RATIONALE
Incidental radiographic findings are common, and primary care providers (PCPs) are often charged with the conducting or initiating an appropriate evaluation. Clinical guidelines are available for management of common 'incidentalomas' including lung and adrenal nodules, but guidelines-adherent evaluations are not always performed; for example, in the setting of incidental adrenal masses (IAMs), recent literature suggests that an evidence-based evaluation occurs in <25% of patients for whom it is warranted-a quality and safety concern.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to examine whether point-of-care access to concise clinical guidelines would promote appropriate evaluations of two common incidentalomas: IAMs and lung nodules.

METHOD
This study was a survey-based, single-blinded, randomized experiment of decision-making within clinical vignettes. Respondents were PCPs in a variety of clinical practice settings, and half were randomly assigned to surveys that included concise clinical guidelines while the other half served as controls without access to guidelines. Scenarios involved patients with IAMs and lung nodules, and the scenarios included both higher-risk and lower-risk lesions. Our primary analysis examined safe versus inappropriate clinical decisions, while a secondary analysis compared guidelines-concordant versus guidelines-discordant responses.

RESULTS
For both the higher-risk IAM and higher-risk lung nodule scenarios, safe answer choices were selected at a similar rate by respondents regardless of whether they had access to guidelines or not. However, for the lower risk scenarios, inappropriate answer choices were chosen substantially more frequently by respondents without access to guidelines compared to those with the guidelines (lung: 29.3% vs. 4.5%, p = 0.003, adrenal: 31.6% vs. 7.0%, p = 0.01). There was less variation in the secondary analysis.

CONCLUSION
Survey respondents were significantly more likely to make safe management decisions in lower-risk clinical scenarios when clinical guidelines were available. Point-of-care access to clinical guidelines for incidentalomas is an intervention that may reduce management errors and improve patient safety.


The activation reactions of methane mediated by metal carbide ions MC3+ (M = Ir and Pt) were comparatively studied at room temperature using the techniques of mass spectrometry in conjunction with theoretical calculations. MC3+ (M = Ir and Pt) ions reacted with CH4 at room temperature forming MC2H2+/C2H2 and MC4H2+/H2 as the major products for both systems. Besides that, PtC3+ could abstract a hydrogen atom from CH4 to generate PtC3H+/CH3, while IrC3+ could not. Quantum chemical calculations showed that the MC3+ (M = Ir and Pt) ions have a linear M-C-C-C structure. The first C–H activation took place on the Ir atom for IrC3+. The terminal carbon atom was the reactive site for the first C–H bond activation of PtC3+, which was beneficial to generate PtC3H+/CH3. The orbitals of the different metal influence the selection of the reactive sites for methane activation, which results in the different reaction channels. This study investigates the molecular-level mechanisms of the reactive sites of methane activation.


Styrene/ethyl methacrylate (SEMA) colloids were obtained by cocondensation at 77 K of the monomers with several metals such as Au, Pd, In and Sn. The colloids were polymerized with 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile and dibenzoyl peroxide as radical initiators at 60°C for 3.5 h. A viscosity average molecular weight (104 < Mv < 105) was obtained depending upon the metal used. The particle size of these clusters dispersed in the copolymers ranges from 20 to 31 A. The metal clusters are incorporated in the copolymers.


In the process of hydrate decomposition by thermal injection, the variation of parameter of heating and hydrate sediment can have a great influence on the outcome of decomposition. One of the most remarkable questions is the energy efficiency ratio during the process of decomposition. Thus, a deep insight on how these parameters influence the energy efficiency ratio is very significant. This paper discussed the mechanism of nature gas hydrate decomposition by thermal injection. Summarized experiments and the corresponding conclusions of nature gas hydrate decomposition by heat injection in recent years at home and abroad, discussed and compared the numerical model of nature gas hydrate decomposition by thermal injection. At the end of the paper give some suggestions on the nature gas hydrate exploitation by heat injection in the future. Keywords—gas hydrate; mechanism; thermal recovery; experiment; numerical simulation;


The dynamic interaction between locational attributes and foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important condition for successful economic activity. Yet while significant research has identified the integral role of socio-spatial aspects to the duration, composition and performance of multinational enterprise (MNE) activity, there is limited understanding of how subnational regions coordinate with investment. This paper seeks to explore how subnational regions, and their composite institutions, function in coordinating or not to attract multinational investment and facilitate collocation advantages. Using case study analysis of two subnational regions within a single advanced economy, we illustrate the potential variation and implications of subnational institutional structure, posturing and engagement with FDI. Our findings are discussed in terms of the role of subnational variation for MNEs and insights to industrial policy for developed countries.


Abstract The electrochemical reduction of model carboxylic acid at lead cathodes in deuterated media was studied for potential use in the synthesis of special deuterated compounds. Oxalic acid-d2 in D2O gives good yields of glyoxylic acid-d2. An unexpected large isotope effect of 5.3 ± 1.7 was found in this reaction, leading to significant depletion of deuterium content in the aldehyde group. Benzoic acid-d in CD3OD/diluted D2SO4 yields benzyl alcohol-d, 7,7-d2. The isotope effect of 2.4 ± 1.0 is within the expected range. No deuterium is incorporated into the aromatic nucleus. Essentially unlabelled benzyl alcohol is obtained in CD3OH/dil. H2SO4.


This article discusses the design and implementation of two Matlab graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for mechanism synthesis. The first GUI addresses the four location Burmester synthesis problem. The designer specifies the 4 locations that are used to generate the Burmester curves for these prescribed locations. The GUI enables the designer to interact with these curves and choose a pair of moving and fixed pivots forming an RR dyad. The second GUI addresses dimensional synthesis of RR dyads for hybrid motion generation tasks. Given a hybrid motion generation task, the designer can either pick the fixed or moving pivots and the corresponding pivots of an RR dyad is determined. In both the interfaces, the designer is provided with tools to specify tasks. The GUIs were designed with an objective to provide the designer with a simple workflow. Design case studies that illustrate the features and capabilities of each GUI are included.


We study the use of such compounds in the strong, permanent magnet multipoles required for handling high energy, charged particle beams. We have made a number of SmCo/sub 5/ multipoles which have been used in a variety of ways, e.g., sextupoles for chromatic correction of the SLAC damping rings and quadrupoles for matching their associated injection and extraction lines. For applications in high radiation areas, we have used VACOMAX 170 thermally stabilized at 80/sup 0/C. Because our fabrication method uses measured characteristics of individual blocks in isolation, linearity over the operating range of the B-H curve is important. Stronger PM materials or multipole magnets increase the operating range which decreases linearity and increases unwanted harmonics. To study such effects, multipole magnets of VACODYM 370 are being made at different radii to emphasize high field effects which can drive parts of a magnet well into the third quadrant of the B-H curve. The results are compared to calculations based on various assumptions and our previous results for SmCo.


Titanium combinations are used in many designing fields for example chemical industrial marine and aviation because of their one of a kind properties they have high temperature capacity and high quality to weight proportion. Turning of these materials causes extreme issues. At high temperatures they turn out to be artificially dynamic and have a tendency to respond with apparatus materials. In the current study fuzzy logic is utilized for the forecast of input setting variables in turning titanium combination (Ti-6Al-4V). The variables thought-about during this work are cutting speed feed and the depth of cut. Fuzzy rule essentially based demonstrating is utilized for expectation of surface roughness and Cutting Force in machining of titanium alloy. These models are frequently adequately used to anticipate the surface roughness and Cutting Force and comparing the experimental results and predicted model outputs in machining of titanium alloys. It seems the Experimental and Fuzzy Result was observed that the Fuzzy logic idea can be utilized for making model for Machining of Titanium Alloys.


M. Kanaka Prasada Rao. Background: Trichomoniasis becomes an epidemic in nearly all countries of the world during the past four decades. It has been noted that it has major impact on the maternal and infant morbidity and on human reproduction and infertility. Leucorrhoea is one of the common complaints encountered in Obstetric & Gynaecology and STD departments. The pathogens, which were frequently blamed for this type of abnormal vaginal discharge are T.vaginalis, candida species and Gardnerella vaginalis. Out of these three causes, T.vaginalis vaginitis is probably the most common cause among women afflicted with STD. The true incidence of trichomoniasis in our population is unknown. Hence we conducted a retrospective cohort study on incidence of Trichomoniasis in high risk group patients with Leucorrhoea attending OPD at RIMS General Hospital, Srikakulam . Objective: To evaluate the true incidence of Trichomoniasis in high risk groups attending the OPD with Leucorrhoea . Patients and methods: A retrospective analysis of 300 cases of vaginal discharge who attended themselves to the OPD and those who had not received any specific anti-trichomonal drug. T.vaginalis was isolated by a wet-mount examination and by culture. Results: We got 17.67% of incidence in our patient population. We observed a high incidence among the following , Between 15 and 29 years of age. , with a low socio economic status and ,In pregnant females. Most of the patients were the victims of sexually promiscuous husbands. Conclusion: In our study,T.vaginalis was isolated in 53 cases of vaginal discharge by a wet mount examination and by culture. But we had poor culture results with Kupferberg's trichomonas broth base medium and the poor culture results made us to depend completely on the wet mount examination. So, we prefer wet mount examination to culture in identification of T.vaginalis.


Priority Areas for Conservation are defined in order to protect environments that are home to a richness of species, endemisms and/or endangered species. However, besides these factors, additional studies such as Environmental Perception of local communities and Landscape Analysis are relevant to assess and minimize the negative effects caused to natural environments. In this context and in this perspective, the Mountain Range Complex Joao do Vale was studied, located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, which holds a set of landscapes with different vegetation types that are being replaced by various economic activities resulting from disordered population growth and consequent exploitation of natural resources' potential. The use of these resources, in most cases, occurs improperly, leading to a depletion of this potential. This study proposes to combine Analysis of Landscape, through a Geographic Information System (GIS), to the Environmental Perception of rural communities in order to define Priority Areas for Conservation. Perception data were obtained through direct observation, questioning, interviews and application forms (n = 240); as to the landscape, data from slope maps, Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA) and Environmental Vulnerability were used. The Content Analysis used for perception data showed that respondents have a sense of topophilia regarding where they live, hold a vast knowledge about natural resources and responded positively when asked about the choice of an exclusive area for conservation. These results coupledwith the Analysis of Landscape allowed with of Priorty Areas for Conservation in this Mountain Range Complex with three categories of priority low, medium and high.


A first attempt at implementing a flexible model for the glottal source waveform of pathologic voices is described. The LF (Liljencrants & Fant) model is the source model used. We also add various noise types, shimmer and jitter to the excitation source in order to replicate more closely the pathologic glottal waveform. Various vocal characteristics are then modeled in order to evaluate the performance of the glottal source model.


The cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase of bovine sperm from the caudal and caput epididymidis has been shown to contain 5 seperate enzymic forms. Approximately one-half (49.1 ± 1.8%) and twothirds (69.8 ± 1.7%) of the enzyme is particulate in caput and caudal cells respectively. This particulate form, as well as 4 additional soluble forms separable by preparative isoelectric focusing or molecular sieving techniques, all display anomalous kinetic behavior with downwardly sloping Lineweaver-Burke plots. We have determined "limiting Km" values for all forms and have shown these to be comparable for both cell types. The isoelectric points (3.9, 4.1, 4.6 and 5.0) of the 4 focused forms of the 2 cell types are also nearly identical. Molecular weights of the soluble forms of caudal spermatozoa are 22,000, 170,000, 300,000 and �400,000 daltons. The one significant difference between the enzyme from caput and caudal sperm is that the former exhibits twice as much activity when the assay is carried out with washed intact sperm (caput, 32.5 ± 4.2 u/10' sperm; cauda, 15.5 ± 4.2, n = 12), but only slightly greater when sonically-disrupted cells are assayed. We suggest, therefore, that the particulate sperm enzyme may be extracellular and decrease in activity during epididymal transit leading directly to increased sperm cyclic AMP levels and indirectly to an increased capacity for motility. An alternative explanation of the intact sperm cell data is discussed.


By stretching (tensile strain)a polymer dispersed liquid crystal PDLC)film the liquid crystal droplets become elliptical and a polarization separation optical element is created. These films have significant potential as scattering polarizers in liquid crystal displays LCDs). We present a relationship between the polarization properties and the tensile strain properties of PDLC scattering polarizers. In addition, we present a modeling approach using a Monte‐Carlo technique to predict the alignment of liquid crystals within the droplets and the details of their surface anchoring at the cavity wall. We also extend our investigation to reactive mesogen liquid crystal and higher order liquid crystal phases, such as ferroelectric and smectic A liquid crystal materials.


OBJECTIVE
To understand the effects of Chinese herbal medicine for stasis -removing (SR) and muscle-regenerating (MR), in different constitutions, on granulation tissue of ordinary wound.

METHODS
Shengji Huayu recipe, a common used Chinese recipe for SR & MR (SR-MR), and its disassembled recipe, Shengji recipe (MR) and Huayu recipe (SR), were applied resectively on the full-layer skin injured wound in 120 rats to observe their effects on collagen type I (C I ) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in granulation tissue of wound at various stages of healing with immunohistochemistry technique and image-analysis system.

RESULTS
The expression of C I of the normal group was obviously delayed and the level of MMP-1 increased in a ladder type from day 3 to day 11. Shengji group could promote the secretion of C I and MMP-1 at the early stage and keep a high level from day 3 to day 11. The expression of MMP-1 of Huayu group maintained a high level on the first 7 days with significant difference as compared with the Shengji group (P < 0.05), and reduced from day 11 showing significant difference when compared with the normal group and Shengji group (all P < 0.05). Shengji Huayu low dose group has two periods of peak time in promoting the secretion of C I on day 7 and 15, and showed significant difference as compared with the normal group (P < 0.05); Shengji Huayu high dose group could reduce the MMP-1 on day 11 and obviously lower when compared with the normal group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION
The mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine for SR-MR in promoting wound healing was probably through inhibiting the secretion of MMP-1 to increase the C I content in granulation tissue of wound.


The invention discloses a method for preparing continuous polymerization directly-spun high-shrinkage polyester staple fibers, which comprises a process for preparing continuous polymerization modified copolyester melt and a process for preparing directly-spun high-shrinkage polyester staple fibers, wherein in the process for preparing the continuous polymerization modified copolyester melt, purified terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, glycol and sodium ethylene glycol isophthalate-5-sulfonate monomers are taken as raw materials to prepare the modified copolyester melt; and then the modified copolyester melt is metered, extruded, blown to be cooled, subjected to oil finish and strand integration, drawn, heat-shaped, coiled and cut to prepare the high-shrinkage polyester staple fibers. The method has the advantages of short flow, less working procedures, reasonable process, stable melt quality, and good spinning performance; and the prepared high-shrinkage polyester staple fibers have the characteristics of good shrinkage stability, even dyeing, and low production cost.


366. 12. Klintrup K, Makinen JM, Kauppila S et al. Inflammation and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2005; 41; 2645– 2654. 13. Graham DM, Appelman HD. Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction and colorectal carcinoma: a potential histologic prognosticator. Mod. Pathol. 1990; 3; 332–335. 14. Kim JH, Kim KJ, Bae JM et al. Comparative validation of assessment criteria for Crohn-like lymphoid reaction in colorectal carcinoma. J. Clin. Pathol. 2015; 68; 22–28. 15. Mesker WE, Junggeburt JM, Szuhai K et al. The carcinomastromal ratio of colon carcinoma is an independent factor for survival compared to lymph node status and tumor stage. Cell Oncol. 2007; 29; 387–398. 16. Huijbers A, Tollenaar RA, v Pelt GW et al. The proportion of tumor-stroma as a strong prognosticator for stage II and III colon cancer patients: validation in the VICTOR trial. Ann. Oncol. 2013; 24; 179–185. 17. Park JH, Richards CH, McMillan DC, Horgan PG, Roxburgh CS. The relationship between tumour stroma percentage, the tumour microenvironment and survival in patients with primary operable colorectal cancer. Ann. Oncol. 2014; 25; 644– 651.


In the Research Article "Multicenter Validation of a Deep Learning Detection Algorithm for Focal Cortical Dysplasia" by Gill et al.,1 several links to the supplemental content were omitted in the final manuscript. The article has now been replaced by a corrected version with the links included. The original version with the changes highlighted is available from a link in the corrected article. The publisher regrets the omissions.


This paper introduces the original intention of Morrison's establishing the library and the characteristics and values of collective books in Morrison's library, and expounds the transition of Morrison's library into ToyoBunko.


The fissure bend test origi nally developed and evaluated for determining the cracking resistance of SMA deposited austenitic weld metals has been extended to evaluate GTA and GMA deposited filler metals. Fis sure bend tests were run on several commercial fully austenitic and ferrite- containing stainless welds deposited by GTA, SMA and GMA welding pro cesses. The fully austenitic filler metals are basically AISI Type 310 or 316 com position with a difference in the alloy ing elements Mn, Mo, and C. The effect of nitrogen additions to the shielding gas, in the GTA process, on the ferrite content of the deposited weld metal has been defined. The nitrogen addition technique shows that it is an effective way of reducing and/or controlling ferrite content. Further, that nitrogen additions have relatively little effect on fissuring ten dency in the materials evaluated. In fact, it was possible to reduce the ferrite content from 5 FN to 0.5 FN and maintain fissuring resistance. The nature and morphology of the fissuring in fully austenitic stainless steel weld metals is similar to that of the partially ferritic weld metals. The location, extent and magnitude of the cracking is dependent upon procedure characteristics as well as composition. The weld metal heat-affected zone thermal history plays an important role in controlling fissuring tendency in the fully austenitic weld metals. This effect has been evaluated using a multiple thermal cycle technique in the fissure bend test.


—Basic research in the medical sciences does not always seem to have direct consequences for the clinician. However, sometimes the relationships may be close. One area in which this may be true is the study of experimental amblyopia. Since 1963, it has been known that there are easily detectable and measurable morphologic changes in the lateral geniculate nuclei of animals deprived of normal vision in their early postnatal life. Since then, much work has been devoted to the study of the changes in the visual cortex and the lateral geniculate nucleus after visual deprivation by lid suture, experimental strabismus, or anisometropia, changes that are probably similar to those underlying amblyopia in man. From this work have come many basic concepts of direct clinical relevance, such as the short time of visual deprivation necessary in the early weeks of life that causes severe central nervous changes and the importance of early


Dental hypersensitivity is a condition that occurs because the opening of the dentine tubules due to factors that may be both chemical and physical that affects the enamel. In the present study, 107 patients went through a clinical examination and a survey to determine the prevalence of dental hypersensitivity, resulting in 65.4 percent, corresponding to 70 patients who experimented the symptom, among which 38 were women (71.7 percent) and 32 men (32 percent). There is no great difference in the ages between genders; the average age of women is 25.3 less 8.23 and that of men is 23.9 more less 6.88. Regarding the treatment most recommended by the students surveyed, the option that had the highest percentage was the use of the toothpaste Sensodyne Repair y Protect containing sodium and calcium phosphosilicate 5percent per person, Sodium fluoride 0.3152 percent per person. In conclusion, hypersensitivity must be taken care because there are a large percentage of patients who present this condition and does not receive treated in most cases.


Numerical simulation of anodic bubble/electrolyte two-phase flow in the melts of aluminum reduction cells with the Euler-Euler two-fluid model was conducted based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD).A modified k-eturbulence model was used to describe liquid phase turbulence in the simulation,by assuming the pseudo turbulence resulted from anodic bubbles.The results of CFD simulation for traditional no-hole anodes were compared with the experimental data under similar conditions using particle image velocimetry(PIV).Good agreement was found between the CFD model and PIV measurements,which indicated that the current CFD model could be used to deal with two types of perforated anodes.The electrolyte velocity under perforated anodes could be reduced and the stability of bath flow could be maintained.Perforated anodes could make bath flow more stable.The maximum and average velocity of electrolyte in four-hole anodes were reduced by 9.53% and 12.89%,respectively.The global average bubble fraction in the melts,the local average bubble fraction in anode-cathode distance(ACD)and the thicknesses of bubble layer under the anode with perforated anodes were less than those with no-hole anodes,but the immersion depth of anodic bubbles in electrolyte was almost the same as that in the case of no-hole anodes.Both ACD and cell voltage could be lowered and energy consumption could be reduced.


The characteristic arthropathy which may com- plicate tabes dorsalis was first described by Charcot (1868). The earliest reference to tabetic spinal arthropathy, however, would appear to be that of Kronig who recorded an example as "A case of Spondylolisthesis in a Tabetic". Abadie described fourteen cases, with illustrations of the affected vertebrae as they appeared post mortem.


ABSTRACT

 Goat milk contains bioactive proteins and oligosaccharides which can act as immunomodulators and prebiotics respectively. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of giving goat milk powder on mucosal immune response (sIgA/secretory immunoglobulin A), cellular immune response (IFN-γ/interferon-γ) and the total number of lactobacilli in caecal digesta of infected rat by Salmonella Typhimurium. Male Sprague Dawley rats 3 weeks old were divided into two groups: 1) goat milk powder treatment, and 2) control. After 14 days given goat milk powder, the rats were infected with Salmonella Typhimurium and after 21 days were killed. The results showed that the average concentration of sIgA in group of rats given with goat milk powder was not significantly different with the control rat (42.95 ng/ml). The concentration of IFN-γ in rat given with goat milk powder was significantly different (63.33 pg/ml) from the control (45.00 pg/m) (p<0.05). After infection, the concentration of IFN-γ of the rat given goat milk powder decreased significantly to 36.33 pg/ml (P<0.05). The number of total lactobacilli in rats given with goat milk powder was 6.91 log10 CFU/g before infection. After infection the number of total lactobacilli reduced significantly to 6.16 log10 CFU/g (P<0.05). In conclusion, goat milk powder could not induce mucosal and cellular immune responses after infection. However, the cellular immune response was induced in uninfected rats. Therefore, the immune system can not eliminate the pathogen which cause a decrease in lactobacilli colonization in infected rat.

Keywords: Goat Milk Powder, IFN-γ, Lactobacilli, Salmonella Typhimurium, sIgA


The objective of knowledge reasoning (KR) aims to extract the effective information among the complex environment and massive data. It has been recently used in many fields such as the military operation, the network confrontation, the athletic game and so on. The problems of the low reliability, the high subjectivity, and the complex modeling always exist in many KR methods. This paper proposes a novel KR method based on the evidence theory for the multi-agent cooperation and confrontation platform. Period to utilize the proposed method, the key factors affecting the platform status are chosen as the evaluation indicators. According to the histogram method, the mass value of each indicator within every agent is calculated. For the more convenient calculation the holonomic mass value set of all agents is then divided into n sub-evidences and with the sub-evidences the information synthesis is conducted by the evidence theory for the final decision basis. The results of the simulation experiment demonstrate that the proposed method has better properties in accuracy and efficiency than the competed methods.


ABSTRACT This article examines whether convenience samples such as undergraduate students, MPA students, and online subjects can replicate the findings based on public officials in experimental research. We used a 2 × 2 factorial experimental design (High/Low Help-deservingness Clients × With/Without Situational Stress) with scenarios of discretionary decision-making by street-level bureaucrats in China. The four samples showed a consistent pattern in the impact of client help-deservingness on discretionary decision-making, but differed in the effects of situational stress on discretionary decision-making. We suggest that researchers be cautious in using convenience samples as surrogates for professional bureaucrats when the scenarios require professional expertise.


Objective: Research has suggested that traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity is one of the most robust predictors of outcome following a TBI, yet there have been few investigations within a compensation setting. The current study examined whether a similar dose-response relationship between severity and neuropsychological and psychological outcomes exists in a litigation samplewithcredibleneuropsychologicaltestscores.Method:Participants( n ¼ 66)referredforcompensation-relatedreasonsfol-lowing a TBI were retrospectively categorized as mild complicated-moderate ( n ¼ 39) or severe ( n ¼ 27) based on their Glasgow Coma Scale ratings and neuroimaging findings. Participants with a historyof psychiatric and neurological conditions or failure on multiple standardized performance validity tests were excluded. Participants completed the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery – Screening Module (NAB-SM), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Age-and educated-adjusted norms were used. Results: Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that injury severity did not significant-ly predict overall NAB-SM scores ( R 2 ¼ .01, F (1, 64) ¼ .62, p ¼ .43) or any of the domains. However, severity was a significant predictor of BDI-II ( R 2 ¼ .13, F (1, 42) ¼ 6.04, p ¼ .02) and BAI scores ( R 2 ¼ .20, F (1, 42) ¼ 10.45, p , .01), with higher levels of depression and anxiety endorsed for mild complicated-moderate TBI than severe TBI groups. Conclusion(s): Individuals with lesssevereinjuriesexaminedinacompensationsettingendorsedmoreemotionalsymptoms,butTBIseveritywasnotpredictiveof neuropsychological performance in a litigation population.


In response to the initiative of the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) and Group of Twenty (G20), high performance water splitting energy conversion integrated devices are the best...


Abstract Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and chronic airway inflammation. Diagnosis of asthma inchildren aged five years and younger is mostly based on the symptom pattern, the presence of risk factors for asthma development and the benefit of therapeutic treatment.The goals of asthma management are to achieve good symptom control, to minimize complaints and rescue medication requirements, to improve quality of life, to maintain respiratory functions at normal levels. According to asthma guidelines, low-dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy is the first recommended treatment in patients with asthma and early treatment provides a more pronounced improvement in lung function.


Traditional statistical and measurements are unable to solve all industrial data in the right way and appropriate time. Open markets mean the customers are increased, and production must increase to provide all customer requirements. Nowadays, large data generated daily from different production processes and traditional statistical or limited measurements are not enough to handle all daily data. Improve production and quality need to analyze data and extract the important information about the process how to improve. Data mining applied successfully in the industrial processes and some algorithms such as mining association rules, and decision tree recorded high professional results in different industrial and production fields. The study applied seven algorithms to analyze production data and extract the best result and algorithm in the industry field. KNN, Tree, SVM, Random Forests, ANN, Naive Bayes, and AdaBoost applied to classify data based on three attributes without neglect any variables whether this variable is numerical or categorical. The best results of accuracy and area under the curve (ROC) obtained from Decision tree and its ensemble algorithms (Random Forest and AdaBoost). Thus, a decision tree is an appropriate algorithm to handle manufacturing and production data especially this algorithm can handle numerical and categorical data.


Trialkylboranes readily alkylate aryl aldehyde tosylhydrazones to produce either the corresponding arylalkene or aryl alcohol in excellent yields. The authors wish to report an alkylation reaction utilizing trialkylboranes that is equivalent to the overall 1,2-addition of an alkyl group to a carbonyl compound. Tributylborane reacts with aryl aldehyde tosylhydrazones in the presence of base to produce a new trialkylborane. This trialkylborane is readily protonolyzed to the corresponding alkane 2 or oxidized to the corresponding alcohol 3 depending upon the reaction condition chosen.


The present invention relates to a self-closing seal, having a sealing cover (1), is formed on the sealing cover port (1) (8) and to the matching port (8) of the sealing film (2), the sealing film ( 2) having a bottom mounting edge (3) substantially concave and a top sealing cap (5) and the sealing cap (5) and the fixing edge (3) are connected by a connecting wall (4), and in order to achieve in manufacturing and use are advantageous solution, we proposed an expansion region (9) adjacent to port (8) extended to the outside, the sealing cap (5) arranged in the expansion region (9), and a connecting wall (4) through the port The method of extending into the expansion region (9).


In amorphous materials, groups of particles can rearrange locally into a new stable configuration. Such elementary excitations are key as they determine the response to external stresses, as well as to thermal and quantum fluctuations. Yet, understanding what controls their geometry remains a challenge. Here we build a scaling description of their geometry and energy in terms of the distance to an instability, corresponding to a vanishing frequency ωc in their vibrational spectrum, as predicted for instance at the dynamical transition in mean field approaches of supercooled liquids. We successfully test our predictions in materials with a gapped spectrum and in regular ultrastable glasses. Our analysis explains why string-like rearrangements are observed to relax liquids only at low temperatures, as otherwise excitations display too small displacements to probe the granularity of the material.


The subject of the present paper was discovered during the excavation of docks now in progress at Tilbury Fort, Essex, at a depth of 32 feet from the present surface. It consists of a considerable proportion of a human skeleton, the parts of which are determined and described. the inferences deduced are that they were from a somewhat aged male of great muscular strength; and such inferences as to food, as might be drawn from the worn crowns of the teeth in use at his demise, are given. A chemical analysis of the bones is added by Dr. Walter Flight, of the laboratory Department in the British Museum. A section of the several strata dug through before arriving at the bed is appended.


This report is in microfiche form. Various configurations have been proposed for OTEC platform, cold-water pipe and mooring assemblies; the majority envisage the pipe permanently attached to the platform, and the platform permanently moored on station. This can result in high stresses in the pipe due to platform motions. An alternative, which is investigated in this report, is to moor the pipe permanently in place, and provide a flexible transition to the platform which would decouple the pipe from the platform motions, and could be disconnected to permit the platform to be shifted.


The invention discloses a process for initializing uplink shared communication channel in the communication system. In the time division duplex TDD communication system of the asymmetric grouping service, the uplink and downlink resources usually use asymmetric design in which more resources are allocated to downlinks, and uplink resources are in short supply. The process provided in the invention makes full use of the limited uplink resources by setting uplink shared channel in the communication system, thus providing uplink data, physical layer signaling and high layer signaling service fora plurality of mobile terminal UEs having relative small uplink traffic volume.


Summary Studies with the electric transparent knife fish, E. virescens, have been extended to include observations on methylphenidate, pentylenetetrazole, phenobarbital, morphine, and nalorphine. Characteristic qualitative and quantitative responses were obtained with methylphenidate, phenobarbital, and morphine. Pentylenetetrazole produced no consistent effects. Nalorphine reversed the depressant effects of a preceding dose of morphine. The data suggested that the fish developed tolerance to morphine as well as physical dependence on this drug. The system studied appeared to be suitable as a bioassay technique. The observed drug effects were obtained with concentrations approximately the same as those which have effects in man.


Objective
To get the situation with the Uygur students of hepatitis B virus marker in south Xinjiang , provide basis for physical examination system.

Methods
398 blood samples of pupils in the southern region of Xinjiang were collected , 5 serological markers of hepatitis were detected with ELISA.

Results
The HBsAg positive rate was 1.26% (5/398) of the samples from the pupils in the southern region of Xinjiang, HBsAb positive rate was 50.47% (201/398). There was no significance difference between male and female for the HBsAg and HBsAb positive rate (P>0.05).

Conclusions
The infection rate of HBV is relatively low among pupils in the southern region of Xinjiang, HBsAg positive rate is lower than the national average level, so the prevention of HBV infection should be enhanced there.

Key words:
Hepatitis B; Virus marker; Uygur in Xinjiang


Abstract The assumption of an equilibrium (Maxwellian) distribution of electron energies cannot explain observed high intensities of the Si XIId satellite lines relative to the Si XIII allowed lines during the flares. However, the presence of n-distribution with a higher and narrower shape than the Maxwellian one is able to explain this behavior. We calculated the ionization equilibrium for the non-thermal n-distributions using the latest atomic data for each element up to the proton number of 30. Significant changes in the shape and maxima of the ion abundance peak occur and can strongly influence the temperature diagnostics.


One of the serious and acute problems of our century is the problem of protecting the natural environment from the negative effects of various wastes that are generated by constantly increasing human economic activity. In order to protect and protect water resources, atmospheric air, soils, and for the use of various valuable components contained in the generated waste, new and diverse waste processing technologies are being developed and implemented every day. In this regard, the article presents a new way of processing chicken waste, lowering its pH by diluting it with appropriate acids. This is a chemical processing method. Due to the binding by chemical bonds, nitrogen remains in the fertilizer as a useful trace element.


Genocide is an attempt to wipe out an entire group of human beings, either directly by killing them, or indirectly by creating conditions favorable to their death, for disciplinary purposes aimed at punishing, blaming and retaliating against the victim, routine institutionalization in the context of war, utilitarianism aimed at achieving a specific gain, A monopoly aimed at identifying the dominant in power, and an ideology aimed at creating an optimal society and erasing all that is impure. The scientific study of genocide in a calm cognitive way is a humanitarian and historical necessity, because the horrific and tragic outcomes of this phenomenon threaten the depth of human existence and human values. It is a complex phenomenon that can be approached from multiple sides, philosophical, political, sociological, economic, historical and psychological, each of these approaches has a great value in understanding the phenomenon, but the psychological and social dimensions are at the core of these approaches. In a previous study by the researcher on the Iraqi historical memory (Ghabr, 2014), the strength of the presence of the genocides - Saddamism and terrorism - was found among the most important events in contemporary Iraqi history in the Iraqi historical memory, and it fell within the first factor (suffering) in the content of that memory, the factor that Intertwined with a complex web of relationships with political cultures and social movements. Therefore, the current study will work on clarifying the psychosocial dynamics of genocide through a comprehensive review of the specialized literature, and employing those insights in understanding the genocide in the Iraqi context, as the Iraqi context witnessed multiple and horrific genocide campaigns, in the time of totalitarianism and Daaeshism, and such an approach constitutes an existential necessity in Iraq.


The goal is to find the position of the sound source with the TRM at reflections and refractions environment. The Fermat"s principle applied to the ray tracing method are expected to follow the acoustic path in order to obtain acoustic distance and transmittance to. Utilizing them in the TRM was confirmed rear reflectance affect on estimated position, resolution and side lobe. And the TRM performance were superior to one of the beam forming techniques.


TD-SCDMA (time division synchronous CDMA) is proposed by the Chinese WTS (Wireless Telecommunication Standards) to ITU and accepted as a 3rd generation standard for mobile radio applications. This contribution gives an overview of the basics, the implementation and the benefits of TD-SCDMA for optimized spectrum efficiency in TDD operation for symmetric and asymmetric services. The 3rd generation services differ from those of 2nd generation by the transmission of symmetrical and asymmetrical high bit rate data services e.g. mobile Internet. Only TDD operation allows for maximum spectrum utilization in the case of asymmetric services. Therefore, a new optimized TDD transmission principle has been developed based on combined FDMA-, TDMA-, CDMA- and SDMA-operation. This scheme of TD-SCDMA uses the existing GSM infrastructure with 3rd generation service availability. The radio scheme of TD-SCDMA is able to operate in all mobile radio applications and environments.


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The currently status development on bonder permanent magnetic industry has been mainly discussed in the paper. The common techniques used in bonder permanent magnets are also been recited too. The author point out in the article that bonder magnetic industry is facing to a great developing opportunity. Some good suggestion and opinions to the domestic bonder permanent magnetic industry were brought forward in this paper.


Syntheses of phenol-formaldehyde resin (PFR)modified with dimethylamine and isopropylamine respectively under suitable conditions were investigated. Cationic phenol-formaldehyde resins(CPFR)and polyethylene oxide(PEO)comprised a binary retention system which was used for deinked pulp of waste paper. The results showed that the retention system could improve the retention of micro-fibers and fillers remarkably, and the first pulp retention could be achieved more than 90 %. Effects on the retention system composed of PEO and CPFR were affected by dosages of retention aids, ratio of PEO-CPFR, pH value of pulp and shearing stress, etc. The optimal conditions of the system were as follows: dosage of PEO 0.02 %-0.04 %, ratio of PEO-CPFR 1∶6-1∶12, pH value 4-9. The system can endure shearing stress of rotor at 400-1000r/min.


Due to gearbox-free,high efficiency and better stabilization,the directly driven wind tur-bine with permanent magnet synchronous generator(D-PMSG)system is able to obtain better quality of electric power,through converter attached with power grid,it can flexibly control the voltage and fre-quency of system and is able to independently control the output active power and reactive power rel-atively.Based on the model of D-PMSG and back-to-back PWM convertor by DIGSILENT/Power Factory,the typical structure of power factory was simulated,the final results testify the validity of the model.


The authors have attempted to compute the heat balance terms on the basis of formulas by Budyoko (1974). Some of the meteorological and oceanographic data were collected during the Trans Antarctic Expedition (1989-90). These data were supplemented by the data (1956-1988) made available by the national climatic center of NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Monthly means of sea surface temperature in Antarctic waters and meteorological data at a station (77°51'S; 166°39'E) 33m above sea level are given.


The Palatine library was constructed by Augustus as an extension to the Temple of Apollo on the Palatine Hill in Rome and was completed in 28 BCE, housing both Latin and Greek works. Due to the rebuilding and renovation works of later emperors on the Palatine (particularly Domitian), no archaeological remains conclusively associated with the Augustan library have been located, forcing us to rely on literary sources to investigate its importance. Libraries could be bestowed on the city of Rome in the same way as any other public structure, with Marcus Agrippa's baths an obvious comparison. However, the presence of books inside the structure changes our understanding of the building from being one of simple euergetism to something more complex, where the contents of the library could also be used to communicate particular political messages as much as the building itself.


An important urban institution and emblem of Berlin modernism, the literary cafe was a place of fertile contacts among modernist writers working in German, Russian, Hebrew, and Yiddish. Several cafes emerged as important places for the creation and development of modernism in Berlin at the fin de siecle. At Cafe Monopol near Freidrichstrasse in Berlin Mitte (not far from the Scheunenviertel), such anarchist writers as Gustav Landauer, Erich Muhsam, and the Austrian Hermann Bahr mingled with young theater artists, who included Max Reinhardt and his circle. Several other Berlin cafes drew writers critical to the formation and development of expressionist art and literature. Public recitals and cabarets of Der Neue Club appeared at Cafe Austria, Cafe Sezession and Cafe Josty, and editorial activities of expressionist journals occurred around their tables. The most important place was Cafe des Westens on the Kurfurstendamm. By 1910 it had established itself not only as the chief gathering place for all of the expressionist circles centered in Berlin, but also as a magnetic pole drawing modernist writers and artists from all over Europe. It was famous for the extravagant dressing and eccentric behavior of its "regulars," as well as for its artistic and literary activity. Poets, painters, critics, philosophers, actors, and directors packed the cafe in the evening. Periodicals such as Der Sturm and Die Aktion were founded and planned in the cafe, making it an indispensable ingredient of daily literary life for the Berlin modernists before the end of World War I. After World War I and throughout the Weimar period, the huge and rather shabby Romanisches Cafe became the new headquarters of the expressionists, as well as the socalled Neue Sachlichkeit movement, and in fact of all writers, artists, and many other intellectuals and bohemians. The Romanisches Cafe performed many of the roles of the Cafe des The Literary Cafes of Berlin as Urban Spaces of Jewish Modernism


The RML dependence of 10Dq is analyzed in terms of the R−nML law and the harmonic representation of the electronic states associated with 10Dq. A simple formula relating the exponent n to the geometrical parameters of these states is presented. The RML dependence of 10Dq near the equilibrium nuclear configuration could be determined approximately by means of this expression and some data from the normal‐pressure optical spectra. On the other hand, the formula suggests that the theoretical calculation of such dependence should be particularly accurate on (a) the vertical transition energy and (b) the theoretical displacement of the excited state. Other aspects of theoretical interest, concerning the use of frozen orbitals in computing 10Dq are discussed. The main conclusions of this analysis are compared with experiments and Hartree–Fock calculations on CrF3−6 and CrF4−6.


The purpose of this article is to describe the residential history of the generations born between 1930 and 1950, living in Paris and its suburbs. It is based on the Biographies and Setting survey conducted by INED in 2001 on about 2830 people from the Ile-de-France region belonging to these generations. Their residential and geographical trajectories testify to the great moments of Ile-de-France urbanization that occurred during the course of the second half of the 20th century, particularly with the expansion of property and the phenomena of periurbanization and gentrification. From a geographical point of view, three major trends emerge: a centrifugal movement that drives people from the Ile-de-France region away from the center of the agglomeration, a certain stability in the geographical area where they have settled in Ile-de-France, denoting their attachment to Paris and their roots in the suburbs, and to a lesser extent, a return to the center of the agglomeration. Some surveys have also observed urban movements. This was the cases of the pioneers of periurbanization with access to the ownership of an individual home in a holding and of the pioneers of gentrification in certain districts of the capital located in the immediate vicinity. Analysis by generation shows the different effect on residential and geographical routes. Above all, it reveals the impact of marital changes on trajectories. Although the residential trajectories of the pre-war generations, like their family trajectories, were shown in a linear manner in a scheme that went from rental to ownership, the trajectories of the generations born after 1945 were far more chaotic, due to unions, separations and the eventual formation of new couples. Ownership, often presented as the ultimate goal of the course, becomes a stage in an increasingly complex trajectory for some.


Cloud computing is mainly utilized in global technological scenario to fulfill various activities and attractive to business owners as it eliminates the requirement for users to plan ahead for provisioning, and different tools has been introduces to start from the small and increase resources only when there is a rise in service demand. Cloud computing is an architecture for providing computing service via the internet on demand and pay per use access to a pool of shared resources namely networks, storage, servers, services and applications, without physically acquiring them. So it saves managing cost and time for organizations. Many industries, such as banking, healthcare and education are moving towards the cloud due to the efficiency of services provided by the pay-per-use pattern based on the resources such as processing power used, transactions carried out, bandwidth consumed, data transferred, or storage space occupied etc. Cloud computing is a completely internet dependent technology where client data is stored and maintain in the data center of a cloud provider like Google, Amazon, Salesforce.com and Microsoft etc. This research paper outlines what cloud computing is, the various cloud models and the main security risks and issues that are currently present within the cloud computing industry. This research paper also analyzes the key research and challenges that presents in cloud computing and offers best practices to service providers as well as enterprises hoping to leverage cloud service to improve their bottom line in this severe economic climate. Cloud computing has recently emerged as a new paradigm for hosting and delivering services over the Internet. However, despite the fact that cloud computing offers huge opportunities to the IT industry, the development of cloud computing technology is currently at its infancy, with many issues still to be addressed. In this paper, we present a survey of cloud computing, highlighting its key concepts, architectural principles, state -of-the-art implementation as well as research challenges.


Magnetostriction effects in pure cobalt and in iron and nickel.\char22{}Various properties of the same sample of very pure cobalt wire (Co 99.73 per cent) annealed at 1100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C were determined and compared with those of Armco iron and commercially pure nickel. (1) Wiedemann effect. As found by Pidgeon, Co is intermediate between Fe and Ni, the twist for 6 amp./${\mathrm{mm}}^{2}$ decreasing to a minimum of 21 sec./cm for a field of 50 gauss. (2) Joule effect in longitudinal field for Co is also intermediate between Fe and Ni, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}L}{L}$ decreasing steadily to -20\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ for 1000 gauss. For Fe, as has usually been found, the effect was positive only up to 250 gauss.


Tele-learning can be defined as the application of new information and communication technologies (NICT) to distance learning. The tele-learning concept is not new; it is effectively an old way of education which has been around for over a century. From its inception over a century ago, it has evolved from a concept limited to correspondence courses to the current applications of videoconferencing and the design of web-based activities. This process offers the promise of open access at any time from anywhere in the world, unlimited by race, religion and nationality. Although much has been done to exploit the Internet in distance learning, or tele-learning, applications, we believe we have far to go to exploit its full potential. The Web has been primarily used as an electronic distribution mechanism for delivering more-or-less static HTML pages. As such, it is cheap and fast; it avoids mailing lists, diskette/CD-ROM distribution, and update costs. It also provides a primitive interaction possibility via e-mail feedback. Current Web technologies provide services for growth opportunity. To establish such services within an educational access, the PRICAT project was initiated, funded under the telematics programme of INRSTelecommunications (an institute of higher education and research in Telecommunications) in collaboration with SUP'COM, which is a school of higher education in communication. The subsuming goal of the project is the promotion of human resource sharing in the context of postgraduate education. The activation of a such project will favor exchange of experiences, studies, research, and training in telecommunication sectors. The countries involved are Tunisia and Canada. The project has developed an interactive virtual environment using the Internet that is considered an international high-speed electronic communications network allowing


The German Federal Ministry of Transport is conducting a large-scale automatic fee collection experiment on German motorways. It has been taking place since June 1993 and will extend until mid 1995. The A555 Cologne-Bonn motorway is the test route. The companies of Siemens AG, ITF Intertraffic (a subsidiary of Daimler Bent AG) and Siemens are participating as the Siemens SNI project group. The ChipTicket system, which was conceived for the requirements prevailing on German and structurally similar European motorways, is presented. Up to now, the project involving equipping Germany's complete wide-ranging motorway network with a fully automatic toll metering system has found no parallels. Existing, smaller-scale toll systems only offer automatic fee collection as an addition to the manual methods of payment and on a voluntary basis. For German motorways, the only system that can be considered is one that does not obstruct the flow of traffic, i.e. a system without pay station booths, barriers, lane constrictions and other restrictions. All payment transactions must take place automatically and must be capable of being monitored without affecting drivers' privacy. A system that creates the "transparent human" or a system that can be circumvented easily and without consequence is destined to fail. These two stipulations substantially characterize the ChipTicket system design.


According to the practical situation of risk assessment in power plants, a set of index system is established. The index system includes financial indexes and non-financial indexes. Then support vector machines (SVM) algorithm is used for assessment in this research. In this paper the step of improve SVM by artificial immune algorithm is given to show how to get the best effectiveness in SVM. In this paper we give an example coming from power plants data and the results show that the method can classify the data effectively, and the model has high correct classification accuracy.


The dawn of near 100% global coverage and Tbps data rates is not far as the six generation (6G) networks official roll out is expected around 2030. To match these expectations, new paradigm shifts in terms of global coverage and utilised spectrum are currently under investigation. Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGINs) are envisaged to be an integral part of 6G networks to achieve network connectivity anywhere on earth using terrestrial, aerial, and satellite communications. However, the provision of end-to-end routes in SAGIN is very complex given its multi-dimensional, multi-tier, and heterogenous nature. Moreover, satisfying the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements and security of these routes is not trivial in SAGINs. In this paper, a novel hybrid Software Defined Networking (SDN)-based architecture for secure and QoS aware routing in SAGINs is proposed. Using Multiple SDN controllers at different levels in SAGINs, the architecture follows a hierarchical structure with different routing provisioning layers, at different levels, to exploit the heterogeneity of SAGINs to find multiple routes that satisfy the security and QoS requirements. To illustrate its efficiency, a case study of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology is used to show how an end-to-end charging service, for an electric vehicle, can be built on top of the proposed architecture.


We present in this paper an approach to extract and structure noun phrases from text corpora. The proposed structure is based on a syntax network (head-modifier relationship) and association rules (text mining). We present the elements to be taken into account during the textual documents analysis and we detail the process used. By an experimentation, we show the effect of using the structure and particularly the noun phrases effect on the information retrieval system precision. MOTS-CLÉS : Recherche d'Information, Structuration de l'Information, Extraction de Syntagmes Nominaux, Règles d'Association


Recent results from this laboratory indicate that the rate performance of LiFePO4 electrodes can be improved greatly by manipulating the structure of the residual (in situ) carbon contained in the cathode active material. This can be accomplished by the addition of pyromellitic acid and a graphitization catalyst, such as ferrocene, during synthesis. These additives serve to decrease the D/G (disordered/graphene) ratio of the in situ carbon, producing a more electronically conductive coating. In general, the final carbon content is kept below ~2 wt. % to avoid adversely affecting the tap density. Further improvement in rate performance is observed when carbon-coated current collectors are used on the cathode side of Li/LiFePO4 batteries (Figure 1). The presence of the carbon-coated current collectors serves to reduce dramatically the overall cell resistance and leads to a significant improvement in cell utilization, especially at the higher rates.


OBJECTIVEThis is the first report of a ruptured aneurysm involving a collateral branch to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in a patient who had a subarachnoid hemorrhage. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONA 56-year-old man initially presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage and underwent 2 catheter-based 4-vessel angiograms with negative results. A delayed angiogram 4 weeks later revealed a dissecting aneurysm of the posterior meningeal artery, a branch of the vertebral artery. INTERVENTIONA 3-dimensional reconstruction of the vertebral angiogram showed proximal occlusion of the proximal left PICA and distal filling via a collateral branch from the posterior meningeal artery. A far-lateral approach was used for this patient. The aneurysm was found along the course of the collateral posterior meningeal artery and was clipped successfully. CONCLUSIONAneurysms involving collateral branches of the PICA are rare. It is important to recognize such collateral flow preoperatively because inadvertent sacrifice of these vessels during a surgical approach could lead to stroke and neurological deficits of the PICA territory.


Recycling of organic resources has become an important component in integrated nutrient management. Many organic resources are available in India of which poultry waste is an important nutrient resource. In present investigation, two types of poultry manures were used like poultry manure cage litter and deep litter. Study was formulated to standardize protocol for the synthesis of poultry manure based composts using organic additives like coir pith, sericulture waste, green manure (sunhemp), cow dung and to conserve the nitrogen in poultry waste. Application of this compost at the rate of 10 t/ ha alongwith 50% recommended NPK fertilizers for fodder maize recorded higher biomass yield and nutrient uptake over control, which received recommended package of practices. This high value compost could be an important component of INM with 50% savings of fertilizers. Moreover, the loss of important nutrient like N from poultry waste could be minimized by composting.


ranged as replicas of commonplace social situations conducive to cultural production. Since cultural phenomena were actually brought about in the experiments and not merely simulated, the miniature histories appear to be operational replicas. The matter of these particular replicas working outside of the laboratory has not been established. But the experiments do raise questions as to the actual workings of culture in history. Our most disturbing discovery was the creativity of isolated groups. The stimulation and novelty of experience in open social settings did not increase cultural creativity in the experiments. The experimental demonstration of the coincidence of social closure with cultural invention poses the problem of the extent of their association in history. There are plausible examples of socially restricted creativity in schools of art and thought, in golden ages and recurrent clusterings of all sorts of distinguished achievement. But the great example of mobile and cosmopolitan urban populations having made the most of cultural change runs counter to our experimental results. We should hesitate to extend these results without qualification to a general interpretation of all cultural accomplishment. However, our results do give reason to question any bland presumption that social mobility leads inevitably to cultural creativity. We should now be more careful to search for explicit circumstances under which either isolation or mobility may contribute to the production of culture.


Laboratory experiments were used to investigate the influence of simulated cracks and roots on soil water repellency (SWR) dynamics with and without basal drainage impedance in wetting–drying cycles. Observations and measurements were taken following water application equivalent to 9.2‐mm rainfall and then periodically during 80 h of drying. In total, 180 experiments were carried out using 60 samples of three homogeneous, reconstituted soils with different organic matter contents and textures, but of similar initial severity of SWR [18% molarity of an ethanol droplet (MED)]. Water flowing down the cracks and roots left the soil matrix largely dry and water repellent except for vertical zones adjacent to them and a shallow surface layer. A hydrophilic shallow basal layer was produced in experiments where basal drainage was impeded. During drying, changes in SWR were largely confined to the zones that had been wetted. Soil that had remained dry retained the initial severity of SWR, while wetted soil re‐established either the same or slightly lower severity of SWR. In organic‐rich soil, the scale of recovery to pre‐wetting MED levels was much higher, perhaps associated with temporarily raised levels (up to 36% MED) of SWR recorded during drying of these soils. With all three soils, the re‐establishment of the original SWR level was less widespread for surface than subsurface soil and with impeded than unimpeded basal drainage.


A kind of hydraulic loading system, with an electrohydraulic p roportion pressure valve as its core component, is presented. The resistance rat io of soil can be set as a fixed value, a sine signal or a signal according to t he soil data obtained from a specific field can be simulated. The electronic con troller, with 80196KC as its CPU, either can acquire data and control the loadin g system by itself or can be supervised by a PC, which is also called the superv ising PC. All the data collected from the loading system can be sent to the supe rvising PC through serial communication port for saving, further analyzing and g raph drawing.


It is the basic purpose of every taxation system to collect sufficient tax revenue for the financing of government expenditure. The government also makes use of the tax system to achieve a broad spectrum of economic, social, cultural and other objectives of public policy. In the tax system, various tax measures are often used to achieve such objectives. One such measure is known as tax expenditures. In general, tax expenditures in the widest sense relate to all procedures that exceed the framework of the existing tax rules or criteria for taxation (OECD, 1996:9). Because of these various exemptions, some revenue does not get into the process of the calculation of the relevant form of taxation at all, and such an item constitutes the tax expenditure.


The La62.0Al15.7(Cu,Ni)22.3 amorphous alloy was prepared by the injection of liquid alloy into a copper mould.The alloy was treated under high pressures in the range of 3.0-5.0 GPa at room temperature,and the effects of the high pressure treatment on the microstructure of alloys were investigated.The corrosion behavior of the alloy electrolyte was measured in 3.5% NaCl by the electrochemical method.The results indicate that the high pressure treatment at room temperature causes the structural relaxation of alloy,which results in the changes of the glass transition temperature,the first crystallization temperature and the relaxation activation volume of the alloy.Compared with the as-cast alloy,the alloy treated by high pressure exhibits high self-corrosion potential,low self-corrosion current and low critical pitting potential.This implies that high pressure treatment promotes the uniform corrosion resistance,but deteriorates the pitting resistance of the alloy.


We present a coupled thermal and mechanical solid state model of the oceanic lithosphere and asthenosphere which includes vertical conduction of heat with a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity k(T), horizontal and vertical advection of heat, viscous dissipation or shear heating, and linear or nonlinear deformation mechanisms with temperature- and pressure-dependent constitutive relations between shear stress and strain rate. A priori assumptions and inputs to the model are relatively few. We require a constant horizontal velocity u0 and temperature T0 at the surface and zero horizontal velocity and constant temperature T∞ at great depth. In addition to numerical values of the thermal and mechanical properties of the medium, we specify only the values of u0, T0, and T∞. The model determines the depth- and age-dependent temperature, horizontal and vertical velocity, and viscosity structures of the lithosphere and asthenosphere. In particular, we deduce therefrom ocean floor topography, oceanic heat flow, and lithosphere thickness as functions of the age of the ocean floor. The model also yields the age-dependent shear stress in the lithosphere and asthenosphere. From the age-dependent geotherms and assumed values of the elastic parameters we construct seismic velocity profiles which exhibit a marked low-velocity zone. To a first approximation, simple boundary layer cooling, i.e., the growth of a cold thermal boundary layer by upward conduction of heat with k(T) and horizontal advection of heat with constant velocity u0, determines the thermal structure and quantities derivable essentially solely there from, namely, oceanic heat flow, ocean floor topography, and seismic velocities. The simple boundary layer cooling solution gives heat flow ∝(age)−½ and depth of the ocean ∝(age)½, for example. The second approximation, i.e., the self-consistent thermomechanical solution, provides modifications to the thermal structure associated with shear heating effects. This solution also gives the horizontal and vertical velocity and viscosity structures not determined by simple boundary layer cooling and such quantities as the age-dependent lithosphere and asthenosphere thicknesses derivable from the mechanical field. Effects of viscous dissipation at old ages tend to flatten heat flow, ocean depth, and lithosphere thickness versus age curves; e.g., although ocean depth and lithosphere thickness tend to increase with age at all ages, shear heating tends to reduce the rate of increase at old ages below that given by (age)½. The importance of shear heating increases with plate velocity, decreases with subasthenospheric temperature T∞, increases with the activation volume describing the pressure dependence of viscosity, and increases with age of the ocean floor.


Here we present a novel use of fine dust for diagnostic measurements in the sheath of a planar rf discharge and in the inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) plasma. Since dust charge is a function of a number of plasma parameters, and the dust charge adjusts itself to changes in plasma conditions instantaneously, dust particles may be used as an ideal diagnostic tool. A major advantage of such a diagnostic approach is its simplicity as the only measurement of a position of a dust particle or its motion after a perturbation is necessary. This technique only requires access to a discharge chamber, dust particles, a laser to illuminate them and a camera to capture the motion of the dust. The dependences of the sheath profiles on the discharge pressure and power have been determined. The radial potential profiles in a cylindrically-symmetrical capacitively-coupled rf discharge and in an IEC plasma were obtained. The direction of the ion flux in the radial IEC discharge was found.


The Humphead wrasse (also known as the Napoleon fish), Cheilinus undulatus, is a highly prized coral reef fish, listed on CITES Appendix II and endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is widespread across much of the Indo-Pacific region. The fish has a 4-6 week pelagic egg and larval stage, suggesting the potential for high connectivity among populations. However, its range spans important biogeographic boundaries that are associated with barriers to gene flow and deep phylogeographic structure in some marine fishes and invertebrates, raising the possibility of significant population genetic structure. We describe preliminarily the genetic structure of the Humphead wrasse across much of its range and consider the implications for effective conservation. Using mitochondrial DNA sequencing (cytochrome b and control region) coupled with microsatellite analyses, we find primarily a signal of eurymixis — i.e., low, heterogeneous population genetic differentiation across much of the species' range (F ST analogs: <0.11 cytochrome b, <0.09 control region, <0.02 microsatellites) with the exception of modest differentiation primarily toward the peripheries (e.g., Pohnpei, Seychelles; F ST analogs: 0.03–0.24 cytochrome b, 0.05–0.24 control region, 0.03–0.22 microsatellites) — though isolation by distance is not excluded. The general dearth of structure is consistent with population expansion, following an historical bottleneck and with high contemporary gene flow. The implications are that Humphead wrasse is a metapopulation and that its conservation status depends on successful management of a sufficient but currently unknown number and distribution of populations across a multi-national network.


It is the important content of air defense missile fire distribution to determine the interception order of air-attack weapons.By means of the fuzzy tow-factor comparing compositor method,combining qualitative analyses with quantitative calculation,the paper studies the interception order of the multi-targets for air defense missile.First,it describes the mathematics model,constructs the fuzzy similarity relation matrix and gives the calculation process;then,selects four kinds of air attack weapons as the targets,applies the model and calculates the result of the targets interception compositor.The paper will provide reliable basis for commander in the course of fire distribution,and it is propitious to exert the air defense operational efficiency of air defense missile.


Behavioral neurology has often been considered the most theoretical and least practical area of neurology, the province of armchair philosophers and students of the mind–brain relationship. Detailed structure–function analyses, such as the anatomical basis of language comprehension or of lexical–semantic relationships (words and their meanings), have held limited interest for practicing neurologists. Aphasiology has been controversial, with some experts finding little consistent relationship between specific sites of brain injury and aphasic phenomena. Functional brain imaging of cortical networks promises to clarify these inconsistencies in brain–language correlation. Imaging of acute stroke, before recovery and compensation for damaged areas, may provide another window into the relationships of language function and brain structure. The advent of acute stroke interventions has brought behavioral neurology into the acute treatment arena, just as it has forced practicing neurologists out of the office and into the emergency room. Revascularization therapies, such as intravenous and intraarterial thrombolytic therapy, have highlighted the need to identify brain areas at risk of irreversible damage, but that are still salvageable if flow can be restored. Speech, language, and cognition are among the most critical functions to preserve in a stroke patient. New parameters of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have aided the diagnosis of acute stroke. Perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) identifies ischemic tissue at risk of infarction, whereas diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) indicates tissue with cytotoxic edema, already infarcted or on the verge of infarction. The difference between the diffusion and perfusion defects, the "diffusion–perfusion mismatch," is thought to represent the "ischemic penumbra." This oft-quoted theory of the diffusion–perfusion mismatch, however, requires correlation with clinical outcome measures. In previous research, Hillis and colleagues demonstrated that behavioral detection of aphasic deficits or neglect in acute stroke patients correlated with hypoperfusion on PWI and that improved perfusion by blood pressure elevation or carotid endarterectomy resulted in both recovery of the clinical deficit and reduction of the PWI defect. Thus, the authors demonstrated that testing of cognitive functions and the finding of a diffusion–perfusion mismatch have practical value in the treatment of acute stroke patients. Hillis and colleagues presented a patient with a left frontotemporal stroke in whom hypotension appeared to worsen both the perfusion of Wernicke's area and language deficits; blood pressure elevation improved both perfusion and language function. In this issue of the Annals of Neurology, Hillis and colleagues provide quantitative evidence that the perfusion defects noted on MRI correlate with the clinical deficits in a specific language function. The authors correlated delayed perfusion (time to peak on PWI) of Brodmann's area 22, the traditional Wernicke's area, relative to the analogous right hemisphere area, with deficits in spoken word–picture (lexical–semantic) matching in 50 patients with acute left middle cerebral artery territory ischemia; 29 additional patients were excluded because of a diffusion defect indicating an infarct, in which the degree of perfusion would not be expected to correlate with language function. The delay in perfusion of area 22 correlated quantitatively with the degree of lexical– semantic deficit; a delay of longer than 2.5 seconds to peak perfusion was predictive of loss of lexical–semantic ability. The implications of this research are important both for the understanding of language function and for the scientific basis of acute stroke therapy. First, these results clearly establish the critical importance of the cortical Wernicke's area for single word comprehension, a finding also supported by poststroke CT research. Second, they show that a perfusion defect on MRI indicates a loss of function of the affected cortex. PWI, along with clinical examination, should guide the use of thrombolytic agents. For the future, further research is needed to prove that revascularization of a hypoperfused area on PWI will restore function and improve clinical outcome. Kidwell and colleagues (University of California at Los Angeles) have shown that diffusion MRI does not always indicate irreversibly infarcted brain and that thrombolytic therapy can reduce the diffusion defect. Use of thrombolytic therapy has not been proved effective beyond the 6-hour window of the PROACT II study, although a potential may exist in patients who continue to show a diffusion–perfusion mismatch beyond this time. As Hillis and associates have shown, simpler measures, such as induced hypertension, improve perfusion in such cases. EDITORIAL


Groundwater in the discharge area of former ammunition production facilities often reveals severe contamination by production residues and waste products. Thus, these can cause health hazard to human beings in case untreated water is consumed. The investigation of the WASAG explosives plant in Haltern, Germany, revealed lack of scientific knowledge about retardation of nitroaromatic compounds. In this case study we have to deal with a more than 1.65 km elongated contamination plume consisting of various nitroaromatic compounds such as trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluenes, dinitrobenzens, dinitronaphthenes and various degradation compounds coming from a former production area used for military production during times of war. There, from 1918 until 1922 waste waters from dismantling ammunition were sunk into a deep-reaching extended aquifer of high permeability. Therefore, a laboratory investigation program with column tests was initiated. First results reveal that retention and release processes as well as degradation mechanisms play a considerable role determining the velocity of transportation of contaminants. There is a strong correlation of the retardation coefficients of the nitroarornates with the content of silt, clay and organic substances in the soil. Even very small contents of these substances cause a significant increase of retardation factors. Also, the retardation factors of different nitroaromatic compounds vary in a wide range.


Findings of the 1st U.S. program to screen an unselected population for neural tube defects using maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) are reported. To date 1337 nonrisk pregnancies have been screened. Of these 43 women showed twice elevated serum AFP values between the 15th and 20th weeks of gestation. Gestational age was subsequently corrected by sonogram in 15 cases and multiple gestation found in 8 meaning that no further evaluaton was required. Fetal death occurred in an additional 3 cases. 17 amniocenteses were performed 2 of which produced abnormal fluid values indicative of severe open neural tube defects. Pregnancy termination was elected in both these cases.


Marcia Hamburg's editorial "Public health preparedness" (22 Feb., p. [1425][1]) reminds us that public health remains the essence of domestic security. We neglect it at our peril. But if the anthrax scare was a wake-up call, many states have hit the snooze-alarm, cutting basic public health


There is given a description of a two-mirror system suitable for imaging a small polychromatic light source at finite distance. The system consists of two-concentric spherical surfaces, convex and concave, respectively. Third-order, spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism are cancelled. Fifth-order aberrations are calculated explicitly to permit the computation of construction parameters and mounting tolerances according to the image quality required. A numerical example is given.The following theorem is proved: if two of the third-order aberrations, coma, spherical aberration, and astigmatism, of a two-mirror system with spherical surfaces vanish, so does the third. The theorem is applied to the special case of the monocentric system described, but it is proved for heterocentric systems.


The present invention provides a positive electrode containing a lithium vs. potential In the present invention, two or more positive electrode active material having a potential difference and resistance difference simultaneously by using a positive electrode which is mixed can be minimized instantaneous large amount of current conduction phenomenon during internal short-circuit of the battery, the battery heat the reduction of the storage can be improved battery safety.


The purpose of this survey was to investigate depressive symptoms in cancer patients and the differences based on gender, quality of life and social support. Sixty-eight patients diagnosed with cancer participated in the research, with ages varying between 25 and 83 years (A = 55.4; SD = 13.3) and 85.3% were female. The instruments used were Identification Questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Scale—adult version (EPSUS-A), Medical Outcomes Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Baptista Depression Scale Hospital—clinic version (EBADEP-HOSP-AMB). It was verified that most of the patients reported not having depression diagnosis before the cancer, nor in the current moment, besides not using anti-depressive medication. The scores obtained in the EBADEP-HOSP-AMB suggest light depressive symptoms. It is concluded that the depressive symptoms were mostly presented in women, in patients with worse mental health condition and in those less satisfied with the social support.


Filter bank-based multicarrier (FBMC) systems based on offset QAM (FBMC/OQAM) have recently attracted increased interest in several applications due to their enhanced flexibility, higher spectral efficiency, and better spectral containment compared to conventional OFDM. They suffer, however, from an inter-carrier/inter-symbol interference that complicates signal processing tasks such as channel estimation. Most of the methods reported thus far rely on the assumption of (almost) flat subchannels to more easily tackle this problem, addressing it in a way similar to OFDM. However, this assumption may be often quite inaccurate, due to the high freq. selectivity of the channel and/or the small number of subcarriers employed to cope with frequency dispersion in fast fading. In such cases, severe error floors are exhibited at medium to high SNR values, which cancel the advantage of FBMC over OFDM. Moreover, the existing methods provide estimates of the subchannel responses, most commonly in the frequency domain. The goal of this paper is to revisit this problem through an alternative formulation that focuses on the estimation of the channel impulse response itself and makes no assumption on the degree of frequency selectivity of the subchannels. The possible gains in estimation performance offered by such an approach are investigated through the design of optimal (in the MSE sense) preambles, of both the full and sparse types, and of the smallest possible duration of only one pilot FBMC symbol. Existing designs for flat subchannels are then shown to result as special cases. Longer preambles, consisting of two consecutive pilot FBMC symbols, are also analyzed. The simulation results demonstrate significant improvements from the proposed approach for both mildly and highly frequency selective channels. Most notably, no error floors appear anymore over a quite wide range of SNR values.


The effect of different thinning programs (light thinning, medium and heavy thinning) on the internal rate of return was studied in stands of Pinus elliottii . The sampled stands were planted in 1976 with an inicial spacing of 2 x 2 m. Thinning intensity was expressed by the stand density index  of   Reinecke  (SDI). Thinned   volume   was   determined   using   the   assortment  tables  of SCHNEIDER & OESTEN (1991) and costs/prices of the year 1998 of the Association of Forest Enterprises of Rio Grande do Sul (AGEFLOR). The highest internal rate of return was obtained with a light thinning with a rotation length of 15 years and an initial density of 2500 trees. The lowest internal rate of return resulted from a light thinning, but in 45 years and with an initial density of 1500 trees.  In general,  the  internal  rate  of  return  diminished  with increasing rotation length. A sensitivity analysis showed that timber price was the most sensitive variable to influence profitability.


In patients after the Fontan procedure, assessment of a failing Fontan circuit is difficult. Natriuretic peptides failed to be reliable markers of functional status or systemic ventricular function in this patient cohort. The aim of the study was to assess the clinical utility of mid‐regional pro‐adrenomedullin (MR‐proADM) in patients after the Fontan procedure.


Observations which deviate strongly from the main part of the data, usually lebeled as 'outliers' are troublesome and may cause completely misleading results. Therefore, the solitariness of outliers is important for quality assurance. It is desirable to derive such approaches in a systematic manner from general principles and guidlines rather than human decision making or simply plotting the data. A test for outliers of normally distributed data has been developed by J. W. Dixon [1]. The present study uses the same idea by arranging the data set in ascending order for the particular case where samples are comming out of Uniform distribution. Percentage points are tabulated for testing hypothesis and constructing confidence intervals for different significance levels.


Feminism has revolutionized the family field. Probably no field of study is more profoundly influenced by feminist thought. In the four decades since feminist scholars introduced a gendered understanding of family life, the field has absorbed feminist influences. Feminist concepts and investigative strategies have produced new descriptions of family experience, conceptualized family forms and family processes in new ways, and identified new topics for investigation. Feminist scholars have also illustrated the general importance of family studies, elevating our general interest in and concern for this social institution; studies of families and family life are now seen as parallel to studies of individuals or groups in other social institutions.Unlike other disciplines, which marginalize feminist works, the family field now incorporates key feminist elements into its very core. Not all family scholars work from an explicitly feminist perspective, but many feminist concerns have become embedded in the foundational frameworks of the field. At the same time, feminist research and activism flourish throughout the family domain. Family researchers and practitioners can draw from a voluminous and generative feminist literature on every conceivable family topic.This issue of the Michigan Family Review undertakes a feminist examination of family life. A call for papers produced a submission of 10 papers, which were then reviewed by referees. We anticipated that papers submitted and finally selected would present a blend of theoretical, empirical, and practice-based orientations, and that they would strike a balance between family related disciplines. This was not the case. In both submissions and final selections, sociological studies outnumber the others. Although all contributors are sociologists, the articles use intellectual traditions drawn from a variety of disciplines along with wide-ranging methods of inquiry.To make our feminist issue of the Michigan Family Review as current and comprehensive as possible, we invited scholars to review recently published books on gender and family and to pay special attention to their feminist and policy implications. The books selected for review include the topics of gender equity in national family and work policy (Jacobs and Gerson), caregiving among families of different class locations (Hansen), the impact of Viagra on intimate relationships (Loe), men's contemporary experiences of fatherhood (Townsend), the uniqueness of African American families (Hill), and a history of marriage (Coontz). While the books represent the national community of feminist family scholars, many of the research-based articles in this issue examine family life in Michigan communities. All of the contributors to this collection have strong connections to Michigan colleges and universities.We have tried to make this issue appealing to family scholars and practitioners as well as feminists across a range of disciplines. The selection of each article was guided by its scholarly merit and by questions such as these: Is it informed by feminist principles? Does it reflect current feminist thought? Does it open the family field to new kinds of gender questions?Feminist ThemesThe collection is, in many respects, exemplary of the present character of feminist research on families. The contents are not easily categorized: If there is a unifying thread, it will be found in the persistent attention given to different contexts and social locations that produce a range of family experiences for women and men. All of the articles move family analysis beyond dichotomous simplifications of women's and men's experiences as well. Although gender in families remains an anchor point, it is always contingent on other dimensions of difference such as social class, race, and sexual orientation. The following themes reflected in the articles also are central to current feminist thought on the family. …


An image (15) is applied to a face (14a) of a parallelipiped (14) and a mouse (12) connected to a computer (11) is used to move the image through a cursor (19). The moved image is produced by converting the three dimensional coordinates into two dimensional coordinates, using standard procedures to move the image and then converting back to three dimensional coordinates An Independent claim is made for a computer program to carry out the stages of the method


The application of education in the family environment is often an obstacle especially for parents, not least for parents who work as teachers, special methods are needed because what is faced is their own biological children, this study aims to obtain appropriate learning solutions and methods for prayer education in the family environment teacher, the research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative by collecting data through interviews, the results obtained from this study are prayer learning methods for teachers' children by using habituation and parental modeling to their children.


This article describes our recent results of electroorganic synthesis, especially focusing on new organic electrolytic systems toward green sustainable chemistry as follows: (a) Electroorganic synthesis using recyclable solid-supported bases, (b) electrocatalytic hydrogenation and dehalogenation using new electrolytic systems, (c) electrosynthesis of organofluorine compounds, conducting polymers, and others in ionic liquids.


Abstract Highly trained professionals are an addition to the 21st century military organizations that means an utmost challenge for our education systems. The amount, variety and quality of all sorts of profes-sionalisms required by today's warfare technologies are the crucial requirements to match for today's and tomorrow's military recruiters and educators. This article is a try to disseminate some ideas and thoughts concerning the development and improvement of the present educational portfolio by a more proper understanding of the wants and needs of the military workplace through the example of the research and analysis of aircraft maintenance officers and their professional competencies.


In the last few years, more and more smart city applications and services were being deployed by municipalities all over the world. Best practices and lessons learned by other cities are certainly important, but each city has its own problems, constraints, budget limitations, but also specific user demands. In this paper we present some specific smart city developments in Telki, a small municipality in the outskirts of Budapest, Hungary, developments that tried to answer specific citizen demands while making use of the already deployed infrastructure (especially surveillance cameras), and avoiding further costly investments.


The concept of the electronic office (office automation) encompasses the application of computer and communications technology to improve the productivity of all types of office workers, including clerical, administrative, professional, and executive. In the mid-1950s, office automation was used as a synonym for data processing (q.v.) and referred to the ways in which bookkeeping tasks were automated. After some years of disuse, the term was revived in the mid-1970s to describe the interactive use of word and text processing systems, which would later be combined with powerful computer tools leading to a so-called "office of the future" that, inevitably, would be an electronic office.


what the story was: Goldilocks or The Cat in the Hat would have done just as well as Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood or Gulliver's Travels among the Lilliputians. What matters most is the association of reading with caring, with the appreciation that reading is something that people can do together when they love each other. And age is no barrier. If memories like these are strong for you, the chances are good that you still read for pleasure as well as for information. Some years later, after you'd learned to read by yourself, you may also have memories of reading on stolen time. I have some like this. They include at least weekly detours into my home town's children's library, even though my standing instructions were always the same-to come right home after school and only then to go out to play with my friends. I recall, for instance, with considerable nostalgia the detours that so often brought me home with arms full of books: with stories of far-away places, with explanations of how a radio or a telescope was built, and-almost always-with stories about animals. And those childhood memories continue for me


This article uses a freight train collision in Graniteville, South Carolina in 2005 as a case example for a lengthy discussion of shipper liability. In the South Carolina crash, a tank car carrying 90 tons of chlorine ruptured and released a cloud of poisonous chlorine gas killing nine people, requiring 5,000 citizens to evacuate, and sending 250 people to medical treatment for chlorine inhalation. All ensuing lawsuits named the railroad, Norfolk Southern Railway Company (NS), as the lead defendant, and some suits also named the owner and manufacturer of the involved tank cars (Union Tank Car Company); the lessee of the cars (Olin Corporation); the shipper of the product (also Olin); and the intended receiver of the chlorine (Rhodia, Inc). The authors describe two other similar incidents and then maintain that there is a pressing need for railroads and chemical shippers to recognize that the transportation of toxic-by-inhalation (TIH) and hazardous materials (hazmat) creates substantial liability risks for both groups. The article covers some of the major theories under which a shipper could be held liable for hazmat release in transit and outlines the potential defenses for those theories. The authors note that very little actual law exists in the area of shipper responsibility for these types of cases, due to the simple reason that most of these cases settle. The final section of the article covers the need for a liability limitation regime that recognizes the shared risks and responsibilities of shippers and railroads.