated about 37.5° in relation to the peripheral rings. The mean intramolecular distance between phthalocyanine planes is 2.954(5)A. The angle of inclination of the central to the peripheral planes is 5.2°. The indium anions are located between the phthalocyaninate ligands and have six-co-ordinate geometry. The four In-N bonds involving isoindole nitrogens from peripheral phthalocyaninates [mean 2.223(3)A] are shorter than the two involving isoindole nitrogens from the central phthalocyaninate [mean 2.350(3)A]. The intramolecular distance between indium atoms is 4.036(5)A. The shortest intermolecular distance between neighbouring successive phthalocyanine planes is 3.477(5)A.


In the years between the ratification of the federal Constitution and the beginning of the Civil War, American society experienced fundamental changes in family relations, the criminal law, and public attitudes towards violence. Male heads of households found their authority challenged by evangelical religion, the emergent industrial order, reformers, and judicial intervention in family matters. By the mid-nineteenth century, the ideologies of separate spheres and the affectionate family displaced the traditional authoritarian, patriarchal family. In New York State, these familial changes were paralleled by revision of the criminal laws in 1829, the rapid development of reform campaigns against capital and corporal punishment, and the emergence of the women's rights movement. These progressive changes masked the reality of increasing violence against women in Essex County, New York as murder, rape, and assault rates rose dramatically. As wife murder, sexual assault, and unprosecuted cases of violence increased women continued to meet with limited success in prosecuting their assailants. These crime trends were rooted in both the new cultural sensibility, that idealized family harmony, female sexual purity, and individual reformation and in the emergence of an aggressive form of patriarchy based on control, access, and regulation of women's sexuality.


Aizawa and Mueller (1) reported that phospholipid biosynthesis in ovariectomized rat uterus is much more accelerated by a single injection of estradiol. Recently, in our laboratory, the acceleration of phospholipid metabolism by estradiol treatment was examin ed by using various "P compounds as substrate, and it was suggested that the biosynthesis of phosphorylethanolamine and phosphorylcholine in rat uterine tissue was much stimulat ed by the administration of estradiol (2). In the present work, metabolism of choline-1,2-14C, DL-serine-3-'QC, and ethanolamine 2-14C, which are all components of phospholipid, was investigated in uterus and liver of ovariectomized rat in vitro. Furthermore, the effect of estradiol on the incorporation of these compounds into phospholipid in liver was compared with rat uterus since there is a sex difference in lecithin formation and more lecithin is synthesized by stepwise methy lation of phosphatidylethanolamine in female rat (3-5).


This report is the result of a study of how trade unions can respond to the challenges of dealing with an increasingly flexible and fragmented labour force. A literature study, a survey and open interviews in four countries were carried out to identify how CNV partner unions can support workers who fall outside of their traditional scope. The number of contract workers in many partner countries has increased rapidly over the past five years and is expected to continue growing in the coming years. This report argues that contract workers are the prime group of informal workers who need to be targeted by trade unions. A widespread use of contract labour affects union strength and undermines the ability of (regular) workers to negotiate with their employer. New strategies should be developed to incorporate contract workers within existing union structures and cater to their specific needs. The most immediate problems facing contract workers are related to income and benefits. These issues can be addressed by enhancing the workers' level of organisation. Established trade unions can provide guidance, training and other forms of support to enhance their capacity to develop organizational structures, management and leadership. Cooperation and partnerships with other civil society organizations are necessary in order to cater for their multiple needs.


The utility model discloses a protective device for preventing dropping of power supply voltage of a microcontroller in an electronic cigarette. The protective device comprises the microcontroller, a power supply module, and a field effect transistor, and the power supply module is used for providing the microcontroller with power. The protective device is characterized by further comprising an energy storage circuit, wherein the energy storage circuit is connected between the microcontroller and the power supply module; the energy storage circuit is used for supplying power to the microcontroller under over-current or short-circuit situations so as to enable the microcontroller to maintain normal working voltage for a certain period of time; and after the microcontroller determines the over-current or short-circuit situations, the MOSFET (metal-oxide -semiconductor field effect transistor) is turned off and the output of current is stopped. The protective device solves the problem of an uncontrollable phenomenon of instability of the microcontroller in the prior art, and the protective device is simple in designed circuit and relatively low in cost.


For decades, various robotic grippers have been developed due to its necessity for the robotic manipulators. In case of the conventional robotic grippers with rigid components, an underactuated mechanism was required to satisfy gripping motion. Recently, soft grippers have been studied actively, which have realize bending motion with a simple morphological structure itself and inherent compliance to the environment. In this field of study, it has been rarely investigated to improve the fingertip force and actuation speed with specified design parameters. Thus, in this study, a hybrid gripper, which consists of both soft and rigid components, was suggested based on the key design principles: 1) the ratio of rigid parts against the soft chamber, 2) the cross-sectional shape of the chamber. The suggested principles were verified using the finite element methods (FEMs). As a result, the improved performance of the hybrid gripper was verified in terms of the fingertip force and the actuation speed, compared with the performance of the previously developed soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs). As an application, the three-fingered gripper was manufactured and tested by grasping different types of objects.


Because of the wireless media, wireless communication is inherently more susceptible to attack. Because of the popularized use of wireless technology not only communication but business, commerce and all other transactions has also been shifted from wired to wireless paradigm. So it is important to secure wireless communication not only at higher layers but also at physical layer. No one can access neither the data nor the transmission signals to compromise the security by any means. This paper discuss one of the way through which security at the physical layer can be achieved by sending data plus noise so as to hide data behind the noise. By doing this we can fool the hacker by the noise rather than having access to the data.


A survey on leaf disease detection using CNN image processing is presented in this work. For the detection of illnesses in plant leaves, digital image processing is a reliable, time-saving, and accurate technology. Other algorithms can also be employed for the identification and categorization of leaf diseases in plants. The clustering approach, color-based image analysis method, classifier, and artificial neural network for illness classification are all examples of CNN techniques presented in this research. Our research focuses on analysing various leaf diseases using the CNN detection approach, as well as providing an overview of disease types and treatment and preventative methods


Concentration ratios of Al/Si and Mg/Si have been determined from the orbital X-ray data for twenty-two regions for which the concentrations of Th, K, Fe, and Mg has previously been specified from orbital gamma-ray data. The strong anticorrelation between Fe and Al seen in returned samples is confirmed for large areas of the lunar surface. The natural radioactivity of the large maria increases from east to west whereas an inverse in true for the aluminum concentration. The difficulty in determining Mg concentrations in each experiment is discussed.


A method (governing equation set and numerical procedure) suited to the numerical simulation of fluid-resonant oscillation at low Mach numbers is constructed. The new equation set has been derived under the assumption that the compressibility effect is weak. Because the derived equations are essentially the same as the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, except for an additional term, we can apply almost the same numerical procedure developed for incompressible flow equations without difficulty. With application of a pressure-based method that treats the continuity equation as a constraint equation for pressure, the stiffness problem that arises in solving the usual compressible flow equations under low Mach number conditions has been alleviated. To verify the present method, we apply it to the flows over a three-dimensional open cavity


Undivided colonial India experienced an accelerated rate of economic change in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Official policies and funds combined with private entrepreneurial energies and investment to intensify India's linkages with the world market in trade, industry, agriculture, and natural resource extraction. Slow, but in the long term steady, population expansion accompanied this trend. After 1947, economic development accelerated under five-year plans in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and transformed the earlier colonial economy. Population figures have similarly shot up since partition and independence. These two linked trends have accompanied steadily intensifying human intervention in the natural environment of the subcontinent over the same time. One effect, among others, has been dramatic alteration in land use and vegetation cover. Comparing Francis Buchanan's early nineteenth-century descriptions of the countryside in both north and south India with the appearance of these areas today suggests just how sweeping these changes have been. The landscape of today in virtually every Indian district is very different from that seen two hundred or even hundred years ago.


There are studied and analyze the historical and heraldic testimonies of the church of San Fiz de Asma (Chantada. Lugo), contributing documentary base for their correct identification


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This paper proposes a model to analyze manufacturing problems according to a knowledge management perspective. The analysis is based on the main cognitive processes involved in a problem solving process. The considered processes are knowledge generation, memory, transfer and codification. Each of them can be assessed by one or more variables, such as uncertainty, space-dependence, time-dependence, knowledge codification level. Given a specific manufacturing problem, the model allows to analyze possible actions of organizational improvement by analyzing the problem cognitive characteristics, and to identify suitable information technologies aimed to support problem solving. Introduction Knowledge management has gained in the last years a more and more crucial role in competition. In fact, knowledge is largely recognized as a fundamental asset to provide stable competitive advantages (Pralahad and Hamel, 1990; Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). For example, in the industries characterized by frequent technological changes, it is critical the ability of developing new knowledge and competencies (Bohn, 1994). The enlargement of the product functions can be also interpreted as the enlargement of the technological knowledge and of the expertise incorporated in the product. This often requires the integration of competencies from different departments through an effective product development process (Fine and Whitney, 1996). Similarly, for companies competing on the quality of their customer services, the competitive advantage largely depends on the knowledge about the customers' needs and on the ability to exploit it (Reicheld, 1996). Also the competitiveness of some firm networks (such as the virtual organizations) is often related to synergies among different knowledge assets rather than to cost reduction (Chesbrough and Teece, 1996). Moreover, the effectiveness of downsizing policies is often related to the ability of avoiding the erosion of the firm core competencies. Similarly, policies of personnel turnover and job rotation can expose the firm to the risk of weakening the core competencies embedded in the organizational routines rather than in individuals, thus reducing the effectiveness of organizational interfaces and communication channels (Fujimoto, 1994). In this scenario, it becomes clear the importance of every managerial action directed to support companies in the knowledge management processes. Among the different streams of a dynamic and still diverse literature, that overlaps to some extent other well-established fields of studies, such as the learning organization, decision support ∗ Corresponding author: Michele Gorgoglione, DIMEG Politecnico di Bari, Viale Japigia, 182 – 70126 Bari (Italy). Tel. +39 080 5962765; fax +39 080 5962788; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Production and Operations Management Society, POM-2001, march 30-April 2,2001, Orlando Fl. systems, business process reengineering, three main directions can be highlighted, at least for the aims of this research. The first concerns the analysis of the knowledge nature, i.e. the shapes in which it can be recognized and utilized in the organization. There exist several analyses that adopt different perspectives and lead to different classifications. For instance, Nonaka (1991) stressed the difference between tacit knowledge, usually embedded in individuals or in procedures and informal organizational relationships, and explicit knowledge, that one can find in written documents or electronic files. Bohn (1994) developed a knowledge taxonomy related to the ability of problem solving and to the nature of the information used. He distinguished eight levels of knowledge, from the awareness of a problem, to the ability of locally controlling a phenomenon, up to the capability of producing formal and general models. Faulkner (1994) analyzed the innovation processes, by reviewing the work of scholars committed to clarify the difference between scientific knowledge and engineering knowledge. She came to define five categories of knowledge, each characterized by two extreme types: tacit and explicit, observable and non observable, simple and complex, elementary and systemic, context-specific and contextfree. The second research stream concerns the study of the knowledge management processes. For instance, Nonaka (1994), according to his model of knowledge nature, defined four basic processes: socialization, externalization, combination, internalization. Coombs and Hull (1998), moving the unit of analysis from knowledge to knowledge management practices, identified the processes of knowledge generation, transfer and use, as the most important and analyzed in the literature. The same authors distinguished also some additional processes, such as identification, extraction from memory, codification, validation, contextualization. Davenport et al., (1998), by analyzing some successful cases of organizational reengineering aimed to improve knowledge management, stressed four main managerial goals: developing organizational memories, sharing knowledge, improving information access, making culture and environment more suitable for knowledge management. Finally, Ruggles (1997) classified three main categories of knowledge management processes: knowledge generation, codification and transfer. The third research stream concerns the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and more in general of Information Systems, in the new perspective of knowledge management (Hansen et al., 1999). Some of the most interesting debates, such as the change of managerial policies due to the adoption of information technologies or their organizational impact, which was already popular in the '80s, are today discussed under a new light. Despite the large variety of the existing technologies, it is possible to draw up some general observations. First, the development of technologies for managing knowledge is strictly related to the research on knowledge management processes and practices, previously mentioned. For instance, some technologies are oriented to build effective organizational memories (Abecker et. al, 1998), others support communication and information sharing within organizations (O'Leary, 1998), others aim to improve the access to the information stored (Davenport et al., 1998), while more difficult attempts have been done to support the knowledge creation process (Ruggles, 1997). Second, the support to management activities, which in the past was strictly related to effectiveness and efficiency of data gathering and processing, is today much more centered to cognitive processes, i.e. to the ability of supporting the typically human processes of giving meaning to information and using information to solve problems. It can be stressed that the research in the knowledge management field considers the role of ICTs quite different than in the past. For instance, the early aim of Artificial Intelligence (AI) was that of replacing the human


The debate surrounding general education curricula has spanned many topics and continuums over time, including general?lib eral education, core?major, multiculturalism?canon, required? elective, and the list goes on and on. On some level, at some point, these debates seem to resonate back to a question of what it means to be an educated person, and specifically, a college educated per son. Depending on your orientation to this question, the articles in this issue provide great insight for practice; fuel for an ongoing conversation about purpose, content, and process; or merely an other set of articles for leisure reading. In their efforts to explore issues surrounding purpose, content, and process, the authors rep resented in this volume set us on a course of considering anew the values we place on liberal education, on content and process, and on the development of critical-thinking skills. Perhaps their great est contribution comes from the ways in which the authors im plicitly challenge the values we place on integrated, interdiscipli nary, and contextualized teaching and learning. Although these latter concepts are well documented in adult education journals and curricula, their presence as central themes in general educa tion discussions are less pronounced. Yet in many ways, these ideas become key to moving beyond debate about a set of designated courses or topics to the delivery of a truly educated college popu lation. The transition is not an easy one, however, nor is the adop tion of integrated, interdisciplinary, and/or contextualized teach ing and learning one without costs. If nothing else, the challenge to teacher beliefs caused by venturing down these paths can be painful as it requires letting go of some knowledge expert roles in deference to the learning facilitator mantle. Also, the growth and cognitive development of students forced out of intellectual boxes (called classes) as a result of different pedagogies and philoso phies about knowledge can be initially unsettling for the first and


The advent of IT and display technology provides new possibility that we can use the digital images with pixel values of brightness to figure out the exact value of luminance in the visual environment. For this purpose, a certain DSLR camera has been calibrated to take a photolux image with real value of luminance. To verify the practical usefulness of the image processing technology with the specific digital camera, a comparative study with physical measurement values of brightness on a window of an apartment house has been performed. Not surprisingly the image processing approach delivers a set of accurate luminance values on a certain area of the window.


Abstract : Using cloud photographs taken by a U-2 aircraft equipped with a 180-deg panormaic camera, a technique of rectifica tion is described. Mosaics of 13 passes over the San Francisco Mountains were made with the rectified cloud photographs. Computations of cloud movement and change in the horizontal area of cloud were made by use of cloud and cloud shadow. It was found that the computed cloud motions are within the range of the wind speeds reported from nearby upper air reporting stations. (Author)


Finishing mechanism of vibration lapping is analyzed in detail. The comparison experiment is made by way of the vibration lapping apparatus, which is developed by the author. The result shows that high removal rates and better finish are obtained in vibration lapping as compared to conventional finishing.


SO m •< This issue of our journal most unfortunately marks two great losses for the social sciences in Turkey. Sociologist and anthropologist Mubeccel Belik Kiray, professor of professors as she was known, died in istanbul on November 8, 2007, at the age of 84. The historical sociologist Faruk Tabak, a beloved friend and an editorial board member of New Perspectives on Turkey, succumbed to an unacceptably early death at the peak of his career, on February 15, 2008, after he had suffered a cerebral hemorrhage on the very last day of 2007. In this issue, we have included two tributes to Faruk Tabak written by two of his close friends and long-time intellectual companions, Ravi Arvind Palat and £aglar Keyder. We would like to commemorate, albeit briefly, Kiray's invaluable contributions to the social sciences in this note. We have also prepared a bibliography of Mubeccel Belik Kiray's long intellectual journey. Mubeccel Belik Kiray was born in izmir in 1923 and completed her undergraduate education and her first doctoral degree in sociology at Ankara University. She went on to receive another PhD, this time in anthropology, from Northwestern University. This multidisciplinary education endowed her with an invaluable asset: while her work remained focused on the dynamics and patterns of social change, she retained her sensitivity towards micro-level interactions and relations. Her intellectual contributions came to full fruition in the 1960s, in response to Turkey's massive rural-to-urban migration in the wake of the mechanization of agriculture and extensive industrialization as part of the import-substitution industrialization policies. Kiray captured the latter process as it was taking place through pioneering research she conducted in Eregli, a small Black Sea town on the brink of rapid demographic, social, cultural, and economic transformation due to the building of an iron and steel plant in the early 1960s. In the mid-1960s, in collaboration with the geographer Jan Hinderink, she went on to research depeasantization in the villages of Southern Anatolia. Her subsequent research on Izmir presents a significant commentary on the relations between urban centers and their peripheries.


Abstract Postlaunch calibration of the Meteosat visible (VIS) channel has been performed with Meteosat-1, Meteosat-2, and Meteosat-4. The radiance at the satellite radiometer aperture has been determined by independent means and has been related to the simultaneous satellite radiometer count. This technique has been named vicarious calibration. Airborne radiance measurements over homogeneous targets (two land surfaces, clear ocean, and stratiform clouds) have been performed. The derived calibration factors are scene dependent because of the nonrectangular shape of the Meteosat VIS channel spectral responsivity curve. The latter and, hence, the scene dependence, slightly differs between the three satellites. Therefore, the calibration factors also differ within ±15%. Average values of the calibration factors are about 11 W m−2 sr−1 per count for land surfaces and clouds and about 1.5 W m−2 sr−1 per count for ocean.


Anisotropy of anionic sites on plasma membranes has been implicated in contact phenomena at cell surfaces (16, 17). Recent evidence indicates that charge anisotropy may be important among intracellular membranes also, since distribution of anionic sites has been related to structural organization of mitochondrial membranes (8). The use of cationic ferritin has been introduced by Danon et al. (2) as a marker to demonstrate anionic sites on membrane surfaces by electron microscopy. This visual probe has been applied to study anionic sites on cell surfaces (2, 7) and on mitochondrial membranes (8). In the present study, cationic ferritin has been used to demonstrate anionic sites on the surface of the Golgi complex in relation to the structural organization of this membrane system.


An embodiment of the utility model provides a dressing subassembly for the negative pressure wound therapy, include: porous material layer, cover are in last lid, the port setting of porous material layer is in liquid suction tube and pressure detection pipe in the porous material layer still include: the setting is in lid below, and with the extension distal end that has a gas permeability of pressure detection union coupling, the port setting of pressure detection pipe is in in the extension distal end, extension distal end shrinkage depression not under negative pressure. The embodiment of the utility model provides a be in through dressing subassembly for the negative pressure wound therapy pressure detection pipe end portion sets up the extension distal end of stereoplasm, should expand distal end shrinkage depression not under negative pressure, the wound end port setting of pressure detection pipe is in this extension distal end to the isolation of formation and wound diffusate is avoided the wound diffusate to block the pressure detection piping and is sent wound pressure value measurement distortion.


Both caudal anaesthesia and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs have been used in the management of postoperative pain in children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the combination of caudal analgesia and rectally administered diclofenac in the treatment of pain following minor surgery in children. Thirty‐nine, ASA grade 1 or 2, children undergoing inguinal or penoscrotal surgery were randomly assigned to receive either a caudal block using 0.125% bupivacaine with adrenaline or a similar caudal block in combination with rectally administered diclofenac 1 mg.kg‐1. Children given a caudal block alone were more likely to need analgesia in the first 24 h postoperatively. It would appear that the combination of a caudal block and rectal diclofenac in children undergoing minor lower abdominal surgery reduces the need for subsequent analgesia.


. By introducing the notion of a K-nice submodule, we obtain a characterization of p-local balanced projectives perfectly analogous to the familiar third axiom of countability characterization of totally projective /i-groups. We use this new characterization to prove that if a /7-local group G satisfies the third axiom of countability with respect to nice submodules and has a K-basis, then G is a balanced projective.


The Ottonian Empire in Germany experienced numerous wars, invasions, and rebellions over the course of the tenth century. Because the royal family practiced an itinerant form of rule, they established an infrastructure of ecclesiastical establishments that facilitated the royal household's movements and defended the rest of the realm. It was here that the fighting clergy, or the bishops and abbots who actually took up military command, became a crucial component of the empire's stability and protection.


On the basis of Bisection Method and the bound of the root of polynomial equation and Sturm theorem,the paper present a practical numeric method to extract all real roots of polynomial equation.


Wet welding is the most popular method of joining in aquatic environments. During underwater joining, the weldability of steel is limited by the higher cooling rates and hydrogen content in the welded metals. This article presents the results of preliminary tests on the effect of wet welding conditions on diffusion hydrogen amounts. Seven parameters were optimized using a Plackett–Burman design to get the most relevant variables. These parameters were salinity of water, contamination of electrode, electrode polarity, and welding current.


The ceremonies of baptism in the cathedral of Milan at Eastertide of the year 387 were marked by special joy. One of the recurring motifs in the literature of the African church for a century and a half before Augustine wrote the Confessions is that of the en-Spirited waters of baptism. Tertullian's treatise On Baptism is one of the foundational texts for the ecclesiology of the African church, for Cyprian and his contemporaries in the mid-third century, as well as for Catholics and Donatists alike in the fourth and fifth centuries. There are brief, but significant references to baptism in the early books of the Confessions . It is in the very profundity of Augustine' s appreciation of the grace of baptism for the whole of the Christian life that one better understands the brevity of the account of his own baptism. Keywords: African church; Augustine; baptism; Catholics; Confessions ; Donatists; en-Spirited waters; Tertullian


The position of solid object or droplet will vibrate when it is levitated in a standing ultrasonic field. The frequency of the free oscillation is determined by the mass of the object and the gradient of the ultrasonic radiation force. Using this phenomenon, in this report, we tried to measure the mass of the levitated droplet. First, we investigated the relationship between the effective spring constant and the sound pressure on the levitated object by using plastic spheres with known mass. Using the relationship, we executed non-contact mass measurement of ethanol and water droplets. As a result, mass can be measured with error rate of 5-40%.


This thesis is concerned with the operation of division in residue (modular) number systems. Theoretically, residue arithmetic offers the possibility of "carry-free' arithmetic as far as the operations of addition, subtraction and multiplication are concerned. Since a residue number system is not a weighted number system, the operations of division and sign detection are not simple. Therefore, in special purpose applications, where addition, subtraction and multiplication operations constitute a major part of the computations, residue arithmetic can potentially offer a fairly high speed gain over weighted arithmetic. Residue codes are introduced and the basic residue arithmetic operations are defined. Previous results on residue division are outlined. A well-known integer division algorithm is used and adapted for residue division . A new method is proposed for choosing an approximate divisor, approximate dividends and the partial quotients. The proposed method yields correct quotients faster than the existing methods and is general in its application i.e., it is not restricted by the choice of moduli as long as they are relatively prime.


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Due to the global environment problems and the consumer's need for higher fuel efficiency, it becomes very important for the global automotive industry to reduce the vehicle weight. The link component of chassis is applied by 6-DOFs (degree offreedom) loads and should withstand the loads for life cycle. The existed I-beam type link component may have a weak point for a special direction load. In present study, it was innovatively investigated to the optimal shape of link component that could withstand all directions loads and reduce the weight. The 3 type shapes were analyzed and the best optimized shape was found. The optimized design can reduce the weight by 40% of original link that made with steel. The environment and energy related problem has become one of the most important global issues in recent years. Accordingly there have been significant efforts on improving the fuel efficiency of automobiles. One of the most effective ways of improving the fuel efficiency of automobiles is the weight reduction. For example, a new generation six-passenger car is currently under development in the advanced countries and the targeted fuel efficiency is more than three times of the current level.


Following success at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the University's sketch comedy group the Tealights, will be performing a brand new show at the Library Pub from Monday 19 to Wednesday 21 November.


Micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) is a promising technology for fabricating micro parts in a variety of materials. It is used in the production of micro motors, surgical instruments, micro robots, micro-moulds, automobile engine parts etc. In this study, the effect of machining parameters during machining of Inconel 600 alloy was investigated and parameters optimisation was carried out by considering multiple performance characteristics using Taguchi method and Grey relational analysis. The process parameters considered in this work are open voltage, capacitance, discharge feed and feed rate for the responses include tool wear rate and material removal rate. Experiments based on L9 orthogonal array was carried out and analysis of variance was performed to analyse the experimental results. The coefficient and grades were determined according to Grey relational analysis. The optimised process parameters leads to lower tool wear rate and higher material removal rate are verified through a confirmation experiment.


In the piezoelectric driving field, backward motion commonly exists in output displacement curves of the actuators designed by various driving principles, which deteriorates the output performances and increases difficulty in subsequent control. To suppress the backward motion, a synergic motion principle (SMP) was proposed in this paper, which employed two piezoelectric stacks (PESs), one for driving and the other for lifting. By synergic driving of these two PESs, the contact force during the driving process could be effectively controlled and thus the backward motion could be actively suppressed. To verify the feasibility, an actuator prototype was designed and fabricated, and an experimental system was established to test its output performances. By theoretical analysis and experiments, the relationship of the driving voltages for these two PESs was determined. Under the optimized experimental conditions, it showed that the actuator could output stepping displacement without backward motion when working under the SMP. By comparing the results with those obtained when the actuator worked under the parasitic motion principle (PMP), the feasibility and validity of the proposed SMP for suppressing the backward motion were further confirmed.


Recent emphasis has been focused on the industrial Internet of Things (Ind-IoT) in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0). IoT devices are used in the Ind-IoT to increase manufacturing productivity. The problem, however, is that these instruments will create enormous volumes of data records that must be handled efficiently. Cloud computing (CC) is frequently cited as a viable option for providing effective support for Ind-IoT applications. However, the high-latency and unstable connectivity problem between the cloud and Ind-IoT endpoints continues to plague Ind-IoT operations. Fog computing (FC), which extends computation and storage to the edge of the network, is a possible answer to these problems. Cloud-fog integrated Internet of Things (CFI-Ind-IoT) is discussed in this study as an approach to integrating FC with cloud-based industrial Internet of Things (Ind-IoT). A constrained multiparent crossover genetic algorithm (CMPC-GA) for optimization of the load adjusting challenge in the distributed cloud-fog network is proposed in order to attain ultralow response latency in the CFI-Ind-IoT system. Furthermore, we develop a duty reallocation and retransmission method in order to lower the average delivery latency of the CFI-Ind-IoT architecture due to the unreliable scenario. Effectiveness measurements show that the CMPC-GA technique can deliver ultralow latency functionality in a typical Ind-IoT.


Mechanical working manufacturing methods of nickel alloys used conventionally strips and blanks need to solve many problems concerning high strength material forming which is characteristic limited plasticity. The production pressed elements of vehicle constructions and aircraft engine elements requires the high quality drawpieces since these are essential for safety. They are also the main structural components. Conventional methods of mechanical working such as pressing can be used in quantity production of the above mentioned elements and their production can also be cost-effective. Forming nickel alloys generates a lot of technological wastes resulting from back-springing effects determining the most appropriate pressure in the process of pressing. Failure holes in the process of bulging as well as cracking of drawpieces in the process of deep drawing. The heterogeneous mechanical properties distribution on thin sheet blanks made of Inconel alloy, which is different than material quality certificate shows, produces also a lot of manufacturing problems. These problems are usually solved by production engineers in the following way: dividing the production of ready drawpieces into a bigger number of simple blank profiling operations, shallow pressing, using a rubber punch for pressing or hydroforming. Complex drawpieces shapes are quite often made of several parts which are next welded. In the case of presented tube a tubular diffuser made of Inconel 718 alloy blank and cone made of Inconel 625. However the process of forming high strength materials like nickel alloys requires the application bigger forming forces than in the same kind of conventional formable steel processes. Tools get jammed quite often in the process and high force presses of 10 MN or more need to be used so is very expensive. The aspect of cold mechanical forming discussed materials has been a particular interest. The researches based on precise evaluation mechanical properties and technological plasticity of the selected materials in basic mechanical and technological tests as well as in FEM numerical simulation (finite elements method). The material models applied to simulation contain the pointed out experimentally the mechanical characteristics of Inconel alloys. The thin sheets blanks made of 0,9 mm thick Inconel 718 alloy and 0,45 mm thick Inconel 625 alloy blanks have been examined. The possibilities of using numerical simulations for solving the problems of selecting or modifying the pressing technology and hydroforming that type materials as well as forecasting the results of forming processes have been also presented. The evaluation of drawability of thin sheets blanks made of Inconel 718 and 625 alloys has also been discussed in the paper.


A new high-performance algorithm for calculating the spinand parity-dependent shell model nuclear level densities using methods of statistical spectroscopy in the proton-neutron formalism was recently proposed. When used in valence spaces that cover more than one major harmonic oscillator shell, this algorithm mixes the genuine intrinsic states with spurious center-of-mass excitations. In this paper we present an advanced algorithm, based on the recently proposed statistical moments method, that eliminates the spurious states. Results for unnatural parity states of several sd-shell nuclei are presented and compared with those of exact shell model calculations and experimental data.


Reversing a long-lasting consensus on trade liberalization, under President Trump's Administration the US left the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations, and later imposed tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminum imports from most countries. This initiated a large range of retaliatory tariffs on US goods extending well beyond these two commodities and included many vegetables fruits and nuts (VFN). This sector covers over 100 individual commodities that represent over 21% of the U.S. agricultural exports. For some of the individual 'tariff lines', tariff rates could reach up to 100%.
We develop a modelling framework for the assessment of such tariff policies that include high levels of variation at the commodity level, since standard CGE approaches are deemed too coarse/aggregate to address these accurately. We combine the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) with a sub-sector partial equilibrium model to create "GTAP-HS". First, we construct a database with the GTAP VFN sector disaggregated into 79 commodities with explicit estimates of output and domestic absorption at the disaggregate commodity level or "HS" level. Second, we also capture the heterogeneity in substitution possibilities among different import supplies at the HS level.
Applying this approach to the trade frictions, we find that the additional data structures and substitution possibilities at the tariff line level makes the GTAP-HS framework more flexible than the standard model. GTAP-HS reports lower reduction in U.S. VFN exports than the standard GTAP, and the magnitude of these differences depends critically on the specification of trade elasticities. If only tariffs on U.S. VFN exports are considered, U.S. VFN exports fall by 6.8% under the standard GTAP model, by 4.0% under the GTAP-HS with trade elasticities adopted from the standard GTAP, and by 5.0% under GTAP-HS with heterogenous trade elasticities at the HS6 level.


This paper discusses the influence of reverse rotating field on the vibration of separated phase induction motor. The sequence circuit model of the separated phase induction motor will be established. In the separated phase induction motor, the series capacitor of auxiliary winding is used to reduce the reverse rotating field. The torsional vibration problem will be solved following the reverse rotating field is eliminated. This paper uses the practical measurement to prove the theory


The objective of this study is to explain how informal control mechanism stimulates innovation. A survey data of 106 outlets of franchise networks located in France, using Partial least squares (PLS) method, indicates that informal control mechanism is positively related to innovation (in term of administrative innovation, process innovation and product innovation) and a part of this positive relationship can be explained by the mediating effect of knowledge diffusion. This result has a major contribution in understanding the complex relationship between control system and innovation.


Majority clustering skill must presume some cluster relationship relating to the data thing. Similarity among some items is usually defined sometimes clearly or even absolutely. With this paper, we introduce some sort of novel numerous reference centered similarity gauge and two related clustering approaches. Using several reference details, more useful assessment of similarity could possibly be achieved. Theoretical investigation is conducted to guide this maintain. Two qualification functions with regard to document clustering are proposed determined by this fresh measure. We examine them along with several well-known clustering algorithms which use other popular similarity measures in various doc collections in order to verify the advantages of our proposal.


Our understanding of the mechanisms of action of GH and its receptor, the GHR, has advanced significantly in the last decade and has provided some important surprises. It is now clear that the GH-GHR axis activates a number of inter-related signalling pathways, not all of which are dependent on the intracellular tyrosine kinase, JAK2 as originally postulated. JAK2-independent pathways, mediated via the Src family kinases, together with a number of negative regulators of GH signalling and emerging cross-talk mechanisms with other growth factor receptors, provide a complex array of mechanisms that are capable of fine-tuning responses to GH in a cell context dependent manner. Additionally, it is also now clear that GH and the GHR can translocate to the nucleus of target cells and initiate, as yet not well defined, nuclear responses. Continued emphasis on elucidation of these complex mechanisms is critical to provide further insights into the diverse physiological and pathophysiological effects of GH.


Sn-Cu films were prepared by electrodeposition.The effect of the concentrations of main salts,the process conditions and additives on the morphologies of Sn-Cu films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS),and the effect of various conditions on electrodeposition of Sn-Cu was investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV).The results indicate that the increase of main salts concentrations promotes Sn-Cu reduction deposition.The addition of additives holds metal ions in chelation,restricts the concentration of free metal ions and the deposition potential of Sn-Cu turns to negative direction.The concentration of Sn2+ has influence mainly on the grain size,while the concentration of Cu2+ has influence mainly on the planeness of the deposits.The increase of the current density,or the decrease of the bath temperature or the addition of additives can accelerate the growth of fine grains in the deposits.


Federal hydropower projects as well as private power utility systems have had a devastating impact upon anadromous fish resources that once flourished in the Columbia River and it's tributaries. Several areas were completely blocked to anadromous fish by dams, causing the native people who's number one food resource was salmon to rely entirely upon resident fish to replace lost fisheries resources. The Colville Tribal Fish Hatchery is an artificial production program to partially mitigate for anadromous fish losses in the ''Blocked Area'' above Chief Joseph and Grand Coulee Dams pursuant to Resident Fish Substitution Policy of the Northwest Power Planning Councils Fish and Wildlife Program. The hatchery was accepted into the Council's Fish and Wildlife Program in 1984 as a resident fish substitution measure and the hatchery was completed in 1990. The minimum production quota for this facility is 22,679 kg (50,000 lbs.) of trout. To achieve this quota the Colville Tribal Hatchery was scheduled to produce 174,000 fingerling rainbow trout (5 grams/fish), 330,000 sub-yearling rainbow trout (15 grams/fish), 80,000 legal size rainbow trout (90 grams/fish), 196,000 fingerling brook trout (5 grams/fish), 330,000 subyearling brook trout (15 grams/fish) and 60,000 lahontan cutthroat trout (15 grams/fish) in 2001. All fish producedmore » are released into reservation waters, including boundary waters in an effort to provide a successful subsistence /recreational fishery for Colville Tribal members as well as a successful non-member sport fishery. The majority of the fish distributed from the facility are intended to provide a ''carry-over'' fishery. Fish produced at the facility are intended to be capable of contributing to the natural production component of the reservation fish populations. Contribution to the natural production component will be achieved by producing and releasing fish of sufficient quality and quantity for fish to survive to spawning maturity, to spawn naturally in existing and future available habitat (i.e. natural supplementation), while meeting other program objectives. In addition to the hatchery specific goals detailed above, hatchery personnel will actively participate in the Northwest Power Planning Council program, participate in the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Resident Fish Committee, and other associated committees and Ad Hoc groups that may be formed to address resident fish issues in the blocked area above Chief Joseph and Grand Coulee Dams.« less


Differences between the crystal lattice structures of the initial and irradiated homopolymers, polymer blends, and graft systems were studied by the method of X-ray diffraction in combination with heat treatment. It is demonstrated that structural defects (cross-links and microbreaks in the chain molecules) are localized and aligned in certain crystallographic directions, despite an apparently random character of the defect formation.


Every decade or so, industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists interested in performance management question fundamental issues in this domain (Banks & Murphy, 1985; Feldman, 1981; Ilgen, Barnes-Farrell, & McKellin, 1993; Landy & Farr, 1980). Pulakos and O'Leary (2011) are continuing this interesting tradition by arguing that bringing the focus on the relationship between the manager and the employee will mend performance management. We concur with the broad assessment that an excessive focus on technical improvements in performance management systems is misplaced and that implementation issues plague performance management. But we believe that poor implementation is an operational challenge not because of the practice itself but rather on account of misalignment—misalignment with (a) the overall organizational strategy and (b) other human resource (HR) practices. Discussions of strategy are often neglected in the adoption and implementation of various HR practices, and performance management is a particular culprit. In highlighting that the adoption of performance management practices fails to consider their fit with organizational culture, Pulakos and O'Leary also allude to


Technology has been used for many years to enhance the quality of language learning and instruction. However, the introduction of technology into many contexts for language acquisition was hastened by the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Education professionals encountered a variety of new issues as a result of the abrupt change to online learning (Ghanbari and Nowroozi,2021). This study investigated students' opinions of an English online assessment in terms of affective, cognitive, and behavioral factors. It aims to gauge students' perspectives of the English online assessment currently employed at their institution and to find out their difficulties when taking online exams so that practical solutions can be recommended to the institution. The study recruited 110 students who have been attending General English courses at a public university in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The participants responded to a questionnaire including 28 items asking mainly about the advantages and disadvantages of the English online assessment that they experienced in their last course. The results revealed that most of the students had positive attitudes toward the online assessment mode although they also experienced several shortcomings when taking the English online exams.


Building dihedral U wing Albatross glider, having 56 % horizontal part of the wingspan and dihedral Uoptimum Climber glider, having 30 % horizontal part of the wingspan, it was noticed, the Climber is better. It has a slight increase of lift and speed, better cruise stability, safety determalization, never broke at the dihedral start, never fallen on a wing and climb on the air (after 50 test flights).


AIM:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of combined pegylated interferon and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C(HCV)in patients with sickle cell anemia(SCA). METHODS:Fifty-two patients with SCA and HCV were treated over a period of 7 years from June 2002 to July 2009.Their medical records were reviewed for:age at treatment,sex,body mass index,Hb level at the start of therapy and on follow-up,hemoglobin electrophoresis,liver function tests,G6PD level,LDH, bilirubin,HCV-RNA viral load,HCV genotype,liver biopsy,duration of treatment,and side effects.All were treated with pegylated interferon and a standard dose of ribavirin.The treatment was continued for 24 wk for those with genotype 2 and 3 and for 48 wk for those with genotype 1 and 4. RESULTS:Fifty-two patients(30 females and 22 males) were treated.Their mean age was 29.5 years(range 15-54 years).HCV genotype was determined in 48 and 15 had liver biopsy.Their mean pre-treatment HCV-RNA viral load was 986330 IU/mL(range 12762-3329282 IU/mL).The liver biopsy showed gradeⅠin 6 and gradeⅡin 9 and stageⅠin 13 and stageⅡin 2.Only 8 were receiving hydroxyurea at the time of treatment.All tolerated the treatment well and none experienced a decrease in their Hb which required blood transfusion pre,during or after therapy.There were no hematological side effects attributable to ribavirin at the usual recommended dose.Thirty-seven(71.2%)achieved SVR at 6 mo after the end of treatment.The remaining 15 were non-responders.Two of them showed an ETR but had a relapse.The remaining 13 had a relatively significant HCV-RNA viral load with a mean HCV-RNA viral load of 1829741.2 IU/mL(900000-3329282 IU/mL) and eight of them had HCV genotype 1,four had HCV genotype 4,and one had HCV genotype 5. CONCLUSION:Patients with SCA and HCV can be treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin at the usual recommended dose.This is even so in those who are not receiving hydroxyurea.The treatment is safe and effective and the response rate is comparable to those withou


performed successfully and safely, lobectomy or segmental resection are the operations usually recommended (Sabiston and Wolfe, 1976). Bosher et al (1959) in their survey of 350 cases showed that 89 out of 110 cases (where suitable data were available) were superficial enough to allow excision without pulmonary resection. In our two cases local resection of the lesions including the feeding vessels without damaging functional lung tissue was easily and safely carried out.