Irregular electrochemical current fluctuations on metals with protective oxide films, such as iron, aluminum, and stainless steel, can occur due to stochastic events associated with initiation, growth, or passivation of corrosion pits. In recent years, this electrochemical noise has been extensively studied on a number of metal and alloy systems. On stainless steel, transient bursts of current in chloride solutions have been shown to be caused by the growth and passivation of very small metastable pits at sulfide inclusions. 1,2 In addition, current bursts in chloride-free solutions have been related to the dissolution of sulfide inclusions. 3 The frequency of metastable pitting events is believed to be influenced by the passive current density 1 or surface oxide film thickness, 2 suggesting a possible relationship between pit initiation and film characteristics. Similar current fluctuations as those on steel can also be found on pure metals, but in the absence of heterogeneities such as inclusions, it has been difficult to ascribe them to features of the film or metal surface. Heusler and co-workers employed spectral analysis to study current noise on iron, both in the presence and absence of chloride ions. 4-6 The addition of chloride ions to the solution produced current fluctuations of magnitude 10-100 pA during the induction period prior to pit formation. With no chloride ions, they showed that the electrochemical noise spectrum was well described by a voltage noise source in series with the oxide film impedance, whose spectral density had a 1/f 2 dependence on frequency below about 10 Hz. The series relationship of the noise source and film impedance implied that the noise was associated with processes at the metal/film or film/ solution interface. Current bursts on pure aluminum have been found in chloride solutions at potentials within a range 100-200 mV cathodic of the pitting potential. 7-9 Typical current bursts were tens of nanoamperes in magnitude and 0.1-1 s duration. Pride et al., 9 through microscopic ob


Abstract :A photosensitive amphiphilic copolymer P(St/VM- co -MA) was synthesized from styrene (St), astyrene-containing photosensitive monomer 7-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)-4-methyl coumarin (VM), and maleicanhydride (MA) by free radical copolymerization. P(St/VM- co -MA) self-assembled into colloid particles inthe selective solvent N , N -dimethylformamide (DMF)/H 2 O. The morphologies, sizes, and size distributionsof the colloid particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic laserscattering (DLS). The P(St/VM- co -MA) colloid particles were photo-crosslinked by the photodimerization ofthe coumarin groups under UV irradiation to form crosslinked colloid particles. The crosslinking processwas monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The sizes and stabilities of the crosslinked and non-crosslinkedcolloid particles were examined by DLS. Additionally, the emulsification and encapsulation of the colloidparticles were studied by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and optical microscopy. The resultsshowed that both the crosslinked and non-crosslinked colloid particles possessed emulsifying properties.During emulsification the oil-soluble dye was encapsulated into the emulsion. When the colloid particleswere crosslinked, they became smaller and their structural stability as well as emulsification andencapsulation were improved.


2.1 The vessel geometry The most commonly adopted geometry of a stirred gas-liquid contactor is an upright cylinder, which may have a flat bottom and open top in most mixing laboratory scale vessels, it normally has hemi-elliptical end plates at both ends in plant scale vessels to meet process and structure requirement as process equipment. In mixing studies, the standard configuration as shown in Fig. 2.1-1 has been widely adopted because that a great number of empirical correlations are available to estimate its hydrodynamics as well as other transport characteristics.


IN ANOTHER paper' the line of thought has been taken that sociological research in the field of "community" might be pursued with greater fruitfulness if the concept, community, were clearly distinguished from the concept, local society, and if the research were related to ongoing processes of action and their analysis rather than primarily to the delineation of structure.2 While "local society" would embrace all social phenomena in a particular area, "community" was conceived as more or less the policy-deciding, selfor identity-maintaining social system of families residing in a particular area which confronts collectively problems arising from the sharing of the area. And it was suggested that such a system could not simply be assumed to exist wherever such clusters of families in particular places were to be found but was problematic, and consequently its occurrence could be conceived as a variable and not as an attribute. To develop some manageable and meaningful unit of research in community and to focus greater attention upon action analysis as a tool for developing better community theory, we suggested that an effort to specify the character of community actions was in order. If the policy-deciding and identity-maintaining social system of a local society is "community," then those actions related to these processes constitute community actions. From this standpoint it is obvious that most behaviors or actions of people within a local area do not constitute "community" actions. Our need then is to suggest the criteria according to which actions could be classified as "community" or "noncommunity" in type.3 This paper seeks to do this by developing a system of three differentially weighted frameworks of cross-classified dichotomized elements based upon certain assumptions about the character of "community." Combining these frameworks, a system for scoring any given action is derived, and this then is shown graphically on a three-dimensional model for further clarity of the constituency of the elements. Finally, some suggestions about the use of this conceptual scheme in research on sociology of the community is presented. The main assumptions upon which the following conceptual scheme is based are the following: (1) Since the characteristic particularly unique to community as a social system is the localityorientation of the action patterns, the primary or most important quality of community action in contrast to noncommunity action is a high degree of usage of the locality as a datum in the action.4 * An earlier version of this paper was read at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Chicago, Illinois, September 1959. 1 Willis A. Sutton, Jr. and Jiri Kolaja, The Concept of Community (to be published in Rural Sociology). While the work on both papers was in progress, Harold F. Kaufman developed a paper whose content converges with our line of thought. See his "Toward an Interactional Conception of Community," Social Forces, 38 (October 1959), pp. 8-17. 2 Albert J. Reiss, Jr., "A Review and Evaluation of Research on Community," a Working Memorandum Prepared for the Committee on Social Behavior of the Social Science Research Council, Mimeographed, Nashville, Tenn., 1954; Albert J. Reiss, Jr., "The Sociological Study of Communities" Rural Sociology, 24 (June 1959), pp. 118-130; Selz Mayo and James W. Green, "A Framework for Research in the Actions of Community Groups," Social Forces, 31 (May 1953), pp. 320-237. Jessie Bernard, "Some Psychological Aspects of Community Study: Some Areas Comparatively Neglected by American Sociologists," British Journal of Sociology, 11 (March 1951), pp. 12-30; Marion Pearsall and Solon T. Kimball, "Event Analysis as an Approach to Community Study," Social Forces, 34 (October 1955), pp. 58-63; and Norton E. Long, "The Local Community as an Ecology of Games," American Journal of Sociology, 64 (November 1958), pp. 251-262. 3 In the other paper, we suggested that social actions might be classified along an assumed continuum of degrees of "communityness." We sought there, by means of four sets of dichotomies arranged in a table of cross-classification, to suggest the direction in which we might develop certain means-approximately operational-of distinguishing "community" from "noncommunity" actions. 4See E. T. Hiller, "The Community as a Social Group," American Sociological Review, 6 (April 1941), pp. 189-202; Reiss, "The Sociological Study of Communities," loc. cit.; George A. Hillery, Jr., "Definitions of Community: Areas of Agreement," Rural Sociology, 20 (June 1955), pp. 111-124.


A szA'lA'-bor vertikum termelA©si oldalAin jelentA's koncentrAiciA³s folyamatok kez¬dA'dtek. A koncentrAiciA³ egyik motorja a befektetA'k, akik az 1980-as A©vektA'l jelentek meg nagy szAimban az Aigazatban. StratA©giAijukat alapvetA'en az alapanyaghoz valA³ hozzAifA©rA©s, a terjeszkedA©si lehetA'sA©g, a mAirkaA©pAtA©s A©s a disztribAociA³s csatornAikhoz valA³ hozzAifA©rA©s hatAirozza meg. MagyarorszAigon a koncentrAiciA³s folyamatokat a jogi-gazdasAigi kA¶rnyezet erA'sen befolyAisolta. ------------------------------------- Significant concentration processes have begun in the production side of the grape and wine business. These are in part driven by the investors who appeared in large numbers in this field after the eighties. Their strategy is basically determined by their access to raw materials, potential for growth, brand building and access to distribution channels. The consolidation processes in Hungary were strongly influenced by the legal and economic environment.


More than 120 countries use the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the International Accounting Standards (IAS). The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU obliges Ukraine to consider European convergence of accounting and reporting. Since 2012 for some entities the use of IFRS has been compulsory, but for others – voluntary. This trend coincides with the imperative necessity of the consumer cooperation of Ukraine to reform its multilevel informational system as a key component of its effective management and successful implementation of controlling. It is proposed to start reforming with the introduction of IFRS and IAS. Consumer cooperation represents cooperative sector of Ukrainian economy and is included into different international and European cooperative associations. With its historic mission to meet the needs of its members, socio-economic and cultural development of rural areas, in terms of the crisis it faces the serious problem of the systemic reforming under existing conditions through the innovative development and use of experience of economically developed countries, especially the EU.


Fecal contaminations on poultry carcasses, not easily discemable by human eyes, are potential harbor sites of pathogenic Escherichia Coli (E. coli O157:H7). Development of sensitive detection methods for fecal contamination is essential to ensure safe production of poultry products. Fluorescence has been shown to be very sensitive in detecting fecal and other biological substances that can harbor pathogens. In this study, fluorescence excitation-emission spectra of poultry fecal matter were compared with spectra for poultry skin and meat. Results indicated that the combinations of fluorescence intensities at the wavelength of 520 nm, 579 nm, 625 nm, and 635 nm with 411 nm excitation showed above 97% accuracy for differentiation of the contaminants from poultry tissues. Excitation and emission bands determined could be used for constructing a real-time fluorescence imaging device for detection of harmful residues on poultry carcasses.


Commonly Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises" is deemed to be the magnum opus of "the Lost Generation".But actually Remarque's "The West Line Has No War" shows representation more than it.Because the latter expresses the two themes of "The Lost Generation" which is perplexed mood and war-weariness more brightly and profoundly than the former."The West Line Has No War" has shown not only the young soldier's perplexed mood deeply but also the dynamic forming process of it.Besides,the novel also analyzed the young men's perplexed mood's reason in depth by catching the factor of age.In addition,the work has announced deeply the imperialism war's unreasonableness by describing the cruelty scenes in the battlefields with the way of naturalism and from a lot of other angles such as the instinct grown of people and position of humanitarianism,having expressed the extreme war-weariness.In this paper,we will also analyze the reasons of this phenomenon.


The U.S. federal budget deficits averaged about 1 percent of GNP in the 1960s, about 2 percent of GNP in the 1970s, and then rose to a peak of 5.5 percent of GNP in the four bad years of fiscal 1983 to fiscal 1986. By fiscal 1989, they had fallen back to 2.9 percent of GNP, and under present legislation they are now projected to drop to about 1.5 percent of GNP by 1994. When deficits were at their peak, before the start of the budget bargain for fiscal 1987 (the first budget to show any sizeable deficit reduction), the country passed the GrammRudman-Hollings (GRH) deficit control law. This law has been revised and amended over time, but it is still operating in roughly its initial form. Superficially, the numbers given above suggest that it must be working pretty well. Moreover, in many ways GRH was written to respond to the standard criticisms of deficit constraint legislation: it did not call for abrupt cuts in deficits but rather gradual declines, it was legislative and flexible rather than constitutional and rigid. Yet just as the country is on the verge of finally getting its deficits under control, the legislation is coming under vicious attack, including even that of one of its sponsors, Senator Hollings. Why should such an apparently successful piece of legislation be so widely scorned? In this paper I take on this question. I first illustrate how GRH was intended to operate with a simple indifference curve model, and use this model to see what kinds of changes should have occurred in budget bargains and spending patterns. Then I look for these changes by comparing numbers from the pre-GRH era (1983-86) with those from the post-GRH era (1987-89). I also identify other sources of improvement in budgetary position from the earlier to the later period. This numerical comparison suggests that the direct effects of GRH played a very minor role in the improvement in the U.S. budgetary position, though it seems likely that difficult to evaluate indirect effects were much more significant.


We study the formation of femtosecond filaments in an amplifying medium (Ti:Sa). Subthreshold onset of filamentation as well as flux amplification without fragmentation is observed, in good agreement with simulations.


In this paper we have shown that the presence of fluorine in a polysilicon emitter bipolar transistor can result in several important benefits. We have shown that in devices where the emitter/base junction depth is very shallow, the presence of fluorine results in an improved base current ideality factor, in both npn and pnp polysilicon emitters. For example, in npn polysilicon emitters given an emitter drive-in of 10 seconds at 1025°C, an improvement in ideality factor from 1.19 without a fluorine implant to 1.03 with a fluorine implant. Further, in the similarly treated pnp polysilicon emitters, a reduction in base current for all values of VBE was observed, by at least a factor of 2. In contrast, in devices where the emitter/base junction depth was not as shallow, a reduction in emitter resistance was observed. For example, in npn polysilicon emitter devices given an emitter drive-in of 60 minutes at 900°C, a drop in interfacial resistivity from 23.5 Ωμm2 for unimplanted devices to 12.5 Ωμm2 for fluorine implanted devices. This drop in emitter resistance is consistent with enhanced break up of the interfacial oxide layer. (5 pages)


In a crisp commitment schemes, a commitment must be opened using a unique opening key. However in such schemes, there could be many instances where the transmission medium or channel is corrupted by some kind of communication (transmission) noise. In this paper, we proposed a new scheme that enables the injection of fuzziness property to current ordinary crisp commitment scheme. In this way, the uncertainty occurring due to the noise presence is mitigated. It is a known fact that this kind of uncertainty naturally leads to the introduction of a fuzziness dimension to the commitment problem at hand. The security characteristic of our scheme relies on any cryptographic assumption unlike the fuzzy commitment scheme in the literature, which is based on hash function and should be strongly collision-free for the scheme to be secure.


Objective
To investigate the relationship between clinical efficacy and cage subsidence, and to identify the risk factors of cage subsidence after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) in treating single level lumbar disc herniation and lumbar spondylolisthesis.

Methods
According to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, a series of 107 patients who underwent TLIF with polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage in our department were evaluated retrospectively between May 2011 and May 2014. Intervertebral space height and segmental angle were measured on the preoperative and postoperative iconography according to the metrical software. All patients were divided into cage subsidence group (cage subsidence ≥ 2 mm) and cage non-subsidence group (cage subsidence<2 mm) based on the threshold value of intervertebral space height via X-ray. The Oswestry disability index (ODI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the clinical efficacy. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the potential risk factors.

Results
Of all 107 patients, thirty-six patients (15 males and 21 females) aged 52.61±13.82 years were divided into in the cage subsidence group with an average follow-up duration 26.33±7.66 months, seventy-one patients aged 53.80±14.94 years, 28 males and 43 females in the cage non-subsidence group, were followed-up for 23.82±8.95 months. There was no significant difference between cage subsidence group and cage non-subsidence group in gender, age, course of disease and time of follow-up (P>0.05). The average 2.79±0.78 mm (range 2.02-5.53 mm) subsidence was observed in cage subsidence group. The preoperative intervertebral space height, postoperative intervertebral space height, postoperative segmental angle were related to cage subsidence by univariate analysis (P 0.05).

Conclusion
Cage subsidence is affected by the preoperative intervertebral space height, postoperative intervertebral space height, and postoperative segmental angle. Postoperative intervertebral space height is the independent risk factor of cage subsidence. Over distraction of intervertebral space height could increase the risk of cage subsidence.

Key words:
Spinal fusion; Postoperative complications; Risk factors


The United States is currently experiencing an epidemic of opioid abuse. This article discusses the history of opioid use for pain management and how epidemiologic data demonstrate a convincing degree of association between the increasing rate of opioid prescriptions and the increasing rate of adverse effects, aberrant use, and unintentional death from opioids. There is a clear but not complete overlap between prescription opioid abuse and heroin use. Regardless of drug of choice, abusers of opioids are at great risk of harm. There have been increasing legislative


An intrusion detection method using rough-fuzzy set and parallel quantum genetic algorithm (RFS-QGAID) is proposed in this paper. The RFS-QGAID is applied to solve the serious problems of determining the optimal antibodies subsets used to detect an anomaly. To obtain a simplified antibodies collection for high dimensional Log data sets, RFS is applied to delete the redundant antibody features and obtain the optimal antibodies features combination. Then, the optimal attitudes are entered into the QGA classifier for learning and training in the following stage. At last, the detected Log antigens are fed into RFS-QGAID, and we can classify the intrusion types. With RFS-QGAID, we give the simulations, the results on real Log data sets show that: the higher detection accuracy of RFS-QGAID is higher detection accuracy, but the false negative rate is lower for small samples sets, the adaptive performance is higher than other detection algorithms.


Objective Thromogenic gene mutations has been thought to be associated with recurrent pregnancy loss in women in Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of thromogenic gene mutations such as factor V Leiden (FVL, G1691T), prothrombin (G20210A), and the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR, C677T) mutation in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Methods This descriptive study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Harran University School of Medicine, and included a total of 1,507 women with histories of recurrent pregnancy loss between January 2010 and June 2013. The mutations were assessed by using the polymerase chain reaction. Results The homozygous mutation frequencies of FVL, prothrombin, and MTHFR were found to be 3 (0.20%), 0 and 125 (8.29%), and the heterozygous mutation frequencies were 83 (5.51%), 61 (4.05%), and 612 (40.61%), respectively. Among the 86 FVL mutation patients, 38 also had accompanying prothrombin and MTHFR mutations. Conclusion Since the homozygous forms of the FVL-prothrombin gene mutations have low incidences and MTHFR mutation is similar to a healthy population, preconceptional thromogenic gene mutations screening seems to be controversial.


Antigenic variation in clones of Paramecium aurelia was studied in 61 combinations of 27 different clones and 24 different antisera. It was found that serum-insensitive variants in serum-sensitive clones could give rise to clones of greater, lesser or the same sensitivity of the original parent clone. One new clone of greater serum-sensitivity than its original parent clone was established by continued selection of serum-sensitive individual paramecia in successive clones. This clone showed from time to time some variation in sensitivity to antiserum for its original parent clone but was found to be usually of higher, and never lower, sensitivity than the parent clone in tests done over a period of one year. Nine serum-insensitive clones were derived by continued selection of insensitive members from 7 different parent clones. Two of these regained full sensitivity to antiserum for their original parent clones in 3 months; 2 remained serum-insensitive for a period of 9 months, but reverted to almost the full sensitivity of the original parent clone toward the close of the 13-month period of examination; 5 remained serum-insensitive throughout the periods of their examination which lasted from 15 to 17 months. A single clone grown in antiserum of less than lethal concentration failed to show much variation in sensitivity to the serum. These results are discussed in relation to morphologic phenomena involving nuclear change in paramecia and in relation to the occurrence of antigenic variants in pure cultures of flagellated bacteria.


Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is a powerful technique for trace element determination in rocks. Nine alabaster samples were collected from Wadi El-Nakhil located at the intersection of lat. 26°10′50′′N and long. 34°03′40′′E, central Eastern Desert, Egypt, for investigation by INAA and Energy Depressive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). The samples were irradiated by thermal neutrons at the TRIGA Mainz research reactor at a neutron flux of 7 × 1011 n/cm2·s. Twenty-two elements were determined, namely, As, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Sc, Fe, Hf, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, U, Zn, Zr, Lu, Ce, Sm, La, Yb, and Eu. The chemical analysis of alabaster indicated having high contents of CaO and MgO and LOI and low contents of SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, K2O, MnO, and Fe2O3.


Advanced textiles made of macroscopic fibers are usually prepared from synthetic fibers, which have changed lives over the past century. The shortage of petrochemical resources, however, greatly limits the development of the textile industry. Here, a facile top‐down approach for fabricating macroscopic wood fibers for textile applications (wood‐textile fibers) comprising aligned cellulose nanofibers directly from natural wood via delignification and subsequent twisting is demonstrated. Inherently aligned cellulose nanofibers are well retained, while the microchannels in the delignified wood are squeezed and totally removed by twisting, resulting in a dense structure with approximately two times higher mechanical strength (106.5 vs 54.9 MPa) and ≈20 times higher toughness (7.70 vs 0.36 MJ m−3) than natural wood. Dramatically different from natural wood, which is brittle in nature, the resultant wood‐textile fibers are highly flexible and bendable, likely due to the twisted structures. The wood‐textile fibers also exhibit excellent knitting properties and dyeability, which are critical for textile applications. Furthermore, functional wood‐textile fibers can be achieved by preinfiltrating functional materials in the delignified wood film before twisting. This top‐down approach of fabricating aligned macrofibers is simple, scalable, and cost‐effective, representing a promising direction for the development of smart textiles and wearable electronics.


The present paper gives the idea about the Algal biodiversity in Dhanbad district which was investigated in clean and polluted environment in and around the coalmine areas and samples were collected in different zones of coal mining with different degrees of pollution. Different species of algae were found in different zones. The species richness varied in non-polluted zones & polluted zones. This work will help in determination of range of variation among algal community & water quality in this area. The total abundance of green algae was compared from non-polluted zones with polluted zones.


Ethanol vapour sensors based on tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles onto boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)
have been synthesized as a promising solution for detecting ethanol vapour in air. The existence of
encapsulation of BNNTs over SnO2 i.e. SnO2/BNNT was confirmed by AFM, FTIR and current-voltage
characteristics. Activation energy of sensor has been investigated to study the nature of synthesized
material. Ethanol sensitivity, responsiveness and response-recovery durations of the SnO2-BNNTs
sensor, as well as other sensing features, was examined by exposure to various ethanol vapour
concentrations starting from 70 to 500 mL/min at room temperature with increasing rate of pressure
value at room temperature. The SnO2 nanoparticles have a high sensitivity to ethanol vapour, while
BNNTs enhance the sensing performance and stability of the sensor. This is achieved by combining
BNNT (large surface area) and SnO2 (good electrical conductivity). The ethanol vapour sensor based
on SnO2-BNNTs has been shown to have a good response and recovery time around 1 min and 2 s,
respectively. With its high sensitivity of ~110 and stability, it is an excellent option for practical
applications.


When samples are analysed with elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) there are common limitations due to properties of the sample or the experimental set‐up. Typical problems originate from the decomposition or the roughness of the sample, from the resolution that can be achieved with the detector system or from the accuracy of the ion stopping power values. Nevertheless, there are different experimental and evaluation techniques that can be applied to avoid such problems or to deal with measurements of difficult samples. The detection system can be improved by dedicated evaluation procedures. Different strategies are currently used to improve the examination of ERDA spectra and the validity of the results obtained. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This paper introduces an architectural approach to access the Web via a virtual Web browser executed within a secure Cloud environment.


After analyzing the score statistics of Chinese female gymnasts in the 40th World Gymnastic Championship by the methods of documents analysis,video observed,experts investigating,the author has found that Chinese gymnasts' competition competence still can't stand the comparison with the foreign ones.The problem is prominently reflected on the group games in which Chinese gymnasts made too many misplays in some of our weak items.Reaching the ground unsteadily is Chinese gymnasts' main defect among all the problems.Generally speaking,there exists a comparatively large disparity between Chinese female gymnast team and American's.As to the singles,some young gymnasts performed quite well.This research paper lists some proposals related to the existing problems which aims to improve the future training.


Most of the available biomolecular data are scattered in many databases, are computationally derived and include errors and inconsistencies. Here we show an integrative approach and a set of automatic procedures to test the quality of genomic and proteomic data from several different biomolecular databases integrated in our GFINDer data warehouse (http://www.bioinformatics.polimi.it/GFINDer/).


Today's smartphones are equipped with significant processing, storage and sensing capabilities, as well as wireless connectivity through cellular, WiFi and Bluetooth. They provide ubiquitous Internet access, primarily through their cellular connection and secondarily through WiFi, and enable a plethora of new applications. Among those applications, video (including consuming and creating/posting video content) is increasingly popular. However, meeting the growing demand for high quality video is currently a challenge in cellular networks.


A two-spacecraft collision avoidance problem is discussed in this paper. The spacecraft are assumed to be floating freely in deep space. A control strategy using cluster internal coulomb forces is developed to prevent a collision of the two spacecraft. The control law is designed to keep the separation distance greater than a specified constraint value, and is also designed to keep the departure relative kinetic energy at the same level with the approach kinetic energy. Further, this strategy requires only the measurements of the separation distances and the distance rates. If the achievable spacecraft charge levels are limited, then it is not guaranteed that the collision can always be prevented. Formulating the relative motion of the charged spacecraft using the concepts of orbital mechanics allows us to analyze the conditions under which a collision can be avoided. Given an initial separation distance and distance rate, the minimum spacecraft charge limit required to guarantee collision avoidance is determined. Or, inversely, when the limitations of charges are given, the maximum approach speed at which a potential collision can be avoided is estimated. Numerical simulations illustrate the analytical results.


During the past forty years of rapid development in Taiwan, the urban development has reached another stage that should not only focus on the quantity but also on the quality, which is the most important issue in the regeneration of old street district in urban development. Though the old street block represents the history of urbanization and the most local lifestyle of Taiwan, the chaos of transportation system and the numerous demolition in this area during the urban renewal process can result in the graduate disappearance of the local context and history. It refers to the human five senses of sight, touch, hearing, smell, taste. The situation was that only the sight was valued while the other four senses were oversight and so were the characteristic spaces in the old street which can be necessary to be considered. This research attempts to develop a research framework that first gathers the five-sense events of the old street and then audits these events in the plan to categorize the events. Finally we can extract the five-sense spatial prototype through the categorized events. Next use the five-sense spatial prototype to analyze the old street. After mastering these spatial prototypes of the old street, we can integrate some rules to comply with and then we can carry out the urban renewal with confidence to better consider the possibility of sustaining the local context of urban environment.


This paper examines the causal relationship between economic growth and corruption in a developing country such as Nigeria.

The granger causality method was also applied to measure the causal relationship that exists between corruption and the gross domestic product (GDP). This study used the ordinary least squares (OLS) to determine the relationship between corruption and economic growth.

The results revealed that corruption impairs and impacts economic growth. Foreign direct investment was found to enhance economic growth, government expenditure was also found to increase economic growth. It is on this basis, we draw our conclusion and suggest that private anti-corruption Initiatives, public anti-corruption initiatives, and public education campaign/programmes should be strengthened and motivated in to address the cause of corruption rather than its effects.


SUBTITLE: THE TIME HAS COME FOR ASIAN CARRIERS TO REBUILD CAPACITY AFTER THE UNPRECEDENTED CUTS CAUSED BY THE SARS CRISIS AS TRAFFIC STARTS A GRADUAL RECOVERY.


Formate dehydrogenase (CbFDH) from Candida boidinii is a useful biocatalyst for CO2 reduction to formate in the photoredox system, and consists of a visible-light sensitizer and an electron mediator. The electron mediator, single-electron reduced 4,4′-bipyridinium salts (4,4′-BPs) represented by methylviologen act as the co-enzyme for CbFDH in the CO2 reduction to formate. Considering that the single-electron reduced 4,4′- or 2,2′-BPs activate the CbFDH-mediated CO2 reduction to formate, the architecture of the effective co-enzyme based on the chemical modification of BP is useful for the development of the catalytic reduction of CO2 to formate with CbFDH. NAD+ has a carbamoyl group or nicotinamide moiety, which can form hydrogen bonds with some amino residues in CbFDH. Thus, we predicted that the affinity of 4,4′-BP for CbFDH could be improved by introducing a carbamoyl group or nicotinamide moiety into 4,4′-BP. In this work, the interaction between the single-electron reduced 1-carbamoylmethyl-1′-methyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salt, 1,1′-dicarbamoylmethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salt and 1-nicotinamidethyl-1′-methyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salt and CbFDH in the CO2 reduction to formate is elucidated by enzymatic kinetic analysis, the docking simulation and density functional theory calculation.


The paper discusses the basic principle of blind source separation algorithm applying in structural modal identification. By improving the signal-whitening method, a robust second-order blind identification (RSOBI) algorithm is established on the basis of second-order statistics. The modal responses and mode shapes can be obtained using the RSOBI algorithm from the observed data of structures in time domain. Frequency and damping are estimated from the modal responses by traditional single degree of freedom methods. The simulation results show that the RSOBI algorithm has good performance in modal identification of structures.


Additive manufacturing is especially suitable for complex-shaped 3D parts with integrated and optimized functionality realized by filigree geometries. Such designs benefit from low safety factors in mechanical layout. This demands ductile materials that reduce stress peaks by predictable plastic deformation instead of failure. Al–Cu wrought alloys are established materials meeting this requirement. Additionally, they provide high specific strengths. As the designation "Wrought Alloys" implies, they are intended for manufacturing by hot or cold working. When cast or welded, they are prone to solidification cracks. Al–Si fillers can alleviate this, but impair ductility. Being closely related to welding, Laser Beam Melting in Powder Bed (LBM) of Al–Cu wrought alloys like EN AW-2219 can be considered challenging. In LBM of aluminium alloys, only easily-weldable Al–Si casting alloys have succeeded commercially today. This article discusses the influences of boundary conditions during LBM of EN AW-2219 on sample porosity and tensile test results, supported by metallographic microsections and fractography. Load direction was varied relative to LBM build-up direction. T6 heat treatment was applied to half of the samples. Pronounced anisotropy was observed. Remarkably, elongation at break of T6 specimens loaded along the build-up direction exceeded the values from literature for conventionally manufactured EN AW-2219 by a factor of two.


Government expenditures in the transport sector are usually discussed as though they were neutral with respect to the benefits they provide to various income groups. A choice model for alternative transport modes, including nonmotorized vehicles, is presented, with emphasis on the relationship between income levels and relative prices. The derivation of the model, based on individual preferences, is described in detail, and its application to aggregate data is made explicit. The application is for passenger trips to work in four cities in Indonesia in the early 1980s. The scenario whereby the government intervenes in the provision of public transport services, for example, by subsidizing bus fares, is simulated, and shows the sensitivity of each income group, in the short run, to such an exogenous shock.


The article reports about experiences of the author in a socio-pastoral project in Barrancabermeja, Colombia, 1996-2004, with the «Bethlehem Mission Immensee», Switzerland. It deals with the options guiding the preparation of the project and with the results of eight years of work in empowerment with a marginalized population of mainly Caribean origin in a situation of political violence. It compares the results of the commitment in and in pastoral work and reflects also on the differences between ideas on and practical effects of this concept in the given situation. The author shows that the key to understand problems in empowerment work run by Europeans in a Latin American country lies in the differences of the specific, deep rooted cultural bottom, in the differences of the . He outlines aspects of this and characterizes interior and exterior forms of empowerment work among the particular groups. This leads him to discover the specific opportunities of missionary work in comparison with development and human rights work of international programs as well as NGOs. - The author, theologian, specialist in religious education and social work, is at present involved in missionary education at the head offices of «Bethlehem Mission Immensee».


I N A LECTURE AT THE BRITISH New Testament Conference, held at Bristol in September 1989, Mark Stibbe drew attention to several monographs and a healthy list of articles in academic journals, but was able to point to only four major books on the Fourth Gospel which have appeared in the past decade. I Moreover, out of these four works, the two which stand in the great tradition of massive scholarship are judged in each case to mark the end of an era rather than the opening of a new way forward. But we should not for this reason jump to the conclusion that Johannine study has reached its limit, as if there were nothing new to say on the subject. Promising lines are being laid down for the future. The last ten years have produced the groundwork for what may well prove to be a great synthesis in the next decade. It is certain that John will emerge with enhanced authority as a profound interpreter of the primitive Christian tradition, as I hope the following pages will show.


Random channel fading may cause serious channel outage, and automatic repeat-request protocol has been widely used to mitigate packet loss by retransmitting the packet when the receiver fails to decode that packet. To restrict the transmission delay, a single packet might be retransmitted up to a limited number of times. For wireless two-way relay channels, the packet could be retransmitted by the original source node or the relay nodes, and the delay constraint might be imposed in a per-hop manner or end-to-end manner. For single-relay networks, we study the throughput of several relaying strategies including pure relaying and network-coded relaying subject to the delay constraint. We demonstrate that the binary xor-based network coding can greatly improve the system throughput, but the throughput gain is upper bounded. We also develop a near-optimum power allocation scheme to maximize the system throughput. For multirelay networks, we show that using digital network coding alone may cause some throughput loss when the frame length is much smaller than the number of relays, and we develop a hybrid network coding scheme to recover such throughput loss.


In the title salt, C16H21N4 +·ClO4 −·0.5C4H4O4, fumaric acid molecules, situated across crystallographic inversion centres, are O—H⋯N hydrogen bonded to two protonated 1,4-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine cations, forming trimolecular units. These construct one-dimensional supramolecular ribbons by N—H⋯N hydrogen bonding, and further aggregate via π–π interactions [shortest C⋯C contact = 3.640 (1) Å] and perchlorate-mediated C—H⋯O interactions.


Thanks to the booming development of virtual reality technology, the current teaching model has been improved. VR technology is applied to teaching while integrating database technology, network programming, and other technologies, to build a multi-dimensional, multi-scene, interactive and high immersion "VR virtual simulation experiment teaching space". This paper will take three specific examples to discuss the application of VR technology in virtual simulation experiment teaching, and the prospect of future virtual simulation experiment teaching, for the future VR technology and virtual simulation experiment teaching development to provide a reference.


The characteristic of surface charge distribution and thermally stimulated current (TSC) of the Alumina ceramics with an additive Mn(CH/sub 3/COO)/sub 2/ have been investigated in vacuum in this paper, as a reference, the pure Alumina ceramics have also been investigated. The experimental results showed that the additive Mn(CH/sub 3/COO)/sub 2/ has greatly influenced both the surface charge distribution of the samples and TSC characteristics of the samples prepared under three sintering temperature. With the sintering temperature rising, the surface charge polarity of the sample changed from negative to positive under certain electric field, and the number of TSC peak also changed. The further analysis indicated that the characteristic of surface charge could be attributed to the change of the trap energy band structure.


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A 21-year-old man presented with immune thrombocytopenic purpura refractory to steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin. Imaging revealed mild splenomegaly without lesions. Laparoscopic splenectomy was performed for refractory thrombocytopenia. Gross examination showed a 250-g


The 3 000 DWT gravity wharf is a hollow concrete block quay wall built on the strata of silty sand and silty clay,which has favorable engineering geologic features. This article calculates the wharfs settlement by the layer wise summation method, and makes numerical simulation by finite difference method. Selecting critical parameters( one dimension compression empirical coefficient and elastic modulus) reasonably, the calculation results given by the above-mentioned method are identical to the measured data,which proves that the calculation methods are appropriate to similar geologic conditions.


The field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 1994 and 1995 to study the efficacy of bio-fertilizer on finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.) under lateritic acid soil (pH 5.8) of Sekhampur, Birbhum in West Bengal under rainfed condition. Raising the level of nitrogen from 0 to 80 kg/ha increased the growth, yield attributes, yield and NPK uptake by the crop. Higher of nitrogen 80 kg/ha produced significantly and economically higher yield under rainfed red leteritic soil. Seed inoculation of Azospirilium gave an additive effect over FYM, nitrogen and phosphorus application alone and the effect of Azospirilium was found to be equivalent to 20 kg N/ha through urea. The combined application of Azospirillum and nitrogen gave better effect that Azospirillumwith phosphorus. However, rock phosphate recorded at par effect on growth and yield with SSP. Highest dry matter (409.8 g/m2), LAI (1.15), ear heads/m2 (120.5), length of finger (7.2 cm), NPK uptake (126.2 kg/ha) and grain straw yield (1320.7 and 2771.3 kg/ha) were obtained by Azospirillum + Nso followed by N80 and Azospirillum + N60 which also gave at par effect. Sole application of Azospirillum recorded 51.12% higher grain yield than control (N0P0).


Aiming at the problem that in the cluster structure of wireless sensor networks,the cluster heads will due to exhaustion of energy too fast to become a dead node too soon,an energy-aware data gathering protocol is proposed based on double cluster-heads EADC,in the cluster,an vice cluster head is added to responsible for data forwarding,the energy consumption of the main cluster head can be reduced,so the frequency of the cluster head become death node can be decreased in the network,thus effectively extend the net-work lifetime.The experiment show,compared to EADEEG,EADC can effectively extend the time of death of node 30 rounds,sig-nificantly prolong the lifetime of network.


Interlayer-exchange-coupled (IEC) type spin-valve giant magnetoresistive (SVGMR) films in which the pinning layer does not contain an anti-ferromagnetic layer have been investigated. The IEC-type SVGMR films had good SV properties with a 10% MR ratio as deposited. However, the MR ratio decreased with increasing annealing temperatures over 310°C. From cross sectional TEM observation, interfacial roughness between the free and pinned layers was increased by annealing, and such roughness causes the degradation of SVGMR properties. Thermal stability of SVGMR films was improved when the thickness of Ta capping layer was 5 nm. In order to reduce the thickness of capping layer, various materials of Ru, Cu, and NiFeCr were investigated instead of Ta. No degradation in SV properties after 320°C annealing was achieved with the 2 nm of Ru capping layer.


The work hardening characteristics of Ames thorium are described in terms of Vickers and Rockwell-E hardness measurements made on cold rolled and cold swaged specimens. The Vickers work hardening curves obtained from both types of deformation were found to increase rapidly up to approximately 10% reduction, then remain relatively flat throughout a large intermediate range. Above about 60% reduction, the hardness was again observed to rise more rapidly. The Rockwell-E work hardening curves of specimens deformed by cold rolling were similar to the Vickers curves in the early and intermediate stages. However, the final portions of the Rockwell-E curves were more flat than those produced by Vickers measurements. The Rockwell-E work hardening data from cold swaged specimens were in closer agreement with those for cold rolled specimens after the data from the swaging experiments were corrected for error introduced by the cylindrical shape of the specimens. (auth)


As a policy driven security mechanism, establishing a IPSec security policy control system requires a right modeling tool. Compared with other modeling languages, CPN provides a clear description to the status and action of system. In this paper, we try to adopt the abundant expressions of CPN to describe dynamic change of IPSec protocol., and establish a CPN model of IPSec protocol sender


A new material is provided that can be used for the fabrication of planar optical waveguides. The material includes silicon, oxygen and nitrogen and additionally deuterium. Also provided is a method for fabricating planar optical waveguides based on this new material, which uses deuterated gaseous precursors.


For heating and current drive the neutral beam injection system for ITER requires a deuterium beam with an energy of 1 MeV for up to 1 h. In order to inject the required 17 MW the ion source has to deliver 40 A of negative ion current. For an accelerated current density of 200 A m−2 at the specified source pressure of 0.3 Pa the extraction area is 0.2 m2 resulting in a large area source of 1.5 × 0.6 m2. Two types of sources have been under discussion, the filamented arc source and the inductively driven RF source, the latter now having been chosen for the ITER reference design. The development of negative ion RF sources, which fulfil these specifications is being carried out at the Max–Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik at three test facilities in parallel. The required current densities at the ITER relevant pressure have been achieved and even exceeded in a test facility equipped with a small ion source (extraction area of 0.007 m2) at limited pulse length (<4 s). The extraction area can be extended up to 0.03 m2 and the pulse length up to 3600 s at a second test facility which is dedicated to long pulse operation experiments where pulses up to 800 s have already been achieved. The ion source at the third test facility has roughly the full width and half the height of the ITER source but is not equipped with an extraction system. The aim is to demonstrate the size scaling and plasma homogeneity of RF ion sources. First results from different diagnostic techniques (optical emission spectroscopy and Langmuir probe) are very promising.


Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well-recognized toxic chemical, cause the public hazard in environments. Here, we demonstrated the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) could tolerate the PAHs and reduce their content. Four typical PAHs (1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 mg/kg), naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, were individually spiked into BSFL conversion systems.The parameters for larval growth, conversion process, and PAHs removal were determined in spiked group and no-spiked control.The results show that the larval development time (19.7–21.0 d) in the half of PAH groups was significantly longer by 2–4 d than those in the control, while the relative growth rates (1.88–1.99% per day) in the majority PAH groups were lower.The larval mortalities (0–2.83%), harvest yields (80.20–85.91 g), conversion rates (14.71–15.83%), and eclosion rates (60.27–82.67%) in almost all of PAH groups did not significantly different from those in the control.The four PAHs potentially delayed the development time of BSFL, slowed the larval growth, and lower waste reduction rates, but these influences were slight and might be caused by the inhibition of PAHs to microbial activity.The BSFL-mortalities, conversion rates, yields, and eclosion rates were not significantly affected by the PAHs. Furthermore, BSFL effectively removed 34.1–84.2% of PAHs from subtracts in 18–21 d. The removal of PAHs with low concentration could be easier than those with high concentration by BSFL.The present results provide an alternative strategy to treat the waste contaminated by PAHs and elucidate the effect of PAHs on insects in the environment.


Investing in the Homeland: Foreign Assets and Patterns of Immigrant Economic Incorporation by E. Paige Borelli Department of Sociology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Lisa A. Keister Supervisor ___________________________ Jen'nan Read ___________________________ Martin Ruef ___________________________ Bai Gao An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 Copyright by E. Paige Borelli 2016 iv Abstract This dissertation consists of three separate studies that examine patterns of immigrant incorporation in the United States. The first study tests competing hypotheses derived from conflicting theoretical frameworks: transnational perspective and cross-national framework to determine whether transnational engagement and incorporation are concurrent processes among Chinese, Indian, and Mexican immigrants. This study measures transnational engagement and incorporation as home and home country asset ownership using multi-panel, nationally representative data from the New Immigrant Survey (NIS) collected in 2003 and 2007. Results support a cross-border framework and indicate that transnational asset ownership decreases among all immigrant groups, while U.S. asset ownership increases. Findings from this study also indicate that due to disadvantaged pre-migration SES and low human capital, Mexican immigrants are less likely than other immigrants to own home country assets during the year after receiving their green card. The second study examines the doubly disadvantaged position of elderly immigrants in the U.S. wealth distribution by applying the life course perspective to the dominance-differentiation theory of immigrant wealth stratification. I analyze elderly immigrant wealth in respect to U.S. born seniors and younger immigrant cohorts using two data sets: the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and the New


This paper is about discourse and pragmatics. It presents the fundamental claims Anne Reboul and I have extensively developed in a book published in 1998 (Reboul & Moeschler 1998). In this book, we claim that discourse is not a linguistic unit, but a pragmatic one, that is, an emergent 1 unit and not an emergent 2 unit like utterances. I present the basic assumptions of discourse pragmatic (coherence is an effect of the accessibility to a global hypothesis) and show how current researches in theoretical and experimental pragmatics can give new directions for discourse pragmatics. I illustrated that point with a central issue for discourse coherence, that is, temporal reference and inferences.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanisms controlling the bond formation among extruded polymer filaments in the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. The bonding phenomenon is thermally driven and ultimately determines the integrity and mechanical properties of the resultant prototypes.Design/methodology/approach – The bond quality was assessed through measuring and analyzing changes in the mesostructure and the degree of healing achieved at the interfaces between the adjoining polymer filaments. Experimental measurements of the temperature profiles were carried out for specimens produced under different processing conditions, and the effects on mesostructures and mechanical properties were observed. Parallel to the experimental work, predictions of the degree of bonding achieved during the filament deposition process were made based on the thermal analysis of extruded polymer filaments.Findings – Experimental results showed that the fabrication strategy, the envelope temper...


At present, nanomaterials with high-quality photoelectric properties are urgently needed to be used in the manufacture of solar cells. In this study, the hydrothermal synthesis method was first used to grow ZnO nanorod arrays, and then a layer of WO3 thin film with controllable thickness was prepared on ZnO nanorod arrays by magnetron sputtering, forming a series of WO3@ZnO nanocomposite heterojunction. We found that the value of the photocurrent of the prepared nanocomposite samples is nearly 30 times higher than WO3 films under illumination, and it is more stable. The results show that this controllable microstructure can further modify the surface properties of ZnO nanorods, and possess the high visible absorption and photoelectric conversion efficiency. By controlling the thickness of the WO3 film, the band can be regulated and ultimately optimized the photoelectrochemical properties of the composite structure.


Negotiable instruments is a typical negotiable securities.As the fact that negotiable instruments can be circulated rapidly and accomplish safe assignment mainly depends on the credit support behind the negotiable instruments.Therefore study on the credit of negotiable instruments is of major importance.The liability system due to payment refusal in the related law of Japan plays a very important role in maintaining the credit of negotiable instruments.At present,China is striving to construct a social credit system,whereas there is no such a system on negotiable instruments similar to that of Japan in China;therefore,introducing,analyzing and comparing the system difference on negotiable instruments between China and Japan,using Japan's practices for reference,all these will be beneficial to the construction of negotiable instruments credit system of our country.


Bovine encephalitogenic protein and different fragments of it have been used to show that the protein contains at least three antigenic determinants capable of stimulating the transformation of peripheral blood leukocytes from sensitized rabbits. The determinants were tentatively localized on regions 1 ‐ 43, 44 ‐ 116 and 117 ‐ 170, respectively. There was no evidence that the tryptophan‐containing region carries an antigenic determinant when tested with leukocyte transformation in rabbits.


To breed physically strong strains of Akoya pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii, a selection experiment was conducted for one generation from a local population. Parents were selected by serum carbohydrate (SC) content for high (H) and low (L) content groups. The ˆrst generation (H-G1 and L-G1) produced from these groups showed a signiˆcant diŠerence in SC content at the age range of 1218 months, re‰ecting the parent phenotype. H-G1 also showed superior trends to L-G1 in serum protein content, carbohydrate content of adductor muscle, and delta-a value of adductor muscle color (a diagnostic indicator of the Akoya oyster disease). Pearl production experiments using H-G1 indicated that the quality of obtained pearls, evaluated by size, weight and nacre thickness, was comparable to those harvested from two other commercially available strains bred several generations from Japanese or Chinese populations. These results present a possible practical method for selective breeding of Akoya pearl oyster based on SC content, to produce new strains suitable for pearl production.


In Homenatge a Picasso (1971) Josep Palau i Fabre brings to the stage the personal and artistic trajectory of the artist who was also his friend. Positioned centrally in this dramatization is the creation of Guernica (1937), the masterpiece and referent of a topic that continued to be taboo even in the final years of the Franco dictatorship. My analysis considers how the play is informed by interpretations presented in Doble assaig sobre Picasso (1964), in which the art critic views the emblematic mural painting as: 1) a culmination and synthesis of four decades of aesthetic experimentation; and 2) an apocalyptic vision of modern war, contextualized by the bombing of the Basque city but imbued with universal resonance. The 1971 spectacle begs to be analyzed through the parameters of Documentary Theater, a mode of playwriting focused on political and historical vindication defined by German Peter Weiss that was highly influential in the Catalan theater of the period. A reading of two later texts by Palau, ...


Growing interests in the application of behavioral sciences to animal production has enabled the progressive development of techniques for the improvement of handling practices aiming to reach high productive yields in a sustainable framework. Selective and differential reproduction for specific and desirable behavioral traits in the Canarian camel breed (Camelus dromedarius), after ethofuncional characterization, can be applied to achieve an increase in the adaptive value of the animals to the pressures of the livestock production systems in which they are reared. This initiative is part of a strategic plan for the conservation, improvement and promotion of an autochthonous endangered breed through alternative ways of profitable and sustainable use of the breed and its products. The qualification of the human team involved, as well as the mechanical optimization of the camel rearing systems, are pivotal objectives in applied ethology.


Observations of shock waves in the solar system which show a pronounced difference in the plasma wave and particle environment depending on whether the shock is propagating along or perpendicular to the interplanetary magnetic field are discussed. Theories for particle acceleration developed for quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular shocks, when extended to the interstellar medium suggest that the relativistic electrons in radio supernova remnants are accelerated by either the Q parallel or Q perpendicular mechanisms. A model for the galactic magnetic field and published maps of supernova remnants were used to search for a dependence of structure on the angle Phi. Results show no tendency for the remnants as a whole to favor the relationship expected for either mechanism, although individual sources resemble model remnants of one or the other acceleration process.


Abstract Conventional DEA performs like a "black box" and provides no information about sub-processes. In some cases, such as banks, providing services made up of interactive and interdependent processes. Also, in real-world applications, inputs could be shared among these sub-processes. Moreover, due to the characteristics of some variables, such as number of employees, only integer values could be assigned to them. Hence, to address these shortcomings, in this study, a mixed-integer network DEA (MI-NDEA) with shared inputs and undesirable outputs has been proposed to evaluate the efficiency of decision-making units. The proposed model considers integer values for some of the input variables. Also, it assumes that some inputs are shared among different stages of the production process. To illustrate the capability of the model, the efficiency of "Internet banking", "profitability", "production", and "overall" performance of a set of bank branches have been evaluated and results are discussed. The results indicate that the mean of overall efficiency for all branches is high. However, some branches are not efficient enough in the "Production" stage or "Profitability" stage. To identify the source of inefficiency in such branches, projection values have been calculated and recommendations have been made for policy makers.


The paper presents forward seven features of the high order arithmetic matrix,and draws out partial conclusion of Whc 18 from it.


In recent years, the shunt active power filters (SAPFs) have received much attention for compensating the harmonic pollution and also providing the reactive content. A crucial issue in controlling the SAPF is generating the reference compensating current (RCC). Typical approaches for this purpose are using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in the frequency domain or the instantaneous p-q
 theory and the synchronous reference frame in the time domain. The DFT, however, suffers from the picket-fence effect and spectral leakage. On the other hand, the DFT takes at least one cycle of the nominal frequency. The time-domain methods show a weakness under voltage distortion, which requires prior filtering techniques. The aim of this study is to present a fast yet effective method for generating the RCC for SAPFs. The proposed method, which is based on the matrix pencil method, has a fast dynamic response and works well under distorted and unbalanced voltage. Moreover, the proposed method can estimate the voltage phase accurately; this property enables the algorithm to compensate for both power factor and current unbalance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using simulation and experimental results, and compared with the standard methods.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to determine the sustainability status in the dimension of social economy of Marine Recreational Park Weh Island. The method used in this research is Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) with RAPFISH (rapid appraisal technique for evaluating fisheries sustainability) software. The analysis result indicates that the dimension social economy is quite sustainable with index 56.75. The social economy condition provides enough support for the sustainable development of Marine Recreational ParkWeh Island . However, the improvement of managament effort must be done continuously with high consideration on 3 highly sensitive attributes namely the community's knowledge regarding policies, community support, and the community dependency on the area. Kata kunci: Dimension of social economy, Marine Recreational Park Weh Island, sustainability status


The nitrogen inversion barriers of nine 3,6-dihydro-1,2-oxazines are discussed. Polar solvents were found to increase the nitrogen inversion barriers which, in turn, decrease with increasing size of the N-substituent.


An approach to s-wave K-N interaction is made along the the same line with our previous study for π-N scattering. The characteristic property of K-N interaction in nucleon core is expressed in terms of the change of the value of coupling constant, and it is suggested that the introduction of indefinite metric may be necessary in some sense to describe the phenomena in nucleon core correctly. Moreover, an attempt to obtain the forward scattering amplitude for K-N scattering is made on the basis of the above consideration about characteristic property of K-N interaction. It is shown that our results are not inconsistent with the experimental ones. Finally some discussion about the coupling constant is made in comparison with the results obtained by many authors.


Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the usefulness of Oxalis spp. as allelopathic ground-cover plants for weed management. Some Oxalis spp. have previously been reported to possess strong allelopathic activities but few studies have been conducted on their activities in fields. This study aimed to investigate allelopathic activities and the possibility of weed suppression in five species of common Oxalis: shamrock oxalis (Oxalis articulata Savigny), Bowie's woodsorrel (Oxalis bowiei Lindl.), trefoil (Oxalis brasiliensis Lodd. ex Knowl. et West.), lucky clover (Oxalis deppei Lodd. ex Sweet) and Oxalis hirta L. The effects of the leachates from dry leaves and the exudates from living roots of these plant species were tested in laboratory experiments. The leachates from O. articulata, O. bowiei, O. deppei and O. hirta and the exudates from O. deppei caused > 84% inhibition of the radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings, but no effect was observed on the seed germination of lettuce. In the field experiment, O. deppei significantly reduced the weed population in July. A significant relationship was observed between the weed population and the percentage ground coverage of Oxalis spp. In contrast to the weed population, a significant relationship was observed between the weed above-ground biomass and the allelopathic activity of exudates from Oxalis spp.


The performance of more and more cloud-based applications critically depends on the performance of the interconnecting datacenter network. Emerging reconfigurable datacenter networks have the potential to provide an unprecedented throughput by dynamically reconfiguring their topology in a demand-aware manner. This paper studies the algorithmic problem of how to design low-degree and hence scalable datacenter networks optimized toward the current traffic they serve. Our main contribution is a novel network design which provides asymptotically minimal route lengths and congestion. In comparison to prior work, we reduce the degree requirements by a factor of four for sparse demand matrices. We further show the problem to be already NP-hard for tree-shaped demands, but permits a 2-approximation on the route lengths and a 6-approximation for congestion. We further report on a small empirical study on Facebook traces.


In this paper, we first give a simple combinatorial proof of Tepper's identity. Then, as a by product of this interesting identity we present another proof of the well-knonw Wilson's identity in number theory. Finally, we obtain a generalization of Tepper's identity for any polynomial with real coefficients.


Background: Patients with cancer are at increased risk of reactivating latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)[1], but current UK NICE guidance does not recommend TB screening or chemoprophylaxis. Our Trust serves a population of 460,000 and our TB incidence is above the national average. The aim of our study was to investigate if patients with cancer had a higher rate of active TB. Methods: All patients in our region diagnosed with cancer between Jan 1999-Dec 2011 were cross referenced with the TB notification data and included if they had active TB diagnosed in the same year. Case notes were reviewed by the TB lead Consultant. Results: There were 15,625 new cancer diagnoses and 7 had active TB in the same year (6 presenting concurrently).
 The mean incidence of TB was 44.8/100,000 population- double the regional rate at the time (22.7/100,000 population). 5 patients had one or more risk factor for LTBI. Conclusions: We have shown increased rates of active TB in newly diagnosed cancer patients. This does not support screening for LTBI but clinicians should be aware of this important concurrent diagnosis. Reference: Kamboj M et al, Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006;42:1592-5.


ARNITA.2018.Skripsi.The effect of information technology usage and human resource competencies to the effectiveness of accounting information system at PT Sumber Alfaria Trijaya, Tbk Makassar, guided by Dr.Muhtar Sapiri.SE.,MM,M,Kes. and Dr.Haeruddin Saleh,SE.,M.Si.
The purpose of this study was to determine The effect of information technology usage and human resource competencies to the effectiveness of accounting information system at PT Sumber Alfaria Trijaya, Tbk Makassar. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS 20 (Statistical product and services solutions).
The results of this study are based on the calculation of SPSS 20, it can be seen the value of the regression test where the results of statistical test show that partially obtained t count value of 3,453 with a t table value of 2,015 and a significance value of 0,001. The ratio of utilization of information technology has a partial effect on the effectiveness of accounting information system because the significance value is smaller than 0,05. Statistical test results show that partially obtained t value of 3,699 with a table value of 2,015 and a significance value of 0,001. The ratio of human  resource  competencies has a partial effect on the effectiveness of accounting information system because the significance value is smaller than 0,05. This indicates that the changes that occur in the ratio of utilization of informasion technology and human resource competencies will simultaneously have a significant effect on the effectiveness of the accounting information system.


The brain is a delicate organ, and nature has very efficiently protected it. The drug accessibility to the central nervous system (CNS) is limited by the blood brain barrier (BBB). Various brain disorders are Parkinson, Alzheimer, Meningitis, Brain abscess, Epilepsy, Multiple sclerosis, Late-stage neurological trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness) etc. The management of brain related diseases with the present available therapeutic system is very difficult, as insufficient amount of drug reaches to the brain, due to highly lipophilic nature of blood-brain barrier (BBB). Drug delivery to the brain requires advances in drug delivery technologies. Due to the presence of the blood brain barrier only small lipid soluble drug in the circulation are delivered to the brain cells. Therefore, practical strategies are required for mediating the drug transport across blood brain barrier.


Simone Weil's work, particularly her collection of letters, Waiting on God,1 has been widely read, from the 1950s to the present day, for its spiritual insights and its honest recording of the development of her Christian faith. During that time, little consideration has been given to the effect of her study of Hinduism on that development. This article examines the possible relevance of her experience to the dialogue with other faiths in which Christianity is at present engaged. After the tragedy of 9/11 and the invasion of Iraq, that dialogue appeared threatened by the demonization of Islam in certain sections of the North American and European press. It was also undermined in this country by the climate of fear generated through the politicization of issues concerning immigration and asylum-seekers, and by the London bombings on 7 July 2005. However, the positive developments which have taken place over the last three or four decades, at different levels, act as a counterbalance to the atmosphere of hysteria and mistrust of 'the other' which has afflicted us since 9/11. First, the Roman Catholic Church has, since the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s, recognized the need to respect, and to gain understanding of, other faiths. Second, in the UK, syllabuses for Religious Education in schools have been agreed at local level by representatives of faith committees, and broadcast media have recently included discussion of inter-faith issues in programmes such as the BBC Radio 4's Beyond Belief. Third, across the world, distinguished academics have, over the last three or four decades, sought to bring to light the deeper implications of inter-faith dialogue. For instance, Raimon Panikkar, Roman Catholic priest, theologian and philosopher, who has spent much of his time in India, has devoted his life to building bridges between religions. He believes that every human being has faith: it is 'a constitutive dimension'. 'Faith', he writes, 'is not a superfluous luxury, but an anthropological dimension of the full human being on earth.'2 Keith Ward, formerly Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford, in his book, A Vision to Pursue: Beyond the Crisis in Christianity,3 published in1991, sought to draw together Hinduism and Christianity. He did so, not in order to absorb one into the other, but to 'encourage constructive dialogue', perhaps 'to transform one tradition by insights drawn from another'. In the January 2005 issue of the periodical Insight Joseph C. Hough Jr expressed the


There are often constraints associated with data used in software, describing the expected length, value, uniqueness, and other properties of the stored data. Correctly specifying and checking such constraints are crucial for reliability, maintainability, and usability of software. This is particularly important for database-backed web applications, where a huge amount of data generated by millions of users plays a central role in user interaction and application logic. Furthermore, such data persists in database and needs to continue serving users despite frequent software upgrades [2] and data migration [1] . As a result, consistently and comprehensively specifying data constraints, checking them, and handling constraint violations are of uttermost importance.


Abstract Arundinaria sensu stricto is a genus encompassing three species that are endemic to the Southeastern United States: A. appalachiana (hill cane), A. gigantea (river cane), and A. tecta (switch cane). The taxonomy of this group has been problematic due to a poor understanding of its phylogeny and genetic variation as well as ambiguity surrounding original protologues and designated nomenclatural type specimens. In particular, the neotype of Arundo gigantea (the basionym of Arundinaria gigantea) and the holotype of A. macrosperma (a synonym of A. gigantea) both provide insufficient morphological characters for species identification. Here we designate epitypes to assist with the correct application of the names of these taxa. A summary of diagnostic morphological features for the three species of Arundinaria and comments on their phylogenetic relationships based on recent molecular and morphological analyses are also provided.


The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) performs well in terms of data assimilation in atmospheric and oceanic sciences. However, it fails to converge to the correct filtering distribution, which precludes its use for uncertainty quantification in dynamic systems. Thus, we reformulate the EnKF under the framework of Langevin dynamics, yielding a new particle filtering algorithm, which we call the Langevinized EnKF (LEnKF). The LEnKF inherits the forecast-analysis procedure from the EnKF, and uses mini-batch data from stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics (SGLD). We prove that the LEnKF is a sequential preconditioned SGLD sampler, like the EnKF, but with its execution accelerated by the forecast-analysis procedure. Furthermore, the LEnKF converges to the correct filtering distribution in terms of the 2-Wasserstein distance as the number of iterations per i stage increases. We demonstrate the performance of the LEnKF using a variety of examples. The LEnKF is not only scalable with respect to the state dimension and the sample size, but also tends to be immune to sample degeneracy for long-series dynamic data. Statistica Sinica: Preprint doi:10.5705/ss.202022.0172


The conception of sin arose out of practical experience. It rather loosely embraced imperfection as well as conduct due to moral obliquity. The present article undertakes to analyze the inherited idea in the light of modern psychological and ethical conceptions. Sin implies (1) the existence of an objective or socially recognized moral law; (2) awareness on the part of the agent of the binding nature of this law. Sin is thus definitely distinguished from mere imperfection. Consequently, sin must be measured by the moral knowledge of the agent rather than by a rigid objective law. (3) Sin also involves the presence of natural impulses or appetites which influence conduct. These must be psychologically evaluated. (4) The volitional factor must be distinguished from involuntary aspects of conduct. Certain ambiguities in the theological use of the word "sin" are discussed in the light of the above distinctions.


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Experience and theory form a textual symbiosis in this thesis, which traces patterns of a cultural pathology enveloping individual and social existence. The experiential narrative follows one year in the author's life as he comes to share an apartment with a charming stranger who turns out to be a psychopath with a criminal past, resulting in dramatic changes in the author's environment. The theoretical narrative provides a critical analysis of those events through Sigmund Freud's account of the narcissistic wounds of our civilization and Gregory Bateson's theory of mental systems in order to connect the author's experience to larger psychopathic patterns of our culture. The thesis argues that in a period of imminent disaster, we need to recognize and understand ourselves as organisms within a larger cultural ecology and demystify the deeply political relations by which we are connected to, and embedded in, our social world. To Sean, you motherfucker, wherever you are for you are everywhere A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S Like any self-proclaimed creative and independent experiment, this thesis was utterly dependent on a healthy, structured and nourishing mental environment. 1 am indebted to Dr. Gary McCarron for the deeply necessary trust, freedom and inspiration he always provided like a true mentor. Dr. Shane Gunster tackled the project with conscientious enthusiasm and insightful, critical questions that had a formative impact on my thinking. Outside my committee, Dr. Catherine Murray's lively support was warmly felt and appreciated in the final stages of the writing process. And 1 am grateful for Dr. Jerry Zaslove's time in engaging with a work that was always meant to challenge the reader as well as the writer. Among my friends, Matthew Powers was indispensable in pushing the project past its conceptual infancy and considering central characters, including my own, in increasingly fictional terms. Without Rob Prey at the delivery stage, I fear that many things could have gone seriously wrong. Roy Bendor provided highly appreciated support in ways he may not be aware of. And then there's Kelsey, my muse you remain the true heroine of this work. T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S . . Approval 11 ... Abstract 111 Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of


Accurate methodologies are required to manage risks linked to land-use planning in covered kart terrains, especially in densely urbanized areas. The main risk lies in the occurrence of a collapse at the base of buildings or infrastructures. These sinkholes often occur suddenly with no warning. The induced damages range from temporary loss of serviceability during repair works to complete destruction and loss of human lives. ERT (electrical resistivity tomography) used in time-lapse mode has shown great promise in monitoring rapid dynamic subsurface processes as the electrical conductivity of rocks and soils depends on their water content, ionic concentrations and clay content. The efficiency of ERT monitoring in detecting cavities rising to the surface is assessed through numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. The aim of the study is to propose an automated detection strategy to manage these risks based on the comparison of the inverted resistivity of each model block to the range of resistivities expected when nothing is changing of every model blocks. These resistivity ranges will be computed from Monte-Carlo simulations to take into account measurement and inversion errors.


Appreciating the principles that underlie the physical world requires a keen understanding of astronomy and space exploration. Featuring more than 2000 entries, this reference combines relevant terms, facts, chronologies and tables into a single resource. Among the topics covered are: active galaxies; big bang theory; deep space network (DSN); international space station (ISS); luminosity; planet fall; and space transportation system (STS). The featured biographies include: Neil Armstrong; Friedrich W Bessel; Tycho Brahe; Giovanni Domenico Cassini; Nicholaus Copernicus; Edmond Halley; Stephen William Hawking; Christiaan Huygens; Carl Edward Sagan; Charles Joseph Messier; and Johannes Kepler. The tables, charts and diagrams include: absorption spectrum; Baker-Schmidt telescope; centrifugal force; equatorial axis; Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram; Kepler's laws; magnetosphere; outer planets; Stefan-Boltzmann law; and X-ray astronomy.


Contact information is provided for a new registry for non-occupational HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). The US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is opening the registry. In addition, the CDC is encouraging reports of cases in which PEP was not used after exposure to a known HIV-infected source.


Industrial electrical installation practice is a course in the electrical engineering department of Padang State University that must be taken by students. The learning process in the Industrial Electrical Installation course has not fostered the spirit of Technopreneurship because it still prioritizes the achievement of competence in the industry. The existing job sheets are good but have not been able to bring students to the level of entrepreneurship. Where the entrepreneurial spirit is very lacking for students which will later be beneficial for students who want to develop technopreneurship-based jobsheets. For this reason, this study aims to produce a valid, practical, and effective technorpreneurship project-based job sheet model. The research method used is the Research and Development method with a 4D model. The subject of the research is a practicum jobsheet for students majoring in Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNP for the academic year 2021. Based on the results of the study, the validity of the jobsheet model based on the technopreneurship project was obtained from 3 validators (material expert validators and media expert validators) in the Valid category. Practical test with respondents of Industrial Electrical Installation Practice Course Lecturers by stating that the industrial electrical installation practice worksheet based on technopreneurship projects is practical. The effectiveness test with student respondents was limited by stating that the industrial electrical installation practice worksheet based on technopreneurship projects was effective. From the research data above, it can be concluded that the industrial electrical installation practice worksheet model is valid, practical, and effectively used for industrial electrical installation practice lectures.


Glucose tolerance test (GTT) with simultaneous estimation of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were done in 108 subjects. The study groups comprised of non-obese and obese normal controls, obese subjects with chemical diabetes and subjects with clinical diabetes. Normal subjects showed relatively low fasting IRI level with a rapid IRI peak at one hour. The fasting IRI activity was three times higher in obese controls and diabetic subjects. In diabetics insulin secretion fell far short of the required level in the presence of rising glucose level. It is presumed that as in Western countries diabetic-syndrome in Pakistan also is a combination of poor insulin secretary rate and insulin resistance (JPMA 31:39, 1981).


IntroductionWe all long for a life of purpose and fulfilment. Striving for high quality of life for us and those we care for is a powerful motivator. Many busy people dream of lazing by a pool fanned by a soft summer breeze, but this does not last. A short time of rest and replenishment is quickly replaced by boredom and a sense of purposelessness. Quality of life is much deeper than material comfort, though this has a role. Sadly in our world today, many people live lives lacking in meaning and value: the unemployed, the underemployed, those with disabilities who would like to contribute to society but are deprived the opportunity. Their quality of life is not what it could be.Fortunately individuals striving for high quality of life can be supported by policy and practice of others who care for and about them. The burgeoning field of quality of life (QOL) arising out of studies of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) has contributed a great deal to our understanding of the facets of quality of life and family quality of life. Through this research, we are able to develop policies and practice that align with core ideas and principles of QOL which can then have a high degree of impact on the lives of people in all manner of circumstances.In this first special issue we present major components developed in the field QOL in IDD. Our thesis is that the formulation developed in this area applies to other areas of human learning and development because it is a sensitizing process, lifespan in orientation and holistic in delivery. It appears relevant to all ages and disabilities and individuals and family challenges. Basically it is a reorientation or sensitizing approach to various challenges and provides a framework for the development of policy, research and practice and has major implications for training of personnel.This special issue takes up crucial matters of overall human values, rights and dignity in terms of policy and the importance of applying the ideas to society as a whole. Indeed to be successful, society has to be a major partner and several papers deal with the building of policy from the ground upwards, but to do so means the designers of policy need a clear understanding of the practice and the approach including a clear assessment of the implications of a quality of life approach. This, in our view, requires some familiarity with how one measures quality of life. The papers also underscore the holistic nature of the approach for the various domains such as health, education and family, which if taken into account by professionals in different but co-operative areas, can provide support and intervention from multiple directions focusing on the needs and choices of individuals. The aim is to provide a platform in which strategies can be applied, including an understanding and encouragement for those who support the individual through example and education. With this in mind there are several papers dealing with families, for families are at the heart of supporting those they care for. In many situations, they are the 'case managers' being the constant across the life span of an individual. They are there when schools and other programs cannot cope. They may need to be the advocates for health care, as well as providing on- going nursing or medical care. Unfortunately in ignoring or failing to provide the often diverse and variable support families require, even family support may collapse or be limited when situations are dire, problematic or chronic.It is of interest that the field of FQOL (family quality of life) did not take root until around the beginning of the 21st century and this is a period where more and more pressures were going onto families, particularly mothers, as institutions were closed and more and more children with severe and multiple disabilities were surviving birth and living much longer. This took place during a time that, in the western world, family structures themselves were undergoing change. …


In this paper we measure the two-body relaxation time from the angular deflection of test particles launched in a rigid conguration of eld particles. We nd that centrally concentrated congurations have re- laxation times that can be shorter than those of the corresponding homogeneous distributions by an order of magnitude or more. For homogeneous distributions we conrm that the relaxation time is proportional to the number of particles. On the other hand centrally concentrated congurations have a much shallower dependence, particularly for small values of the softening. The relaxation time increases with the inter-particle velocities and with softening. The latter dependence is not very strong, of the order of a factor of two when the softening is increased by an order of magnitude. Finally we show that relaxation times are the same on GRAPE-3 and GRAPE-4, dedicated computer boards with limited and high precision respectively.


This paper analyzes the term structure of interest rates in an exchange-only Lucas (Econometrica 46:1429–1445, 1978) economy where consumers learn about a stochastic growth rate through observations of the endowment process and an external public signal. We allow for deluded consumers, who exaggerate the degree of covariation between the external public signal and the growth rate. With such consumers, there can be a premium for noisy external public information in long-term bonds and the social value of more precise public information can be negative. Moreover, our model can create excessive yield volatility and deviations from the expectations hypothesis.


The effects of stable stratification on aircraft wake vortices are investigated by means of high-resolution two-dimensional simulations. The simulations elucidate that the vortices first decelerate and then accelerate their descent, where they largely conserve their circulation. This complex behaviour is explained by the kinematic interaction of the wingtip vortices and the secondary vorticity generated by baroclinity. It is found that the impulse of the whole system, including primary and secondary vorticity, is oscillating with the BruntVaisala frequency which implies that the wingtip vortices themselves do not. Nevertheless, the buoyancy force that acts on the oval enveloping the wingtip vortices develops, at least for the first quarter of the Brunt-Vaisala period, exactly as it is expected for an ideal and vertically displaced particle. This results in a relation between the descent height and the size of the oval.


The combined use of the electromagnetic-acoustic effect and a mathematical model of the dynamics of the stress-strain state of technological pipelines in the form of a transfer function to increase the reliability and accuracy of estimating their residual life, taking into account the degradation of the metal structure during operation has been justified.


Resistance and magneto-resistance of nanocrystalline SrFe1−xTixO3−δ (x = 0 to 0.3) systems are investigated. Substitution of non magnetic Ti4+ stabilizes the single phase tetragonal crystal structure with I4/mmm space group and Ti introduces bond disorder as well as site disorder. With increase in Ti content, the disorder increase leading to localization and large change in resistivity is observed in all the systems. In undoped system, the increase in resistivity is associated with the magnetic transition. All the Ti doped samples show large change in resistivity much above the magnetic ordering temperature and three dimensional Variable Range Hopping mechanism seems to explain the transport and magneto-transport behavior in these systems.


These verses contain two invitations to grasp God's depth through experiences of seeing and tasting. It is not only a question of bodily senses, but of sensorial imagination too. This type of imagination can play a role for approaching God.


The core of developing Circular Economy is selling services instead of selling products,therefore it could be achieved that the production and life means could be commonly shared,and the utilization ratio of resources could be increased maximum,consequently,our survive space and environment could be kept sustainable as long as it could be.The nature and human being bear a dissipation structure and have the life cycle in the world that forms the basis of selling services instead of products.The main work of this article is to build up a Circular Economic Model of General Equilibrium based on the analysis in marginal utility of circular economic production and investment after introducing product life cycle as a variable.In built up the Circular Economic Model of General Equilibrium,science technology as a new production and consume factor replaces one of the traditional production factors,namely the nature resource factor"land". The new three production factors are changed from"capital,labour and land"to"capital,labour and Science technology". Circular economy as a market economic modal,relative to the free market economy,prefers to the social market economy.So long as to determine the Circular Economic Model of General Equilibrium and marginal utility function,they could be used to calculate the service price from the products.As an application example,the deduced relation of Circular Economic Model of General Equilibrium and marginal utility function would be used to analyze arbitrage or non-arbitrage price of living service.Through setting difference life cycles of the house more different values of the house would be showed.Analyzing this consequence could be explained that financial crisis occurred in American between 2008 and 2009.That is another comprehension reading for this Article.


We report a new case of pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma in a 37-year-old woman. Clinically, this rare lesion presents as a palpable, well-circumscribed mass. The histologic picture is quite characteristic and simulates an angiosarcoma. The recommended treatment is local excision.


Cyber security practices mainly involve the prevention of external threats to software, hardware, server data, and other assets which are connected to the internet. Organizations follow a lot of cyber security practices to protect their systems and databases from malicious cyber actors. Cybercriminals use different techniques like spear-phishing, phishing, password attack, denial of service, ransomware, etc. to cause harm to people, organizations, and governments and steal important information from them. We analyzed the use of deep learning algorithms to deal with cyber-attacks. Deep neural networks or deep learning consist of machine learning procedures to support the network to fix complex issues and learn from unmanaged data. In addition, we also analyzed some of the cyber security laws and practices implemented in the US and Saudi Arabia to work collaboratively against cyber threats. It is observed that both countries are doing well against cyberthreats, but they need to work even more to provide training and support to professionals in the public sector who handle sensitive data about cyber security.