One of the most significant questions in international relations today is whether the world is heading towards a new Cold War. It is important to examine this issue from the viewpoint of small and middle states, whose behaviour vis-à-vis the great powers during the Cold War basically consisted of siding with one or the other. Are we seeing the same behaviour today, or are small and middle states employing different strategies due to the different circumstances? This paper seeks to answer this question through a case study of Australia, a middle power, whose security is guaranteed by the US but whose main trading partner is China. While during the Cold War Australia clearly belonged to the US-led Western bloc, its situation in the current power struggle between the US and China is more complicated. The paper examines Australia's relationship with both superpowers and concludes that it follows a hedging strategy, whereby it maximises rewards from both sides while also preparing a fallback position in case circumstances change. This strategy is necessitated by the global economic interdependence that has resulted from globalisation. The study finds that Australia's strategy vis-à-vis the two rival great powers of today is different from its strategy during the Cold War. Many other small and middle states are hedging in a similar way, and this fundamental difference in their behaviour compared to the Cold War leads to the conclusion that there will be no return to a Cold War with clearly separate blocks.


Toward realization of "Low-Carbon Society", power semiconductors are becoming extremely important to use energy effectively. In recent years, application of SiC (Silicone Carbide) and GaN (Gallium Nitride) have been actively studied as a next generation semiconductor element. High heat resistance of epoxy mold compound (EMC) is required for SiC or GaN power devices. In this time, we found the new type resin structure based on the rigid biphenylene molecular structure which can achieve both high Tg and high heat resistance. EMC coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is also a key factor for reliability and warpage performance in a power module package.


The accident caused at the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant by the Great East Japan Earthquake of 11 March 2011 resulted in radioactive fallout over a wide area of eastern Japan. Production of bioenergy crops and their conversion to energy may be one way to resume agricultural production at an early date and to put renewable energy to practical use. We examined yearly changes in radioactive cesium concentrations in the harvested parts of six perennial Gramineae candidate bioenergy crops and the distribution of the cesium in plant organs and rhizosphere soil layers under no-till conditions in an experimental field 112 km from the nuclear power plant. Average radioactivity of the sum of cesium-134 and cesium-137 in the harvested parts (foliage) of the six bioenergy crops on the day of harvest declined considerably from 193.3 Bq kg−1 in 2011 to 31.6% of the 2011 level in 2012, 28.8% in 2013 and 28.7% in 2014. Radioactivity was higher in the underground plant parts (subterranean stem and root) than in the aboveground parts (foliage and stubble). In 2014, radioactivity in the untilled rhizosphere soil was higher in the shallow layer (0–5 cm from the soil surface) than in the deeper layers, indicating that rainfall and perennial bioenergy crop cultivation for more than 3 years had a limited effect on the soil distribution of the fallout. These results provide unique and specific information on radioactive cesium transfer to bioenergy crops and could help in the planning of feedstock supplies in radiation-polluted areas.


Abstract Traditional systems of conflict resolution in Uganda perform a number of functions—including reconciliation—and most Ugandans have a common understanding of these ceremonies and their meanings. Responses from Christian leaders vary regarding the appropriateness of such mechanisms. Catholics, joined with less fervor by Anglicans and Orthodox worshippers, support these kinds of practices. Evangelicals (including some Church of Uganda priests, Pentecostals, Seventh Day Adventists, Presbyterians, the Africa Inland Church and others), oppose what these practices might represent and note their spiritual overtones. If Ugandan Christian leaders bless the modified use of customary practices it may provide helpful mechanisms for reconciliation.


Abstract The concept of a spectacle as an element of urban landscape is demonstrated by the relationship between the idea of sensible urban experiences and the surface of architecture. The face of architecture can go beyond visual experiences and create surfaces that communicate images by expressing a spectacle. In other words, the installations and surface finishes of architecture make it possible for us to use architecture as a tool for experiential marketing. This study was conducted in order to understand the spectacle phenomenologically as a means of expression in urban consumer space that constantly changes according to the development of the media in urban consumer spaces, and according to the changes of visual perception. In addition, the spectacle is seen as a surface element of architecture that creates urban landscapes. The purpose of this study is to examine how rhetorical expressions of spectacles are used as strategic tools to merchandize architecture as a component of urban landscapes. In conclusion, the authors discuss what roles spectacles play in consumer spaces in order to determine the representative characteristics of surfaces in an attempt to understand architectural surfaces of contemporary urban landscapes as a phenomenon of perceptive communication.


A factorial pot experiment was conducted using two types of soils (sandy loam and red clay loam) that are commonly used for commercial vegetable production in Bundaberg, region of Central Queensl and Australia. The soils were amended with 0, 25, 50 and 75 t/ha of green waste biochar and minimum doses of N, P and K (30 kg/ha, 30 kg/ha and 40 kg/ha respectively). After two weeks of plant establishment, the pots were leached with 1.5 litres of deionised water at week intervals, and cation concentrations of the leachate were determined. In 25 t/ha biochar treatment, there was a significant (P<0.05) reduction in K and Ca leaching by 40% and 26% respectively from sandy loam, and of Ca by 23% from the red clay loam. Soil water holding capacity and soil organic carbon were also increased in both biochar treated soils. After 12 weeks of growth, shoot weight was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher in 25 t/ha biochar-treated sandy loam and red clay loam (32% and 31% respectively). These results clearly demonstrated that a higher yield of capsicum can be achieved from green waste biochar application in sandy loam and red clay loam at 25 t/ha biochar. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7221 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.86-90


IntroductionAt the end of 2009, more than 208 countries had confirmed cases of H1N1 with estimated death tolls at 12,220 (1). The H1N1 flu of 2009 is an event that will not be soon forgotten. The flu impacted many people in a variety of ways. For most of us it simply resulted in an increased use of hand sanitizer and being vigilant about washing hands and being aware of who was sick around us. For some it resulted in economic loss, and others the loss of a loved one. Most people in 2009 knew about or were impacted by the H1N1 flu in one way or another.Media has been regarded as one of the major platforms to issues related to the health crisis. General audiences assess the health risk and make judgments about their daily-life behaviors based on the perceived severity of the disease presented by the media and learn various preventive methods through media's reports (2-5). Therefore, to understand how media has portrayed the 2009 swine flu in terms of the presentation of risk and self-efficacy (e.g. the degree to which people could protect themselves from the risk) becomes fairly crucial.The current study content analyzed the coverage of the 2009 swine flu in major U.S. newspapers. The primary purpose of this project is to assess the presentation of risks related to swine flu and how media acted as an educational podium in disseminating the knowledge of swine flu prevention. It is the wish of the authors to provide a base to further understand how media could serve as an important information source to public's perceptions in a health crisis.The 2009 swine fluThe virus. The first suspected case of the swine flu or H1N1 virus was detected on March 18, 2009 in Mexico (6). The initial cause for concern over the virus was the fact that it is an animal strain of flu that had mutated and had become transmissible among humans. Along with the fact that it was an animal virus, additional concerns were the rapid rate of transmission, age of those affected, and geographic spread of the disease (6). The flu virus was confirmed as the H1N1 strain in mid-April 2009 (7). During this time organizations such as the World Health Organization noted the quick spread of the disease. On June 11 2009, the WHO raised the pandemic alert level to 6, the organization's highest alert level (8). This is the first time since the 1968 flu pandemic that the WHO has issued a level 6 pandemic alert(9). One of the main reasons for the raise in alert level was the rate of transmission and the lack of a vaccine.Consequences of swine flu. The swine flu caused several disturbances to everyday life. Fears loomed over the world regarding the swine flu, and the best course of action to be taken. Many schools, especially in the United States and Mexico were closed due to growing concerns over the swine flu. Schools were closed during both the spring and fall of 2009 as fears grew over the spread of the swine flu. This fear was not limited to local communities.The fear of the H1N1 flu swept around the world faster than the virus itself and damaged the economy in many ways. The pork industry suffered a great deal of economic loss associated with the swine flu; estimates from April through early December of 2009 totaling $1.9 billion (10). Early on in the pandemic pigs were killed out of fear of transmission of the disease. In Cairo, 300,000 pigs were slaughtered as a precaution against the disease (11). Mexico's tourism industry faced large losses on account of the disease. Cruise ships that often frequented ports in Mexico changed their routes (12). In addition, many Mexican resorts, hotels, and restaurants closed to prevent the spread of the disease (13). Once they re-opened there were few customers due to concerns over the disease. Some resorts even started offering the -flu-free guarantee" (13).Vaccination. The vaccine for the swine flu was approved by the Food and Drug Administration on September 15, 2009 (14). Manufacturers faced many obstacles to making a safe and effective vaccine. …


Herod - The Great?. The claim to historical understanding is more than simply quoting from ancient sources. Not only must anachronism and ethnocentrism be dealt with in order not to make the ancients mere instruments of modem preferences, but the sources themselves must be carefully interpreted so that we do not become victims of their propaganda. The challenge of historical understanding with sincerity and fairness is illustrated in this study of Herod the Great, king of the Judaeans. Studying history is not to aim at the discovery of final truth, but to participate in the conversation about truth, and therefore the self-reflection and self-discovery implied by historical exploration.


Purpose. Offer new approaches in the design of road interchanges at different levels in cramped conditions. Results. Examples of design solution of road interchanges at different levels in cramped conditions. Practical value. Proposed engineering solutions using world experience designing road interchanges at different levels and the use of post-tension curved span bridges, uninterrupted traffic on transportation hub, reducing public investment and ensure the maintanance of bridges.


Federal risk management policy involves both risk assessment and risk management elements. Risk assessment consists of hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Risk management, on the other hand, involves making policy decisions based on risk assessment results and social, economic, and political factors. These remarks summarize the role of risk assessment and risk management in the regulatory, judicial, and legislative arenas. They then focus on the new direction for risk assessment policy as the government and industry grapple with risk management issues.


We prove some new lower bounds for the counting function $\mathcal N_{\mathcal C}(x)$ of the set of Novak-Carmichael numbers. Our estimates depend on the bounds for the number of shifted primes without large prime factors. In particular, we prove that $\mathcal N_{\mathcal C}(x) \gg x^{0.7039-o(1)}$ unconditionally and that $\mathcal N_{\mathcal C}(x) \gg xe^{-(7+o(1))(\log x)\frac{\log\log\log x}{\log\log x}}$, under some reasonable hypothesis.


Since early June, GIT-GTL has received 2 pieces of striking blue gemstones sold as "Haüyne" in the market from clients for identification (Figure 1). The first obvious feature of these gems is that they possess very intense and bright blue colors similar to "neon blue" or "electric blue" colors. They appear as facetted mixed cut and cabochon cut, weigh 6.11 and 2.35 cts., respectively, and are transparent to translucent. As the clients informed us that these large gemstones were traded as "Haüyne" in the market while the gem haüyne itself is actually a rare gemstone and has been found commonly in very small size (less than 1 ct). Hence, these contradictory facts at a first glance have caused some doubts to us on such unusual large sizes.


The human genome is a mosaic of isochores, long (>300 kb) DNA regions, each one of which is characterized by a low compositional heterogeneity. Isochores belong, however, to a small number of families that cover a very broad GC range (GC is the molar percentage of guanine + cytosine in DNA). An isochore pattern is very widespread in eukaryotes. This pattern (the "genome phenotype") is stable over geological times, but is different in different vertebrate and plant classes. In all vertebrates, there are good correlations between the GC levels of coding and contiguous noncoding sequences, as well as among the GC levels of different codon positions. Such correlations amount to a "genomic code".

Gene distribution is bimodal in vertebrates, gene density being very high in the small "genome core" (corresponding in the human genome to the GC-richest isochore families H2 + H3) and very low in the vast "genome desert" (formed by the other isochore families L1, L2, and H1). The gene distribution of vertebrates is correlated with important structural, functional, and evolutionary features.

Keywords:

genome organization;
genome evolution;
vertebrates


Objective To investigate the clinical distribution and resistane of Acinetobacter Baumanii.Methods Routine bacteria culture and France BioMerieux identification system were adopted for bacteria identification.Susceptibility was tested by Kirby-Bauer method.Results For specimen from which Acinetobacter baumanii were examined,sputum accounted for 78.7%,being the highest percentage.Then were pus and secretion.Acinetobacter baumanii was mainly distributed at ward,especially at ICU ward.Then was neurosurgery ward.The resistance of Acinetobacter baumanii was serious.At the present,the antibiotic drugs which had the low resistance ratio were carbapenems,β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations and levofloxacin.Conclusion It was important for clinic to use antibiotic drugs reasonably.The disinfection should be strengthened for hospital environment and medical staff in order to control existance and spread of Acinetobacter baumanii in hospital.


CT fluoroscopy (CTF) technology has been used for guidance of percutaneous interventional procedures at our institution since 1996. Since that time, we have performed over 120 therapeutic procedures of the abdomen and pelvis using the Toshiba Xpress/SX continuous imaging CTF system. Procedures discussed in this review include fluid collection aspiration and drainage, chemoneurolysis, and tumor chemoablation. CTF facilitates accurate and rapid placement of needles, guidewires, and drainage catheters. In addition, the ability to constantly monitor instrument placement allows percutaneous procedures to be performed in a very safe manner. Limitations on image quality using a low millamperage technique are less important when performing fluid collection drainages than when accessing tumor lesions within solid organs such as the liver for chemoablation.


In June 2004 voters in the Republic of Ireland endorsed a constitutional amendment to deprive children born on the island of Ireland of their previously automatic right to Irish citizenship. This change came amid increasing immigration and so-called 'baby tourism', whereby non-national mothers were alleged to be coming to Ireland to give birth for the sole purpose of bestowing Irish citizenship on their children. This article sets the referendum in its historical and contemporary context. Along with recent jurisprudence of the Irish Supreme Court, the amendment betokens a distinctive biopolitics orchestrated according to neo-liberal themes consonant with Ireland's membership of the European Union and its foreign direct investment strategy. As such, the amendment confirms the shift in Irish constitutional history from autarkic nationalism to cosmopolitan post-nationalism embodied in the Belfast Agreement of 1998.


It is a pleasure Lor me to have the honor of addressing you at this 20th Anniversary Meeting of the American Association ok Blood Banks. Dr. Hummer tells me that since its fountling in 1947, when 118 persons united to form the AABB, its membership has grown to more than 4,000 individuals and 1,125 institutions, representing 52 states and commonwealths and 25 countries. Your achievements have been impressive. In 20 years, a short time at today's pace, the AABB has developed and promoted many outstanding programs. Your national clearing house, inspection, accreditation and reference laboratory programs and the rare donor file have contributed to the excellence of blood banking as i t now exists. T h e workshops and training programs you conduct are of great value to professional and technical staffs. AABB publications, such as Technical Mpthodp and Procedures and Standards for a Blood Transfusion Seruice, are recognized guides to blood banking technics and standards. Your scientific, administrative and technical sessions, such as this annual meeting, provide excellent forums for the exchange of up-todate information. You not only have established a solid record of performance in the administrative functions of your association, but at the same time have provided a truly humanitarian service. Your pioneer contributions to blood banking, frequently unknown


—Navigation is one of the fundamental features of a autonomous robot. And the ability of long-term navigation with semantic instruction is a 'holy grail' goals of intelligent robots. The development of 3D simulation technology provide a large scale of data to simulate the real-world environment. The deep learning proves its ability to robustly learn various embodied navigation tasks. However, deep learning on embodied navigation is still in its infancy due to the unique challenges faced by the navigation exploration and learning from partial observed visual input. Recently, deep learning in embodied navigation has become even thriving, with numerous methods have been proposed to tackle different challenges in this area. To give a promising direction for future research, in this paper, we present a comprehensive review of embodied navigation tasks and the recent progress in deep learning based methods. It includes two major tasks: target-oriented navigation and the instruction-oriented navigation.


This article briefly reviews somencurrent ideas regarding snakebite in the Uniled States. Twenty species of native venomous snakes occur and include 15 species of rattlesnakes, the copperhead and cottonmouth, two species of coral snakes, and one seasnake. Snake venoms contain a variety of enzymes and non-enzymatic toxins. Composition may vary geographically, onto genetically, and individually. As determined by mouse toxicity, most lethal venoms are those of the Mohave rattlesnake...


In the present work, a new design of low power 5-2 compressor circuit is reported. The 5-2 compressor circuits are used in high speed multipliers for partial product reduction. The proposed circuit shows power consumption variation in the range of 1.0685 nW to 5.3862 nW. The maximum output delay of the circuit shows variation in the range of 75.64 ps to 42.08 ps. Further, the Power-Delay Product (PDP) of the circuit varies from 80.82 10-21 (J) to 226.65 10–21 (J) with change in supply voltage from 1.8 V to 3.3 V. The present compressor circuit shows minimum power consumption as compared to earlier reported 5-2 compressor circuits. The results have been obtained in 0.18 m CMOS technology.


Abstract Context: Integrase (IN) is one of the three human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) enzymes that, together with a reverse transcriptase and protease, allow the virus to reproduce itself after infecting the host cells. Any new knowledge on inhibitors of this enzyme could provide essential clues for the development of anti-HIV drugs. Objective: To evaluate the anti-HIV-1 IN activity of some Thai medicinal plant extracts, and to isolate the active compounds from the extract that possessed the strongest anti-HIV-1 IN activity. Materials and methods: Ethanol extracts of eight Thai medicinal plants (10–100 µg/mL) were evaluated for their inhibitory effect against HIV-1 IN. An extract of Mimusops elengi L. (Sapotaceae) leaves that possessed the strongest anti-HIV-1 IN activity was fractionated to isolate the active compounds by an anti-HIV-1 IN assay-guided isolation process. Results and discussion: The leaf extract from M. elengi had the strongest anti-HIV-1 IN activity with an IC50 value of 62.1 µg/mL. A bioassay-guided isolation of the active compounds from M. elengi leaf extract resulted in the isolation of active compounds, identified as a mixture of gallocatechin and epigallocatechin. This mixture of gallocatechin and epigallocatechin showed satisfactory anti-HIV-1 IN activity with an IC50 value of 35.0 µM. A flavanol glycoside, mearnsitrin was also isolated but was inactive at a concentration of 100 µM.


The current social decomposition is characterized by individualism, indifference and lack of solidarity that cause the deterioration of the social fabric. Violence is one of the forms of dominant social relation that has normalized in our societies and has permeated school institutions. In this sense, it is interesting to characterize the social processes that are generated in the school environment, where violence, exclusion, rejection and distrust are reproduced and recreated, emphasizing that school is not only a "sounding board" of which happens at a societal level, but it also represents a possibility to influence the modification of the prevailing relational forms and promote processes of inclusion, acceptance and trust, among the different actors of the school community, so that a model of intervention designed from Social Work which aims to contribute –from the specificity of this discipline– to the construction of a different, inclusive, democratic society.


Purpose. To estimate the accuracy of IOP measurement using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and applanation tonometry with fixed strength. Material and methods. 290 patients (576 eyes) underwent applanation tonometry according to Maklakov with tonometer weights of 5, 10, and 15 g using a modified elastotonometry technique followed by an analysis of impression quality and diameter measurements by three independent ophthalmologist experts. The prints were then fed into a neural network to check the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements. Results. The comparison of the diameters of the Maklakov tonometer prints determined by AI based on the neural network with the measurements data provided by three experts showed that neural network underestimates the measurement results by an average of 0.27 (-3.81; 4.35) mm Hg. At the same time, the intraclass correlation coefficient for all prints was 98.3%. The accuracy of diameter measurements of prints by neural network differs for tonometers of different weights, e.g. for a 5 g tonometer the difference was 0.06 (-3.38; 3.49) mm Hg, for 10 g and 15 g tonometers was 0.14 (-3.8; 3.51) and 0.95 (-3.84; 5.74) mm Hg, respectively. Conclusion. High accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements by the neural network, was shown to surpass the reproducibility of human-implemented measurements.


A study was made of the action of phosphatidase D (phospholipase D) from Clostridium perfringens (C. welchii) on five constituents of the yolk of hens' eggs (α- and β-lipovitellin, the low-density ...


The ecological superiority, grain yield heterosis and the Change of needs from indica to japonica among the Chinese people were expounded. The progresses and problems in developing japonica hybrid rice further to the north and the south were introduced, and the technical strategy of breeding indica-type japonica hybrid rice by way of ″Bridging between indica and japonica″ was proposed for further developing japonica hybrid rice currently.


INTRODUCTION:
 We have shown that the late-pregnant (LP) rodent is more vulnerable to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) compared to non-pregnant (NP). The molecular mechanisms are unknown. Several microRNAs (miRs) are dysregulated in IRI, making them promising therapeutic targets. Our goal is to decipher the mechanisms underlying the higher susceptibility of LP to IRI.

 Methods:
 The left anterior descending coronary artery of female Sprague-Dawley rats (2-3 months old NP and LP, 20-21 days pregnant) was occluded for 45 minutes followed by 3 hours reperfusion. Myocardial necrosis was assessed using TTC staining. MicroRNA-microarray profiling was performed on hearts of NP and LP rats subjected to IRI (Ocean Ridge Biosciences). In vitro, female cardiomyocytes were transfected either miR98 mimic or inhibitor (40uM), followed by 3 hours hypoxia and 6 hours reoxygenation. Human blood samples were collected from NP, LP, and coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Data were expressed as mean±SEM. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

 Results:
 MicroRNA-microarray profiling revealed miR-98-5p (miR-98) is upregulated in the hearts of LP IRI rats compared to NP IRI by 2.3 folds, which we confirmed with qPCR (1.89±0.15, n=5 animals/group). miR98 is significantly increased in the plasma of healthy LP compared to healthy NP women (2.32±0.44, LP n=9, NP n=7), and significantly increased in LP with CHD compared to healthy LP (4.41±0.73, CHD n=5). TargetScan revealed STAT3 and PGC-1α to be targets of miR98. We confirmed significantly decreased expression of STAT3 and PGC-1α in LP IRI rat myocardium compared to NP IRI (STAT3 0.48±0.12 n=5 and PGC-1α 0.39±0.17 n=5). MiR98 overexpression in female cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) significantly decreased STAT3 (0.75±0.11) and PGC-1α (0.52±0.16), and increased apoptosis (1.89±0.09), inflammation (2.12±0.18), and oxidative stress (2.3±0.22), while miR-98 knockdown resulted in the opposite effect (n=4).

 Conclusions:
 MiR98 is upregulated in LP rats subjected to IRI compared to NP IRI and in LP human plasma samples with CHD compared to healthy NP and LP. miR98 promotes oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the setting of H/R
 in vitro
 by targeting STAT3 and PGC-1α.


The goal of this article is to discuss the phenomenon of the ethos of affective sexual experience of transvestites at the interface with modeling one's body. A changing reality, the body in contemporary society is a kind of merchandise - a product entitled to minor repairs and predetermined duration. It was also observed the construction of identities and subjectivities based on artifacts established under or on the skin: piercings, tattoos, scarification, silicone, hormones, body building, crossdressing – which have turned the body into a means of affirmation of the self. The use of silicone, hormones and plastic surgery to achieve the ideal body modeling by transvestites has become commonplace among this population leading to an issue of public health due to the injuries, deformities and even death that often result from such practices. The phenomenological method was chosen to analyze, understand and interpret the speeches of three transvestites belonging to social classes C and D; aged between 20 and 30 years on the meanings they attribute to the process of modeling their body and the affective sexual practices arising from such transformation. The results obtained from the analysis of the three interviews led to three categories: "The dream of beauty and a perfect body"; "Pain and the recovery process as a rite of passage"; and "Change in behavior / personality resulting from the applications". In their search of the perfect body they dare and cross the ethical boundaries of aesthetics and health. They subvert the sense of self-care to meet the market logic. The transvestites mutilate and shape their bodies; they shape a sui generis body that seeks balance between the feminine and the masculine and also claims the existence of a particular ethos.


According to the safety accidents and environment problems frequently occurred in the coal enterprises, in combination with the actual conditions of the coal enterprises in Henan Province, the paper analyzed the necessity and reality of the coal enterprises to establish the evaluation index system of the social responsibility and provided the method to improve the evaluation index system of the social responsibility.


From the laboratory point of view, test results are only as reliable as the quality of the sample. It is imperative that the specimens received for coagulation testing are collected by a clean venipuncture with as little trauma to the tissues as possible. Clotted, hemolyzed, and contaminated specimens are not suitable and should not be used by the laboratory. The most common causes of erroneous results are related to the blood draw; therefore, special care must be taken to avoid any undue problems. Sodium citrate is the anticoagulant that is most commonly used for both routine and special coagulation testing. The citrated blood should be spun by routine centrifugation methods so that platelet free plasma is obtained.1 PROTHROMBIN TIME The prothrombin time (PT) monitors the factors that are in the extrinsic pathway – factors VII, X, V, and II. A PT is performed by adding synthetically prepared tissue factor, generally from brain or lung, and calcium to the test plasma and measuring the time it takes the clot to form. Prolongation of the PT is most often a result of deficiencies in factor VII but can also be caused by any of the aforementioned factors. Decreased fibrinogen, levels less than 100 mg/dL, will also prolong the PT; however, this test is not used to measure fibrinogen deficiency since most coagulation labs can perform a fibrinogen assay.1 ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME The partial thromboplastin time reagent is a preparation of synthetic phospholipids, particulate activator, and calcium. The APTT, or simply PTT,… ABBREVIATIONS: APTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulation; PT = prothrombin time; PTT = partial thromboplastin time; TCT = thrombin clotting time; vWD = von Willebrand disease; vWF = von Willebrand factor.


In order to guarantee the objectivity of the evaluation result,we proposed a method of analytic hierarchy in combination with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to optimize the underground mining method.Determining the weight of indexes by using AHP and evaluating it by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation are highly logical,practical and systemic,making the weight of evaluation indexes obtained much accurate and the results more objective and stable.Exemplified calculation result shows that the evaluating result is in good accordance with the practical situation.In addition,the AHP-FCE method is simple,convenient,and universal.It not only can be used as a guide in practical production but also provides a new way for optimizing similar mining schemes.


The Classical Review vol. 60 no. 2 © The Classical Association 2010; all rights reserved The fi nal chapter is an analysis of the contest between Ulysses and Ajax for the arms of Achilles. P. claims that Ulysses is 'the strongest surrogate of the poet' (p. 132) in the whole poem, which some readers may contest. But she makes a strong case in her reading of Ulysses' speech, which, like the Metamorphoses itself, distorts and transforms the epic tradition, makes intertextual allusions, engages in clever etymologies and wordplay, and undercuts traditional heroism. Ulysses would loom over Ovid's exile poetry, and here P.'s analysis shows that themes in the Metamorphoses are refracted throughout Ulysses' speech. This book will be of value to readers of Ovid at every level, especially those interested in intertextuality, narratology and wordplay. P. is a sure guide through the maze of the Metamorphoses.


The continuous formation and development of a laminar vortex street behind a circular cylinder of radius D in a flow of velocity U∞ has been modeled as a Huygens‐type wave process, where the transverse velocity Uy and the vorticity ω in the near wake oscillate at the vortex shedding frequency f. Starting from the Biot–Savart law for fluids a phase front propagation integral is derived. This formalism is used to calculate for each point along the span the phase of vortex shedding as a function of the phase of the previously shed vortex generation and the shedding frequency. The amplitude is determined by a simple renormalization calculation. In good agreement with experiments, the model predicts the propagation of spanwise phase perturbations into subsequent vortex generations for two‐dimensional (2‐D) flow geometries and the cell formation in three‐dimensional flows around tapered cylinders.


The research was designed to investigate the effects of occupational socialization upon police offleers* perceptions of deaocratic values* It was hypothesized that as officers became socialised into the occupation they would place significantly more stress upon the need for social order and significantly less stress upon individual liberties* It was also expected that the more highly socialized officers would also perceive mere hate and hostility directed at them by the public• The research was carried out in a small urban poliee department which employs 180 officers* Participantobservation was first used to describe the role-set of the patrolman and the setting of occupational socialization* A questionnaire» which included Likert-type scales to measure the pertinent values* was then administered to 109 members of the department. A similar questionnaire was administered to 60 firefighters who served as a quasi control group* Length of service* rank* job commitment and advanced police training were used to represent social ization* The effects of social class* religion, ethnicity, formal education and age were also considered.


The purpose of this project is to provide additional general laboratory space at the 3720 Building to meet current program needs. The proposed addition, approximately 1750 to 2250 square feet, will be attached to the north end of the building. It is requested that a directive modification be issued approving continued Title II design effort and construction of the proposed addition.


SummaryA preliminary report is given on the results of angiography of the upper limb in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, from some other diseases affecting the extremities, and in normal controls.


Alveolar type II (ATII) cells in the peripheral human lung spontaneously differentiate toward ATI cells, thus enabling air‐blood barrier formation. Here, linear Raman and coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy are applied to study cell differentiation of freshly isolated ATII cells. The Raman spectra can successfully be correlated with gradual morphological and molecular changes during cell differentiation. Alveolar surfactant rich vesicles in ATII cells are identified based on phospholipid vibrations, while ATI‐like cells are characterized by the absence of vesicular structures. Complementary, CARS microscopy allows for three‐dimensional visualization of lipid vesicles within ATII cells and their secretion, while hyperspectral CARS enables the distinction between cellular proteins and lipids according to their vibrational signatures. This study paves the path for further label‐free investigations of lung cells and the role of the pulmonary surfactant, thus also providing a basis for rational development of future lung therapeutics.


The implementation of urban distribution network automation is an important technical means to enhance the reliability of power system. The mechanism and characteristics of distribution network automation and its impact on the reliability were discussed in this paper. Based on the correction of the traditional assessment method,the reliability evaluation model of distribution network automation was presented. The economic benefits of distribution automation were evaluated through the application of cost-benefit analysis. Finally,a practical distribution system was calculated to verify the combined effect of assessment methods and the economic relations between the cost-benefits. The proposed method can greatly improve the reliability and economy in distribution network automation.


Objective To compare the efficacy of three kinds of training modes of self-rescue and mutual rescue of war wound in grass-roots units.Methods In the training exercise,all the soldiers were divided into three groups.The first group was trained by experts of remedying war wound,the second group by medics and the third group by themselves.The duration of training was 4 days,6 class hours per day.Examinations were conducted after training,and the skill of rescue technique of all soldiers was recorded. Results The results showed that there was no distinct difference between the first and the second group.Remarkable difference was found between the first and the third group,and remarkable difference was also found between the second and the third group.Conclusion The importance of self-rescue and mutual rescue training of war wound should be emphasized,the training content of self-rescue and mutual rescue of war wound should be futher scientifically demonstrated.Meanwhile,research,development and application of equipment for self-rescue and mutual rescue training of war wound should be intensified,so as to improve the ability of self-rescue and mutual rescue.


In the face of the fact that the development of traditional silicon-based electronic devices is increasingly limited, single molecule electronic device, which has been attracting more and more attention, is considered as one of the most hopeful candidates to realize the miniaturization of conventional electronic devices. In this paper, an overview of single molecule electronic devices is provided, including molecular electronic devices and electrode types. First, several molecular electronic devices are presented, including molecular diodes, molecular memories, molecular wires, molecular field effect transistors (FET) and molecular switches. Then the influence of different electrode types of the transport characteristics is introduced, showing that graphene is a promising electrode material for single molecule electronic devices. Moreover, other excellent characteristics of molecular devices are briefly introduced, such as potential thermoelectric effects, new thermally induced spin transport phenomena and negative differential resistance (NDR) behavior. Finally, the future challenges to the development of electronic devices based on single molecules are described.


Implementing the 1977 Core System standard proposal of ACM/Siggraph for a state-of-the-art microprogrammable refresh display system presents a number of design tradeoffs. Thus, there are areas of contention between a strict interpretation of the standards and the advanced capabilities of the display that led the user to purchase such a system in the first place. These methodological differences lead to a "loosely defined" Core system, which adheres to the spirit of the standards without sacrificing display performance.


This paper investigates monitoring burst (m-burst), an interesting framework of all-optical failure localization technique reported in [2], in all-optical networks with multi-link SRLGs up to d links. We introduce a novel m-trail allocation method for achieving local unambiguous failure localization (L-UFL), where a single monitoring node (MN) can localize any SRLG failure by inspecting the optical bursts traversing through it. In specific, the proposed m-trail method ensures that (d + 1) link-disjoint m-trails originating from the MN will traverse each link, such that any healthy link is traversed by at least one uninterrupted m-trail during an SRLG failure. As a proof of concept, we formulate two integer linear programs (ILPs) and implement the method for SRLGs with d up to 3. Numerical results show that the scheme takes very short fault localization latency, while achieving the best performance.


Objective:  Studies of subjective wellbeing (SW) in schizophrenia have missed to define and to assess rate and predictors of SW response (SW‐res) and SW remission (SW‐rem).


Study on reduction roasting-magnetic separation of some refractory iron ore in which the iron grade was 27.23% was conducted and the effects of the types and dosage of fluxing agent on direct reduction were compared.The results indicated that fluxing agent can lower the melting point of silicon,aluminium,calcium and magnesium,improve the reduction conditions of iron oxide and promote direct reduction.The effects of different fluxing agent are different.The effect of fluxing agent A was better than that of fluxing agent B for the test ore.


CFP for the annual Association of Art Historians conference, at the Royal College of Art, London, April 10-12, 2014 Deadline: Nov 11, 2013 New Approaches to Collecting (1400-1600) Session Convenor: Leah Clark This panel seeks submissions that address new approaches to collecting in the early modern world. Scholars have long been attentive to the emergence of the studiolo in the Italian Renaissance and its relationship to humanism and the revival of classical culture, pursuing connections betw...


The invention relates to an automatic paper filing and separating device and method for a household paper automatic folding machine. The automatic paper filing and separating device comprises a pair of automatic paper filing and separating unit which are adjacent to each other and matched for folding paper; each automatic paper filing and separating unit comprises a paper folding roller, a guide roller for guiding raw paper into the roller surface of the paper folding roller, and an upper cutting component and a separating and rolling roller sequentially distributed in the transporting track direction of the raw paper along the roller surface of the paper folding roller; the raw paper is guided to the roller surface of the paper folding roller by the guide roller in each automatic paper filing and separating unit, and meanwhile the raw paper is adsorbed on the roller surface by suction holes in the end face of the paper folding roller; thereby, along with the rotation of the paper folding rollers, the raw paper on the paper folding rollers is cut into tissues by a lower cutter and an upper cutter positioned at the downstream position of the transportation path of the raw paper, and then tissues on the paper folding rollers in the two units are shaped by folding through the mutual matching of a first suction chamber and a second suction chamber on the two paper folding rollers and matching of the upper and lower cutters of the paper folding roller on one side and a folding groove on the other side.


We all know that in recent modern era software is the basic requirement for operating almost every digital machine. So that we have to think about software and about creation of software which is efficient to fulfill the requirement and consume less time. And after studying about many software development method there quality and loopholes the final outcome is documented in this paper. This paper is all about agile, concept behind agile, range of agile, how agile achieve quality under time pressure and changing requirement environment? The Advantages and disadvantages of agile. Keyword: Agile methodology, The Agile Manifesto, Agile quality technique


We answer the question of Aaronson about the relative complexity of Random Walks in Random Sceneries driven by either aperiodic two dimensional random walks, two-dimensional Simple Random walk, or by aperiodic random walks in the domain of attraction of the Cauchy distribution. A key step is proving that the range of the random walk satisfies the F\"olner property almost surely.


A test-bed was set up based on a Dagang power plant 328.5MW boiler unit,on a scale of 1: 20.Using Concentric Firing System(CFS),experiments were carried out on the test facility with hot-wire anemometer for air velocity measurements in the furnace.The air flow in the furnace was observed under different arrangements of the burners.The flow characteristics in the combustion region are shown in com-parison with the numerical simulations.Suggestions on resolving high-temperature erosion of the water cooled wall are made that will be useful for engineers in the design and improvement of boilers.


A DNA sequence encoding the promoter of IL-18BP human (SEQ ID NO. 1), or a functional fragment thereof, or a functional derivative thereof wherein the 3 '' of said sequence DNA or fragment thereof comprises SEQ ID NO: 5.


We aimed to systematically review complications, and recurrence rate of varicocele treatment by comparing the surgical ligature versus sclero‐embolization techniques in children, adolescents and adults. The secondary outcomes were the evaluation of semen parameters and spontaneous pregnancy rate in adults. The review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses framework. Continuous variables were pooled using the inverse variance of the mean difference (MD) with a fixed effect, and 95% confidence interval (CI). The incidences of complications were pooled using the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel Method with the random effect model and reported as Odds Ratio (OR), and 95% CI. Statistical significance was set two‐tail p‐value < 0.05. Twenty studies were included. Incidence of postoperative hydrocele was significantly higher in the surgical ligation group (OR 3.06 95% CI 1.06–8.88, p = 0.04). Incidence of postoperative orchiepidydimitys was significantly higher in sclero‐embolization group (OR 0.26 95% CI 0.08–0.85, p = 0.02). Presence of normal spermatozoa was significantly higher sclero‐embolization group compared with the surgical ligature group (MD 2.54% 95% CI 0.43–4.65, p = 0.02). No difference was found in overall complications, wound infection, testis pain, surgical site hematoma, total sperm count, sperm motility, pregnancy and recurrence rate. This review confirms that current data does still not support the superiority of one type of treatment over other ones.


A nonlinear finite element model for geometrically large amplitude free vibration analysis of laminated composite shallow c ylindrical shell panel is presented using high order shear deformation theory (HSDT). The nonlinearity is introduced in the Green ‐ Lagrange sense. The effects of differen t orthotropic ratios, thickness ratio, curvature ratio and boundary condition are s tudy also frequency ratio (nonlinear frequency to linear frequency) of cylindrical shell are determined as function of shell amplitude ratio.


Power switch(MOSFET) is the core device of switching power supply,mentioned here can be discrete MOSFET,also can be integrated inner the LED driver chip.The design of discrete MOSFET heat sink approach,considerations and examples is expounded first;then introduced by calculating the average power consumption to finish single-chip LED driver power supply heat sink design methods, and given design examples.


Abstract : The Officer Longitudinal Research Data Base (OLRDB) was developed to support research on U.S. Army commissioned officers. The Automated Instructional Management System (AIMS) Data Set of the OLRDB provides data on officers' performance in training courses conducted at Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) service schools and training centers. Data were collected from 11 TRADOC schools on officer performance in Officer Candidate School courses and in Officer Basic and Advanced courses for 13 career fields for 1985, 1986, and 1987. This report describes the contents and development of the OLRDB AIMS data set. The objective of this work was to incorporate AIMS data into a data set that would be compatible with the OLRDB core data set.


The stability of sodium D-isoascorbate in base-CH_3OH-H_2O media is investigated. In the absence of water, sodium D-isoascorbate is stable. In the presence of water, however, the hydrolysis of sodium D-isoascorbate becomes obvious as the reaction temperature and the amount of base are increased. The TLC result shows that the hydrolysis product of sodium D-isoascorbate is 2-keto-gluconate.


Abstract Theoretical and numerical calculations of the mechanical properties of single crystals usually presuppose pairwise interactions between the atoms of the lattice. It follows from this assumption that the Cauchy relations hold in respect of the Green measure of strain. Here we account for many-body interactions between the atoms of the lattice. The main result is that a continuum model of n-body interactions must possess completely symmetric (n − 1)th order Green strain moduli. Existing strain energy functions, used to model crystal elasticity, are thereby given some physical significance.


In this paper, a bumpless transfer strategy of active fault-tolerant control is proposed based on virtual actuator against actuator failure. The traditional technique of virtual actuator is improved for relieving the bump phenomenon when virtual actuator is turned on. Combining with optimal control, a new idea is put forward to suppress this phenomenon in the process of active fault-tolerant control. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the optimal control are given for two kinds of situations respectively. The hardware-in-the-loop simulations of aero-engines demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively lower the impact of bump than the traditional virtual actuator design while recovering the faulty system.


The Fourth Generation Light Source (4GLS) project, proposed by the CCLRC in the U.K., will include free electron lasers in the XUV, VUV, and IR. It is proposed that the XUV-FEL, operating between 8-100 eV, be seeded by a high harmonic (HH) source, driven by an ultrafast laser system. This offers advantages in longitudinal coherence, synchronization, and the potential for chirped pulse amplification and pulse shaping. We discuss the issues of HH generation relevant to its use as a seed (energy, spectrum, tunability, synchronization and time structure) and the current planned implementation in the 4GLS XUV-FEL.


Abstract : Helicopter/slung load systems are two body systems in which the slung load adds its rigid body dynamics, aerodynamics, and sling stretching dynamics to the helicopter. The slung load can degrade helicopter handling qualities and reduce the flight envelope of the helicopter. Confirmation of system stability parameters and envelope is desired, but flight test evaluation is time consuming and costly. A simulation model validated for handling quality assessments would significantly reduce resources expended in flight testing while increasing efficiency, productivity, and safety by aiding researchers, designers, and pilots to understand factors affecting helicopter-slung load handling qualities. This thesis describes a comprehensive dynamics and aerodynamics model for slung load simulation, obtained by integrating the NASA Ames Gen Hel UH-60A simulation with slung load equations of motion. Frequency domain analysis is used to compare simulation to flight test frequency responses and key system stability parameters. Results are given for no load, a 4K lb Block, and a 4K lb CONEX load. Handling quality parameters, stability margins, and load pendulum motion roots for cases without load aerodynamics and with static wind tunnel data were compared. Results illustrated state-of-the-art simulation modeling of helicopter/slung load dynamics and its accuracy in predicting key dynamic parameters of interest.


With the coming of the 21st century,great changes have been taking place in every field of our society.Turing in the direction of modernization,the world and the future,education has to adopt new strategies.In order to fulfill the fixed strategy of "strengthening professional education and training,developing continuing education and building up lifelong educational system",continuing education,being an essential part of the entire lifelong educational system,should take a new and wide field of vision,seek new directions for development,open up new educational fields and cultivate the qualified personnel for the construction of socialist modernization.


This paper presents a method for the quantification of software failures in a reactor protection system in the context of probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) for a nuclear power plant. The emphasis of the method is on the quantification of the failure probability of an application software module, which can lead to the functional failure modes: failure to actuate on demand a specific instrumentation and control (I&C) function or spurious actuation of a specific I&C function. The quantification is based on two main metrics, complexity of the application software and the degree of verification and validation of the software. The relevance of common cause failures and an analysis of the impact of fatal and non-fatal failures on the system will be covered by the discussion. Collection of operational data and challenges to use it for software reliability quantification will also be discussed. The outlined quantification method offers a practical and justifiable approach to account for software failures that are usually ignored in current PSAs.


This Hypatia cluster aims to create space for sharing stories and tools designed to support situated, embodied, and dialogical philosophical activism. It emerges from a new generation of pragmatist feminists, illustrating how the field has evolved. These pieces locate pragmatist feminism in place- and issue-based philosophical activism. As an activist and pragmatically grounded philosophy, this approach values the embodied and relational nature of social change as well as the need to create multiple pathways of engagement situated in and across communities.


This article discusses the core values, personal care and teamworking, for general practitioners and their patients. Are they compatible? The growing workload of doctors and the rising expectations of patients have created more and different demands on general practitioners' time and energy. New skills are needed to cope with the business side of practice, with the introduction of purchasing and providing and the call for greater accountability. Effective delegation is being promoted as the way forward, working with the fully extended primary care team. Some general practitioners see these two ways of working as incompatible. Taking a management view, high quality care in the future must demand the combination of both.


In this paper the initialization of the city is considered, which consists of
 several steps, including the creation of city objects with their locations,
 creation of residents with their attributes and own daily schedules, etc. A
 description of the model is provided as a tuple of attributes. The adequacy
 of the simulation model is checked based on the statistical data from the
 city of Lviv, Ukraine. Generated locations of city ecosystem objects are
 presented. The daily schedule of residents is simulated. A possible work
 schedule for each specialty is given, and separate schedules are created for
 working days and holidays. A unique schedule is predicted for the resident,
 which depends on their age and work specialty. The dynamics of visits to
 facilities by residents on weekdays and at weekends are analyzed. Based on
 the conducted experiments, the adequacy of the model and its realistic
 reflection of the functioning of the city's ecosystem during the day are
 proven. It means that by using this model, researchers can assess the impact
 of different behavioral scenarios on the residents within the city ecosystem
 more reliably. This enables a better understanding of how certain actions or
 changes in behavior can affect the spread and control of diseases in a
 specific geographic area. This model has the potential to serve as a
 foundation for future modeling of systems at the medium and macro scales.


The design of a bridge to be built over a heavily used railway lane is always strongly conditioned by its construction method. This paper describes a recently completed project in Rho (Italy), where the entire steel structure of the span over the railway was assembled alongside the railway line, and then lifted on the piers in one hour of suspension of railway traffic. The peculiar shape of the bridge is the result of structural needs, construction requirements and aesthetic evidence.


Proper collection partition can improve the performance of distributed information retrieval greatly.In order to solve the collection partition problem in distributed information retrieval,a query-space based collection partition algorithm was proposed in this paper.Comparing to the traditional document-space based partition algorithm,this algorithm was a new understanding and view point to collection partition.It gave a good solution for large scale document collection partition.The experiment indicates that this algorithm achieve great improvement in both effectiveness and efficiency.


A new reliability index is defined considering correct inaction, failure events and the failure probability of protected component in protective relays according to the risk theory. Relaying reliability is separated into the two different aspects of dependability and security in the calculation based on the losses resulted from failure events. A general 8-state Markov model is set up where resist-operation state is divided into extended state and no-extended state. The relation between relaying reliability and failure probability of protected component was drawn. Then, the optimal maintenance interval was derived by taking the minimum of risk assessments for protection as target function. The general and detailed reliability model with its algorithm was validated with the protective relays test. Compared with the traditional method, the proposed index and model are more effective in low voltage distribution network.


Anubhab Haldar, ∗ Cristian L. Cortes, † Stephen K. Gray, ‡ Sahar Sharifzadeh, 4, § and Pierre Darancet 5, ¶ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA Northwestern Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA (Dated: June 1, 2021)


Floating system of cable-stayed bridges under seismic action will produce larger longitudinal bending moment and displacement, in order to ensure the safety of the structure, damping measures should be taken in longitudinal direction. Taking a mainspan for 416 m of the cable-stayed bridge as an example, four different damper layout schemes were analyzed by nonlinear dynamic time history method. The results show that installing viscous dampers at the abutment location to function better comparing with other three cases. For getting the best damping effect, the optimal parameters of damper are analyzed. The investigation indicates that adding viscous dampers can significantly reduce the girder movements, and the reduction depends on damper parameters. Finally, the optimal damping parameters with ξ=0.3 and C=10000 can be chosen for this cable-stayed bridge.


Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficiency and safety of intravenous agent of Azithromycin and Erythromycin in the treatment of respiratory tract infection. Methods: To take the methods of multicentric randomized block designed control-experiment. Results: The clinical cure rate in Azithromycin group (group A) was 70.9% , and 68.25% in Erythromycin group (group B); the clinical efficacy rates were 90.32% in group A and 87.30% in group B. There was no significant difference between two groups. The pathogens were isolated from both groups. The positive rates in group A and group B were 85.48 % and 80.95 % respectively. After treatment the bacterial eradication rates in group A and B were 92.59 % and 92.16% respectively, and there was no significant difference between two groups. The occurent rates of side effect in group A and B were 11.29% and 31.75% respectively, and there was a significance difference between two groups. Conclusion: Compared with Erythromycin, Azithromycin is an effective agent for the treatment of respiratory tract infection, and it is more safety and simple in clinical use.


FLUID DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FLOW IN ORBITING DISHES AND THE EFFECTS OF FLOW ON SHEAR STRESS AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLULAR RESPONSES Amlan Chakraborty March 28,2011 This work presents a novel comprehensive effort to understand the fluid dynamics within orbiting dishes and the effects of the resulting oscillating fluid flow on shear and endothelial cellular responses within the dishes. It is well documented that hemodynamic parameters, especially wall shear stress (WSS), have been shown to play important roles in altering various endothelial cellular responses, intracellular pathways and gene expreSSIOn, and to have significant impacts on disease progression, such as atherosclerotic plaque development. In practice, wall shear stress (WSS) is oscillatory rather than steady due to the travelling waveform and varies across the surface of the dish at any instant in time. The first part of this effort presents a computational model which provides complete spatial and temporal resolution of oscillatory WSS over the bottom surface of an orbiting Petri dish throughout the orbital cycle. The model was reasonably well validated by the analytical solution and the results were compared to the tangential WSS magnitudes obtained using one-dimensional optical velocimetry at discreet locations on the bottom of an orbiting dish.


Gender Based Violence (GBV) is a common form of violence globally and includes physical, sexual, emotional and economic violence. GBV has serious consequences for women's health and well-being and takes a high national cost for the treatment and rehabilitation. Prevalence of GBV is usually underestimated. GBV is addressed globally using good practices in justice, health, education and multisector. Health sector is in a valuable position to support survivors and change social attitudes. Interventions taken in the health sector should be targeted at all three levels; primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention. There are different models used in health care settings in different countries. "Mithuru Piyasa (in Sinhalese) / Natpu Nilayam (in Tamil)" which is staffed with a medical officer and a nursing officer was introduced in Sri Lanka as a "One Stop Crisis Centre/One Stop Service Centre" for survivors within the health institutions. Its main functions are screening, medical care, befriending services, risk assessment and safety planning, referral to legal, social, counseling and rehabilitation services, advocacy and community mobilization. Services are provided adhering to its guiding principles of safety, confidentiality, respect, non discrimination, responsibility, competence and compassion. Documentation, Information management, progress review and evaluation are carried out for the sustainability of the service. Still this opportunity is not fully utilized. Service provision is not uniform in quality, coverage, equity, efficiency and effectiveness. Administrators are expected to develop their interest and pay their attention with priority, in supporting the functioning of these centres established under outpatient department by proper operation, expanding country wide and marketing.


The purpose of this research is to know the optimal temperature and drying time to produce a purple sweet potato flour in accordance with standard. Research methodology used namely the preparation of raw materials, purple sweet potato flour to make, do drying in an oven. Take measurements of the water level, ash and levels of protein levels. Next can be concluded that the processing of purple sweet potato flour with wet with the best result is a method of treatment with steamed at a temperature 70oC 150 minutes for drying time. The yield obtained namely 44,22%, water levels of content contained in processed purple sweet potato flour is 5%, levels of content contained in the ashes of purple sweet potato flour is 2.66% processed, protein content of processed purple sweet potato flour treatment levels of protein that is steamed having 1,50%, who has met the standards.
Key words : sweet potato purple, flour, drying.


To reach the emission limits imposed by governments and reduce the negative impact on the environment, the use of aftertreatment systems has become essential for internal combustion engine (ICE) based powertrains. In particular, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is a widespread aftertreatment technology with high efficiency for N O x abatement which shows complex dynamics and requires urea injection as reducing agent. Current urea injection strategies usually rely on the N O x emissions feedback. This work presents a model for the on-line simultaneous prediction of N O x and N H 3 emissions after the SCR catalyst, allowing the emissions estimation even in conditions of urea injector failure, when it is not possible to rely on the injector feedback signal. The proposed model is based on state of the art on-board after-treatment instrumentation and proposes an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to combine a data-based model and the analysis of sensor signals to provide a reliable estimation of N O x and N H 3 slip. The proposed strategy is experimentally assessed in dynamic driving cycles, such as Worldwide harmonised Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) and Standardised Random Test (RTS). The proposed method is evaluated in standard conditions (without failures) and with urea injection failures of 25% and 120% of the nominal injection amount. As a result, the prediction on N O x and N H 3 slip has been improved in all injection failure conditions, by an overall average of 47.8% and 61.8%, respectively, when compared to state-of-the-art control oriented models (physically based zero dimensional model or data-based).


After lithium being approved for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder in 1970, it has been used for many psychiatric symptoms. But lithium has a very narrow therapeutic index which can sometimes be fatal to patients. In this study, retrospective analysis was done to 72 psychiatric patients who had taken lithium and completed serum lithium level test, complete blood cell count, liver function test, thyroid function test and serum renal function test. We compared the difference of lithium intoxication risk factors between lithium intoxication and non-intoxication group. And we also studied the difference of risk factors of lithium intoxication in relation to the treatment of hemodialysis. Current findings are as follows:1) Serum lithium levels, presence of renal problems and Gadallah's toxicity symptom stages were significantly higher in lithium intoxication group than in non-intoxication group. 2) Serum lithium levels and Gadallah's toxicity symptom stages were significantly higher in hemodialysis group than in nonhemodialysis group. 3) Serum lithium levels had negative correlations with serum sodium level and positive correlations with toxicity symptom stages. These results suggest that renal problems were related to lithium intoxication and the higher serum lithium levels and intoxication symptom stage were, the more physicians chose the method of hemodialysis. And we also found that Gadallah's toxicity symptom criteria might be very useful for the assessment of the side effects of lithium and helpful to prevent possible lithium intoxication. Further studies for verification of these facts will be necessary in the future.


Following a significant increase in world economic activity in early 2002, a crucial question facing commodity producers and exporters is whether world economic recovery will be sustained. World economic growth is likely to be modest in the remainder of 2002, but is assumed to strengthen in 2003, supported by higher economic activity in the United States. Australia's commodity exports are forecast to earn $90.5 billion in 2002-03, largely unchanged from 2001-02.


Part 1 Understanding violence at work: introduction - a catalyst for action patterns and trends explanations. Part 2 Responding to violence at work: legislative and regulatory interventions guidelines and best practice international action. Part 3 Future guidance: beyond violence - lessons for future action.


This paper analyzes parasitic backward-wave oscillation power as a function of interaction length and focusing magnetic field parameters in a generic helix traveling-wave tube (TWT) amplifier in the absence of amplified signal. The permanent periodic magnetic (PPM) focusing of the electron beam, the relatively narrowband (less than one octave) TWT, the electron gun with no control grid, the pulsed full beam current cutoff operating mode of the TWT, and the accelerating voltage pulse wider than the amplified RF pulse are considered. Under such conditions, the parasitic backward-wave oscillation can build up at the leading and trailing edge and at the top of the accelerating pulse before and after the input RF signal is applied when the instantaneous accelerating voltage provides for the synchronism condition. The parasitic backward-wave oscillation, although nondesirable in general, can be tolerated if its power does not exceed some allowable level. In this paper, the nonlinear (large-signal) theory of beam-wave interaction in the TWT in the specified case is developed. The theory accounts for the interaction of the multiple harmonics of the backward wave of the slow-wave circuit with the electron beam that alternatively changes the direction of its rotation on each half period of the focusing magnetic field. A system of equations, which makes accessible the start oscillation length and the starting Pierce relative velocity parameter as a function of the electrical parameters of the TWT, the PPM focusing field period, and the magnetic flux density distribution in the large-signal regime, is obtained. A particular numerical example reveals the relation between interaction length, PPM focusing field period, and parasitic backward-wave oscillation power. The approach permits one to design a TWT having the maximum possible interaction length under the allowable parasitic backward-wave oscillation power. Also, the results demonstrate that the focusing magnetic field parameters have a significant effect on the interaction of the rotating electron beam with the backward wave in the nonlinear regime, as they have in the linear regime


Latch-up effect is one of the most important failure mechanisms in CMOS IC with silicon substrate. And Latch-up in CMOS IC is stand out increasingly with device channel length becoming smaller and smaller. Based on CMOS inverter in P-well and the structure of CMOS IC process, SCR equivalent circuit model is adopted to analyze the mechanism of latch-up in detail. It is proved by experiments that latch up immunity of CMOS IC can be improved obviously by increase of P-well depth.


Pure enantiomers of an agrochemical process intermediate, (RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pentan-3-one (1), have been prepared on the milligram scale under overload chromatographic conditions on an analytical chiral column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d.). The effects of variation of temperature and mobile phase composition on retention factor, separation factor, and peak resolution have been investigated. Effects of flow rate, enantiomer ratio, sample concentration, and column load on productivity are also studied. Seven milligrams of the less retained (+)-enantiomer and 5 mg of the (−)-enantiomer were obtained from a single injection of 21 mg of (RS)-1. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


1. Extracts capable of causing the inhibition of oestrus in the adult female white rat were prepared from both beef anterior lobes and from sheep whole pituitary bodies. It was found best to carry out extraction at an alkaline pH. Glands which had been desiccated by acetone and subsequently powdered were found to be satisfactory. 2. Extracts of sheep whole pituitary body (compared with those of beef anterior lobe) were consistently found to be more potent both in stimulating the ovary of the immature rat and in inhibiting oestrus in the adult rat. 3. Extracts of nine control tissues caused no lengthening of the oestrous cycle. The characteristic ovarian changes found in the animals receiving anterior pituitary extracts were not observed in the ovaries of animals receiving extracts of other tissues. 4. The assay of extracts causing the inhibition of oestrus is discussed.


In this paper we study and introduce some ideas of applying Haptics technology in the field of Education. We argue that Haptics technology of virtually touching and feeling objects and forces, enhances the existing methods and procedures of teaching and learning and it is a valuable tool for pupils and students to apprehend certain aspects of knowledge. The effectiveness of Educational applications concerning school age children can be enhanced by the immersion that Haptics technology provides. The objects that appear visually on the screen also exist physically in a virtual way in order to provide the impression that they can be touched and manipulated as if they were real objects. This work presents on the one hand, the specifications and design of an educational haptic device and an educational platform and on the other hand, the educational trial of the applications that specially constructed in order to use this advanced virtual reality system. New haptic device designed especially for educational purposes and a prototype were implemented, interactive educational software . By using special input/output devices (joysticks, data gloves, or other devices), users can receive feedback from computer applications in the form of felt sensations in the hand or other parts of the body. Haptic technology focuses on making the technology secondary to the interaction between the user and the desired object. ."Haptic technology is like exploring the virtual world with a stick. The computer communicates sensations through a haptic interface –a stick, scalpel, racket or pen that is connected to a force-exerting motor.


ABSTRACT: This article examines the presuppositions and theoretical frameworks of the "new-wave" "Post-Westphalian" approach to international business ethics and compares it to the more philosophically oriented moral theory approach that has predominated in the field. I contrast one author's Post-Westphalian political approach to the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations (TNCs) with my own "Fair Share" theory of moral responsibility for human rights. I suggest how the debate about the meaning of corporate human rights "complicity" might be informed by the fair share theory. While I point out that Post-Westphalians and moral philosophers may have fundamental disagreements about basic concepts such as legitimacy, justice, and democratic deliberation, I conclude that the Post-Westphalians have made a major contribution to the expansion of the field by presenting business ethicists with an opportunity to inform and guide debates about the potential future course of transnational governance.


Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is a poorly treatable disease with high mortality. Tumor metabolism in GBM is a critical mechanism responsible for growth because of upregulation of glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid utilization. However, little is known about the specific metabolic alterations in GBM that are targetable with FDA-approved compounds. To investigate metabolic signatures unique to GBM, we interrogated the TCGA and a cancer metabolite database for alterations in glucose and amino acid signatures in GBM relative to other human cancers and relative to low-grade glioma. From these analyses, we found that GBM exhibits the highest levels of cysteine and methionine pathway gene expression of 32 human cancers and that GBM exhibits high levels of cysteine metabolites compared to low-grade gliomas. To study the role of cysteine in GBM pathogenesis, we treated patient-derived GBM cells with FDA-approved cyst(e)ine-promoting compounds in vitro, including N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the cephalosporin antibiotic, Ceftriaxone (CTX), which induces cystine import through system Xc transporter upregulation. Cysteine-promoting compounds, including NAC and CTX, inhibit growth of GBM cells, which is exacerbated by glucose deprivation. This growth inhibition is associated with reduced mitochondrial metabolism, manifest by reduction in ATP, NADPH/NADP+ ratio, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxygen consumption rate. Mechanistic experiments revealed that cysteine compounds induce a rapid increase in the rate of H2O2 production in isolated GBM mitochondria, an effect blocked by the H2O2 scavenger, catalase. Such findings are consistent with reductive stress, a ROS-producing process whereby excess mitochondrial reducing equivalents prevent electron transfer to oxidized electron acceptors, inducing O2 reduction to H2O2. We show that cysteine-promoting compounds reduce cell growth and induce rapid mitochondrial toxicity in GBM, which may be due to reductive stress. This pathway is targetable with FDA-approved cysteine-promoting compounds and could synergize with glucose-lowering treatments, including the ketogenic diet, for GBM.


the phenomenal growth of this most recent nationalist movement. Hence, it is of interest to see published for the first time an objective analytical study of the social and ideological aspects of the 'Nation'; a movement headed by a 'divinely chosen' leader who is dedicated to the task of uniting American Negroes under the crescent of Islam and leading them to the 'Promised Land'-a separate state in America. This study is long overdue. Unlike other writers on the subject, Mr. Essien-Udom actually went 'inside the Nation of Islam'. For a period of two years he participated in and observed the religious and social life of the Black Muslims, conversed with their leader, Elijah Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, and interviewed his officers. The tone for this study is set by an historical account of the tradition of black nationalism in America. This chapter, which is at once readily readable and informative as a source for reference, provides the background against which the author's two-fold thesis is presented. He states first, that the failure of black nationalism to capture the imagination of the Negro masses is mainly because to them the 'Promised Land' is to be sought by taking painstaking steps along a path laid down by democratic and Christian principles; and second, that the failure of America to overcome segregation, discrimination, poverty and ignorance, which underlie the frustrations and anxieties from which many urban lower-class Negroes have attempted to escape, has given rise to apocalyptic religious movements that perpetuate race consciousness. Nine of the twelve chapters are devoted to the rise of the 'Nation' and its efforts to provide a 'way out' for the Negro


On January 12, 2010, Dany Laferrière was in Haiti for a book fair. When the first tremor struck, he was waiting for his meal (4:53 p.m.) with Rodney Saint-Eloi (his publisher) and Thomas Spear (a professor from New York) in the restaurant of the Hôtel Karibe. Dany says, "We had between eight and ten seconds to make a decision." Hotel walls cracked, but the building did not come down as did the Hôtel Montana, further up the hill. The manager and employees of the Karibe went about their duties and took care of their guests. That day, Dany did not get the lobster he had ordered before the tremor. With tremors continuing, "most residents of Port-au-Prince spent the first night outside." Inevitably, some religious people concluded immediately that the quake was a gesture of divine retribution: "a man gets to his feet and begins telling us that the earthquake is the result of our unspeakable behavior." Animals sensed the danger and gave voice to their anxiety—"the Port-au-Prince rooster crows whenever he feels like it." The following day, the writer Lyonel Trouillot came by the hotel and took Dany to check with his mother. Bodies were stacked at the side of the street; the central Caribbean Market was in shambles. They passed by the house of Frankétienne in Delmas. A virtual fortress, the house's massive walls were damaged and, inside, his paintings and ceramics were scattered. "Only one place was spared: the garden where we often met to discuss Tolstoy, Joyce, or God (Frankétienne doesn't bother with small fry)." Review: Literature and Arts of the Americas, Issue 89, Vol. 47, No. 2, 2014, 277–278


Abstract The structures of three new germanates have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: (Co 0.62 Mg 0.38 ) 24 Ge 8 O 40 , orthorhombic Pnma , a =10.193(2), b =5.941(1), c =24.200(5) A, Z =2, wR ( F 2 )=0.080 for all 3480 independent reflections; (Co 0.52 Mg 0.48 ) 14 Ge 5 O 24 , orthorhombic Pbam , a =14.537(3), b =10.219(2), c =5.950(1) A, Z =2, wR ( F 2 )=0.082 for all 2942 independent reflections; (Ni 0.21 Mg 0.79 ) 14 Ge 5 O 24 , orthorhombic Pbam , a =14.446(3), b =10.174(2), c =5.917(1) A, Z =2, wR ( F 2 )=0.079 for all 2789 independent reflections. The latter two compounds are isostructural with the previously known Mg 14 Ge 5 O 24 germanate. The M 24 Ge 8 O 40 and M 14 Ge 5 O 24 structures represent the members n =5 and n =3, respectively, of a new structural family, M 10 n −2 Ge 3 n +1 O 16 n with M =(Co,Mg) or (Ni,Mg). The n =∞ end member of this series corresponds to the M 10 Ge 3 O 16 structure previously characterized in the CoO/NiO–MgO–GeO 2 systems, and the other n =1 end member corresponds to the well-known M 2 GeO 4 olivine structure. The structural family is based on the building principle of unit-cell twinning: the n th member is obtained by the periodic insertion of glide planes on every n th (011) plane of the rhombohedral M 10 Ge 3 O 16 end member. As expected, transmission electron microscopy has revealed the common occurrence of intergrowths in multiphase samples.


A novel image enhancement method for laser ultrasound images is proposed. The method is based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA). We assume that the speckle noise comes from a signal source, which accompanies but is independent of the 'true signal source' and that their statistical characteristics are not the same. Thus the image restoration problem can also be described as 'signal source separation and enhancement problem. Then we classify the basis images that span into two different subspaces, namely 'true signal subspace' and 'speckle subspace'. Based on the classification result, we build our spatially adaptive filter and obtain the recovered image after a mixing transform. Our experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an improvement as compared to other methods for laser ultrasound images of structured objects blurred by speckle noises.


The author discusses the notion of the bag as a sign (or symbol) through the analysis of language material taken from several dictionaries. The author's wish was to create his own text (a so called metatext) of the bag in which he would analyze the rhetoric of the bag as a high priority instance. The analysis emphasizes the fact that men have both a denotative relationship with the bag (the bag denotes a man's business) and a connotative relationship (the bag is the sign of extra-territoriality). Women, on the other hand, have only a connotative relationship with the bag and here it is a connotat ion of their sex. Through the rhetorical system of connotation, an ideology is set up, which associates the notion of the bag with the sex of the woman and the business of the man. The term sack implies the same connotations as the previous ones, and is mentioned here only so as to complete the rather forgotten image of the bag.


Although numerous algorithms exist for genome alignment using Next Generation Sequencing tags, assembly of colour coded reads remains a challenge. We present a novel pairwise sequence aligner algorithm derived from Smith-Waterman method. Original feature of the algorithm is that it translates the reference sequence into colour code and performs the alignment in colour space. While operating on this base it can prevent most read error-derived assembly errors. Based on dynamic programming it gives the optimal alignment in colour space. Further, validation on empirical dataset with capillary sequencing proved high mapping accuracy. We can also conclude that the novel algorithm provides performance comparable with the currently available solutions. The algorithm can be implemented into any reference assembly software thereby improving mapping accuracy while maintaining high speed mapping.


The present invention provides a processor having an internal memory and a method of data communication in the memory of such. Such a memory may be configured to comprise substantially a control unit extracting the memory array of execution command based on the availability of the bank to be accessed. The command extraction unit may include an indication is received from the memory bank to read from or write data to the memory bank commands and data to be read from the memory or writing to the memory bank address . The extraction unit may execute the command based on the availability of the bank. In one embodiment, the control logic unit in communication with the extraction of activated when the bank is available. In another embodiment, the extracting unit may be set as performed by the activating bank timer time in the previous command based on the bank waiting becomes available.


Foreword. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. The Franchise Factor. 3. The Franchise Portfolio. 4. A Franchise Factor Model for Spread Banking. 5. The Franchise Factor for Leveraged Firms. 6. Franchise Value and the Growth Process. 7. The Growth Illusion: The P/E "Cost" of Earnings Growth. 8. The Effects of Inflation. 9. Resolving the Equity Duration Paradox. 10. Theoretical Price/Earnings Ratios and Accounting Variables. Appendix A. Derivation of the Franchise Factor Model. Appendix B. Firm Valuation with Varying Investment and Return Patterns. Appendix C. A Franchise Factor Formula for the Base P/E. Appendix D. The Franchise Factor Model Applied to the Leveraged Firm. Appendix E. The Effects of External Financing. References.


In situ measurements of target strength (TS) at 38 kHz have been taken from night-time scattering layers of anchovy, pilchard, and Cape horse mackerel in the course of routine surveys. These species have diVerent numerical packing densities, which necessitates treating the TS data diVerently in each case, as the performance of single-target detectors is strongly dependent on target densities. Evidence for the presence of multiple targets in their TS distributions is presented, and empirical methods of extracting mean target strengths from them described. After careful assessment of the quality of each data point, and the removal of unwanted influences where possible, the data were used to fit TS/length expressions for the three species. ? 1996 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea


Soil aggregate stability (SAS) is a critical parameter of soil quality and its mapping can help determine erosion hotspots. Despite this importance, SAS is less documented in available literature due to limited number of analyzes besides being a time consuming. For this reason, many researchers have turned to alternative methods that often use readily available variables such as soil parameters or remote sensing indices to estimate this variable. In that framework, the aim of the present study focused on the investigation of the feasibile use of adapted Leo Breiman's random forest algorithm (RF) to mapping different mean weight diameter (MWD) tests as an index of SAS (mechanical breakdown (MWDmb), slow wetting (MWDsw), fast wetting (MWDfw) and the mean of the three tests (MWDmean)). The model was built with 77 samples distributed in the three watersheds of the study area located at Settat Ben-Ahmed, in Morocco and with the use of several environmental variables such as soil parameters (organic matter and clay), remote sensing indices (band 2, band 3, band 4, band 5, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and transformed normalized difference vegetation index (TNDVI)), topography (elevation, slope, curvature plane and the topographic wetness index (TWI)) along with additional categorical variables as geological maps, land use and soil classes. The results showed a good level of accuracy for the training phase (75% of samples) for the different tests (R 2 > 0.92, RMSE and MAE < 0.15) and were satisfactory for the testing phase (25% of samples, R 2 > 0.65, RMSE and MAE < 0.31). Also, organic matter, topography and geology were the most important parameters in the spatial prediction of SAS. Finally, the maps build during this study could be of great use to identify areas of less stable soils in the perspective for taking the necessary measures to improve their quality.


1. ABSTRACT: This main aim of this paper is evaluate the method of environmental impact of power plant discharge by reducing the temperature difference between effluent and costal water and flow control. Water temperature control and flow control measurement have been designed in advance technology of industrial control area for thermal discharge model test. Digital temperature sensors, level sensors, Flow meters, different modulated circuits, dedicated interface are used in the test and controlling of the system is adopted in software designing and programming. Measurement procedure, data processing and controlling are done by Proportional – Integral – Derivative (PID) controller. The numerous analyses of these applications it is shown that measurement is satisfactory, precise and reliable meeting the requirement of test. This technology can be implemented where the thermal effluent are discharged in coastal areas.


How to estimate the shape of trawl net and ropes of a midwater trawl on full scale was described by implementing a three-dimensional semi-analytic treatment of a towing cable system with the field experiments obtained with the Scanmar system. The shape of trawl net from wingend to the beginning of codend was assumed to be of form /ae+ y/be


Abstract One of the main manifestations of the long-range effects is the creation of dislocations at depths of up to four order of magnitude higher than the ion range. There are two main explanations of deep dislocation formation. The first one is the defect transport toward the sample's depth. The second is the energy transport as elastic wave and subsequent defect formation caused by the wave energy. Both models have some contradictions. Therefore, in this work a new mechanism of deep dislocation creation under ion bombardment is proposed. The energy required for the dislocation formation can be transported in the form of potential energy of the mobile defects. At a free grain boundary this energy transforms into the energy of an elastic wave, which then generates the secondary defects. At a stressed grain boundary the arriving mobile defects increase the stress and enhance the rate of point defect formation. The proposed mechanism is free from contradictions and can explain all peculiarities of disloca...


The value of visualization (in particular, geovisualization) as an instrument for data exploration and analysis is widely recognized. In spite of this, the use of visualization tools by people different from the tool designers seems to be quite limited. It appears that data analysts, both novices and experts, are reluctant to use the tools and techniques created for them. We argue that user interface problems such as ill-organized menus, intricate GUI controls, and inadequate help may not be the only reason for this situation.


notes internacionals CIDOB 185 . NOVEMBER 2017 1 B y the end of 2016, there were 65.6 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, 22.5 million of whom were refugees. While public discourse and debate is very much focused on new arrivals and, particularly in Europe, on a state's capacity to welcome more refugees, the reality is that a number as high as 11.6 million refugees live in a protracted situation. That is, these men, women and children have been in exile – in limbo – pending a durable solution for years. According to some accounts, the average time a person spends as a refugee is 16 years.


Boundary singularity solutions are reviewed, which relate to the steady, transonic potential flow of a perfect gas, through plane, two-dimensional convergent channels. Two singularities occur in the physical plane, one at upstream infinity and the other at the concave corner in channels that have a parallel entry section followed by a convergent section that ends at the throat plane. Solutions of these singularities are obtained from the general solution of Chaplygin's stream function equation in the hodograph system of coordinates. Uniform, uni-directional subsonic entry flow, in a finite-length channel, gives rise to a boundary singularity in the hodograph plane. The stream function is multi-valued at this singularity, where it varies between one and zero, while the flow direction is zero. This condition is removed by introducing circular polar coordinates (r, α) with origin at the singular point. For a sufficiently small value of r, a second-order partial differential equation of the stream function is obtained in the new coordinates. A particular solution of this equation is given, when r is small, rs say, in which the stream function gradient in the radial direction is taken as zero for all values of α at rs. The full series solution of the new equation is given in a paper which is to follow. Finally, consideration is given to the problem of matching the subsonic and supersonic flow regions at the sonic surface. A new system of equations is given, which determine the stream function gradient at sonic points from values of the stream function in the expansion region. Computed results are given that relate to the steady, choked flow of a perfect gas through a 15° convergent channel. The overall solution is shown to converge.


We have formulated a mathematical model for the rat afferent arteriole (AA), glomerulus, and short loop of Henle, and used that model to study the interactions between the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and myogenic mechanism, the two key mechanisms that mediate renal autoregulation. Blood flow is described by Poiseuille flow. The AA model consists of a series of arteriolar smooth muscle cells, each of which represents ion transport, cell membrane potential, cellular contraction, gap junction coupling, and wall mechanics. The myogenic response representation is based on the hypothesis that the voltage dependence of calcium channel openings responds to transmural pressure so that the vessel constricts when pressure increases. The glomerular filtration model is based on the model by Deen et al. (AJP 1972). The TGF model represents the pars recta, descending limb, and thick ascending limb, and predicts tubular fluid flow rate and [Cl−] along the loop. The model can be used as a fundamental component in a multi‐scale renal microvasculature model for investigations of pathogenesis of hypertensive renal diseases. This research was supported in part by NIH grant DK‐89066 and NSF grant DMS‐0715021


The Polish Society of Veterinary Sciences was founded in 1952 as an organization dedicated to the development and propagation of sciences fundamental to the veterinary profession. In the course of fifty years the society has been instrumental in raising and upholding the high professional standard of Polish veterinarians. The society is made up of the main board and nineteen specialist sections which organize national academic conferences, as well as thirteen regional divisions which have a high degree of organizational independence. The society publishes numerous books, and the journal Medycyna Weterynaryjna (Veterinary Medicine), which has a high publishing rank (Current Contents and Impact Factor). The society gives six different awards for scientific activities to veterinary doctors from Poland and abroad.


70Background: The standard of care for advanced prostate cancer is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The novel second generation agents abiraterone and enzalutamide were initially approved in cas...