Objective To use the pooled sampling method to reduce the error caused by the detecting precision,so as to improve the accuracy of population rate estimates.Methods A formula was deduced on how to obtain the ideal rate under given sensitivity and specificity,and the mean relative errors of rate estimation with different pool sizes were simulated and calculated using software SAS 9.1.Results When the actual rate was lower than the ideal rate,the errors caused by the detecting precision could be greatly reduced through adjusting the rate of mixed samples.Conclusion When the population rate is low,the accuracy of rate estimation can be improved and the numbers of tests can be reduced by using pooled sampling method under given specificity and sensitivity.


—In this paper, we have discussed the meromorphic p-valent functions that satisfy the differential subordinations z(Ip(r, λ)f (z)) (j+1) (Ip(r, λ)f (z)) (j) ≺ (1 + A − B a βz 1 + Bz)(p + j), z ∈ ∆ * , where β is complex number and Ip(r, λ) is salagean Operator. Also we study coefficient inequalities and hadamard product (convolution) and found radius of starlikeness and convexity. We investigate some interesting properties on A


Between 1997 and 1999, eight European institutes were involved in a European Snow Load research project. During Phase II, one of the subtasks was the investigation of roof snow loads to determine roof shape coefficients for normative use. These shape coefficients are multiplied with the characteristic ground snow load to result in the relevant roof snow load. Depending on several factors, the relevant shape and the magnitude of the roof snow load are determined. The procedures of the measurements and the analysis methods used during the winter of 1998-1999 are described. The reasons for the selected models for the multiple regression analysis, the relevant programs, and the results from the investigation are shown. As one of the results, the measurements of the roof snow loads will be continued in Switzerland in the winter of 1999-2000, and hopefully in future winters.


Durand analyses the relation of Clegg & Guttmann's photographs to the aesthetic codes of painting and discusses issues of power and portraiture. The artists propose a collage of texts defining their concerns. Biographical notes. Circa 50 bibl. ref.


As modern worms spread quickly; any countermeasure based on human reaction is barely fast enough to thwart the threat. Moreover, because polymorphic worms could generate mutated instances, they are more complex than non-mutating ones. Currently, the content-based signature generation of polymorphic worms is a challenge for network security. Several signature classes have been proposed for polymorphic worms. Although previously proposed schemes consider patterns such as 1-byte invariants and distance restrictions, they could not handle neither large payloads nor the big size pool of worm instances. Moreover, they are prone to noise injection attack. We proposed a method to combine two approaches of creating a polymorphic worm signature in a new way that avoid the limitation of both approaches. The proposedsignature generation scheme is based on token extraction and multiple sequence alignment, widely used in Bioinformatics. This approach provides speed, accuracy, and flexibility in terms of noise tolerance. The evaluations demonstrate these claims.


The pressure of other duties together with the short time within which it was necessary to send you a reply have made it impossible for me to respond to your invitation as fully as I should have desired. I must, therefore, confine myself to a few observations. As I view the situation, the Monroe Doctrine possesses a significance which is exclusively historical. It is the product and the expression of that period in the history of American trade in which even those portions of the American continent which had acquired political independence found themselves in a condition of economic dependence with reference to the countries of Europe; a condition of dependence which manifested itself in a vexatious interference on the


Heart failure is often the consequence of insufficient cardiac regeneration. Neonatal mice retain a certain capability of myocardial regeneration until postnatal day (P)7, although the underlying transcriptional mechanisms remain largely unknown. We demonstrate here that cardiac abundance of the transcription factor GATA4 was high at P1, but became strongly reduced at P7 in parallel with loss of regenerative capacity. Reconstitution of cardiac GATA4 levels by adenoviral gene transfer markedly improved cardiac regeneration after cryoinjury at P7. In contrast, the myocardial scar was larger in cardiomyocyte‐specific Gata4 knockout (CM‐G4‐KO) mice after cryoinjury at P0, indicative of impaired regeneration, which was accompanied by reduced cardiomyocyte proliferation and reduced myocardial angiogenesis in CM‐G4‐KO mice. Cardiomyocyte proliferation was also diminished in cardiac explants from CM‐G4‐KO mice and in isolated cardiomyocytes with reduced GATA4 expression. Mechanistically, decreased GATA4 levels caused the downregulation of several pro‐regenerative genes (among them interleukin‐13, Il13) in the myocardium. Interestingly, systemic administration of IL‐13 rescued defective heart regeneration in CM‐G4‐KO mice and could be evaluated as therapeutic strategy in the future.


Traffic models developed for control include first order LWR model and second order models. The first order model is essentially density dynamics which states the conservation of the number of vehicles in a section of highway. Most second order models are essentially a speed dynamics coupled with the first order density dynamics. There are several second order models but most are for explaining traffic flow. Only a couple of second order models were developed for traffic control purpose. The most popular one is the Payne-Papageorgiou model. Due to point sensor detection limit in highways such as inductive loops, flow estimation is easy and reasonably accurate while density estimation is very difficult. This is the motivation for us to have a look at flow dynamics in place of density. It turns out that flow dynamics of first order cannot be well-defined contrasted to the Cell Transmission Model. However, a flow-speed dynamics can be obtained which is equivalent to the density-speed dynamics of the PaynePapageorgiou model.


For optimum potential, dug wells should have a large diameter, adequate water column, high permeability and low hydraulic gradient. In non-arid regions their depth is limited to 60 m, and in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh in India, the dug-wells are generally limited to 20 m. A water column of about 5 m in the lean part of the year should be adequate. There is good reason to put a bore in an existing well (dug-cum-bore wells) when: (1) the formation tapped in the open well is fine-grained or poor in productivity, and there is a good chance of encountering a coarse-grained or productive formation below a depth of 15 m; (2) the formation tapped in the open well is limited in depth but underlain by an effective confining bed followed in depth by a good confined aquifer; or (3) the potential productive water table zone is tapped fully in the existing due well by improvement in respect to increased depth, diameter and water column. A tubewell taps a potential confined aquifer below a confining layer and therefore effectiveness of the tubewell will depend upon the effectiveness of the confining bed. (Robinett-Arizona).


Rayleigh waves are useful in the study of the properties of metals. For example, flaws, grain structure, and residual machining stress may be examined. Simple apparatus using a laser optical probe of the order of 20 μ in diameter is described, which can yield accurate Rayleigh wave velocities on optically reflecting surfaces. Phase information in the Rayleigh wave is preserved as the probe diameter is more than an order of magnitude smaller than a Rayleigh wavelength up to 15 MHz. Velocities can be measured much higher in frequency. Another apparatus consisting of a Michelson interferometer with a Rayleigh wave traveling on one mirror is described. The mirror with the Rayleigh wave can be, for example, a steel sample with a particular grain structure. The interferometer is most useful for measuring Rayleigh wave attenuations. The use of the optical methods in detecting flaws is discussed. By using a thickness vibrating ceramic transducer as one mirror of the interferometer, a vibration amplitude of 28±3 A...


It is an important way for segmentations of CT images to extract contours of objects slice-by-slice. For such a way, an important idea is analogy. That is to say, correct the contour in current slice (current contour) according to the contour in previous slice (previous contour). The key to properly correct the current contour is the ability to recognize occlusions (or say leaking parts) in the current contour. We present a curve-based curve parameterization method to recognize occlusions. The previous contour is evolved to the current contour using line projections. In the process of evolution, the parameterization is realized, which includes two types of information for every point in the evolved contour: the arc length parameter on the previous contour, and distance moved from the initial position to the present position. Using these two parameters, we are able to recognize occlusions in the current contour. Many experiments indicate that the method can recognize all of the occlusions in a given contour. Consequently, the method is robust and can be used as a part of an algorithm to automatically extract contours for CT images.


Agritourism is a new industry combining the modern agriculture and tourism.There still exist a series of problems,like imperfect systerm,the lack of personnel training,the lack of culture connotation in product and not enough publicity in the present development of argitourism in Weifang.In order to promote a healthy development for this brand new touring consumption mode,the government should do more in deepening the protection of agricultural culture in emphasining on widening the market and in stressing talent cultivating,while paying attention to scientific planning and perfecting system,so as to promote the brand competitiveness of the agritourism of Weifang.


Objectives To study the effect of touch during the convalescence of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.Methods 82 cases with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy were selected.All the neonates were treated during acute stage. They were randomized into two groups,42 cases in study group and 40 in control. The study group was touched by the international method while control group was nursed by routine way.The growth of neonatal and the development of nervous system were observed.Results Significant difference could be found in the growth of neonatal and the development of nervous system between two groups.Conclusion Touch can improve the development of nervous system and the growth of neonatal who suffered hypoxic-is chemic encephalopathy.


ABOVE: Mandela Washington Fellows participating in USAID-funded professional development opportunities filmed one anothers' most significant change stories as part of a participatory impact assessment. Locally led development involves local stakeholders taking the lead in all aspects of the development process, including determining visions of success, measuring progress, learning and adapting, and evaluating results. The USAID Evaluation Policy highlights that by respectfully engaging partners, beneficiaries, and stakeholders, evaluations can promote local ownership while leveraging and building local evaluation capacity. One way to practice locally led development in monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL) is through participatory evaluation: applied social research where evaluators partner with local stakeholders to shape and contribute to the research process.1


Continous improvements to increase productivity is compulsory for small medium enterprise. The average value of productivity observed with Objective Matrix, in January-September 2014, is 261 . The main factorwhich affect the value of productivity is the number of defective products produced by Automatic Feeding and Sealing Machine.Approximately, 73.7% of total defective products is leak product. Thus, the main effortto increase value of  productivity is reduce the amount of leak products produced by those macine. After calculating the average value of productivity, design of experiment were performed using central composite design approach. Then measure optimum value for each independent variables using Response Surface Methodology. The optimal values are : Cup Type A ( supplied by PT.Indopack ) , the heater I's temperature is 256.9 °C and the heater II's temperature is 258.48 o C . with predicted number of leaked product is 0.86 . By using this setting , the value of productivity turned to 855, far above the average of the previous months.


57 ABSTRACT Small, round, bio-compatible microspheres capable of covalently bonding proteins and having a uniform di ameter below about 3500 A are prepared by substan tially instantaneously initiating polymerization of an aqueous emulsion containing no more than 35% total monomer including an acrylic monomer substituted with a covalently bondable group such a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl and a minor amount of a cross-link ing agent.


The core content for the restoration to the prosperity of China lies in the real-lization of her modernization and restitution of the Chinese people's world place before the industrial civilization period. Restoration to the prosperity of China is the uncompleted cause of the Chinese people in the 20th century. In the present days between the two centuries, the coming of intellectural economy brings a rare historical chance to the restoration to the prosperity of China. So long as we can grasp this chance, complete the innovation system and fully develop the leading action of the intellectuals, certainly we can realize the modernization in the middle of the 21st century, catch up forthwith the West and restore the pretige of our people.


Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of novel nanoporous materials with many potential applications. Structural characterization is important because understanding the relationship between the properties of these industrially relevant materials and their structures allows one to develop new applications and improve current performance. Oxygen is one of the most important elements in many MOFs and exists in various forms. Ideally, O solid-state NMR (SSNMR) should be an excellent tool for characterizing various oxygen species. However, the major obstacles that prevent applying O SSNMR to MOF characterization are the synthetic effort needed for O isotopic enrichment and the associated high cost. In this work, we successfully prepared several prototypical O-enriched MOFs, including Zr-UiO-66, MIL53(Al), CPO-27-Mg (or Mg-MOF-74), and microporous α-Mg3(HCOO)6. Depending on the target MOF, different isotopic enrichment methods were used to effectively incorporate O from O-enriched H2O. Using these O-enriched MOFs, we were able to acquire O SSNMR spectra at a magnetic field of 21.1 T. They provide distinct spectral signatures of various key oxygen species commonly seen in representative MOFs. We demonstrate that O SSNMR can be used to differentiate chemically and, under favorite circumstances, crystallographically nonequivalent oxygens and to follow the phase transitions. The synthetic approaches for preparation of O-enriched sample described in this paper are fairly simple and cost-effective.


Su 14 well field has geological features of low pressure,low permeability and strong heterogeneity.Pilot development test showed that it didn't achieve the desired effect of sand connectivity by large-scale fracturing,and the production was not significantly increased.More than 80%wells encountered layers of He_(8top),He_(8bottom),and Shan_1.In this condition,separated layer fracturing was applied to link up multiple zones,and multi-layer commingled production was used to improve the recovery extent of the vertical producing reserves.As a result,single well production was increased,and the purpose of costeffective development was achieved.


The aim of this experimentis to find out composite of the empty oil palm bunchesof compost, ash of the boiler and activator of trichoderma optimum for growth andproduce of soybean plant interposed between oil palm trees already produce at peatland. The research was arranged in Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of9 levels with three replications. The treatments were namely : A ((without bunchesof empty oil palm, ashes of boilers and activator of Trichoderma) ; B (1,45 kgbunches of empty oil palm ) per plot; C (1,45 kg bunches of empty oil palm + 145 gash of boilers) per plot; D (1,45 kg bunches of empty oil palm + 290 g ash ofboilers) per plot; E (1,45 kg bunches of empty oil palm + 290 g ash of boilers) perplot; F (1,45 kg bunches of empty oil palm + 2,9 g activator of trichoderma) perplot; G (1,45 kg bunches of empty oil palm + 145 g ash of boilers + 2,9 g activatorof trichoderma) per plot; H (1,45 kg bunches of empty oil palm + 290 g ash ofboilers + 2,9 g activator of trichoderma) per plot; and I (1,45 kg bunches of emptyoil palm + 435 g ash of boilers + 2,9 g activator of trichoderma) per plot. Afterplanting soybean plant of Grobogan Variety died on treatment A (without bunchesof empty oil palm, ashes of boilers,and activator of trichoderma), so the data wasnot analyzed of statistic. Parameters observed were : height plant (cm), the numberof branches primary, the age of flowering appearance (day), the number of pods,the percentage of pods filled, 100-seeds weight (g) and dry seeds weight (g). Theresults showed that the treatments of composite of the empty oil palm bunches ofcompost, ash of the boiler and activator trichoderma were not significant on theheight plant, the number of primary branches, flowering age, the percentage ofpods filled, and 100-seeds weight, but significant on the number of pods and dryseeds weight. The best application of treatment 1,45 kg bunches of empty oil palm+ 290 g ash of the boilers + 2.9 g trichoderma per plot increased the number ofpods and yield of soybean plant of Grobogan Variety on peat land fruitful withproductivity dry seeds weight 343,25 g/plot equivalent 1,19 ton/ha. Key words : Empty Oil Palm Bunches of Compost, Soybean, ash of boiler,Trichoderma, Peat land.


The aim of this study is to examine how some primary school teachers describe conversation as a pedagogical tool involving environments that develop both language and subject-related skills. The study is qualitative and built upon structured interviews with six teachers in grades 1-6. From a sociocultural perspective, students develop language, new knowledge and experience in a community based on communication. The result has been analyzed by using the concept of cultural tools, teacher as both organiser and mediator, zone of proximal development and scaffolding. The result clarifies the teachers' roll as a mediator and organizer in the use of conversation. Communication doesn't only provide content but also shows an act. The conversing function is mainly to develop the language and subject-related skills but also for maintaining social relationships and strengthen students' identity. Teachers bring to life content and texts to facilitate students' learning and grasp their commitment, but also organize a way to work that is supportive. As well as providing different ways to work which make the students involved and measure their skills. The results also show that teachers mainly use conversation in class and one to one, and group discussions and individual student conversations occur to a lesser degree, as teachers see difficulties in organising these discussions forms. The conclusion drawn is that special education teachers, therefore have an important role to play in order to better enable group discussions and individual discussions, and by participating in the classroom and by supervising teachers around the private conversations form. Efforts in the form of peer learning, where the special education teacher acts as a qualified interlocutor in regards to discussion as a tool, will thus be important in special teaching profession.


Significant Aspects of the Land-Based Long-Distance Freight Market.- Systemic, Migration Oriented Method of Innovation Management.- Detailed Presentation of Supportive Tools.- Case studies - Part I: Innovative Technologies in European Freight Transport.- Case studies - Part II: Innovations to Improve the Intermodal Transport Chain.- Case studies - Part III: Logistic Service Innovations.- Conclusions and Perspectives.


Contra Parry (1930) and Lord (I960), and orality theorists inspired by their work, Tedlock (1983) has argued that metrical verse arises only under the influence of alphabetic or syllabic writing. Reviewing Parry and Lord's findings concerning Homeric and Yugoslav traditions, I compare them with my findings concerning torn yaya kange, a metrical genre from New Guinea that provides a strong counterexample to Tedlock's generalization. Comparing this ethnographic case with another region in New Guinea where metricality is not used, I argue that such differences are best understood not with reference to extrinsic enabling conditions such as the presence or absence of writing, but by examining how uses and effects of metricality are mediated by specific linguistic and aesthetic ideologies.


Liang Qichao regards interest as root and basic contents of life, which reflects his aesthetic idealism, philosophy of life and ideal of the society. Something of tradition can be traced in his thoughts in interest. Western theory and method which is concerned can be found, and special consideration can be seen. All of this influenced us deeply. Interest, in his point of view, is kind of aesthetic feeling which is full of aspiration, happiness, vitality and spirit, and boasts a character of enrichment and life. It has to do with people's life, and reflects his positive thoughts of life, in which we can find aspiring aspects of life. It is based on excellent sagacity and irritation, which alerts itself by combination of inner feelings and circumstances, also of non-utility and sense of responsibility. He discusses three ways of gaining interest and aesthetic education, giving judicious guidance according to circumstances in detail.


seems appropriate to review the information available regarding the viricidal efficiency of disinfectants in water. The term "enteric viruses" as used here includes infectious hepa¬ titis virus, Coxsackie groups A and B, polio¬ virus, adenovirus, and the ECHO viruses. All of these are excreted in feces and can be found in urban sewage, especially in the late summer and early fall. Proved waterborne epidemics have occurred only with the virus of infectious hepatitis; however, outbreaks of poliomyelitis suspected of being waterborne have been reported (2,3). No waterborne diseases caused by Coxsackie and ECHO viruses have been re¬ corded. No adenovirus infections have been attributed to drinking water, but three out¬ breaks of one of the clinical diseases caused by adenoviruses have been associated with swim¬ ming pools (Ir-6).


Juridification and Democracy By Mark Bevir Published in: Parliamentary Affairs 62 (2009), 493-498. I. CONTACT INFORMATION Dept. of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1950, USA Email: firstname.lastname@example.com II. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Mark Bevir is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley. His publications include Key Concepts of Governance (2009), New Labour: A Critique (2005), The Logic of the History of Ideas (1999); and, with R.A.W. Rhodes, Governance Stories (2006), and Interpreting British Governance (2003).


neither he nor any other commentator, so far as I know, has told us why he rejects the other explanation 'heard from Ajax,' which is surely the obvious one, and fits the context perfectly. ' Salamis was ever the nurse of heroes: such was the boast of Ajax to Hector: and thou, Timodemus, hast proved it once more by thy victory.' There is the obvious objection, as the scholiast saw, that on this view we make Pindar guilty of an inaccurate reference. But without impeaching Pindar's knowledge of Homer, or the correctness of his text of the poet, I venture to think the mistake a most natural and probable one. The defiance launched at Hector (II. 7. 226 fE.) follows about twenty-five lines later than the speech now in question (191—199). The two were therefore associated by contiguity : but the confusion was doubtless due primarily to the law or tendency by which striking details are connected with the most interesting figure or event. The boast of Ajax about Salamis is in its right place in a speech addressed to his countrymen : but by a kind of psychological attraction it is drawn towards the central incident of the meeting with Hector.


The differing activities and proclivities of males and females over the ages mean that Y-chromosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA allow us to open a window on population histories, and put some flesh on the bare bones of legend and myth. Perhaps surprisingly, this approach is bearing significant fruit, some of which borders on the shocking. In 2003, Zerjal et al. reported an astonishingly high carriage rate of a recent Y-chromosome signature across the old Mongol empire up to 8% of the Y-chromosomes appeared to show an origin from around the time of Genghis Khan the tempting inference (which may well be correct) is that this is the genetic legacy of Genghis himself. He and his descendants were well known for their sexual voracity, and association with the ruling family would have boosted their reproductive luck somewhat.


Through making orientation on sports science, this paper points out that sports belong to natural science in essence. Sport is at the early stage of science.


The phenomenon of gender-based violence during the last decade has been reinforced in its concept, content, scope and protection, making it visible in a number of important behaviors that affect such important legal rights, including those related to the family. This, materialized through national jurisprudence and the international agreements and treaties on the subject. However, in 2017, the jurisprudence of the criminal chamber of the supreme court of justice in a transcendental ruling for the interpretation of the crime of intrafamily violence in our national legal context; it excludes from its application former partners who commit physical or psychological violence among themselves, or family members who do not share a family unit. Procuring necessarily the differentiation of legal assets that suppressing the coexistence between family members move from family harmony to be protected in the seat of personal integrity, logically resulting in a different treatment from the investigative scope and its judgment. An event that deserves to be studied from an academic point of view to establish the benefits, damages or both, that said hermeneutical edge could embody from this jurisprudential milestone.


Lipopolysaccharide administered intraperitoneally to rats just after partial (70%) hepatectomy at the dose from 0.04 to 4 mg/kg body weight inhibited the induction of thymidylate synthase and thymidine kinase which are rate-determining enzymes of DNA synthesis, resulting in the impairment of DNA synthesis in the regenerating liver. This effect may be due to the hepato-toxic nature of endotoxin.


As long as business is done, there also has to be a business case for diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI), says Ram Sinha from the Pride Circle. When it comes to DEI activities, the often invisible nature of the LGBT+ community, its smaller size (relative to other minorities) and vast heterogeneity, as well as lack of standardization of basic terminology, make building bridges between MNEs and the community quite challenging. In this interview with one of Asia's leading social enterprises in the LGBT+ space, Ram shares his vast experience in the rapidly evolving DEI landscape. He also provides actionable insights for IB scholars, practitioners, educators and policymakers on MNE operations in an emerging market which is quickly becoming a hotbed of DEI innovation.


This paper establishes the game theory models among the aged,primary medical clinic and governments,based on the game theory,and seeks the solutions to the equilibrium steady. The analysis shows that the aged go to see a doctor to primary medical clinic which is related to cost benefit of primary medical clinic,and that the government regulation is related to the irregular gains of the clinics and the fine penalty. To some extent,it can solve the problems that the aged are not convenient to see a doctor to the primary medical service by optimizing primary medical resources,increasing allowance on the aged seeing a doctor to primary clinic and strengthening governments regulation.


In manufacturing industry Gear boxes are one of the important components in power transmission. Consequently any damage in the gearbox can lead to unprecedented downtime. In machines the gear trains vibrate due to many reasons such as the non regular nature of load, the manufacturing error of the gear teeth, gear back lash, misalignment of the connecting shaft and also due to continuous usage. As a common rule machines do not stop working or fail without some form of caution, which is indicated by an increased vibration level. The most effective instruments which are used in reading the root cause of the trouble are the Vibration analyzers, which collects the vibration signature at the problematic source. In the present work the vibration analysis of bevel gear box in a vertical rolling stand of Light and Medium Merchant Mill (LMMM) at Vizag steel plant is considered for the purpose of condition monitoring. The vibration signatures of input and output shafts of bevel gear box in vertical, horizontal and axial directions are collected at input and output shafts of the gear box using Vb8 instrument. The signatures so collected were further analyzed using wavelet analysis. The analysis is carried out at no-load and loaded conditions at regular intervals of operation for monitoring the gear box and results are discussed.


Cohesion embodies the grammar cohesive devices and lexicon cohesive devices.By analyzing the cohesive devices in the speech——A Message to Intellectuals by Einstein,the paper puts emphasizes on the functions of lexicon devices.Efficient learners can grasp the main idea by means of grasping lexicon cohesive devices.Meanwhile,their communicative ability has been improved.


The following examples are transcribed in this system. 1. /baha/ hill, 2. /paha/ hair, 3. /cup6/ fog, 4. /pt[/ otter, 5. /ntpcidwga/ nine, 6. /pka/ heavy, 7. /psi/ rice, 8. /pga/ to sneeze, 9. /pni/ water, 10. /d6ba/ four, 11. /to/ blue, 12. /ta/ dead, 13. /Jidin$/ little, 14. /cuwl/ side of torso, 15. /AiM6tku/ brother-in-law w.s., 16. /gikn4/ to pet, 17. /kikna/ to go home, 18. /ka/ to dig, 19. /kpana/ to be fine, 20. /kte/ to kill, 21. 1 The data reported in this note deal exclusively with the Fort Peck dialect of Assiniboine spoken in North-Eastern Montana. These data were collected from Mr. and Mrs. Ed and Evaline Archdale and Mr. and Mrs. Paul and Sophie Hamilton, all of Frazer, Montana. I would like to thank Professors Mary R. Haas, Robert Austerlitz, and Terrence S. Kaufman for reading and commenting on an earlier draft of this paper. I, alone, am responsible for any errors or inadequacies.


When an incision is retracted, it shortens because skin does not actually stretch--it only shifts. A mathematical model accurately predicted operating room experience. Average retraction of 30-50% shortens an incision by 15%. Therefore, an incision to expose fixed bony landmarks should be 15% longer than the distance between them.


Toys can be used as a powerful yet less intimidating means for teaching engineering design elements and allows for students the opportunity to directly apply their knowledge to a hands-on project early on in their academic careers. In a freshman engineering design course, small groups of students used toys as a vehicle to learn fundamental engineering principles in studying complex toy design. The gender neutral toys allowed students the ability to setup and execute experiments for mechanistic evaluation with emphasis placed on generating, testing and implementing technical solutions to the toy design. Topics such as manufacturing, safety, cost analysis, materials selection, and marketing were directed from lecture portion of the class and applied to the toy analysis. From the observations and mechanistic evaluation of the toys, students were capable to design and fabricate a working prototype to a technical challenge. This paper describes a case study project demonstrating the process of relating toy evaluation to engineering fundamentals and reports feedback from faculty and students. Observations are also offered on the manner in which traditional age and adult students approached and executed the toy analysis project.


This study solves the three-dimensional (3D) dynamic interaction problem between simply supported Timoshenko beams and vehicles by using theoretical equations. The model includes intermediate supports, so train-rail-soil interaction can be analyzed. The vehicle equations are formed by using a matrix method by the assemblage of spring-dampers and rigid links, and the bridge formulations are decoupled using the modal method. The Newmark method is then used to analyze these vehicle-bridge equations. Variable speed, road irregularities, vehicle eccentricities, and multiple vehicles are considered. The comparison of the beam displacements between the current and finite-element methods indicates that the accuracy of this method is acceptable.


Background Although the use of "all-inside" absorbable meniscal repair devices has become popular, numerous complications have been reported. The authors applied their well-established goat model to evaluate three "all-inside" meniscal repair devices. Methods A "tear" was created in the medial meniscus of both knees in 26 goats. The animals were randomized into four groups, and the meniscus was treated as follows: (A) meniscal repair with Mitek Fastner, (B) meniscal repair with BioStinger, (C) meniscal repair with Mitek Clearfix Screw, and (D) no repair. All animals were sacrificed at 6 months postoperatively, and all specimens were carefully evaluated and results recorded and compared with historical results of meniscal repair with suture in this same animal model. Results Meniscal repair results with all three all-inside devices studied were inferior to suture repair. Chondral injury was present in 75% to 100% of repairs with all-inside devices and none of the control specimens. Discussion/Conclusion Although new all-inside meniscal repair devices are relatively quick and easy, results may not be as good as with traditional suture techniques. The high rate of chondral injury associated with these devices in the goat model is worrisome for chondral damage in humans, especially in patients with smaller or tighter knees.


Background: Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the external auditory canal, commonly encountered in the general otolaryngology department. Otomycosis is more frequently observed in hot and humid climates and various individual, as well as environmental factors, predispose to this infection. This study aims to explore the prevalence of otomycosis in a tertiary care hospital in Ekiti state, Nigeria, along with a focus on patient demographics, predisposing risk factors, and pathogenic causes. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) department of Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti, which is a tertiary care hospital in Ekiti state, Nigeria. The study involved 275 patients above the age of 10, who presented in the ENT department over 5 years period and were clinically diagnosed cases of otomycosis. Certain patient demographics such as age, gender, and clinical presentations were recorded along with possible risk factors and clinically observed findings. Microbiological causes were evaluated via the culture of samples collected from each individual. Results were statistically analysed and the results are presented in a tabulated manner. Results: The results obtained in our study revealed that the majority of the subjects were between the ages of 20 and 30 years, making a total of 38.2% of the study population. Males were observed more commonly then females accounting for 56% of the total study population. 267 patients reported unilateral ear involvement among which the right ear was involved in 82% of the cases. The most frequently observed risk factor was self-cleaning of ears with objects such as q-tips, wooden sticks, metal pickers, etc. seen in 71% of the study population, followed by the use of antibiotic ear drops observed in 57% and instillation of mustard oil in 52% of the study group. The most common presenting symptom in the study population was reported to be pruritus of the ear in 73% followed by otalgia in 66.5%, and sensation of blocked ear observed in 57%. Fungi were established to be the causative organism in 270 out of the total 275 samples and the most commonly isolated fungi were Aspergillus seen in 91% of the total population. The most common species of Aspergillus that was isolated from samples was Aspergillus Niger seen in 56%. The second most commonly isolated fungus was Candida in 13.8% of the group. Bacteria were isolated from 56.4% of the total samples as a concomitant organism, Staphylococcus aureus is the most commonly seen in 58% of the samples. The present study, apart from highlighting the patient population and causative agents of otomycosis, also places stringent focus on the need for education to eradicate the aforementioned predisposing risk factors to hinder the incidence of otomycosis.


On November 29, 2017, a photo of a sign asking library patrons "please do not let in the cat" went viral. It wasn't long before the Internet lore surrounding Max the Cat exceeded the scope of the original post. Until news agencies picked up the story and tracked us down, the image (and the cat) was largely divorced from its original context.


To the Editor: —Is there any possible way of stopping the publication of one's name by the Imperial Information Bureau of St. Paul, Minn., in the so-called Expert? Mine is published in the volume just issued (vol. xi, No. 1), absolutely without any authority; and the names of many excellent men throughout the country, who I am sure would not lend their names to such publication. Even the name of a physician dead three years is contained in the list. The lay mind can hardly realize how painful and unjust such a publication is to us.


Current land mine detection methods predominately rely on the use of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and metal detectors to scan the ground for disturbances in electromagnetic waves that would indicate a higher concentration of metal. For soldiers, these tools combined with trained observational skills, makes the rapid clearance of mine fields more of an art; one that has become a necessity with the presence of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs). Some of these detection methods are taught and trained to every soldier, as the principles behind IED detection are similar no matter the IED construction. Specifically, all IEDs require the use of wires in some way. This research has expanded the use of Compton backscattering detection methods and pencil beam imaging, proven to be slow but accurate. Investigation of fan beam geometries for backscatter imaging is ongoing. The goal is to allow for a rapid scan of potential pressure plates, focused on detecting the signature of a wire in a mock IED, with efforts to improve imaging properties to aid soldiers. This has the potential to increase the accuracy of current interrogation and detection methods. This research has demonstrated some success over current interrogation methods, with the potential to allow military units to interrogate suspected IEDs through nonphysical means with greater image resolution than GPR. Ultimately, this could allow for the ability to clear suspected enemy obstacles faster, with greater accuracy, and providing more security to the soldiers on the ground.


Three different approaches for deriving mutual information via thermodynamics are presented, where the temperature-dependent energy is given by (a) , (b) or (c) . All approaches require the extension of the traditional physical framework and the modification of the second law of thermodynamics. A realization of a physical system with an effective temperature-dependent Hamiltonian is discussed and followed by a suggestion of a physical information–heat engine.


Out of a selection of 24 parameters from numerous factors which correlate to plane manhours in manufacture,six key parameters,including maximum takeoff weight,maximum speed,climbing rate,maximum overload,ratio of titanium/aluminum alloy and ratio of composite/aluminum alloy,are chosen via statistical and theoretical analysis based on existing plane samples.In view of the advantages of partial least-squares regression(PLS) method in analyzing multivariate data with small samples,it is utilized to build an estimation model of plane manhours in manufacture.The results show that the average error is about 10%.With this model,very little information,such as performance index,material composition,etc.,is needed for the estimation of plane manufacturing manhours before the start of manufacturing activities.The PLS estimation model exhibits many advantages such as less parameters requirement,perspicuous physical meaning,and simple operation.It can be used to predict the manhours for plan optimization,design optimization,cost analysis and control,capital asset investment and production arrangement in the preliminary development stage of a plane with the absence of detailed design and manufacture information.


This paper presents how the refrigerant dissolved in oil affects on Journal bearings reliability. The bearing model test is performed using the hermetic test apparatus. The oil film pressure is measured under several types of bearing grooves, L/D ratios and mixing ratios of refrigerant to oil. As a result, the means by which the refrigerant dissolved in oil causes damage to journal bearings is made clear. That is, the fundamental problem is that the refrigerant gas, which evaporates and accumulates in the bearing clearance, disturbs the oil supply into the bearing. Also, it is found that the bearing groove, which is open to the bearing side, is effective to solve this problem.


Benincasa Hispida (BHS) is a plant specific to tropical areas, fairly resistant to drought and with various medicinal proprieties, which can be adapted to Romanian pedoclimatic conditions according to the first experiment conducted in the '60s by a group of Romanian researchers. Our purpose was to recreate and extend the experiment in an open field and to analyze the main relations between soil, plants and fruit yield. By conducting this research were emphasized the pedological and climatic necessities for cultivation, the biological comportment of the plant and the main characteristics of the fruit. The main results reveal a good adaptation of this plant, a high productivity and great possibilities of valorization.


An algorithm for faring data points is presented in the paper. In this algorithm, researchers split data point set into several smaller point sets according to the number of data point set and features points of the point set, then genetic algorithm will be applied to fair each small point set. Details of this genetic such as fitness function to evaluate the fairness of point set, selection, crossover and mutation are also described in this paper. In order to accelerate its convergence speed, researchers develop the detection algorithm of feature points and the point set subdivision algorithm to control the size of population in per iteration. Experimental results show the efficiency of this method.


In a distributed system, using authorisation certificate based access control tends to facilitate the granting of rights. On the other hand, the problems of limiting usage or revoking the rights become more difficult, as the issuer of the right is no longer in control of the issued certificate. In this paper we take a look at the role of certificates in access control, evaluate the technical merits of different validity management mechanisms an SPKI authorisation certificate supports, discuss the problems related to managing the validity and finally introduce a protocol for validity management.


A method of cultivating cauliflower mushroom(Sparassis crispa) using raw chips or sawdust of thinned wood of coniferous plants without after ripening and steam treatment is provided to omit a mycelial scraping and to shorten the cultivation period by 20 days as compared with bottle cultivations and to improve the productivity. An internal tissue of cauliflower mushroom is transplanted into a potato agar medium and cultured at 20 to 30deg.C and 50 to 60deg.C for 20 to 30 days after subculturing to give liquid inoculum or solid inoculum. The liquid inoculum or solid inoculum is inoculated into a culture medium, cultured at 20 to 30deg.C and 50 to 70% humidity for 40 to 50 days under 1,000 to 2,000 lux illumination, subjected to mushroom differentiation and cultured for 20 to 30 days in a mushroom-growing room. The mushroom differentiation is performed at 18 to 22deg.C and 100% humidity in a state in which ventilation is turned off for 24hr to induce mushroom differentiation and then at 8 to 22deg.C and 90 to 100% humidity under 1,500 to 2,500 lux illumination in the mushroom-growing room while a ventilation device is turned on for 1 to 2min and off for 5 to 10min after 2 to 3 days. The culture medium is obtained by the steps of: mixing 35 to 50% by weight of a sawdust mixture containing 80 to 90% by weight of pine tree sawdust, 5 to 10% by weight of corn flour and 5 to 10% by weight of all-purpose flour and 50 to 65% by weight of water; sterilizing the mixture at 121deg.C and 1.2 atm for 90 to 120min and cooling to 15deg.C.


As a typical controlled system,the inverted pendulum is always the ideal research platform from theory to practice.The development was expounded mainly.The research and application of inverted pendulum on the stable control at home and abroad was summarized, the main control methods, such as the linear control,predictive control and intelligent control were compared,and the development trend was discussed.


In 2021, the authors offered a macro-level and normative based definition of Socially Responsible Marketing (SRM) that could serve as the basis for a doctrine of ethical, conscientious marketing. This essay offers a synthesis of ideas and further expands thinking on Socially Responsible Marketing, in reply to thoughtful comments shared by nine leading scholars invited by the Journal's editor to discuss "Toward a Doctrine of Socially Responsible Marketing (SRM): A Macro and Normative-Ethical Perspective". We are hopeful the ideas shared in this special section generate further discussions on broader, deeper and greater social responsibility in marketing, and reveal fresh opportunities for macromarketing research, teaching, policy, constructive engagement and professional practice.


Manual control of wine production possibly can be ineffective, considering in a winery there could be more than one parameter quality control with many tanks or barrels produced at the same time. In the aging process of Fino-style winemaking, the ullage must be maintained at a constant level. Considering the existing barrels and tanks, space is needed to place the sensor to collect data with the best result possible. In the case of sensor placement inside the system, an ultrasonic sensor is used by acquiring the time data needed to receive the signal emitted from the sensor. Whereas in the case of sensor placement outside the system, a microphone is being used to acquire sound frequency data generated from hitting wine cask with solenoids in a sample time of 100ms. Based on the latest research, the two sensors can be used to acquire ullage data from casks. However, for long-term use of an ullage monitoring system, it is recommended to use the inside one, although it is more expensive, the simple working principle and easier maintenance making it unlikely to hire experts only for dealing with the sensor nodes.


Objective:To explore the protective effect and mechanism of magnesium sulfate on global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury on mice.Methods:One hundred KM mice were randomly divided into sham operation group,ischemia/reperfusion group and magnesium sulfate groups(low dosage group,medium dosage group and high dosage group).Global cerebral ischemia was made by blocking bilateral common carotid artery and pressing soft tissues in carotid for 30 min.After one-hour reperfusion,the mice were killed.The content of nitric oxide(NO),activities of nitric oxide synthase(NOS),Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase were measured and the pathologic changes of the brain tissues were observed.Results:Compared to ischemia/reperfusion group,NO content and NOS activity of brain tissue decreased the different dosages of magnesium sulfate,and enhance the activities of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase(P0.05-P0.01).Conclusions:The pretreatment of magnesium sulfate could obviously relieve cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing the content of NO and activity of NOS and increasing the activities of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase.


PURPOSE: To provide an automatic generation method for generating an appropriate accompanying chord in accordance with the progress of melody by providing a process for generating a main chord used for an inputted key and a process for selecting the main chord in the highest order by means of comparing inputted sound with the constitution sound of the main chord. CONSTITUTION: A micro computer 40 detects the key of a song performed by key data scanned from an accompanying keyboard 11 and generates the main key used for performed song based on the chord. Then, a melody keyboard 12 is scanned, the logic value of inputted key data is retrieved and sound data of melody is generated. Sound data of the melody is compared with main key data and key data in the highest order, which is identical to sound data of melody and contains the constitution sound of a high position value, is selected. Since the using key is set by the chord of the accompanied song and the chord having constitution sound applied to melody sound as melody progresses is selected and outputted, the accompanying chord can automatically be generated. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO


Research at the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) into the environmental characteristics of goods vehicles is described, designed to provide information on which to base legislative developments and to provide information to the industry to assist them in meeting such legislation. Data are presented and discussed on proved means of fuel-saving related to vehicle characteristics, load carried, speed and road geometric design standards. It is suggested that further research is required to improve information on component characteristics. Noise levels are considered in relation to the eec directives and the declared intention of aiming for 80 db(a) limits for all vehicles in 1985. Research at TRRL over the last seven years on the development of quiet heavy lorries is described. Data presented indicate that when the programme started, a 350 hp Rolls Royce Foden was producing drive-past noise levels of approximately 92 db(a), but that at today's stage of research drive-past noise levels of below 80 db(a) can be obtained with noise levels in the cab between 72 and 75 db(a). The vehicle changes undertaken during this research programme are described and discussed. This paper was presented at the 1979 Annual Conference of the Institute of Road Transport Engineers. (TRRL)


Traffic congestion is one of the most difficult problems in the 21st century. Different approaches have been developed to deal with traffic congestion and manage traffic flow. In comparison with prediction based upon historical datasets only, realtime methods take vehicle operators and travelers into consideration, and develop new algorithms/models to improve accuracy for efficient traffic management. This thesis is going to first highlight current research in traffic flow prediction, and then use chaotic dynamic complexity to discuss the scale-free characteristics of traffic flow. As sharp variation points provide rich information to analyze the fluctuation and sharp variations of traffic flow, it is used in a new method developed in this thesis to guide the classification of historical datasets and to combine realtime datasets from multiple sources of traffic-relevant information. In addition, an augmented reality system is constructed to visualize traffic flow under the influence of different factors.


Various water-based aluminum-plastic compound plate coatings have been prepared by using of water-soluble polyacrylic resins and hexamethoxymethylmelamine resin as cross-linker. The effects of average molecular weight, Tg and the ratio of cross-linker on the physical properties of the coatings and the water permeability in organic coatings have been also discussed. The result shows that the larger of the water-soluble polyacrylic resins molecule weight and the lower of its Tg, the better of coating's toughness and the worse of its hardness , solvent resistance and anti-corrosion. When the hexamethoxymethylmelamine resin is 7%, the coating's anti-corrosion is the best.


OBJECTIVES
The value of routine antibiotics before surgical evacuation of the uterus in women incomplete abortion is controversial. In some health centres antibiotic prophylaxis is advised in others antibiotics are only prescribed when there is signs of infection. The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of routine antibiotic prophylaxis to women with incomplete abortion.

SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE and Popline. Date of last search: January 1999.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised trials comparing a policy of routine antibiotic prophylaxis with no routine prophylaxis were eligible for inclusion.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Data extraction was conducted by two reviewers independently. Trial quality was assessed.

MAIN RESULTS
One study involving 140 women was included. A second well-conducted trial was excluded because of high losses to follow-up. No differences were detected in postabortal infection rates with routine prophylaxis or control. However, compliance with antibiotic treatment was also low.

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
There is not enough evidence to evaluate a policy of routine antibiotic prophylaxis to women with incomplete abortion.


The tales take an important place among the genres of Azerbaijan folklore. These rich folk examples give the rich
material in order to study the original views, beliefs, traditions. One can divide the tales into three groups: the
magical tales, tales about animals, life tales.The life tales have their own circumference, characters, the specific
artistic methods. In life tales the events happen in "a village", "in a palace", "in the field", "near a city". Of course,
as there are different points among the life tales and other tale kinds, there are also alike points in them.
In the article the characteristic features of the false wrester in the life tales are investigated. It is also noted
that this character with the concrete examples is differed from the character of the false wrestler in the magical tales.
As it is known the hero of the magical tales is as the performer of the folk ideal. The false hero – wrestler is
against to him, he represents the evil. But in the life tales where the false wrestler is described there is almost no any
confrontation. In such tales the false wrestler represents the good, he always creates the happy mood.


Teaching well in a multicultural setting is an enormous challenge for even the most talented of instructors. It is rare that a practitioner takes the time to question what culture is being propagated in the classroom; whose values and beliefs are being transmitted, validated, and asserted; whose perception of the world is being portrayed as legitimate; and what the underlying purpose of the curriculum is. The effective instructor in a multicultural classroom provides learning context, in all subject areas. A link between the subject and the learners must be established by the teacher. Literature‐based instruction, thematic units, project‐based learning, and alternative evaluation methods using learner portfolios with self‐ and peer assessment help establish the important link. Instructors who do become expert at teaching in a multicultural setting become social activists; they have no other choice. They become promoters and validaters of culture.


This paper is devoted to the problem of increasing the reliability of monitoring and localization of violations in inertial-satellite navigation system. Proposed solutions to the problem are based on the decomposition of diagnostic models of such systems and the use of combined statistical criteria. The results of full-scale experiments with the integrated inertial-satellite navigation system SINS-500NS are presented and analyzed.


© 2007 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2007 The Society of Legal Scholars Chapters, as Felstiner himself candidly acknowledges, as much reflect "the gravitational pull" 5 of authors' research interests as the desire to reflect on systemically or internationally important developments. As already noted, the geographical range of the collection is relatively restricted, but variations in the foci of the individual chapters further limit our ability to make meaningful cross-country, let alone more general, comparisons. The absence of any overview of supra-national trends is also disappointing. In sum, the parts individually are, on the whole, very good, but, the collection qua collection is somewhat uneven, and for this reviewer at least, the value of the whole ultimately does not greatly exceed the sum of those parts. julian webb 6


Abstract Australia is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world, yet many of the country's non-English speaking residents struggle with a number of issues principally related to their ethnic differences. Are Australian counsellors meeting the needs of these people adequately? This paper considers some of the special problems Australian immigrants and indigenous people face, the barriers which may hinder effective culturally sensitive counselling and finally some options for improving the quality of service to clients who are ethnically different.


This documental study has as main purpose to analyze the potentiality of the university facing the challenges of the present or post moderns times. It trends toward the determination of properties in an organizational structure capable to respond to an intense social demand. The university is also trying to be related to a kind of culture that makes solid all the principals of peace.  It is taken as a premise that between those ideal properties, the social organizational intelligence is perhaps the most important of all. In other words, social intelligence has to have the necessary tools to exercise social responsibility. Mentioning some conclusions, it is very important to promote a new university that is fed with the help of the community through the social responsibility where that action can be based on culture of peace.


Patients with SSCD can experience vertigo and oscillopsia (the apparent motion of objects that are known to be stationary) evoked by loud noises and/or by maneuvers that change middle-ear or intracranial pressure (such as coughing, sneezing, or straining). Auditory manifestations of the syndrome include autophony (increased resonance of one's own voice), hypersensitivity to bone-conducted sounds, and an apparent conductive hearing loss revealed on audiometry. Some patients have exclusively vestibular symptoms and signs; some have both auditory and vestibular manifestations; and still other patients have exclusively auditory complaints.


Two morphotypes (A and B) of the conifer pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea recently have been confirmed as distinct populations by analyses of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Because much of the research on Sphaeropsis shoot blight and canker has been conducted in the west central United States, a study was undertaken to determine the morphotype(s) of S. sapinea encountered in this region. RAPD markers were obtained for 42 isolates of S. sapinea collected in Iowa, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota from Picea pungens, Pinus contorta, P. nigra, P. ponderosa, P. resinosa, P. sylvestris, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Relationships among these isolates, and eight other previously characterized isolates, were determined by cluster analysis. All 42 west central region isolates were placed in a single group with the previously characterized A morphotype isolates. This result facilitates interpretation of past research in that region and extrapolation to other areas where the A morphotype of S. sapinea is present.


High-temperature superconductor (HTS) has found its way into both ac and dc transmission; yet HTS technology was not specially designed for either transmission type. Now critical current of HTS in dc circumstance is defined, while research on ac current-carrying capability of HTS is still scarce. A new critical current criterion of the ac condition should be established for further studies. In the paper, different dc critical current measurement methods were applied to analyze ac critical current. The E-I curves were obtained by the four-probe method and the frequency ranges from 30 to 540 Hz. The ac current carrying capacity of the superconductors is discussed and analyzed by the RMS method, virtual n value method, and the loss concept method. A criterion of ac critical current was proposed. The RMS method and the virtual n value method are no longer applicable in broad frequency band. While the loss concept method is still applied to explain the theory of critical current which varies with frequency; therefore, an ac critical current calculation method is obtained and the calculative equation at different frequencies is established.


The mechanosynthesis of piezoelectric perovskite 0.92Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.08PbTiO3 (PZN–PT) by direct mechanochemical activation of the constituent oxides has been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This and the PbO flux method are the only two procedures that have succeeded in synthesizing this phase, which has recently been shown to present very high electromechanical response. The thermal stability of the single perovskite phase powders has been studied by differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetry and by high-temperature XRD as a function of mechanical activation time and pressure. The phase was found to transform into a pyrochlore type structure at temperatures above 400°C. The transformation presented a significant time dependence, and it was slowed down by increasing mechanical activation time and by the application of pressures by hot pressing. Sintering experiments were accomplished and 85% density, 77% perovskite-phase ceramics were obtained after heating at 1000°C for 1 h. Hot pressing at this temperature failed to increase the percentage of perovskite phase. Results are discussed, and procedures for obtaining dense single-phase PZN–PT-based ceramics with ultrahigh piezoelectricity are proposed.


Often, little effort is spent on setting up a camera for an inspection or measurement system. Even though people may know theoretical formulas, they rarely bother to use them. It is more common that people use a trial and error approach. This is often the case when people select a lens and imaging configuration for a camera. This paper examines the optical portion of a camera system. Some non-threatening and easy to use tools are described. These tools encapsulate imaging theory in a convenient format. Quick estimations of basic optical designs can be obtained by entering a few parameters. Features like field of view, resolution, and depth of field can be quickly obtained before mounting a lens onto a camera.


Automated microscopic image analysis techniques are increasingly gaining attention in the field of biological imaging. The success of these applications mostly depends on the earlier image processing steps applied to the acquired images, aiming at enhancing image content while performing noise and artifacts removal. One such artifact is the vignetting effect that in general occurs in most imaging sensors due to an uneven illumination of the scene being imaged. As a consequence, images are usually lighter near the optical center and darker at image borders. This effect is particularly evident when stitching images into a mosaic in order to increase the field of view of the microscope. The existing approaches deal with either the parametric model of the known light distribution or the estimation of the illumination field based on just one image or a sequence of empty-field images. These approaches are only feasible when the acquisition apparatus is at one's disposal. We propose a non parametric and general purpose approach, without using prior information about the light distribution, where the illumination field is estimated from the background, that is built automatically stemming from a sequence of images containing even the objects of interest.


A semiclassical model of the force and momentum diffusion on a point particle is used to describe the motion of a two-level atom strongly coupled to a single Gaussian cavity mode. The effects of the momentum diffusion on the motion of an atom in a cavity are investigated in a regime similar to that of the experiment performed by Mabuchi et al. [Opt. Lett. 21, 1393 (1996)]. It is found that a slow atom quickly develops significant velocities along the cavity axis. The limited bandwidth in the experiment of Mabuchi et al. means that the full intensity signal due to atomic motion in the standing wave is filtered leading to the apparently smaller velocities observed. It is shown that a negative detuning of the laser and cavity from the atomic resonance would lead to nonzero dipole forces and significantly reduced velocities along the standing wave. An analysis of the intensity signal with a larger bandwidth is proposed, which would track the velocity of the atom along the cavity axis. These results are compared with a Monte Carlo wave-function simulation similar to that used to treat Doppler cooling.


Understanding the statistical nature of manufacturing error allows companies to increase the manufacturability of a product while achieving the required performance and quality. A technique known as Statistical Tolerancing may be used to match the capability of manufacturing processes to the performance requirements of a design. Balancing the design requirements with the manufacturing capabilities maximizes both the process yield and product performance. This thesis reviews a specific application of Statistical Tolerancing on the Carlyle 06N Geared Twin Screw compressor. In addition to the mathematical model of the system, implementation is complicated by three major factors. 1. Different suppliers control different pieces of the same tolerance stackup. 2. "Goalposting" behavior with respect to tolerance limits. 3. The changing capabilities of the manufacturing processes. In order to implement a working system, these three factors were addressed through a combination of training and incentives related to delivery requirements. Continued success of the system is dependent upon the efficacy of these measures to affect long-term behavior. Application of the technique and the required support system was successfully implemented on the Carlyle 06N Geared Twin Screw compressor. Increased manufacturability of the product resulted in a 70% decrease in the number of out of tolerance parts with no measurable decrease in product performance. Results also indicate that continued effort is required to systemically change behavior as desired. Thesis Supervisor: Arnold I. Barnett Title: George Eastman Professor of Management Science Thesis Supervisor: Daniel E. Whitney Title: Senior Research Scientist, Center of Technology, Policy and Industrial Development


Modified polymers, polyolefins, in particular with improved flow than the polyolefin alone, is prepared by reacting polypropylene with maleic anhydride monomer and peroxy initiator in a twin screw extruder. Maleic anhydride monomer is injected as a fluid, it is grafted to the base polypropylene during the decomposition / chain scission process. High melt flow and novel high graft polymers with other useful properties are generated in pellet form.


This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of larval diet Rastrineobola argentae on pupae eclosion and mating success of adult Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae). Rastrineobola argentae as a test diet and Tetramin ® Baby as a comparative diet were fed to An. arabiensis larvae to generate adults raised exclusively on either of the two diets. Early pupae raised on the diets were placed in containers measuring 6 cm × 5.7 cm × 3.5 cm and assessed for pupae eclosion success. Emerged adults were sexed, transferred to holding cages and provided with 10% sugar solution. Ten three day old virgin male and female raised either on same or different diet types were paired in similar containers as pupae, given 10% sugar solution and left to mate. A wing was removed from experimental mosquitoes and measured to determine size. Spermathecae from every female was removed and examined for sperms. Diet type did not influence pupae eclosion success. Highest proportion of emerged (56%) and competitive (78%) males were associated with crushed silver cyprinid fish food. Female mosquito size influenced mating success (p=0.008) for Tetramin ® Baby fish food raised mosquitoes and not crushed silver cyprinid fish (p=0.068) raised mosquitoes. Most females inseminated were raised from the same diet as the males. Diet type influenced mating success and size. High proportions of larger females were inseminated compared to smaller ones.


South Asian countries face mounting challenges in meeting the growing demands for food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population and middle class. South Asian countries have provided a variety of policy support to increase cereal production, including providing incentives by subsidizing water and energy and guaranteeing rice and wheat prices. While such incentives have increased cereal production, the current policies on food production has promoted unsustainable use of irrigation, using more water than is being replaced in the system, and exploiting high levels of energy. This has increased the demand for water and energy, degraded the resource base, and made irrigation system economically unviable and environmentally unsustainable. Despite the inherent interconnections between food, water, and energy production, agencies often work in fragmented and isolated ways.The focus of policies is shortterm and primarily on cereal production, without taking into account the cross-sectoral implications and long-term sustainability of irrigation and agriculture system. Poor sectoral coordination and institutional fragmentation have triggered an unsustainable use of resources and threatened the long-term sustainability of food, water, and energy (FWE) security in the region, which thereby poses challenges in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Greater policy coherence among the three sectors is critical for decoupling from increased water and energy intensive food production, and moving towards a sustainable and efficient use of resources. The nexus approach can enhance understanding of the interconnectedness of the sectors and strengthen coordination amongst them. It, however,requires a major shift in the decision-making process towards taking a holistic view and developing institutional mechanisms to coordinate the actions of diverse actors to strengthen complementarities and synergies among the three sectors. A framework is suggested for cross-sectoral coordination and for implementing food-water-energy nexus in agriculture.


The obvious features of neotectonics in Carpathians region are mainly characterized by the development ofthe mountain area and also the downwarping at the foot of mountain. After Wallachian orogeny , the region was upheaved and folded , the regression took place at the end of Late Neogene , and since then occupied by lacustrine deposits with transgression locally existed. During Quaternary , the most obviously uplifting area is from east Carpathians to south Carpathians , lifting more than 1000m; while relative subsidence occurred in Romania depression and Hungary depression at both sides of the mountains , with 2000- 2500m of deposits piled up in Romania depression. Total range between uplifting and subsidence can reach up to 3000 - 3500m; but there isn' t any obvious change in Dobrogean and Moldova platform. The strong downwarping at the front of Mt. Carpathians and the obvious folds of N 2 -Q 1 indicated that a NW - SE horizontal compression do exist , and it still keeps on the compression , which was supported by the ground deformation measurement and the anelyses to macroseisms and volcanoes. From all above , the uplifting of Mt. Carpathians is supposed to related with such compression , especially when "Black Sea microplate" subduction to Carpathians.
 The Carpathians and Hengduan mountain system all belong to neotectonic orogenic belt; both of them have the same neotectonic period , and during the late period , the rate of vertical and horizontal movement began to accelarate in both areas. As a whole , the develop ments of neotectonics in both regions are similar. But compared with the Carpathians , Hengduan mountain system which occupied a special tectonic position is more complex in tectonic strength , type and evolution , and also left more plentiful resources and more complicated environmental problems.


The nature of Al in high silica HZSM-5 and the influence of alumina binder were studied. Non-statistical distribution of Al was found to precede Al concentration in defining the overall observed acid strength. Heterogeneity of Al distribution resulted in the preferential dealumination of Al in paired sites located at lower T-O-T angle after hydrothermal treatment. The rapid decrease in acid sites concentration observed in early stages of steaming was concluded to be a result of neutralization of acid sites by neighboring Al. Intimate contact between alumina binder and zeolite crystals was found to stabilize part of the framework Al against dealumination under hydrothermal conditions.


The structure of homogeneous bulk As x S100− x (25 ≤ x ≤ 42) glasses, prepared by the conventional rocking–melting–quenching method, was investigated using high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the main building blocks of their glass networks are regular AsS3/2 pyramids and sulfur chains. In the S-rich domain, the existence of quasi-tetrahedral (QT) S = As(S1/2)3 units is deduced from XPS data, but with a concentration not exceeding ∼3–5% of total atomic sites. Therefore, QT units do not appear as primary building blocks of the glass backbone in these materials, and an optimally-constrained network may not be an appropriate description for glasses when x < 40. It is shown that, in contrast to Se-based glasses, the 'chain-crossing' model is only partially applicable to sulfide glasses.


The authors examine the "intonational-complex" sample (ICS) from the point of view of its possibilities for preserving traditional musical culture and the adaptation of the proposed terminology to the field of digital art. Analysis is carried out of possible methods of digitalization of Kazakh traditional instrumental music, as well as application of methods of sampling for the sake of subjecting specimens of the art of folk music to transformation. The article provides analysis of contemporary theoretical developments in the sphere of modeling and experimental attempts of creating a digital format of the virtual model of instruments, and also a classification of samples is offered. The authors divide the samples into three basic types: the organic (a maximally natural sound of the instrument in digital format), the synthetic (a distorted sound, compared with the primary source), and the intonational-complex sample (ICS). The latter is acknowledged to be the most significant for the recreation, dissemination and preservation of folk music, since it carries out the function of notation, replication and preservation of authentic sound. One of the relevant and most complicated goals in the angle of research is seen to be the creation of samples which replicate the sound of folk music in the conditions of thin mountain air, rolling over of grains of sand in the desert, as well as the expanses of steppes, where the song or the kuyi of the performer of Kazakh music can be heard for many kilometers. Singled out as a separate problem is the lack of samples of timbres of Kazakh folk instruments, with the exception of the dombra, whose manufacturers are such companies situated outside of Kazakhsan as Impact Soundworks and Wavelet Audi.


Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is often regarded as a progressive, lifelong disease requiring an increasing number of drugs. Sustained remission of T2D is now well established, but is not yet routinely practised. Norwood surgery has used a low-carbohydrate programme aiming to achieve remission since 2013. Methods Advice on a lower carbohydrate diet and weight loss was offered routinely to people with T2D between 2013 and 2021, in a suburban practice with 9800 patients. Conventional 'one-to-one' GP consultations were used, supplemented by group consultations and personal phone calls as necessary. Those interested in participating were computer coded for ongoing audit to compare 'baseline' with 'latest follow-up' for relevant parameters. Results The cohort who chose the low-carbohydrate approach (n=186) equalled 39% of the practice T2D register. After an average of 33 months median (IQR) weight fell from 97 (84–109) to 86 (76–99) kg, giving a mean (SD) weight loss of −10 (8.9)kg. Median (IQR) HbA1c fell from 63 (54–80) to 46 (42–53) mmol/mol. Remission of diabetes was achieved in 77% with T2D duration less than 1 year, falling to 20% for duration greater than 15 years. Overall, remission was achieved in 51% of the cohort. Mean LDL cholesterol decreased by 0.5 mmol/L, mean triglyceride by 0.9 mmol/L and mean systolic blood pressure by 12 mm Hg. There were major prescribing savings; average Norwood surgery spend was £4.94 per patient per year on drugs for diabetes compared with £11.30 for local practices. In the year ending January 2022, Norwood surgery spent £68 353 per year less than the area average. Conclusions A practical primary care-based method to achieve remission of T2D is described. A low-carbohydrate diet-based approach was able to achieve major weight loss with substantial health and financial benefit. It resulted in 20% of the entire practice T2D population achieving remission. It appears that T2D duration <1 year represents an important window of opportunity for achieving drug-free remission of diabetes. The approach can also give hope to those with poorly controlled T2D who may not achieve remission, this group had the greatest improvements in diabetic control as represented by HbA1c.


The paper reviews the debate between emergentism and nativism in Second Language Acquisition(SLA).Not all emergentists deny innate endowment for language but they uniformly reject inborn grammatical principles(Universal Grammar).They assume that linguistic knowledge derives from the interaction of non-linguistic factors.Nativists hold that it is impossible to eliminate the role of innate linguistic knowledge in SLA.The debate centers on the issue of how much linguistic knowledge is innate.


This paper describes a simple and inexpensive apparatus that measures the modulus of elasticity for metallic wires.1 The apparatus has been designed so as to minimize the computations that in many instances prove to be a deterrent in the understanding of the physical concepts.


In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence, Big Data, Cloud Computing, etc., rapidly develops, synergy development of the transportation-energy-information based triple play has been accelerated. The all-electric ship (AES) is satisfied with the demand for both the unreasonable resource configuration of port energy system and low energy efficiency caused by sudden disasters. As a power carrier unit, AES has great potential in improving the resistance of port power distribution network for large-area blackout. Therefore, in this paper, a joint post-disaster restoration scheme for AESs and distribution generation scheduling in ports' microgrid (MG) is proposed to minimize the cost of post-disaster restoration including customer interruption cost and AES operation cost. The time-space network (TSN) model which describes the scheduling of AESs is applied to compare the grid resilience and flexibility of AES-based joint dispatching and only relying on distributed generation equipment in post-disaster restoration. The joint scheduling problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming. The proposed model and scheme are tested in a system with 3 ports and 4 AESs verified the resilience of the port power distribution network with AESs.


Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) will play a major part in many of the energy generation and storage systems that will be built in the 1980s. These will include thousands of large wind machines with FRP blades and countless heating systems with FRP frames and other components. The inherent properties of high strength, light weight, low thermal conductivity, good electrical insulation, corrosion resistance, and low cost give design flexibility and allow a variety of processing techniques.


Abstract This paper examines the leadership traits and qualities of volunteer administrators in Canada. The demographic variables of Canadian volunteer administrators including age, gender, and education were compared to other North American leaders using the Posner and Kouzes' (1988) Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI). Organizational variables of non‐profit agencies also were investigated to determine organizational effectiveness of leadership. Results indicated that volunteer administrators belonging to the Association for Volunteer Administration (AVA) exhibit a significant behaviour pattern to practice the actions likely to foster effective leadership related to volunteer management.


Up to now, cocoa pod husk is commonly collected as heap nearby processing facilities or in the field and being considered as waste. To minimize the negative impact of the husks and to obtain added value an effort to develop the husk into granule fertilizer has been carried out. Fresh cocoa pod husk was hulled to obtain organic paste, then mixed with 5% zeolite and 5% rock phosphate powder (w/w). The mixture was kept for 2 weeks prior to granulation. The granules were characterized for their physical and chemical properties. Agronomic tests of the granules were conducted on coffee and cocoa seedlings as indicator plants. The tests were set according to completely randomized design and the treatments were arranged factorially. The evaluated treatments consisted of rates of granules and rates of inorganic fertilizer applications. The granules were applied at 7 levels: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 g/seedling. The granule treatments were combined with application of inorganic compound fertilizer at rates of 0 and 2 g fertilizer/application of N-P-K compound fertilizer of 15-15-15. The inorganic fertilizers were applied four times during experiment. The results indicated that the granule has high water holding capacity; cations exchange capacity, and high content of organic carbon and phosphorus. The growth of coffee and cocoa seedlings increased due to application of granules derived from cocoa pod husk. Responses of coffee and cocoa seedlings to granule application conformed to quadratic equations. The optimum application rate of granules was 14.5 g/seedling for Robusta coffee seedlings and 14.6 g/seedling for cocoa seedlings. Granule application may replaced role of inorganic fertilizer to increase growth of cocoa and coffee seedling. Key words: Cocoa pod husk, organic waste, seedling growth, zeolite, rock phosphate, minerals, Theobroma cacao L., Coffea canephora.


Effects of sunlight on PET bottles degradation and liquid filled inside the bottles were studied. Three types of soft drinks filled in Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles; drinking water in clear bottle, carbonated water in green, and pink bottles was left on the rooftop of building for 8 months. After long exposure to sunlight, the bottles' shapes were not changed, but the tensile strength of plastics decreased. Moreover, the enthalpy of fusion which corresponds to molecular rearrangement of plastics increased. The results from FTIR showed slightly increased of peak hydroxyl group at 3,400 cm on outer surface of PET bottle. Sunlight slowly degraded the chemical structure on outer surface of PET bottle by photo-hydrolysis reaction. The pH of water for all samples changed from acid to base. By using Tollen's reagent, aldehyde was found clearly in drinking water after sunlight exposure, but was not observed in green and pink water.


The utility model provides a vehicle body for a railway track-laying bridging machine, which comprises a framework type vehicle frame consisting of a left side beam, a right side beam, a front end beam and a back end beam. The front part of the vehicle frame is horizontally provided with a front center plate beam. The bottom part of the front center girder is provided with an upper center plate. A back center plate beam is horizontally arranged on the back part of the vehicle frame. The bottom of the back center plate beam is provided with the upper center plate. The inner sides of the front parts of the left side beam and the right side beam are symmetrically and respectively provided with two body side bearings centered on the upper center plate arranged on the front center plate beam. When the utility model is operated on a trunk line, the vehicle body with the front part and the back part respectively provided with a steering bogie with a center plate loading structure can meet the requirement of 120 Km/h business operation speed, and the requirements of large dead weight capacity, smooth operation, safety and reliability in the construction operation can be met when the front steering frame is replaced by the steering frame with a five-axis side bearing loading structure after the construction operation site is arrived.


We present a statistical analysis of subspace-based methods for the retrieval of sinusoids. The formalism described previously encompasses the modern nonlinear methods of MUSIC and ESPRIT and yields methods of even higher resolution. These rely on eigendecomposition of state-covariances of linear systems, as opposed to eigendecomposition of Toeplitz matrices (originating from antenna arrays or tapped delay-lines and treated). We focus on the variability of estimates when the theory is applied to sampled covariances obtained from finite observation records, and in particular, we provide an expression for the variance of the angle operator between estimated and exact signal subspaces.


This paper discusses the problem of connective stabilization of time-varying nonlinear control systems with multiple delays. The complexity of connective stabilization is greatly simplified and a sufficient condition is obtained for connective stabilization of nonlinear time-varying control system with multiple delays. At the same time, estimations the bounds of both time-delays and structure parametric perturbations are given.


This study intends to discuss the sustainability of Malaysian Chinese music and its furtherance in the perspective of tourism. Chinese are the majority of immigrants who have settled and resided in Malaysia for a long history. They brought in abundant cultures including music, which has genres such as Hua Yue Tuan (Chinese orchestra), 24 festive drums, Cantonese and Hokkien operas, Nanyin (southern music), Teochew music and so forth. However, it is worrisome that the society is much more westernised nowadays, and it causes the lack of appreciation and interest towards traditional Chinese music, as well as the loss of skilled performers, the amateurs, and the audience amongst younger generations. Since Malaysian government is currently making the tourism industry a main contributor to the socio-economic development, promoting traditional Chinese music in the perspective of tourism could be a positive way of reviving. Also, promoting the traditional Chinese music complies with one of Tourism Malaysia's objectives—to showcase Malaysia's unique cultures. The aim of this study is to firstly investigate the development of traditional Chinese music in Malaysia in term of diverse music genres; secondly, to realise the relationship between the diverse genres of traditional Chinese music and the locations/origins where these music genres have grown and developed; lastly, to study the relationship between these locations and the tourism, and see whether the design of the tourism could combine the tourist attractions with the appreciation of traditional Chinese music. Knowing the fact and issue that currently traditional Chinese music is facing will be helpful for sustaining this precious cultural treasure in Malaysia. It is hoped that through this study, the researchers, the music educators, and music performers will find efficient ways to enhance the promotion and popularization of traditional Chinese music in the perspective of tourism.


The last century has brought with it many scientific discoveries in the field of reproduction, which, besides being considered steps towards a new biological revolution, pose problems in the field of law, especially in the family (filiation) or succession. However, the conviction that all that means scientific or medical discovery is the equivalent of a moral, correct or legal fact must not be absolute. Is it ethical, is it moral to use these techniques? Who could answer this question? Probably a balance must be found between the scientific and the moral. Can we be afraid of what might happen, namely what some authors (Gu?an 2011) call eugenic selection (Popescu 2013)? Since 1978, since the first assisted birth, progress has been made in all areas. Countries such as the UK, US or Belgium have permissive legislation on medically assisted human reproduction techniques, others like Italy or Germany only allow certain reproductive techniques. With regard to the techniques of medically assisted human reproduction, the ECHR jurisprudence shows that they raise problems that are ethically and morally sensitive. Also, there is no uniform approach in Europe in this area, therefore the decision on the principles and policies to apply in this sensitive area has to be taken by each state.


Two CAT genes, Ej-CAT1 and Ej-CAT2 were cloned by homologous cloning, from the leaves of the in vitro plantlets in Eriobotrya japonica cv. Zaozhong No.6. The full length of Ej-CAT1 was 1 738 bp, including an open reading frame of 1 479 bp and a 3′untranslated region of 257 bp; the length of Ej-CAT2 was 1742 bp, and it consisted of an open reading frame of 1 479 bp and a 3′untranslated region of 261 bp. The homology of their nucleotide sequence and translation of amino acids was 98.04% and 97.32% respectively. Bioinformation analysis showed that both the two CAT protein encoded 492 amino acids, and they were a kind of hydrophilic protein without signal peptide, did not contain coiled coil domain, and belonged to the non-transmembrane protein. The Ej-CAT1 protein contained 18 functional sites and 22 phosphorylation sites, while Ej-CAT2 protein contained 17 functional sites and 19 phosphorylation sites. With Actin gene as the reference gene, the expressions of the CAT gene during in vitro conservation were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR technology in loquat. The results showed that the CAT gene expressed at all six stages during in vitro conservation.The overall trend of CAT gene expression level showed the shape of the letter "W"-shaped, the expression level of CAT reached the highest on the first month and the lowest on the seventh month. The change of CAT expression might be associated with the pattern of growth and development of in vitro plantlets in loquat.


Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS) are life‐threatening severe cutaneous drug reactions. There have been no Australian data published since 2007.


We obtain concentration estimates for the fluctuations of Coulomb gases in any dimension and in a broad temperature regime, including very small and very large temperature regimes which may depend on the number of points. We obtain a full Central Limit Theorem for the fluctuations of linear statistics in dimension 2, valid for the first time down to microscales and for possibly very small or very large temperatures. We show that a similar CLT can also be obtained in any larger dimension conditional on a"no phase-transition"assumption, as soon as one can obtain a precise enough error rate for the expansion of the free energy -- an expansion is obtained in any dimension, but the obtained rate is so far not good enough to conclude. These CLTs can be interpreted as a convergence to the Gaussian Free Field. All the results are valid as soon as the test-function lives on a larger scale than the temperature-dependent minimal scale $\rho_\beta$ introduced in our previous work \cite{as}.


The major earthquake in April 25, 2015 of Mw 7.8 and aftershock of intensity Mw 7.3 on May 12, 2015 has caused not only  a substantial death toll and huge economic losses, but also heavy damage to many buildings. This paper outlines the common  observed  damage  patterns  of  different  types  of  buildings  in  Kathmandu  valley  induced  by  the  earthquake  and  their constructional deficiencies..We visited Department Of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) of Nepal Government,  and  Nepal  Society  for  Earthquake  Technology  (NSET)  and  got  various  information  regarding  structural damages  caused  by  Gorkha  earthquake.  After  acquiring  knowledge  on  this  topic  through  internet  and  from  NSET  and DUDBC, the structural failure analysis of buildings affected during the earthquake in Kathmandu Valley was done by photo observation. Both unreinforced masonry buildings and reinforced masonry structures suffered low to heavy destruction. The construction  and  structural deficiencies were  identified  to be  the major  cause of  failure, however  local  soil  amplification, foundation problems, liquefaction associated damages and local settlement related damages were also significantly observed during this earthquake and reported in the paper. The Gorkha earthquake sequences delivered unprecedented opportunity to augment the understanding on seismic performance of the buildings. This paper is also motivated to point out the faintness in the past to current constructional practice of buildings, provide preventive measure and convey awareness to stake holders for future safer building construction practice.


Overloading of the functional - competent structures sets in motion psychohormonal stress mechanisms, which result not only in an increased proportion of catecholamine in the blood stream, but also in the region of the limbus system, which approaches a key position as a stress stimulator for emotional excitation and transmission. In this situation individually programmed learning as well as personality structure plays a decisive role for stress sensitivity and handling. Dangerous situations arising in traffic lead firstly therefore to a psycho-reactive abnormal behaviour, when a person is affected who is already suffering from a chronic stress condition. At the centre of the problem is a disturbance on an affective basis, which on the one hand leads to a reaction of a different kind regarding the environment, and on the other hand supplies the basis for vegetative decompensation. These functional disturbances do not lead to alterations in the heart-blood circulation system, but they are the bases for primitive reactions and/or sudden irrational actions. /TRRL/