We investigate the anisotropy in the complex conductivity of a clayrock formation through both laboratory and in situ measurements. Laboratory measurements have been conducted on four samples from two cores of the Callovo-Oxfordian formation from the Paris Basin (France). This clay-rock formation is anisotropic with a well-defined bedding plane. Two of the cylindrical core samples are taken in the transverse direction with respect to the bedding plane while two other core samples are taken in the in-plane direction. The complex conductivity spectra are performed in the frequency range 20 mHz to 45 kHz and in a broad pore water saturation range from near saturation to a residual saturation of ~25%. The complex conductivity spectra are fitted with a double Cole Cole model, the low-frequency contribution corresponding to induced polarization effect while the high-frequency contribution is related to the Maxwell-Wagner polarization. The six Cole Cole parameters are investigated as a function of saturation and we evaluate their degree of anisotropy versus the effect of saturation. The low-frequency instantaneous conductivity and normalized chargeability show a consistent degree of anisotropy with an anisotropy ratio equal to 3.8 ± 0.5 for one core sample and 6.5 ± 0.9 for the second core sample. These values represent a substantial level of anisotropy. The low-frequency Cole Cole exponent and relaxation time do not show substantial amount of anisotropy. The monitoring of the evolution of the weight in the controlled humidity chamber seems to indicate that their relative permeabilities do not show a strong anisotropic behavior. Finally, the laboratory data are discussed in the context of field data obtained with an azimuthal array of 12 electrodes.


. A conformal mapping f of the unit disk onto a Jordan domain G is considered. The boundary of G has the following structure. Another Jordan domain H is fixed whose boundary has H¨older smoothness a > 1, and a countable family of open arcs dense in the boundary is specified. G is obtained by replacement of each of these distinguished arcs with a H¨older arc of smoothness b , 1 < b < a , having the same end-points. Thus, G has H¨older smoothness b . It is shown that if the lengths of the distinguished arcs decay sufficiently fast (depending on a and b ), the function f still has H¨older smoothness a on a set of positive measure on the unit circle. The numbers a and b are assumed to be nonintegers.


360-3×112-2 was proved to be a higher salt tolerant hybrid of Cucurbita moschata Duch.in our previous work.To compare its salt tolerance with C.ficifolia Bouche.,a widely used rootstock in cucurbits vegetable produc- tion,both of them were cultured in nutrient solution added with 0 mmol/L or 80 mmol/L NaCl in adult plant period.Af- ter 10 days,the growth traits and the contents of Na~+ ,K~+ ,Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) in six organs including root(R),stem(S), petiole(P),upper leaf(UL),middle leaf(ML)and lower leaf(LL)of all plants were determined.Results showed that growth inhibition of two tested plants was obvious under NaCl stress for 10 days,growth of 360-3×112-2 F1 plants was less inhibited than that of C.ficifolia Bouche.Na~+ contents in six organs of two tested materials were all increased, Na~+ contents of 360-3×112-2 hybrid mainly accumulated in roots,while C.ficifolia Bouche.in stems.K~+ ,Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) contents generally decreased in plant,however,increased in UL of 360-3×112-2 hybrid.Although K~+/ Na~+ values in all organs were decreased under NaCl stress,360-3×112-2 hybrid decreased less than C.ficifolia Bouche.Therefore,difference in organs accumulating high Na~+ contents,and difference in K~+ ,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+) contents and K~+/Na~+ decrease range in shoot were the main reasons for the differences of salt tolerance between the two tested materials under NaCl stress after 10 days.The results also suggest that 360-3×112-2 hybrid has higher salt tolerance than C.ficifolia Bouche.,and can be used as salt tolerant rootstock in cucurbits vegetable production.


Increasing levels of exploration along rifted continental margins, such as the southern Australian margin, has led to growing recognition of the detrimental impacts of magmatic activity on hydrocarbon prospectivity. Key exploration risks include the impact of intrusions on seal integrity, reservoir quality, source rock maturation and migration pathways. However, the extent and distribution of volcanic rocks along continental margins, such as the Australian southern margin, and the processes by which magma is transported through sedimentary basins are still poorly understood despite the wealth of available seismic datasets. Although classified as a 'non-volcanic' rifted margin, our analysis shows that an extensive and largely undescribed record of Cretaceous-Cenozoic magmatic activity is preserved within the sedimentary successions of the rift basins located along the southern Australian margin. The combination of seismic reflection data and geochronological and geochemical data shows that this magmatic activity cannot be solely attributed to continental break-up and related decompressional melting processes or the presence of a hotspot or plume.


Since consumer electronic products grow rapidly, 3D display technology becomes popular in recent years. Now, there are more and more 3D products such as 3D camera, 3D projector, and 3D-TV. However, how to convert traditional 2D video contents to 3D one is a vital issue to solve it. This paper proposes a real-time 3D rendering processor for view synthesis in 2D-to-3D conversion. Moreover, the proposed fractional precision image warping and hole filling architecture can effectively decrease the output buffer size about 94.4% than the traditional. The real-time processor throughput can achieve up to 60 frames per second and full HD resolution (1920×1080) on stereoscopic displays.


Electrochemical anodizing of titanium metal in the fluorine-containing electrolyte was used for production of nanotubes of titanium dioxide. The surface morphology of the films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that with increasing anodizing voltage the inner diameter, growth rate and nanotubes interporous distance is increasing. The distribution of pore volume studied by the method of adsorption and desorption of nitrogen. The specific surface area of titanium dioxide films was measured for determine the conditions of anodizing on their changes. The sorption capacity of the films was studied.


The present invention relates to extended release pharmaceutical dosage form, their preparation and their use for administration to a human.


Basal stem rot (BSR) disease occurs due to the most aggressive and threatening fungal attack of the oil palm plant known as Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense). BSR is a disease that has a significant impact on oil palm crops in Malaysia and Indonesia. Currently, the only sustainable strategy available is to extend the life of oil palm trees, as there is no effective treatment for BSR disease. This study used thermal imagery to identify the thermal features to classify non-infected and BSR-infected trees. The aims of this study were to (1) identify the potential temperature features and (2) examine the performance of machine learning (ML) classifiers (naïve Bayes (NB), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and random forest (RF) to classify oil palm trees that are non-infected and BSR-infected. The sample size consisted of 55 uninfected trees and 37 infected trees. We used the imbalance data approaches such as random undersampling (RUS), random oversampling (ROS) and synthetic minority oversampling (SMOTE) in these classifications due to the different sample sizes. The study found that the Tmax feature is the most beneficial temperature characteristic for classifying non-infected or infected BSR trees. Meanwhile, the ROS approach improves the curve region (AUC) and PRC results compared to a single approach. The result showed that the temperature feature Tmax and combination feature TmaxTmin had a higher correct classification for the G. boninense non-infected and infected oil palm trees for the ROS-RF and had a robust success rate, classifying correctly 87.10% for non-infected and 100% for infected by G. boninense. In terms of model performance using the most significant variables, Tmax, the ROS-RF model had an excellent receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve region (AUC) of 0.921, and the precision–recall curve (PRC) region gave a value of 0.902. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ROS-RF, using the Tmax, can be used to predict BSR disease with relatively high accuracy.


This chapter surveys criticisms raised against moral theory from positions such as virtue ethics, particularism, anti-theory, and Wittgensteinian moral philosophy in order to identify the most central and damaging objections. It locates the origin of theory critique in two classic papers by Iris Murdoch and Elizabeth Anscombe and proceeds to give an overview of the most influential points of criticism from the second half of the twentieth century. This overview is contrasted with an explication of the dominant understanding of moral theory presented in the work of Martha Nussbaum, which allows for an identification of the crucial objections to moral theory, here presented in the form they take in the work of Bernard Williams. The objections are that theories cannot provide a foundation for moral practice, and that they do not possess the authority necessary to serve as action-guiding in any substantial sense. The conclusion of the chapter is that proponents of the dominant understanding of moral theory cannot offer convincing answers to these objections, and that this points to a need to re-evaluate our understanding of both the role and the form of moral theories.


Through literature survey with the actual combination of research libraries in the new Vocational Training Mode services underthe status quo.Think that the lack of personnel training pattern recognition,not to establish services in the Litera-ture Resources Training Mode interview system,narrow the scope of service activities are the main problems vocational library,made from the construction of a learning organization,forreaders needs to build a system of document resources to carry out reading promotion activities such as ways to improve library services vocational ability.


According to the complication of pipe jacking crossing the Yellow River some techniques such as twin pipe joined without hinging, relay ring, slurry damper are applied.


Objective To analyze the reasons and clinical presentations of complications associated with coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) and gain correct treatment and nursing strategies. Methods The complications of 733 patients undergoing coronary angiograph and PCI from April 2008 to April 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Results 126 patients experienced various complications during and after operations totally,among which 49 patients and 77 patients occurred in coronary angiography and PCI respectively,including one case of death;12 cases with abrupt vessel closing;6 cases with tachy-arrhythmia;2 cases with coronary vessel perforation and cardiac tamponade;11 cases with allergy to contrast medium;15 cases with groin vascular complications;38 cases with vessel-vagal reflection;41 cases with hypotention. Except one case died due to serious ischemia-reperfusion arrhythmia,the others recovered completely because of appropriate treatment and nursing. Conclusion The complications associated with coronary angiography and PCI can be detected and treated in time as clinicians and nurses accumulate more experiences. The success rate of operation can be raised and the living quality of patients can be improved.


The present invention discloses a kind of negative electrode carbon material for lithium iron cell and comprising spherical 10-30 micron core-shell carbon material and conducting agent. It is prepared by polymerizing inorganic acid treated natural graphite, monomer, coupling agent, initiator and dispersant to obtain polymer precurcor coated composite graphite material; carbonizing the composite material in a sintering furnace to obtain spherical core-shell carbon material; and adding conducting agent. The present invention is used as negative electrode material in lithium ion cell.


It is well known from earlier work (Lillie, 1904; Murray & Huxley, 1925; Hunt, 1932) that isolated limb buds of the chick embryo have considerable powers of self-differentiation. A number of authors have, however, observed defects in joint formation under these conditions (Murray & Selby, 1930; Fell & Canti, 1934; Hamburger & Waugh, 1940). These defects were considered to be due to lack of innervation and resultant immobility causing joint fusion and inadequate moulding of the articular surfaces. Lelkes (1958) was in fact able to prevent joint fusions by artificially moving chick limbs in culture. The possibility that disturbances in metabolism of skeletogenous tissue cause defects has also been suggested on the basis of experiments with growth-restricting media (Fell & Canti, 1934; Fell & Landauer, 1935). Defects of muscle development have also been studied in limb isolates (Hunt, 1932; Eastlick, 1943) and these too have been attributed to lack of innervation, particularly in the later stages of differentiation. The object of the present work was to investigate further the extent to which the limb components, especially bone and muscle, are self-differentiating systems.


In developing this study, we hypothesized that the integration of computerized techniques and modeling tools into traditional face-to-face instruction can produce a better hybrid model of teaching, capable of motivating students and improving their attitude toward science in general, and toward chemistry in particular. We tested how molecular visualizations and three-dimensional simulations affect students' conceptual understanding of chemistry and their attitudes toward learning chemistry. During the academic year 2016-2017, we incorporated Avogadro software into teaching and tested how it affected students' performance on chemistry exams in their courses. The difference in average scores between the two groups (8.2 points for the experimental group and 6.4 points for the control group) was significant. Student feedback following the initiative was positive and encouraging. Most students indicated that learning chemistry with Avogadro was extremely helpful, bringing the microscopic world of molecules closer to them, and they felt that they would like to see such software integrated into their chemistry studies from day one. Other parameters will be tested in continuation of this study, such as students' attitudes toward learning chemistry and their inquiry skills.


About 8 million tons of jujube pomace arise within a year in China. Bioconversion of food processing residues is receiving increased attention because these residual materials represent a possible and utilizable resource for conversion into useful products. To explore the application of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) seeds protein concentrate (ZPI ) in food industry, its physiochemical and functional properties were analyzed in this study. The free sulfhydryl content of ZPI is 7.1 × 10 _6 mol/g of protein at pH 8.0. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses showed that ZPI had only one endothermic peak with denaturation temperature of about 91°C. Amino acid analyses revealed that ZPI exhibited high levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine. The least gelation concentration (LGC) of ZPI is ~8% at pH 7.0, whereas the protein solubility, emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, and waterholding capacity of ZPI were much lower than those of soybean protein concentrate (SPI). These results suggest that ZPI could be used as a valuable source of protein and gel.


During the six decades which encompass state planning of the sugar and alcohol industry in Brazil, production quotas were possibly the most important instrument for control of its productive activities. Their distribution obeyed rules, which, though general, contained a clear political character, specially regarding their geographical distribution. This text details some results of its allocation, showing how their redistribution, from the North-Northeast to the Center-South region, specially to Sao Paulo, occured. The evolution of total quotas, number of mills and average quotas per mill between two moments – 1951 and 1980 – are examined, seeking to spell out this movement as correlated to the size of initial quotas.


The paper discusses problems related to the functioning of passenger transport in Rzeszow. The dynamic development of the city and the increase in the income of its inhabitants have led to significantly increased traffic within the city, which is detrimental both to the environment and the city's inhabitants. It limits the quality of life in the city and in the end generates additional costs for businesses and people in urban areas due to the congestion. In compliance with the policies of the European Union, this harmful tendency needs to be limited. Developing sustainable transportation should largely contribute to this objective. With the city of Rzeszow as example, this article discusses selected actions and measures taken as part of the development of sustainable transportation and demonstrates changes in the functioning of public transport based on the author's own research as well as data provided by the city's authorities. The analyses show that the actions taken so far have had a positive impact.


Effective treatment of the chronic granulocytic leukemias (CGL) remains a frustrating problem for the hematologist. Although the quality of life has been improved in Philadelphia (Ph1)-chromosome-positive CGL, little improvement in survival has been achieved with the currently available therapeutic modalities.1 Only 2% to 4% of childhood leukemia is CGL, and the Ph1-chromosome-negative form is even rarer.2 In several series of adults with CGL, the Ph1-chromosome-negative forms comprise 10% to 20% of the group; these forms first appear at a median age of 60, and the patients have a survival time of 18 months.3 When this form occurs in the young child, it invariably means a refractory response to chemotherapy and death within months.


Endemic plant species are often thought to be restricted to marginal habitats as a result of a trade‐off between fitness in high‐stress environments and competitive ability in benign environments. Here we provide a unique test of this hypothesis by manipulating competition and habitat quality across a gradient and contrasting closely related species that differ in their habitat specializations. We compared the competitive abilities of five Cirsium species that co‐occur in northern California and range from an endemic species to a noxious invader. The endemic species Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale is restricted to low‐nutrient serpentine habitats. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to compare the competitive abilities of all native species with those of conspecifics (intraspecific competition) and with those of the invasive species Cirsium vulgare (interspecific competition) under five nutrient treatments. We hypothesized that C. fontinale would have a poor competitive ability in a high‐nutrient environment compared with its congeners due to a stress‐competition trade‐off. In contrast to our expectations, however, we found that C. fontinale competed well, even in high‐nutrient environments. It was the only native species that showed no significant difference in biomass between intraspecific‐ and interspecific‐competition treatments. Its inability to expand its range beyond the serpentine habitat is likely explained by factors other than poor competitive abilities in less stressful environments. Understanding the mechanisms that explain why endemic species are restricted to harsh abiotic environments requires removing them from their specialized habitats and comparing their fitnesses and competitive abilities in more benign environments.


Using transcutaneous spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) and partial least squares regression (PLSR), we recently predicted the areal bone mineral density (aBMD), volumetric bone mineralization density (vBMD) and maximum torque (MT) of tibiae in living mice. Despite the spatial offset geometry, the accuracy of the predictions was still affected by the signal from the overlying soft tissue that, like bone, contains large amounts of Type I collagen. Here we report a way to use SOLD (simultaneous, overconstrained, library-based decomposition) to improve the PLSR accuracy. The SOLD processing generates one bone spectrum estimate, one soft tissue spectrum estimate, and a residual. We combine the bone and residual spectra together for submission to PLSR, discarding only the soft tissue contribution. With the implementation of this soft-tissue-subtracted SOLD processing, we demonstrate that we can predict vBMD and MT more accurately than our previous transcutaneous measurements.


Encryption technique is one of the key technologies in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a novel key management scheme of sub-regional based on bivariate symmetric polynomial key is proposed for distributed wireless sensor network (WSN). A certain amount of bivariate symmetric polynomials are stored in sensor nodes by sub-regional, it makes the intersection of key rings in any adjacent sensors not empty. We choose the hash function of all the common bivariate symmetric polynomials of the two communication nodes as the session keys. At the same time, our scheme also solves the contradictory problem among energy overhead, encryption techniques. A compromised solution is found to optimize the performance of wireless sensor network with the sound key management scheme proposed in this paper. Keywords—wireless sensor network; key management; bivariate polynomial; security; sub-regional


AIM: To discuss the using of two different frequency electroacupuncture with facilitation techniques to affect the motor function of hemiplegic patients after cerebral apoplexy. METHODS: Eighty-seven cerebral apoplexy-induced hemiplegic patients were randomly assigned into low frequency (3 Hz) group (n=45) and high frequency (12 Hz) group(n=42). They were treated with the two frequency electroacupuncture based on facilitation techniques. Their motor function was evaluated by Rivermead index and activities of daily living by Barthel index before and after treatment. RESULTS: Before treatment, Rivermead index and Barthel index didn't have obvious difference(P0.05) between the 2 groups, while they were extremely different(P0.01) after treatment. And throughout treatment, the Rivermead index and the Barthel index also had obvious difference(P0.01) in the same group. CONCLUSION: Both low and high frequency electroacupuncture with facilitation techniques can improve the motor function and activities of daily living of hemiplegic patients after cerebral apoplexy, especially the low frequency electroacupuncture has the better result.


The crack resistance of face slab concretes to various shrinkages is crucial for the structural integrity and the normal operation of concrete-faced rockfill dams (CFRDs). In this work, the effects of fly ash with four dosages (i.e., 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) on the drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage and the cracking resistance of face slab concrete were studied. Besides, the difference in shrinkage behavior due to fly ash addition was revealed from the viewpoint of the pore structure and fractal dimension of the pore surface (Ds). The findings demonstrate that (1) the incorporation of 10–40% fly ash could slightly reduce the drying shrinkage by about 2.2–13.5% before 14 days of hydration, and it could reduce the drying shrinkage at 180 days by about 5.1–23.2%. By contrast, the fly ash addition could markedly reduce the autogenous shrinkage at early, middle and long-term ages. (2) Increasing fly ash dosage from 0 to 40% considerably improves the crack resistance of concrete to plastic shrinkage. Nevertheless, the increase in fly ash dosage increases the drying-induced cracking risk under restrained conditions. (3) The pore structures of face slab concrete at 3 and 28 days become coarser with the increase in fly ash dosage up to 40%. At 180 days, the pore structures become more refined as the fly ash dosage increases to 30%; however, this refinement effect is not as appreciable as the fly ash dosage increases from 30% to 40%. (4) The Ds of face slab concrete is closely related with the concrete pore structures. The Ds of face slab concrete at a. late age increases from 2.902 to 2.946 with increasing of the fly ash dosage. The pore structure and Ds are closely correlated with the shrinkage of face slab concrete. (5) The fly ash dosage around 30% is optimal for face slab concretes in terms of lowering shrinkage and refining the pore structures, without compromising much mechanical property. However, the face slab concretes with a large fly ash dosage should be well cured under restrained and evaporation conditions at an initial hydration age.


Cutaneous and mucosal infections caused by herpes viruses are very common. Oral acyclovir is the most frequently used in the treatment of these infections, but due to very low bioavailability, it should be administered in high and multiple daily doses. Valaciclovir is a prodrug of acyclovir and is characterized by significantly higher bioavailability and better pharmacokinetic properties. This enables more comfortable dosing. Multiple clinical trials have proved the efficacy of valaciclovir in the treatment of primary and recurrent genital herpes. Very comfortable, one-day regimen treatment also inhibits the symptoms of herpes labialis. Valaciclovir is also used in suppressive therapy, which prevents the recurrence of herpetic lesions. Clinical trials have shown similar efficacy of valaciclovir and acyclovir in the treatment of herpes simplex infections. Valaciclovir also proved to be more effective in the treatment of herpes zoster infections, especially in reducing the sympPRACE POGLĄDOWE SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: walacyklowir, opryszczka, półpasiec, leczenie, biodostępność.


Fibre Bragg gratings are by now well-recognised as key components for many fibre optic and laser systems, but ways for improving their characteristics and ease of fabrication continue to be a subject of considerable research interest. In particular, much of the recent activity has centred on the use of phase masks for grating production[1,2].


We present non‐homogenous Markov regression models of unknown order as a means to assess the duration of autoregressive dependence in longitudinal binary data. We describe a subject's transition probability evolving over time using logistic regression models for his or her past outcomes and covariates. When the initial values of the binary process are unknown, they are treated as latent variables. The unknown initial values, model parameters, and the order of transitions are then estimated using a Bayesian variable selection approach, via Gibbs sampling. As a comparison with our approach, we also implement the deviance information criterion (DIC) for the determination of the order of transitions. An example addresses the progression of substance use in a community sample of n=242 American Indian children who were interviewed annually four times. An extension of the Markov model to account for subject‐to‐subject heterogeneity is also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Ebb-tidal deltas are highly complex areas, influenced by both waves and currents. The complex hydrodynamic situation creates an equally complex set of bedforms, varying in both space and time. The present study explores the presence and characteristics of bedforms on the Ameland ebb-tidal delta, which is located along the north coast of the Netherlands. Spatially extensive patterns were determined with a multibeam echosounder, whereas the development of bedforms through time in a limited spatial area was measured with a 3D profiling Sonar. It was found that the area seaward of the shoal consisted of a megaripple field, which disappeared after a storm. Within this area, 3D small-scale wave-current ripples were also found, which recovered within a few days after the storm. Marine and River Dune Dynamics – MARID VI – 1-3 April 2019 Bremen, Germany 18 3. What is the relation between bedform characteristics and local hydrodynamics?


In order to meet inspection and maintenance requirements based on power transmission lines,the robot's moving environment and the obstacle-clearing processes were analyzed.The robot design characteristics and the centroid-adjustment influence were given.A new robot structure with two arms,four wheels,and a passive adaptive arm design was presented.Moreover,a centroid-adjustment method and a new passive-active hybrid motion control method were also presented.Finally,the method was used in the robot inspection system and verified through experiments in artificial environments and actual transmission lines.The results show that the method is feasible and very effective for improving the performance of robot contro1


Along with College English educational reform,web-based autonomous learning pattern obtains universal utilization and promotion in English teaching.This research is an empirical study on using reciprocal web-based teaching and learning in Language Labs.By means of questionnaire,test and interview,an investigation and a comparative analysis of the experiment classes and control classes were conducted.Prior to the experiment,the two groups were at the same English proficiency and autonomous learning.The findings indicate that the two groups significantly vary in both autonomous learning and grades in tests,indicationg that the reciprocal web-based teaching and learning in Language Lab helps the improvement of learners' autonomy and their English proficiency.


The aim of this paper is, firstly, to identify the areas of conceptual confusion about the notion of auditory object that could benefit from a cooperation between philosophy and psychology of perception. Secondly, I try to clarify in what sense there may be individual entities that exist only in time focusing on auditory objects, and to establish what kind of relationship links the existence of such purely temporal entities with the existence of spatiotemporal entities such as bodies or physical objects. Finally, a new definition of auditory object, conceived as a partially mind-dependent object, or Meinongian higher-order object based on inferiora, is discussed.


1.1 The last 20 years have seen wide-ranging research, both theoretical and empirical, on the determinants of long term growth. "Old growth models" of closed economies have given way to "new growth models" of open economies in concert with "new trade" theories. Facilitated by the availability of data that compare income levels across countries in real terms, econometricians have been able to study what factors tend to be associated with more rapid growth.


gastro-enteritison at least four occasions. Williams in Sydney in 1950-1951 recovered the organism from 24 children, 13 of whom were diagnosed as suffering from "non-specific" enteritis; three also had a Salmonellainfection; and seven were free from gastro-intestinalsymptoms. Mushin summarized the Melbourne experience to 1952, showing that E. coli 0111 has apparently been recoveredfrom a numberof children with gastro-enteritis. E. Singer and C. G. Ludford' made an extensiveinvestigation of an outbreakof gastro-enteritisin an infants' home in Brisbane and recoveredE. coli 0111 from 11 children. They remark that the organismhad only recently arrived in Brisbane. It is interesting to record that no epidemic of gastro-enteritiswhich might be reasonablythought to be due to a specific type of E. coli has occurred in an infants' institution or hospital in New South Wales since gastro-enteritisbecame a notifiable diseasein July, 1952. In the Aberdeenepidemic the maximum incidence was in the first trimester of life, with a peak at two months of age. Epidemicsalways occur among collections of infants, and the original source of the infection usually remains obscure. Almost all infants affected are artificially fed, and defective nutrition or previous disease is a predisposing factor. The incubation period in Smith's cases was from two to ten days. In the Brisbaneseriesit is of interestto note thatE. coli 0111 was isolatedfrom children three to five days before clinical signs appeared. The mortality in Smith's series was slightly over 40%; in Brisbane two children died out of 11 from whom E. coli 0111 was isolated. In the Aberdeen epidemic the onset was sudden in most cases, with vomiting and abnormal stools, and the majority showed from mild to severe dehydration. An interesting feature of the pathological findings is how often the gastro-intestinaltract was devoid of any pathologicalchangeseither on microscopicexamination of the surfaceof the gut or on histological examination.


Sustainability is a central target of rural development and common agriculture policy. For ages organic farming has seemed to be the main answer to the question. The article wants to introduce organic farming's characteristics and development in the last decades and the role of CAP in this question. The lack of capital, wrong working and the lack of market knowledge are the main problems and transferring to organic cultivation and waiting for the subsidies do not solve the base problems. Despite this questions CAP can pay huge attention to the support of organic farmers but this only is help for them if they can work successfully in the traditional method.


Retinopathy detection based on deep learning methods is a challenging problem, especially the diabetic retinopathy (DR) brings so many technical complications in medical image processing. Recently, label smoothing regularization has proved to be a better option to improve the performance of deep learning models. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a dual-stream multi-task learning model along with a novel weighted label smoothing regularization loss (WLSRL) to detect retinopathy. The proposed model uses a dual-stream network by incorporating separable and conventional convolutional neural networks to detect diabetic retinopathy. The model is designed to classify numerous retinal diseases on two different types of data. The data $\Delta_{1}$ is based on stereoscopic fundus photographs and $\Delta_{2}$ consists of OCT-based retinal images. The model is trained and tested on both data separately. We perform two classification tasks TF1, TF2 on $\Delta_{1}$ and TO1, TO2 on $\Delta_{2}$. The task TF1 is for the classification of fundus photographs as normal and abnormal, whereas TF2 is for DR grading. Similarly, the task TO1 classifies OCT-based images into four classes, whereas the task TO2 classifies images as normal and abnormal. The empirical results show that the model achieves competitive results for retinopathy classification and grading using multitask learning with WLSRL.


One major challenge of relying on Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)-equipped vehicles for high precision cooperative localization is related to the high computational complexity and heavy communication loads of exhaustively considering links to all neighbors regardless of their quality. This paper addresses the problem of selecting the best subset of links to spatial neighbors, considering varying degradation first from GPS conditions and second from GPS positioning capabilities. We formulate a computationally efficient particle filter-based link selection algorithms based on Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) indicators accounting for neighbors uncertainties. We show that selective fusion significantly reduces the computational complexity and required network traffic with a modest increase in the position error in most cases and an acceptable degradation in the worst-case long-term GPS-denied condition or under severe neighbor positions uncertainties.


This paper provides a portrait of the pattern of payment methods in international trade at the national level, by employing the universe of Colombian and Chilean import transactions data. The data reveal a striking predominance of the post-shipment payment system: the post-shipment term accounts for 80 90 percent of total import transactions in Colombia and Chile. Further, a substantial level of variation across source countries is mostly explained by Asian countries with which the post-shipment payment term is used signi…cantly less by around 10 20 percentage points. Alternative model of trade …nance that features the self-liquidating and recourse nature of account receivables …nancing is introduced to explain the observed empirical patterns of payment methods. A subsequent econometric analysis strongly supports the validity of the model. JEL classi…cation: F1, F4, G2, G3 This paper is a substantially revised version of the working paper titled "A Theory of Domestic and International Trade Finance". The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and should not be attributed to the International Monetary Fund, its Executive Board, or its management. yResearch Department, International Monetary Fund, 700 19th street NW, Washington, DC 20431. email : firstname.lastname@example.com


ChemicalMechanicalPolishing,orCMP,isananofabricationtechnique used to simultaneously remove material from surfaces and planarize them. It is commonly used within the semiconductor industry to process surfaces of silicon oxide, silicon nitride and both polycrystallineandsingle-crystalsilicon.Ithasalsobeenusedwithmetalssuch asaluminum,tungstenandcopper,whereitisusedinconjunctionwith etching and electroplating techniques to form nanoscale features such as interconnects. A more complete description of the CMP process is available in the literature. 1


Organised by Arnolfini, Bristol City Council and the University of the West of England, this programme of events explores public art commissioning in Bristol and further afield.

Karin Ruggaber contributes to this public talk. Her work includes sculpture, photography and publications. She uses a range of materials, which are characterised by their tactile and contrasting qualities. Recent work includes wall-based sculptures made from plaster, concrete, fabric and wood. The reliefs confront sculptural concerns such as how form is generated and developed and explore ideas of ornamentation, figuration and the organisation of space.


The conformational changes of plasma fibrinogen structures in response to titanium dioxide nanoparticles are critical for determining their toxicity and their influence on blood coagulation. In this study, we combined micro differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), flow cytometry (FACS) and circular dichroism (CD) measurements to monitor the secondary structural changes of fibrinogen on thermally modified nanoparticles and subsequently the blood platelet activation corresponding to the adsorbed fibrinogen. Upon thermal modification, the crystalline phase of the titanium dioxide particles was transformed from anatase to rutile, and more negative charges were generated on them. The modified titanium dioxide particles then induced a loss in α-helical structure of fibrinogen with a decrease in transition enthalpy, which seems to be the highly sensitive structure affected by adsorption. Electrostatic interactions between the heated particles and the αC domains of fibrinogen led to a compact adsorption of proteins onto the particles and then a shielding of the platelet binding sites, which is regarded as an important mechanism to affect the hemocompatibility of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles.


Water is a commodity, and water rights can be freely traded in an open market. Proponents of the free market approach argue that it leads to the most efficient allocation of water resources, as it would for any other commodity. However, unlike some commodities, water is critical for human life, for many human activities, and as an environmental resource. When such an essential commodity becomes scarce, as frequently happens in Australia, which is prone to sudden and dramatic droughts, severe problems can occur quickly. In Australia's Murray Darling Basin, the country's largest agricultural region, the government had historically controlled the distribution of water rights. However, under these controls, a selected few controlled a large share of the water. To resolve this problem of overallocation, a free market approach was put in place in the early 1990s.


Yunnan is located in the southwestern frontier region. Due to historical reason and the environmental factors in the area, Yunnan is the region with the most poverty-stricken areas and the deepest poverty in 14 contiguous special hardship areas in China. It faces problems such as prominent infrastructure bottlenecks, insufficient basic and public services, slow development of featured industries. In order to thoroughly implement important strategic thinking of general secretary Xi Jinping's poverty alleviation and development and the spirit of the important speech made in Yunnan in January 2015, the central government will fully implement the important decision-making arrangements for the central government to fight poverty. Compared with the traditional single-center model of anti-poverty governance , how the new era of Yunnan break through the traditional poverty alleviation model, respond to the voice of the times and make full use of big data and its modern technology and embark on a road to poverty alleviation in Yunnan's innovation and development, which is the focus of this paper. Therefore, by visiting and researching the Yunnan provincial government and 12 prefectures under the jurisdiction of the Yunnan provincial government, this paper adopts the form of policy texts, interviews and observations, lists systematically and refines the measures taken by the Yunnan provincial government in the fight against poverty including the strategy, organization, policy, society, capital, technology, propaganda and assistance. That will be expected to contribute to the wisdom of poverty alleviation in Yunnan and provide Yunnan model and plan for the country to overcome poverty. Keywords—poverty alleviation of Yunnan province; big strategy of poverty alleviation; highlights of the implementation


A neutral-point-clamped voltage source inverter (NPC-VSI), which is one of double series connected inverters, is able to output 5 level step-shaped line to line voltage without output transformers or reactors, thus reducing harmonic currents. The NPC-VSI is suitable to high voltage applications, because the required voltage rating of the switching devices used in the NPC-VSI is only 1/2 of the DC link voltage. However, the DC link voltage may be applied to the switching devices in the worst case if the potential of neutral point the DC link varies because of the flow-in or flow-out of the neutral point current.In this paper, the authors discuss the variation of the neutral point potential theoretically, and propose a suppression method of the variation. This is based on the control of a zero-sequence voltage that is a voltage difference between the center of the DC link and the neutral point of a load. The analysis is done for the vector control drive system of an induction machine without or with the proposed suppression method. Consequently, it is shown that the variation of the potential can be completely suppressed by the method except for a special operating condition. Moreover, the relation between the potential variation and the capacity of the DC capacitor is clarified to lead to the desing of the DC capacitor.


https://www.journal-imab-bg.org 2217 SUMMARY Male infertility is a complex disease, and genetic abnormalities are among the main causal factors for the disorder. Aim: In order to evaluate the proportion of the most common genetic factors in etiology of male infertility, examination for chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletions of Yq chromosome (delYq) was carried out in Bulgarian males with severe infertility. Materials and methods: The study was retrospective and involved a total of 142 infertile Bulgarian males (63 patients with azoospermia and 79 patients with severe oligozoospermia /sperm count < 5×106/ml), referred (20072016) for genetic testing, after preliminary examinations to exclude some more frequent causes for male infertility. Cytogenetic analysis by GTG-banding was carried out in 137 men, and molecular testing for AZF region microdeletions of Y chromosome by multiplex PCR was carried out in 109 men. Results: Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 16.8% of all investigated infertile men and the frequencies in patient subgroups with azoospermia and oligozoospermia were 20.7% (12/58) and 13.9% (11/79) respectively. The established frequency of delYq was 5.5% (6/109) in the overall group of infertile male and higher 9.5% (6/ 63) in a subgroup of patients with azoospermia.The overall proportion of the two genetic factors was 30.2% in patients with azoospermia and 14% in men with oligozoospermia. In conclusion, chromosomal abnormalities and delYq account for about 22% of cases with severe infertility in Bulgarian men. Genetic testing should be a routine part of examinations in infertile males and along with genetic counseling; they provide an opportunity for the best choice of an appropriate technique for assisted reproduction of the couples.


Tailings are land on which the waste material is stored, from ore processing to metal extraction. Even though currently mines and processing plants are currently inoperable, these deposits are still a current issue of natural environment management. A concrete case concerns the tailings ponds in the Baia Mare depression, located in the proximity of the localities, for which they constitute a permanent threat. Although there are many studies and concrete actions on ecological remediation and their natural space rendering, the problems they generate are far from being resolved. The article presents the results of an ecological remediation study using plant and mushroom species from the native flora and proposes integrating them into a wider management scheme. To optimize the remediation process for an efficient environmental management and for the preservation of the population's health, we propose an integrated management scheme that takes into account the corroboration of biological and socio-human factors. Involvement of local communities reduces the time needed to integrate these polluted areas into the natural circuit.


The reaction of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) with ICl in a 1:1 molar ratio in CH2Cl2 produced the expected charge-transfer complex [4-NH2-1λ4-C5H4N-1-ICl] (1·ICl) and the ionic species [(4-NH2-1λ4-C5H4N)2-1μ-I+][Cl–] (2·Cl–) in a 2:1 relation, as indicated by 1H NMR spectroscopy in solution. In contrast, only the ionic compound [(4-NH2-1λ4-C5H4N)2-1μ-I+][IBr2–] (2·IBr2–) was observed in the analogous reaction with IBr. The reaction between 4-AP and I2 in a 1:1 molar ratio also afforded two components, one of which was identified as the congeneric cation in [(4-NH2-1λ4-C5H4N)2-1μ-I+][I7–] (2·I7–) that contains a polyiodide anion as a result of transformation in a 1:2 molar ratio between the starting materials. In all of these ionic products, the crystal structures feature an iodonium ion, I+, trapped between two 4-AP rings through N···I+···N contact. Surprisingly, the reaction of 4-AP with Br2 in CH2Cl2 resulted in an immediate protonation of the 4-aminopyridine (1H NMR) and [4-NH2-1λ4-C5H4N-1-H+][Br–] (3·Br–) w...


Referring to the current Danish debate on measures and legislation regarding prescribed nitrogen (N) rates, long-term field experiments (LTEs) hosting a short-term study have proven their value as research platforms to generate estimates that would otherwise be impossible to obtain. Introduction The residual effect of organic amendments on soil N fertility is reasonably well-known for incorporation of crop residues and applications of animal manures. Mineral N fertilizers may, beyond their direct first year effect on crop productivity, also have a residual effect on soil N fertility mainly caused by crop residues left in the soil. Although this effect of fertilizer N rate may be minor, the annual effects may accumulate over time. Thus the long-term effect of fertilizer N rate becomes interesting not only from a theoretical point of view, but also in terms of evaluating soil organic N dynamics and adjusting fertilizer N rates. The long-term effect of a sustained reduction in fertilizer N rate on yield, N off-take and quality has become an issue in the Danish environmental debate. To meet the Nitrate Directive, the Danish legislation prescribes maximum N-rates corresponding to c. 90% of the normative N-rate for economically optimal yields (Mikkelsen et al., 2005). This presentation discusses how LTEs may be applied in the evaluation of the long-term effect of sustained reductions in N-rates. Materials and methods Data on the interactions between previous rate of N application (Nprev) and annual rates of N (Nnew) was obtained from a series of LTEs hosting short-term N-response experiments. LTEs were located at Askov, Rønhave, and Jyndevad Experimental Stations in Denmark, and at Orup and Fjärdingslöv sites in South Sweden. The results of the experiment at Rønhave have been reported by Thomsen et al. (2003) and data from the other sites are reported by Petersen et al. (in prep.). Spring barley was used at all sites as test crop for the short-term experiments. The LTEs at Askov and Jyndevad and in Sweden are included in the inventory of on ongoing Nordic LTEs as DK-2, DK-3 and SE-9001, respectively (Petersen et al., 2008), while the Rønhave site has been closed.


Blockchain technology has been successfully exploited for deploying new economic applications. However, it has started arousing the interest of malicious users who deliver scams to deceive honest users and to gain economic advantages. Among the various scams, Ponzi schemes are one of the most common. Here, we present an automatic technique for detecting smart Ponzi contracts on Ethereum. We release a reusable data set with 4422 unique real-world smart contracts. Then, we introduce a new set of features that allow us to improve the classification. Finally, we identify a small and effective set of features that ensures a good classification quality.


Using fluidized bed under the action of high fluoride on simulation of jiangxi rare rare earth smelting waste water to remove the test. Articles by controlling the F/Ca, change CaF2 (AR) particle size and so on has carried on the related experiment, and the output of the crystal were characterized, and the experimental results show that the change of CaF2 (AR) particle size effect on fluoride in effect is not big, but when the control F/Ca is 0.6, namely the F 300 mg/L, Ca2 + is 500 mg/L when can achieve a certain amount of fluoride in effect, the F concentration drops to about 10 mg/L. Conclusion: effective control in the fluidized bed reaction conditions conducive to Ca2 +, as well as the combination of F and CaF2 crystal growth at the same time to achieve the ideal effect of fluoride.


The main objective of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is to help the farmers in the command area in the field of agriculture and allied sectors. During the last 3 years i.e. from 2013 to 2015, a record of all the visiting farmers was maintained in the plant health diagnostic laboratory at the KVK, in which complete details of the farmer with address and contact number was maintained. Similarly, the purpose of visiting KVK was recorded date wise by the KVK scientist and at the end of each month, a summary was prepared and analysed for severity of the attack of insect pest and diseases. It was found that farmers (3.6%) started enquiring about the management of fruit fly prior in Guava in the month of June. In the months of July and August, 55.6 and 44.4 per cent farmers, respectively visited the KVK to know about its management. Regarding brinjal crop, per cent farmers visited KVK during the month of June, July, August and September was 13.9, 37.9, 23.2 and 25.0, respectively. Continuous arrival of the farmers in the KVK campus in each month indicates that this crop is being attacked by insect pest and diseases throughout its whole growing period. Cauliflower crop was more prone to the attack of insect pest rather than diseases as the farmers enquired about the management of insect pests only and no diseased sample was diagnosed in the KVK. In cucurbits, maximum samples were brought by the farmers to the KVK campus as compared to other crops. Out of 31 farmers who visited KVK campus, per cent value for the months of February, March, April, May and June was 25, 12.5, 35, 24.2 and 3.3, respectively. It was also revealed that the crop was prone both to the attack of insect pests and diseases. As Krishi Vigyan Kendra imparts short duration trainings to farmers from time to time, it can be concluded that KVK staff should provide trainings relating to the above mentioned technological problems in a particular month.


At present, our country has made great achievements in the field of computer. At the same time, the network has covered most parts of the country and realized the information network. Because of the great difference between higher vocational colleges and ordinary colleges in the nature of running schools, their teaching objectives and teaching plans are quite different from those of ordinary colleges and universities, but higher vocational colleges are not the mapping version of ordinary colleges and universities. The specialty of computer network technology in higher vocational colleges should have more practical ability of computer and practical operation ability. This requires higher vocational colleges to innovate their teaching system in view of the current situation of computer network technology specialty, and to explore, analyze and study their teaching ideas, teaching methods and teaching methods, so as to ensure that they can cultivate talents suitable for the needs of society and the market, further improve the quality of teaching, and improve students' employment ability and practical operation ability.


Bluetooth technology (BT) and the inherent security vulnerabilities it introduces into business domains are often overlooked when security policies are developed. While organizations spend the lion's share of their IT budgets on Intrusion Prevention/Detection Systems (IPS/IDS) to protect their wired networks and Virtual Private Network (VPN) technology to secure wireless data in motion (DIM), Bluetooth security is often disregarded. However, the International Data Corporation (IDC) projected that global Bluetooth short-wave wire semiconductor revenue will triple from $1.7 billion in 2007, to $3.3 billion by 2012 [1]. After a brief history of Bluetooth technology, researchers will examine how Bluetooth works, its vulnerabilities, and how these vulnerabilities can be exploited.


Histological and biological description: The tumor is composed of small round and oval cells arranged in sheets with some whorling. Cells showed a monotonous nuclear with about 10 mitoses per 10 HPF. There was no necrosis on the sample. Immunohistochemistry showed a positivity for CD99 whereas pankeratin AE2/AE3, EMA, S100 protein, CD34, desmin and smooth muscle actin were negative. RT-PCR performed on RNA extracted from frozen tissue showed no transcript for Ewing sarcoma (FLI1, ERG) and synovial sarcoma (SSX1, SSX2 and SSX4). At this moment, the final diagnosis was Undifferentiated small cell sarcoma. The patient received a neoadjuvant chemotherapy and a surgical resection of the tumor was performed followed by a local radiotherapy and an adjuvant chemotherapy. A local recurrence occurred in March 2004 and the patient died in May 2006. A subsequent research program initiated in 2011 by Olivier Delattre team (Institut Curie, Paris) described a new translocation in a subset of small cell sarcomas with a BCORCCNB3 gene fusion. This case showed this specific translocation


Summary The label has the task of guiding the consumer on the constituents of food, promoting healthy food choices. However, this does not mean that consumers are using as a tool to choose which foods should make up your diet, and thus reduce overeating and damages health. This is a cross-sectional study, which evaluated the habit of reading labels for consumers in a supermarket chain in Pelotas, RS. It was found that 48.13% of respondents evaluate food labels. Users of labeling are mostly women, young people and university graduates. A significant association between reading habits and influence on the purchase of products, which shows the importance of labeling as a tool in the purchase, since it represents a communication link between the consumer and the product is well understood and allows choices food more insightful. Key words: Nutritional labeling; Nutritional information; Consumer's behavior. Autores | Authors Giovanna da Silva CAVADA Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) Departamento de Nutricao Pelotas/RS - Brasil e-mail: email@example.com


This project is basically an exercise to analyze and understand the proper management of the acting profession through the voice of the makers of this work looking for a reflection on the dichotomy that actors and actresses live throughout their career when confronted to a reality in which they can not only exercise their profession for "love of art", but to achieve a place in the artistic medium they must carry out a series of activities and face external factors that do not depend only on the quality of their work , so that a general framework of the operation of the cultural industries is constructed to know its effects and influences on the work of the actor, in addition to the presence and importance of the public and its consumption of the cultural offer produced by the artist, in order to experience what it means to live in the art world, and also to create awareness and sensitivity regarding the need to professionalize the work of the artistic worker.


Field experiments were conducted during winter 2006-07 and 2007-08 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to find out the effect of drip irrigation on the productivity and water use efficiency in Bt-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The experiments were laid out in a randomized block design replicated four times. The treatments consisted of drip irrigation at 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 and 1.0 ETC (Crop evapotranspiration) compared with farmers' method (flood irrigation method). The results revealed that application of water to Bt-cotton through drip resulted in better growth, higher seed cotton yield and better quality of lint than the surface method. The yield advantage due to different irrigation schedules through drip based on ETc was 26.2 and 12.8% over surface method during 2006-07 and 2007-08, respectively. Among the irrigation through drip, irrigation at 0.80 ETC recorded better growth and gave higher seed cotton yield than irrigation at 0.60 ETC. The water use efficiency with drip irrigated Bt-cotton was 44.4% higher than the flood method of irrigation.


Small laminations were prepared from laser‐scribed and nonscribed 0.27‐mm H‐1 high‐permeability and 0.23‐mm M‐3 conventional grain‐oriented silicon steels. The 60‐Hz core losses of the laminations were measured in a single‐sheet fixture. Model single‐phase and three‐phase core‐type stacked transformer cores were built from the laminations and were tested for their 60‐Hz core losses. For either material, the laser scribing produced loss improvements in the model cores which closely approximated those indicated by the single‐sheet tests. In both the scribed and nonscribed conditions, the 0.27‐mm H‐1 material exhibited higher destruction factors in the model cores than did the 0.23‐mm M‐3 material.


In this article, we design a lossless analog transmission type phase shifter using a novel and original optimization approach in MMIC technology. The selected phase shifter structure consists of a MESFET with series resonant impedances including varactor diodes and we present simulated results in the [3,5-4,5 GHz] band. Thanks to the flexibility and efficiency of the CAD methodology, excellen results have been obtained even with a small number of MMIC components.


Jan Hvarre sets out the aims of the Danish government and the attempt to introduce digital signatures for general use.


Level crossing constitute high risk spots for Indian railway. In 2012, the Kakodar Committee strongly recommended eliminate of all the level crossing within 5 years. The expenditure for undertaking such a massive project, the report would be recovered due to saving through improving train operation. In India half the train accidents occur at level crossing out of 54 such incident in 2014-15, 48 accident toke place at unmanned level crossing which can be attribute to negligence of road user. In most cases the road users are the casually and some time heavy road vehicle can present a risk to trains as well. More than 50% of fatalities and a quarter of all injuries sustained by passenger, railway employees and others due to train accident occurred at level crossing. Railway and road crossing the two different infrastructure network during their normal operations results in increased chances of loss of life and property. These accidents also create a drag in the limiting capacity of trains leading to increased costs for operation and maintenance of the railways. An estimate 5% trains punctually on account of non closure of safety gate at crossings in time.


Dual process theories propose that people possess two information processing systems (rational vs. experiential). The present study used two semantic priming techniques to influence health risk decisions via the two processing systems. Baseline measures of sexual attitudes (erotophobia), and willingness and intentions to engage in risky sexual, alcohol, and drug use behaviors were collected from 183 college males. Participants were then subliminally or supraliminally primed with the concept of sex while performing a lexical decision task. Changes in willingness and intentions were examined. Results yielded no clear pattern of priming effects on health risk decisions, although there was evidence that priming reduced response times to the questionnaire items. Study limitations and implications of priming on health risk decisions are discussed.


Although several methods have been proposed for the detection of resampling operations in multimedia signals and the estimation of the resampling factor, the fundamental limits for this forensic task leave open research questions. In this work, we explore the effects that a downsampling operation introduces in the statistics of a 1D signal as a function of the parameters used. We quantify the statistical distance between an original signal and its downsampled version by means of the Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) in case of a wide-sense stationary 1st-order autoregressive signal model. Values of the KLD are derived for different signal parameters, resampling factors and interpolation kernels, thus predicting the achievable hypothesis distinguishability in each case. Our analysis reveals unexpected detectability in case of strong downsampling due to the local correlation structure of the original signal. Moreover, since existing detection methods generally leverage the cyclostationarity of resampled signals, we also address the case where the autocovariance values are estimated directly by means of the sample autocovariance from the signal under investigation. Under the considered assumptions, the Wishart distribution models the sample covariance matrix of a signal segment and the KLD under different hypotheses is derived.


In challenging underwater environments, the polarization parameter maps calculated by the Stokes model are characterized by the high noise and error, harassing the underwater target detection tasks. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel bionic polarization calculation and underwater target detection method by modeling the visual system of mantis shrimps. This system includes many operators including a polarization-opposition calculation, a factor optimization and a visual neural network model. A calibration learning method is proposed to search the optimal value of the factors in the linear subtraction model. Finally, a six-channel visual neural network model is proposed to detect the underwater targets. Experimental results proved that the maps produced by the polarization-opposition parameter is more accurate and have lower noise than that produced by the Stokes parameter, achieving better performance in underwater target detection tasks. Copyright © 2014 IFSA Publishing, S. L.


T slippery frog, Conraua derooi (Fig. 1) was described from the forest around Missahohe in south-western Togo (Hulselmans, 1972). In 1980, a further small population of the species was discovered north of the type locality in the Danyi Yikpa area (Bourgat et al., 1996). Records of C. derooi from Togo and Ghana, identified as Conraua alleni (a species-complex which occurs from western Ghana to Sierra Leone and Guinea; Mark-Oliver Rödel et al., unpubl. data), prior to the description of C. derooi, were published by Schiøtz (1964) and Lamotte & Perret (1968). Surveys conducted from 2000 to 2005 on the Ghanaian part of the Ghana-Togo highlands failed to detect the species (Rödel & Agyei, 2003; Leaché et al., 2006). Segniagbeto et al. (2007) summarised the known sites from Togo but they did not find any new sites. Finally Kouamé et al. (2007) presented new records from the Atewa Range in Ghana; Hillers et al. (2009) confirmed the persistence of C. derooi at several known sites along the Togo-Ghana border. Preliminary results indicate, however, that the Atewa records may represent an undescribed species (Rödel, unpubl. data). In summary, C. derooi has a very restricted distribution, with all known Togolese populations found along the Camalo torrent in the forests of Missahohe and Yikpa (Segniagbeto et al., 2007, 2013). Typical habitats of the species are torrents in hilly forested landscapes. Previous studies (Rödel & Agyei, 2003; Hillers et al., 2009 and Segniagbeto et al., 2013) have shown that available habitat for this species is highly fragmented and degraded, as natural forest ecosystems being transformed into coffee and cocoa plantations. As a result and because of its Extent of Occurrence, C. derooi has been assessed as Critically Endangered, Criteria B2ab(iii), by IUCN (Rödel & Schiøtz, 2004). In addition, the species should be considered a priority for conservation on the basis of its evolutionary distinctiveness and global endangerment (Isaac et al., 2012). In order to obtain up-to-date scientific data on the distribution and conservation status of the C. derooi populations in Togo, we conducted field surveys in November 2015 and November 2016 in areas considered, based on habitat, as potentially suitable for the species. In this paper, we present data on the number of observed individuals and some hitherto unknown sites. The distribution and local density of the critically endangered frog Conraua derooi Hulselmans, 1972 in Togo, West Africa


The steady-state spectra photoluminescence (at 77 K) and photoconductivity (at 300 K) of both initial and densified samples of vitreous As2Se3 are studied. The densification is followed by an increased radiation band intensity, band narrowing, and some decrease of fatigue photoluminescence decay time, while the steady-state photoconductivity decreases and its spectrum shows a non-parallel shift to the lower energy region. The discussion of the results is based on a model of radiation center formation due to broken and/or distorted bonds. It is suggested that electronic non-equilibrium processes in glassy semiconductors are controlled to a great extent by broken and/or distorted bonds.

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PbTiO3 films on various substrates were prepared by a metalorganic decomposition process using a multilayer spinning technique. Films on LaAlO3 and MgO substrates were preferentially c‐axis oriented, and those on SrTiO3 have a completely c‐axis orientation. The mechanism leading to the orientation was discussed. Contrary to the c‐axis orientation, a‐axis orientation can be induced on otherwise random films if they were annealed under pressure.


The objective of this paper is to find which factors were the most important to explain the contraction of the economic activity in Chile during the last three years. The results show that: (1) the fall in the rate of growth of the economy is explained by external factors, like the end of the mining boom; (2) the subsequent and persistently low growth rates are explained by a combination of internal and external factors, where the internal factors were the most important.


Abstract The three-dimensional bending behavior of a viscoelastic functionally graded material (FGM) layer embedded between piezoelectric layers and subjected to an electric field as well as a uniform transverse pressure is studied. An analytical solution is computed for a simply supported viscoelastic smart FGM plate using the state space technique along the thickness direction and a Fourier expansion along the in-plane coordinates. The governing differential equations in the time domain are transformed to the Laplace domain, solved in the Laplace domain, and transformed back to the time domain using the inverse Laplace transform. In the present study, the relaxation modulus of the FGM layer is assumed in the form of a Prony series, and it varies according to the power law in the thickness direction. The validity of the proposed approach is assessed by comparison of the numerical results of the approach with those of published works in the literature. The effects of geometric dimensions, electromechanical loads, and relaxation time constant on the behavior of the smart plate are investigated.


Despite increasing ethnic diversity globally, there has been little research into meeting the further education needs of these learners (Bidgood, Saebi, & May, 2006). In particular, the international literature provides scant understanding of how organizations go about meeting the literacy needs of adult English language learners (ELLs). It is recognized, however, that organizational factors can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of adult education (Fincher, 2010). This paper provides insights into the organizational strategies adopted by one educational provider in its endeavours to meet the needs of adult ELLs in a context similar to Hargreaves' (1994) description of a "moving mosaic" (p. 195). Case study data gathered included individual interviews with senior managers, a focus group discussion with teachers, and document analysis. Amidst the uncertainties of a shifting environment, three key organizational strategies appeared to help in sustaining the goal of maintaining a student-centered program: flexibility, internal and external collaboration, and a leadership model that provided clear direction as well as engendering a sense of shared purpose. INTRODUCTION Provisions for adult ELLs have thus far received scant attention in the international literature (Bidgood, Saebi, & May, 2006). It is known, however, that organizational factors can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of adult education (Fincher, 2010). Also, it is known that resolving organizational issues can divert time away from student support (Brown & Wynn, 2009). One area of concern mentioned in the literature is the continued uncertainty in adult literacy funding (Hamilton & Barton, 2000). This is an issue that also impacts on ELL literacy provisions: While many aspects of the ESL [English as a Second Language]profession have acquired a certain glamour, or even panache, with their foreign travel and university affiliations, the same cannot be said for adult ESL literacy. Dependent on external funding sources, such as 'soft money' grants by government agencies, and thus condemned to uncertain longrange prospects. (Ross, 1992, p. 3) 8 Journal of Research and Practice for Adult Literacy, Secondary, and Basic Education • Volume 3, Number 1, Spring 2014 Research 9 This paper provides insights into how one Private Training Enterprise (PTE) strove to prioritize the literacy and language needs of diverse adult English language learners (ELLs) against a backdrop of uncertain funding, external accountability, and on-going policy changes. It opens by summarizing literature on adult literacy needs and provisions, and identifying relevant organizational approaches. The research design and the questions guiding the study are then outlined, after which the case study is presented. The paper concludes with discussion of three key strategies that assisted the PTE in maintaining a learner-centered approach amidst the tensions generated by external factors. Adult literacy and language needs Zepke (2011) notes "international literacy surveys in 1996 and 2006 showed that a large proportion of adult New Zealanders were not literate and numerate at a level needed to meet the challenges of a knowledge society" (p. 432). After an extensive review of the literature, Leach, Zepke, Haworth, Isaacs, & Nepia (2010) concluded that progress on addressing this issue was initially hindered by "a lack of reliable research evidence about literacy and numeracy teaching for adults internationally"(p. 8). In common with governments in many other parts of the world, New Zealand has recently begun to focus more on addressing adult literacy issues. However, meeting the literacy and language needs of adults, who are English language learners (ELLs), is often not a priority despite the fact that western, English speaking countries are fast becoming nations "of minorities with widely differing backgrounds and perspectives" (Tomlinson, 2005, p. 184). Enhancing adults' literacy skills has many societal benefits (Wignall & Bluer, 2007; Eskey, 2005; Orem, 2005; Wiley, 2005; Barton & Pitt, 2003; Burt, Peyton, & Adams, 2003; White, Watts, & Trlin, 2001). Lo Bianco (2008) suggests that English language and literacy provides ELLs with "the critical medium for accessing employment, progressing through education and participating in the entitlements and duties of citizenship" (p. 344). The United Nations affirms that literacy "involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society" that is linked to both individual and social aspirations (UNESCO, 2004, p. 13). However, international research (e.g. Wignall & Bluer, 2007) as well as research in New Zealand (e.g. White et al., 2001) continues to raise concerns about the low levels of English literacy amongst adult ELLs. Adult ELLs need to quickly learn a new language to enable them to operate in their new cultural context (Pitt, 2005). Also, many migrants may need to construct a new professional identity (Roberts et al., 2005; Wignall & Bluer, 2007) as their prior qualifications may not be recognized in the new setting (Department of Internal Affairs, 1996). Therefore, the challenge for providers of literacy and language programs for adult ELLs is perhaps how best to address these learners' diverse, immediate, and long-term needs. Adult literacy provisions The Tertiary Education Strategy in New Zealand does not identify a specific pedagogical strategy for adult literacy; however, the Tertiary Education Commission advocates an embedded literacy, language and numeracy approach (Zepke, 2011). An embedded approach ensures that "literacy is developed while it is being applied" (McKenna & Tensions in Prioritizing Adult English Language Learners' Literacy Needs


In most cases, large phased array radars need to search multiple airspace to complete specified tasks. Aiming at the problem that the tracking task occupies the total radar resources and results in the search performance degradation of each airspace, a combined optimization strategy is proposed, which is decomposed into two sub-problems: single-space search parameter adjustment problem and multi-area energy allocation problem. For the first problem, considering the beam broadening effect in the process of scanning and the need for timely adjustment in the search space, a search performance optimization model with the airspace coverage coefficient as the optimization function is established, and three strategies, ASB, AOA and ASBAOA, are given. For the second problem, the weighted airspace coverage coefficient is used as the optimization function to establish the allocation model and two allocation strategies, PAS and AAS, are given. The simulation results show that the performance of ASBAOA and AAS are the best.


This paper focus on the problem  related to the choice of optimal locations for overhaul facilities intended for maintenance of efficient operation of agricultural mechanization in the western part of South Backa region (24 settlements), Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia.  Distance between the settlements in the observed region, as well as the number of hours required for the maintenance of agricultural mechanization were considered. The number of hours required was determined based on the sowing structure typical for that region and on the month with the most extensive use of mechanization (critical month). Well known p-median problem, used for locating problem solving, has been modified here. The optimization was carried out in two steps. First, the number and position of overhaul facilities were determined, and then, the settlements and percentage of services they would require from a particular overhaul facility, were determined as well. This minimizes transport costs and time necessary for agricultural mechanization overhauling.

 Key words: Integer programming, location, optimization, workshop.


The distribution of descents in fixed conjugacy classes of $S_n$ has been studied, and it is shown that its moments have interesting properties. Fulman proved that the descent numbers of permutations in conjugacy classes with large cycles are asymptotically normal, and Kim proved that the descent numbers of fixed point free involutions are also asymptotically normal. In this paper, we generalize these results to prove a central limit theorem for descent numbers of permutations in any conjugacy class of $S_n$.


With the housing shortage in Sweden today, effective solutions to the problems that arise are required. One of the issues in almost every construction project is change orders which often causes ad ...


A new approach for the architecture of an all digital modem design is presented. The key feature is a lower processing rate than that of the Nyquist rate (the input sampling rate) and even the symbol rate. The lower processing rate is achieved by the use of a parallel structure, based on multirate filter banks concepts. In this proposed scheme, matched filtering is implemented in the subbands of an analysis/synthesis filter bank.


Specimens for the diagnosis of mycoplasma infections: There is now a whole gamut of laboratory techniques for detecting mycoplasmas, but they are of little avail unless the specimens for test are satisfactory. For good results, greater co-operation than often obtains at present is required between clinicians and laboratory staff. In order to establish that a specific infection has occurred, the timing of the serum samples in relation to the onset of disease is of great importance. At least two samples are required, one taken during the acute and one during the convalescent phase, the criterion of infection being that the convalescent phase serum shows a fourfold increase in titre over the acute phase serum. In practice, this criterion has been fulfilled in most surveys of M. pneumonice infection, but less frequently in M. hominis infections. Specimens for culture should be taken by experienced personnel and, especially in surveys, as far as possible by a standard procedure. As far as possible, the specimens should be tested immediately, since our knowledge about the survival of mycoplasma in specimens under different conditions of storage is limited. Recently, Andrews et al. (1967) recovered oral mycoplasmas from swabs after storage in a virus transport medium for twenty-four hours at 40 C, but got less satisfactory results after storage at room temperature or -30° C. We need more information of this sort about the suitability of transport media of various types and about the recovery rates before and after storage at different temperatures. In view of our ignorance about the capacity for survival of mycoplasmas in pathological specimens, it is advisable, wherever possible, to inoculate specimens directly into the growth medium. It is encouraging that clinicians are becoming increasingly aware of the existence and idiosyncrasies of mycoplasmas. It is to be hoped that, from a closer co-operation between clinicians and laboratory staff, a clearer picture of the significance of these micro-organisms in human pathology will emerge.


This article reviews Fengfeng coal mines in relation to geology,hydro-geological data,hydrogeological condition and generalization on basis of GMS modeling.By hydro-geological modeling,partition and rotation,the complex underground geological environment is displayed in three-dimensions,so that geological technicians and managers achieve a real and direct understanding of geological phenomena to address various geological problems.


The general structure of VHDL compiled-simulator is presented. It contains three parts, that is, simulation kernel, debug kernel and C++ source code, which is translated from the user VHDL source. It is proven that this kind of simulator has the advantages of high speed, being well structured and easily extendible. Tests verified the performance and efficiency of the structure.


This paper is dealing with an urgent task of protection coordination in nationwide power systems. The coordination of overcurrent protection is strongly depending on the network configuration in contrast to distance or differential protection. Proposed concepts should be evaluated applied to the network. Nowadays numerical simulation tools like PSS™SINCAL provide the possibility of a holistic simulation of network and protection behaviour. Different overcurrent protection concepts for transmission networks are analysed on their feasibility. The software assistance and the visualisation of the enormous amount of output data are described. The evaluation shows clearly the difference and pros and cons between the discussed protection concepts. Generic network configurations leading to maloperation can be clearly found. Further on the possibility of the development of systematic solutions covering the identified practical constraints is provided.


A chaotic sequence for chaos shift keying (CSK) that provides auto- and cross-correlation properties (that are similar to those of random white noise) is used for spread spectrum systems. Due to its bifurcation behavior (depending on the initial condition), the number of chaotic sequences that can be generated by a single formula is not restricted and will not repeat itself. These characteristics provide an increase in system capacity and security performance. The paper presents a study of two different commonly used chaotic logistic maps and a modified chaotic logistic map for CSK spread spectrum system. The newly modified logistic map provides similar bits error rate (BER) performance to the best logistic map. Yet, it also provides an additional chaotic parameter for the control of its dynamic property, hence increasing the system security and capacity.


Objective To investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility and the pulse field gel electrophoresis( PFGE)patterns of 110 Escherichia coli O157 isolates from food in China,and to complete the characteristics of Escherichia coli O157 in food for the risk assessment. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility of all confirmed Escherichia coli O157 isolates was determined by agar dilution method. DNA collected fromall strains was digested by Xba I according to the standard PFGE protocolof US CDC. The PFGE patterns were analyzed with BioNumerics software. Results Out of all the isolates,43 strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The top three antibiotics were tetracycline( 30. 0%,33 /110),sulfamethoxazole( 29. 1%,32 / 110),nalidixic acid( 26. 4%,29 / 110). In total,24 antimicrobial resistance profiles were identified. 34 isolates were resistant to more than two antibiotics and 32 resistant to more than three antibiotics. The dominant multidrug resistant profiles were SMX( 6),AMP-NAL-SMX-SXT-TET( 6),AMP-CHL-NAL-SMX-SXT-TET( 4) /AMP-SMX-SXT-TET( 4) /TET( 4). The antibiotic resistance rate of E. coli O157 was significantly higher than E. coli O157∶ H7( χ2= 72. 010 P 0. 05). 37 E. coli O157∶ H7 isolates haboring shiga toxin genes only were resistant to sulfamethoxazole( 2. 7%,1 /37),nalidixicacid( 2. 7%,1 /37) with no multi-drug resistant strains. Comparedby different food types,strains from raw pork and raw poultry had relatively higher resistance rates than other types of food. PFGEmolecular typing completely separated E. coli O157∶ hund and E. coli O157∶ H7 strains. Conclusion The antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from food in Chinawas serious. The antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance should be strengthened,especially for E. coli O157( including STEC E. coli O157) isolates to explore the relationship and transmission of antibiotic resistance strains between farming areas and retail sectors and to provide a scientific basis to develop antibiotic medication in farming.


Introduction In contrast to popular notion, spatial planning does not belong solely within the privileged realm of spatial planners. Spatial planners constitute just one link in a chain of stakeholders who may use the tools provided by the planners with a view to achieve sustainable development objectives (Karlenzig, 2012). The success or otherwise of spatially oriented plans and policies greatly depends on each link within this imaginary chain.


We develop a location analysis spatial model of firms' competition in multi-characteristics space, where consumers' opinions about the firms' products are distributed on multilayered networks. Firms do not compete on price but only on location upon the products' multi-characteristics space, and they aim to attract the maximum number of consumers. Boundedly rational consumers have distinct ideal points/tastes over the possible available firm locations but, crucially, they are affected by the opinions of their neighbors. Our central argument is that the consolidation of a dense underlying consumers' opinion network is the key for the firm to enlarge its market-share. Proposing a dynamic agent-based analysis on firms' location choice we characterize multi-dimensional product differentiation competition as adaptive learning by firms' managers and we argue that such a complex systems approach advances the analysis in alternative ways, beyond game-theoretic calculations.


Abstract This paper proposes the use of a time-varying sliding surface for the robust stabilization of a class of nonlinear uncertain SISO plants with saturating actuators. A constructive procedure for designing the surface is here proposed, and the robust asymptotical stabilization of the plant is guaranteed under mild assumptions, in the presence of bounded matched uncertainties. Simulation results have successfully validated theoretical achievements.


Hong Kong is one of the densest cities compared to other metropolitan cities with population density in some districts exceeding 57,250 persons per sqkm. Hong Kong's liveability has been affected by factors such as escalating urban density, lack of open spaces, congested living environments, air pollution concentration and high proneness to pandemics. Due to extremely high land premiums, some residents in Hong Kong live in nano flats small as 15sqm in high-rise towers. Given the congested nature of apartments, open spaces a play a vital role contributing to residents' psychological and physical well-being. Due to peculiar topography and extreme high density, Hong Kong open space per capita is far from the WHO recommended standards of 9 sqm per person. Most urban open spaces are pocket spaces located among developments or adjacent to traffic roads with a high ratio of hardscape compared to vegetation. Due to challenging Summer conditions in Hong Kong with high temperature, humidity and stagnant wind most urban open spaces are underutilized. This research investigates the factors effecting enjoyment of open spaces and design factors that could contribute to improve their liveability as public amenities. Exploration is based on liveability parameters such as user comfort, user behaviour, and spatial attributes of urban open spaces. Field data was collected on seven urban open spaces within Tsuen Wan district during dry Summer days. Field data analysis was supplemented by simulation methods, photographic survey of users' movement within open spaces and user interviews. All open spaces are located amidst of high-density urban environment facilitating easy access to residents in the neighbourhood proving sense of security. Findings indicate tendencies in using these open spaces in the afternoon after 4pm when these open spaces cool off from solar radiation. Majority of open spaces benefited from shading effect from surrounding buildings, however the seating arrangements have not benefited from the shading. Satisfactory wind speed could be observed in four open spaces out of the seven that benefited from South and SE wind directions providing desirable thermal comfort to users. The park that consisted of the highest ratio of greenery received the lowest wind speed due walled effect created by surrounding buildings. Ironically open spaces with high percentage of hardscape areas reported better wind performance indicating the possibility of high emissivity material creating low pressure pockets drawing winds in particularly in the afternoons.


While it is standard practice to omit isolation during Vector Network Analyzer calibration of measurement systems probing planar devices, the impact on measurement accuracy due to finite leakage between signal paths has not been quantitatively studied. In this paper a generalization of a calibration comparison method is used to determine error-bounds estimating the effect of neglecting cross-talk during calibration of a two-port VNA system.


We demonstrate a full range rotational angle sensor system using two chemical etching intrinsic Fabry–Pérot interferometers (FPIs) fabricated by an electrical arc discharge technique. The use of magnetic scale, combined packaged FPI detectors, allows the exploration of position characteristic with direction discrimination. Numerical simulation is employed for optimizing the distance <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(d)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> between the detector and the circle magnetic scale. Experiments and numerical simulation show the interference dip shifts of FPI have sinusoidal relation with the rotational angle, as d ranging from 1 to 2.5 mm. Measurements showed five times (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d=1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and four times (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d=1.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of magnitude greater than FBG detectors, with the linearity of 0.993 and 0.999, respectively. The sinusoidal function variations are displayed by two detectors with a phase difference of 90 degrees, which help to discriminate rotational direction. Moreover, two detectors have a low temperature cross-sensitivity of 2.3 pm/C°. The important advantage of our rotational angle sensor is their angle measurement range without limitation.


Measurements of reactions with relativistic radioactive beams provide powerful tools to extract properties of short-lived nuclei and nuclear matter. A brief overview is given by selecting a few examples with emphasis on knockout reactions and heavy-ion induced electromagnetic excitation. The latter is being utilized to extract the collective dipole response of exotic nuclei, e.g., to study the Pygmy dipole resonance which is related to the neutron skin in heavy neutron-rich nuclei. Knockout reactions are being used to study the shell structure of exotic nuclei. They give also access to investigate the role of nucleon-nucleon correlations in nuclei and nuclear matter as a function of neutron-proton asymmetry. A new technique based on a fully exclusive measurement of quasi-free knockout reactions in inverse kinematics is discussed.


The article analyses and edits a chapter from the unpublished Summa de temporibus (c. 1260-64), a compendium on historical chronology written by the Dominican philosopher Giles of Lessines. It will be shown that this chapter contributed a number of original ideas to the thirteenth-century debate on the eternity of the world, ranging from sophisticated arguments based on natural philosophy (astronomy and geology) to a scriptural refutation of Origen's doctrine on the pre-existence of souls. Attention will also be paid to the relation between Giles'text and the anti-eternalistic arguments found in other contemporary writers. Some signs of doctrinal convergence with the works of Albertus Magnus confirm the view that the latter was Giles' teacher.


In this paper, the characteristics of empty fruit bunches (EFB) of oil palm for washed and unwashed samples of oven and solar dried are presented. The proximate, ultimate and hydrolysis analyses were carried out to find the characteristics of the samples. The higher heating values (HHV) were determined by bomb calorimeter technique and, the lower heating values (LHV) were determined via calculation. The results from the proximate analysis showed that the moisture, ash, volatile and fixed carbon of the unwashed oven dried EFB was 6.8 mf wt%, 4.8 mf wt%, 80.9 mf wt% and 14.3 mf wt%, respectively. The carbon content and other elements of the EFB are also presented in the paper. It was also found that the higher heating value and lower heating value of the unwashed oven dried sample was 18.72 MJ/kg and 17.26 MJ/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the atomic absorption spectrophotometer analysis (AAS) was conducted to determine the metal content of the EFB sample and thermogravimetri analysis (TGA) was also carried out to study the degradation behavior of the EFB. Keywords: characteristic of EFB; washed EFB; unwashed EFB; solar drying; oven drying


Chile is part of the phenomenon of Environmental Constitutionalism developed in the Latin American region. Thus its Political Constitution contemplates the right of people to live in an en-vironment free of contamination and establishes duties for the state regarding the Law and the protection of the environment. However, this formula has been deficient, which warrants re-thinking the issues related to the environment at the constitutional level. This work follows this path from the study of the constitutional reform projects currently in the National Congress to systematize analysis at the service of a change that is the basis for an adequate environmental le-gal framework, respectful of human rights human beings and that maximizes the protection of the environment.


Larix olgensis Henry S1- 1seedling was taken as objects to research the effects of nitrogenous,phosphatic and potash fertilizer to seedling growth and chlorophyll content by using orthogonal experimental method,results indicated that the effects of influence factors was urea superphosphate ≥ potassium sulfate,including that the influence of urea presented significant difference to seedling height,ground diameter and chlorophyll content,which was the dominant factor that affected seeding indicators. The best fertilizing amount of transplanting seedling was urea 55 g·m- 2,superphosphate 200g·m- 2or 150 g·m- 2,potassium sulfate 60 g·m- 2or 20 g·m- 2.