A novel simple method for direct detection of clinical drug doxorubicin (DOX) was developed by the disposable sensor. The MWNTs/Polt-L-lysine modified screen printed electrode (SPE) was fabricated to monitor the DOX pharmacokinetic in clinical blood samples. The electrochemical behavior of DOX was observed at MWNTs/Polt-L-lysine SPE by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The electrochemical oxidation peak current was greatly increased because of nanocomposites. Under optimized conditions, the oxidation peak current of DOX measured by SWV exhibited a good linear property with the increasing of the concentration in the range of 0.0025 μM to 0.25μM. The detection limit was founded to be 1.0 nM. Furthermore, the disposable DOX SPE was successfully used to monitor the clinical DOX pharmacokinetic with good results. The DOX concentration-time curve was also obtained by the established method. The developed DOX sensor could be successful to monitor the therapeutic drug for clinical individualized treatment.


With its largest grant ever, the National Football League funds a new sportsmedicine research program. Joint disease and pain are topics under discussion.


Mobile learning is a global trend, which has become more widespread in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era. However, with the adoption of mobile learning comes new assessment approaches to evaluate the understanding of the acquired information and knowledge. Nevertheless, there is scant knowledge of how to enhance assessment information integrity in mobile learning assessments. Due to the importance of assessments in evaluating knowledge, integrity is the sine qua non of online assessments. This research focuses on the strategies universities could use to improve assessment information integrity. This research adopts a qualitative design, employing interviews with academics as well as teaching and learning support staff for data collection. The findings reveal five strategies that academics and support staff recommend to enhance assessment information integrity in mobile learning. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed, as well as future research directions.


Energy dispersive x‐ray diffraction measurements have been performed at room temperature under conditions of hydrostatic pressure to 11.0 GPa for the purpose of examining the structural properties of Hg0.84Zn0.16Te. The transition from the zinc blende to the cinnabar phase is determined to be 3.1±0.1 GPa; the diatomic equivalent of the beta‐Sn phase is observed at 10.6±0.2 GPa. Comparison of volume compressibility and B3‐to‐B9 transition pressure of Hg0.84Zn0.16Te with those of HgTe and Hg0.8Cd0.2Te suggests that the effect of replacing Hg with Zn is to stabilize the B3 phase and to make it less compressible.


ABSTRACT

Analysis of Rice Production Efficiency
(Case Study in Subak Guama, Marga District, Tabanan Regency)
The research was conducted in Subak Guama, District Marga, Tabanan regency from November 2011 to April 2012. Determined the selection of study sites intentionally (purposive sampling) with particular consideration of the Tabanan Regency Guama Subak is a center of rice production in the province of Bali. Efficient use of production factors were analyzed with the equation of the Cobb-Douglas production function, technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and economic efficiency and the magnitude of the benefits of rice farmers were analyzed with analysis of costs and benefits.
The analysis showed that the seed production function, urea and NPK fertilizer (Phonska and Rainbow) have real impact on rice farming. Test results and economic allocative efficiency suggests that to get the maximum income of farmers to reduce pesticide use and the benefits of farmers in the rice paddies in one growing season is in March through the month of June 2011 amounting to Rp. 16,102,582.00 per hectare. Therefore, to achieve optimum production and maximum profit it is necessary to the addition of seeds, fertilizers, Urea, NPK fertilizer (Phonska and Rainbow) and reduce the amount of pesticide use that exact type, dose, time and route of administration.
Farmers utilizing Koperasi Usaha Agribisnis Terpadu (KUAT) Subak Guama for capital assistance, price certainty, the certainty of marketing and high profit levels so that farmers do not lose money with a middleman.

Keywords: efficiency, profit, production factor, rice paddies


A novel metaresonator inspired dual band antenna for 2.4/5.2 GHz WLAN applications is presented. Dual band operation is achieved by utilizing stacking technique on a dog bone shaped dipole antenna. Stacking excites the magnetic resonance in addition to the existing dipole resonance in the structure yielding the dual band design. The antenna has a 2:1 VSWR bandwidth of 12% for the lower dipole resonance centered around 2.47 GHz and 10.5% for the second resonance at 5.18 GHz which is wide enough to cover the 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz WLAN applications. The antenna is made of a low cost FR4 substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 and height 1.6 mm and has a total dimension of 38×40×3.2 mm3. Experimental and simulation studies of the antenna including the stacking height variation and resonant mechanisms are explained in detail in this communication.


The lack of knowledge on the morphological variability in hydrozoan populations has resulted in numerous misidentifications over history. Cladonema radiatum Dujardin, 1843 is characterized by presenting different morphologies in different localities of the world, which has caused many taxonomic confusions within the group. In this study, the morphological variability in a population of C. radiatum is analyzed. The material came from a coastal lagoon in the southern Gulf of Mexico. The samplings were carried out for 3 months in 2017. Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were recorded at each sampling site. Cladonema radiatum was more abundant and bigger when the lagoon showed the lowest levels of salinity. Six different morphologies were recognized. The presence of gelatinous papillae on the abaxial surface of marginal bulbs and an abaxial arrangement of nematocysts in the shortest branches of the tentacles are features recorded for the first time in the species. These considerations enrich the taxonomic description of C. radiatum and contribute to the knowledge on the taxonomy of Hydrozoa in Mexico. The taxonomy of Cladonema continues to be confusing, and the present work sets a basis for further integrative studies clarifying the morphological boundaries of the genus. However, only integrative works based on the morphology and molecular analyses of the species would be able to decode its cryptic nature.


This paper summarizes a three-day forum, Improving Competitiveness Through a Knowledge--based Economy, held in Budapest, Hungary on March 23-26, 2004. The third Knowledge Economy Forum, Improving Competitiveness Through a Knowledge-based Economy, held in Budapest on March 23-26, 2004, is the third milestone in theWorld Bank's efforts to support its client countries in the transition to a knowledge economy. Initial efforts to engage client countries in a dialogue on the knowledge economy were made in 2002 at the Paris Forum and focused on establishing national strategies in the EU accession countries. These efforts were furthered at the 2003 Helsinki Forum that addressed the progress made in implementation of these national knowledge economy strategies in the EU accession and candidate countries.


This essay adopts the PSO algorithm to solve the problem of multi-resource leveling optimization in civil engineering.In order to get the best schedule for the solution,this paper defines the particle swarm's coordinates with the procedures' actual beginning time,modifies the related parameters and establishes the computation model.At last,a project example is taken to verify that PSO algorithm is valid.


This paper summarizes the results of experimental studies carried out at Zhengzhou University, school of Mechanics and Engineering Science, research laboratory, on the performance of concrete produced by combining ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Concrete specimens cast with OPC and various percentage of GGBS (0%, 30%, 50%, and 70%) were subjected to high temperature exposure and extensive experimental test reproducing basic freeze-thaw cycle and a chloride-ion attack to determine their combined effects within the concrete samples. From the experimental studies comparisons were made on the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties in compassion with ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC). Further, durability of GGBS cement concrete such as exposure to chloride ion attack and freeze–thaw action in compassion with various percentage of GGBS and ordinary Portland cement concrete of similar mixture composition were analyzed. The microstructure, mineralogical composition, and pore size distribution of concrete specimens were determined via Scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The result demonstrated that when the exposure temperature increases from 200 oC to 400 oC, the residual compressive strength was fluctuating for all concrete group; and compressive strength and chloride ion exposure of the concrete decreased with the increasing of slag content. The SEM and EDS results showed an increase in carbonation rate with increasing of slag content.


Abstract This paper presents the analytic apparatus I have developed to uncover the underlying structure of conversation in American culture, the Verbal Flow Structure, by applying it to an unusually complex case, Jim and Bonnie's Telephone Conversation, previously partially investigated by Schegloff. The basic constructs are Nucleus (the main line) versus Satellites (excursions from the main line). The nucleus has three slots: Entry, Core, and Exit. Entry and exit are optionally filled. The core is always filled as the core unit conveys the information defining the sequence. The core unit is constituted by a single init or by a core unit proper and one or several extensions. The core unit may have two types of satellites: (a) close satellites, Back Channels and Remarks; (b) distant satellites, Incidental Queries. This paper shows how the participants' repeated use of these building blocks may yield as complex a Verbal Flow Structure as the one underlying the Telephone Conversation. In concluding, some suggestions are made regarding how the Verbal Flow Structure can provide the analyzed context within which to pursue further investigations.


Since the early 1990s, there has been an increasing interest in statistical methods for detecting global spatial clustering in data sets. Tango's index is one of the most widely used spatial statistics for assessing whether spatially distributed disease rates are independent or clustered. Interestingly, this statistic can be partitioned into the sum of two terms: one term is similar to the usual chi-square statistic, being based on deviation patterns between the observed and expected values, and the other term, similar to Moran's I, is able to detect the proximity of similar values. In this paper, we examine this hybrid nature of Tango's index. The goal is to evaluate the possibility of distinguishing the spatial sources of clustering: lack of fit or spatial autocorrelation. To comply with the aims of the work, a simulation study is performed, by which examples of patterns driving the goodness-of-fit and spatial autocorrelation components of the statistic are provided. As for the latter aspect, it is worth noting that inducing spatial association among count data without adding lack of fit is not an easy task. In this respect, the overlapping sums method is adopted. The main findings of the simulation experiment are illustrated and a comparison with a previous research on this topic is also highlighted.


This is a paper about pricing strategies. Under most circumstances, a single price is not the revenue maximizing scheme for a seller facing a downward sloping demand. Nonetheless, the seller always faces constraints in the attempt to extract the consumers' surplus. We describe one type of pricing structure that seems to have efficiency characteristics in extracting surplus. It is what we call multi-tiered pricing. It involves selling only in blocks and sometimes charging different prices for these blocks. We look at the problem in this way because we have some consumption data for individual demanders that seems best explained by this model. These data were generated by the sale of college football season tickets. In the next section we lay out a structure for analyzing demand among heterogeneous buyers. We then use this framework to discuss two different pricing strategies -two-part tariffs and multi-tiered pricing. Finally, we analyze the football data.


The utility model discloses an automatic water control system for farm irrigation, and relates to automatic water control of a farmland. In order to solve the problems that seedling growth is affected, water resource is wasted and labor cost is increased because of difficulty in effective and accurate control over water level due to manual ditching water supply operation in the farmland, the automatic water control system comprises a water level monitoring instrument and a water supply device, wherein the water level monitoring instrument consists of a lower insertion pyramid, a lower water level gauge and an upper water level gauge; the lower insertion pyramid is a pyramid; both the lower water level gauge and the upper water level gauge are uniformly and fixedly connected with the upper end of the lower insertion pyramid and are hollow cylinders; the cylinders have scales; a lower water level float switch is fixedly arranged in a cavity of the lower water level gauge; a signal output end of the lower water level float switch is connected with an opening control signal input end of the water supply device; an upper water level float switch is fixedly arranged in a cavity of the upper water level gauge; and a signal output end of the upper water level float switch is connected with a closing control signal input end of the water supply device. The automatic water control system is used for automatic water control in the farmland.


Abstract If R is a Dedekind domain, then div splits i.e.; the maximal divisible submodule of every R-module M is a direct summand of M. We investigate the status of this result for some finite-dimensional hereditary algebras. We use a torsion theory which permits the existence of torsion-free divisible modules for such algebras. Using this torsion theory we prove that the algebras obtained from extended Coxeter- Dynkin diagrams are the only such hereditary algebras for which div splits. The field of rational functions plays an essential role. The paper concludes with a new type of infinite-dimensional indecomposable module over a finite-dimensional wild hereditary algebra.


Deadlocks and traps are well-known net structures that may be identified to characterize the behavior of nets. These structures have been defined on ordinary nets (with arc multiplicity 1). Although they can be computed on generalized nets (with arc multiplicity /spl ges/ 1), their relation with behavioral properties becomes less clear in this case. Similar problems may be found in the definition of conflicts: the structural concept is defined in terms of sharing of input places, while the behavioral definition of conflict is usually introduced in the framework of safe nets. A redefinition of some behavioral properties for P/T nets in their general case is attempted in order to have a better correspondence between behavioral and structural properties.<<ETX>>


transgression the the zone boundary. platform out-building subaerial exposure of zone rock. deposits to terrigenous sedimentation. J—Renewed slow up- and in-building eventual of the platform by latest Bonnia-Olenellus zone time. Sedimentation patterns on this platform are reciprocal. Periods of sea-level highstand are by limestones, whereas periods of sea- level lowstand are terrigenous influxes. These two stages of sea-level stand are highlighted in compositional dif ferences of carbonate breccia deposits. During sea-level highstands, breccias contain predominantly ribbon and nodular Umestone clasts. They reflect conditions of early lithification of the sea floor and non-equilibrium compaction of these deposits with subsequent sliding and downslope transport. In contrast dur ing sea-level lowstands breccias consist preferentially of shelf and shelf-margin derived clasts. Regional Accre-tionary Investigation of Amazon shelf sedimentation demonstrates that strata is presently accumulating on the inner shelf « 60 m water depth) in the form of a subaqueous delta (composed primarily of silt and clay) which is prograding over relict basal sands. Seismic reflection records (3.5 kHz) reveal regions of topset, foreset, and bottomset stratigraphy. The formation of fine-scale « 50 cm) strata was examined using x-radiographic and radiochemical (e.g., 210pb, 137cs, 234xh) techniques on more than 60 box cores from the deltaic deposit. On the basis of sedimentary structure, three distinct sedimentary environments have been delineated within the topset region: (1) interbedded mud and sand in a cor ridor extending from the river mouth across the inner shelf, (2) faintly laminated muds to both flanks of this corridor, and (3) bioturbated muds comprising the remainder of the deltaic deposit. The interbedding of mud and sand may result from short-term fluctuations in a turbulent jet emanating from the Amazon River mouth. Faintly laminated muds are deposited from suspension on the flanks of the turbulent jet and have the highest accumulation rates found on the irmer shelf (>2 cm/year). Where accumulation rates are reduced, biotiu'bated muds are present. 234xh data from the bioturbated muds indicate rapid mixing down to 5 cm with a mixing coefficient of about 30 cm2/year. Observations of sedimentation on the foreset and bot tomset regions are not as comprehensive because of their relative ly small areal extent. However, acctmiulation rates are foimd to decrease from topset (>2 cm/year) to bottomset «0.5 cm/year) regions. With decreasing sediment accumulation rate the effects of biological mixing on preserved strata become more pronounced.


We present a direct method to evaluate the effect of chemical inhibitors on the asphaltene deposition from crude oil using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. Titration experiments were performed to induce asphaltene precipitation and deposition, which resulted in shifts of the SPR peak wavelength. SPR was effective at identifying the onset of asphaltene deposition, as well as, highlighting different temporal profiles when inhibitors were used. SPR peak wavelength can be used to characterize the refractive index of the formed deposit, and thus correlated to deposit density. Our results demonstrate that SPR techniques can be used to characterize the impact of inhibitors on the asphaltene deposition rate and composition. We believe SPR sensors will find broad applicability as a monitoring approach and/or to enable library screening methodologies.


Conventional bioreactors are used to enhance extracellular matrix (ECM) production and mechanical strength of tissue-engineered vessels (TEVs) by applying circumferential strain, which is uniaxial stretching. However, the resulting TEVs still suffer from inadequate mechanical properties, where rupture strengths and compliance values are still very different from native arteries. The biomechanical milieu of native arteries consists of both circumferential and axial loading. Therefore, to better simulate the physiological stresses acting on native arteries, we built a novel bioreactor system to enable biaxial stretching of engineered arteries during culture. This new bioreactor system allows for independent control of circumferential and axial stretching parameters, such as displacement and beat rate. The assembly and setup processes for this biaxial bioreactor system are reliable with a success rate greater than 75% for completion of long-term sterile culture. This bioreactor also supports side-by-side ass...


Existing standards for player characterisation in tokenised state machine replication protocols depend on honest players who will always follow the protocol, regardless of possible token increases for deviating. Given the ever-increasing market capitalisation of these tokenised protocols, honesty is becoming more expensive and more unrealistic. As such, this out-dated player characterisation must be removed to provide true guarantees of safety and liveness in a major stride towards universal trust in state machine replication protocols and a new scale of adoption. As all current state machine replication protocols are built on these legacy standards, it is imperative that a new player model is identified and utilised to reflect the true nature of players in tokenised protocols, now and into the future. To this effect, we propose the ByRa player model for state machine replication protocols. In the ByRa model, players either attempt to maximise their tokenised rewards, or behave adversarially. This merges the fields of game theory and distributed systems, an intersection in which tokenised state machine replication protocols exist, but on which little formalisation has been carried out. In the ByRa model, we identify the properties of strong incentive compatibility in expectation and fairness that all protocols must satisfy in order to achieve state machine replication. We then provide Tenderstake, a protocol which provably satisfies these properties, and by doing so, achieves state machine replication in the ByRa model.


We present extensive measurements of the pump-dependent dynamics of antiphase noise in a dual-wavelength multimode vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL). We show that antiphase noise at frequencies below 10 kHz dominates the relative-intensity noise spectrum in the emission of a dual-wavelength VECSEL due to gain competition between the two-lasing wavelengths. We observe that with increasing pump power the antiphase noise decreases in amplitude but increases in bandwidth. Surprisingly, at even higher pump powers the spectral extent of the antiphase noise narrows significantly. The results provide information critical to potential applications of dual-wavelength VECSELs, such as intracavity parametric frequency conversion.


Introduction. Cyanocobalamin deficiency lasting for more than five years results in impaired maturation of all three strains of the bone marrow and demyelination and degeneration of the spinal cord (funicular myelosis) as well as degeneration of the brain and peripheral nerves. The patients suffer from neurological and gastrointestinal discomforts, megaloblastic anaemia and they lose weight and undergo psychic changes. Case report. The paper presents the case of a 62-year-old female patient, who was operated for malignant tumour in her left breast in 2005. According to the recommendations of the oncologists, she avoided consumption of B vitamin by either food or medicaments in the last six years. At first, the patient had signs of expressed anemia followed by severe neurological, psychic, and gastrointestinal disorders followed by a considerable weight loss. The thorough examination first excluded recurring malignant tumour of the breast as well as metastatic lesions, and the consulting team decided to introduce vitamin B-12 vials into therapy, which resulted in the withdrawal of all discomforts. Discussion. The results of other authors regarding the cases of cyanocobalamin deficiency in the organism have been compared within the discussion. Conclusion. It has been concluded and emphasized that the substitution therapy of vitamin B-12 must be opted for in cases of long lasting deficiency of B-12 vitamin.


The aetiology of ophthalmopathy associated with thyroid disease is unknown. Excessive secretion of pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) had been suggested as a cause of exophthalmos (thyrotropic) (Falconer and Alexander, 195I). However, assays for thyrotropic hormone in patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy failed to reveal an elevation of TSH in the blood either before or during the development of acute ophthalmopathy (Utiger, I965; Odell, Wilber


This article compares and contrasts nutritional supplements used in the treatment of osteoarthritis and their ability to alter mechanical properties of cartilage. OA reflects a group of overlapping disorders that has varying etiologies with similar biologic, morphologic and clinical outcomes. Its prevalence after the age of 65 years is about 60% in men and 70% in women. The etiology of OA is multifactorial, with inflammatory, metabolic, and mechanical causes. A number of environmental risk factors, such as obesity, occupation, and trauma, may initiate various pathological pathways. OA is more than a "wear and tear" condition leading to loss of cartilage: it is a degenerative disease reflecting a chronic inflammation and is a leading cause of pain and disability creating a reduced quality of life. The outcomes of the inflammation process result in pain, functional limitation, stiffness and swelling. Prevention of articular cartilage degradation, the main pathology change of OA, has not been addressed satisfactorily by the present conventional treatments available for this condition. The minimal therapeutic efficacy of drugs and alternative therapies is further aggravated by the inherent toxicity demonstrated by their long-term use. The primary outcome expected from the available treatments are: control pain, improve function, and reduce disability. Because of the relative absence of side effects and toxicity, nutritional supplements have gained more value in managing intervention protocol designed to decrease the impact of OA. Supplementation works primarily promoting structural changes within the joint (structure-modifying effects). Dietary supplements (DS) developed for OA patients are claimed to address the disease by directly providing the natural components that inhibit or enhance the role of biologic mediators in preserving the structural integrity of the joint.


Golden Star Resources Limited conducts Bulk Leach Extractable Gold (BLEG) and Fire Assay methods on samples from its exploration program. Additionally, for mining control and as part of the sampling and analytical protocol, residues of samples whose assay values are greater than 10 g/t are subjected to fire assay to determine the quantity of gold. However, there is gold retained in the tails or residue after leaching and to verify the suitability and efficiency of the analytical method, drill samples (RC and DD) with control samples were analysed using BLEG method based on the accelerated cyanide leach extraction and Fire Assay method on the tails. Percentages of the prepared samples were subjected to BLEG orientation study to investigate the leachability and efficiency of the BLEG method on the ore samples. Fire Assay analysis was also carried out on the selected tailing samples to find out the assay reproducibility of the samples. The analytical analyses carried out on the samples revealed that the ore samples were leachable with gold recovery levels ranging between 96% and 100% when there is total pulverization of samples to make BLEG method possible and that this procedure is also cheaper than the conventional Fire Assay.


Risk assessments are fast becoming an indispensable tool for both government and industry. Unfortunately, organizations required to perform risk assessments often lack the ability to either generate or critically evaluate the quality of risk assessment reports and must rely on contractors to tell them what they need and whether they have received it. The authors advocate a proactive approach to contractual risk assessment management in which a client team directs the production of the report and maintains quality control at each step in the process.


The functionalized crown ethers (1)–(3) act as carriers for the membrane transport of potassium ions against their concentration gradient by the coupled counter-transport of protons.


Hardware performance monitoring (HPM) is a crucial ingredient of performance analysis tools. While there are interfaces like LIKWID, PAPI or the kernel interface perf_event which provide HPM access with some additional features, many higher level tools combine event counts with results retrieved from other sources like function call traces to derive (semi-)automatic performance advice. However, although HPM is available for x86 systems since the early 90s, only a small subset of the HPM features is used in practice. Performance patterns provide a more comprehensive approach, enabling the identification of various performance-limiting effects. Patterns address issues like bandwidth saturation, load imbalance, non-local data access in ccNUMA systems, or false sharing of cache lines. This work defines HPM event sets that are best suited to identify a selection of performance patterns on the Intel Haswell processor. We validate the chosen event sets for accuracy in order to arrive at a reliable pattern detection mechanism and point out shortcomings that cannot be easily circumvented due to bugs or limitations in the hardware. 2.


STARlight2+TM (SL2+) is a new high-resolution contamination inspection system based upon the KLA-Tencor TerascanHR platform. Building upon the proven technology of STARlightTM (SL2), SL2+ uses transmitted and reflected images to detect potentially yield-limiting contamination defects on photomasks for wafer fabs and mask shops. It extends the contamination inspection capability to the 32nm logic/45nm Half Pitch (HP) technology nodes using the newly developed 72nm pixel image resolution as well as a significantly improved rendering model in the algorithm. In this paper, we present inspection results on a wide variety of photomasks, spanning the 32nm to 110nm technology nodes, in the recently concluded period of Alpha tests on the SL2+ system. The test results show that the sensitivity and the inspection capability of the new SL2+ system have been greatly improved. Such improvement enables wafer fabs and mask shops to inspect and qualify photomasks for 32nm node development and 45nm node production.


Taylor and Francis Ltd CBSE_A_296812.sgm 10.1080/01425690801966469 British Journal of Sociology of Education 0142-5692 (pri t)/1465-3346 (online) O ginal A tic e 2 08 & Francis 9 3 000May 008 Professor Be kyFran is b.francis@ oehampton.ac.uk Reconceptualising lifelong learning. Feminist interventions, by P. Burke and S. Jackson, London, Routledge, 2007, vi + 236 pp., £21.99 (paperback), ISBN-10 0-415-37615-7


The lattice constants, total energies and densities of states of Ti, Zr and Hf in ⅣB group with different crystalline structures have been calculated, and the results have been compared with the results of the projector augmented wave (PAW) method in first-principles, CALPHAD and experiments. It is found that the results of lattice stability in this paper agree completely with those of the PAW method in first-principles and agree well with those of CALPHAD. Further analyses of lattice stability from electronic structures show that the crystalline Ti,Zr and Hf with hcp structures have the obvious character of stable phases, but fcc and bcc structures have the character of metastable and unstable phases, agreeing with the results of total energy calculations. It is found from the analyses of atomic populations that the transiton numbers of electrons from the s state to the p and d states for the hcp, fcc and bcc crystals decrease with the increase in elemental period, and the transiton number of electrons from the s state to the p state decrease dramatically, but the transiton from the s state to the d state increase dramatically, leading to much more number of electrons in the d state than that in the s or p state, stronger cohesion or higher cohesive energy between atoms in heavy metals and accordingly the stabler lattice in these heavier metals.


We investigate a mechanism responsible for the observed very short times of the photon-echo decay (of the order of a few femtoseconds) in semiconductors. It is associated with the loss of phase memory as a result of the interaction of the interband mixed state with an unscreened random Coulomb potential of the photocarriers and/or charged impurities. A time characteristic of a system of interacting electrons is found. This is the time of phase breaking ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{p}\mathit{h}\mathit{i}}$, which we calculate within the eikonal approximation using diagrammatic techniques. ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{p}\mathit{h}\mathit{i}}$ is shown to be typically much shorter than both the time of electron-electron collisions and the period of plasma oscillations. We demonstrate that the screening of Coulomb potential cannot be built up during this time. ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{p}\mathit{h}\mathit{i}}$ is proportional to ${\mathit{n}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/\mathit{d}}$ (where n is the carrier concentration and d the dimensionality of a system), which is consistent with the experimental results. The derived law of echo decay of the form exp[-(\ensuremath{\tau}/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{p}\mathit{h}\mathit{i}}$${)}^{\mathit{d}}$] agrees with the results of numerical simulation, although it does not agree with the existing results of physical experiment. We believe that such a disagreement is of a fundamental nature and manifests a basic need for further experimental and theoretical work.


The Jews have come a long way in the historical process. It had an impact on all aspects of social and material culture related to daily life. Most of the Central Asian Jews reached high peaks and played a significant role in trade. Studies show that the Jewish community in Bukhara was well developed in the middle of the 19th century and had its orderly organizational structure. At the head of the administration was a man named Kalantar, and the chief rabbi, nicknamed Mullai Kalan, served as a representative for religious affairs. It also observed that from time to time, one person performed these two functions. Secular and religious administrations were closely intertwined but operated autonomously. The article analyzes the socio-religious structure of Bukharian Jews in the region, the tasks and activities of Kalantar, Mullai Kalan, Aksakal, Kaywani, and their role in the life of Jews. The article also contains information about the education system of Bukharian Jews, types of education, and the specialists who taught there. The article also includes the analysis of the written and oral literature of the Jews of Bukhara, individually written works, translations of religious texts and, the works of scientists who have made a great contribution to improving the literacy of the Jews of Bukhara.


This paper presents a new symmetric formulation for structural acoustics in the frequency domain. Usually, the structural domain is discretized with the Finite‐Element Method (FEM), whereas the Boundary Element Method (BEM) is used for the treatment of the infinite acoustic domain. Coupling formulations generally suffer from the dense and unsymmetric equation system of the BEM. To circumvent this drawback, the acoustic domain is discretized here with the Hybrid Stress Boundary Element Method (HSBEM), which is based on a variational principle. The discretized formulation consists of a symmetric stiffness‐type equation based on a dynamic flexibility matrix in frequency domain. The HSBEM is thus easily coupled with other symmetric discretization methods, combining the advantages of a boundary formulation and a symmetric approach. An issue of the method is the evaluation of the flexibility matrix. This contribution extends former publications of the authors by a detailed analysis of the implementation of this matrix, leading to a new clustering scheme for an efficient treatment, based on the special structure of the integral kernel. Moreover, the treatment of hyper‐singular integral kernels without integration, based on orthogonality properties for interior and exterior domains is outlined. Examples show the consistency of this approach. Finally, a coupled formulation for structural acoustics employing the HSBEM for the structure and the acoustic domain is introduced. Several numerical tests elucidate the applicability of the method and the proposed improvements.


China Digital Library for document delivery services, digital library reference services and digital information retrieval services etc. digital library information services, establishing the core of the digital library and digital library information services from the perfect code of conduct, the establishment of the copyright registration system , The establishment of digital library information service system of copyright protection training, the establishment of copyright system, improve monitoring and evaluation system and the establishment of digital library information service authentication system, and explore the process in the service due to the presence of information asymmetries arising Circumvent the problem of copyright policy.


Background
Palliative care (pc) consultation has been associated with less aggressive care at end of life in a number of malignancies, but the effect of the consultation timing has not yet been fully characterized. For patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer (upcc), aggressive and resource-intensive treatment at the end of life can be costly, but not necessarily of better quality. In the present study, we investigated the association, if any, between the timing of specialist pc consultation and indicators of aggressive care at end of life in patients with upcc.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study examined the potential effect of the timing of specialist pc consultation on key indicators of aggressive care at end of life in all patients diagnosed with upcc in Nova Scotia between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2015. Statistical analysis included univariable and multivariable logistic regression.

Results
In the 365 patients identified for inclusion in the study, specialist pc consultation was found to be associated with decreased odds of experiencing an indicator of aggressive care at end of life; however, the timing of the consultation was not significant. Residency in an urban area was associated with decreased odds of experiencing an indicator of aggressive care at end of life. We observed no association between experiencing an indicator of aggressive care at end of life and consultation with medical oncology or radiation oncology.

Conclusions
Regardless of timing, specialist pc consultation was associated with decreased odds of experiencing an indicator of aggressive care at end of life. That finding provides further evidence to support the integral role of pc in managing patients with a life-limiting malignancy.


The object of my study is in which way the meanings of the headwords are explained in the entries ofthe Finnish etymological dictionary that is being compiled at the Research Institute for the Languages ofFinland (Suomen sanojen alkupera, "The Origin of Finnish Words", 1-2. A-P. Helsinki 1992-95). The dictionary is Finnish, and thus the metalanguage is the same as the target language. In addition to definitions or explanations in Finnish also another metalanguage, German, is used. In some cases the meaning is defined only in German. My article illustrates the factors that play a part in the usage of the second metalanguage, problems brought by the use of double definitions, and what background data are necessary for the users in order to understand the explanations.


As we begin the fourth volume of the Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, we are pleased that the Journal has begun to achieve important parts of its mission of being an influential contributor to the debate on pension provision. The Journal is now in about half of the top US academic libraries and is also indexed by EconLit and AgeLine. Pension and social security issues continue to be on top of the policy and research agenda in most major countries. As the first and only academic journal focusing entirely on pension economics and finance, the Journal of Pension Economics and Finance has been in a unique position to contribute to the public debate.


The applicability of stochastic programming models and methods to PDE constrained stochastic optimization problem is discussed. The problem concerning the transverse vibration of a string is chosen. Therefore, the corresponding mathematical model involves a PDE-type constraint and an uncertain parameter related to the external load. A computational scheme for this type of problems is proposed, including discretization methods for random elements (scenario based two-stage stochastic programming) and the PDE constraint (finite difference method). Several deterministic reformulations are presented and compared using numerical and graphical results.


Femtosecond laser technology based on pulse stretching-compressing technique has been demonstrating tremendous achievements [1], but it is still complicated and expensive. In this report we present a new generation of simple and robust high peak power diode-pumped Raman lasers. They are capable of producing laser pulses in picosecond range with pulse repetition rate (PRR) from f=10 Hz to f=7.5 kHz. Passat Ltd. has recently developed Raman lasers operating in three PRR formats: low PRR (1 - 25 Hz), medium PRR (100 Hz - 1 kHz), and high PRR (2.5 - 7.5 kHz). Table 1 shows parameters of Raman lasers supplied with harmonic generators for each of the PRR formats specified above.


Maxima and minima in concentrations of suspended particulate matter were observed from the manned submersible Deepstar-4000 at three dive sites in the western Caribbean area. Although depths of observed particulate maxima were different in each area, the layers of densest particle concentration were found between the 9°C and 12°C isotherms. This temperature level is generally coincident with the boundary between water of the Subtropical Undercurrent and Subantarctic Intermediate Water. It is believed that particle layers are a common feature of Caribbean stratification and result from low particle settling velocities, sediment erosion, and decreased vertical mixing at the depth of the thermal boundary.


Climate change is increasing temperatures globally as well as the frequency and severity of extreme events such as heat waves. Given that the majority of animals on Earth are ectothermic, and therefore physiologically linked to environmental temperatures, it is imperative to predict the impacts of future warming on species. The physiological effects of warming on ectotherms have been studied extensively, yet, species interactions can also be affected by temperature. My thesis assessed how differences in species' responses to warming affect their interactions and ultimately the structure and dynamics of communities. I first asked if phenological and early developmental responses to warming differed among and within dragonfly species. Warming accelerated growth and developmental rates, however, differences were greater within as opposed to between species in these responses. I also examined whether differences in behavioural responses to warming among species could determine which species became the superior IG predator. Foraging and IGP rates increased with warming but activity level changes were not predictive of the outcome of these interactions. Next, I asked how the interactive effects of warming and predator presence affected prey foraging decisions. Warmer conditions appeared to have a greater impact on prey behaviour that the predator presence, even though the prey's risk of being eaten increased with temperature. Lastly, I manipulated developmental conditions in pond mesocosms to understand how warming and heat waves affect community structure.


EnglishOn the footsteps of Plato and Kant this paper defines legal idealism as a way of thinking opposed to formal voluntarism in the field of international law. Starting from the model established in the first general book on international environmental law published in 1975 by Alexandre Kiss, it is shown that the authors of the current leading treatises published in French and English are adopting an idealistic point of view in analyzing the challenges faced by this branch of international law. Their teachings are also reflected in international judicial decisions and separate judge opinions. Together they influence as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law the special orientation of international environmental law. francaisDans la suite de Platon et Kant, la presente contribution definit l'ide lisme juridique comme un courant de pensee oppose au volontarisme formel du droit international. En partant du modele fourni par le premier manuel sur le droit international de l'environnement publie en 1975 par Alexandre Kiss, il est demontre que les auteurs des principaux ouvrages actuels publies en langue francaise et anglaise adoptent une position idealiste lorsqu'ils analysent les enjeux auxquels est confrontee cette specialite du droit international. Cette position doctrinale se reflete egalement dans les decisions de justice internationale et dans les opinions separees des juges. Ainsi la doctrine et la jurisprudence comme moyens auxiliaires de determination des regles de droit contribuent-elles ensemble a l'orientation speciale propre au droit international de l'environnement.


Figure 1 shows SVTSIM's prototype rendering of the conceptual layout of the SVT, proposed detector for CLAS++ [1]. Each of the three regions: inner (R1), middle (R2), and outer (R3) around the target indicated in yellow, blue and purple, respectively, has two layers (u, v) that are at an angle of 10o with respect to each other. The pitch and thickness of the silicon strips are 300 μm. In all, the SVT is anticipated to have ~60,000 read-out channels.


Introduction: Breast cancer is a threat to health because it is the second leading cause of death in women 30 to 50 years old. The diagnosis, treatment and recovery of women with breast cancer creates stressful situations the way how to face adaptation influences.Objective: To know the level adaptation and facing of the women with breast cancer, taken care of in an institution of health of Durango, Dgo. Mexico. Materials and Methods: Quantitative descriptive study, applying instrument validated in Mexican population, with (alpha, 7969) a "scale of measurement of the process of facing and adaptation" from Callista Roy" in 22 women with breast cancer. Results: The women with breast cancer adapt and confront their problem of health, with an integrated level of adaptation and compensatory being able to distinguish that where presents/displays difficulty it is in the physiological physical way. Discussion and Conclusions: According to the study "it fits psychosocial and facing in patients with breast cancer" is a difference in that the participants did not undergo changes from the opposite disease to our work since the participants acquire new possibilities and capacities. The adaptation of the women who have suffered cancer of breast is a dynamic process, face manifolds imbalances which they affect his dimensions emotional, physical, mental and social. The level could be known adaptation and facing of the women with breast cancer verifying who in their majority present/display an integrated level of adaptation and does not jeopardize.


This work reports data about the presence of pesticides in vegetable foods marketed in the Italian Piedmont Region (1997). The samples were analyzed and the treasured values showed a good overview on the pollution degree of cultivated products. Organochlorine, orgonophosphorus pesticides and other compounds used against specific target were investigated. Results are discussed in general and for each class of samples.


. Let U q ( g ) be the quantized superalgebra of g = gl ( k 1 | ℓ 1 ) ⊕ · · · ⊕ gl ( k m | ℓ m ) and let H be the Ariki-Koike algebra. We define a right H -action on the n -fold tensor (super) space of the vector representation of U q ( g ) and prove the Schur-Sergeev duality between U q ( g ) and H .


Comprehensive study of the special aspects of design-projecting of children`s dresses for ballroom & sport dances; analysis of the assortment of the used materials; development of recommendations for the provision of ergonomic indicators of the design; development of the assortment range of dresses on the basis of systematization of the requirements for their design-projecting. Methods of comprehensive analysis of existing dresses for ballroom & sport dances are used in the work; analytical studies of the requirements for the selected assortment of clothing. In this workthe conditions of use of the clothes for ballroom & sport dances are analyzed; the choice of the materials for their manufacture is grounded. Special aspects of design-projecting of the dresses for girls, in particular their design and technological aspects, are studied. It is found that a number of specialized requirements are put forward to the selected assortment. On the basis of analytical studies, the assortment range of dresses for ballroom & sport dances for girls of junior school age has been developed. Reside in the development of the requirements for the girl`s clothes with the predicted ergonomic characteristics for ballroom & sport dances. It was formed and systematized an information base of the elements of the details and components of the dresses for ballroom & sport dances, it was proposed an assortment range of dresses for girls of junior school age


Aboriginal community-controlled health services have, since their establishment in the early 1970s, been a strong expression of the community health model in this country. Through the major health financing reform campaign launched by the Aboriginal Medical Services Alliance (Northern Territory) in the 1990s, major changes have been achieved in Aboriginal health financing for the Aboriginal Community-controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) sector. Drawing upon the experiences of implementing the Primary Health Care Access Program in the Northern Territory this article considers the benefits of a mixed grant and Medicare financing model and moves to address the mal-distribution of the medical workforce for the broader health reform agenda.


X-ray absorption fine structure spectra have been investigated at the K-edge of copper in copper(II) salen/salophen complexes: [Cu(salen)] (1), [Cu(salen)CuCl2].H2O (2), [Cu(salophen)] (3) and [Cu(salophen) CuCl2].H2O (4), where salen2− = N,N′-ethylenebis (salicylidenaminato); salophen2− = o-phenylenediaminebis(salicylidenaminato). Complexes 1 and 3 are supposed to have one type of copper centers (called (Cu1)) and complexes 2 and 4 two types of copper centers (called (Cu1) and (Cu2)) having different coordination environments and geometries. A theoretical model has been generated using the available crystallographic data of complex 1 and it has been used for analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data of the four complexes to obtain the structural parameters for (Cu1) center. For this center, the obtained Cu–Cu distance (3.2 A) verifies the binuclear nature of all the complexes. For determining the coordination geometry around (Cu2) center in 2 and 4, a theoretical model has been generated using the crystal structure of a Cu(II) complex, [Cu(C16H12N2O2Cl2)]. This theoretical model has been fitted to the EXAFS data of 2 and 4 to obtain the structural parameters for (Cu2) center. The present analysis shows that (Cu1) center has square pyramidal geometry involving 2N and 3O donor atoms, whereas (Cu2) center has distorted tetrahedral geometry with 2O and 2Cl donor atoms. The values of the chemical shifts and presence of typical Cu(II) X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy features suggest that copper is in the +2 oxidation state in all these complexes. The intensity of ls  3d pre-edge feature has been used to investigate the geometry and binuclear nature of the complexes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The emergence of port functions accompanies the development of world economic and trade.Port functions have been transferred from traditional cargo transshipment center to an important node in the supply chain so as to adapt to social and economic development.The appearance of diversified ownership and global operators is a development trend to cope with shipping company's enlargement,large-sized ships,port network and diversity constraints.The competition between ports has intensified.With the extensive application of supply chain management,port enterprises should explore the expansion of port services actively to provide customers with value-added logistics services.


STOCK DEFINITION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE The humpback whale is distributed worldwide in all ocean basins, though it is less common in Arctic waters. In winter, most humpback whales occur in the temperate and tropical waters of the North and South Hemispheres (from 10°-23° latitude). Humpback whales in the North Pacific are seasonal migrants that feed on zooplankton and small schooling fishes in the cool, coastal waters of the western United States, western Canada, and the Russian Far East (NMFS 1991). The historic summering range of humpback whales in the North Pacific encompassed coastal and inland waters around the Pacific rim from Point Conception, California, north to the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea, and west along the Aleutian Islands to the Kamchatka Peninsula and into the Sea of Okhotsk (Tomlin 1967, Nemoto 1957, Johnson and Wolman 1984). Humpback whales have been known to enter the Chukchi Sea (Johnson and Wolman 1984). The humpback whale population in much of this range was considerably reduced as a result of intensive commercial exploitation during this century. Aerial, vessel, and photo-identification surveys indicate that there may be four relatively separate populations that migrate between their respective summer/fall feeding areas to winter/spring calving and Figure 32. Approximate distribution of humpback mating areas (Barlow 1994, Figs. 31 and 32): 1) whales in the eastern North Pacific (shaded area). winter/spring populations in coastal Central America and Feeding and wintering areas are presented above (see Mexico which migrate to the coast of California to text). See Figure 31 for distribution of humpback southern British Columbia in summer/fall (Steiger et al. whales in the western North Pacific. 1991, Calambokidis et al. 1989, Calambokidis et al. 1993) referred to as the California/Oregon/Washington and Mexico stock; 2) winter/spring populations of Mexico's offshore islands whose migratory destination is not well known (Calambokidis et al. 1993) referred to as the Mexico offshore island stock; 3) winter/spring populations of the Hawaiian Islands which migrate to northern British Columbia/Southeast Alaska and Prince William Sound (Baker et al. 1990, Perry et al. 1990) referred to as the Central North Pacific stock; and 4) winter/spring populations of Japan which, based on Discovery Tag information, probably migrate to waters west of the Kodiak Archipelago (the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands) in summer/fall (Berzin and Rovnin 1966, Nishiwaki 1966, Darling 1991) referred to as the Western North Pacific stock. However, some recent exchange between winter/spring areas has been documented (Darling and McSweeney 1985, Baker et al. 1986, Darling and Cerchio 1993), as well as movement between Japan and British Columbia, and Japan and the Kodiak Archipelago (Darling et al. 1996, Calambokidis et al. 1997). Currently, there are insufficient data to apply the Dizon et al.(1992) phylogeographic approach to classify population structure in humpback whales. Until further information becomes available, 4 management units of humpback whales (as described above) are recognized in the North Pacific: two in the Eastern North Pacific (the California/Oregon/Washington Mexico stock, and the Mexico offshore island stock), one in the Central North Pacific, Hawaii wintering area Mexico wintering area North Pacific feeding areas


The demand for precision glass optics with complex shapes has increased in recent years, primarily in sectors such as lighting technology, automotive, laser technology, and consumer electronics. This rising trend, combined with production costs, represents a major challenge for the industry as demand needs to be met in a cost-effective manner. To address this challenge, the industry had developed innovative solutions to remain competitive. Precision glass molding (PGM) has emerged as a promising solution for this purpose. PGM is a replicative manufacturing process that enables a cost-effective production of precise glass optics. In this process, a glass preform is heated up into a viscoelastic state and pressed between a pair of molding tools. However, the manufacturing process of the molding tools can be both time-consuming and expensive. Additionally, they are specifically manufactured to produce a certain lens design under a given set of molding parameters. During this investigation, we considered a molding tool pair used to produce a specific lens design. We varied the process parameters, such as pressing force and temperature, into several different combinations, and produced the lenses subsequently. The aim is to analyze the flexibility in the PGM process, and to determine whether different lens geometries can be produced with a pair of molding tools. The final shape of the molded lenses was measured using a profilometer, while the center thickness of the lenses was measured with an absolute digital measuring probe. Finally, the shapes obtained from the molded lenses were compared and analyzed. The pressing temperature and force have a considerable impact in the final shape, which can be tuned along with other process parameters to achieve a certain degree of flexibility in the molding process.


: Agriculture outlooks as backbone in Pakistan economy. In spite of being important, it faces challenges from production to financial incompetence's. Pakistan agriculture is raged by several problems such as meager farm equipment's, lack in quality toolsets, unusual monsoons or outbreaks of pest. Hence, hydroponics agriculture production system gives promising yield round the year. And also, this system is commercially scalable and adaptable by all sectors of people. We can either start as small green house system in home or to a highly productive industrial scale. The paper proposes one such home based hydroponics system for Safforn plants. Hydroponic saffron can be grown easily. Growth of hydroponically saffron, grower can be earned extremely high price in every year. Saffron is among the most expensive. It has been known to be an extremely high priced spice since the 7 th century. Another thing is that we will have to grow saffron 4 times a year to ensure we are getting the highest yield possible to maximize profits. Usually, saffron takes 2.5 to 3 months from planting to reaching the harvest stage. Moreover, using hydroponics can speed up the growth rate so that you can produce a higher yield when compared to using soil.In order to collect one pound of fresh saffron, we will need to collect around 200,000 stigmas from approximately 70,000 saffron flowers. Which is only possible through hydroponically growth system To achieve this system, we must develop a controlled environment to check all the parameters of natural resources and use them according to their needs and quantity.


4 , on the basis of estimates for other loci 29. We tried three different values for the selection coefficient: s ¼ 5%, 1% and 0.5%. For these parameters, an s of 1% resulted in the highest likelihoods, so we reported the results for s ¼ 1%. If we use the chi-squared approximation with one degree of freedom for the log-likelihood ratio statistic 2lnðLikð ^ TÞ=LikðTÞÞ, we obtain an approximate 95% confidence interval for T of [0, 4,000 generations]. However, this approximation may not be appropriate in this context. Thus, we also ran 100 simulations to examine the distribution of T ˆ when the true T is equal to our maximum likelihood estimate of T ¼ 0 (here, n ¼ 5 £ 10 5 and 1 ¼ 0.2). These simulations suggested an approximate 95% confidence interval of [0, 6,000 generations]. We assumed a generation time of 20 years for converting T into years. A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder. Localisation of a gene implicated in a severe speech and language disorder. Control of cell cycle exit and entry by protein kinase b-regulated forkhead transcription factors. Molecular dating and biogeography of the early placental mammal radiation. divergences between humans and other hominoids and the effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. Am. cognitive deficits in a large family with a genetically transmitted speech and language disorder. Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Likelihood ratio tests for detecting positive selection and application to primate lysozyme evolution.


The reasons caused the popularity of closed residential quarters in our country are analyzed.The negative effects of closed residential quarters brought about are discussed.According to practical situations of our country strategy-housing block is proposed in order to meet requirements of urban development.


A study was made of survival of the wasp parasite Nasonia vitripennis Walker on its house fly host, Musca domestica L., reared on different foods. Some of these foods included liver, soya, brewers' yeast, milk, goat and cow manure, CSMA (Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association) medium, and these used in various combinations. In addition, bactericides (penicillium, streptomycin, formalin, and hydrogen peroxide) were added to the larval host food to change, or at least modify, the microflora. The results demonstrated that host nutrition may cause changes of up to 4 times normal level in parasite reproduction, and that there are differential responses by parasite adults and parasite larvae to the same hosts.


Objective:To study the effect of ulinastatin on TNF-α and IL-10 expression in the myocardial tissue after myocardial infarction in rat.Methods:Rat's model of myocardial infarction was established by sustained left anterior descending coronary artery ligation and then was treated with ulinastatin.The mRNA and protein expression levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in myocardial tissue after ulinastatin intervention were detected by fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA.The activity of NF-κB in myocardial tissue were detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Results:After intervention by ulinastatin,the expression of TNF-α significantly reduced and the expression of IL-10 and ratios of IL-10/TNF-α significantly increased in the myocardial tissue of myocardial infarction model.Conclusion:Ulinastatin could significantly inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activity of NF-κB in myocardial tissue.


The concept of volume is a significant concept taught from elementary school to high school level. However, many students still have difficulty in learning the concept of volume, especially the concept of the volume of a cube and a cuboid. This study aims to identify learning obstacles that occur in junior high school students related to the concept of volume of cubes and cuboid. This research method uses an interpretive paradigm which is part of the Didactical Design Research (DDR). Data analysis was obtained from a test consisting of five questions related to the volume of cubes and cuboid, given to thirteen students from one of the junior high schools in Jambi City; and interviews with three students who said they had learning obstacles. The results showed that students experienced three types of learning obstacles: epistemological obstacles, ontogenic obstacles, and didactical obstacles. The results of this study can be used by other researchers as material for consideration in designing learning designs related to the concept of the volume of cubes and cuboids, then analyzing the process of implementing the design to create a revised design based on the results of the previous design implementation. Through this design can be used by teachers in the learning process for minimizing the occurrence of learning obstacles, so that the learning process can take place optimally.


AbstractSome culverts and pipes installed under roadways several decades ago are reaching the end of their service life. The excavation and replacement of these buried structures will cause disrupt...


A new charge pump (CP) circuit is proposed in this paper. This circuit utilizes a gain boosting technique to achieve a high output impedance over a wide output voltage range. By using a simple gain boosting circuit, good current matching characteristics can be achieved with less than 0.25μA, less than 0.5%, difference of the UP/DN current over CP output voltage range. A high output voltage swing is obtained by employing the bulk driven technique. The proposed CP circuit is designed and simulated under 1.8V power supply in 0.18μm CMOS technology in HSPICE.


The transitional motion when a robotic manipulator and a workpiece first make contact is fundamental and occurs frequently. The authors propose a learning controller to improve the contact motion. The learning controller has two features. It observes input and output signals at different periods to improve the transient response of the system; and it can modify an initial state of the system, which includes an approaching velocity of the manipulator. By modifying the approach velocity, a fine contact motion can be achieved, because the magnitude of the impact force depends on the approach velocity. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.<<ETX>>


The present invention discloses a concrete core cement earth stirring pile machine and its construction process and method. The bottom portion of said pile machine is equipped with hydraulic walking system, including machine frame, base seat, hydraulic pump station, longitudinal and transverse moving beams, longitudinal and transverse roller supporting frames, guideway, deep stirring machine head, drilling machine, drill bit, slurry pump, distribution box and hydraulic pile-pressing system.


ABSTRACT Despite its centrality to organizing life sciences and identity politics, the body tends to disappear even when it is under scholarly consideration. The disappearing act of the body is supported by theoretical and methodological approaches that implicitly or explicitly see the body as an object that is acted upon and/or is the medium through which other concepts operate. A methodological approach that begins with bodywork allows us to understand the body not only as a site of action but also constitutive of the possibilities and limits of interacting with fields of power and ideology. Beginning with a consideration of the phenomenon of identity passing, the ethnography produced by bodies in action becomes apparent both to scholars and to those engaged in identity production and reaction.


Even one of today's most prestigious journals, Science, had a rocky start in 1880. Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell provided initial financial assistance, but the journal still failed to secure a sufficient subscriber base and folded two years after its inception. James McKeen Cattell later resurrected the magazine, but the journal endured additional monetary struggles until 1900, at which point Cattell partnered with the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Over 100 years ago, there existed an untapped publishing market for academic periodicals and yet, Science faltered.


Among ants collected in Western China during the years 1944 and 1945, I have two specimens of a new Stictoponera collected on high, sharp ridge near Chao Kung Mountain and about one and one-half days' travel afoot west of Kuanhsien, Szechuan Province, China. The elevation was between 5000 and 7500 feet, probably closer to the higher altitude, in the zone of dense bamboo growth. The ants were taken together in the thin bamboo humus at the ridge summit. They moved very slowly, and resembled our species of Proceratium in their sluggish locomotion and in feigning death at the approach of danger.


Ample anecdotal evidence summarized in, inter alia, Gillson (2011) and Charalambides and Gillson (2011) suggests that non-tariff measures (NTMs), whether protectionist in intent or not, raise trade costs and inhibit regional trade in Africa.1 Beyond old-style quantitative restrictions (QRs) and bans, even measures that could be potentially justified by market failures like Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures or product standards are often ill-suited to both consumer protection needs and State monitoring capabilities, generating unnecessary hurdles. The result is, potentially, higher prices hurting low-income households. The product lines can also be weighted by the amount of imports. However, this tends to understate the importance of restrictive NTMs since imports will be reduced where they are most restrictive. Similarly, if a particular NTM becomes more restrictive and reduces imports then the coverage indicator may actually fall the opposite of what should happen. Making the NTM more restrictive may then reduce the coverage ratio, which is the opposite of what a coverage ratio is supposed to pick up. This is a well-known problem which affects weighted-average tariffs as well. As for the NTMs' effect on trade (their severity), an important strand of the literature has focused on the variation in trade flows induced by the presence of NTMs to infer their ad-valorem equivalents (AVEs), i.e. the rate at which tariffs would have the same effect on trade flows. As for the NTMs' effect on trade (their severity), an important strand of the literature has focused on the variation in trade flows induced by the presence of NTMs to infer their ad-valorem equivalents (AVEs), i.e. the rate at which tariffs would have the same effect on trade flows.


Abstract The reaction of (C6F5)2BCl with 8-lithio-N,N-dimethyl-1-naphthylamine (1) afforded the fivemembered ring system 8-bis(pentafluorophenyl)boryl-N,N-dimethyl-1-naphthylamine (2) with an intramolecular dative B-N bond. The compound was characterised by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Graphical Abstract An Intramolecular Boron Nitrogen Lewis Acid Base Pair on a Rigid Naphthyl Backbone


To the Editor .—Don't you believe that the title of the editorial in the July issue of theArchives(107:11, 1973) should have been corrected? The grammatical form "goest" is second person singular and cannot possibly refer to the subject of the title. The form the writer fished for was "goeth." His thinking was subconsciously conditioned by the common phrase "whither goest Thou," as quoted from Chaucer. Dr. Szilagyi refers to the editorial "Whither Goest the Duodenal Stump Blowout?" by Dr. Griffen (107:11, 1973).—Ed.


This article explores in depth the technological innovations by the Top Managements of banks in the Tunisian banking sector. The framework of this research is based on an amalgamation of four theories related to the decision of adopting technological innovations: The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Diffusion of Innovation (DI). The result of our qualitative study highlights four variables which influence the attitude of the Top Managements towards the adoption of internet banking: Relative advantage, Perceived Ease of Use, compatibility and Perceived risk.


The current practice in the field of anodic oxidation of aluminium and its alloys is based mainly on a set of partial empirical experiences of technologists obtained during surface treatment. The aim of the presented paper is deeper and more complex identification of the influence of chemical and technological factors acting during the anodic oxidation process especially on the thickness of the formed surface layer by the electrolysis method in a sulfuric acid solution. The current density was selected as the basic criterion for verification evaluation and analysis of experimentally obtained data, in accordance with Faraday's laws. For current densities of 1 to 5 A·dm−2, the synergy of significant influence factors was identified, and mathematical and statistical models were then developed to predict the thickness of the surface layer with a relative accuracy of up to 10%. The presented paper does not only focus on the observation of the thickness of the surface layer desired by the customer, but also on the monitoring of this thickness in relation to the overall layer thickness of the coating.


Late-Babylonian mathematics (450-100 BC), represented by some 60 cuneiform tablets from Babylon and Uruk, is incompletely known compared to its abundantly preserved, well-studied Old-Babylonian predecessor (1800-1600 BC). With the present paper, 16 fragments from Babylon, probably belonging to 13 different tablets, are added to this corpus. Two remarkable tablets represent a hitherto unknown class of very large factorization tables that can be adequately described as Babylonian examples of number crunching (Section I). In these tables a very large sexagesimal number representing a small factor (9 or 12) raised to a high power, or a product of such numbers, is repeatedly divided by its constituent factors (9 or 12), very likely until 1 is reached. In Text A the initial number is a 25-digit number equivalent to 9 to the power 46; in Text B it is a 30-digit number equivalent to 9 to the power 11 times 12 to the power 39 - the longest number attested in ancient Mesopotamia and, probably, in all antiquity. Most other fragments belong to tables with reciprocals (Section II) and squares (Section III). Finally, two fragments contain multiplications of one kind or another (Section IV).


Traditional Federal and State coal resource estimates do not account for the multitude of societal and physical restrictions to mining that has led Federal, State, and local planners to overestimate the future supply of their Nation`s coal. Consequently, a cooperative program, between the US Geological Survey (USGS) and the State geological agencies of the principal coal-bearing States, was initiated in 1987 to identify the current major constraints on the availability of coal resources for development and to estimate the amount of remaining coal resources that may be available for development under those conditions. Study areas, 7.5-minute quadrangles, are selected on the basis of production history, resource potential, and availability of data. Further, each study area is chosen to represent the variations in geology, topography, and culture of their region so that the results may be extrapolated reasonably throughout the region.


Her condition was stabilised with phenoxybenzamine, and at laparotomy a right suprarenal phaeochromocytoma was removed and cholecystectomy performed. An ampullary tumour (1-5 cmx 1-5 cm) was also resected. No metastases were found. After surgery her blood pressure returned to normal. Hypoglycaemia occurred in the early postoperative period, but subsequently the patient became normoglycaemic. The ampullary tumour was examined by Professor N M Gibbs, St Luke's Hospital, Guildford, and reported as follows: "This is a tumour of carcinoid type and is strongly positive for argyrophil granules although the diazo is negative. Immunoperoxidase techniques using antibodies to insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and gastrin give the following results. The tumour shows a few positive insulin-reacting cells and large numbers of positive somatostatin-reacting cells, but there is no reaction with glucagon or gastrin. This tumour should, therefore be classified as a somatostatinoma with some insulin production." Preparation and characterisation of antisera and validation of immunoassay technique were as described by Penman et al.3


This paper presents the statistics and analysis on the received and funded proposals for grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China in engineering geology in 2009.The number of the received proposals increases fast.The quality of the proposals has yet to be improved.The distribution of researchers in basic studies is unevenly distributed in different institutions.It is suggested to pay more attention to the development of young scientific talents in engineering geology.


LIDAR is a new promising technique in obtaining instantly 3D point cloud data representing the earth surface information. In order to extract valuable earth surface feature information for further application, 3D sub-randomly spatial distributed LIDAR point cloud should be filtered and classified firstly. In this article, a new LIDAR data filtering and classification algorithm is presented. First, the points' neighboring relation and height-jump situation in TIN (triangulated irregular network) model for 3D LIDAR point cloud are analyzed. After that, the filtering algorithm based on TIN neighboring relation and height-jump is presented. Third, an assistant plane is designed in TIN neighborhood filtering algorithm in order to yield more effective filtering result. Then, the LIDAR points are classified into bare ground points, building points and vegetation points using the above filtering algorithms. The experiment is performed using the airborne LIDAR data, and the result shows that this method has better effect on filtering and classification of LIDAR point cloud data.


Objective To explore the application of scroe for neonatal critical degree (SNCD) as the indicator for transportation high risk infant.Methods According to Critical Score for Newborn,177 newborns to be transported to our NICU by antomobile from Mar 1998 to Dec 1999 were divided into by foure groups ~100,~90,~80 and ~69 score to investigate the relationship between the score and the prognosis,multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and the degree of injury.Results The rank of major diseases in the transported newborns were pneunonia,premature infant,HIE,complicated congenital heart disease,RDS;The lower the grade,the more the number of impaired organ,the higher the mortality;The most frequent impaired organ was the nervous system,the next were respiratory,urinary,cardiovascular and digestive system in order.Conclusion SNCD can reflect the degree of illness in newborn and is completely appropriate for local hospital to act as a guide for the transportation of high risk infant.It is suggested that the score less than 90 should be suitable for transportation;The single index can also act as the indicator for transportation if the score can′t be well eveluated.


Studies exploring ecosystem vulnerability to nitrogen (N) enrichment have mostly focused on aboveground components of ecosystems. However, the sensitivity of the belowground ecosystem to increasing N deposition remains unclear. We estimated responses of belowground net primary productivity (BNPP), soil microbial biomass N (MBN), N mineralization, nitrification, and 16S rRNA gene based bacterial diversity to elevated N inputs. The study was based on a long‐term N deposition experiment with monthly N applications at nine rates ranging from 0 to 50 g N m−2 yr−1 in a temperate grassland. BNPP, MBN, and microbial diversity showed non‐linearities across the N gradient. In both post‐hoc test and regression tree model, the significant decrease of BNPP relative to the control started at the 10 g N m−2 yr−1 rate (the 53% decrease), whereas in Bayesian regression model, the decrease started at the 5 g N m−2 yr−1 rate (the 39% decrease) in year 6. We therefore estimated a critical load range of 5–10 g N m−2 yr−1 for BNPP. Regression tree model, Bayesian regression, and post‐hoc test consistently suggested that the detrimental effects on MBN might occur above ∼10 g N m−2 yr−1 addition rate. Bacterial diversity and the relative abundance of dominant phyla declined when N addition rate exceeded 5 or 10 g N m−2 yr−1. The impacts of N deposition on the root‐microbe system strongly depended on the interannual fluctuation in precipitation. The responses of the sensitive belowground indicators are vital to help minimize the detrimental impacts of anthropogenic N inputs.


Abstract Partially oxidized tetracyanoplatinate compounds generally behave as excellent model compounds for the Peierls instability. By varying the chemical constituents, the physical parameters are changed systematically. These are the interchain Pt-separation d∥, the fermivector kF, the electron-phonon coupling constant Λ and the interchain coupling constant η. The variations of Λ are quantitatively described from first principles, whereas kF and η are explained by simple models. Results derived from conductivity and diffuse X-rays are independently confirmed by neutron scattering.


We present new global convergence results of neural networks with delays and show that these results partially generalize recently published convergence results by using the theory of monotone dynamical systems. We also show that under certain conditions, reversing the directions of the coupling between neurons preserves the global convergence of neural networks.


Purpose: The transcriptome of 'Campbell Early' grape berries exposed to high temperature was analyzed to select useful genes by evaluating their differential expression through sequencing short reads on Solexa platform. Research Method: We assembled 118 million high-quality trimmed reads using Velvet followed by Oases. Findings: Functional categorization of expressed transcripts revealed the conservation of genes involved in various biological processes like responses to chemical (12.7%), responses to abiotic stimulus (11.8%), biosynthesis processes (11.8%), and cellular metabolic processes (10.4%) in grape berries exposed to high temperature. The major up-regulated genes included isocitratelyase, cysteine proteinases superfamily protein, cupin family protein, and glycosyl hydrolase genes, and the major down-regulated genes included flavanone 3-hydroxylase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chlorophyll A-B binding family protein, and polygalacturonase inhibiting protein genes in grape berries exposed to high temperature. Among genes related to grape coloration, expressions of chalcone and stilbene synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia lyasegenes were more strongly inhibited in berries kept at 35°C than 25°C. Originality/Value: Transcript sets of grape berries generated in this study will provide a resource for gene discovery and development of functional molecular markers to be used in elucidating the mechanism of tolerance to high temperature.


The attention of the world was briefly focused on Ethiopia when Emperor Haile Selassie I, once considered the inviolable descendant of Solomon and Sheba, and the Elect of God, was deposed on 12 September 1974, and when two months later 60 public and military officials were executed without trial. The 'creeping coup' began in March 1974, and was undertaken by the military Co-ordinating Committee (commonly called the Dirgue, the Amharic word for 'committee') in the name of the peasants. Until the Nationalisation of Rural Lands Proclamation of 4 March 1975, however, the activities of the Dirgue were designed to secure an urban power base, and the peasants and the politics of numbers were tacitly irrelevant to a continuing paternal, factional, and urbanised political style. As the prologue to the Proclamation indicates, the Dirgue recognises the centrality of land reform to a broadly-based rural development:


Growth of a selected variant of A431 cells (clone 29) is stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in contrast to the growth inhibition caused by EGF in an unselected clone, A4318. Twelve phosphoproteins from each clone were compared to determine whether unique EGF‐dependent substrate phosphorylations might explain the cells' differing growth responses to EGF. Treatment of both clone 29 and A4318 cells with EGF increased phosphorylation of the EGF receptor/kinase and six cellular proteins identified on 2‐dimensional poly‐acrylamide gels. Four of these proteins (the EGF receptor/kinase and proteins of 36, 70, and 81 kd) contained phosphotyrosine in both clone 29 and A4318 cells, indicating that the same modification of several proteins occurred in cells which have totally different growth responses to EGF. Two proteins were identified whose phosphorylation was EGF dependent and which were unique to clone 29 cells; however, EGF increased phosphorylation of only serine residues in these proteins. This indicates that these proteins are not primary targets of the EGF‐dependent tyrosine‐specific protein kinase, but rather are substrates for serine‐specific kinase(s) activated as a consequence of EGF:receptor interaction. cAMP, which inhibited growth of both clones, was utilized to compare the effects of EGF when the growth response of both cell lines was similar. In the presence of cAMP, EGF increased A4318 cellular phosphotyrosine content and the phosphorylation of the same phosphotyrosine‐containing proteins of both clone 29 and A4318 cells. The in vivo activity of a second tyrosine‐specific protein kinase, p60v‐src in B77 Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)‐transformed newborn rat kidney (NRK) cells, was also unaffected by cAMP. Thus cAMP did not block the in vivo activity of two tyrosine‐specific kinases or the tyrosine phosphorylation of three specific protein substrates. A threshold model of tyrosine kinase activity is proposed as an alternative explanation for the differing growth responses to EGF.


This research derives a quantitative model for the management of the amount of available working capital for the current payments of a husbandry. The optimal amount of the needed financial resources is evaluated, which have to cover daily the wages of labor workers. The optimal moment for taking a loan to maintain working capital has been determined, taking into account the time delay from incoming funds to cover the loans. Numerical simulations and results are presented, which use current available financial data from the domains of agricultural and animal husbandries.


In sewerage systems, the corrosion process caused by microorganisms, has been studied. This affects the structural integrity of the concrete drainage pipes and the sewage treatment plants, This article is a review of research which focuses on the study of how to reduce the production of hydrogen sulfide, how to improve the resistance of concrete through the use of additives and the implementation of antimicrobial techniques to reduce bacterial growth, This review allowed us to find a way to improve the physical simulation of exposure to the corrosive medium through chemical tests, as well as the optimization and choice of the type of zeolite that would be incorporated into the mixture with which concrete pipes are normally manufactured. for sewers in Colombia improving their durability conditions.


In this paper, the results of the surface modification of natural zeolite with different amounts (2, 5 and 10 mmol M+/100g) of octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium ions (ODMBA) are presented. The obtained organozeolites were denoted as OZ-2, OZ-5 and OZ-10. The degree of ion exchange was followed by determination of amounts of inorganic cations released from zeolite. Results confirmed that reaction between ODMBA and starting zeolite has occurred via ion exchange mechanism. The obtained value for point of zero charge, pHpzc, of natural zeolite was 6.8±0.1, while for OZ-2, OZ-5 and OZ-10 pHpzc was 7.0±0.1. Below the pHpzc, the surfaces of materials are positive while at pH values higher than pHpzc their surfaces are negative. Compared to the pHpzc of natural zeolite, no significant differences in pHpzc was observed for all three organozeolites indicating that obtained products have similar functional groups with similar acid and basic characteristics as starting zeolite. The pHpzc was not dependent on the amount of ODMBA ions at the zeolitic surface and the value of pHpzc for all investigated sorbents is the same for all three electrolyte concentrations indicating that the pHpzc of each material is independent of the ionic strength of KNO3.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of selection of a population of yellow passion fruit in the second cycle of recurrent selection, based on molecular and agronomic data. In 39 full-sib progenies, genotyped using microsatellite markers, 11 agronomic traits were evaluated. The progenies were selected based on the genetic distance matrix and the selection efficiency was confirmed based on the most important agronomic traits of yellow passion fruit. Only 12 of the 25 best progenies were identified by all three selection strategies (agronomic, molecular and combined selection). No significant correlation was observed between the genetic distance matrices and the molecular x agronomic data. The progenies selected by molecular markers had the highest mean yield and fruit number. Results indicate the possibility of applying this combined selection procedure based on agronomic as well as molecular data to optimize genetic gain for the traits under selection.


This paper deals with redesigning the existing e-commerce architecture that has provided a platform for the large companies to sell their products so that it can provide a place on internet for Small Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMME) companies to sell their products. E-commerce is to buy and sell the goods or services between vendors and purchasers electronically over the internet. Information shared among traders should have certain level of integrity and also authorization of the people. This paper includes the digital identity of the vendor with the help of MAC address. As the World Wide Web grows faster, the internet traffic automatically increases and so it is necessary to provide a reliable and quick request processing. The paper includes the concept of Web service which makes the request processing more reliable and also, the data transfer in the form of XML makes it easier to transmit and retrieve the information. And also it can be converted to any form required. This new architecture of the e-commerce model helps to achieve all the above with high efficiency.


The aim of this study is to model the volatility of the Dollar, Euro and Sterling series. In this direction, permanent return of daily data in 05.01.2000-13.09.2018 period is calculated and analyzed within the scope of analysis. The stationary of the series is provided for volatility modeling, and the optimal ARMA starting model is determined on the basis of the Schwarz information criterion and the variance, autocorrelation and nonlinear elements are investigated in the series. As a result of the analysis, the volatility models of the series are analyzed by GARCH (2,1) model for EUR series, EGARCH (1, 2) for USD series and IGARCH (1,1) models for GBP series. According to the results of the model, it is found that the impacts on the volatility of the EUR series don't have a lasting impact and the effect of shock lasted 8.09 days. A positive shock from the USD series are more influenced by negative shock of the same magnitude and shock isn't asymmetric on return volatility. Furthermore, it is determined that effect of shock lasted 2.30 days. In the GBP series, the shocks have a lasting effect and predominantly occurred in the previous period.


Objective To investigate the difference of human telomerase gene amplification in cervical exfoliated cells between Uygur and Han patients with cervical diseases,and their relationship with high-risk subtypes of human papillomavirus infection.Methods Fifty Uygur and 52 Han patients with cervical diseases were detected with fluorescence in situ hybridization to compare the amplification of human telomerase gene,and human papillomavirus infection was detected.Results Human telomerase gene amplification rates were 62.00% and 51.92% in Uygur and Han patients with cervical disease.With the progression of disease,the human telomerase gene amplification rate increased significantly.There were significant differences in average human telomerase gene multiples amplification between multiple infection and single infection(P0.05),and no significant differences among the infections of each human papillomavirus subtype in Uygur and Han patients.However,there was significant difference in the total of human telomerase gene multiple amplification between Uygur and Han patients(P0.05).Conclusion Human telomerase gene amplification is correlated with high-risk human papillomavirus infection,and it might be a predictor of progression of cervical cancer.Multiple high-risk subtype of human papillomavirus infection may be one of causes of the high incidence of cervical cancer in Uygur patients.


The formation of higher order aggregates in aqueous media from naturally occurring surfactants (biosurfactants) and its mechanism have been studied. A liposome (vesicle), as a kind of artificial cell, is prepared according to a newly developed microencapsulation technique from phospholipids by mimicking the molecular structure of biomembranes. Secondly, the surface active properties of alkaline salts of spiculisporic acid depend on the kinds of alkali as its gegen ions; these have been studied for the purpose of a detailed understanding of vesicle formation of the alkylamine salts of spiculisporic acid in the binary system consisting of spiculisporates and water. Thirdly, the solution behavior of the ternary system of spiculisporates-oil-water is examined. Divalent cationic salts of spiculisporic acid formed oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion gels due to ionic-bonding network formation of spiculisporates around emulsified oil droplets and these are important for their gelling properties. These gelling systems may have potential to be O/W emulsion-type paints and safe fuels.


The author defines play as something beyond culture and its quotidian practices, discussing play as an embodied, affective experience that cannot be fully conveyed using conventional language. She looks at notions of play in the political philosophy and cultural criticism of the late-modern thinkers of late-capitalist society and notes that, although they have studied play extensively and theorized about it as a psychological, sociological, and anthropological phenomenon, they do not think play transcends human activity and culture. This means, she argues, that political theory and play studies have lost a highly productive way of considering play. To rectify this loss, the author conducts a selective survey of play scholars, including Johan Huizinga, Thomas S. Henricks, and Mihai I. Spariosu, to help her make philosophical claims about play as a basic force, one which drives language to adapt to feelings, sensations, and experiences that language currently fails to represent adequately. She argues that a more extensive exploration of this idea might enable many popular theories of culture and politics to deal more honestly with resistance, social change, and revolution. In short, she argues for a theory of play as the force that allows us to imagine alternatives to current cultural verities. Key words: democracy and capitalism; language and power; late modernity; mysticism; philosophy of play; play theory; sociology of playIn the bast range of human experiences, the idea that human beings play, and play often, is nearly universal. From dreams, to games, to sports, and even to the most abstract notion of language, human activities have often been described as playful. Yet, as sociologist Thomas S. Henricks claims in Play Reconsidered (2006), in the literature on the subject, play tends to be defined narrowly, and although scholars agree that some well-studied activities are good examples of human play, they continue to view others as only vaguely falling into that category. Henricks quite rightly points out that in the literature on play, one of the accepted signals that play is taking place is an expressed awareness on the part of players that they are only acting as if some other world or set of rules exist, and this criterion certainly seems to hold true when we look at some of the more common forms of play-from professional sports to the pretend play of little children. This basic understanding of play has opened it up to being studied empirically, and at least recently, the attention paid to play as an object of scholarly inquiry has frequently focused on the description and the function of play behaviors in adults, children, and animals (see, for example, the work of Chalmers 1984; Gray 2011; LaFreniere 2011; Lancy and Grove 2011).Here, I attempt to provide a counterpoint to some of these more descriptive, functional, and historical accounts of play by moving toward a more philosophical characterization of play as a phenomenon that, in the vein of Johan Huizinga, Mihai Spariosu, and Friedrich Nietzsche, is transcendental of its expression in individual behavior. Such a view seeks to apprehend a notion of play as existing at least partially outside the human experience of it, and instead understands it as a fundamental force that drives not only the emergence of human culture and history but also of the natural and physical world in which human beings find themselves making the various forms of play that scholars study. The task of theorizing the connection between these two levels of play-its phenomenological manifestation in human activities and experiences as well as its noumenal character as something outside these experiences-centers on locating the interface of the two and theorizing the effects of play's translation from the cosmic interplay of inhuman forces so eloquently described by Nietzsche to the crystallization of play into concrete cultural forms or moments of pleasure found while indulging in playful urges. …