DOI: 10.1556/JPC.26.2013.2.0 107 0933-4173/$ 20.00 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest This year we arrived at an anniversary in the life of Ernõ Tyihák, retired former scientific adviser at Plant Protection Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Budapest, Hungary), the main inventor of the overpressured layer chromatography (OPLC), the father of the formaldehyde cycle, the BioArena, and the double as well as the quadruple immune response. We celebrate his 80th birthday.


Promoting urban-rural integration,adjusting rural public goods supply system,achieving the equalization of public services is the fundamental link of resolving the gap between urban and rural areas,guaranteeing farmers equal national rights,improving the basic capabilities,promoting the harmonious development of society. Literature about urban and rural integration,rural public goods supply and demand mechanism was studied,econometric analysis was conducted on the relevant literature,the present situation of research and the direction of further study was discussed.


Preface. List of figures. List of tables. General preface to the Geological Conservation Review Series. Preface to the Caledonian structures. Caledonian structures. Introduction. The Caledonian Orogenic Belt. The British Caledonides. Scottish Highlands. Midland Valley. Southern Uplands. Lake District. Wales. Southern Uplands. Introduction - a structural perspective. Siccar Point - J E Treagus John's Road and Agate Point - J E Treagus Barlocco - J E Treagus Cruggleton Bay North - J E Treagus Isle of Whithorn Bay - J E Treagus West Burrow Head - J E Treagus Back Bay, Monreith - J E Treagus Grennan Bay - J E Treagus Lake District. Introduction. Background geology: a structural perspective. Buttermere village - F Moseley Hassness and Goat Crags - B C Webb Gasgale Crags and Whiteside - A H Cooper River Caldew - D E Roberts Raven Crags Mungrisdale - D E Roberts Warnsdale Bottom, Buttermere - F Moseley Hollows Farm - F Moseley Limestone Haws to High Pike Haw, Coniston - F Moseley Shap Fell - F Moseley Jeffrey's Mount - F Mosely Helwith Bridge - J E Treagus Jumb Quarry - A Bell Wales. Introduction. A structural perspective. Alexandra Quarry - R Scott Trum y Ddysgl - R Scott Cwm Idwal - W Fitches Capel Curig - R Scott Tan y Grisiau - R Scott Ogof Gynfor - D Bates Rhosneigr - R Scott Cwm Rheidol - W Fitches Allt Wen - W Fitches North Clarach - W Fitches Cormorant Rock - W Fitches Ponterwyd Quarry - W Fitches Traeth Penbryn - W Fitches Ca'er-hafod Quarry, Llangollen - R Nicholson Lligwy Bay - R Scott Carmel Head - D Bates Llanelwedd Quarry - N Woodcock Dolyhir Quarries, Old Radnor - N Woodcock References. Index


An indisputable characteristic of the development of the social sciences over the past two decades has been the growing federal involvement in many aspects of research and application. Whether we measure by the proportion of federal funding for basic and applied research, or by regulation of the research enterprise, or by development of substantive social programs, the, federal government has emerged as a (if not the) major patron of social science in the United States. In response, social scientists have begun to take an active interest in federal decision-making, and many new opportunities are emerging for social science input into the policy-making process.


Aims/Hypothesis: Beta-cell failure plays a fundamental role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. It has been shown that the beta-cells are among the most sensitive to hypoxia. We aimed to analyze whether decrease in pancreatic perfusion relates to 1/decline in beta-cell function and 2/visceral fat accumulation in patients with T2DM. Methods: Fifteen women with T2DM on metformin therapy alone and fifteen women of comparable age and BMI without prediabetes/diabetes were cross-sectionally examined: clinical and anthropometric examination, fast sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT), dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to assess pancreatic perfusion (area under the curve of postcontrast saturation, AUCTSIC), and visceral adiposity (VAT, calculated from transverse sections at the level L2–L5 vertebrae). Results: Pancreatic blood perfusion (AUCTSIC) did not differ between groups (p = 0.273), but it negatively correlated with BMI (r = −0.434, p = 0.017), WHR (r = −0.411, p = 0.024), and VAT (r = −0.436, p = 0.016) in both groups. Moreover, AUCTSIC in the head of the pancreas negatively correlated with the level of fasting glycemia (r = −0.401, p = 0.028) and HOMA-IR (r = −0.376, p = 0.041). Discussion/Conclusion: We showed that decreased pancreatic perfusion did not relate to beta-cell dysfunction in early stages of T2DM development, but it was related to VAT, insulin resistance, and higher fasting glycemia. Furthermore, lower pancreatic perfusion was related to VAT, insulin resistance, and higher fasting glycemia.


The mismatch between dynamic ranges of intensities in non-uniformly illuminated videophone scenes and of intensities reproducible at display devices is addressed. Displayed portrait images with no details visible in some facial regions result from this mismatch and lead in turn to a reduced impression of telepresence. A novel image processing approach for dynamic range compression of video phone portrait images is presented in this paper. Unlike conventional methods, it provides compressed images with a most natural appearance. The basic idea is to simulate a more uniform scene illumination in the video signals of videophone portrait images. This requires a determination of the scene's reflectance function. An extension of the classical lightness approach of Land and McCann to curved surfaces is proposed for this task.


This article begins with the brief introduction to specialities on fault of hydraulic systems,then the history and general situation of intelligent technique on fault diagnosis in hydraulic systems are introduced. Last the development trend in this technique is predicted.


Spatial fragmentation is the current status of historic districts in China, and also the real situation of south historical district, Nanjing. This paper proposes Embedding " renaissance philosophy, reconstruct industrial and revival cultural from space form, transportation organizations, industry types and cultural activities, in order to achieve the convergence of urban culture and industry. Integration of urban spaces and activities becomes a response which meeting modern urban development and cultural continuity, maintaining economic vitality and popularity, and obtaining a win-win situation in development and protection.


PVA/PVP blend embedded with different ratios of nano Cu0.9Mn0.1S (Cu/MnS) was prepared with thermolysis and casting techniques. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed the formation of nano Cu/MnS as a single hexagonal phase with an average crystallite size 11 nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed nearly homogenous particles morphology. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy technique was applied to characterize the Cu/MnS doped PVA/PVP matrix. UV measurements were utilized to investigate the optical properties in detail. Upon doping with Cu/MnS, the bandgap of PVA/PVP was significantly decreasing with the amount of doping; which enabling tailoring the band gap depending on the doping content. The analysis showed that the main possible transitions in pure PVA/PVP blend are indirect allowed and direct forbidden. On the other hand, for the doped blend samples, the direct allowed is the main possible transition. Moreover, the refractive index and the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant increased upon increasing the Cu/MnS amount doped.


I would like to thank everyone who has helped to put together this divisional program. I gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the reviewers who have done a wonderful job in evaluating and selecting manuscripts for publication. The reviewers listed below took up the great challenge of providing excellent reviews within a very tight schedule. The comments they made will no doubt help the authors in the pursuit of their research. I would also like to thank the authors for submitting innovative, diverse, and high quality manuscripts. J'aimerais remercier tous les personnes qui m'ont aidé dans l'élaboration du programme de la section. Comme les années précédentes, les évaluateurs ont fait un excellent travail de sélection. Les évaluateurs de communication, cités plus bas, ont relevé le défi important de fournir d'excellentes évaluations en un horaire très serré. Les commentaires qu'ils ont faits vont sans doute aider les auteurs dans la poursuite de leur recherche. J'aimerais aussi remercier les auteurs pour la qualité, la variété et l'originalité de leurs manuscrits. Several firms have devised business models and strategies to use open source gainfully. However, despite the increasing popularity and success of several community and business backed initiatives for the development of OSS (such as Linux, Apache, Mozilla Firefox), there is very little academic literature which provides clarity and guidance on how firms can develop business models with OSS. This paper contributes to the existing knowledge by critically analyzing the various open source business models proposed by the researchers. We draw upon the existing literature to build a set of business models which encompass the current trends in this field. The models presented are supported with complimentary cases of organizations that have used them successfully.


In the era of intelligent applications, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is emerging as a promising technology that provides abundant resources for mobile devices. However, establishing a direct connection to the MEC server is not always feasible for certain devices. This paper introduces a novel Device-to-Device (D2D)-assisted system to address this challenge. The system leverages idle helper devices to execute and offload tasks to the MEC server, thereby enhancing resource utilization and reducing offload time. To further minimize offloading time for latency-sensitive tasks, this paper incorporates edge caching. The problem is formulated by jointly optimizing computation, communication and caching, and a novel Joint Multiple Decision Optimization Algorithm (JMDOA) is proposed to solve the minimum-energy-consumption problem. Specifically, the JMDOA algorithm decomposes the integer-mixed non-convex optimization problem into two subproblems based on distinct properties of discrete variables. These subproblems are solved separately and optimized iteratively, ensuring convergence to a suboptimal solution. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of JMDOA, exhibiting lower energy consumption and reduced time compared to other baseline algorithms, approaching the optimum. This work contributes to the field by presenting a novel approach to optimizing resource allocation in MEC systems, with potential implications for the future development of intelligent applications.


Abstract The authors previously investigated, using samples produced in the 1956–1957 period, the radioactive contamination of soils and crops caused by A- and H-bomb tests (1), and clarified that, when the quantity of calcium is taken as the standard, the degree of Sr-90 contamination is unusually high in the grains of rice and wheat (see Note below). With regard to the routes of Sr-90 contamillation into plants, we can assume two ways : one is the uptake via roots from soil (2), and the other is the direct sticking of radioactive fallout to the visible parts of plants and resultant direct absorption. The question of which of these two routes plays a key role, depends the kinds of plants, portions in plants, and the property of radioactive fallout. Qualitatively, the contamination route via root plays a greater role in the case of calcium rich plants, and the reverse is the case with such farm products as the grains of rice and wheat, which contain extremely low amount of calcium.


A poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) grafted bentonite (Bent) was prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP), followed by modification with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) through a ring-opening reaction of the epoxy groups in PGMA to form polyamine grafted bentonite (Bent–PGMA–TEPA). The as-prepared novel material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The ability of Bent–PGMA–TEPA to adsorb Orange I (OI), a negatively charged dye, was tested. The effects of pH, initial concentration, contact time and temperature were investigated. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics fitted well with the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model respectively.


Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome(HIES) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by severe recurrent soft-tissue infections, pneumonias, pruritic dermatitis and markedly elevated serum IgE levels. Pneumatocele and empyema develop as result of recurrent pneumonias. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, with variable expressivity. We experienced the case of a 10 month old girl with hyper IgE syndrome. Patient was admitted for local ulceration and muscle soreness at the site of BCG inoculation. The diagnosis of hyper IgE syndrome was made because she had a coarse facial appearance, pruritic dermatitis, pneumatocele and markedly elevated serum IgE level with a past history of frequent skin abscess and pneumonia .


The accessibility of the port collection and distribution system is an important factor affecting the scope of the port hinterland. Based on the BPR function, this paper proposes economic, time and environmental cost factors applicable to multiple transportation modes, and constructs an accessibility measurement model based on the generalized cost impedance function. Finally, we take the Douala port as an example to verify the model, the results shown that the accessibility of each logistics node is reduced by 73.66% on average after the environmental cost factor is added, and different nodes show different degrees of decline, meanwhile the advantages of waterway and railway transportation in environmental cost factors and logistics cost factors are more prominent. In summary, the accessibility measurement model based on the generalized cost impedance can more comprehensively reflect the accessibility characteristics of the port collection and distribution system.


Marley, C. L., Fychan, A. R., Jones, R. (2006). Yield, persistency and chemical composition of Lotus species and varieties (birdsfoot trefoil and greater birdsfoot trefoil) when harvested for silage in the UK. Grass and Forage Science, 61 (2), 134-145. Sponsorship: DEFRA / BBSRC


Abstract. The levels of estrogen receptors (ERs), progesterone receptors (PRs), androgen receptors (ARs) and prolactin (PRL) in the stromal cells were determined during the secretory phase of the endometrium. The total levels of cellular ER during the early and mid‐secretory phases and those in cellular PR during the mid‐secretory phase were significantly higher than those during the late secretory phase. No changes were seen in stromal AR level during these phases. The total ER levels was always significantly higher than those of other receptors in any phase of endometrium. The total AR level was significantly higher than the PR level in any phase of endometrium except that in late secretory phase. Cytosol PRL levels were low in 42% of the subjects in whom PRL was detected. The cytosol PRL level in these subjects was inversely correlated only to cellular ER levels.


In this paper, we establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the trivial soultion of generalized Linard systems to be globally asymptoically stable, the main results of are extented.\=


..................................................................................................................... I I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................ IV TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................ VII LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ IX INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 OBJECTIVE........................................................................................................................ 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................................................................... 3 CURRENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES................................................................................ 3 DAIRY SIMULATIONS ........................................................................................................ 3 SIMULATION BY CONGLETON............................................................................................ 3 SIMULATION BY O'CONNER AND OLTENACU ..................................................................... 6 MILK PRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 9 LACTATION CURVES....................................................................................................... 10 DAYS OPEN.................................................................................................................... 13 CULLING ......................................................................................................................... 14 DRY PERIOD................................................................................................................... 17 HEALTH DISORDERS....................................................................................................... 18 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................. 20 MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................................................... 21 SIMULATION ................................................................................................................... 21 SIMULATION SOFTWARE................................................................................................. 21 GENERATING RANDOM VARIATION ................................................................................. 24 BASE VALUE................................................................................................................... 25 REPRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 26 LACTATION CYCLE ......................................................................................................... 28 TRIALS............................................................................................................................ 28 GENERATING THE INITIAL HERD...................................................................................... 29 PERCENT DRY................................................................................................................. 30 MILK PRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 32 VISUAL BASIC AND MACROS........................................................................................... 35 BALANCING THE SIMULATION ......................................................................................... 43 COUNTS.......................................................................................................................... 44 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 50


The condition to match the pumped-volume's width with the laser mode-volume's waist in a diode four side pumped solid-state laser is analyzed by numeric solutions of the approximation equation. As a result, the dependences of pumped volume's width on pumping diode parameter and laser mode volume's waist on cavity parameter were found. Such a matching condition was simultaneously determined by cavity, pumping beam and laser rod parameters.


карди-Abstract In this article, the author refers to the concept of «entrepreneurial university» and above all, the features of its emergence, development and existence in the Ukrainian educational system. Attention is focused on the predictors of appearance of entrepreneurial universities, their main characteristics, challenges and require-ments. Selecting prerequisites for transforming the entrepreneurial university, the author notes that there is a need to develop the «entrepreneurial spirit» in educational institutions and encourage students and teachers to create a research environment that will be the center of research, development centers, research laborato- ries, and available teaching positions, such as researcher, lecturer-counsellor, lecturer-expert. Developing infrastructure in the universities, which in particular implies the creation of business incubators, business laboratories, centers for entepreneurship students, organizations of commercial and non-commercial type, which can include both the general structure of the University, and be alone, we need to create conditions for innovation and development. In this article the theoretical and methodological analysis of the phenomenon of the emergence and development of the entrepreneurial university from the sociological point of view is made. Indeed, in the sociological literature is not fully disclosed the phenomena of entrepreneurship, the importance of entrepreneurial universities for the development of the educational system, their extraordinary role in in- novation, corporate culture and social transformation as a process in general.


This research is a development research towards Deli Serdang legend invetarisation. The researcher analyzes two stories " Sampuren Putih dan Gua Kemang (the white waterfall and Kemang Cave). This, theoritical concept used in this research is focusing on Claude Levi Strauss theory to discurs how Sampuren Putih and Gua Kemang Structures. Gua Kemang located Uruk rambutan known as Sembahe. Toward the story of Gua Kemang and Sampuren Putih are known the belief legend and supranatural legend, as the effect of Karonese who lived hear the locative are still believe on Supranatural things.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce Frederick W. Taylor's lecture on his "task" system of management, given at his home in "Boxley" in 1907.Design/methodology/approach – The paper summarizes the lecture's contents, and details its background.Findings – The paper emphasizes the critical importance of primary sources to the work of management scholars, not just management history.Originality/value – The paper provides further evidence of the import that needs to be attached to sound historical method as a basis for scholarship in management in general, and management history, in particular.


Abstract The present status of state and federal laws and regulations requiring the labeling of dangerous materials used in industry and shipped in commerce are summarized. The development of recommendations and models for labeling of chemicals has been undertaken by some non-governmental groups, however use of their materials is voluntary. The need for uniformity in labeling and compliance is pointed out.


The present invention relates to the field of biotechnology, more particularly, to a mutant polypeptide of the TGFβ molecules of the primary sequences with high sequence homology with the human TGFβ. These mutant protein maintains the ability to lose their ability to interact with ALK5 part but interact with other receptor (TβRII and TβRIII) of the receptor complex. These may have a significant immunomodulatory properties and effects which antagonize the signaling of all natural variants of TGFβ ligands as employed in the ALK5 receptor complex. The present invention relates to the use thereof in consideration of those of the immune system in the control effect such as pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polypeptide or fusion protein, which is disclosed as an active component and a cancer, a disease accompanied by fibrosis and chronic infections diseases.


Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the common cause of musculoskeletal disability and pain. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease characterized by a loss of articular cartilage and changes of the subchondral bone. Lower levels of vitamin D were associated with greater knee pain, poor quadriceps function with poor physical function. Several studies have documented that vitamin D supplementation increases muscle strength, improve physical performance, and decreases risk of falls among older people with low level of serum vitamin D. Materials &Methods: This present study was conducted at the outpatient clinic of the Department of Orthopedics at Maheswara Medical College & Hospital, Sangareddy during a February–December 2017 study period.The inclusion criteria were that the participants had symptomatic knee OA and low vitamin D status (25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL). Results: Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 22 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Comparisonof baseline vs. post-vitamin Dsupplementation data was performed by paired t-test. One-way repeated-measurement ANOVA was used to test the time differences in muscle strength and physical performance. A p-value less than 0.05 for differences and the values were considered to be statistically significant. Dominant grip strength (p = 0.01) and overall physical performance, such as gait speed (p < 0.001), TUGT (p < 0.001), STS (p < 0.001), and 6MWT (p < 0.001), significantly improved after vitamin. Conclusion: Nevertheless, vitamin D supplementation is a safe and inexpensive way to improve muscle strength and physical function in this population. Based on these findings, we recommend vitamin D supplementation in knee OA patients that have poor physical function.


Covid-19 catastrophe has not spared any market across the world due to widespread disruptions in its supply chain operations. In today's world, however, stock markets serve as a catalyst for a country's economic and financial development. But, with the development of Covid-19 infection and widespread lockdown in the majority of countries, its stock market has plummeted even further into the depths. Therefore, to determine whether the Covid-19 outbreak has impacted the expected return of Nifty Pharma and stock return of 3 leading pharmaceutical companies Cipla, Dr. Reddy's, and Sun Pharma in the before-Covid-19 period (1 Jan 2019 to 20 Mar 2020) and the after-Covid-19 period (23 Mar 2020 to 20 Mar 2021) this study is being carried out. The study aims to uncertain whether there exists a meaningful link between the S&P CNX Nifty index's forecasted market return and the expected security return of Nifty Pharma before and after Covid-19. To evaluate the relevant hypotheses, descriptive statistics event study technique, non-parametric testing, particularly the Wilcoxon Signed test, and regression analysis were used. It was discovered that the expected returns of Nifty Pharma and the expected security returns of Cipla, Dr. Reddy's, and Sun Pharma did not vary significantly before and throughout the Covid-19 epidemic period. However, for both before and throughout the Covid-19 era, there was a link between the predicted market return of the S&P CNX Nifty index and the security return of Nifty Pharma, implying that the benchmark index S&P CNX Nifty was influenced by Nifty Pharma's performance.


The purpose of this study is to estimate the determinant factors of trade balance by using econometrics methods and to induce policy implication. In order to test whether time series data is stationary and the model is fitness or not, we put in operation unit root test, cointegration test and history simulation and ex-post forecasting. And we apply impulse response functions and variance decomposition to the structural model by using error correction model to estimate dynamic short run behavior of variables. The major empirical results of the study are as follows: The effect of domestic business on trade balance is negative and the effect of world business, exchange rate and terms of trade on trade balance is positive and elastic. The speed of adjustment of trade balance after 1998 is more speedy than the speed of adjustment before 1998. This study applies impulse response function and variance decompositions to get additional information regarding the trade balance to shocks in domestic business, world business, exchange rate and terms of trade factors. The results indicate that the effect of exchange rate and domestic business on variance of trade balance is large, the effect of world business is small in short run but become larger with time. Especially, the effect of exchange rate on variance of trade balance is the largest. We can infer policy suggestion as follows; 1) the improvement of structure of export that induce import 2) the establishment of policy for stable increasement of export 3) stable control of exchange rate 4) high-value added export commodities


The healthy development of science and technology is well connected with the social station and the idea of social development.The harmonious society,which is an social idea and a social station that we are after,which provides the basic principle and reasonable application of theory of social development provides the condition for the display of the multi-funcition of science and technology,the harmony of social realation provides the meanings of humanity for science and technology.The harmonious views between human beings and nature guides the development and application of science and technology.


The invention discloses a rapid sighting device and method for a waveguide antenna. The device comprises a sighting base, an angle indication unit and a sighting point indication unit. The sighting base is of an inverted-T-shaped structure and comprises a base and a mounting shaft connected with the base vertically. The upper surface of the base is a plane, a snapping groove is formed in the lower surface of the base, and the snapping groove is in fit connection with the waveguide antenna. The angle indication unit is fixed on the upper surface of the base, and the sighting point indication unit comprises a laser indicator and an optical sighting telescope. The laser indicator is arranged at the upper end of the mounting shaft, the optical sighting telescope is arranged above the laser indicator, an optical axis adjusting unit is arranged on the laser indicator, and an optical axis adjusting unit is arranged on the optical axis adjusting unit. By means of the device and the method, rapid sighting of visual sighting points at different distances can be achieved on the premise that the waveguide antenna sighting accuracy in microwave radiation field measurement is guaranteed, and convenience of sighting of the waveguide antenna in microwave radiation field measurement can be improved.


Peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) dwarfed by phony disease responded to 2 summer applications of 264 ppm gibberellic acid (GA) by breaking the disease-induced rest period and resuming nearly normal twig growth. No twig growth was produced on untreated trees and no significant growth occurred on phony trees treated with combinations of cytokinins, sodium isoascorbate, calcium nitrate, urea, or citric acid.


Let (T, T, μ) be a σ-finite measure space and X a Suslin space. Let A be a class of normal integrands on T × X. We discuss the existence of an essential supremum of A, namely, a normal integrand l with where A0 is a countable subclass of A, and, for each α ∈ A, In this way we obtain an extension of the classical essential supremum concept. The applications include a result on measurable selectors of nonmeasurable multifunctions.


Richard Easterlins relative income hypothesis has the ability to predict turning points in period fertility because it involves a lag between taste formation in parental households and the operation of current income constraints on consumption preferences for children. Micro data from the U.S. 1970 National Fertility Study are used to examine the behavioral components of Easterlins hypothesis. Based on a cross-sectional multiple regression analysis for once-married currently-married wives of once-married husbands who reported whether they felt financially better or worse off at the time of marriage than their parents when respondents were adolescents no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that relative economic status influences fertility. This finding conflicts with evidence from studies of highly aggregated time-series data. Although circumstantial evidence suggests that there is reason to be confident about the validity of the survey measures of relative economic status there is the possibility that these measures are invalid. Appropriate longitudinal data are required before confidence in micro-levels tests of the Easterlin hypothesis is appropriate. The conflict between these findings and other findings might be explained in part by the fact in this study relative economic status effects on age at marriage is ignored. Nevertheless assuming the validity of the variables this paper demonstrates that relative economic status had little effect on the early marital fertility of women under age 45 in 1970.


The aim of this thesis is to design a web base system which provides functionality of comparison between two java files on the basis of point-to information (P2I). User will upload Java files and ...


The construction industry is one of the principle industries of the national economy.And for building the socialism market economy and developing the national economy,it is very important to keep it developing well.But,for a long time,the safety in the process of the constructing has puzzled the people who are engaged in the construction industry and the scholars as a problem.Especially,with the rapid development of national economy,the construction industry has gained amazingly quick development.In recent year,many accidents have happened in the constructing,and the number of the accidents in one year takes on an ascending trend.The state always pays much attention on the management of the safety,and takes many measures to prevent the happening of the accidents.However,the measures can't work efficiently.So we must study the safety management system from a new perspective.In this paper the early-warning theory of construction management,the theoretical knowledge,modern system theory were applied,and the subject on construction safety early-warning mechanism was studied based on construction safety,and then timely measures were taken to further improve the creation of a construction site safety early-warning system.


Wirelength is the most fundamental objective in placement because it also affects various placement metrics (routability, timing, etc.). Half-perimeter wirelength (HPWL) is a pervasive metric for circuit placement. However, preplaced blocks (i.e., blockages) might misguide an HPWL-based placer to generate a placement solution that incurs significant routing detours. Consequently, it is desirable to develop an effective method to resolve the HPWL-rooted routing detour problem for placement optimization. This paper presents an efficient, generic, yet effective terminal propagation algorithm as a pre-placement process which can readily be integrated into a traditional placement flow to improve wirelength (and routability). Our algorithm identifies a region for each preplaced terminal according to its connectivity, and applies a minimum-cost maximum flow algorithm to propagate all preplaced terminals to their feasible propagation locations with the minimum total propagation length. Experimental results show that our flow with terminal propagation can reduce both global routed wirelength and routing congestion by 4% on average, compared with one without terminal propagation. In particular, our work also provides a long unnoticed insight into placement optimization with blockages, which can be addressed with an efficient, generic, yet effective scheme.


Executive Summary For an industry hampered by the weak global economy, 2012 was a good one for the global travel and hospitality (T&H) industry, as a recordbreaking one billion tourists traveled outside their home countries. Domestically, the U.S. T&H industry is experiencing a genuine revival. Real spending on tourism has increased in the past two years, and U.S. citizens are expected to travel more frequently this year than last, indicating a return to "travel as usual" in both the business and leisure segments.


The category of interdiscourse is examined in the article. Special attention is paid to the means of explicit and implicit information transfer in polycode texts, interrelation of different types of information encoded in polycode texts to reach maximum impact on the recipient. As a means of presentation of information there is considered media discourse and polycode texts that are the content of this discourse.


Systematic ion substitution has been performed on the Co site in the rock-salt (RS)-type [Ca2CoO3] subsystem of misfit-layered cobalt oxide [Ca2(Co1-xAx)O3-delta] 0.62CoO2 (A = Nb, Ru, Ta, Pb, W, La and Zr). The oxygen deficiency delta and the decomposition temperature Td of the substituted samples have been determined by means of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Upon heating, the oxygen atoms are gradually released from the RS-type subsystem up to delta~0.10. A small amount (x = 0.10) of the substitution remarkably increases Td  from 1173 K (x = 0) up to 1246 K (A = Nb). The Pb-substituted samples show substantial decrease in electrical resistivity p from 19.2 mOmegacm to 13.8 mOmegacm (x = 0.10) at 950 K. The highest thermoelectric power, S2p-1 = 2.1times10-4  WK-2 m-1 , is realized for the Pb-substituted sample with x = 0.10 at 950 K


In the conclusion to my presidential address to the International Studies Association in 2006, I suggested that all of us International Relations (IR) scholars bear the responsibility for being cri...


Student Evaluation of Teaching(SET),as an important part and a crucial link of teaching quality management system in higher education institutes,has some phenomena of information asymmetry during its working,which can cause some converse choice and moral risk behaviors in students' studying and teachers' teaching.These behaviors,to some extent,are also caused by the SET working unscientifically at present.Based on the analyses of the information asymmetry theory,some measures should be taken to consummate the SET system,including distributing teaching information symmetrically among the administrators,teachers and students,and simultaneously making the SET system come back into the essence of serving students and realizing student interests.


African American women overwhelmingly experience the poorest outcomes resulting from intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. Despite theoretical advancements, there remain a paucity of theories that explicate this marginalized population's comprehensive help-seeking process that includes the domestic violence service provision system and the Black church. We conducted 30 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with women who self-identified as African American. We utilized sensitizing concepts from the Transtheoretical Model of Change and Intersectionality theories, along with Agency framework and employed constructivist grounded theory methodology. Sarah's Help-Seeking Model emerged from the data and includes nine phases: (1) Awareness, (2) Acknowledgment, (3) Assessment, (4) Enough, (5) Enlist, (6) Escalate, (7) Reject, (8) Resolve, and (9) Restoration. This is the first theory that identifies how this vulnerable and underserved population's mental health and social support-seeking process is partially mediated by mistrust of law enforcement, disappointment in linkage to care and services, fear of death, and willingness to survive.


This paper describes the relationship between structures of multicomponent polymer membranes and their permselectivity for organic liquid mixtures in pervaporation. The morphology of microphase separation in the multicomponent polymer membranes containing poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was quite different between block copolymer membranes and graft copolymer ones. The annealing of the block copolymer membranes resulted in dramatic changes in the morphology of their microphase separation, but that of the graft copolymer membranes did not. Their morphology strongly influenced the membrane permselectivity for organic liquid mixtures in pervaporation. This paper also focuses on simple surface modifications of membranes by polymer additives. Surface characteristics of polymer membranes were controlled by adding hydrophilic and hydrophobic copolymer additives. The permselectivity of the surface-modified membranes was improved without lowering their permeability by the simple surface modification. The addition of calixarene to microphase-separated membranes improved the permselectivity for volatile organic compounds in dilute aqueous solutions. Our results suggest a novel concept for designing the structure of multicomponent polymer membranes, that is, a method for controlling the permselectivity of pervaporation membranes.


A simple and efficient solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system utilizing an induction motor drive (IMD) is presented in this paper. This solar PV water pumping system comprises two stages of power conversion. The first stage extracts the maximum power from a solar PV array by controlling the duty ratio of a dc–dc boost converter. The dc bus voltage is maintained by the controlling the motor speed. This regulation helps in the reduction of motor losses by reducing motor currents at higher voltage for the same power injection. To control the duty ratio, an incremental conductance based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control technique is utilized. A scalar-controlled voltage source inverter serves the purpose of operating an IMD. The stator frequency reference of IMD is generated by the proposed control scheme. The proposed system is modeled, and its performance is simulated in detail. The scalar control eliminates the requirement of a speed sensor/encoder. Consequently, the need of motor current sensor is also eliminated. Moreover, the dynamics are improved by an additional speed feedforward term in the control scheme. The proposed control scheme makes the system inherently immune to the variation in the pump constant. The prototype of PV-powered IMD emulating the pump characteristics is developed in the laboratory to examine the performance under different operating conditions.


Ottawa, Ont. For sonle time there has been considerable doubt in iny 11iind as to the correctl~ess of the generally acccpted conceptio~l of this species, based 011 the Monograph of the Sphingidae by Rothschild and Jordan. In this nlonograph the authors (p. r30) are inclined to ascribe seasonal dinlorphis~n to the specics. applying the iiame ' " v a ~ ~ c o ~ t c . c v c ~ ~ s i s " to a form with pale thorax, figured on PI. Sll!, fig. 3, and using , s lbcsce~zs Tepper for the for111 with hlackish thorax (Pl . XIIT. fig. ~j In justice to the authors it should he noted that they had no :ii.aterinl iron1 1-ancouvcr Island. 13. C., before the~i i ; haa this been the case they ~l-ould scarcely have fallen into the above error, as all the speciinei~s I l~av:: ever e~:aniined fro111 British Columbia, (irrespective of date of capture) belol-~g to the iorlli with dark thorax (R. 8; J.'s fig. 4 ) . The original description of Splzirzx va?lcouvereilsis (1873. Proc. Calif. .-lcad. Sci. V, 111) was based on a single specimen taken by Dr. ,Breiilner at Esquimault, Vancouver Island. Correspondence with Mr. F. E. \\-atson r:i the Alnerican Museum of Xatural History elicited the startling fact that thc specinleil 11iai-ked "type" in the Hp. Edwards' Collection as from p i g TI-ees. Calif. This "type" is of course, spurious, and has been the cause of errors of identification to be mentioned shortly. Mr . \\7atsoi~ fortunately \\-as able to discover the true type among-st tlie other nlaterial in tlie collection and has lab-1led it accordingly, after a careful colnparisotl with the original description. it non7 bears the following labels :Vancouver Island; 2404 (Hy. Edwards' original nunlher) ; 7226, Coll. Hp. Edwards, (X.M.N.H. label, old catalogue) ; 24175, (A.N.X.H. new catalogue) ; red label, type. Mr. Watson writes, "This is the true type of Sp1liil.tvalzcoztzl*, crelrsis, the origi~lal type label being placed on S o . 7227 in error. Ihis specilneii is a female (not male as stated) but it agrees exactly with the original description and with the sizes there stated. The two so-called types ( z ~ i d c Beutenmuller, Bull. Am. hlus. S a t . Hist., IV, 170) are much smaller. I would call to y o ~ r attention the submarginal band mentioned in the original description, 'the outer edge of which is deeply dentate.' This exactly describes that band in S o . 7226." ?hi excellent photograph of this type has been furnished me by MI-. \ATatson, ~ \ l ~ i c l ~ proves the species to be, not the one figured by Rothschild and Jordan on PI. XI I I , fig. 4, hut the one recorded by Taylor and Gibson (Can. Ent. 1909, p 423), as f ic~elcgaris Ed\\-. I might note that the type is a very worn specimen, but the size and the presence of a distinct black streak in the cell render identification easy-. 'l'he dentate nature of the outer margin of the pale subterniinal band is accentuated by the fact that the veins are denuded of dark scaling. Whether va?acouverclzsis will fall as a direct synonyi~i of pc;rclegn?zs or whether the name may be used for a racial for111 is a nlatter I cannot settle, as California specimens are lacking in the Canadian National Collectioil; for the present I see no harm .in using the name in a racial sense.


In the present paper, we consider a space-fractional backward diffusion problem, where data is given at and the solution is required in the interval . However, it is an ill-posed problem since the solution does not depend continuously on the data. Here, we give a new iteration regularization method to deal with this problem, and error estimates are obtained for a priori and a posteriori parameter choice rules, respectively. Furthermore, numerical implement shows the proposed method works effectively.


The aim of the study was a survey of health indicators, such as habits and physical activity correlate with the level of fitness, aerobic endurance, the students of the Instituto Federal de Alagoas - IFAL. The sample used here consisted of 83 students IFAL, 42 girls and 41 boys enrolled who attend physical education classes, aged between 14 and 17 years. For data collection, we used: the questionnaire of habitual physical activity (HPAQ) test and the 12 minutes Cooper. The results showed as regards the level of physical activity which, at most, 42% of the assessed present themselves active, while 13% are rated as Very Active Moderately Active 29% and finally 16% are inactive. In relation to aerobic capacity, it was observed that the vast majority are classified as very weak level of aerobic physical activity assessed at 65%, where we also note that 19% is Poor, 10% classified as medium 5 % Good and only 1% as "Very Good" The survey results show that among the students assessed, the fact that they are usually active does not necessarily guarantee that they can be physically fit.


Background— Interstitial collagen plays a crucial structural role in arteries. Although in vitro results suggest collagenase activity for membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinase type 1 (MMP-14), in vivo evidence for such a function in atherosclerosis remains scant. Methods and Results— Because Mmp14−/− mice die by 3 weeks of age, this study used lethally irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells of Mmp14−/− or Mmp14+/+ mice. In both groups, histological analyses of the aortic root revealed similar plaque size and macrophage and smooth muscle cell content after 8 or 16 weeks of atherogenic diet. By 16 weeks, however, the plaques of low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient mice engrafted with Mmp14−/− bone marrow (n=12) contained significantly more interstitial collagen than those receiving Mmp14+/+ bone marrow (n=14; P<0.05). In vitro, bone marrow–derived macrophages from Mmp14−/− mice had significantly less interstitial collagenase activity than those from Mmp14+/+ mice both basally (P<0.01) and on tumor necrosis factor-&agr; stimulation (P<0.05). Western blot analysis and gelatin zymography of aortic extracts revealed that MMP-14 deficiency yielded decreased activation of pro–MMP-13 but not of pro–MMP-2 or pro–MMP-8. Conclusion— MMP-14 from bone marrow–derived cells can influence the collagen content of mouse atheroma, a critical component of plaque stability.


In the course of plastics models,I lead in the teaching philosophy of research- based learning. Under the guide of this kind of teaching model, the students are the subjects in the teaching, and the teacher guide the teaching procedure. In the course of the teaching philosophy of research-based learning,I use different flexible teaching method, so as to get the effective teaching, for teaching is not the end.


In the last decade accidental injuries have occurred in constantly increasing numbers, as a result of our present-day industrial methods and high speed transportation systems. Among the most important injuries are those sustained by the chest and respiratory organs. The thoracic wall is an elastic structure which ordinarily withstands considerable trauma without injury to the underlying organs, yet it is surprising what trivial injuries may give rise to rupture of the lung and spontaneous pneumothorax. In this paper I will consider briefly the pathologic conditions produced by trauma to the chest and indicate the role played by radiology in their detection. These may be briefly considered under the following headings: Injuries to the chest wall: Fractured ribs. Hematoma. Subcutaneous emphysema. Injuries to the pleura: Traumatic pleurisy. Hemothorax. Injuries to the lung: Hemorrhage into the lung. Traumatic pneumonia. Traumatic pneumothorax. In order to carry out this investigation, a study was made


Hypoglycemia is a clinical and biochemical syndrome that is defined by a decrease in the blood sugar level below 3.0 mmol/L (0.55 g/L) and its resultant nonspecific clinical signs [1]. Causal factors are usually toxinor drug-related, but hypoglycemia may also be of tumor, infectious or autoimmune origin or be due to multiple organ failure [1]. Artifactual hypoglycemia due to hyperleukocytosis has been reported in patients with blood diseases [2–5]. We report a case occurring during alcoholic liver disease.


Courier tracking number stolen and express list information are not protected carefully that may cause privacy leakage. So this paper proposed a new K-anonymity model to protect express information. Unlike most anonymity methods,this method anonymized data by randomly breaking links among attribute values in records. By data randomization,this method maintained statistical relations among data to preserve knowledge,whereas in most anonymization methods,knowledge was lost. Further more,it proposed the algorithm for extra privacy protection to tackle the situation where the user's prior knowledge of original data may cause privacy leakage. Simulation results show that the new K-anonymity method can enhance privacy protection and improve the accuracy of the knowledge protection.


On‐road vehicle nitrogen oxide (NOx) sources currently dominate the U.S. anthropogenic emission budgets, yet vehicle NOx emissions have uncertain contributions to oxidized nitrogen (N) deposition patterns. Isotopic signatures serve as a potentially valuable observational tool to trace source contributions to NOx chemistry and N deposition, yet in situ emission signatures are underconstrained. We characterize the spatiotemporal variability of vehicle NOx emission isotopic signatures (δ15N‐NOx) representative of U.S. vehicle fleet‐integrated emission plumes. A novel combination of on‐road mobile and stationary urban measurements is performed using a field and laboratory‐verified technique for actively capturing NOx in solution to quantify δ15N‐NOx at hourly resolution. On‐road δ15N‐NOx upwind of Providence, RI, ranged from −7 to −3‰. Simultaneous urban background δ15N‐NOx observations showed comparable range and variations with on‐road measurements, suggesting that vehicles dominate NOx emissions in the Providence area. On‐road spatial δ15N‐NOx variations of −9 to −2‰ were observed under various driving conditions in six urban metropolitan areas and rural interstate highways during summer and autumn in the U.S. Northeast and Midwest. Although isotopic signatures were insensitive to on‐road driving mode variations, statistically significant correlations were found between δ15N‐NOx and NOx emission factor extremes associated with heavy diesel emitter contributions. Overall, these results constrain an isotopic signature of fleet‐integrated roadway NOx emission plumes, which have important implications for distinguishing vehicle NOx from other sources and tracking emission contributions to NOx chemistry and N deposition.


In this paper, we propose a geometric multigrid method for fluid-structure interaction problems in ALE coordinates. We aim at complex three dimensional systems describing the coupled dynamics of an incompressible fluid with an elastic structure. The equations in ALE formulation are discretized with stabilized finite elements on adaptively refined meshes. The focus of this work is on the geometric multigrid method used to solve the linearized equations. Key is the construction of a smoothing operation based on a splitting of the problem into a fluid and structure part. Besides analyzing the multigrid method, we will demonstrate the efficiency of the resulting solver on a complex three dimensional benchmark problem.


New oscillation criteria are given for the differential equation u"t + a( t) I U I'tsgn u = O, O 0. We restrict our attention to proper solutions of (1), that is, those solutions u(t) which exist on some ray [ Tu, so) C [ tog o) and satisfy sup{I u(t) I: t > T} > 0 for any T> Tu. A proper solution is called oscillatory if it has arbitrary large zeros; otherwise it is called nonoscillatory. Equation (1) is said to be oscillatory if all of its proper solutions are oscillatory. Belohorec [1] has shown that, in case a(t) is nonnegative, equation (1) is oscillatory if and only if 00 (2) ftaa(t) dt = o. to Of particular interest, therefore, is the problem of finding criteria for the oscillation of equation (1) when a(t) is allowed to take on negative values for arbitrarily large t. This problem has been studied by various authors including Belohorec [2], Butler [3, 4], Grammatikopoulos [5], Kamenev [6] and Wong [7]. We refer in particular to the following oscillation criteria for (1) due, respectively, to Belohorec [2] and Kamenev [6]: (3) f tfa(t)dt o= forsome/ E [0,a]; to (4) lim sup t I a(T)dTds= 00. t->oo -o o The purpose of this paper is to proceed further in this direction to present new oscillation theorems which unify and considerably improve the above-mentioned results of Belohorec and Kamenev. Received by the editors May 8, 1981. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 34C 10.


The interest of the case reported here is the association of an unusual late recurrence after radical hypophysectomy with early recovery of the hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenal axis and generalised corticotrophe hyperplasia on immune staining. Possible explanations for these observations are that either the operative procedure was inadequate so that a partial rather than a radical procedure was performed, or that the small subgroup of patients with corticotrophe hyperplasia are more likely to have disease recurrence than those with a pituitary adenoma. In our case the radical hypophysectomy was performed in the standard manner by an experienced surgeon who achieved good visualisation of the pituitary during the operation and remission was supported by subsequent biochemical investigations. Furthermore post-operative diabetes insipidus occurred and subsequent morphological and histological examination showed resection of an almost complete pituitary gland with generalised corticotrophe hyperplasia but no adenoma. Neither the recovery of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis at 3 months or the absence of a need for replacement therapy necessarily imply an inadequate surgical procedure, since recovery of the axis by 3 months has been reported by others and has not predicted recurrence in patients followed up for 5-21 years.` Thus, an alternative explanation for recurrence is that a generalised abnormality of corticotrophes facilitated regrowth of the cells remaining around the pituitary stalk. Such an abnormality could be-due either to a primary defect of pituitary cells, or secondary to stimulation by CRF, While radical hypophysectomy has proved an effective treatment for Cushing's disease, this report questions whether patients with generalised corticotrophe hyperplasia may be expected to remain in remission. In this small but significant subgroup of Cushing's disease, careful longterm follow-up is required to establish the efficacy of radical hypophysectomy.


The basic material and plating material specified in SJ/T 11472—2014standard for "Tinned Copper Clad Aluminum Wire"is stipulated.The determination process of the main technical parameters of tinned copper clad aluminum wire is explained,and the significance and requirements of implementing the standard are pointed out.


irritable mania. In patients with manic-delusional states dominated mostly affective mechanisms formation of delusion with a high proportion of imaginative delirium and much lower representation of delusions of perception in the presence of a typical manic triad. Conclusions: the typology of manic-paraphrenic states, based on the characteristics actually manic affect and delusional disorders, their interrelationships, carries differentiated diagnostic and prognostic information important for optimization of therapeutic intervention.


A battle rages between the partisans of shareholder and stakeholder capitalism; the very heart and soul of corporate governance is at stake. This paper advances the scholarly debate by mapping Amartya Sen's distinction between culmination outcomes and comprehensive outcomes onto shareholder primacy and stakeholder theory. It provides foundational reasons to move away from the untenable idealism of value maximization, characterized here as a culmination outcome-oriented approach, towards a stakeholder-oriented approach that is concerned with broader comprehensive outcomes. It argues that the stakeholder approach more accurately reflects how business decision makers actually make choices; as compared to the shareholder primacy approach, which proposes that decision makers are able to seek (and should seek) to maximize a single-valued culmination score. It is argued that the value maximization approach is flawed because no decision-making space exists where a "maximal" allocation is available in its merely technical sense, free of the taint of politics or constraints of ethics. The stakeholder approach is a more realistic account of what decision-makers are actually able to do in discharging their managerial responsibilities; and thus, it provides a richer account of what they ought to do and how. While imperfect in its own way, the stakeholder approach is a more down-to-earth theory of reasoned and purposive business decision-making for addressing today's critical problems of people and planet.


For ultra-running automated robotic reliability and security problems,analyzed to verify the seventh large span support beam axis robot design.The finite element structural static analysis oflarge spanbeam used on a certain type of cardismantling line has been finished on ANSYS, and researching its deformation and stress-strain conditions, in addition to determining the stability of walking robot. The result can provide reference for design,and the discussion will be useful for large-scale automationmechanical engineering.


Contents: Foreword, Herve Ladsous Introduction, Anna Powles, Negar Partow and Nick Nelson. Part I Advancing Unity of Effort: Challenges of 21st-century peace operations in a United Nations context, Ameerah Haq Unity of effort in UN peacekeeping, Alex J. Bellamy Reflections of a UN commander on advancing unity of effort in peace support operations, Patrick D. Nyamvumba Advancing unity of effort in peacekeeping operations, Waspam Irwansyah. Part II The Challenges for Land Forces: Perspective on the challenges, opportunities and imperatives for mission success in Afghanistan and Timor-Leste, Martin Dransfield The challenges for land forces in peace support operations, Moses Bisong Obi Is the sum greater than the parts? The challenges for land forces in support of peacekeeping operations, D. Craig Aitchison Current issues facing land forces and measures by the UN to improve performance, Jens Winther Andersen. Part III Duty of Care: Saving Soldiers: UN peacekeeping safety and security in the 21st century: towards an agenda of reform, Scott Sheeran Private battles: the emotional cost of military operations, John Cantwell Processes to support psychological well-being in deployed personnel, Dianne Gardner, Veronica Hopner, Angela McNaught, Nick Nelson and Kerry Chamberlain Mental health and combat veterans, Carl Andrew Castro and Sherrie Leigh Wilcox The duty of care and peacekeeping: mental health disorder in the Australian Defense, Alexander C. McFarlane. Part IV Challenges in Sharing the Peace Operations Space: The Sahel Crisis as a harbinger of future peacekeeping challenges, Caroline F. Ziemke-Dickens Local ownership in the security sector space: lessons from Timor-Leste and the Solomon Islands, Anna Powles Teaming for success, William Flavin Conclusion, Anna Powles, Negar Partow and Nick Nelson. Bibliography Index.


This article addresses the value of code-switching during bilingual content instruction. The linguistic data were collected during a larger ethnography of communication case study of the language practices of three bilingual Mandarin/English speaking science-content teachers working as they negotiate meaning and instruction for recently arrived non-traditional Chinese immigrant high school students. Through a pedagogic analysis of naturally occurring code-switching practices, the author argues that code-switching is indeed a pedagogic tool used by bilingual teachers in the act of making content comprehensible and as such, it is similar to scaffolding devices regularly used in monolingual education.


In this study the formation of the polygenetic High Tatra granitoid magma is discussed. Felsic and mafic magma mixing and mingling processes occurred in all magma batches composing the pluton and are documented by the typical textural assemblages, which include: mafic microgranular enclaves (MME), mafic clots, felsic clots, quartz-plagioclase-titanite ocelli, biotite-quartz ocelli, poikilitic plagioclase crystals, chemically zoned K-feldspar phenocrysts with inclusion zones and calcic spikes in zoned plagioclase. Geochemical modelling indicates the predominance of the felsic component in subsequent magma batches, however, the mantle origin of the admixed magma input is suggested on the basis of geochemical and Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and Pb isotopic data. Magma mixing is considered to be a first-order magmatic process, causing the magma diversification. The cumulate formation and the squeezing of remnant melt by filter pressing points to fractional crystallization acting as a second-order magmatic process.


Reputable pig breeding programmes have been very successful in reducing production costs over the last twenty years through significant genetic progress in a wide variety of traits including growth, feed conversion, reduced backfat thickness and, over the last decade, litter size and litters per sow per year [1] . However, with some notable exceptions, genetic progress in many meat and eating quality traits has been largely non-existent. The reasons for this are:


Milagro observations of the Cygnus region at 12-35 TeV have revealed a bright and extended source, MGRO J2019+37. This source is almost as bright as Crab Nebula in northern sky, while it is not confirmed by ARGO-YBJ around TeV. Up to now, no obvious counterpart at low energy wavelengths has been found. For this reason, MGRO J2019+37 becomes mysterious and the origin of its VHE γ-ray emission mechanism is attractive. In this paper, a brief summary of the multi-wavelength observations from Radio to γ-ray is presented. All the available data from the INTEGRAL X-ray and the Fermi-LAT γ-ray bands are used to get constraint on its emission flux at low energy wavelengths. Then, its possible counterparts and the VHE emission mechanism are


Objective To provide a review of the various advances in the development of male continence therapy. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted to identify published literature relevant to male continence treatment and urological prosthesis. Results Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in terms of designs and technology for male continence therapy. Over the last decade, synthetic slings for PPI have gained considerable popularity because of cost and its non-mechanical action, and has a role in mild to moderate stress incontinence. Artificial urinary sphincters and other urinary sphincteric-like devices remains the standard of care for severe incontinence, radiation-induced stress incontinence and in salvage surgery. Conclusions While the current urinary continence devices are largely effective in the carefully selected patient group, they treat the symptoms but do not address the underlying pathophysiology of stress incontinence. Until the emergence of a better engineered continence surgical device, and/or further success in stem cell or tissue engineering, significant challenges remain in the search for an ideal urinary continence device.


When folds of different geometries in close proximity are contained in the same lithology and formed at the same pressure/temperature conditions, then other factors must control fold formation. If such folds develop in a tight sand such as the Tuscarora Sandstone, a key issue is whether the difference in fold geometry reflects differences in the roles of deformation mechanisms during fold formation. During low-temperature deformation of a tight sand, mechanisms that are typically active include pressure solution, dislocation glide, grain-boundary sliding, brittle failure, and cataclasis. The purposes of this study are to determine whether differences in the interplay of deformation mechanisms generated the differences in fold geometry; and to determine whether the distribution of water influenced this interplay. The abundance, geometry, size, and relative age of microstructures will be used to determine the contribution of deformation mechanisms to differences in fold geometry. Fluid inclusions, solution geometry, and potentially the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) will be used to determine the content and role of fluids. The target structures are two sub-hinges of the map-scale Cave Mountain anticline in the central Appalachians of West Virginia.


This article analyzes the health resources allocation in thirteen regions in Xinjiang from 2001to 2010referring to Lorenz curve and GINI coefficient.The result indicates that the allocation of health technicians and doctor resources is unfair.However,the hospital beds are fairly equipped in most years,so we suggest that it should coordinate the allocation of health resources from the angle of health investment,preferential policy and health personnel training.


The paper discussed the technical questions about the center-line positioning surveying of dragging spool, resolved the difficulties how to control the parallelism error within 2 mm and the Height error under 1 mm.


Acute right ventricular (RV) infarctus sometimes accompanies precordial S-T elevation that mimicks anterior left ventricular (LV) infarction. Thus, we compared and characterized the 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) differences in the hyperacute stage between the two conditions. We studied two groups of patients with first acute myocardial infarction presenting with precordial S-T elevation, one of RV infarction (group A, n=11) and the other of anterior wall LV infarction (group B, n=42). In the anterior precordial leads, S-T elevation of ≥5 mm was present in up to 67% in group B, but in only 18% of group A (p<0.01)


The NR, RN, and NN algorithms implementing DIF (decimation-in-frequency) FFT were presented in Chapters 4, 5, and 6. Corresponding to them, there are also three variants of the DIT (decimation-in-time) FFT, and they are developed in this and the following two chapters. The three DIT FFT algorithms will be presented using the notation developed in the previous chapters. Accordingly, they are referred to as DITNR, DITRN, and DITNN FFT algorithms. The DITNR and DITRN algorithms implement in-place DIT FFT on naturally ordered and bit-reversed input data, whereas the DITNN algorithm allows repeated permutation of the intermediate results and can thus produce naturally ordered output from naturally ordered input. Since both DIF FFT and DIT FFT implement the same Discrete Fourier Transform, one may argue intuitively that the final result which overwrites an input element xk must remain unchanged in either implementation, and that the many results obtained previously in Chapters 4, 5, and 6 for the three DIF FFT algorithms should apply to the corresponding DIT FFT. However, to make this chapter self-contained, it is useful to develop these iterative DIT FFT algorithms from its recursive definition, and this approach is adopted here. Since the concepts introduced before for the DIF FFT will not be repeated, it is recommended that Chapters 4, 5, and 6 be studied before Chapter 7.


Dietary management of diabetes mellitus is stressed in current textbooks and articles on treatment of the disease. Diet in diabetes has had a distinguished, controversial, 3500-year history,1 and through the years, tradition, as opposed to scientific evidence, has had a remarkable influence on the prescription of dietary therapy for diabetes. In 1973 Kelly West2 first called attention to the fact that patients with diabetes rarely understand and follow their prescribed diets. He suggested that much of our effort at dietary counseling for these patients was "ineffective and wasteful," and he urged the development of more effective approaches. In 1983 Frank . . .


Recent years include the world's hottest year, while they have been marked mainly, besides the COVID-19 pandemic, by climate-related disasters, based on data collected by the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). Besides the human losses, disasters cause significant and often catastrophic socioeconomic impacts, including economic losses. Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and especially in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have been used to better cope with the severe and often catastrophic impacts of disasters. This paper aims to provide an overview of the research studies, presented since 2017, focusing on ML and DL developed methods for disaster management. In particular, focus has been given on studies in the areas of disaster and hazard prediction, risk and vulnerability assessment, disaster detection, early warning systems, disaster monitoring, damage assessment and post-disaster response as well as cases studies. Furthermore, some recently developed ML and DL applications for disaster management have been analyzed. A discussion of the findings is provided as well as directions for further research.


The invention relates to a multifunctional detection tool for arc-shaped pieces. The multifunctional detection tool for the arc-shaped pieces is characterized in that sliding rails are arranged on the upper end face of a working platform, the sliding rails are connected with a rail car framework in a sliding mode, one side of the rail car framework is fixedly connected with the working platform through a locking bolt I, the upper end face of the rail car framework is connected with a rotating platform in a rotating mode, two or more rolling wheel carrier brackets are arranged on the upper end face of the rotating platform, a locking bolt II is arranged on one side of the rotating platform, and the locking bolt II locks the rotating platform and the working platform at the same time; one side of the rail car framework is fixedly connected with a stand column, the upper portion of the stand column is connected with a clamping device in a rotating mode, the upper end face of the working platform is fixedly connected with a stand column, a clamping device is arranged on the upper portion of the stand column, the rotating platform is located between the two clamping devices, and the positions of the two clamping devices correspond to each other. The positions and directions of the arc-shaped pieces are adjusted through a body working platform framework, the rail car framework, the part clamping devices and the rotating platform, and thus the working efficiency can be improved while the detection technological requirement is met.


Background: there are not studies exploring the potential role of weather conditions in the incidence of intracranial hemorrhages in Latin America. Methods: ...


A satisfactory coprecipitation of Pu(IV) and separation of all elements except thorium are achieved with butylrhodamine nitrate at 1: 1 x 10/sup 10/ Pu(IV) dilution. The precipitation of Ce(IV) Is eliminated by the preliminary transition Ce(IV) yields Ce(III). The amount of uranium carry-over is reduced by U(IV) yields U(VI). Following four precipitations, 80% of the plutonium can be separated with only 0.0025% uranium carry-over from the initial mixture of Pu(IV). With pH approximately 5 to 7 the method can also be utilized for coprecipitation of Pu(III) in dilute solutions. The selectivity of precipitation in the latter case is worse than with Pu(IV). (R.V.J.)


Objective Receptor was screened to find out the interaction between outer membrane protein 25 of Brucella(OMP25) and Brucella infected macrophages.Methods Recombinant OMP25 protein was expressed and purified.The 7 peptide was screened out with OMP25 protein by phage display technology.OMP25-7 peptide interactions were further confirmed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) after candidate peptides were predicted with bioinformatics software.Four potential 7 peptides were synthetized.Their functions were estimated after Brucella abortus 2308 infected murine macrophages RAW264.7.Results Forty-two cyclic 7 peptides were screened out based on purified OMP25 by the M13 Phage Library Kit.Four peptides,named as ST-7,MT-7,TF-7 and SN-7,were confirmed with ELISA.Colony forming unit(CFU) result demonstrated ST-7,MT-7,TF-7 and SN-7 showed some function for inhibition of intracellular parasite.ST-7 inhibition ratio was 14.4%-51.8% for Brucella abortus 2308; MT-7 inhibition ratio was 49.6%-69.5% for Brucella abortus 2308; TF-7 inhibition ratio was 43.2%-74.4% for Brucella abortus 2308; SN-7 inhibition ratio was 57.5%-82.2% for 2308.ELISA result showed,that compared to control group,tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α)increased no statistical significance in each time point of ST-7,MT-7 experiment groups (all P 〉 0.05).There was no statistical significance in 8 h ago of TF-7,SN-7 experiment groups (all P 〉 0.05),but there was statistical significance in 12,24 h (all P 〈 0.05).Conclusions We have obtained four effective OMP25 receptors through phage display technology; TF-7 and SN-7 have inhibited Brucella abortus 2308 invasion and intracellular survival in murine macrophage cells,while ST-7 and MT-7 have only prevented the invasion against Brucella abortus 2308.

Key words:
Brucella; Phage display technology; Macrophage


Aiming at the difficulty in extracting feature from pressure signal in fault diagnosis for leakage of hydraulic chamber,a fault diagnosis approach based on monitoring pressure signal,wavelet energy feature and BP network is proposed.According to the method,the enegry of different frequency bands after wavelet decomposition constitutes the eigenvectors;these eigenvectors are input into BP network to identify faults.The experimental results show that three modes of no leakage,slighter leakage and heavy leakage are correctly identified and it can be used in the leakage fault diagnosis of hydraulic chamber.


Nasal drug delivery has been used from the prehistoric times for the treatment of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a neurodegenerative disease and prime cause of dementia. AD has become most common disease worldwide and its treatment remains challengeable. For delivering a drug to the brain, blood brain barrier is a major limiting factor. Thus, the desired drug concentration could not be achieved through the conventional drug delivery system. Nasal drug delivery has been considered as a most promising route of administration with the enhanced drug concentration in the brain. Several factors and mechanisms need to be considered for treatment of AD. Various nanoparticlized systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, exosomes, phytosomes, nanoemulsion, nanosphere, etc. have been recognized as an effective drug delivery system for the management of AD. These nanocarriers have been proven for improved bioavailability of the anti-Alzheimer's drugs. Some novel drug delivery systems of anti-Alzheimer drugs are currently in different phase of clinical trials. Present article highlights on the nanotechnology based intranasal drug delivery system for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, consequences of AD, transportation mechanism, clinical updates and recent patents have been discussed.


[Objectice] To investigate the effects of polymorphisms of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene (ALDH2) at positions Glu504Lys on the levels of serum transaminase of patients after percutaneous ethanol injection. [Methods] Examined serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in twenty patients suffered from focal hepatic lesions during pre and post PEI, and detected aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotype by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. [Results] The frequences of Glu/Glu, Glu/Lys and Lys/Lys genotypes in the cases were 57.14%, 33.33% and 9.53%, respectively. Serum levels of ALT and AST in patients significantly increased after PEI intervention, but the changes attenuated after repeated treatment. The serum levels of ALT in ALDH2*1 carriers were higher (P﹤0.01 and P﹤0.05) than that in the ALDH2*2 carriers after the first and third PEI treatment. The serum levels of AST in ALDH2*1 carriers were higher than that in the ALDH2*2 carriers after the first and third time PEI (P﹤0.01). [Conclusion] PEI can do serious damage to liver function, and it may increase largely liver damage in ALDH2*1 carriers. It can provide a new theoretical basis for individual patients.


Customs criminal law is part of the criminal law in general. However, there are authors who the designation of customs criminal law or criminal customs law is irrelevant. For example, Basaldua emphasizes that refer to an administrative customs law, a criminal customs law or a Customs litigation is as valid as referring to a customs administrative law, a customs criminal law or a Customs litigation. And adds: "it is just from diff erent perspectives. I.e., it means that the observer, the legislator, the scientist, among others, adopt diff erent starting points. The crime which determines the customs off ence, is based on the failure by the taxpayer or responsible, as a debtor, customs tax obligation that the law determines (which attributed to the respective types, characteristic of criminal law in white). The obligation of customs tax enables State capture resources from the foreign trade (thus, customs services are essential and are intended to facilitate foreign trade. Responsible for Administration, fundraising, control and oversight of the international traffi c of goods, means of transport and persons, within the customs territory, corresponds to the body of the State called the Customs (articles 1 and 7 of the D. Leg. 809 LGA).


The system capacity of the reverse link of a wireless multimedia CDMA system with processing gain control is analyzed in the asymptotic regime, when the processing gain G/spl rarr//spl infin/ for receivers with and without co-channel interference (CCI) cancellers. A new scheme for processing gain control with an optimized power allocation is proposed and its system capacity is compared with the conventional processing gain control scheme as well as the previously discussed power control scheme. It is shown that the proposed scheme has a certain advantage over other schemes.


In this paper, an all optical wavelength multicasting service in AWG-based WDM PON is introduced. Two novel architectures of remote node supporting all optical wavelength multicasting functionality are proposed. The interesting characteristic of this function is that, different from the current PON systems which broadcast the signals to all the receivers, here, multicasting signals will be delivered only to selected users. Therefore, it reduces the waste of fibre bandwidth of the users who do not join the multicast group. Moreover, it restricts the information delivery only to the registered receivers, which enables the truly secured multicasting service in access network. Besides, system control and provisioning concern are addressed as well. Comparisons and analysis of two novel architectures are presented and both advantages and shortages of two designs are pointed out.


Provided is a low IF type receiver that, even if any image signals in addition to a desired signal are existent, can measure an image removal ratio without any increases of power consumption and chip area, which would otherwise accompany the provision of a high frequency signal source, encoders and so on, thereby performing calibrations of I/Q mismatches including the I/Q mismatch of a quadrature mixer. A signal path switching unit (13) sequentially switches the signal input paths of I- and Q-signals of IF frequency band, which are generated by a quadrature mixer (11), to the I- and Q-filters (141, 142) of a complex filter (14). At this moment, a calculating unit (16) calculates an image removal ratio on the basis of the signal intensity of an output signal of the I-filter (141) detected by a signal intensity detecting unit (15) each time the signal paths are switched, and further an element value control unit (17) adjusts the element values of the complex filter (14) in such a manner that maximizes the image removal ratio to be calculated, thereby performing an I/Q mismatch calibration. Instead of the adjustment of the element values of the complex filter (14), the adjustment of the element values of the quadrature mixer (11) may be performed or the adjustment of the output phase of the a local oscillator (12) may be performed.


Evidence summary Adverse effects mild A 2012 systematic review of 13 RCTs (N=589) examined the efficacy of calcitonin (by any route) in older patients (age >60 years) with pain due to an osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. Compared with placebo, calcitonin decreased pain at rest by the end of week 1 (4 trials using a 10-point visual analog scale [VAS]; N=196; mean difference [MD] –3.4; 95% CI, –4.0 to –2.8). Adverse effects of gastrointestinal upset (47% of calcitonin recipients, RR 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1–6) and flushing (32% of calcitonin recipients, RR 6.9; 95% CI, 2.5–19) were mild but significantly higher than in the control group.


Jo Wright, left, ran a successful company delivering health and social care training packages across north west England. She worked hard and enjoyed the rewards until she developed an autoimmune condition that led to anterior uveitis, Crohn's disease and severe joint pain.


A biotin-enhanced enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen detection (TESTPACK RSV®) was prospectively compared with virus isolation in cell culture and immunofluorescence. Of 156 nasopharyngeal swab specimens from infants with respiratory symptoms, 81 (52%) yielded RSV in culture. Compared with culture the sensitivity of the EIA was 95% and specificity was 92%; the specificity increased to 97% with a blocking assay. Compared with immunofluorescence the sensitivity of EIA was 92% and specificity was 93%. In order to assess the performance of TESTPACK RSV® as a bedside test, nasopharyngeal swabs from 49 children were tested by EIA at the bedside by housestaff and by immunofluorescence in the laboratory; the sensitivity of the EIA was lower (78%) while specificity remained high (95%). Inclusion of older children may have resulted in diminished sensitivity. The TESTPACK RSV® is a simple, rapid test that performs well and is easily adaptable to an office setting. Further evaluation of the test in older children may be required.


direct sequencing of the LIPH gene was performed. After obtaining informed consent, peripheral blood samples were collected from the sisters and 100 healthy Japanese control individuals (with institutional approval and in adherence with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki). Genomic DNA was isolated from these samples according to the standard techniques. We were unable to obtain samples from either parent of the patients, because they were reluctant to give permission. Using the genomic DNA from the patients, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing analysis of the LIPH gene were performed as described previously. We initially identified a heterozygous missense mutation c.736T>A (p.Cys246Ser) in exon 6 of the LIPH gene of both the affected individuals (Fig. 1c). In addition, we also found that both patients carried heterozygous sequences in exon 5 of the LIPH gene (Fig. 1d). PCR amplification of exon 5 and analysis on polyacrylamide gels revealed not only a fragment of the expected size (160 bp), but also a larger fragment (177 bp) (Fig. 1e), while the 100 control individuals showed only the 160-bp fragment (Fig. 1e; some of the control data are shown). To further define this sequence variant, we cloned the PCR products from the patients into pCRIITOPO vectors via TA cloning and separately sequenced each allele. This analysis demonstrated that both patients had a complex mutation in exon 5 consisting of a 1-nt deletion and an 18-nt insertion at position c.686 (c.686delAins18), which was predicted to cause a frame-shift and a premature termination codon at the protein level (p.Asp229Glyfs*22) (Fig. 1f). If the two mutations were on the same allele, the patients would not develop the disease as another allele was normal in that case. Therefore, we predicted that the mutations were located separately on different alleles, that is, the patient carried compound heterozygous mutations in the LIPH gene. Based on these results, we conclude that the patients most likely carried compound heterozygous mutations in the LIPH gene. To the best of our knowledge, this mutation has not previously been reported.


Accelerated life testing(ALT) of a product or material can obtain information quickly on its life or reliability information.Products or materials with operational period are often sampled and tested to evaluate their residual life.However,it is a main challenge how to deal with the operational period in statistical analysis for ALT application.The products are often treated as "new after operation" or "memoryless" and their operational period is ignored in residual-life evaluation on the assumption that their failure times follow exponential distribution.Since failure times of many mechatronic products follow Weibull distribution,the estimated precision of residual life of the products is low in the way mentioned above.This paper presents a novel approach based on equivalent time to statistically analyze ALT data of products or material with operational period.Estimated precision of the approach was studied by Monte Carlo simulation method.Results show that the approach can effectively estimate the residual life of the products and is more precise than that adopted previously.


Given a set of n line segments in the plane, we say that a region R ⊆ R is a stabber if R contains exactly one endpoint of each segment of the set. In this paper we provide efficient algorithms for determining whether or not a stabber exists for several shapes of stabbers. Specifically, we consider the case in which the stabber can be described as the intersection of isothetic halfplanes (thus the stabbers are halfplanes, strips, quadrants, 3-sided rectangles, or rectangles). We provide efficient algorithms reporting all combinatorially different stabbers of that shape. The algorithms run in O(n) time (for the halfplane case), O(n logn) time (for strips and quadrants), O(n) (for 3-sided rectangles), or O(n) time (for rectangles).


Five-axis NC technology and reverse engineering provides critical support for industrial development and has been an important subject for scholars to study. This paper focused on aviation impeller and discussed the integrated application of NC machining technology and reverse engineering. It collected the shape point cloud data of the impeller through 3D scanner and Geomagic Wrap software and completed the reverse parametric modeling using Geomagic Design X software. The impeller model is complicated in structure which is hard to machine on three-axis and four-axis machine tools, hence developed a five-axis machining program by using the NC programming software of Hypermill and carried out actual machining test. The results showed that the error between the machined sample and the research model is less than 0.05 mm, which can satisfy engineering requirements. It also indicated that the NC program developed by Hypermill software has high machining accuracy and safety, and the integration of reverse engineering and five-axis technology presents positive significance to the innovative design and machining for complicated engineering surfaces.


Since the 1990s, the opioid epidemic has had detrimental consequences including unnecessary prescriptions, misuse leading to addiction, and death from withdrawal symptoms. In the last few years, there has been an increase in awareness of this crisis and a call for solutions 1. On October 2, 2018 California's Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Evaluation, better known as CURES 2.0 was implemented. Essentially, before prescribing federally controlled substances such as narcotics, health professionals must first look up a patient's prescription history in the CURES data base. This program was established with the intention of decreasing abuse and diversion of addictive medications without effecting patient care and management 2. While this database is a step in the right direction, I believe initiation of preventive measures can have more of a lasting effect and eliminate the need for initial opioid prescription, the preceding factor to the list of negative outcomes mentioned above.


After some words on the scientific role of Professor Paolo Mantegazza atthe University of Milan (4, 5, 6), I briefly illustrate some studies related to the occurrence of neurotransmitter and receptor re-specification in the adult animals. The greatdiscoveries of the early twentieth century on neuronal communication have established that the majority of communication between nerve cells occurs through a special structure, the synapse, allowing the one-way transfer of information between twocells through the release of a neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell and its recognition by receptors localized in the postsynaptic cell. According to H. Dale axiom (9) each neuron could be identified on the basis of the neurotransmitter released and theinnervated cell by the type of receptors expressed; then neurons could be classified asexcitatory if they release acetylcholine, glutamate or other transmitters, or inhibitory ifthey release GABA or glycine. However, in recent years many studies have shown that, especially during development, a neuron could release and co-release several neuro-transmitters, sometimes even simultaneously, changing its classification from excitatory to inhibitory and vice versa(7). This researches opened a new field of study onsynaptic plasticity: the neurotransmitter and receptor re-specification. Our group, together with Prof. Mantegazza, tried to "force" it through experiments of denervation and heterologous re-innervation in the autonomic nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction. In a first series of experiments we studied the regenerative capabilities of the peripheral nervous system in three experimental models: a) re-innervation of the denervated superior cervical ganglion (SCG) (14, 15, 22) by cholinergicefferent vagal fibers, b) re-innervation of peripheral effectors smooth muscles (nicti-tating membrane) by the cholinergic preganglionic fibers; c) re-innervation in an in vivo transplant model of peripheral organs by the SCG. In these researches we haveestablished: 1) that a sympathetic ganglion could be re-innervated by vagal fibersforming normal ganglionic synapses, but with a strong reshaping, in vivo, of the cen-tral neural circuits so that sympathetic stimuli occurred through a vagal excitation; 2) preganglionic cholinergic fibers innervate the smooth muscle of the nictitating mem-brane releasing catecholamines instead of acetylcholine; 3) that in an in vivo model ofSCG transplant together with iris or adrenal medulla fragments, the SCG was able todistinguish between organs that required a postsynaptic innervation, iris, which wasinnervated, and organs that require a presynaptic innervation, the adrenal medulla,that was not innervated. We were then in the presence, even in the adult animal, of anew nervous plasticity with re-specification the neurotransmitter. These resultsdemonstrate that heterologous innervation could "force" plasticity in adult peripheralnervous system, alters the biological properties of neurons, upsets central neuronal circuits, but continues to maintain in experimental transplants basic rules of innervation between neurons and peripheral organs. Thirty years later, the group of prof. Brunelliin Brescia (23), along with pharmacologists and physiologists, had highlighted the pos-sibility of re-innervate striated muscles in a functional way with nerve fibers derivedfrom the red nucleus of the vestibular complex. The interest was, once again, in thefact that the re-innervating fibers were of glutamatergic type, and not cholinergic likethose of normal motor neurons, and that neuromuscular transmission was transformedfrom nicotinic cholinergic in glutamatergic. A new type of plasticity: the receptor re-specification had occurred also in this experimenal model. In close cooperationbetween our Milan and the Brescia group we could reconfirm with more appropriateexperiments that the re-innervation occurred; that neuromuscular junction had a glutamatergic transmission; that new re-innervating fibers made synapses at the same sitesof the previous neuromuscular junctions; that the new fibers release glutamate; andthat muscle cells expressed new glutamate receptors (24). Once again we were in thepresence of an extraordinary phenomenon of synaptic plasticity, in this case a receptorre-specification, and again with a strong impact on the central nervous system circuits.These experiences, along with many others now available in the literature, show thatthe adult peripheral nervous system, both autonomous and musculoskeletal, has aplasticity unthinkable before and open a field of great interest aiming at the understanding how neuronal specificity is regulated and at the investigation of non-canonical, but perhaps functional, re-innervation experiments in transplants and in post-traumatic surgery.


Commonly encountered difficulties during decannulation are tube dependency, bleeding, and mechanical problems with cuff, aspiration, pulmonary complications, tracheomalacia, scarring of the tracheostomy wound, inversion of wound margin in skin, tracheal stenosis and also migration of granulation tissue inside the trachea through the tracheostomy wound. Patients with traumatic quadriplegia following cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI), who cannot self care for their tracheostomy, pose more difficult situations due to paralysis of respiratory muscles, concomitant chest infections, problems of aspiration and the need to care for sacral bed sores. Decannulation in these cases is always a challenge. These patients are generally bed and wheel chair bound, in need of a constant attendant for daily chores and in a state of psychological trauma. In situ tracheostomy tube for prolonged period of time adds to the woes. Removal of tracheostomy tube make them able to communicate verbally, restores their self esteem by removing the dependency on suction apparatus and enabling oral feed and improves their health and quality of life. A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care Spinal Cord Injury Centre (SCIC) of Armed Forces Medical Services of India to understand the decannulation problems in quadriplegic patients of CSCI and to study the causes of difficulties in decannulation in these cases.