Marine dinoflagellate diel vertical migrations are often conceptually explained by a species' geotactic and phototactic preferences, but actual simultaneous measurements are rare. Newly collected simultaneous measurements on Heterocapsa (Cachonina) illdefina (Herman and Sweeney) and Gymnodinium breve (Davis) are combined with similar literature information on Amphidinium carterae (Hulbert), Peridinium faeroense (Paulsen) and Prorocentrum micans (Ehrenberg) to explore several examples of the actual relationships between diel vertical migration and geotaxis/phototaxis. Amphidinium carterae does not migrate, but it exhibits a negative geotaxis that may counter a small sinking velocity. The four other species all exhibit diel vertical migrations that yield surface aggrega- tions during daylight, but the associated combinations of geotaxis and phototaxis precision (which is strongest when every cell in a population exhibits the same response to a stimulus and weakest when the response is random) and sign (which is positive (negative) when motion is toward (away from) the stimulus) are different in each case. These different taxis combinations may be related to species- specific sensor structure and/or placement. Furthermore, variations in the different biochemical pools over a species* cell cycle may contribute to structural/mechanical changes that influence how a given sensory array functions at a given time. If so, this coupling may be an important link in the growth optimization mechanisms and occasional bloom successes of different autotrophic dinoflagellate species under varying environmental conditions.


Based on the study on the Sovova model with good correlation precision in literature and the MST-TG model as the reference model,a modified MST-TG model(M-MST-TG model) was proposed by considering the relationship between the solubilities of supercritical binary and ternary systems.In this new model,the solubility functions in supercritical binary and ternary systems were chosen as the framework.The calculation accuracy of the new model was verified by 1195 groups of solubility data of 13 solutes(including heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,aliphatic acids,dye chemicals and pharmaceutical chemicals) in supercritical carbon dioxide with 10 co-solvents(including alcohols,ketones and alkanes).Besides,the accuracy of the new model was compared with that of the traditional MST-TG model.The new model obtained better correlation with average absolute relative deviation reaching 9.63% and relative deviation scaled down by 32.30% compared with the traditional MST-TG model.


During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39, an estimated 50,000 executions took place in the Republican zone. Of these, around 9000 were killed in the Spanish capital. Explanations of Republican violence still tend to assume that it was the work of 'uncontrollables' and frequently cite Agapito García Atadell as an example. Atadell led a brigade of 48 men that spread terror in Madrid during the summer of 1936 before he attempted to escape for Cuba that October. However, he was captured in the Nationalist-held Canaries and executed in July 1937. This article considers whether Atadell was really an 'uncontrollable'. It shows not only that Atadell was a significant figure in Madrid's Socialist movement before the Civil War but also that his brigade was the result of an initiative by the Socialist Party bureaucracy in early August 1936 to reinforce the police with loyal Republicans. This does not imply the existence of a Republican 'programme of terror'. It suggests that the brigade operated autonomously in its pursuit of dangerous 'internal enemies'. It also argues that the brigade was widely perceived to be efficiently defending the Republic against the 'Fifth Column' and that Atadell's departure did not harm the career prospects of many of his subordinates in the reorganized Republican police after 1936.


It is well known to all the pediatric orthopaedic surgeons in Saudi Arabia that developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a major pathology affecting the children with incidence that was studied in one of the regions reaching 3.5/ 1000 live births [1]. Surgical treatment of neglected DDH cases occupies more than 30% of surgical practice of most of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons in the country. Some of the cases present very late limiting even surgical treatment to be provided to those children leaving them limping for life.


Abstract The degree to which outer dark matter halos of spiral galaxies rotate with the disk is sensitive to their accretion history and may be probed with associated satellite galaxies. We use the Steward Observatory Bok telescope to measure the sense of rotation of nearby isolated spirals and combine these data with those of their associated satellites (drawn from SDSS) to directly test predictions from numerical simulations. We aim to constrain models of galaxy formation by measuring the projected component of the halo angular momentum that is aligned with that of spiral galaxy disks, Jz. We find the mean bulk rotation of the ensemble satellite system to be co-rotating with the disk with a velocity of 22 ± 13 km/s, in general agreement with previous observational studies and suggesting that galaxy disks could be formed by halo baryons collapsing by a factor of ≈10. We also find a prograde satellite fraction of 51% and Jz, of the satellite system to be positively correlated with the disk, albeit at low significance (2655 ± 2232 kpc km/s).


A "step-edge" model has been proposed to explain the growth of solid nanotips of aluminum nitride (AlN) and indium nitride (InN) grown by thermal and metal organic chemical vapor depositions, respectively. The model predicts a set of apex angles that solid AlN and InN nanotips can have. A statistical distribution of the apex angle in InN nanotips indicates the discrete set of apex angles and its probability of nucleation.


It is still unclear whether grammatical systems based on referential hierarchies should be treated as an alignment type in its own right (Nichols 1992, Siewierska 2005, Zuniga 2006), viewed in terms of voice (Givon 1994, Shibatani 2006), or analyzed based on the properties of individual systems (Bickel 2008). This paper examines referential hierarchy effects on grammatical marking in 45 languages showing that all systems can be explained in terms of subjectivity, politeness, and topicality, and that in different languages these functions are fulfilled in structurally distinct ways conditioned by genetic inheritance and contact�induced change, consequently supporting Bickel's idiosyncratic approach.


An oscilloscope can be used to observe the waveforms of generated signals to help students to understand the features of resultant MMF of two AC windings.MATLAB simulation is used in the paper to analyze the resultant MMF under different unsymmetry conditions such as amplitude,phase and frequency.Simulation results of Lissajous Figures corresponding to the conditions obtained.


Five new metabolites related to IAA were isolated from aqueous methanol extract of rice bran and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods to be 5-hydroxy-dioxindole-3-acetic acid (Ia), methyl ester of Ia (Ib), methyl dioxindole-3-acetate (IIb), methyl 5-hydroxyoxindole-3-acetate (IIIb) and methyl oxindole-3-acetate (IVb), respectively. The presence of these metabolites which are likely to be intermediates of oxidation of IAA to β-acid suggests such oxidation pathway operating in rice seed.


We developed a quantitative method for the analysis of bile acids using a high performance liquid chromatograph coupled to an evaporative light scattering detector. An isocratic solvent system was used to resolve in a single run conjugated and unconjugated bile acid species relevant in human and rodent physiology. The detection of various bile acids was linear over a range of 0.08 to 10 nmol of injected molecules. The developed system is a convenient and cost-effective method for the routine analysis of a wide variety of bile acids.


A 75-year-old man presented with a 4-month history of edema, erythema and progressive skin thickening affect - ing the limbs. No triggers were identified. His past medical history was irrelevant. The physical examination revealed induration in the upper and lower limbs, sparing the hands, feet, face and trunk. Linear depressions along the course of the veins, exacerbated by limb elevation, were present on the forearms, and were consistent with the groove sign (Fig. 1). The laboratory findings included peripheral eosinophilia (1800 cells/µL) and elevated C-reactive protein and aldol - ase (respectively 31.1 mg/L, normal value < 3.5; 19.6 U/L, normal value < 7.6). The antinuclear antibodies were nega - tive. The magnetic resonance imaging showed a soft tissue edema with a fascial predominance. The fascial biopsy was compatible with eosinophilic fasciitis (EF). The patient start - ed oral prednisolone 0.5 mg/kg/day and subsequently oral methotrexate 20 mg


In the present work, we report a detailed description of the symmetry properties of the eight-atomic molecule ethane, with the aim of facilitating the variational calculations of rotation-vibration spectra of ethane and related molecules. Ethane consists of two methyl groups $\text{CH}_3$ where the internal rotation (torsion) of one $\text{CH}_3$ group relative to the other is of large amplitude and involves tunneling between multiple minima of the potential energy function. The molecular symmetry group of ethane is the 36-element group $G_{36}$ but the construction of symmetrized basis functions is most conveniently done in terms of the 72-element extended molecular symmetry group $G_{36}\text{(EM)}$. This group can subsequently be used in the construction of block-diagonal matrix representations of the ro-vibrational Hamiltonian for ethane. The derived transformation matrices associated with $G_{36}\text{(EM)}$ have been implemented in the variational nuclear motion program TROVE (Theoretical ROVibrational Energies). TROVE variational calculations will be used as a practical example of a $G_{36}\text{(EM)}$ symmetry adaptation for large systems with a non-rigid, torsional degree of freedom. We present the derivation of irreducible transformation matrices for all 36 (72) operations of $G_{36}\text{(M)}$ ($G_{36}\text{(EM)}$) and also describe algorithms for a numerical construction of these matrices based on a set of four (five) generators. The methodology presented is illustrated on the construction of the symmetry-adapted representations both of the potential energy function of ethane and of the rotation, torsion and vibration basis set functions.


SUMMARY Passive optical network topology has been widely adopted in access networks due to its low-cost and yet flexible network structure. To further promote the passive optical networks, the cost reduction of optical modules is critical. Relatively expensive combination of a conventional index-coupled distributed feedback laser diode (IC-DFB-LD) and an optical isolator is commonly used for passive optical networks with transmission distance more than 30 km. Although gain-coupled DFB-LDs (GCDFB-LD) have been widely investigated in the hope of eliminating the isolator in optical modules, their limited output power keeps them from practical use in passive optical networks. In this paper, we describe the development of 1.31 μm and 1.49 μm GC-DFB-LDs with high output power and optical feed back tolerance for isolator-free optical modules in access networks. The relative intensity noise (RIN) degradation was well suppressed below −120 dB/Hz at −8 dB optical feedback in the temperatures range from 0 ◦ Ct o 85 ◦ C from both 1.31 μm and 1.49 μm GC-DFBLDs. Optical feedback tolerance of 1.31 μm and 1.49 μm GC-DFB-LDs were improved by more than 6 dB and 4 dB as compared with conventional IC-DFB-LDs. Dispersion power penalty after over 30 km transmission at 1.25 Gbps were achieved less than 0.3 dB and 0.7 dB under −15 dB optical feedback conditions. The proposed 1.31 μm GC-DFB-LD prototypes experimentally demonstrated 14 mW output power with over 5,000-hour operation at 85 ◦ C. Our devices are found to fully complying IEEE 802.3ah standard and seem to be promising for the low-cost optical modules in longreach access network applications. The details of the device structure as well as transmission experiments are also reported.


The concept of esprit is central to Montesquieu's political philosophy. This essay investigates Montesquieu's usage of the term, focusing on his magnum opus, De l'esprit des lois. Montesquieu shows that a multitude of variables in a society, including the laws, commerce, and religion, interact with one another to form (and in turn are formed by) the esprit or character of a society. Since each society has a distinct esprit that changes over time, Montesquieu is a proponent of a framework I call the 'politics of place'.


APPLICATIONS of nitrogen to flax (Linum usitatis•£*-iimum L.) frequently enhance seed yields (8, 9, 11), but sometimes the results are erratic (2, 12). Fertilization may stimulate weed growth with deleterious effects on yield (2). Nitrogen placed with the seed may reduce emergence and thereby reduce yield (9). Applications of N may also influence the quantity of oil in the seed as well as the fatty acid composition of the oil, but again conflicting results have been reported. In some studies, oil content and iodine value were decreased as a result of application of N (10, 13, 14), but in other trials neither was affected (8, 11). In view of the diverse results reported, it would be of interest to know what role environmental factors may play in the response of flax to N. The effect of N on oil con-


This is the documentation for a landform evolution model variously termed DELIM and MARSSIM the publications listed below. The model is built upon the landform evolution model first described by Howard (1994). The core model primarily focuses on landform evolution at relatively long temporal scales (relative to the timescale for noticeable landform change) through fluvial and mass wasting processes. The program is designed be computationally efficient such that individual runs can be done on a modern microcomputer in no more than a few tens of hours. The more recent additions to the model have focused on processes relevant to planetary landscapes, including lava flows, groundwater seepage and sapping, impact cratering, surface-normal accretion and ablation, and volatile redistribution by radiation-induced sublimation and recondensation. Individual process formulations vary from completely heuristic to modestly mechanistic. Important limitations for some potential applications are the assumption of a single representative bed material grain size in the fluvial system and no tracking of internal stratigraphy of sedimentary deposits (except for total thickness and surface morphology). Some stratigraphic information can be gleaned by frequent reporting of elevation changes through time on sedimentary deposits. The process formulation is described in the following publications:


Electrolytic migration for a couple of conductors, made from bare copper and Ni/Au- deposited copper electroplated with a coat of Sn-5Ag (5 μm in thickness) was investigated. The electrolytic migration was conducted in deionized water at a dc bias of 5V. the effect of heat treatment (at 250°C for 5 minutes) of the specimens on the electrolytic migration was also explored. On the basis of electrochemical data resulted from potentiodynamic polarization and surface analysis through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we proposed a mechanism for electrolytic migration. Different behaviors in electrolytic migration for various specimens are realized stemmed from this mechanism. In the system of bare copper coated with Sn-5Ag (denoting as C), silver, copper and tin are responsible for migration. Heat treatment of this system (denoting as C-h) led to consumption of elemental silver and formation of inter-metallic compound Ag3Sn that is less susceptible for migration. In the system of Ni/Au-deposited copper that is further coated with Sn-5Ag (denoting as G)only silver and tin are subject to migration since copper is covered and shielded by its Ni/Au-deposits. Heat treatment of this system (denoting as G-h) also transfers the elemental silver to Ag3Sn, hence retards the migration. The resistance to electrolytic migration increases in the order: C < G < C-h <G-h.


Because of the existence of different cultural backgrounds, one language may have the associative meanings that are closely related to its specific cultural background. There are both similarities and differences between the culture images of different nations. This paper selects five frequently-used culture images, namely, water,wind,moon,willow and grass. Through the analysis and comparison of their associative meanings,this paper tries to give a comprehensive understanding of the meaning of language.


The inhibitive capacity of two geminis: tetramethylene bic (-αdecylpyridinium) bromide (Gp3) and hexamethylene bic (α- decylpyridinium) bromide (Gp4), for corrosion of carbon steel A3 in 10% hydrochloric acid solution containing 1.0 g/L NaCl is determined by static weight loss method.The inhibition rate ( IR) at 25℃of Gp3 is as high as 99.82% at dosage 10 mg/L and practically keeps this high IR when dosage increased gradually to 500 mg/L.The IR at 90℃and dosage 20,200, and 800 mg/L is of 63.17%, 90.62%, and 89.91% for Gp3, of 75.80%, 92.97%, and 93.37% for Gp4, and of 10.57%, 36.95%, and 88.87% for WD-11, a acid corrosion inhibitor being used in Guanghan, Sichuan, respectively.The two dipyridinium salts are film- forming inhibitors, effective at lower dosage, for steel A3 in hydrochloric acid.


This paper performs a circuit-level evaluation of four modern STATCOM systems, namely true-48-pulse and quasi-48-pulse STATCOMs, cascade multilevel and binary multilevel inverters. The comparison is based on a number of factors including circuit topology, harmonic distortion, system losses, GTO quantities, their specific applications and other considerations. The theoretical results are verified by simulation with the use of MATLAB-simulink power system blockset.


The invention belongs to the field of high polymer material application, and discloses a biodegradable non-woven fabric and a preparation method thereof. The biodegradable non-woven fabric is prepared from biodegradable poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) through a melt blowing process. The non-woven fabric is pollution-free, few in processing link and easy to operate. The non-woven fabric has biodegradability, is good in softness, strong in comfortable feeling, and has an excellent mechanical property, the longitudinal tensile strength can reach 16 MPa, and the longitudinal elongation rate reaches more than 200%. The non-woven fabric is prepared by the melt blowing method, fiber of the non-woven fabric is smaller in diameter, and the obtained non-woven fabric has the advantages of large specific surface area, high porosity, excellent filtering efficiency and the like. The non-woven fabric can be widely applied to fields such as medical and industrial masks, thermal insulation materials, filtering materials, medical and health materials, oil absorption materials, wiping cloth, battery separators and sound insulation materials.


INTRODUCTION The demand for high quality meat and the competition with other protein sources imposes the introduction of new technologies in the Brazilian beef cattle system of production. Most of breeding evaluation programs in Brazil, have given emphasis to records of weights and scrotal circumference (SC) at different ages, ignoring carcass traits (CT) and other growth traits. Carcass traits can be quickly determined by real-time ultrasound, without the need to slaughter the animals and without assigning visual scores, being therefore, an objective process, enabling estimates of genetic values in young animals before the first mating. Herring et al. (1998) pointed out that this technique is an objective and accurate tool in the selection for muscling, subcutaneous fat, marbling and retail beef yield. Considering the possibility of reaching new markets and the increasing demand for better meat quality, CT and hip height (i.e., frame score) certainly should be included in the Brazilian breeding programs. In this way, the objective of the present work was to study how these traits respond to selection and their possible genetic correlations with weight and SC at different ages.


We have developed an assay in which monocyte migration through filters, determines the level of inflammatory properties of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) protective capacity. Automated monocyte enumeration demonstrated this property of HDL.


The heart rate variability‐derived Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE™) Index is a continuous noninvasive tool for the assessment of pain and discomfort in infants. Little is known about its performance in the early postoperative setting, where assessment of pain/discomfort is usually based on discontinuous observational scoring systems or personal experience of medical staff.


Objective To investigate the effect ofberberine on the spatial memory oftransgenic mice with Alzheimer′s disease (caused by Swedish double mutation (KM670/671NL) of amyloid precursor protein [Swe-APP]).Methods Twenty-four 6-month-old APP/SWE mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:model group,low-dose berberine treatment group,medium-dose berberine treatment group and high-dose berberine treatment group(n=6).Except mice of the model group,the mice in the other 3 groups were given berberine at dosage of 10(mg/kg·d),50(mg/kg-d) and 200 (mg/kg.d),respectively,by intragastric administration once daily to 10 months′ old.The spatial memory was detected by Morris water maze test,and the levels of amyloid β(Aβ40 and Aβ42)in the brain tissues were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results As compared those in mice of the model group,the escape latency decreased significantly,the frequency of crossing the platform obviously increased and the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 decreased significantly in mice of each berberine treatment group on the 6th d of detection(P<0.05) Conclusion Berberine might improve the spatial memory of APP/SWE mice by decreasing the levels of Aβ 40/42.

Key words:
Alzheimer′s disease;  Berberine;  Spatial memory;  Aβ40/42


It is proved that the Lie groups and represented in ℝ56 and the Lie group represented in ℝ112 occur as holonomies of torsion-free affine connections. It is also shown that the moduli spaces of torsion-free affine connections with these holonomies are finite dimensional, and that every such connection has a local symmetry group of positive dimension.


The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a tungsten target material. The method comprises the following steps: providing tungsten powder; placing the tungsten powder into a vacuum package and vacuumizing; carrying out sinter molding by adopting a hot isostatic pressing process; after finishing the sinter molding, cooling and removing the vacuum package, and taking out the tungsten target material. With the adoption of the method for manufacturing the tungsten target material provided by the invention, the use of a mold is avoided, and meanwhile, both the compactness and the uniformity for the internal organizational structure of the formed tungsten target material are better than those of a tungsten target material formed by hot pressing.


The article reveals the essence and features of Kazakh philosophy. Kazakh philosophy share the same problems with Greek, Indian, Chinese and Russian philosophy, so from this point of view, Kazakh philosophy is related to the world philosophy. At the same time, Kazakh philosophy has its own specifics, its own distinctive features. Kazakh philosophy is peculiar with its problems, specific forms of expressing its thought, with its own style of thinking that is why there is no need to constantly look back at the developed Western philosophy. It is necessary to learn from others, but one should not imitate or borrow their style of thinking. The purpose of philosophy is to be understandable for everyone, to influence people, to teach and change them for the better. The Eastern philosophy was like that and the philosophy of the Kazakhs is so today. Kazakh people's worldview peculiarities are associated with nomadic civilization, nomadic culture, the development of verbal forms of culture, the lack of a historical source base of philosophy. The authors of the article emphasize that the traditional Kazakh philosophy, which originates from Akyn-zhyraus and found its continuation in the philosophy of Abai and Shakarim, is not a professional, scientific philosophy, but is a philosophy of wisdom, a philosophy of understanding and education, intertwined with everyday human life, religion, art, literature. The creative work of Kazakh philosophers has always been dominated by the problems of good and evil, honor and dignity of man. The authors of the article call Kazakh philosophy a practical philosophy based on I. Kant.


with the great development of globalization, more and more high-rise buildings have been built up, accompanied by more and more foundation pit support and excavation. The forms of foundation pit support are more and more diverse, among which row pile support is widely used in engineering because of its mature construction technology and good supporting effect. However, it is difficult to directly measure the internal force of pile in engineering practice. In practice, the displacement of pile body is often monitored and the results are more accurate. In this paper, the method of spline interpolation function is used to measure the displacement of pile. The back analysis of the pile stress provides a reference for the application of pile structure in foundation pit.


The whitespotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) is a highly mobile, predatory batoid distributed throughout shallow, warm–temperate to tropical Atlantic Basin waters from North Carolina to Brazil. The species' strong, plate-like dentition facilitates the consumption of hard-shelled prey, and due to effective winnowing behavior, it is a significant challenge to identify prey based on soft tissues alone. Here, we report on the first analysis of whitespotted eagle ray diet in Florida waters using visual-based gut content analysis complemented with DNA barcoding. Gut contents were obtained via gastric lavage from 50 individuals collected in the Indian River Lagoon and off Sarasota, Florida. Of the 211 unique prey samples collected, 167 were deemed suitable for sequencing. Approximately 56.3% of samples yielded positive species matches in genetic databases. Results from the sequenced data indicate that the whitespotted eagle ray diet in Florida is mainly comprised of bivalves and gastropods, with variable inclusion of crustaceans. Despite positive identification of venerid clams, there was no evidence for the consumption of hard clams (Mercenaria spp.), a major shellfish aquaculture and restoration species in Florida. Such wide-ranging prey species from various trophic guilds and locations highlight the whitespotted eagle ray's diverse role in the top-down regulation of coastal benthic communities.


The association constant of an ion triplet, ABC, containing three different ions, in a solvent of low dielectric constant has been computed by an extension of the method first used by Bjerrum. The results have been applied to measured association constants and approximate values for the internuclear separations, rBC, calculated from recorded values for rAB. The calculated values are in reasonable agreement with those determined from the association constants for the symmetrical triplets, CBC.


The ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) modulates a variety of cellular processes ranging from antigen processing to cell cycle progression, including the regulation of transcription factor NFκB within the immune system. Functional decline in UPP has been associated with age-related degenerative diseases. We have identified specific impairment of proteolytic activity of the proteasome during aging in memory and naïve human T lymphocyte subsets. Besides significant decline in specific subunits of the proteasome we now present evidence implicating a role for lowered HSP90 association with the proteasome as a significant contributor to the decline occurring during advanced age. This decline in association between the chaperone HSP90 and the 26S multi-catalytic complex could be mimicked by exposure to mild oxidative stress in T lymphocytes from young donors. Additionally, using geldanamycin, an inhibitor of HSP90, we demonstrate a functional impairment of 26S catalytic activity in assays employing peptide substrates and in reporter assays for the induction of transcription factor NFκB. Finally, exogenous addition of rHSP90 to purified proteasome preparations of T cells obtained from elderly donors partially upregulated catalytic activity of the proteasome. Thus, altered association of HSP90 with the 26 S proteasome contributes to proteasomal dysfunction during aging and/or oxidative stress.
 This research is supported by funds from NIH AG 030599, AG 013081 and AG025220


An investor would invest his/herfunds into stocks that perform dividend in high return with minimal risk and generating capital gain (loss) profit. Samples in this study using active stocks registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, those stocks that have dividend payout and the company continues to publish financial statements during the year 2006-2012. The research objective is to assess and identify the formation of portfolios based on dividend payout using the Foolish Four categories. The results showed there were 10 stocks in the foolish four great grandfather category of the 70 stocks that have the highest dividend payout and four stocks selected to fall into the category of the Foolish Four, which are MERK stocks at 67.16%, followed by ADMF at 66.92%, DLTA at 66.45% and 65% for BBLD. The conclusion obtained is that the foolish four companies stocks showed good performance during the period of observation in 2006-2012, namely MERK stock generating equal returns value and risk with standard deviation during the seven years of observation, while ADMF, BBLD and DLTA stocks produced low return values and risk with high deviation standard during seven years of observations, likewise generated investment returns in the form of capital gains, namely, PT.MERK, PT.ADMF and PT. BBLD got positive total capital gain while the PT. DLTA got value capital gain (loss) during the period of observation. Therefore, in this study, stocks that have the smallest value of dividend payout by generating profitable income (return and capital gain/loss) can do the formation of portfolio through the foolish four category.


The h-index was proposed by Hirsch in 2005. It is now often used as a measure of scientific performance of individual researchers. Assuming that it has predictive power, the index is even considered in academic appointment processes and for the allocation of research resources. But this is questionable, because the development of the index is dominated by citations to rather old publications. This inert behavior is demonstrated for the citation record of W P Schleich. Other variants of the h-index are analyzed, in particular a timely h-index ht which takes into account only the publications and citations of the previous t years. Finally, some alternative measures of scientific performance are discussed.


Objective To investigate the performance and value of low-field MRI in diagnosis of choroidal fissure cyst in brain.Method We retrospectively analyzed the low-field MRI findings of 13 choroidal fissure cyst in brain,and analyzed their correlation with clinical findings.Results 13 cases were cracked in the choroid,1 case occurred in the bilateral,7 cases occurred in the right side,5 cases occurred in the left side,the performance of the round,oval or spindle and smooth sharp boundary of the cerebrospinal fluid signal,and there was no abnormal signals in its wall and inside and outside of cyst.Conclusions Low-field MRI has specificity in diagnosis of choroidal cyst.MRI has the characteristics of multi-planar imaging,can show a clear split choroid,and is conducive to differentiate from other cystic lesions.


An organic electroluminescent display module includes: an organic electroluminescent display panel including a front surface, a side surface and a rear surface, the front surface displaying images; and a bottom frame surrounding the side and rear surfaces partially, the bottom frame including a metallic material.


Myocardial viability is a fundamental question in the clinical and therapeutic decision making process. Contrast-enhanced MRI can distinguish between viable and necrotic myocardium in non-invasive manner and with excellent definition of endocardial and epicardial borders. Aim of this study is to propose a software methodology that allows to assess the global, transmural and intramural extent of myocardial necrosis providing both bull-eyes and 3D representation of contrast delayed enhanced area in MRI cardiac images.


This paper investigates the three-dimensional guidance and control problem of missile intercepting highly maneuvering target, whose acceleration information is difficult to accurately predict. With the three-dimensional guidance model for intercepting single target established by using the principle of zeroing the rate of line-of-sight (LOS), a novel intelligence guidance law has been designed through backstepping sliding mode control method, radial basis function (RBF) neural network and adaptive control technique. Then, a Lyapunov-based stability analysis demonstrates that all the signals are bounded, and the LOS rates ultimately converge to a neighborhood of the origin. Following advantages are highlighted in this paper: (i) the target information is online estimated and compensated by the RBF neural network, which indicates that the proposed guidance law is easily put into practice only relying on the position information of target. (ii) an adaptive gain term is designed in the control system, which greatly reduces the inherent chattering of sliding mode method. At last, simulations are conducted, and results illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the designed guidance law.


In an experiment at Katherine, Northern Territory, in 1961-62 and 1962-63 the response of peanuts to variation in ploughing depth, frequency of inter-row cultivation, and seeding rate was measured. This agronomic study was combined with measurements of rates of work and fuel consumption under comparable conditions for the tillage operations involved. From these data were calculated the break-even prices for peanuts above which the yield response offset the additional cost of the more intensive treatment, i.e., deeper ploughing, more frequent inter-row cultivation, or higher seeding rate. Increasing the depth of ploughing from two to eight inches, the number of inter-row cultivations from one to three and the seeding rate from 30 to 45 lb an acre were all profitable at prices that would justify peanut production in the Katherine area.


Abstract This article presents the findings from a teacher intervention in Dutch kindergartens aimed at improving teachers' differentiation practices (DP) to better anticipate student differences. The intervention was designed to improve the match between student levels and curricular activities, in particular for high-ability students and consists of three components. A pretest–posttest cluster randomised design was used with three conditions: control (n = 34), pilot intervention (n = 32) and improved intervention (n = 34). Quantitative results demonstrate that the intervention fidelity was relatively high in the improved intervention. Correlations confirmed that teacher-reported DP were higher in schools where the intervention was more completely implemented. DP were enhanced in both intervention conditions, but showed greater improvement in the improved intervention. Qualitative data revealed process characteristics that reflect problems schools encounter with this intervention. Teachers can be supported in improving DP, but this requires school-wide intensive and long support.


Material and methods. A three-dimensional (3D) model of a bone block was created to represent the right maxillary premolar area with a bone-level implant system with 100% osseointegration, using the Ansys Workbench software, v. 15.0. In total, 10 3D finite element analysis (FEA) models were created. The models were divided into 2 groups according to the type of implant: the CFR-PEEK group (n = 5); and the Ti group (n = 5). Each group was subdivided to imitate 5 different restorative crown materials (PEEK, zirconia, porcelain fused to metal (PFM), metal, and acrylic resin). Each implant model was loaded vertically (200 N) and obliquely (100 N). Stress distribution in the implants, the abutments, the cement layers, and the crowns was evaluated using the von Mises stress analysis. Maximum and minimum principal stress analyses were used to determine the stress generated in the bone.


Twisted light, or orbital angular momentum (OAM) carrying beams or photons, is a pillar of structured photonics, a booming subfield of modern optics. The generation and transformation of twisted light, which lie with coupling topological charges into target light's wavefunctions, are usually performed by phase-only OAM manipulations. The practical twisted lights, however, obtained by this method are actually noneigen modes of free space, leading to an evolution through the diffractive propagation. Here, we present a general theoretical frame for accurately describing this evolution. Based on the theory, the whole diffractive propagation history in a typical OAM-manipulation loop, converting Gaussian light into a twisted one and then reconverting back, is demonstrated via a set of exact analytical solutions. These results provide a powerful tool for analyzing the transverse profiles of twisted light through the diffractive evolution, as a guideline for studying the science of structured light, which would provide guidelines for research studies in nonlinear optics and high-dimensional quantum information technology based on OAM-degree of freedom.


In the article the issues of existence of the industry as a constructional basis of the regional development are considered. The historical analysis of the term «industry» in the Russian science is carried out. The characteristics of formation and civilization social development concepts is given. Evolution of industrial activity basic forms is considered.


This study analysed the changes in growth velocity (GV) of preterm infants weighing <1500 g based on different nutritional practices over a 24‐year period.


The main aim of this paper is to show how markov chains models is used in the real life. Markov chains has been used in denim manufacturing, finance, marketing and in many fields. This paper particularly explores the use of markov chains in the denim manufacturing. Markov chains plays a very important role in determining transition probabilities in the products, retention probabilities in dyeing, optimum acid level in washing denim.


An indirect AAS determination of boron in water is described.In the pH4.7,the complex formed by BF - 4 and Ag(phen) 2 + was extracted by MIBK.The trace boron was determined indirectly by AAS.A linear relationship holds in the range of 0.002-1μg boron per mL.The detection limit for boron is 0.041μg/mL,and the recovery is in the range of 93%_101%.More than ten ions such as K\++,Na\++ etc.has no inference with the determination.The method has been used to the determination of trace boron in ground water with satisfactory results.


The invention discloses a method and device for selecting an uplink and downlink subframe configuration mode or processing retransmitted information. The method includes if more uplink subframes are required to configure, determining the uplink and downlink subframe configuration mode where the uplink subframe proportion is no less than the uplink subframe proportion in the current uplink and downlink subframe configuration mode and which at least contains all uplink subframes in the current uplink and downlink subframe configuration mode as the current selecting range; and/or, if more downlink subframes are required to configure, determining the uplink and downlink subframe configuration mode where the downlink subframe proportion is no less than the downlink subframe proportion in the current uplink and downlink subframe configuration mode and which at least contains all downlink subframes in the current uplink and downlink subframe configuration mode as the current selecting range; selecting a reconfigured uplink and downlink subframe configuration mode in the current selecting range. By the aid of the method, complexity of information transmitting and/or scheduling between the network side and a UE caused by reconfiguration of the uplink and downlink subframe configuration mode can be reduced.


The dynamics of production and purification of ethanol from sorghum lignocellulosic materials by a three stages process was modeled and optimized in this work. The process involves a first stage for hydrolyzing sweet sorghum bagasse; a second stage for fermenting the generated sugars and a third stage for the separation of ethanol. Kinetic and distillation equations were embedded into macroscopic balances in order to derive a mathematical model used to solve the three-stage optimal control problem. The aim was to maximize the process productivity by optimally managing the controlled flows between units and by optimally fixing the switching times between the process stages.


THE MOST SIGNIFICANT EVENT IN LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, in the 1950s was without a doubt the desegregation of Central High School. The political drama and violence inspired by nine African-American students' effort to integrate the school has inspired many theses, articles, and books. The national media attention to the events of September 1957 clearly overshadowed an episode that took place two years before in Little Rock and North Little Rock that also involved its share of drama and violence but received only brief, local coverage. While the earlier events had relatively little to do with civil rights, they were the result of another crucial historical development, the urban evolution of the United States. On June 22, 1955, 178 drivers and mechanics of Division 704 of the Amalgamated Association of Street, Electric Railway, and Motor Coach Employees of America went on strike in Little Rock, North Little Rock, and Cammack Village.' The employer, Capitol Transit Company (CTC), and Division 704 had been unable to agree on an arbitrator to settle a wage dispute. While CTC president F. Norman Hill claimed the company could not afford to raise wages without going deeper into debt, the union insisted that the CTC was stuffing its pockets at the expense of drivers and mechanics.2 When the company decided to hire "scabs" to operate the buses, violence erupted. Although no one died as a result of the strike, it climaxed in the bombing of a bus that nearly killed two people. Yet the CTC strike has not been previously examined. Perhaps because the decline of urban transit systems in general does not attract a lot of study, even intense episodes in that history, such as the CTC strike, have been forgotten. But the strike merits examination for its inherent drama, the role it played in the history of Little Rock transit, and how it reflects the broader history of public transportation in the United States. In addition to representing a breakdown in labor relations, the strike exacerbated a strained relationship between the city governments of Little Rock and North Little Rock and CTC. The city of Little Rock had filed several civil suits against the company going back to June 1951. One of the cases was not resolved until 1958, two years after CTC had surrendered its franchise, ending the strike.3 The North Little Rock city council argued with the company in 1953 over franchise and service agreements.4 These conflicts between labor, the company, and officials of Little Rock and North Little Rock all had their roots in changes in the structure of the American city. How could an urban bus company expect to make enough money to substantially raise wages or pay higher franchise fees and assessments to cities when fewer people were riding buses every year? This was a question posed not only by CTC but by transit companies across the U.S. By the mid-195 Os, automobiles were stealing customers from bus companies, and television provided Americans entertainment without their having to leave the house at night.5 The abandonment of restrictions on rubber and gasoline after World War II had increased the production of automobiles, which had caused a drop in the price. Postwar prosperity enabled a wealthier middle class to purchase cars and suburban homes and move farther away from inner cities. Prosperity also meant transit companies spent more for labor while seeing smaller profits. The federal government began to improve urban highways, making car travel more convenient within cities.6 All of this added up to a death sentence for private urban transit systems across the country. Nearly 200 companies ceased operations between 1954 and 1963. Some communities the same size as the Greater Little Rock area (150,000 in 1960) saw their transit systems completely vanish.7 Although Greater Little Rock's transit system survived, it witnessed a sharp decline in ridership-and fare revenue-in the years following World War II. …


Phenomenological and theoretical aspects of single-particle contributions to sum rules derived from commutation relations are considered. A derivation of sum rules arising from an equal-time axial-charge algebra evaluated between arbitrary single-particle states is given. A phenomenological analysis of these sum rules is carried out. An analogous derivation of sum rules associated with the sigma operator is shown to be invalid. An amended form for the sum rules is derived. Finally, we comment on relations obtained by taking vacuum-vacuum or vacuum-single-particle matrix elements of certain commutators.


Since the beginning of the 20th century,increasing attention has been paid to the literature on drama of the Qing Dynasty in succession to that of Song,Yuan,and Ming dynasties.Now the literature available is far more than that on the drama of the precious dynasties.It is believed that the study made about the drama of the Qing Dynasty,the drama collected and introduction made about them can now well outline the development of Qing Dynasty's drama.


The adoptions of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the American Midwest remain critical lines of inquiry as the articles in this volume of Midwest Archaeologial Conference Inc. Occasional Papers amply demonstrate. Here I provide a critical assessment of current lines of investigation of crop adoptions and agricultural evolution. I argue that three changes are needed in order to build clearer understandings of these important issues: (1) the fuller integration of biological and social theories, (2) the adoption of probabilistic methods, and (3) the use of multiple lines of evidence.


Using the concept of codes on ordered sets introduced by Brualdi, Graves and Lawrence, we consider perfect codes on the ordinal sum of two ordered sets, the standard ordered sets and the disjoint sum of two chains. In the classical coding theory all perfect codes are completely described in terms of parameters (cf. [2, 3]). They are mathematically interesting structures. Brualdi et al. [1] recently introduced the notion of a code on an ordered set. In this paper we consider perfect codes on the ordinal sum of two ordered sets, the standard ordered sets and the disjoint sum of two chains. A chain is an ordered set in which every two elements are comparable and an antichain in which no two elements are comparable. Then we denote by n and n denote the chain and the antichain, respectively, on the set {1, 2, . . . , n}. Let P and Q be two disjoint ordered sets. The disjoint sum P + Q of P and Q is the ordered set on P ∪ Q such that x < y if and only if x, y ∈ P and x < y in P or x, y ∈ Q and x < y in Q, and the ordinal sum P ⊕ Q of P and Q is obtained from P + Q by adding the new relations x < y for all x ∈ P and y ∈ Q. Let Fq be a finite field with q = p (p a prime, d a positive integer). For u = (u1, . . . , un) ∈ Fq , the support of u and the Hamming weight of u are respectively given by Supp(u) = {i : 1 ≤ i ≤ n, ui 6= 0},


P. Maziarz, K. Rejman Changing of agrarian structure as a factor of agricultural transformations in Poland after political transformation The main directions of changes of agrarian structure took place in two stages: in the years 1989-1993 at the time of adaptation of agriculture to the rules of the market economy, the second stage of changes took place in the years 1994-2002 and was connected with taking over farm properties of the former state-owned sector by the Agricultural Property of the State Treasury Agency as well as single entities. Taken actions by the then governments initiated restructuring and modernization of Polish agriculture, initiated transfer of lands – completely controlled by the state – to individual farms, minimizing the participation of the state-owned sector in general area of lands used agriculturally.


As well known,Tianjin is one of the regions of china which is threatened by the regional water scarce. In order to improve the level of industry water saving,this paper analyzed the relationship between gross industrial output value and the industrial water use ( industrial water consumption and industrial water intake) ,and the partiality of industrial structure. Some effective measurements are proposed in view of current problems embedded in the industrial water use,which also has certain significance as reference to the economic development of other water shortage city.


As reported by Newsweek magazine on 4 April 2020 [1], coronavirus has killed over 100 doctors and nurses around the world, nearly half of whom are reported to be in Italy. This report, however, underestimated the size of the problem. To date, 151 doctors and more than 40 nurses have died in Italy from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The report of Italian doctors who died during the COVID-19 outbreak should inform us not to forget https://bit.ly/3cbSbkU


In this note we investigate the following question: given a (finite dimensional) linear time-invariant system and a constant desired value for its output. Assume there is no assignable equilibrium point corresponding to the desired output. Does there exists a (possibly dynamic, nonlinear, time-varying) controller such that the output ultimately enters a prescribed neighborhood of its desired value preserving all internal signals bounded? Our main contribution is the establishment of necessary and sufficient conditions, given in terms of a (computable) bound on the "size" of the neighborhood, for the solution of the problem. Interestingly, there is no connection between this problem and the more familiar concepts of controllability and observability. However, we also prove that if the system has "non-assignable values" for the output then it is non minimum phase.


Rees was born in 1899 in Wales. He was one of eight sons of a Welsh farlllri That he was Welsh and that he had always belonged to a happy family group vve. i characteristics which marked his later career and contributed to the formation of character his friends knew. He qualified from St. Bartholomew's Hospital in y'. and graduated in the University of Wales two years later. His interest in psychi^' had already declared itself, and in the following year he took the D.P.M.


A subspace arrangement defined by intersections of hyperplanes of the braid arrangement can be encoded by an edge colored hypergraph. It turns out that the characteristic polynomial of this type of subspace arrangement is given by a generalized chromatic polynomial of the associated edge colored hypergraph. The main result of this paper supplies a sufficient condition for the existence of non-trivial Massey products of the subspace arrangements complex complement. This is accomplished by studying a spectral sequence associated to the Lie coalgebras of Sinha and Walter.


This work aims at the investigation of the artefacts in EEG-signals caused by Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) of arm muscles. In a first step an "in-vitro" testbed for simulation of the situation in humans has been set up. The simulation of different FESand EEG-electrode conditions revealed that the EEG amplifier impluse response is independent from electrode parameters like size, position or interelectrode distance. In a second step these results have been confirmed in healthy subjects with a low-frequency stimulation of forearm muscles. Finally, a reference artifact signal has been determined and several methods for artefact supression have been tested.


Laemostenus (Antisphodrus) catlosi, sp.nov. from Turkey with remarks on the distribution of some Antisphodrus species in Anatolia (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Sphodrini). Entomol. Probl. 34(1): XX–YY. – Laemostenus (Antisphodrus) catlosi sp.nov. from the Taurus mountains in Turkey is described, illustrated and compared with the related species of the bodemeyeri species-group. Key to the identification of the related species is provided and some comments on the subgenus Antisphodrus are given.


Developing efficient computation of FFT using cyclic convolutions for size the integer power of two is considered. The structures of basis matrices of DFT are presented via the hashing arrays. The interconnection of the structures or hashing arrays of DFT for the sizes the integer powers of two is determined. Proposed left-circulant components of structure are suitable for applying in monolithic single-chip MEMS+ASIC.


Abstract : At present, personnel within the Bradley Fighting Vehicle's troop compartment must use a set of vision blocks (periscopes) while performing close- in local security checks, Forward Observer task, passive air defense, and battlefield reconnaissance prior to dismount. Use of a transparent cargo hatch cover was looked at as a way to enhance combat effectiveness and morale. A prototype was subjected to limited feasibility testing and the results support the conclusion that combat effectiveness is facilitated by the transparent cargo hatch cover. Troop compartment personnel reacted positively to replacement of the present cover with the transparent cargo hatch cover. Recommendations for refining the concept include a two-man bench seat for use with the cover, an interior cover for proper light discipline, and procedures for reducing light reflection to a minimum.


The statements in the report of the sixteenth people's congress make vocational education be in the overall situation of constructing well -to-do society in an all-round way and set forth the developing direction of vocational education .Only when vocational education in new stage stick to the developing di-rection of the whole life,the whole people and high efficiency,can it serve effectively the whole target of constructing well-to-do society in an all-round way.


The paper reports on the statistical aspects of work done on the National Investigation into the Economics of Milk Production in 1965/66. It argues that conclusions draw from the tabulated results of random samples invariably need checking by more rigorous methods. The method of step-wise regression with the introduction of zero-one variables is the principal technique for examining feed input/output relationships and their reflection in economic terms. Five basic dependent variables are considered: yield per cow, stocking density, output per forage acre, utilised starch equivalent per forage acre and margin over feed cost per forage acre. The discussion of the results argues the overwhelming importance of stocking rate in the profitability of milk production and that on many farms concentrates are being used at uneconomic levels. The latter part of the paper considers variation in labour productivity and argues the existence of economies of scale in the use of labour regardless of the system of herd operation.


India takes a big part in family business. Socially and economically both needs are fully controlled and managed by all members of the family. Though it seems very easy but in reality it become difficult when talks about earning more profit, because in family business while taking any decision there is a chance of giving same importance to all members so sometimes it can be against on taking right decision in right time. This study reveals the different livelihood pattern of urban area people in Madurai dist. in terms of family business along with economic transaction. Food sector and shops are the two main sectors as part of this study. Out of total 8 family business including both food and shop sector, 7 are running in profit, but 2nd pretty shop is going in loss because of whatever they earn they just spend it and when they fall in deficit situation without thinking about permanent solution just go for additional livelihood for few days and when again situation become normal they forget everything and dealing life as usual without thinking about future. Another side though other 7 families are running in profit but still more improvement is needed to increase the profit margin and make it sustainable. Taking credit and fulfilling current deficit can't be a permanent solution, what are the ways of using money and managing livelihood is the main key factor of increasing the growth of family business, which can be increased through awareness programme. Another side it can says that family business is a place where people can share their opinion for stretching their business, collaboration and unity among members and work distribution will also be present here that is very much important to keep the house financially and mentally in higher position and along with this family will get enough time for social recreation also which is very much needed to maintain a healthy relationship with society.


The relevance of direct supply-side effects of monetary policy in a New Keynesian DSGE model is studied. We extend a model with several nominal and real frictions by introducing a cost channel of monetary transmission and allowing for non-separability of money and consumption in the utility of the representative household. These fea- tures have important theoretical consequences for the output-inflation trade-off and indeterminacy of interest rate rules. The empirical evidence for these effects are then examined using a Bayesian maximum likelihood framework complemented with GMM single-equation estimation. Both estimation strategies point to weak evidence for the cost channel and non-separable utility.


SUMMARY

Unstaked and late staked yam vines were much more affected with anthracnose disease than those staked during the first 63 days of growth in a susceptible cultivar but not in a resistant one. However, yields of both cultivars were much less on unstaked or late staked yams, probably because unstaked vines suffered from leaf shading and high soil temperatures.


In wind-fed X-ray binaries the accreting matter is Compton-cooled and falls freely on to the compact object. The matter has a modest angular momentum l and accretion is quasi-spherical at large distances from the compact object. Initially small non-radial velocities grow in the converging supersonic flow and become substantial in the vicinity of the accretor. The streamlines with l>(GMR∗)1/2 (where M and R∗ are the mass and radius of the compact object) intersect outside R∗ and form a two-dimensional caustic which emits X-rays. The streamlines with low angular momentum, l<(GMR∗)1/2, run into the accretor. If the accretor is a neutron star, a large X-ray luminosity results. We show that the distribution of accretion rate/luminosity over the star surface is sensitive to the angular momentum distribution of the accreting matter. The apparent luminosity depends on the side from which the star is observed and can change periodically with the orbital phase of the binary. The accretor then appears as a 'Moon-like' X-ray source.


In this paper, we describe the THUEE (Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University) team's method of building language models (LMs) for the OpenKWS 2015 Evaluation held by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Due to the very limited in-domain data provided by NIST, it takes most of our time and efforts to make good use of the out-of-domain data. There are three main steps in our work. Firstly, data cleaning has been done on the out-of-domain data. Secondly, by comparing the cross-entropy difference between the in-domain data and out-of-domain data, a part of the out-of-domain corpus which is well-matched to the in-domain one has been selected as the training corpus. Thirdly, the final n-gram LM is obtained by interpolating individual n-gram LMs according to different training corpus and all the training data is further combined to train one feed-forward neural network LM (FNNLM). In this way, we reduce the perplexity on development test data by 8.3% for n-gram LM and 1.7% for FNNLM, and the Actual Term-Weighted Value (ATWV) of the final result is 0.5391.


The topic of Women's sport has engendered increasing scholarship across differing disciplines in recent years; however, in the philosophy of sport literature, it has not been as abundant as it migh...


The lesson presented here provides a multifaceted inquiry-based opportunity to develop a deep grasp of Archimedes' principle. It was originally developed for high school teachers as part of their training in the basic structure of the Next Generation Science Standards. There are numerous demonstrations illustrating Archimedes' principle, many of which can be found in this journal. (Please see the online appendix for further references from this journal.) However, we have a unique combination of ingredients, i.e., the particular puzzle it addresses and its associated historical context; the biological application; the accessible, hands-on collection and exploration of data; the powerful graphs encouraging physics-based explanations; and the ability to compare with an analytical solution. These materials brought together in one place provide teachers a novel and exceptionally rich recipe to bring to their classrooms.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the turbulent structure of the swirling flows on the particle motions using numerical simulation. In this work, we deal with the swirling turbulent flows in an axially rotating pipe because of focusing on the influence of swirl effect on the particle motions. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of gas-particle turbulent swirling flows in the axially rotating pipe at the Reynolds number 180, based on the friction velocity and the pipe radius, and the rotating ratios 0.25 and 0.3 based on the bulk velocity was performed. Particle motions were treated by a Lagragian method with inter-particle collisions calculated by a deterministic method. In order to investigate the influence of swirl effect on the particle motions in detail, the one-way method in which fluid motion is not affected by particles is adopted. In particular, the effect of the inter-particle collisions on particle motions was carefully investigated because it is considered that particles accumulate near the wall due to the centrifugal force and local particle concentration is very high in the region.Copyright © 2003 by ASME


I'm selling my medical practice to a competitor, and my attorney advised me to make sure that the contract provides that a substantial portion of the purchase price is allocated to practice goodwill.


100. No strength and sensory deficits were detected. Corticospinal signs were absent. Routine blood tests showed only hyperglycaemia. Antinuclear and extractable nuclear antigen antibodies, anti-thyreoglobulin and anti-thyreoperoxidasis, anti-gliadin and anti-endomysium antibodies, thyroid hormones and inflammatory indices resulted negative. Vitamin E dosage was normal. Genetic analysis for the heritable forms of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 17) was normal. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed normal proteins and cells. However, a mild increased IgG index and few oligoclonal bands were detected. CSF and serum virology were also negative. Cytological analysis of CSF was negative. Anti-neuronal antibodies (anti-Hu, anti-Yo, anti-Ri, anti-CV2, anti-Tr, antiamphiphysin) were absent. Increased titres of anti-GAD65-Ab (14.6 U/l; n.v., 1.5 U/l) were detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA) performed 3 months after the onset of symptoms. These titres normalised in a subsequent detection on both the serum and CSF sample, performed during hospitalisation after initiation of steroid treatment. Total body PET and CT scan, and bone scintigraphy did not detect any malignancy. Brain and spine MRI with gadolinium excluded other inflammatory CNS disorders. Neurophysiological examination and magnetic stimulation were normal. The patient was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone (1000 mg/day for 5 consecutive days) followed by oral prednisone 25 mg/day for 2 months. On the second day of steroid treatment, a dramatic clinical improvement was observed, and the ICARS score was 29/ 100. One week after the beginning of treatment, the ICARS score was 22/100, slow gait was possible with a walker, and dysmetria was improved on the finger-to-nose test as well as diadochokinesis and dysarthria. After 40 days of oral prednisone (25 mg/day), the patient showed a further improvement in dysarthria, dysmetria and diadochokinesis. Writing and drawing the Archimedes spiral became normal. Interestingly, the patient showed an impressive improvement in trunk and gait ataxia in the capacity of walking without a walker and maintaining the Romberg position (ICARS score 19/100). A further clinical improvement (ICARS score 7/ 100) was observed 3 months later, when the patient was receiving 12.5 mg of oral prednisone therapy every other day. At this time, steroids were stopped without any change in the patient's clinical condition and at the last follow-up in December 2007. The clinical course in relation to therapy is presented in fig 1.


ITis always an intereating matter to be gble to call attention to the earliest appearance in geological ,time of any phenomenon of nature which is common at the present time. I t is especi,ally imporitrant in ancient pathology to point out the similarity in form of the results of infective processes of ancient times with those of recent epochs. I t is evident that the results of pathologioal proceages have undergone no particular evolutionary change and one untrained in the study of fossil oibjects is able to recognize an example of o~steomyelitis from the Permian if he is acquainted with modern pathology. The present apecimen whilch ~jhows this interesting phase of pathology is a posterior dorsal spine of a reptile of the Dime t rodon type and mas collected in the Red Beds. of Texas by M'r. Paul C. Miller, of the University of Chicago. The spine had been fractured near its^ base in a simple transverse break, the line of which is ati;ll evident, ,and from an ensuing infection a chronic osteomyelitis developed in the shaft of the bone producing a sinus-filled tumefaction which is to-day so characteristic of that condition. This angues for the presence of infective bacteria during the Permian such as have been demonstrated by, the magnificent researches of Renault in the Paleozoic of France. This is the ol'dest vepkbrate f~ossil showing the results of infecti,on which has been seen or described, as it is likewise the oldest example of osteomyelitis. These statements apply only to fossil vertebrates for I have not sufficient knowledge of invertebrate forms to make a sweeping statement covering all fossil forms, but so far as my studies go I have wen no example of bacterial infection during the life of any P~aleozoic form older than the reptile referred t,o above. This of course brings up the question as to the exilstence of a very mild form of pathology during the early geological period's. The entire problem of early pathology is, however, still an open one and hasty conclusions must not be made on ins&cient data. ROYL. NOODIE DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, CHICAGO


Radical product innovation (RI) is an important driver of an organization's performance and sustainable future profits. RI is important yet difficult to achieve, and a variety of disciplines contri...


The author argues that the persuasive process is articulated within a dynamic linking beliefs and emotions. The different possible states of equilibrium balancing these two aspects define a persuasive process as more inherently rational or more inherently rhetorical. This latter, being marked by an immediate emotional participation, functions within a social context of the community type. It is dominated by an aesthetic form of communication, where epistemic belief proceeds out of a conformist adherence to the ethos of the group. Its extreme form is represented by the discourse of propaganda. Linked to the epistemic structure of the rhetorical discourse there corresponds a moral structure of resentment and an authoritarian social structure. Although rational elements and emotional elements still coexist within concrete discourses, the possibility of distinguishing them in terms of autonomous functionalities represents the specific adjunct brought by philosophical reflection to the determination of the epistemic structure of persuasion.


Compact permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) for renewable energy conversion are required for remote areas. In this work, an 18-slot, 8-pole PMSG (18S8P PMSG) was designed and fabricated for small-scale wind turbine energy conversion. Finite element analysis was conducted to assess the magnetic flux density distribution of the 18S8P PMSG prototype. The simulation results showed that most of the magnetic flux values were within 0.4–1.5 T, which was well below the saturation level for 35JN360 material. The magnetic flux intensities of the stator and rotor cores were within the optimal magnetic permeability range of the 35JN360 material. There were seven steps involved in fabricating the 18S8P PMSG prototype: (1) material cutting, (2) burring, (3) stacking, (4) welding, (5) coil winding, (6) configuration wiring, and (7) assembling. The electromagnetic performance results showed that the back electromotive force voltage of the 18S8P PMSG prototype seemed to be proportional to the rotor speed, where KE was 0.52 V·s/rad. The no load torque maximum of 18S8P PMSG is 1.7 N.m at 5000 rpm. The mechanical performance results showed that the highest power output (2500 W) was obtained for the 18S8P PMSG prototype at a rotor speed of 5000 rpm using the 20-Ω load model. The maximum efficiency of this prototype was 85.4%.


A stretched string clamped at both ends and driven transversely at the centre is found to undergo non-linear oscillations. Discontinuities in the amplitude of the vibration are observed as the driving frequency is changed (jump phenomena) and the frequency at which these jumps occur depends markedly on whether the frequency is being increased or decreased (hysteresis). The behaviour is in qualitative agreement with simple theory.


This paper proposes a generic algorithm for k-bit Analog to Digital Conversion. The proposed algorithm is very fast method of conversion of an analog signal into k-bit digital output in a multi-bit parallel fashion. The algorithm employs m stages, each of which is capable of producing bits such that k/m bits are converted at the same time. Thus, this algorithm can be considered a k = n X m conversion method. The algorithm proposed has been tested for a 4-bit current mode ADC implementation. The simulations have been performed in 0.18μm CMOS technology at the supply voltage of 1.8V using P-SPICE.


Scanning tunneling luminescence microscopy (STLM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) are used to study step‐bunched, oxidized 4H‐SiC surfaces prepared using a silicon melt process. The step‐bunched surface consists of atomically smooth terraces parallel to [0001] crystal planes, and rougher risers containing nanoscale steps formed by the termination of these planes. The striking topography of this surface is well resolved with large tip biases around −8 V and set currents less than 1 nA. Hysteresis in the STS spectra is preferentially observed on risers, suggesting that they contain a higher density of surface charge traps than the terraces where hysteresis is more frequently absent. Similarly, intense sub‐gap light emission centered around 2.4 eV is observed mainly on the risers albeit only with larger tunneling currents equal to or greater than 10 nA. The surface‐oxide‐related origin of this emission is reinforced by comparing tunneling electroluminescence spectra on the 4H‐ and 6H‐polytypes, and by the observation of a drastic reduction in emitted intensity after removal of the oxide in buffered HF. These results demonstrate the capability of STLM for the observation of surface impurities and defects responsible for sub‐gap light emission with spatial resolutions approaching the length scale of the defects themselves.


The Civil War influenced virtually every aspect of children's lives, and in turn they eagerly incorporated the experience of war into their daily assumptions and activities. In this new contribution to the American Childhoods series, James A. Marten places the experiences of children living in the North during the Civil War into the larger contexts of economic, political, and cultural developments during the nineteenth century. On the home front, children became almost full-fledged members of their communities in their support of the war effort. They left school to replace absent men on farms and in factories, helped raise funds for hospitals and other soldiers' causes, and volunteered to knit socks, pick lint, and perform other necessary duties. Even as families were torn apart by the war, Mr. Marten notes, family ties grew stronger as Union soldiers filled their letters with love and advice for their children. He shows how the war brought writers for children to challenge the pacifism reflected in antebellum literature and instead to promote controversial political viewpoints such as abolitionism and to support the Union's military action. Indeed, Northern children's lives were militarized as never before, from the toys and games and stories that were overwhelmed by images of warfare and pro-Union ideals to actual military service by under-age soldiers and drummer boys. Both heroes and casualties, drummer boys in fact became potent symbols of the Northern war effort and the subject of countless poems and articles, at least temporarily altering perceptions of proper roles for children and youth in American society. As adults looking back, Northern children saw the war as a great adventure or a turning point in their lives. Some mourned lost fathers or relatives; others mourned lost childhoods. Children for the Union opens a new window on the impact of the war and shows that the youngest Americans were inevitable and enthusiastic participants in the nation's worst crisis. Abundantly illustrated.


[Objective]To investigate the influence of noise on the automobile mill workers, explore the hearing protection measures and screen the key population for protection. [Methods] Analysis was made on the hearing loss of 393 noise-exposed automobile mill workers according to relevant regulations and standards; comparison was made with that of the control. [Results] The detection rate of hearing loss was 35.1% among the workers who were exposed to the noise with an average level of 89.8 dB (A), which was significantly higher than that of the control; the detection rate increased with the length of service; the detection rate of the impulse noise group was 57.1%, which was higher than that of the stable noise group. [Conclusion]The detection rate in this population is quite big; comprehensive measures should be taken for the prevention including managing, individual protection and surveillance; the debugging workers are the key population for protection since they can't wear ear plug at work.


The structural engineering codes dictate the design criteria of the facility. Given that different countries use different parameters to design a facility, different codes are followed. Current code comparison focus on the clauses analysis in the code gives theoretical guideline. When the US facility design team needs to make a decision to follow which code to in China, the current study cannot provide a business decision input. This study evaluates the design process to illustrate when and where the codes will be applied and calculated through a design process where the loading and coefficient factors of different codes are analyzed. Software programs built-in codes are then used to design the structure to obtain the structure result in terms of volume of the concrete and weight of the rebar being calculated. The study also presents a case study and calculates that the United States code uses 8–10% more rebar compared to the Chinese code. The study result can be a reference for the project management team who has to make a business decision over which code to be followed at what cost. The paper also identifies the choice of the seismic coefficient factor has a significant impact on the usage of the rebar and might be justified for the future study.


Although genome sequencing has helped scientists reveal proteins wreaking havoc in our bodies, that doesn't guarantee scientists can design drugs to fix them. Depending on whom you talk to, up to 85% of the human proteome is currently "undruggable." These proteins—such as KRas, shown here in gray—lack easy-to-find pockets where therapeutics, such as small molecules, can bind. But a wave of biotech companies, each one armed with new technology, has arrived to tackle the problem. In this month's Stereo Chemistry podcast episode, industry and academic scientists explain why they think the business and scientific environment is ripe for finally overcoming the most elusive drug targets. Listen to the full episode at cenm.ag/undruggable.


Black carbon (BC) particles were removed from experimental flue gas by the surfactant solutions of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether-9 (AEO-9) and polyoxy ethrlene nonyl phinyl ether-10 (TX-10), as well as AEO-9-SDBS, AEO-9-CTAB and SDBS-CTAB, in a new type of umbrella plate scrubber. Among the four independent surfactants, AEO-9 has the lowest surface tension, 35.9 mN/m, which resulted in the highest BC removal ratio among the alone surfactants. The experimental conditions were as follows: dust concentration=3000 mg/ m 3; gas velocity=14 m/ s; liquid-gas ratio=0.80 l/ m 3; and gas flow=400 m 3/h. When the mole ratio of the mixed surfactants was 1:1, the lowest surface tension could be detected among the studied mixed surfactants. According to the molecular interaction parameters (β) and the mole ratio of surfactant 1 in the mixture (x 1), the synergistic effects of AEO-9-SDBS and SDBS-CTAB solutions were obviously higher than those of AEO-9-TX-10 and AEO-9-CTAB. Therefore, AEO-9-SDBS solution had the lowest surface tension among the mixtures due to its β<0 and x 1=0.85. The mixture solution of AEO-9-SDBS (1:1 mole ratio, 0.2 mmol/l) yielded the highest BC removal ratio, about 99.8%, and it was about 12% higher than that of only water, which was about 87.9%. The calculated critical micelle concentration was almost the same as that of the experimental concentration when the related equation was corrected by β.


We consider the steady-state equations for a compressible fluid. For low-speed flow, the system is stiff because the ratio of the convective speed to the speed of sound is quite small. To overcome this difficulty, we alter the time evolution of the equations but retain the same steady-state analytic equations. To achieve high numerical resolution, we also alter the artificial viscosity of the numerical scheme, which is implemented conveniently by using other sets of variables in addition to the conservative variables. We investigate the effect of the artificial dissipation within this preconditioned system. We consider both the nonconservative and conservative formulations for artificial viscosity and examine their effect on the accuracy and convergence of the numerical solutions. The numerical results for viscous three-dimensional wing flows and two-dimensional multi-element airfoil flows indicate that efficient multigrid computations of flows with arbitrarily low Mach numbers are now possible with only minor modifications to existing compressible Navier-Stokes codes. The conservative formulation for artificial viscosity, coupled with the preconditioning, offers a viable computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool for analyzing problems that contain both incompressible and compressible flow regimes. "This research was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under NASA Contract No. NAS1-19480 while the first author was in residence at the Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering (ICASE), NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-0001.


This paper traces the conceptual history of hebephrenia from the late nineteenth century until it became firmly embedded into modern psychiatric classification systems. During this examination of the origins and the historical context of hebephrenia it will be demonstrated how it became inextricably linked with twentieth-century notions of schizophrenia. The first detailed description of hebephrenia in 1871 by Ewald Hecker, then a virtually unknown German psychiatrist, created a furore in the psychiatric establishment. Within a decade hebephrenia was a firmly embedded concept of adolescent insanity. Daraszkiewicz, Kraepelin's brilliant assistant in Dorpat, broadened Hecker's concept of hebephrenia by including severe forms. This paved the way for Kraepelin to incorporate it together with catatonia as a subtype of dementia praecox. We recognize Hecker's hebephrenia in DSM-IV as schizophrenia, disorganized type. Although DSM-5 will probably abolish subtypes of schizophrenia, characteristic features of hebephrenia will be found within the proposed domains of disorganization, restricted emotional expression and avolition.


Our patient was a Caucasian female infant weighing 1.54 kg, born at 30 and 6/7 weeks of gestation age to a 27-year-old G 2 P 1 mother via primary cesarean section. Pregnancy was complicated by a poor biophysical profile of 4/8, fetal tachycardia with some variable decelerations, and poor fetal movement. Rupture of membranes was at delivery with meconium-stained amniotic fluid present. The infant was vigorous at delivery with APGAR scores of 8 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes. The patient was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) on room air for prematurity. Maternal history was significant for Graves' disease, treated with total thyroidectomy in August 2008. Her postoperative course included a 4-day ICU hospitalization for thyroid storm, treated with methimazole and propanolol. She was placed on 100 μg of levothyroxine daily after the surgery and remained on this dose throughout pregnancy. During pregnancy, the mother was euthyroid; however, her thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) were never checked.


Pharmacological studies with N-methyl-N'-(4-chlorobenzhydryl) piperazine dihydrochloride (Compound No. 47-282), Chlorcyclizine, revealed the following:

1. Chlorcyclizine showed marked activity against the spasmogenic action of histamine on isolated tracheal and intestinal musculature. To a lesser degree, it inhibited the contractions produced by acetylcholine and barium.

2. When given orally, in relatively small doses, Chlorcyclizine prevented or reduced for over 23 hours the severity of bronchoconstriction following exposure of guinea pigs to an atmosphere of nebulized histamine.

3. The depressor effects of small doses of histamine and acetylcholine were decreased by intravenous administration of Chiorcyclizine in dogs. At the same time, the pressor effect of epinephrine was enhanced.

4. The local anesthetic action of Chiorcyclizine when injected intradermally in guinea pigs was found to be comparable to that of diphenhydramine (Benadryl).

5. Unlike Benadryl, Chlorcyclizine failed to produce mydriasis when instilled in the rabbit's eye.

6. Acute toxicity in mice and chronic toxicity in rats and dogs revealed that Chlorcyclizine is a relatively non-toxic drug, compared to doses found to be effective in humans.


Disaccharides and sugar alcohols have the ability to protect some organisms against low temperatures. In order to clarify the cryoprotective mechanism of these sugars, we have investigated the interactions of these sugars with phospholipids which are main component of biomembranes. For this purpose, simultaneous calorimetry/x-ray diffraction measurement and neutron solution scattering contrast variation method were used to study the structures and phase behavior of dihexadecyphosphatidylcholine (DHPC) in trehalose solution and the micelle structure of dihexanolyphosphatiodylcholine (dC(6)PC) in sorbitol solution, respectively. Following results were obtained : (1) Trehalose destabilizes the interdigitated gel phase structure of DHPC membranes and then the normal gel phase structure is formed in a trehalose solution with more than 1.2 M concentration. (2) As compared with dC(6)PC micelles in pure water, the aggregation number for the dC (6) PC micelles in 2.0 M sorbitol solution increases and on the other hand, the volume of per a single molecule in the micelle decreases. These results show that trehalose and sorbitol reduce the contact area between the lipid and aqueous phase. On the basis of this conclusion, we discuss the role of disaccharides and sugar alcohols for the ability of some organisms to survive at low temperatures.


Legumes developed symbiotic associations with rhizobia to meet its nitrogen requirement. The nitrogen fixation takes place in root nodules which involves bacterial colonization, organogenesis and nitrogen fixation. One microRNA and four parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE) libraries were sequenced to unravel the miRNA mediated regulation of symbiosis in chickpea. Sequencing of microRNA library identified a set of 91 miRNAs comprising of 84 conserved and 7 novel miRNAs. Additionally, PARE library analysis revealed 564 genes being targeted by 85 miRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis of the precursor sequences of the 91 miRNAs clearly indicated a clustering of two distinct miRNAs in the same clade representing a close ancestral precursor. Further, biogenesis of miRNAs was predicted using the miRNAs identified from different legume genomes. The miRNA reads from the nodule library were also mapped onto bacterial genomes from which bacterial small RNA were predicted. The antagonistic expression of some of the miRNA-target pairs was investigated and the negative co-related expression profiling proved the validity of the libraries and the miRNA-target pairs. Four miRNAs were selected based on the antagonistic expression profiling and were ectopically expressed in chickpea roots by hairy root transformation. The overexpression lines showed significant change in nodule numbers. The target of miR171f (NRK), miR394 (HP) and miR1509 (AK) are novel ones being reported for the first time. This analysis opens a wide arena for investigation of the novel miRNAs and target pairs, polycistronic miRNAs and the bacterial derived smRNAs predicted in this study.


In 2009, in response to the Youth Crime Action Plan1
, the YJB commenced working with
stakeholders to develop two regionally led consortia pilots: one in the North West and one
in the South West of England. The overarching aims of the consortia were to develop
positive links between the secure estate, youth offending teams (YOTs) and local authorities
in order to improve resettlement outcomes for young people released from custody.
Children's services and housing were identified as key local authority departments to
engage with, and improving the provision of, and access to both mainstream and specialist
services was a prime aim. Funded for two years, the resettlement consortia were
envisaged as being critical to the delivery of the YJB target to reduce reoffending by children
and young people2
. For the North West, the project was designed to target young people
from Manchester, Rochdale, Wigan or Stockport local authority areas sentenced to a
Detention and Training Order (DTO) at HMYOI Hindley.


As a result of the development and improvement in communications and information technology, and the need to monitor specific fields, wireless sensing nodes appeared. It is low-cost, multi-purpose, small in size, but also low-power. In wireless sensor networks, the most significant points worth exploring are how to increase the lifetime of the network. Several routing protocols have been proposed such as those based on homogeneity and heterogeneity, or that rely on a hierarchical or hybrid approach, etc. As it is possible to rely on routing protocols to determine the best communication path among the transmitter and the receiver in general, therefore it is considered better for low energy and increased network lifetime. In this research, we aim is to discuss several of the routing protocols and their merits and misfortunes.


Remote sensing image object detection is a challenging task owing to high resolution, dense distribution of small objects, and rotating objects at any angle. In this study, aiming to improve the performance of remote sensing image object detection, we propose a lightweight remote sensing rotating object detection model based on YOLOv5. To solve the problem of detecting rotating objects at any angle, we transform the angle regression problem into a classification problem, making the model predict one more angle information, which is used to rotate the horizontal bounding box to enclose the rotating objects at any angle. Aiming at the dense distribution of small objects in remote sensing images, we improve the detection layer structure of the model and add a object detection scale to pay more attention to small objects. Moreover, we also replace the BottleneckCSP module in the YOLOv5 Backbone network with the GhostBottleneck module to reduce the amount of model parameters and lighten the model. We conducted experiments on the public dataset DOTA. Experimental results show that our proposed model has achieved good detection results and the model size is only 13.4M, which can be effectively used for remote sensing object detection and can be easily deployed to the corresponding platform.


* Dept. of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Pukyong Nat'l Univ. (Received June 5, 2014 ; Revised July 8, 2014 ; Accepted July 9, 2014)Key Words: Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance(피로균열전파저항), Friction Stir Welding(마찰교반용접), Initial Crack Location(초기균열위치), Spatial Randomness(공간적 불규칙성)초록: 본 연구에서는 마찰교반용접된 AA7075-T651 판재의 피로균열전파저항의 공간적 불규칙성에 미치는 초기균열위치의 영향에 대하여 고찰되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 3가지 다른 초기균열위치에 따른 피로균열전파저항의 통계적 성질을 특성화하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 피로균열전파저항 계수를 하나의 확률과정으로 취급하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 모든 초기균열위치의 시험편에 대한 피로균열전파저항 계수는 2-파라메터 Weibull 분포에 잘 따름을 알 수 있었다. 피로균열전파저항 계수의 확률분포의 형상 파라메터는 BM-ICL 시험편이 7.50으로 가장 크게 나타났으며, WM-ICL 시험편이 2.61로 가장 낮았다. 또한 피로균열전파저항 계수의 자기상관함수는 초기균열위치 시험편에 관계없이 모두 지수함수로 평가될 수 있음을 알았다.Abstract: In the present paper, the effects of initial crack location on spatial randomness of fatigue crack growth resistance (FCGR) in friction stir welded (FSWed) AA7075-T651 plates were studied. The objective of this study is to characterize the statistical properties of FCGR for three different types of initial crack location (ICL) specimens. In this work, the FCGR coefficients were treated as a spatial random process. It was found that the FCGR coefficients for all initial crack location specimens closely followed a two parameter Weibull distribution. The shape parameter of the Weibull distribution for BM-ICL specimens showed the largest value of 7.50, and that for the WM-ICL specimens showed the smallest value of 2.61. In addition, the autocorrelation functions for all the ICL specimens followed the exponential function.


Words, Words, Words: Meanings, Meanings, Meanings! How many times have you heard someone, during a dis pute over the meaning of a word, say, "Oh, it's just a matter of semantics"? It is indeed a matter of semantics whenever meanings are in dispute. Semantics is the science of mean ing in language forms and is a primary focus in the discipline of linguistics. Using words that convey intended meanings about ideas facilitates understanding. Understandings arise as ideas are integrated with personal knowledge and beliefs; thus, it is al ways important to convey accurately and clearly what is in tended. Accuracy and clarity are essential to the conveyance of meanings and are fostered by using words as they are de fined in a dictionary or defined within a discipline-specific theoretical perspective. For example, in nursing, faculty members often use the term clinical as an adjective modifying practice when referring to student placements for their experiences with the nurse-person process and with healthcare systems. It is also used as an adjective modifying research. But the term clinical is used correctly only when the student placement or the research is in a hospital or clinic setting focusing on illness-related events and when the medical model is the overarching discipline. This is in keeping with the Greek origin of the word, which means pertaining to the sickbed (Oxford English Dictionary Online , 2002), and the various other dictionary definitions of the term clinical, such as pertaining to a clinic, at the bedside, used in a sickroom, re lated to patient treatment, and diagnosis of disease. The term is used incorrectly as an umbrella term to cover all nurse-person, nursing system, and researcher-participant experiences. Thus, when students are offering services in homes, high-rise apartments, wellness centers, and other community venues where the focus is on health, and when research focuses on health and quality of life, the term clinical as an adjective modifying practice and research does not convey clear and ac curate meaning. Another term requiring accurate and clear usage to pre serve meaning is healing. Nursing is often referred to as a healing profession. The root of the word means to make whole (Oxford English Dictionary Online , 2002). Various dictionary definitions of healing are repairing, fixing, re deeming, and recuperating, among other fix-it terms. Thus, healing and all of its defining words connote and denote that something needs to be made whole, fixed, or repaired. How ever, nursing is not a fix-it discipline. Nursing's primary focus is on health, and most nursing frameworks and theories em phasize prevention with essentially well families. Thus, to call nursing a healing profession is too narrow a view. A term similar to healing is therapeutic. The nursing litera ture is rife with instructions on how to develop therapeutic rela tionships. Yet the Greek origin of the term therapeutic means to treat medically ( Oxford EnglishDictionaryOnline , 2002), and the word has various other general and medical dictionary defi nitions such as remedial, curative, restorative, and diseasefighting. Is it clear and accurate, then, to use the term therapeu tic when referring to the nurse-person relationship? Another term that requires accurate and clear usage to pre serve meaning is empowerment, which means to enable to do something, to supply with power, or to invest with power ( OxfordEnglishDictionaryOnline , 2002). In nursing, this term is often used in reference to intervening to empower people in r lation to their health. Is it possible to invest people with power? The answer to this question depends on beliefs about humans and the human-universe process. Nursing frameworks and theories of the totality paradigm may support the idea that nurses can empower people, but, from the simultaneity paradigm, power is an inherently human quality. Thus, from this view, nurses cannot empower people. The words clinical, healing, therapeutic, and empowerment are ubiquitous in the nursing literature and are often used without concern for their true meaning. These are only a few of the many words in nursing parlance that require accu rate and clear usage to convey intended meanings. Oh, yes, it is definitely a matter of semantics! This is a clarion call for nurses, nurse faculty, nurse admin i trators, students of nursing, and others to use words accu rately and clearly to convey intended meanings in order to foster understanding in nursing's disciplinary discourse.


This paper draws on a qualitative study of second language (L2) classrooms to provide a comparative analysis of five teachers' practices in teaching grammar and of the rationales underlying the teachers' instructional decisions during
such work. The database for the study consisted of 75 hours of classroom observation and 15 hours of interviews. The analysis presented here highlights the range of decisions teachers are faced with in L2 grammar teaching and
sheds light on the personal understandings of L2 learning and teaching which influence how teachers make these decisions.