Corporations and the capture of trade policy domesticating the GATT - an overview of the design and use of the US and Canadian trade law systems free trade and fair trade - examining the biases in the application of the US-Canadian "unfair" trade law systems resolving international trade disputes - the GATT multilateral and the Canada-US FTA bilateral DSM processes an economic evaluation of the DSMs in the Canada-US FTA - chapter 19 North America FTAs, consumer welfare and the resolution of general trade disputes the failure of the proposed multilateral subsidies code procedures in the "Dunkel Text" of the GATT Uruguay round.


To the Editor:We read with interest the report by El-Zimaity et al. (1) concerning the development of fundic gland polyps (FGP) in six patients with long-term omeprazole therapy for peptic esophagitis. Recently Van Vlierberghet al. (2) described three additional cases (two patients on omeprazole, one on ranitidine with enlargment of the FGP after switching to omeprazole). Together with the reports by Graham (3, 4) and Stolte et al. (5), this brings the total number of reported cases to 22. Since omeprazole became available in Belgium (in 1992) for maintenance therapy of esophagitis, we also encountered four cases of FGP in patients on omeprazole (two men, two women; 53, 62, 67, and 77 yr old) since 1.5–3 yr. Serum gastrin level was normal in three patients and elevated (775 ng/l; normal ,100 ng/l) in one.Helicobacter pylori (HP) was absent in all four as was the case with all other previously reported patients [although two patients had evidence of possible previous HP infection (1)]. We strongly agree with the statement of El-Zimaity et al. (1) that FGP are probably often overlooked during routine endoscopy, especially in patients in whom the indication is merely control of peptic esophagitis. In this regard, we would like to mention that we diagnosed two of our four cases of possibly omeprazole-induced FGP after we read the articles by El-Zimaity et al. (1) and Van Vlierbergheet al. (2). Therefore, we too would like to urge all endoscopists to carefully inspect the stomach of every patient on maintenance therapy with proton pump inhibitors (PPI). Prospective studies should be performed on a.o. chronological changes in the gastric mucosa in patients on PPI (5), the possible promoting role of HP eradication on the development of FGP with PPI treatment (1), and the effect of stopping (and restarting) the PPI treatment on the evolution of the FGP [a possible confounding factor being the ability of FGP to spontaneously increase and decrease (2)]. Until such studies are available, we believe it is to early to disregard the increasing number of reports as purely coincidental and to consider these possibly treatment-induced polyps as totally harmless (5).


A processing method of rapid analysis of samples of tetraethyl lead in organisms,using high performance liquid chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, provides a rapid, accurate, sensitive method for determination of tetraethyl lead in organism.


Abstract : This report presents design criteria for use by engineers and designers in the development of improved goggles for combat-vehicle crewmen. These criteria were derived from an analysis of relevant physical, anthropometry and interfacing equipment dimensions, both of which impose limits on goggles' dimensions.


In this paper, we evaluate by means of simulation and experimentally the simultaneous coupling of the LP01x-LP11ax fiber modes and the TE0-TE1 nanophotonic SOI waveguide modes using a grating coupler for a two-mode fiber at 1550 nm. Both the grating width (ranging from 10 µm to 15 µm) and the grating vertical profile have been considered in the design procedure. The optimum design (14 µm width and 609 nm grating period) has been selected in terms of coupling efficiency (both LP01x-TE0 and LP11ax-TE1), compactness and tolerance to lateral misalignments between fiber and coupler. The LP01x-TE0 and LP11ax-TE1 modes achieved coupling efficiencies of 49% and 45%, respectively.


BACKGROUND
Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which T lymphocytes destroy insulin-producing β-cells. Control of self-reactive T lymphocytes and recovery of diabetic injury is the end point of T1D.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate generation of tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) as an innovative method of diabetes therapy.

METHODS
Lentivirus vector production was achieved by GIPZ mouse CD40 shRNA, psPAX2 and pMD2G plasmids DNA. Purified bone marrow derived DCs were treated with CD40 shRNA, and expression of CD40 and mRNA level were evaluated by flow cytometry and Real-Time PCR, respectively. CD40 knock-down DCs were injected into STZ-induced diabetic mice. Blood glucose; glucose tolerance test and weight were analyzed in different groups.

RESULTS
Mice treated with CD40 shRNA transfected DCs showed considerable differences in blood glucose, glucose tolerance, and weight compared to other groups. Also cytokine assays indicated an increase in IL-13 production in the CD40 shRNA group.

CONCLUSION
In streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice model, administration of tolerogenic dendritic cells could improve diabetic parameters.


Standing position for long time is thought to be a cause of refractory stasis ulcers arising from chronic venous insufficiency. In some cases, improvement in activities of daily living is required. We encountered a patient who devel oped this condition as a result of mental retardation. The patient was a 53-year-old woman who had developed ulcers in both lower limbs after sustaining injuries. The patient received treatment for her wounds by her local physician, but wound healing was difficult to achieve due to venous stasis caused by varicose veins in both lower legs. The patient was subsequently referred to our hospital for surgery. The medical history showed that she had mental retardation as-sociated with Prader-Willi syndrome and was forced to work with standing up or sitting down position for long time at a community workshop. The varicose veins were treated with endovascular radiofrequency ablation, and ongoing compression therapy was provided by wrapping them in elastic bandages and elevating the lower limbs. Healing of the ulcers in both lower legs was achieved one month after surgery. Patients who develop mental retardation rarely have a good social background, including cases who are forced to stand for long time at their place of work or elsewhere. It is necessary that proactive therapeutic intervention including daily improvement of venous stasis and surgical therapy, as well as raising awareness of such interventions.


ABSTRACT Geometric parameters and physical properties of agricultural products are widely used in designing and manufacturing of harvesting devices. These features are highly useful for drying and sorting processes. This can lead to determine the major and minor diameters in this regard. As such, the current study applied machine vision, and image processing technology to identify the major and minor diameters of the Golden Delicious apple. Through applying apple diameters, the actual surface area and real volume of apples were measured by peeling method and water displacement method, respectively. Finally, mathematical modeling, and feed-forward artificial neural network allowed for estimation of the surface area and volume of Golden Delicious apple. The results revealed that the correlation coefficient (R2) of the mathematical model, for the volume and surface area were 0.9394 and 0.9291, respectively. In the neural network, R2-values for the volume and surface area in the most appropriate topology were 0.99991 and 0.99995, respectively. Moreover, study findings indicate that predicting the volume and surface area of fruit can be determined better using artificial neural network than using mathematical model. The proposed artificial neural network procedure applied in this study even minimized the complex calculations for estimating volume and surface area of fruit.


Currently, the use of an appropriate type of binder suitable for specific climate conditions has become an important area for ensuring the operational reliability of asphalt concrete coatings. However, it is worth noting that the required set of PMB properties depends not only on the percentage of the polymer, but also on the type of plasticizer used. The results of comparative tests of polymer-bitumen binders prepared using 6 different plasticizing additives are presented. The dependence of changes in the parameters of modified binders, as well as their thermal stability, is studied. Based on the analysis of generalized efficiency criteria, a Comprehensive assessment of the effect of the plasticizer on the properties of the final product – PMB-was performed. The result demonstrates the need to use plasticizing components to achieve the required properties of the modified binder. Recommendations are given to maintain the required level of physical and mechanical parameters of PMB.


Abstract An adaptive progressively Type-II censoring scheme for competing risks data is studied, where the causes of failures may occur at times that follow three-parameter Burr XII distribution. Furthermore, some causes of failures are assumed to be unknown. The maximum likelihood and Bayes estimates are obtained as point estimations for the unknown parameters. The approximate confidence intervals and credible intervals of the estimators are also computed. The results of Bayes estimators are computed against different symmetric and asymmetric loss functions such as squared error, LINEX and general entropy based on Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. Gibbs within the Metropolis'Hasting algorithm is applied to generate Markov chain Monte Carlo samples from the posterior density functions. Two real data sets are analyzed for illustration. Simulation results are carried out to explicate the precision of the estimators.


Air Pollution Sources, Statistics and Health Effects: Animal Breeding and Genetics for Food Production.- Batteries: Climate Change Mitigation.- Climate Change Modeling Methodology: Crop Science and Technology, Earth System Monitoring (Global Earth Observation System), Ecological Systems.- Electric, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles.- Environmental Radioactivity and Ecotoxicology of Radioactive Substances.- Environmental Toxicology: Fossil Fuels, Fossil Fuel Electric Power Stations, Fresh Water Resources, Water Purification and Desalinization.- Fuel Cells Science and Technology: Geoenvironmental Engineering, Geothermal Power Stations.- Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: Hazardous Waste Characterization and Disposal, Hydrogen Production Science and Technology, Infectious Diseases Science and Technology, Intelligent Vehicles Technology, Mass Transit Science and Technology.- Nuclear Energy: Ocean Energy, Ocean Farming and Sustainable Aquaculture Science and Technology.- Oceans and Human Health, Photovoltaics.- Renewable Energy From Biomass.- Soil and Groundwater Pollution and Remediation.- Solar Radiation (Solar Insolation): Solar Thermal Energy, Solid Waste Disposal and Recycling, Sustainable Built Environment.- Sustainable Landscape Design and Green Roof Science and Technology.- Transgenic Livestock for Food Production.- Transport and Fate of Chemicals in the Environment: Transport Electrical Transmission Systems and Smart Grids, Waste to Energy, Wind Power.


"Compliance Methods" discusses analytical methods, approaches, and techniques useful to practitioners in compliance and validation. It presents new technology, less common methods, or novel approaches using well-known techniques. We intend this column to be a useful resource for daily work applications. This installment discusses optical microscopy. Optical microscopy is often a good first step for characterizing pharmaceutical raw materials, investigating production problems, and identifying extraneous matter. Optical microscopy is a well-accepted technique in all sciences, and with training, a wealth of information can be obtained from the microscope. A description of the basic types of optical microscopes, information that can be obtained from optical microscopes, and their applications in pharmaceutical compliance applications are discussed. Reader comments, questions, and suggestions are requested. Manuscripts or case studies submitted by readers illustrating analytical applications in compliance are also most welcome. Please send your comments and suggestions to column


Major changes in Part 2, "Hull," of the 1981 Rules of the USSR Registry are summarized. These revisions took effect on 1 September 1985. The matters they pertain to include dimensions for couplings; steel selection; longitudinal strength evaluation; side framing; the design of side tank bottoms for bulk carriers; sizes for framing for bulkheads that enclose holds for bulk fish; hull structures for support ships; summer load waterlines; and forepeak regulations.


Method and apparatus for facilitating handoff from a communication unit in a frequency hopping communication system (CU) to (111) is arranged to provide services configured network access point (NAP) (103, 105, 107) to disclose. The operation to be performed includes the steps of providing a service between the CU connection using the first frequency hopping pattern (FHP) and (111) and NAP (103, 105, 107), a connection based on the RSSI or the load a step of determining that it is better to cut, and transmitting includes a NAP ID and CU for scheduling also the first message requesting the service support of the 1FHP close NAP (103, 105, 107), the first 2FHP the method comprising: receiving a second message from the disposed configured neighboring NAP (103, 105, 107) to provide a connection to CU (111) with, the second message is adjacent NAP assistance a step of indicating that can provide include.


The chemical activation data for three- and four-centered hydrogen fluoride elimination from CH2FCDF2 have been analyzed to assign the energy released to the olefin fragment in the three-centered process and to estimate the threshold energies for elimination channels. Based upon the cis–trans isomerization rates of CHF = CHF, 78% of the total available energy was released to the olefin fragment for the αα channel. The analysis suggests the existence of an appreciable barrier (∼10 kcal/mole) for the reverse reaction, addition of the CH2FCF carbene to DF. The threshold energies for αα, αβ, and βα elimination from 1,1,2-trifluoroethane-1-d1 were assigned as 71, 68, and 68 kcal/mole, respectively. Analysis of the chemical activation data for 1,1,2,2,-tetrafluoroethane, without distinguishing between the three- and four-centered elimination channels, suggests a threshold energy of ∼75 kcal/mole.


This paper stuides the family financial management system based on B/S structure and gives a complete introduction of the various modules of the system that included the members of the family management,books management,revenue and expenditure management,statistics reporting modules.


This work examines the characteristic modes and measurement of a circular canonical family (CCF) of ad-hoc array topologies in which element radiators are used independently to deliver both sum and difference beams. We present a mathematical framework for the analysis of radiation characteristics from randomly distributed antenna arrays of the generalized circular topologies. Fourier probabilistic methods (i.e. characteristic function analyses) are applied to derive associated n-th order characteristic functions governing the radiation pattern. Sum and difference pattern behavior is generated using even and odd element distributions. Numerical simulations are performed using both ANSYS HFSS and MATLAB to demonstrate beam steering and examine the modal pattern characteristics. To validate our analytical approach, we include measured results of uniformly distributed array topologies, geometrically constrained to a set of 32 elements. Scanned patterns are provided for the sum-difference modes in both the E and H planes under lossless conditions. These are compared to theoretically-derived pattern behavior. The results demonstrate the utility of the CCF topology in generating radiation modes; because of this, applying the CCF in radar and electronic warfare technology will lead to greater performance such as enhanced target resolution and increased range capabilities.


With the evolution of digital data storage and exchange, it is essential to protect the confidential information from every unauthorized access. High performance encryption algorithms were developed and implemented by software and hardware. Also many methods to attack the cipher text were developed. In the last years, the genetic algorithm has gained much interest in cryptanalysis of cipher texts and also in encryption ciphers. This paper analyses the possibility to use the genetic algorithm as a multiple key sequence generator for an AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) cryptographic system, and also to use a three stages pipeline (with four main blocks: Input data, AES Core, Key generator, Output data) to provide a fast encryption and storage/transmission of a large amount of data.


This paper reports on empirical evaluation study of users' performance and satisfaction with prototype of Web Based speech photo annotation with speech interaction. Participants involved consist of Johor Bahru citizens from various background. They have completed two parts of annotation task; part A involving PhotoASys; photo annotation system with proposed speech interaction and part B involving Microsoft Microsoft Vista Speech Interaction style. They have completed eight tasks for each part including system login and selection of album and photos. Users' performance was recorded using computer screen recording software. Data were captured on the task completion time and subjective satisfaction. Participants need to complete a questionnaire on the subjective satisfaction when the task was completed. The performance data show the comparison between proposed speech interaction and Microsoft Vista Speech interaction applied in photo annotation system, PhotoASys. On average, the reduction in annotation performance time due to using proposed speech interaction style was 64.72% rather than using speech interaction Microsoft Vista style. Data analysis were showed in different statistical significant in annotation performance and subjective satisfaction for both styles of interaction. These results could be used for the next design in related software which involves personal belonging management.


In order to explore how the land treatment of rural sewage affects the soil environment and the flue-cured tobacco quality, the pretreated sewage collected from rural areas of south China were directly discharged to the experimental fields and the microbial number, enzymatic activities of soils with different distance away from the outlet and different depth were observed; besides, the sewage were diluted to different proportions and applied for the cultivations of flue-cured tobacco, afterwards, the flue-cured tobacco leaves at maturity were harvested for the quality evaluation and the Principle Component Analysis ( PCA ) method was adopted to select the best dilution proportion (treatment) based on the comprehensive analysis of the quality of tobacco leaves under different treatments. Results showed that: The sewage treatment had little effect on surface soil microbial number, but which significantly increased the number of bacteria, fungus and actinomyce in soils of 20~40 cm and 40~60 cm layer. At the same time, the sewage treatment significantly increased the soil enzymatic activity including the urease activity, catalase activity and polyphenol oxidase activity at all measuring points. Known from the analysis of flue-cured tobacco leaves, treatments with higher sewage proportion obviously increased the content of nicotine, total N and potassium in flue-cured tobacco leaves, but which decreased the content of reducing sugar. According to the calculations of PCA model, the quality sequence from excellent to inferior could be ordered as: T2>T1>T3>T4>CK, therefore, for flue-cured tobaccos, T2 was more conductive for equilibrium absorption of nutrients compared with other treatments.


age,' It generally does not grow in standing water. In the lower Midwest (below 44 N), one is likely to see it climbing posts along fence rows (Fig, 2), but not on cultivated land that has been treated with herbicides,^ During winter in the Midwest, one can see rows of entwined vines on fence posts, each looking like Medusa's head against the gray sky (Fig, 2), On closer examination, mature female clones will contain clusters of fruit hanging from the limbs in miniature bunches (Fig, 3).-' Larger vines can be seen climbing trees, utility poles, and other structures. Poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii) in the upper Midwest in a nonclimbing subshrub with upright branches. It is often seen growing in sands with bracken fern and species of pine,^ It lacks aerial rootlets and, therefore, does not climb,'"^ Natives of regions where 7, rydbergii is found often scoff at the suggestion that poison ivy is a climbing vine,^ In the winter, the small size, upright branches, irregular trunk, and compact panicles of fruit are distinctive features (Fig, 4), Other helpful features are its buds, leaf scars, and habitat of stream banks, shallow, rocky soils, sandy lake shores, and sand dunes, Toxicodendron radicans is most often confused with wild grape {Vitis spp,) and Virginia creeper ('Parthenoc/ssus quinquefolia). However, the latter plants are supported by tendrils and their fruit is borne on cymes arising opposite leaves or aggregated into terminal clusters," Poison ivy, on the other hand, has aerial rootlets (Fig. 5) and fruit in axillary panicles. Leaves are, of course, absent during winter, so one must look for leaf scars to identify their former position. During the growing season, the black spot test can be used in questionable situations,^ Rarely, black resinous deposits can be found in winter at sites of prior injury, but these are much more abundant on foliage. They may appear in cuts or abrasions in the bark or at sites where leaves have been removed. Probably the most difficult form of dormant poison ivy to identify is the very young plant. Those arising from roots can often be found near an identifiable older vine or stump and will sometimes have aerial rootlets. New plants, which have arisen from seed, may be almost impossible to identify in winter. However, one should at least be suspicious of vines growing where birds roost. Finally, there is no substitute for practice. One should identify clones of poison ivy in the summer and return to examine these same plants when they are dormant. After the characteristic features in known vegetation are leamed, it becomes much easier to recognize them in unknown specimens.


Chemoporoelastic theory is an extension of classical Biot poroelasticity that accounts for coupling with the presence and the transport of ions in the pore fluid. The impact of this extra level of coupling can be both substantial and complex. This paper relies on the two variations of Mandel's classical problem, which has become a canonical illustration of the complexity that poromechanical coupling can bring to an otherwise straightforward system. To this end, solutions for a chemoporoelastic shale cylinder and a spherical shale ball are derived. These solutions are then used to demonstrate that chemoporoelastic coupling leads to a coupled pore pressure response that is not only non‐monotonic, as in Mandel's classical case, but also demonstrates the consequences of the semi‐permeable membrane‐like nature of the shale and of the problem's two diffusion‐related timescales. This paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for experimentation and modeling of so‐called reactive shales using chemoporoelastic theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Global economy generates conflicting issues regarding timeliness and relevance of the protectionist theory and also on interpreting country risk. Forasmuch, protectionism is seen as a tool for stimulating domestic industry and a means of defense against foreign competition, while economic globalization is assessed in terms of free movement of capital. Analysis of concepts like protectionism, globalization, economic patriotism and country risk, and also the eco-socio-political correlations arising from the dynamic evolution of these dimensions, requires updated interpretation of the Romanian economist Mihail Manoilescu's ideas. Therefore, his question: "Do we have the right to force nature and make it enter into certain intellectual aesthetic frameworks like the "Procustean bed"?" leads us to conclude that it requires constant adaptation of theories to reality. Without taking any scientific risk, we consider that, so far, the development of economic science was within this trajectory. It remains for the future to confirm further this trend


Aviation manufacturing enterprises in the analysis of a business intelligence system based on the needs,Using data mining techniques to build an aviation manufacturer to build business intelligence systems,proposed aviation manufacturing enterprise business intelligence standard structural model of the system.


The Frenet-Serret Apparatus is an excellent method of describing space curves in our application. It neatly separates the intrinsic shape of the curve from spatial orientation. Numerical implementation of the necessary code is straightforward. By using curvature and torsion as the underlying variables, we are assured that the strands will maintain fixed length no matter what the shape. In fact, curvature and torsion are unconstrained variables which preserve the quality of the space curve representation. The "cost" for this elegant representation of space curves is complexity of the dynamical equations. The cost is not as high as one might suppose, however, because of a variety of factors. First, formulating the dynamics directly in terms of the curvature and torsion guarantees that the strand will not stretch or shrink. Second, the dynamical equations follow directly from Newton's Laws, so there is a clear connection with other dynamical problems such as particle motion or rigid body dynamics. This paper depends on the notation and results of its companion paper1.


This is a non-specialist introduction to intelligent tutoring systems, one way in which artificial intelligence is being applied to education. It presumes little knowledge of AI. The aim is to explain what an ITS consists of, in general terms, and to give some feel for the current products of this kind of research.


The results of an experiment that shows that it is very simple to contaminate digital images with information that can later be extracted are presented. This contamination cannot be detected when the image is displayed on a good quality graphics workstation. Based on these results, it is recommended that image downgrading based on visual display of the image to be downgraded not be performed if there is any threat of image contamination by Trojan horse programs. Potential Trojan horse programs may include untrusted image processing software.<<ETX>>


We have carried out an evaluation of cation valences in Y{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Pr{sub {ital x}}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} (YPBCO) on the basis of the fractional-valency ionic crystal model to investigate the causes of {ital T}{sub {ital c}} suppression with Pr doping. Through comparison with the case of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital x}}, we have quantitatively estimated the extent to which the {ital T}{sub {ital c}} depression can be accounted for in terms of the decrease in hole concentration in the CuO{sub 2} planes, paying special attention to the difference in the fourth ionization potential between Y and Pr. We have found that the valency of Pr is higher than that of Y by about 0.3 in YPBCO, thus reducing the Cu valency in the CuO{sub 2} planes with the Pr substitution, but that this effect can quantitatively explain no more than about one-third of the {ital T}{sub {ital c}} depression. Accordingly, it is suggested that those effects neglected in the present model, such as a further decrease in mobile hole concentration due to the Pr-O hybridization, the localization of carriers due to disorder, and the magnetic pair breaking due to Pr spin, must play an important role in the mechanismmore » of {ital T}{sub {ital c}} suppression in YPBCO.« less


The characteristics and applications of high-solid alkyd coatings, epoxy coatings, polyester coatings, acrylate coatings and polyurethane coatings are specifically discussed. New achievements obtained in studying high-solid coatings in China are introduced. Problems, solutions and future development trends thereof are proposed.


Abstract Introduction: Physical activity (PA) is an effective strategy to ensure good health in older adults and mitigate the harmful effects of aging. Objective: To compare PA levels in people aged between 70 and 79 years and very old adults. Method: Quantitative, observational, descriptive cross-sectional study, with 343 individuals aged 70 years or older from a medium-sized municipality in western Santa Catarina state (SC). Data were collected using the MMSE, the Morais' Questionnaire, and the IPAQ-SF. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, X² and Spearman's correlation. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The average physical activity level among 70 to 79-year-olds was 168.55 (± 146.81) minutes a week and 93.91 (± 122.66) in very old adults. IPAQ classification indicated that a higher percentage of very old adults were sedentary (79.5%), while 67.8% of 70 to 79-year-olds were categorized as active/very active. There was a statistically significant correlation between physical activity level, number of self-reported chronic diseases and number of medications. Conclusion: Older adults between 70 and 79 years old are more active than very old adults; older women are more active than their male counterparts; the increase in the number of chronic diseases and medications taken lowers physical activity level.


Labour shortages combined with persistent large-scale unemployment are attracting increasing attention from actors and observers in the economic and social sectors. Shortages appear to be the effect on the employment market of a rapid economic revival after years of crisis and unemployment, indicating a mismatch between labour supply and demand. Basically, they result from either the absence of a potential reserve of economically inactive labour, or the inadequate employability of some of those actively employed. This article aims to provide a global view of the situation as it affects particularly those European Union countries which are most attuned to the problem. It describes the shortages in these various countries, their main causes, and the approaches, either envisaged or already implemented, to remedying them.


Woman and man are mankid which has the same responsibilty in leading the mission of leadership on the earth, without any dispensation among them. For example in education, woman has own right to get knowledge/education and does human activity out of the house. Using face caver on whole of the body as full as possible that isn't Islamic teaching but it is a culture or tradition on society face cover, poligamy, and divorce are caused in desreasing of Islam, or Islam decreased by the woman. Kata Kunci : Wanita, Pendidikan, Hijab, dan Keluarga


When cells are cryopreserved,the morphology of cryoprotectant at crystallization and recrystallization would influence the survival rate of cells.The cryo-microscope system was used to observe the morphology of crystal and sizes of two cryoprotectants during cooling and rewarming at different speeds.It is found that crystals during cooling are smaller and less at higher speed than at lower speed,and the former is favorable for preservation of cells.When the vitrified cryoprotetant is rewarmed,crystals during recrystallization are smaller and less at higher speed than at lower speed,and the former with narrow danger zone is favorable for the survival of oocytes.Besides,high concentration of cryoprotectant is more favorable for the survivalrate of oocytes than lower concentration.


Abstract In this paper I propose a mereological account of ordinary macro-events of experience that is based on two central features of these entities, namely their spatio-temporal character, and their status as things that belong to event-kinds. I argue that, from the perspective of descriptive metaphysics, these features must be incorporated in the analysis of the part-whole relations of events, and I show the steps involved in achieving this task. Furthermore, I argue that the program initiated here is quite promising: the analysis of event-part that I propose stands up quite well against the more serious objections, and the apparatus I provide for the mereological conditions of events can be easily modified to yield similar conditions for material objects.


Background: Perinatal major depressive disorder (MDD), including antenatal and postpartum depression, is common and has serious consequences. This study was designed to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids for perinatal depression in addition to supportive psychotherapy. Methods: Perinatal women with MDD were randomized to eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), 1.9g/day, or placebo for 8weeks. A manualized supportive psychotherapy was provided to all subjects. Symptoms were assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) biweekly. Results: Fifty-nine womenenrolled;N=51hadtwodatacollection pointsthatallowedforevaluationofefficacy.Omega-3 fattyacids were well tolerated. Participants in both groups experienced significant decreases in EPDS and HAM-D scores (pb.0001) from baseline.Wedidnotfindabenefitofomega-3fattyacidsoverplacebo.Dietaryomega-3fattyacidintakewaslowamongparticipants. Limitations: The ability to detect an effect of omega-3 fatty acids may have been limited by sample size, study length, or dose. The benefits of supportive psychotherapy may have limited the ability to detect an effect of omega-3 fatty acids. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between omega-3 fatty acids and placebo in this study in which all participants receivedsupportivepsychotherapy.Themanualizedsupportivepsychotherapywarrantsfurtherstudy.Thelowintakeofdietaryomega-3 fatty acids among participants is of concern, in consideration of the widely established health advantages in utero and in infants. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


In a southeastern state, Grade 7 and 8 middle school general education teachers were not implementing cultural and individual instructional strategies consistently to support the academic achievement of the growing population of English L anguage L earners (ELLs). The purpose and key research questions of this qualitative study were designed to (a) identify what cultural relevant instructional strategies Grades 7 and 8 middle school general education teachers implement, (b) identify what individual relevant instructional strategies, and (c) understand what perceptions teachers have regarding strategies to facilitate consistent implementation of cultural and individual instruction to support ELLs. The nine participants were middle school (i.e., Grade 7 and 8) general education teachers from a school district in a southeastern state. Data were gathered through semistructured interviews and the themes included teachers' beliefs in their abilities to provide consistent instruction to support ELLs, use of varied individual instructional strategies to support ELLs, use of varied cultural instructional strategies to support the needs of ELLs, and their want of preparation and relevant professional development to instruct ELLs. The findings have implications for positive social change, including identifying areas where professional development and focused instruction on the cultural and individual needs of ELLs increase teachers' knowledge, skills, consistency, and perceived ability to support ELLs in the local school district.


This paper is concerned with the challenges of surveying historic buildings and the various ways that these buildings have been occupied and changed over their lifetime. It considers the unusual use of sgraffito on a London building and records for bomb-damaged properties in London.


Awareness about environmental impact of petroleum sourcing polymeric materials is leading to an increased interest sustainable materials manufacturing. Here we present the elaboration of fully bio-...


Social science interest in professionals and managers as a left- and liberal-trending stratum has increased in recent years. Using General Social Survey data over a 44-year period, the authors examine 15 attitudes spanning social, economic, and political identity liberalism. On nearly all attitudes, professionals and managers have trended in a liberal direction, have liberalized more quickly than blue-collar workers, and are either as or more liberal than blue-collar workers. The authors find that the higher levels of education among professionals and managers, their tendency to adopt nonauthoritarian outlooks, and their lower propensity to identify with fundamentalist religion mediate their more liberal trends vis-à-vis blue-collar workers. Conversely, their higher relative incomes suppress the extent of their economic and criminal justice liberalism. The authors' theorization links changes in the macro-economy to growing gaps in the composition of the two strata and the activities of politicians and parties to consolidate emerging political differences.


The most common accusation levelled at those working in gender studies in the Arab world is tied to the fact that they are commonly viewed as dealing with a "Western" concept; corrupting the cultural and traditional value system of the Arabo-Islamic heritage of the region. Linguistic resistance to this field is an obvious impediment to its progression, with a range of dissatisfactory and often conflicted terminology meant to distance the language from the very concept of feminism: Nassawiyar Unthawiya, both alien-sounding and cumbersome. Engaging in the act of translation in a linguistic and cultural vacuum means that the translator becomes an active agent in developing and shaping concepts associated with Feminism, while simultaneously conveying the social and moral values that are associated with the quest for female empowerment in the West. This same burden of shaping concepts and creating them while actively engaging in the act of translation was faced by Indian translators of feminism and those worki...


Multiple-job holding is an important labour market phenomenon. In this article, we examine individuals' motives for multiple-job holding. Specifically, we estimate an empirical model of the motivation for moonlighting assuming that individuals hold a second job for either financial or for nonpecuniary motives. Our results contribute to a better understanding of multiple-job holding. We find that multiple-job holding is used by individuals as a way to deal with the financial difficulties or the increased financial commitments in their household. Individuals are more likely to moonlight for money in the early stages of their adult life. Finally, individuals with more labour market experience are more likely to moonlight for pecuniary than nonpecuniary reasons.


The effects of cigarette smoking on the upper digestive tract have been recognised for some time and have been the subject of several recent and historical reviews.` However, most of these reports have not included any effect of smoking on the intestine. The discovery of a relation between cigarette smoking and inflammatory bowel disease has focussed our interest on the effect of smoking on intestinal mucosal defences. In 1982 Heatley et al and Harries et al were among the first to show that patients with ulcerative colitis tended to be non-smokers.56 This finding stimulated a series of epidemiological reports which showed that, on average, only 13% of patients with ulcerative colitis were current smokers. Patients with Crohn's disease, on the other hand, were more often smokers than controls.7 This lead to the proposal that smoking had a protective effect in ulcerative colitis, but was perhaps causal with regard to Crohn's disease. More recent studies have shown that former smokers are at a greater risk of ulcerative colitis than either those who have never smoked or current smokers,'` with an average delay from cessation of smoking to onset of disease of approximately five years." Despite increasing numbers ofepidemiological studies, there have been few attempts to explain these relationships in terms of mucosal defence mechanisms. There is, however, considerable evidence to indicate that smoking can have profound consequences on intestinal physiology.


Numerical display of inplane displacement measurement by electronic speckle photography is described. This technique is a realtime measurement. The speckle pattern is recorded by a CCD camera, and the discrete data are sent to the computer. The numerical display of the computer can yield better fringe pattern and displacement measurement value. Experimental results of small displacement for cantilever beam are given. The results have verified the correctness of this technique.


It is suggested that the hearing threshold shift found in underwater subjects indicates that the human ear is basically a velocity‐sensitive device.


In this paper, a new probability distribution is
proposed by using Marshall and Olkin transformation. Some of its properties
such as moments, moment generating function, order statistics and reliability
functions are derived. The method of maximum
likelihood is used to estimate the model parameters. The graphs of the
reliability function and hazard rate function are plotted by taken some values
of the parameters. Three real life applications are introduced to compare the
behaviour of the new distribution with other distributions.


In Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the Supreme Court created the exclusionary rule, which held that courts could not admit evidence obtained illegally against a defendant. Chief Justice Earl Warren assigned the Court's majority opinion to Justice Tom Clark, a former Attorney General of the United States, a man responsible for the prosecution of thousands of criminals. In Korematsu v. United States (1944), during the height of World War II, the Court upheld the removal of Americans of Japanese descent to camps away from the West Coast. Chief Justice Stone assigned the Court's opinion to Justice Black, a staunch civil libertarian. These justices seemed unlikely to receive such opinions. But they did receive them. Surely other justices were as qualified. Why did these justices write the opinions? One scholar believes it is because the Chief and other justices were well aware of the need to manage public criticism of the Court's decisions (O'Brien 2008, 273). The public can be a source of power for the Court, but also a constraint. Public support for the Court enhances its legitimacy. This legitimacy, in turn, gives justices power to rule. Yet frequent rulings against the public could cause it to lose legitimacy. In prior chapters, we demonstrated how Supreme Court justices alter the clarity of their majority opinions with an eye toward multiple audiences in the Court's political and legal environment, including federal circuit courts, federal bureaucratic agencies, and state legislatures. We now extend our focus to a fourth audience – the general public. We examine whether public opinion influences the clarity of Supreme Court majority opinions. We begin by returning to our central theory – that justices use opinion clarity to enhance compliance with their decisions and, more importantly for this chapter, to manage public support for the Court. We discuss the role of public opinion as a constraint on the Court, highlighting how public opinion influences external actors and, thus indirectly, the Court. We also discuss how frequent rulings against the public could cause the Court to lose institutional support. Next, we discuss why ruling contrary to prevailing popular sentiment might lead justices to write increasingly readable opinions. We then discuss our data and measures, present our results, and conclude with a discussion about the broader importance of public opinion as a constraint on the Supreme Court.


Informatization brings a large amount of time series information, and the method for extracting the feature of such information has been obsolete. In this article, the feature extraction between EEG signals of the same type was carried out by analyzing the EEG signal with an evident time series feature as a study object, by using the rough set thinking to define the upper approximation and lower approximation of a time point feature and via the method for defining similarity. The feature of visual evoked potentials (VEP) of five persons was calculated and verified using definition method. The result shows that the deviations of calculated similarity of 400 samples from each of five subjects are within three; and at the same time the sum of the 400 samples was calculated by taking the superimposed average EEG as a standard. The sample feature of the five subjects was calculated using the method designed herein, and then matching calculation was done with superimposed feature. As a result, the number of samples whose fit is above 0.7 accounts for 80% of the number of all samples.


The essays included in Careers for Women, the second thematic section of the collection, span a wide timeframe from the late nineteenth century to the second half of the twentieth century. Although varied in historical focus, each of the five essays broadly addresses different strategies implemented by working women in an effort to negotiate the professional terrain as a conventionally masculine realm. These techniques include referencing conventionally feminine spheres, such as the domestic space or working in handicrafts, or building alternative visual vocabularies. Additionally, many of the essays question the relationship of women cultural practitioners to the conditions of modernism, highlighting the contradictions of a period defined by its commitment to artistic freedom through the restrictions or limits placed on women's involvement. While the previous two sections discuss the possibilities and limitations of women's participation by those who, to different extents, negotiated their inclusion (and, alternatively, limited their exclusion) within professional art environments, the essays in the third and final thematic section highlight particular groups and contributions that have been denied access to the professional art world. In The Limits of Professionalism, the four essays illuminate the limitations of the framework of professionalism specifically, but also art historical frameworks generally, in rewriting Canadian history as an inclusive narrative. As Huneault and Anderson explain in the preface to the collection, "the adoption of a discourse of professionalism by art historians effectively marginalizes certain women, certain kinds of contributions, and certain spheres of practice" (p. xxiii). Interweaving discussions of race and labour, these essays most fully express the complexities of art historical interventions through the lens of professionalization, because of the historically unequal access to professional institutions and practices for different women in Canada. Taken together, the essays in this collection provide a powerful and convincing entrypoint into a much needed conversation about the history of women's cultural production and the values of art practice in Canada. Already, this conversation has been continuing, most recently at the second conference organized by CWAHI in May 2012. This book would be a powerful addition to teaching and researching not just women's history in Canada, but history in Canada more broadly, by highlighting what has been marginalized or rendered invisible in dominant narratives.


In this paper,new methods for calculating expanded uncertainty——simplified method and fine method are put forward. The t\|distribution Table is not needed for simplified method. The fine method is more accurate than t\|distribution method.


Carbon nanofiber-supported platinum catalysts were studied to establish the influence of the support surface composition on their performance in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. By acid-base titration, XPS and TGA-MS the amount of oxygencontaining surface groups was determined in activated carbon nanofiber samples and in the platinum catalysts pretreated at various temperatures. TEM, EXAFS and H2-chemisorption studies showed the presence of a narrow and stable platinum particle-size distribution (1-2 nm). The overall catalytic activity increased by a factor of 25 after treatment at 973 K, which is related to the decreasing amount of oxygen on the fibers. The differences in intrinsic activity upon thermal treatment are even larger, since internal diffusion limitation slowed down the reaction for the most active catalysts as will be shown in part II. With XPS and H2chemisorption experiments carried out at 308 K no clear evidence was found for a change in the electronic structure of the platinum particles induced by the oxygen-containing groups present on/in the surface of the carbon nanofibers. A model involving the effect of the support surface composition on the mode of adsorption of cinnamaldehyde is discussed in Chapter 8.


The development of large-scale nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Is primarily determined by the availability of quality seeds. Testing for viability and seedling growth can produce quality seeds for commercial plant development. This study aimed to obtain the best seed viability and growth of nutmeg from various seed origins. The research was conducted from November 2019 to May 2020 in Kasimbar Barat Village, Kasimbar District, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, through the seed viability test nutmeg seed growth tests. The seed viability test used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor of seed origin from four districts: S1: Tolitoli seed origin, S2: Morowali seed origin, S3: Parigi Moutong seed origin and S4: Donggala seed origin. The seedling growth test used a different plot design (TPT) with the main plot of nutmeg seed S1: Tolitoli seed origin, S2: Morowali seed origin, S3: Parigi Moutong seed origin, S4: Donggala seed origin and subplot growth media M1: soil mixture and organic matter, M2: soil, M3: organic matter. The results showed that the nutmeg seeds from Parigi Moutong Regency had high viability with a percentage of the water content of 49.09% and a percentage of germination capacity of 95.55%. The best growth of nutmeg seedlings with the highest vigor index was from Parigi Moutong Regency's seeds using a growing medium of mixed soil and organic matter with a composition (1: 1).


A strained epitaxial film deposited on a deformable substrate undergoes a morphological instability relaxing the elastic energy by surface diffusion. The nonlinear dynamical equation of such films with wetting interactions are derived and solved numerically in two and three dimensions. Nonlocal nonlinearities together with wetting effects are crucial to regularize the instability leading to an island morphology. The island chemical potential decreases with its volume and the system consistently experiences a non-interrupted coarsening evolution described by power laws with a marked dimension dependence.


We demonstrate a quantum cascade laser employing two different injector regions and matched 4.6 mum optical transitions for low-voltage-defect operation. The laser has a pulsed wall-plug efficiency of 19% at 80 K and operates pulsed at 300 K.


One of the most common issues faced by small-medium enterprises is a poor marketing strategy. Absences of an effective marketing plan, resources and strategies have been reported to be among the weakness for small and medium businesses worldwide. This study was carried out to determine the effect of marketing innovation on the performance of SMEs. Specifically, the study investigated the relationship between innovative products, pricing, promotion and distribution strategies with efficiency of small businesses. 203 small and medium enterprises from the furniture business were designated as a sample for the research. 198 usable questionnaires were analysed. Multiple regressions were employed as tools of analysis in determining the link between the innovative marketing strategies and firm efficiency. Outcomes indicate that Marketing innovation strategies positively impact on small medium enterprises efficiency. The paper concluded that based on the positive effect of marketing innovation on many firms, SMEs should strive toward adopting it in their lines of business operations. At the same time, more work should investigate other aspect of innovative marketing in order to provide in depth knowledge of innovative marketing strategies and tactics that could lead to better performance of the small medium enterprise.


We propose a method for synthetic aperture radar images target discrimination based on the principal component analysis and an approach combining support vector machine(SVM) and linear discriminant analysis(LDA).Dimensionality of the image vector is reduced and the global features are extracted by using principal component analysis.The global features are transformed and the results are used to generate classifiers which complete target discrimination.The results show the high performance of the proposed method.


In this paper, based on the Google map, using Google maps API, we developed the management system of control point measurement, in order to solve the problem of the control point that messy and not unified management. And then, we discussed the unified management of data store, management, query, illustrated in the control point in detail.


Summary The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol (KP) have created a clear need for methods that enable accurate accounting of carbon (C) stocks and stock changes in forest ecosystems. The rate of accumulation of C in plantation forests in the Republic of Ireland was estimated for the period 1906 – 2002 using the record of afforestation and a dynamic C accounting model (C-fl ow). Projections for the period 2003 – 2012 were made using different afforestation rates. It was assumed that Sitka spruce planted in the period 1906 – 1989 was Yield Class (YC) 16 m 3 ha − 1 year − 1 and that after 1990 this increased to 20 m 3 ha − 1 year − 1 . All other conifers were assumed to have the growth characteristics of YC 8 m 3 ha − 1 year − 1 lodgepole pine. Broadleaves were assumed to have the growth characteristics of YC 6 m 3 ha − 1 year − 1 beech. In 2002, the total forest C stock was 37.7 Mt C representing an increase of 14.8 Mt C since 1990. In 2002, the rate of increase in trees, products, litter and soil was 0.7, 0.1, 0.1 and 0.5 Mt C, respectively. Under a business-as-usual scenario, afforestation since 1990 is estimated to create an annual average C sink of 0.9 Mt C year − 1 during the period 2008 – 2012. This accounts for ~ 22 per cent of Ireland's reduction commitment under the KP. Afforestation on peat soils was found to reduce the net C sink, although the extent to which it does so is highly dependent on assumptions regarding the rate of peat C loss.


The invention provides a cefazedone sodium composition which comprises the following components in mass percent: 99.1-99.9% of cefazedone sodium crystal and 0.1-0.9% of sodium benzoate. A cefazedone sodium powder injection prepared by the cefazedone sodium composition is stored at higher temperature, has smaller change of related substances, can not be degraded basically for long placement, and can be transported and stored conveniently.


The University of Nevada, Reno Libraries is building a project and assessment-based organization that utilizes applications to increase the discovery of digital collections, enhances the online user experience, supports a growing Digital Humanities measure on campus, and encourages faculty and students to create projects using digital curation and various existing tools. A GeoHumanities Digital Project Specialist and Digital Humanities Historian were added to the library organization to create interactive exhibits. ESRI software was employed to create place-based storytelling using digital content held by CONTENTdm, CatDV, and other library platforms. By reimagining how we use such tools at our disposal, we can create new ways of interacting with information to create innovative ways for our patrons to re-engage with our materials. Pulling Content out the Back Door: Creating an Interactive Digital Collections Experience


To know the constitutional health of city_and country_bred new students who were enrolled in Hainan medical college in 1997-2001,after their entrance,the author made a comparative analysis on the body height,body weight,constitutional index,nutritional state of these undergraduate new students.The results showed that city_and country_bred boy students were superior to city_and country_bred girl students in average body height and body weight,and city_bred boy and girl students were superior to country_bred ones in average body height;and for the nutritional state,city_bred boy students were superior to city_bred girl students and city_bred students superior to country_bred ones.


In this paper, we study supervisory control of discrete event systems under partial observations. Most of the research on supervisory control considers a supervisor which takes a control action according to only event sequences. This paper proposes a supervisor which selects a control pattern based upon partial observations of events and states. We first derive necessary and sufficient conditions under which there exists a supervisor for a given language, namely, a control specification. It is shown that our supervisor is more powerful than a supervisor which uses only event sequences. Next, we study the case that there does not exist a supervisor for a given language. We present a sublanguage of a given language for which a supervisor exists.


The thermal and mechanical properties of neptunium nitride (NpN) were investigated by first principles calculations. From the Helmholtz free energy equilibrium lattice constants, thermal expansion coefficients, bulk moduli and specific heat capacities were calculated for temperatures up to 1500 K. The electronic specific heat capacity was also calculated from the electronic density of states at the Fermi energy. The obtained specific heat capacity reproduced the experimental data well. It was thus clarified that the specific heat capacity of NpN consists of the lattice and electronic specific heat capacities and the contribution of the lattice dilatation to the specific heat capacity.


Sound receiver estimates the noise level included in the sound with high precision and provide a noise suppression method according to the mobile phone, and the noise suppression apparatus provided with a noise suppressing device, a noise suppression device which controls the directivity in response to the estimated noise level do. The first sound input unit 6 and the second respective sound input unit 7 is, the sound receiver to acquire a sound signal, the noise level estimation unit 11 includes a first sound input unit 6 and the second sound input unit (7 ) to the basis of the sound signal acquired by the respective estimates the level of noise components included in the sound signal. Noise suppression processing control section 12, on the basis of the level of the estimated noise component, and sets the value suppression amount control for controlling the suppression amount of the noise component is suppressed by the synchronous subtracting process. Synchronous subtracting section 13, performs the synchronous subtracting process, using the value set suppression control amount, and generates a sound signal suppressing the sound arriving from a direction other than the direction of the desired sound source. Noise suppression, the sound source object, synchronous subtracting process, the noise level estimate


This paper deals with the proposed system for smart and savvy door lock recognition system which is essentially for identification of human faces and mainly for home security. This is divided into two sub systems. First is image capturing, then comes face detection and recognition and finally automatic door access management. Open CV is mainly used for Face Recognition because it uses Eigen faces which compares the face images and produces it without losing vital face features, facial images of various persons are going to be stored in database. The purpose of the paper is to take face recognition to height which can replace the use of standard passwords, pins and patterns, adding more security to our life. The process carried out by raspberry pi is fast and makes the system work smoother.


Cooperative stock system has been regarded as the target mode of both village and township enterprises and the small and medium-sized state-owned enterprises. However, there is a contradiction between the fair principle of decision-making power and the inequality of risk distribution in the cooperative stock system, leading to the phenomena of free rides. Therefore, the cooperative stock system can only be a transitional enterprise system which will develop in the direction of share-holding enterprise system.


A calculating method used in optical fiber Bragg grating(FBG)temeprature and strain sensing systems is presented.The wavelength shift is calculated by choosing the characteristic point in this method.Compared with the traditional method based on optical FBG peak power detection,this method is less influenced by the ambient disturbance and able to improve the sensing accuracy.Experiments show that the standard deviation of the measured strain is less than 3 μe when the wavelength scanning step is changed from 5 pm to 85 pm.As a result,this method is cost-effective as the requirement on wavelength scanning step can be relaxed.


The properties of a neutron star are determined by the equation of state of the matter that the star is comprised. Because the density of a neutron star is not stable, neutron matter is described by quantum hadrodynamics (QHD) in the low density phase and quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in the high density phase. In QHD, we use the Walecka model, where the scale size are the protons and the neutrons and the interaction is mediated through the exchange of mesons. To describe the matter consisting of quarks we use the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. To study the hadron-quark mixed phase we use the Wigner-Seitz approximation. \\
At first, we present the most important properties of nuclear matter. We demonstrate the basic concepts of classical and relativistic field theory, as well as the second quantization of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields. Moreover, we derive the equation of motions in the Walecka model, using the Euler-Lagrange equations. We simplify them employing the relativistic mean field theory (RMFT). Next, we calculate the equation of state (e, P) from the energy momentum tensor for the hadron phase, the quark phase and the hadron-quark mixed phase including surface energy and Coulomb energy. Finally, we evaluate the maximum mass and the radius of a neutron star solving Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (T.O.V) equation for each phase of matter of the neutron star and we compare our results with the observational data.


Increasingly social networks are used both in the personal and professional levels, being companies and employees also exposed to the risks posed by them. In this sense, it is relevant to analyze employees' perception of the risks and vulnerabilities posed by the use of social networks in corporate environments. For this purpose, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to 372 employees of small and medium-sized companies that allowed the characterization and analysis of those risks. The results indicate that the security risks are perceived moderately by employees, emphasizing the risk of defamation and cyberbullying as being the most pertinent. On the other hand, the findings indicate that older employees, the existence of lower academic qualifications, and those working in medium-sized companies are more aware of these risks.


Most commercial organisations, and increasingly even universities, use firewalls to constrain Internet packets passing between the outside and their internal networks. A firewall is a security gateway that provides numerous advantages to sites by helping to increase overall host security. But firewalls plague the free deployment of multicast on these Intranets, since they do not normally allow the free flow of the UDP packets, which are fundamental to the multicast concept.


As software-based systems gain versatility and scalability, an ability to manage inconstant resources and attend diverse user requirements becomes increasingly indispensable. In addition, as systems increase in complexity, rectification of system failures that require human intervention becomes more difficult, error prone, and increases the costs associated with maintenance. One approach to solving these problems is to build self-healing systems that examines and recover from defeat states autonomously. Based on research on autonomous computing, the self-healing property is behavior monitoring and a "cure," in sense of recovering from failures, using inputs to adapt to the environment at runtime. Motivated by the complexity of management and high cost of maintaining information systems, this work presents a component architecture for self-recovery of information system resources based on the autonomic computation characteristic, the self-healing, with the purpose of exercising the extension role for that information systems are capable of self-healing of failures without or with minimal human intervention.


This paper is to corroborate the validity of the rate of memorization model without forgetfulness factor and with forgetfulness factor. These models wereanalyzed and solved and were practicallyexperimented on students.We showed the possibility that short term and long term memory is different but essential for the establishment of long term memory. KeywordsForgetfulness, Memorization model, memory storage


Abstract This paper presents a content analysis of Malaysian media for two months either side of the 2008 general elections. It takes a look at the mainstream print media across four languages, as well as selected broadcast and alternative media. The author goes on to consider the implications the fndings have for the future prospects of media liberalisation in Malaysia.


Collisions between 16-200 eV electrons and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ target have been investigated experimentally. The fragment ions originating from single, double, and triple ionization were energetically analyzed at an observation angle of 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the incident beam direction. Fragments with energies as low as $0.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ were detected. From the spectra, cross sections for double and triple ionization, relative to single ionization cross sections, are derived. The present results are compared with previous experimental results involving several molecular targets, and with formulas that have been developed previously for electron-atom collisions.


INTRODUCTION A rounded outsole shoe (ROS) is specifically designed with a fulcrum under the sole so that when the mass of the body is over it, the foot is forced to roll anteriorly.8 Traditional ROS studies have included analyses on bipedal stance1 single leg standing3, muscle activity during treadmill walking8, kinetics during over ground walking4, and kinematics after a 6-week accommodation period.6 Presently, there is no research comparing a ROS and a TOS at 0% and 5% incline. The significance of this study is to expand the current body of literature relative to the biomechanical/ functional understanding of a ROS. This study provides empirical data that will lend insight to kinematic and impact characteristics between a TOS and ROS at foot contact while walking on 0% and 5% incline.


Video watermarking plays an important role intoday's copyright protection of video media, in this paper a blind watermarking algorithm for mpeg2 video is proposed. In this algorithm, several DCT intermediate frequency coefficients of the video pictures are selected and divided into some groups, the watermark was embedded into the video pictures by adjusting the intermediate frequency coefficients in each group. The watermark capacity of this algorithm is adequate and experimental result shows the proposed algorithm is robust to video compression attack within a certain range and has little effect on the quality of the video.


Black Mask/Up Against the Wall Motherfucker existed from 1966 to 1969 in New York, moving from abstract painting and intermedia environments to street posters and increasingly militant political happenings. They were definitive, influential activist-art groups, often cited as a key precedent for contemporary socially engaged art. Additionally, they represent a crucial but neglected moment in the contested legacy of the radical avant-garde. Their history has been previously available only in brief, mythologizing accounts, but this essay draws on interviews and extensive cross-archival research to present the first thorough historical account of their political art practices.


We present numerical simulation of Kevlar/Vinyl 3D orthogonal woven composite impacted by a spherical bullet with LS-Dyna software. Orthogonal constitutive equation with damage tensor and Hashin failure criteria are adopted for the Kevlar/Vinyl target.Time history of penetration velocity and loading of bullet show that steady penetration process and residual velocity agree well with experimental data.The damage modes basically reflect experimental results.Penetration process and damage modes are studied in details by analyzing damage evolution along the x fiber and interface matrix.It shows that the simulations are in good agreement with experiments.


The threshold for mathematical problems being easy or hard to solve can be extremely abrupt. The statistical mechanics that describes collective phenomena in disordered systems and solutions to large search problems have important mathematical connections. One of the models that describes disordered materials, the diluted p-spin model, is strongly related to the random XORSAT problem, a problem of finding variables that simultaneously satisfy a large number of logical constraints (1). This relation has provided insight into how small changes in a model can modify its computational difficulty.


The work covers the adequate kinetics of the flexibly fixed working element of a rotating device. First the literature background of the problem has been presented, turning the attention on such systems where the phenomenon of centrifugal displacement of a body due to the rotating of the system occurs. Then the general characteristics of the complex motion of working element has been described. The core of the work is the description of the variable component motions, with the starting point of the description being the source differential equation, presenting this type of dependence of the path length on time. The accelerated angular motion and retarded radial motion have been separated, describing these component motions as the function of time. Based on these detailed descriptions, the trajectory equation of working element, the derivatives and further kinetic magnitudes, have been derived. In the conclusion, the cognitive and practical qualities of the presented solutions of the title problem, have been accented.


Furrow irrigation of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) has certain benefits over sprinkler irrigation, but usually wastes irrigation water. Alternate-furrow irrigation allows frequent application of small amounts of water, which is an advantage over conventional furrow irrigation. In a variation of alternate-furrow irrigation, alternating-furrow irrigation, every other furrow is irrigated at the first irrigation, and the remainder at the second, then this procedure is repeated throughout the season. It is a low-cost, low-energy alternative to sprinkler and center pivot irrigation systems. Our objective was to compare yield and water use of alternating-furrow irrigation with those of conventional every-furrow irrigation for peppermint. Field experiments in 1992 and 1993 indicated that the soil water content was adequate under both irrigation treatments, and the water savings for alternating-furrow irrigation were attributed to less runoff and less evaporation from the soil surface. There was no difference in yield between the systems, although alternating-furrow irrigation required about half of the water applied with the conventional treatment. One limitation of alternating-furrow irrigation occurred near the end of the growing season, when the plants lodged, partially dammed the furrow streams, and made timely furrow advance difficult. This problem was resolved by irrigating every furrow after lodging occurred.


The Central Committee with Comrade HU Jintao as the General Secretary stated that "harmony is the essence of socialist ethnic relations".This is based on the thorough understanding of socialism,the conditions of our country and actual situation of ethnic relations.It reflects the organic integrity of Marxist Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism and belongs to the theoretical system on socialism of Chinese characteristics which was advanced in the 17th Party Congress.


Tonic and clonic muscle spasm of the lower extremities and trunk is a well-known complication of myelography [1, 2] and accidental subdural injection of contrast material [3]. Occasionally , myoclonus also appears after aortography. It is postulated that some of the contrast medium reaches the spinal column through intercostal , lumbar, and lumbosacral segmental arteries. The risk is higher in distal aortic occlusion [4] and when the procedure takes place with the patient supine [5]. Spinal myoclonus associated with aortography may result from a direct toxic excitatory effect of the contrast agent [6]. as happens during myelography, or it may be due to ischemic myelopathy, as sometimes occurs in spinal cord angiography during placement of the catheter, even before the injection of contrast material [7] . Recently , we introduced a new in-vivo model of contrast nephropathy [8], in which rats were given Angio-Conray (80% sodium iothalamate) at a dosage of 6 mljkg through a polyethylene catheter placed in the femoral artery with the tip of the catheter directed proximally. The femoral artery was ligated on the catheter, so all the contrast material was injected against flow. During the injection, all animals developed myoclonus of the hindlimbs, trunk , and tail that was more prominent in the cannulated leg, which concomitantly became cyanotic. The injection of contrast material was slow (an average amount of 1 .5 ml injected over 90-120 sec). Fluoroscopy and films indicated that it did not reach above the aortic bifurcation. Spinal vessels were not filled. Injection of contrast material was done the same way in rats with epidural anesthesia to evaluate the origin of the myoclonus. Despite full epidural anesthesia obtained by administering lignocain through a long, indwelling epidural catheter, the injection of contrast material resulted in the same myoclonus. We conclude that the myoclonus produced by the intraarterial femoral injection of sodium iothalamate in the rat does not originate at the spinal level but at a lower level such as peripheral nerve, muscle, or the neuromuscular junction. This phenomenon may result from a direct excitatory effect of the contrast material or from transient ischemia of the lower extremities due to vasospasm and RBC microaggregation caused by the hyperosmolar material. The administration of iopamidol (Omnipaque) and iohexol (Hexabrix) caused minimal spasm only. In summary, our observations suggest that the term spinal myoclonus may be a misnomer, because angiography-induced myoclonus may not result from spinal irritation or ischemia but from a lower neuromuscular toxic reaction .


According to the information process theory of cognitive psychology for the motor skill,this paper analyzes the factors that influence control efficiency of the motor skill and puts forward some methods to solve such problems in training.


An attempt has been made to redetermine the enthalpy and entropy of formation of the charge-transfer complex bet\veen tetracyanoethylene and biphenylene in dichloromethane solution from measurements of the equilibrium constant at different temperatures. The results obtained under conditions where biphenylene is in excess differ from those previously published in which tetracyanoethylene was in excess. It is argued that the optimum condition for determining equilibrium constants of a 1:l cornplex is when the reactants are mixed in solution in this ratio. Determinations under this condition yield AH = -2.6 ltcal mole-' and AS = -4.1 e.u. 'The energies of the irltermolec~~lar charge-transfer transitions of biphenylene with several different acceptors suggest that the ionization potential of biphenylene is -7.4 eV.


Dynamic programming is an approach that transforms a multi variable optimization problem into a sequence of single variable optimization problems. Discrete dynamic programming requires us to define and limit ourselves to using only discrete values of the decision variables. It requires us to look at a problem as a network of nodes and links. The nodes represent discrete states of the system and the links from each node represent decisions that can be made, i.e., that are feasible, given the state of the system. A decision based on an initial state value in any stage results in a final state value of that stage, which is an initial state value for the next stage. Converting an optimization problem into a discrete network of nodes and links is the main challenge in using dynamic programming. Solving it once a network is constructed is relatively easy, especially using spreadsheets.


Given the lack of emphasis of special issue publication in sci-tech periodicals in our country,this article discusses the feasibility of publishing special issues more frequently from the aspects of objective needs,opportunity and talents reserve,and analyzes in depth the positive effects of special issue publication on attracting manuscripts,inviting core members of editorial board,and achieving economic benefits. It is pointed out that publishing special issues more frequently and thoroughly utilizing academic and dissemination value of special issues have great significance for Chinese sci-tech periodicals.


Multi-criteria scheduling (MCS) is one of the prime concerns for the researchers. The MCS for Multi-Core Systems (McSs) is nondeterministic polynomial (NP)-complete in nature. A nature-inspired intelligent technique, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to address the problem. The proposed PSO based multi-criteria scheduling (PSOMCS) algorithm simultaneously considers multiple parameters during the evaluation of fitness function. Particle representation is done in the manner where each particle always produces a complete schedule. The validity of the particle is ensured even after updating of velocity and position. Two different standard benchmark data sets are considered to validate the PSOMCS. The results show that the PSOMCS performs better than several heuristic as well as meta-heuristic algorithms.


The C[2]-symmetric electron-poor ligand (R)-BINOP-F (4) was prepared by reaction of (R)-BINOL with bis(pentafluorophenyl)-phosphorus bromide in the presence of triethylamine. The iodo complex [CpRu((R)-BINOP-F)(I)] ((R)-6) was obtained by substitution of two carbonyl ligands by (R)-4 in the in situ-prepared [CpRu(CO)[2]H] complex followed by reaction with iodoform. Complex 6 was reacted with [Ag(SbF[6])] in acetone to yield [CpRu((R)-BINOP-F)(acetone)][SbF[6]] ((R)-7). X-ray structures were obtained for both (R)-6 and (R)-7. The chiral one-point binding Lewis acid [CpRu((R)-BINOP-F)][SbF[6]] derived from either (R)-7 or the corresponding aquo complex (R)-8 activates methacrolein and catalyzes the Diels−Alder reaction with cyclopentadiene to give the [4 + 2] cycloadduct with an exo/endo ratio of 99:1 and an ee of 92% of the exo product. Addition occurs predominantly to the methacrolein C[α]-Re face. In solution, water in (R)-8 exchanges readily. Moreover, a second exchange process renders the diastereotopic BINOP-F phosphorus atoms equivalent. These processes were studied by the application of variable-temperature [1]H, [...] ALEZRA, Valérie Camille Viviane, et al. [CpRu((R)-Binop-F)(H2O)][SbF6], a New Fluxional Chiral Lewis Acid Catalyst: Synthesis, Dynamic NMR, Asymmetric Catalysis, and Theoretical Studies. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2004, vol. 126, no. 15, p. 4843-4853 DOI : 10.1021/ja0374123


Semiconductor logic burn-in is a process during which potentially large quantities of devices are subjected to elevated temperatures and voltages in order to accelerate latent reliability defects and processing problems to failure prior to customer delivery. During burn-in, there is typically a large variation in the device power levels as well as a product-specific maximum burn-in temperature. Such variations result in a wide device temperature distribution (i.e., device temperature spread), which lowers the median allowable device temperature for the lot. Burn-in time is directly related to the median device temperature, in the sense that the lower the median temperature, the longer the required burn-in time. An optimum thermal management solution is one that is reliable, low-cost, enables a high median device temperature, and maximizes device throughput. Current thermal solutions include forced convection air-cooling, single-phase liquid-cooled heat sinks, and thermoelectric coolers. Some of the solutions employ thermal interface materials, as well as an active thermal control scheme for minimization of device temperature spread. All current solutions also employ an engage mechanism that places the thermal solution in contact with the device under test (DUT). The thermal solution at each DUT is typically gimbaled in an effort to ensure uniform contact pressure between the cooling head and device. The present study deals with the application of direct spray cooling of semiconductor devices undergoing burn-in: this approach negates the need for an actuation mechanism and thermal interface material, is capable of reduced junction temperature spread via active thermal control, and results in reduced across device temperature "gradients". A spray cooled burn-in slot level prototype was built to accommodate single burn-in boards for bare DUTs as well as small and large lidded DUTs. The solution was investigated primarily for thermal capability and device-to-device junction temperature spread, but results were also obtained for on-DUT thermal "gradients". For the specific test conditions selected, the heat flux removal capability demonstrated was 146W/cm2 for the bare DUT, 136W/cm2 for the small lidded DUT, and 63W/cm2 for the large lidded DUT. For each DUT investigated, and through the use of active flow control, the device temperature spread between two devices running at a 50% difference in power levels was shown to be less than 1°C.Copyright © 2003 by ASME


This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) under Grant No. FIS2010-20979-C02-02 and by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement No. 281043, FEMTOSPIN. U.A. acknowledges support from the EU FP7 Marie Curie Zukunftskolleg Incoming Fellowship Programme, University of Konstanz under Grant No. 291784.


Deep generative models (DGMs) have brought about a major breakthrough, as well as renewed interest, in generative latent variable models. However, an issue current DGM formulations do not address concerns the data-driven inference of the number of latent features needed to represent the observed data. Traditional linear formulations allow for addressing this issue by resorting to tools from the field of nonparametric statistics: Indeed, nonparametric linear latent variable models, obtained by appropriate imposition of Indian Buffet Process (IBP) priors, have been extensively studied by the machine learning community; inference for such models can been performed either via exact sampling or via approximate variational techniques. Based on this inspiration, in this paper we examine whether similar ideas from the field of Bayesian nonparametrics can be utilized in the context of modern DGMs in order to address the latent variable dimensionality inference problem. To this end, we propose a novel DGM formulation, based on the imposition of an IBP prior. We devise an efficient Black-Box Variational inference algorithm for our model, and exhibit its efficacy in a number of semi-supervised classification experiments. In all cases, we use popular benchmark datasets, and compare to state-of-the-art DGMs.


The second order derivatives of the disturbing potential are very important for all studies related to the recent gravity field dedicated satellite missions such as GRACE, GOCE and CHAMP. Hence, it is required to compute these derivatives of the disturbing potential both at ground and at satellite level from the spherical harmonic expansions. Such computations are usually laborious and time consuming. A capable computer algorithm to compute these derivatives from such a spherical harmonic expansions is needed. The desired technique should be fast, stable and accurate. This paper presents a capable computer technique to compute the second order derivatives of the disturbing potential from spherical harmonic expansions. The developed technique is designed to compute the potential derivatives for an equally spaced grid in the longitude direction. So that, it can be used to compute the derivatives either for a local region or for the whole globe. Computational checks proved that the developed technique gives the same results as the already existed alternative techniques in a significant shorter computer time.


phases of acid secretion probably have both nervous and hormonal components which work simultaneously. This means the Hol lander test which is based on the theory that insulin stimulates acid secretion solely via the vagus nerve, is not a reliable method to determine vagal continuity. Vagotomy is an important procedure for reducing acid output however its effectiveness has been exaggerated. The purpose of this discussion is to clarify the effect that vagotomy will have on gastric secre tions. First a brief review of the vagal nerve function is necessary. The vagus nerve


This paper examines the consistency between response amplitude operators (RAOs) computed from WAMIT, a linear frequency-domain tool, to RAOs derived from time-domain computations based on white-noise wave excitation using FAST, a nonlinear aero-hydro-servo-elastic tool. The RAO comparison is first made for a rigid floating wind turbine without wind excitation. The investigation is further extended to examine how these RAOs change for a flexible and operational wind turbine. The RAOs are computed for below-rated, rated, and above-rated wind conditions. The method is applied to a floating wind system composed of the OC3-Hywind spar buoy and NREL 5-MW wind turbine. The responses are compared between FAST and WAMIT to verify the FAST model and to understand the influence of structural flexibility, aerodynamic damping, control actions, and waves on the system responses. The results show that based on the RAO computation procedure implemented, the WAMIT- and FAST-computed RAOs are similar (as expected) for a rigid turbine subjected to waves only. However, WAMIT is unable to model the excitation from a flexible turbine. Further, the presence of aerodynamic damping decreased the platform surge and pitch responses, as computed by both WAMIT and FAST when wind was included. Additionally, the influence of gyroscopic excitation increased more » the yaw response, which was captured by both WAMIT and FAST. « less


Maternal obesity and diabetes increase the risk of delivering large for gestational age infants (LGA), who have higher risk of long term obesity or metabolic syndrome [1]. As the underpinning mechanisms of how fetal growth is regulated by the placenta remain unclear [2], this thesis has investigated placental responses to high maternal BMI and gestational diabetes.

Spanish pregnant women recruited at 20 gestational weeks were classified according to pre-pregnancy BMI as control (BMI 30kg/m2; n=22), and gestational diabetes status (GDM) classified at 28 weeks. Maternal anthropometry and gestational weight gain (GWG) were measured during pregnancy. Placenta, cord blood, newborn antrophometry and infant weight were sampled or measured. Expression of genes involved in placental energy sensing pathways, folate transporters and DNA methylation was determined using real-time PCR, and placental triglyceride concentrations, lipid peroxidation and genomic DNA methylation patterns measured. Data were analysed according to their parametric distribution by Kruskal-Wallis or 1-way ANOVA.

Despite lower GWG, a greater proportion of obese women exceeded recommended weight gain [3], had higher placental weight and increased numbers of LGA infants. Maternal hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia with obesity were accompanied by unchanged placental IGFR1 and ISR1 expression, similar cord blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations. Placental mTOR was halved with obesity, whilst SIRT1 and UCP2 gene expression were 1.8 and 1.6 fold upregulated respectively with no differences in TBARS concentrations. Hyperleptinaemia in obese women resulted in unchanged placental leptin and leptin receptor expression, but higher cord blood leptin and monocyte concentrations with placental hypermethylation of genes involved in the immune response. Lower folate concentrations in obese mothers led to similar cord blood folate, and decreased placental FRα, but raised DNMT1, mRNA expression. No major differences were observed with GDM, probably due to small sample size.

In conclusion, it appears that the placenta can protect the fetus of obese women by increasing antioxidant capacity, compensating for maternal hyperglycaemia and lower folate. However, maternal obesity was associated with enhanced cord blood leptin and monocyte concentrations, increased placental weight and more LGA delivery, leaving infants at ongoing risk of increased adiposity and inflammation. Therefore, current studies are currently exploring these interacting aspects.


Graphene (g) is a 2D honeycomb lattice made of carbon atoms with the conduction electrons in sp2 hybridized Bloch states. Its exceptional charge carrier mobility and optical transparence of 98 % make graphene an ideal material for fast transistors [1] and for solar cell top electrodes, respectively. Close to the K points of the Brillouin zone, the bands have a linear dispersion that is well described by the relativistic Dirac equation for massless neutrinos. The resulting Dirac cones of the conduction and valence bands touch each other at their summits at the Dirac point located at the Fermi level EF. Therefore freestanding graphene is a zero-gap semiconductor. However, most electronic device applications require a band gap.


Stepping into the new historical period, faced with the current economic situation and prospective development needs, EU published the'Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan'as part of its systematic strategy for entrepreneurship education. The action plan highlights the trend of lifelong entrepreneurial competence. From the perspectives of EU and its member states, the plan puts forward a framework for entrepreneurship education in basic education and higher education, and provides tailored entrepreneurial support for different groups of people,which indicates the direction of development in EU's entrepreneurship education in the next few years.


HIGH spinal anesthesia was employed in previous studies 1 to lower the blood pressure of patients with essential hypertension. From these studies certain information and conclusions have been drawn regarding the probability that the drop in blood pressure is due to interruption of vasomotor function. The work of Smith and his associates 2 and Rovenstine and his associates 3 suggested that the fall in blood pressure due to spinal anesthesia is due to decreased cardiac output resulting from decreased venous pressure and diminished venous return to the heart. In view of the fact that both of these studies were done on subjects with normal blood pressure, it appears necessary that these observations be applied to patients with essential hypertension. It is conceivable that the role played by the vasomotor apparatus in maintaining normal blood pressure may be different from the role of this mechanism in maintaining elevations of arterial


Objective(s): Crocin is the chemical ingredient primarily responsible for the color of saffron. It has different pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anticancer and memory improving activities. Crocin tablets were evaluated for short-term safety and tolerability in healthy adult volunteers. Materials and Methods: The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design consisting of one month treatment of crocin tablets. Volunteers who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized into 2 groups of 22 each (males and females) and received 20 mg crocin tablets or placebo. General measures of health were recorded during the study such as hematological, biochemical, hormonal and urinary parameters in pre and post-treatment periods. Results: No major adverse events were reported during the trial. Crocin tablets did not change the above parameters except that it decreased amylase, mixed white blood cells and PTT in healthy volunteers after one month. Conclusion: This clinical safety evaluation showed a relatively safe and normal profile for crocin in healthy volunteers at the given doses within the trial period.


ABSTRACT The traditional role of biographer as 'silent witness' has been replaced by a spectrum of subjective authorial points of view which include that of omniscient narrator and authorial fictional character. This essay argues that the lesser discussed perspective of 'interpreter' is more effective in scientific and conservation biographies which aim to elicit environmental engagement from the reader. It uses the interdisciplinary scholarship of environmental interpretation, which 'involves translating the technical language of a natural science or related field into terms and ideas that people who aren't scientists can readily understand' [Ham. 1992. Environmental Interpretation: A Practical Guide for People with big Ideas and Small Budgets. Golden, CO: North American Press, 3] and examples from my own research into the life of Malaysian ecologist Dr Wong Siew Te to explore this perspective.


Objective:To develop a new transdermal drug delivery system(solid lipid nanoparticles)for felodipine to improve its effect.Methods:Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by solvent-dispersion techique and were treated further by sonication.The release rate and permeation rate of felodipine were studied through excised rat skin in vitro.Results:Solid lipid nanoparticles containing felodipine were spherelike.The particle size was 50~150 nm;the drug entrapped efficiency was higher than 85%;the drug loading was not less than 7%.The release of felodipine from solid lipid nanoparticles followed the first grade model kinetics and the permeation rate of felodipine was remarkably higher in vitro than placebo.Conclusion:The formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles containing felodipine is reasonable.Solid lipid nanoparticles might be a suitable system for transdermal drug delivery.


A total of five bacterial isolates designated A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 were obtained from twelve locally produced soy milk samples purchased from different locations in Nsukka town. The soy milk samples comprised seven unrefrigerated and five refrigerated samples. All samples were 24h-old according to information gathered from the sellers. Using conventional microbiological and biochemical procedures, the isolates were presumptively identified as Aeromonas spp, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp and Staphylococcus aureus. The total viable bacterial counts in the beverage ranged from 3.4 x 108—7.5 x 108 cfu/ml. The highest number of viable cells was recorded with Staphylococcus aureus, which also had the highest percentage frequency (100%), as it occurred in all the soy milk samples studied. Aeromonas spp had the lowest percentage frequency, occurring in only two samples. Generally, there were relatively higher bacterial numbers in the unrefrigerated than in the refrigerated soy milk samples. Results of the study highlight the laxity in hygiene on the part of the producers of the beverage since majority of the isolates are members of the human body flora. Keywords : Aeromonas spp, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp and Staphylococcus aureus Plant Product Research Journal Vol. 12 2008: pp. 23-26