The National Airspace System (NAS) is a nationwide system that caters to the airspace requirements of the country. The NAS includes about 18,000 airports across the nation. Figure 1 illustrates the constituents of the infrastructure currently employed by airplane manufacturers and/or operators to ensure seamless connectivity with the airplane from the ground. As shown in Figure 1, the airplane communicates with the ground networks via a plethora of communication channels that range from AM channels to satellite links.


A description is given of apparatas designed for studying the solvent extraction of small quantities of highly radioactive solutions. The equipment is inexpensive and is easily assembled in a laboratory hood. (auth)


In this paper, the stability of microstepping is investigated via Lyapunov method. A Lyapunov based control is proposed for the position tracking of a Permanent Magnet (PM) stepper motor. Given static inputs to the two phase PM stepper motor, it is proven that the convergence of equilibrium points is guaranteed by LaSalle's theorem. For position tracking, the relationships between the voltage input and current output of each phase for the position tracking are derived. From the relationships, the Lyapunov based controller is developed for the position tracking. Simulation results showed that the rotor angle and speed tracking performance of the proposed controller are good comparison to microstepping with current feedback PI controller.


Obtaining high resolution images of space objects from ground based telescopes involves using a combination of sophisticated hardware and computational post processing techniques. An important, and often highly effective, computational post processing tool is multi-frame blind deconvolution (MFBD) for image restoration. One difficulty with using MFBD algorithms is that the nonlinear inverse problem they are designed to solve may have many local minima. Standard optimization methods that use the gradient to search for a minimum may get trapped in a local minimum, resulting in a less than optimal restored image. Moreover, in some cases the global minimum may not correspond to the best reconstructed image compared to a different local minimum. In this paper we consider a flexible optimization approach that can easily incorporate various filtering schemes and prior information, resulting in a scheme that is computationally more tractable. Practical implementation details are discussed.


A bomb calorimeter for measuring the heats of combustion of Nd, Sa, Gd, and Er is described. The heats of combustion and the heats of formation of their oxides are reported. (auth)


Thin layers of cobalt were prepared by thermal evaporation in vacuum on glass backing at room temperature or at 175 deg C. The resistance was measured at room temperature as a function of the thickness of the cobalt film, and it was found that the resistance decreases when the thickness increases and is stabilized at a film thickness ef about 200 to 300 A. The thermoelectric capacily varies with the thickness, increasing with the thickness and passing through a maximum. (J.S.R.)


The effects of tacrolimus on insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) induced by the D‐variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (D‐EMCV) have been investigated. Male BALB/c mice were treated with tacrolimus before viral inoculation, and then were inoculated with 10 plaque forming units (PFU) of D‐EMCV. The mice continued to be treated with tacrolimus until the animals were sacrificed. D‐EMCV‐infected mice, which were treated with saline as controls, showed abnormal glucose tolerance test (GTT) values, whereas all infected mice with tacrolimus pretreatment were normal on 7 days‐post inoculation (DPI). Histological observations revealed that non‐treated tacrolimus D‐EMCV‐infected mice and which developed diabetes showed severe insulitis in their islets of Langerhans. On the other hand, D‐EMCV‐infected mice treated with tacrolimus were normal. In D‐EMCV‐infected mice, viruses in the pancreata were detected at the same level regardless of treatment with tacrolimus or saline. Expressions of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ mRNA in spleens of tacrolimus‐treated D‐EMCV‐infected mice were lower than that of non‐treated tacrolimus D‐EMCV‐infected mice on 7 DPI. The results suggest that tacrolimus suppresses expressions of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ mRNAs to prevent the onset of D‐EMCV‐induced IDDM.


In the above captioned short note the case of a vertical gradient of gravity generated from a vertical cylinder along its axis is briefly discussed, formulas are given, and several conclusions presented. However, the author does not seem to be aware of previous papers in Geophysics providing the same formulas and conclusions in a somewhat different version (Hammer, 1950, Smith, 1950; Thyssen-Bornemisza, 1963, 1965, 1966).


This article examines the concept of state-building as an imperative need in this globalizing world amidst the existence of fragile states around the world. It begins with a simple question regarding the challenges of state-building in fragile states and what measures can be done to minimalizethe probable negatives. Using secondary source analysis and twocase studiesof state-building in Afghanistan, Somaliland, and Aceh, this research finds that there are exclusively two overarching challenges to statebuilding. First, there has been a challenge of coordination among different actors, as well as with the respective population in the relevant states; the second is the challenge of creating an effective exit strategy, such as maintaining stability and avoiding aid-dependency after the state-building mission has been finished.


Abstract In this paper using KAM theory we investigate the stability nature of the zero equilibrium of the system of two nonlinear difference equations [equation] where a i ,  b i ,  c i , i  = 1, 2, are real constants and f : R  →  R is a C ∞ function.


A great reduction in lentil production in Egypt has been recently recognized the production quantities cover only 7.5% of the consumption from lintel in 1996. . This paper aimed to clear factors responsible for the reduction of lentil production . The descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis were used to analyze the period of study was 1984-99, The Secondary data were used for such analysis. The results showed that there is a great continuous decrease in the area cultivated with lentil , the most important factors responsible for the continuous reduction in aria cultivated with lentil are:


The research aims to identify indicators of representative information on sustainability from the cooperative organizations' primary stakeholders' perspective to mitigate information asymmetry. The study develops in seven stages: the primary stakeholders' selection and training; the evidence survey; the triangulation between stakeholder responses, forming an indicators list; the indicators analysis by specialists; tests for indicators disclosure; and the indicators validation through the disclosure analysis. As a result, a list contains 61 sustainability indicators from the primary stakeholders' perspective, in four pillars: economic, 20; social, 18; environmental, 13; and cultural, 10. With the cooperative organizations' websites disclosure analysis, we found that the disclosure policies focus more on information asymmetry mitigating in the pillars: cultural and social, with the environmental and economic being neglected. Therefore, the procedures for disclosing information on sustainability have weaknesses. These policies reduce the primary stakeholders' reliability about the cooperatives management system respective, limiting the primary stakeholders' perspective on the cooperative organization value.


A field experiment was conducted at Central Research Farm, Gayeshpur, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India during kharif (June–September, 2019 and 2020) to evaluate the influence of different organic nitrogen sources on growth, quality, yield and yield parameters and production economics of dual purpose ricebean (Vigna umbellata) of Bidhan ricebean-2 variety. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The organic nitrogen sources used in the experiment were vermicompost, farm yard manure and biocompost. Experiment results revealed that application of 50% RDN through FYM+50% RDN through Vermicompost gave significantly higher leaf–stem ratio and drymatter accumulation. Among other treatments, with application of 50% RDN through FYM+50% RDN through vermicompost significantly highest green forage yield, dry matter yield was observed. Highest seed yield and yield attributes like pods plant-1, seeds pod-1 was observed with application 50% RDN through FYM+50% RDN through vermicompost. Application of 50% RDN through FYM+50% RDN through Vermicompost recorded highest quality parameters like crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and crude protein yield when compared to other treatments. With respect to economics of different organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, application of 50% RDN through FYM+50% RDN through vermicompost recorded higher gross returns and net returns but higher B-C ratio was noticed with application of 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizers.


Phantom breast sensation Sir: In a recent study of women who had undergone mastectomy, 65 women attending a follow-up clinic in two Sydney hospitals were asked whether or not they had experienced phantom breast sensations. Seventeen of the women were receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and psychotherapeutic support. Thirty-three women (50.8%) described occasions when they felt sensations in the phantom breast; and three (5070) complained of breast pain. The age of the women ranged from 26 to 80 years (mean, 53 years). The time since mastectomy ranged from three months to 17years (mean 2.5 years). The women's descriptions of the phantom.breast sensations included, "a twinge as though the nipple was there" and "pins and needles irt my'nipple". On "itching of the nipple" , one woman began to scratch the absent breast. Other women described sensations of the whole breast, three women describing it "like a mild surge when breast feeding" , one as "tingling and uncomfortable", and one "as erect from the cold or stimulation". The sensation of breast discomfort or pain was most commonly felt if the woman was tired or emotionally upset or during the premenstruum, if she was still menstruating. Analysis of the women's histories showed that phantom breast sensation was not found to be related to their age, the time interval since mastectomy, marital status, presence or absence of a permanent partner, the ability of the woman to talk with her partner about the mastectomy, or the use of a permanent breast prosthesis. Significantly more women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy reported phantom breast sensations or pain. Although phantom breast sensation was first mentioned in 1872, I to the best of our knowledge, only six papers have appeared in the English-language literature since 1950.27 These papers show that between 23070 and 53070 (mean, 31070) of the women experienced sensations of tingling, itching, or mild "burning" in the phantom breast, and about 33070 experienced episodes of ~reast pain. Our study confirms the prevalence of phantom breast sensations in women after mastectomy, although few women experienced pain in the phantom breast. Seventeen of the 65 women were receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Of these 17 patients, 12 (71070) reported phantom breast sensations. This means that of the remaining 48 patients, 21 (44070) reported phantom breast sensations. This difference (between 71070 and 44070) could be related to sample sizes or to the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy. However, it is more likely due to the fact that the patients were asked the question during a psychotherapeutic session which was supportive and reassuring. This suggests that phantom breast sensation may occur more commonly than previously reported because previous studies have used the questionnaireinterview technique administered by a person unknown to the patient. An important finding from earlier reports was that women who had been given information and emotional support before and after mastectomy had a significantly decreased incidence of phantom breast sensation. The women in this study were often apprehensive of reporting phantom breast sensations. Although they were disturbed by its presence, they were pleased to be able to discuss it. One woman remarked that if she had told her doctor, he would "think she was mental". It appears that many women have phantom breast sensations but are afraid to admit it. This suggeststhat reassuring information about phantom breast sensations should be given to the patient either before or soon after mastectomy, so that an additional factor which may interfere with the woman's rehabilitation is eliminated.


Ubiquitous Location Based Services (u-LBS) will soon be able to issue very important services. They can define that recognizing object position at anytime, anywhere. At present, many researchers are making a brisk study of the position recognition and tracking. This paper is position recognition monitoring and user identification system. Position recognition monitoring is based on Local Based Services (LBS). User identification system automatically controls instruments which is located in home and freely measures body signal. We experiment at Home Health Management trial laboratory in YONSEI University. We implemented multi-hop routing methods using the Star-Mesh networks. Also, we use the sensor devices which are satisfied with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard requirements. Used devices are Nano-24 modules in Octacomm Co. Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) is very important factor in position recognition analysis. it makes use of the way that decides position recognition and user identification in narrow indoor space. In experiments, we can analyze properties of the RSSI and draw the parameter about position recognition. Experimental results are that RSSI value is attenuated according to increasing distances and it can derive properties of the Radio Frequency (RF) signals. Moreover, we express monitoring program using Microsoft C#. Finally, the proposed methods are expected to protect sudden death and accident in home.


The anionic waterborne polyurethane emulsion was successfully prepared by the reaction of polycaprolactone diols(PCL),toluene diisocyanate(TDI),dimethylolpropionic acid(DMPA).A series of waterborne polyurethane/polyvinyl alcohol compound latex were synthesized by polyurethane,polyvinyl alcohol and aziridine as crosslinker.The results show that the compound emulsion owns excellent sizing property when m(WPU)=75%.The papers' folding endurance can reach 1 025 times,paper stiffness reach 72.1mN,the dry and wet tensile strength respectively reach 162.3,57.4N,sizing value reach 97 s.The polymer was characterized with FT-IR,DLS and TG.


Review(s) of: Leviathan: The English and Latin texts, by Hobbes, Thomas, ed. Noel Malcolm, 3 vols (Clarendon Edition of the Works of Thomas Hobbes), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2012, cloth, pp. 1832, 11 b/w illustrations, R.R.P. 195.00 pounds, ISBN 9780199602629 (set).


Using the delinquency subculture theories of Cohen and Cloward and Ohlin as a basis, a study was conducted of the attitudes and socialization patterns of adolescent boys and girls. Attitude scales measuring value orientation, awareness of limited opportunity, and delinquency proneness were administered to a sample of 1,030 sixth and ninth grade Negro and white public school children and 515 institutionalized delinquents. The findings show significant variation for age, sex, race, and social class subgroups. Secondly, the findings indicate that rejection of middle class values and feelings of limited opportunity are related to a higher level of delinquency proneness and delinquency involvement. M any sociologists and criminologists are turning their attention to the group or ..j gang delinquency that is characteristic of our larger urban centers. As Bordua and others have pointed out, the explanations or causal theories offered for this type of delinquent behavior are many and varied.1 Theories have examined the general characteristics of a social structure based on competition and acquisition of wealth and material goods, have hypotlhesized the presence of a universal crosscultural adolescent revolt, or have assigned significance to the peculiar characteristics of a particular social class.2 Scientific tests of these *The total project of which this paper is a part was supported by a stipend from the Ford Foundation, and by the Ohio State University Delinquency Research Proj ect directed by Walter C. Reckless. 1 David J. Bordua, "Delinquent Subcultures: Sociological Interpretations of Gang Delinquency," The Anttnals of the Amcericac Academty of Political ani-d Social Science, 338 (November 1961), pp. 120136. 2 See for example, Walter B. Miller, "Lower Class Culture as a Generatinig Milieu of Ganig DeThis content downloaded from 126.96.36.199 on Sun, 02 Oct 2016 06:15:06 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms


Mountainous areas located at high altitudes, hardly accessible, are used as safe heavens and staging areas by various asymmetrical groups. Addressing these challenges in areas of operations located at high altitudes requires the existence of specific capabilities for command and control. C2 based on mission command must be adapted to the current requirements generated by conflicts with variable geometry, mosaic type conflicts, composite, multifaceted, multi-layered, multi-domain conflicts. Command and control systems should have architectural flexibility, intelligent digitised platforms and its modules should be perfectly functionall and interoperable (based on self-sufficiency ‒ extended capability to operate over time). We believe that, at high altitudes, the architecture of a complex command and control system must be modular and designed as a coherent integrator of sensors, decision-makers, performers and support capabilities, interconnected in subsystems that ensure the planning, preparation, execution and effective evaluation of military actions. In the conditions of diversification of risks and threats in the multidimensional operational environment, the architecture of the command and control systems must be permanently adapted in order to ensure real-time, horizontal and vertical communication between forces, support structures and command-control structures.


Cuff , T.L.; Williams, R.J.; Deaton, C.M.; Smith, N.C.; Davies, B.D. Davies-Morel, M.C.G. and D.J. Marlin (2005) Changes in plasma cortisol and ascorbic acid in horses with and without recurrent airway obstruction upon exercise and ascorbic acid supplementation. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 2, 2, 105-112.


Low vision is a condition of visual impairment, generated by an underlying pathology that affects visual functioning and the development of daily activities. In the field of visual impairment, the developments in the analysis of access to rehabilitation services are scarce and incipient. The study approaches the understanding of the experiences of people with low vision in Medellín, Colombia, in their search for visual rehabilitation services. Ethnographic collective case study was conducted. Intersectionality was adopted to explore people's experiences with low vision management health services. Five women and four men with low vision who attended the healthcare center participated in the study. Twenty-nine interviews and 16 participant observation exercises were carried out. Three categories emerged in the study: (1) I had never heard of low vision services; (2) Interaction with the health system: A path of struggles; and (3) Barriers that are exacerbated by the intersection of multiple identities and systems of oppression. The Colombian health system acts as an axis of structural oppression that interacts with the economic condition, educational level, and geographical location to generate greater difficulties for the identification of low vision management options, which also interact with the multiple and dynamic identities of each subject.


There is a growing literature charting the positive personal and interpersonal effects of security priming. Security primes enhance self- and relationship views, and even evaluations of outgroups, relative to control primes. We examine how security priming is experienced by individuals and how its effects differ from those produced by other positive affect and relationship-related primes. We analyze the written protocols produced by individuals in different priming conditions for frequency of felt security, care, merging, agency, communion, and nostalgia words. Security priming led to thoughts related to felt security, positive care, a sense of merging with another, positive emotion, and communion; furthermore, the effects of security priming could be distinguished from the effects of positive affect and other relationship-related primes. We discuss several directions for future research.


The U.S. EPA's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA) has initiated a major study of indoor air quality (IAQ) to fill a significant data gap that exists regarding baseline IAQ in public and commercial office buildings. The goal of the study is to define the status of the existing building stock with respect to IAQ and occupant perceptions. The on-going cross-sectional study, entitled Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) Program, is collecting baseline data characterizing public and commercial office buildings. The study buildings are randomly selected without regard to IAQ complaints. Core parameters are measured in a representative space in each building. This paper discusses the study design and the building and study space selection. Summaries of building descriptions and the results of measurements related to thermal comfort and ventilation for the first thirteen buildings are also included. The building descriptions include information about building age; size; study area location within the building; heating, air-conditioning and ventilation (HVAC) system type; occupant activities; smoking policy; and percent outdoor air. The measurements related to thermal comfort include indoor and outdoor temperatures and relative humidities. The data collected are coded for confidentiality and are in a publicly-accessible database. A separate paper (Part II) presents the results of pollutant measurements and occupant perceptions.


Abstract Current interpretations of North American cultural production stress the spatial concentration of these activities in metropolitan centers. There are, however, multiple geographies of cultural production, with other cultural activities deconcentrated and, in some cases, dispersed to distant locations. This situation poses an enigma, since these activities normally form part of a social economy in which networks of personal communication remain important. This paradox is explored using the case of the comic book industry, which has shifted from an in-house Fordist-like mode of organization to widespread distancing employing neoartisanal workers who are sometimes located close to the publishing houses, but in other instances are at considerable distances and hence require electronic communication and overnight courier services. Comic book artists often work in isolation but participate from time to time in social activities that are necessary to their creative work. Their work is seen as one of a number of cultural activities that form a periodic social economy with a distinctive time geography.


: Polyethylene/silica nano composite was synthesized in different concentration includes 2%, 3%, 4%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of silica. The samples were subjected to physical evaluation; the result showed that the amount of silica was changed the optical properties (the maximum absorbance was at 284 nm) and the composite had moderate refractive index in infra-red region but it is de shielding in part of ultra violet region. Mechanical properties was enhanced, the highest load was 4.5 to sample that contain 4% weigh of silica.


Objective To observe the changes of serum leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF) in patients with preeclampsia(PE) and understand the effects of LIF on the pathogenesis of PE.Methods The serum LIF of 40 patients with PE and 40 health gravidas was measured with ELISA.Results Compared with normal pregnancy group,the serum LIF of PE was significantly reduced P0.05.Conclusion LIF maybe involve in pathogenic process of preeclampsia.


Balentine brings together several new approaches to the study of the Pentateuch but combines them in ways unusual for biblical specialists. He argues for a postexilic shaping of the Torah, when the hegemony of the Persian Empire significantly affected the form and content of this text. Torah's faith traditions, though internally generated, represent the imposition of an external program, but B. searches for clues of internal resistance to external pressures. The present text of Torah, B. argues, results from such a compromise: in codifying laws and rebuilding the Jerusalem Temple, Persian pressure on the province of Yehud proved effective, so that interpreters might expect details of the Torah to conform substantially to the demands of the status quo in the political situation in the Persian era. Concurrently, B. argues that the Torah preserves a vision that is not ultimately defined by political realities, as some would fear. Rather, God's ultimate designs have imprinted themselves in the pattern of cosmic creation celebrated in Genesis 1:1–2:4a. For B., worship in Israel draws from this patterned liturgy of creation, rejoicing in it and finding its social vision manifest in it. Since religious rituals can be seen as symbolic acts of social construction, one can use these ritual actions as another means of doing exegesis, of reflecting on the meaning of a text. To accomplish this strategy, B. moves away from standard questions of historical critics in order to learn how to read ritual texts, discerning their worldview and grasping what they proclaim about the relationship between God and humankind. B. sketches an alternative path to the Protestant, antipriestly bias he finds in the tradition of Wellhausen, and works to reclaim the riches of the Priestly tradition, especially in worship-oriented texts such as Genesis 1:1–2:4. In this liturgy of creation B. discerns more attention to order than to origins, since God's actions in this section pertain more to separating and distinguishing, leading to the notion that the cosmos has certain divisions and boundaries which need to be maintained if order is to continue (86). Here B. shifts to ethics, claiming that the cosmic order corresponds to social-ethical order in this worldview, so that "creational demands" point the direction to righteousness and order as characteristic of the community that worships in this way. The seventh day becomes the focus of worship, serves as the pattern for Sabbath observance, and keeps worship centered on the cosmos created by God. A major contribution is B.'s argument for the theological sophistication of priestly ritual texts, demonstrating that ritual is a "primary means for a community of faith to do theology" (90). For him these rituals are not empty performances but serve as a form of communication between God Theological Studies 62 (2001)


The Citizenship Education is defined as one of the main objectives of modern educational curricula and one of the main skills that young people should develop in 21st century. Educational necessity is the interaction between young students and society, community and their members and structures. Meanwhile, the way to acquire knowledge is expressed via a systematic and organized learning of the Political Education and the active Citizenship. Modern technology offers the tools and the capacity to dynamically enter and reshape the educational reality, providing new perspectives at the same time. Mobile Learning, Augmented Reality and Game-Based Learning are emerging as technological tools and methodologies with incremental value in the procedure of learning and teaching. The current research illustrates the educational design and the development of an educational intervention that focuses on the location-based Augmented Reality game "In the footsteps of H.L.I.A.D.H.'s". Utilizing the capabilities of mobile devices and location-sensitive games, the learning outcomes of the educational intervention are assessed along with the usage of a serious game. The purpose of it is to familiarize the students of 2nd grade of secondary school with key points of local cultural interest and the paramount importance of Citizenship Education. In addition, the exploration of the participants' opinions and attitudes is taking place in relation to the idea of using the game in teaching. The results, as obtained from both evaluations and questionnaires, highlight the benefit of educational prosses in expanding students' knowledge. Furthermore, the results point out the students' willingness to be engaged. It is worth mentioning that students socialize positive views towards the usefulness, the ease of play, the attractiveness and the enjoyment of the designed game. They also maintain a positive attitude towards the use and the intention to play the designed game in the future.


from which (1.1) is an immediate corollary. The method of proof of the asymptotic formula (1.2) was later generalized independently by Turân and Kubilius to give an upper bound for the left hand side where o)(n) is replaced by an arbitrary additive function. The significance of the "loglog x" in (1.2) is that it is about Ttp^xco(p)p~ , where p runs over primes. Similarly the expected value of an arbitrary additive function g(n) should be about Tip<x g(p)p~ The finer distribution of Q(n) and œ(n) was studied by many people, culminating in the celebrated Erdös-Kac theorem: for each x ^ 3, w, let


Presentsd the cold sources and heat sources,water system,smoke control and automatic control system of air conditioning system.The Pingqiao cultural information center mansion in Xinyang city of Henan provice.


The author has identified a number of structural policy issues which adversely affect public sector enterprises involved in natural resource extraction. It is held that the various interactions between government policy and public management have created severe cross currents which impede the efficient and cost-efficient operation of these entities. This tends to promote a culture which encourages excessive production at the risk of premature exhaustion of the resource and diverts scarce development capital into marginal increments of production at the expense of other sectors of the economy. This transient influx of money is said to encourage overconsumption. The author does not recommend any facile solutions. The circumstances vary from country to country, as do the remedies. Policy and structural reforms can and have made a difference in specific instances and examples are cited of where improvements have been made.


The importance of a flexible and comprehensive vehicle fuel consumption model cannot be understated for understanding the implications of the modal changes currently occurring in the transportation sector. In this study, a model is developed to determine the tank-to-wheel energy demand for passenger and freight transportation within Germany for different modes of transport. These modes include light-duty vehicles (LDVs), heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), airplanes, trains, ships, and unmanned aviation. The model further estimates future development through 2050. Utilizing standard driving cycles, backward-looking longitudinal vehicle models are employed to determine the energy demand for all on-road vehicle modes. For non-road vehicle modes, energy demand from the literature is drawn upon to develop the model. It is found that various vehicle parameters exert different effects on vehicle energy demand, depending on the driving scenario. Public transportation offers the most energy-efficient means of travel in the forms of battery electric buses (33.9 MJ/100 pkm), battery electric coaches (21.3 MJ/100 pkm), fuel cell electric coaches (32.9 MJ/100 pkm), trams (43.3 MJ/100 pkm), and long-distance electric trains (31.8 MJ/100 pkm). International shipping (9.9 MJ/100 tkm) is the most energy-efficient means of freight transport. The electrification of drivetrains and the implementation of regenerative braking show large potential for fuel consumption reduction, especially in urban areas. Occupancy and loading rates for vehicles play a critical role in determining the energy demand per passenger-kilometer for passenger modes, and tonne-kilometer for freight modes.


The utility model relates to an inflator capable of being stored in a bike seat post. The inflator comprises an outer cylinder and a fixing device. The outer cylinder is provided with a virtual through axis in the extending direction. The fixing device comprises a stop seat, an adjuster and an expansion piece. The stop seat is connected to the outer cylinder, and the adjuster is arranged at the end, far away from the outer cylinder, of the stop seat. The adjuster can selectively move between a tightening position and a releasing position relative to the stop seat in the axial direction of the virtual through axis. In the moving process of the adjuster, the maximum width of the peripheral edge, in the radial direction of the virtual through axis, of the expansion piece can be adjusted, so the inflator can be placed in the seat post after being used; the inflator is fixed to the seat post in the mode that the expansion piece abuts against the inner wall face of the seat post, so that the inflator is prevented from falling off from the seat post.


[Objective] The oil-bearing rate and fatty acid main components in Lindera communis seed in Tengchong County,Yunnan Province was analyzed,which will provide basis for development and utilization. [Method]The crude fat and fatty acid in five samples of Lindera communis seed was extracted and analyzed. [Result]The experiments showed that,the average oil-bearing rate is 50. 2%; Lindera communis seed includes 12 fatty acids,saturated fatty acids accounting for 59. 60%,unsaturated fatty acid accounting for 39. 52%. [Conclusion]Tengchong Lindera communis seed oil has edible oil and biodiesel development value,but is not suitable for direct use as edible oil.


Liquefied natural gas is imposed as an acceptable transitional solution that enables compliance with legislative environmental requirements. Transportation of gas is provided both to gas pipelines and to ships that have recently been witnessed by an increase in order numbers globally. This kind of interest is accompanied by an increase in the number of loading and unloading terminals which, when selecting the site, must meet both technological and environmental requirements. Environmental impact studies are mandatory, and are also of great interest to the local population. Due to the planned location of the terminal for regasification of natural gas in the Rijeka Bay, this paper analyzes the most common adverse effects on the environment and local residents as well as the possibility of reducing its negative impacts, with special reference to the use of cryogenic energy in endothermic and exothermic technological processes and economic activities. At the same time, it can be shown that it is possible to reduce its adverse effects and produce useful energy, or products which may have significance in changing the perception of the local community.


Several studies have shown that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can induce changes during atrial fibrillation (AF). There is currently a lack of methods for quantifying ANS induced variations during AF. The purpose of this study is to quantify respiratory induced modulation in the f-wave frequency trend. Following qrst-cancellation, the local f-wave frequency is estimated by fitting a harmonic f-wave model signal and a quality index (SQI) is computed based on the model fit. The resulting frequency trend is filtered using a narrow bandpass filter with a center frequency corresponding to the local respiration rate. The magnitude of the respiratory induced f-wave frequency modulation is estimated by the envelope of the filtered frequency trend. The performance of the method is validated using simulations and the method is applied to analyze ECG data from eight patients with permanent AF recorded during 0.125 Hz frequency controlled respiration before and after the full vagal blockade, respectively. Results from simulated data show the magnitude of the respiratory induced f-wave frequency modulation can be estimated with an error of less than∊ = 0.005Hz if the SQI is above 0.45. The signal quality was sufficient for analysis in 7 out of 8 patients. In 4 patients the magnitude decreased and in 3 patients there was no change.


Temperature dependences of the polarized Raman scattering spectra in the backscattering configuration of the semipolar (11 2¯2) plane GaN thin film are analyzed in the range from 83 K to 563 K. The semipolar GaN film is cut at a tilted angle from polar GaN wafer grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. The spectral features of the frequency shift and linewidths of the Raman-active phonon modes Quasi-TO, E1 (TO), E2 (high), and Quasi-LO are prominently revealed, and the temperature coefficients corresponding to the lattice thermal expansion and phonon anharmonic effect, as well as defects and impurities in crystals, are well deduced by the theoretical equations. With the increasing temperature, the Raman scattering peaks would substantially shift to lower frequencies and the linewidths gradually broaden. Our studies will lead to a better understanding of the fundamental physical characteristics of the semipolar (11 2¯2) plane GaN film.


Different CSF3R mutations (CSF3RMT) result in aberrant G-CSF signaling pathways and are linked to a wide range of myeloid disorders. Loss-of-function mutations in its extracellular domain cause severe congenital neutropenia (SCN). Activating mutations in the juxtamembrane region have been associated with a variety of myeloid malignancies. Truncating mutations in the cytoplasmic domain are associated with SCN cases that progress to MDS or AML. In this study, we evaluate the extent to which different CSF3RMT associate with disease onset, progression to leukemia and neutrophil counts in patients (pts) diagnosed with myeloid malignancies.
 We identified CSF3RMT cases in a cohort of 1400 pts [median age 71 years (yrs)]. We analyzed somatic and germline mutational patterns, and cross-sectional correlation with other gene mutations in CSF3RMT. A stringent algorithm based on conserved amino acid residues and alterations of protein features was used to predict the pathogenic significance of CSF3RMT. We identified 44 CSF3RMT: 33 germline (CSF3RGL) and 11 somatic (CSF3RS) variants.
 Most CSF3RGL were found in pts (median age 63 yrs) with MDS or related conditions (87% of all mutant cases), conversely these mutations were present in 5% (n= 22/424) of MDS, 3% (n= 7/244) MDS/MPN and <1% (n= 3/392) of AML and in 1 out of 3 pts with aCML tested. Mutations were mostly missense and located between the cytoplasmic (58%: M696T, R698C (isoform III), D732N, P733T, S744F, Y752*, E808K), and extracellular (42%: C131Y, E149Q, A208V, Q216H, D320N, E405K, S413L, Y562H) domains. No mutations were detected in the juxtamembrane domain. Variants were grouped in Tier-1 (61%: C131Y, E149Q, A208V, Q216H, D320N, E405K, S413L, Y562H Y752*, E808K) and Tier-2 (variants with uncertain significance, 39%: S413L, M696T, R689C, D732N, P733T, S744F). E808K and R698C were the most common amino acid changes in Tier-1 (53%) and Tier-2 (44%), respectively. A total of 4/7 pts with E808K progressed to AML (but none with R698C), supporting previous observations that E808K (or E785K) represents a pathogenic variant predisposing to leukemia. A total of 46% (n=14) of pts with CSF3RGL had neutropenia [median 0.9x109/L (0.02-1.22x109/L)] at the time of sampling. Two pts diagnosed with a prior cancer manifested sustained neutropenia before the diagnosis of MDS and MDS/MPN. G-CSF was administered in 21% of pts. Alterations in -7/7q- were common (21%). Some pts also harbored other somatic mutations in NF1 (15%), DNMT3A (12%), SETBP1 (12%), or U2AF1 (12%). Of note, 1 patient carried mutations in WAS and GATA2 and another carried a mutation in VPS45, which have been previously associated with SCN/MDS. The patient with aCML harbored also a CSF3RS (T615A).
 Overall combined allelic burden in pts cohort was 2% vs. 1.6% expected allelic burden in control populations for the same variants (P=.02).
 CSF3R S were found in 11 pts (median age 71 yrs) with AML or MDS related conditions (73% of all mutant cases), conversely these mutations were present in 1.4% (n= 6/424) of AML, <1% in MDS (n= 2/244) and MDS/MPN (n= 1/392) and in 2/3 pts with aCML tested. Mutations were missense in 63% of pts, T618I being most recurrent (n=5/11; 45%). Frameshifts accounted for 36% of the mutations and were localized in the cytoplasmic domain (Q741*, Q749*, Y752*, Q768*). All mutations were heterozygous. At the time of sampling 3/11 pts had leukocytosis and 3/11 had neutropenia. Mutations were distributed between the juxtamembrane domain (55%) and the cytoplasmic domain (45%). Mutations in the extracellular domain were not detected. Pts with sAML mostly carried mutations in the juxtamembrane domain (67%), those with MDS carried only in cytoplasmic domain, and those with MDS/MPN or aCML carried mutations in both the juxtamembrane and extracellular domains. There was one somatic and one RUNX1GL mutation. The cytogenetic abnormalities -7/7q- were detected in 18% (2/11) of cases. Interestingly, T618I was found solely in pts with sAML.
 Focusing on associations between CSF3RMT and mutations in the class III receptor tyrosine kinases CSF1R, FLT3, and KIT we identified only FLT3 to be co-mutated with CSF3RMT. All 3 pts (2 CSF3RGL and 1 CSF3RS) with such co-mutations evolved to AML.
 In sum, we found that CSF3RGL do not commonly co-occur with CSF3RS, suggesting that the neutropenia observed at the sampling time most likely is causative of undetected GL variants and/or is representative of a long unrecognized disease.

 Nazha: MEI: Consultancy. Carraway:Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Balaxa: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Speakers Bureau; Jazz: Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Agios: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; FibroGen: Consultancy. Santini:Otsuka: Consultancy; AbbVie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Honoraria; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Sekeres:Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Opsona: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Opsona: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Maciejewski:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Apellis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Apellis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Consultancy; Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Consultancy; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau.


ABSTRACT The collection efficiency of liquid impingers was studied experimentally as a function of the sampling flow rate with test particles in the bacterial size range. Three impingers were tested: two All-Glass Impingers (AGI-4 and AGI-30), widely used for bioaerosol sampling, and a newly developed slot impinger. The aerosol particles were generated by a Collison nebulizer, and an Aerosizer was used to measure the particle concentrations and size distributions upstream and downstream of each impinger. The effect of the air pressure drop across the impinger on the Aerosizer performance was investigated, and the particle measurement system was modified and calibrated accordingly. While inertial impaction is the dominant particle removal mechanism in impingers, particle bounce and reaerosolization were also found to have significant effects on the impinger collection characteristics. At relatively high flow rates and low levels of collection fluid (corresponding to the collection fluid level after evapora...


Introduction Immunological mechanisms definitely play a role in melanocyte loss in vitiligo. Several cytokines are involved in the regulation of immune cell stimulation and functional characterization. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) are among the cytokines reportedly involved in the pathogenesis of many other autoimmune diseases. Reports of upregulation of their serum level have been made in patients with vitiligo. Objective To evaluate the serum levels of MIF and IL-17 in patients with nonsegmental vitiligo and their relation to the occurrence and progression of the disease. Patients and methods This case–control study was conducted on 40 patients having nonsegmental vitiligo, of which 24 had active progression of the disease during the past 3 months, whereas the rest had a stable course over a year. Serum levels of IL-17 and MIF as determined by ELISA were compared among patients with those of 40 healthy controls. Their relations to disease severity (as determined by vitiligo area scoring index score), extent (as determined by body surface area of involvement), and activity were studied. Results Serum IL-17 and MIF were significantly higher in patients with vitiligo than in controls, with no significant difference between those with progressive or stable course. Both correlated positively with disease extent and severity in all patient groups. A highly significant positive correlation was found between serum IL-17 and MIF levels in all patient groups. Conclusion IL-17 and MIF contribute to vitiligo pathogenesis and could serve as indicators of disease extent and severity but not activity.


ABSTRACT As monarch of the lordship and (since 1541) kingdom of Ireland, King Henry VIII and his successors imposed the same ecclesiastical and religious policies they devised for England on Dublin, the most English city in Tudor Ireland. Far-reaching changes were effected to quite a remarkable degree. Yet the English Reformation failed to take root in the Irish city. This paper explores both the course of the Reformation in the capital of English Ireland and the reasons for its general failure. It also highlights some implications of Dublin's experience relevant to continuing debates in English Reformation studies.


A new recruitment campaign has been launched by the Ayrshire and Arran Health Board aimed at filling 30 nursing posts.


Objective : The primary aim of DNA quantification in forensic DNA analysis is to determine and optimize the amount of DNA for the downstream profiling analysis. Additionally, it may be used as a parameter for the cut-off of the subsequent profiling, especially for touch DNA samples collected from property crime scenes which often contain low amount of DNA and yield no profiles. The choice of quantification kit should have both high accuracy and precision. This work aims to examine the latter of five selected commonly used real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) kits, namely, Applied Biosystems Quantifiler® kit, Quantifiler® Y kit, Quantifiler® Duo kit, Promega Plexor® HY system and QIAGEN Quantiplex HYres kit, and to seek for a qPCR system fitted for the purpose of initial screening of touched DNA evidence for profiling.

Material and Methods : In this work, we first tested the precision of the five selected qPCR kits using their respective DNA standard and human blood samples as substrates. Subsequently, we compared the capability of Quantiplex in predicting the presence of DNA with that of Quantifiler when applying a cut-off threshold of 0.0049 ng/µL and 0.023 ng/µL, i.e. their respective lowest detection limit, with reference to DNA typing analysis.

Results : Our results demonstrated that Quantiplex exhibits a higher precision and consistency than the others, especially at low DNA concentration i.e. 0.016 to 0.023 ng/µL. We also showed that, by using a total of 332 simulated touch DNA samples, Quantiplex is a fairly reliable predictor of the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler® profiling results.

Conclusion : Quantiplex can be employed as a cost-effective screening of samples of volume crime cases.
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Understanding how foraging decisions take place at the local scale is relevant because they may directly affect the fitness of individual plants. However, little is known about how local diversity and density affect the foraging behaviour of most pollinator groups. 2. By introducing two potted plant species (Salvia farinacae and Tagetes bonanza) into two populations of Taraxacum officinale, we investigated how plant identity, the mixtures of these plant species, and total plant density affected the attraction to and the foraging within a patch for six pollinator groups. 3. The foraging behaviour was mainly driven by the availability of the preferred plant species, and secondly by patch diversity and density. In general, dense patches and those containing the three-species mixture were preferred by all insect groups for arrival, although muscoid and hover flies responded less to local floral composition than bees. Local diversity and density had, however, a weaker effect on foraging behaviour within patches. Site dependence in response to floral treatments could be attributable to differences between sites in pollinator assemblage and Taraxacum density. 4. Studies like ours will help to understand how foraging decisions occur at the local scale and how foraging patterns may differ between pollinators and sites.


The trolley has a movable projection (18) which is part of a swivel component (20) capable of swivelling about an axis (22) on the trolley body (10) from the closed and locking operating position into the open and released withdrawn state, and vice versa. A locking element (24) on the swivel component is arranged to move against the force of a spring (28) such that the spring presses the locking element in the direction of a locking engagement, and in the open position presses against a holding stop (34).


This paper explores the implications of cultural differentialism in Bapsi Sidhwa's Ice-Candy Man (1988). It will try to highlight physical, emotional, psychological, and socio-cultural ordeals of major characters: Ayah Shanta, Lenny, Ice-Candy Man, and other minor characters owing to their cultural differences in multicultural India. This study uses interpretative research methodology for the interpretation of data; furthermore, George Ritzer (2011) and Samuel Huntington's (1993) views of cultural differentialism are employed as a tool for analysis. This paper will identify the repercussions of cultural differences of different cultural communities, Parsees, Hindus and Sikhs, Muslims, and Christians, during the Indian partition. The peaceful coexistence of multicultural India is altered into personal vendetta, communal riots, and arch rivalry between the major cultural entities. This study articulates a new dimension of the text, which probably guides and stimulates researchers to undertake research in economic, sociological, emotional, and psychological facets of the novel. This reading of the novel will unearth the atrocious ramifications of cultural differences in multicultural societies in the globalised world, where cultural tolerance of multicultural entities is indispensable for a peaceful world. Keywords: Cultural differentialism, multicultural societies, multicultural entities, cultural tolerance, Indian partition.


The present work was developed in order to identify the behavioral manifestations of post divorce men and women, starting from a behavioral approach that would objectively study the observable phenomena that a stimulus-response are set, a descriptive methodology that tells handled the events of the case studies, methods used were inductive, biographical and analytical, which allowed them to sequence the investigation.


We compare a sealed-bid uniform-price auction (the Treasury's experimental format) with a sealed bid discriminatory auction (the Treasury's format heretofore), assuming the good is perfectly divisible. We show that the auction theory that prompted the experiment, which assumes single-unit demands, does not adequately describe the bidding game for Treasury securities. Collusive strategies are self-enforcing in uniform-price divisible-good auctions. In these equilibria, the seller's expected revenue is lower than in equilibria of discriminatory auctions. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.


Thank you for inviting me to your conference to speak about Railway Heritage, which term evokes widely varying conceptions of the subject depending on the interests of the individual.


Introduction This paper describes the implementation of an interdisciplinary unit entitled Maths to save the sea. The unit was originally implemented in a class of middle years' students in a Queensland high school using an outcomes based model. I have since worked on the unit to include essential learnings rather than outcomes, the preferred model in Queensland in 2008. Maths to save the sea is the result of an effort to manage the many and varied expectations of teaching students in the middle years. The unit incorporates literacy and numeracy, interdisciplinarity, middle years' signifying practices (Pendergast & Bahr, 2005) and concepts of authentic and productive assessment. What makes this unit interesting is that this was achieved within a context of a traditional and conservative high school where high stakes, criterion-based assessment was the norm. What follows is a discussion of the original unit presented to Year 8 students, with the addition of essential learnings in the Queensland State school system in 2008. The next section looks at the context of classroom implementation. Rationale and classroom context: Low achieving students and high stakes assessment As the national testing regime in Years 3, 5, and 7 attests, all children in Australia are meant to reach externally arbitrated standards. This places immense pressure on students who are termed low achieving. By the time this unit was first implemented, students in my class had heard themselves described in that way for eight years. Add this stigma to the exigencies of adolescence, and the class in general was a difficult one to teach. The students were evidencing the process of synaptic pruning, coming to terms with gender identity, experimenting in moral development and were capable of resisting the ways they had been constructed as adolescents (Pendergast & Bahr, 2005). These students had become accustomed to failure and ways to avoid failure. Generally as well, there is often a slowed academic development in this age group. Often there is the expectation that all students can meet the relevant outcomes in each of the Key Learning Areas. This expectation, however, does not universally apply to this age group. Many students, and especially those with languages other than English, have not necessarily gained the expected basic levels of literacy and numeracy by the middle years (Luke et al., 2003). The tensions here are palpable. I was faced with a number of issues which needed to be thought through before the unit was written. I first used experiential understandings and gut instinct and decided that students would: * achieve to the appropriate level outcomes in Mathematics and Studies of Society and Environment (Level 4 outcomes, as per the Queensland Syllabus); * have several opportunities to meet outcomes (formative and summative); * experience a rich environment where they would learn collaboratively (teaming), be exposed to higher order thinking, enter into strong relationships with teachers and peers and have the chance to negotiate their work and how learning would occur; * be able to make connections between the Key Learning Area content of Mathematics and Studies of Society and Environment and learn the ways of knowing, the tools and heroes of each discipline; * be immersed in the literacies of each discipline and be able to discuss the ways they use each literacy to make meaning * be engaged in rigorous, appropriate and future oriented learning. Organising ideas for the unit: The unit Maths to save the sea was framed by three questions that were derived from Wyatt-Smith, Cumming and Elkins (2005, p. 271). These were: 1. What is it that students will know? 2. Why is this knowledge valued? 3. How will effective instruction emerge to find out what students know? …


The trajectory of an interplanetary spacecraft can be used to test gravitation in the Solar System. Its determination relies on radio tracking and is limited by the uncertainty on the spacecraft non-gravitational acceleration. But the addition of an accelerometer on board provides another observable which measures the departure of the probe from geodesic motion. Such a concept has been proposed for the OSS mission 3 which embarks the Gravity Advanced Package 6 . This instrument, which is the focus of this article, is designed to make unbiased acceleration measurements 7 . This proposal is in line with the Roadmap for Fundamental Physics in Space issued by ESA in 2010 4 . Indeed, there exist theoretical as well as experimental motivations to test gravitation in the Solar System. The fact that General Relativity is a classical theory while the three other fundamental interactions have a quantum description suggests that it is not the final theory for gravitation. From the experimental point of view, the existence of "dark matter" and "dark energy" may be interpreted as the inability of General Relativity to describe gravitation at cosmic scales 1 . And in the Solar System, the anomalous Pioneer signal 2,8 may be an experimental artifact as well as a hint of considerable importance for fundamental physics 5 .


Background Road trauma represents a major but neglected public health challenge in Malawi that requires concerted efforts for effective and sustainable prevention. In order to make the road traffic system safer, it is important to develop an understanding of the whole system and its elements including vehicles, roads and road-users along with their physical, social and environmental circumstances. In this study, we measured data quality in terms of database and variable completeness of road trauma case reports to determine if the data are sufficient for informing, monitoring and evaluating road safety interventions. Methods This was a quantitative retrospective study based in Ntcheu district, Malawi. Data were collected for year 2018 from both police and hospital sources. Categorical data exploration from these two sources was done using frequency distribution tables. Continuous data were summarized using means and standard deviation. Data source completeness was assessed using the capture–recapture methodology, while variable completeness was assessed using a checklist developed from the World Health Organization's minimum injury surveillance core data set. Results The hospital data source was incomplete in areas of road user type, time of injury, mechanism of injury and place of injury. Thirteen case matches were identified between the two databases. Using the capture-recapture methods, the estimated road trauma events in Ntcheu district for the year 2018 is 954 (95% CI: 457, 1451) and an estimated 173 deaths (95% CI: 89, 257) in the same year. These estimates indicate 11% and 14% ascertainment of fatalities for the police and hospital data sources respectively.Discussion and conclusion There is significant underreporting for road deaths and injuries in Ntcheu district, which means there are critical data quality challenges in the respective data sources. It is therefore imperative for the road safety agencies and partners to resolve these data reporting and acquisition challenges.


Devices and methods for detection of a ground fault on a DC side and on an AC side of an inverter are presented. A detection means can receive a pass and countercurrent and deploy based on the difference between them an induced current. A parameter that is associated with the induced current, or a parameter that is associated with a voltage that is generated by the lead of the induced current by a device can be used for detecting a ground fault. In addition, a detection means may be configured to receive a compensation current, and a resultant voltage to the detecting means may be used for error detection. A detection means may be arranged on the DC side of an inverter or on the AC side of the inverter. Devices and methods may be for recognizing a Ableitwechselstroms caused by a ground fault, configured.


Taxes are a source of government funding for national development. The motor vehicle tax is one of the regional taxes whose revenues are regulated by the local government. The government will continue to strive to improve taxpayer compliance in meeting its tax obligations. This study aims to examine the effect of variable service quality tax, awareness of taxpayers, and tax sanctions on taxpayer compliance in paying motor vehicle tax at the Joint Office of SAMSAT Gianyar. The sampling technique in this research is the nonprobability sampling technique using accidental sampling method, while the data collected through a questionnaire. The number of samples used was 100 respondents. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that the variable tax service quality does not affect taxpayer compliance, taxpayer awareness and tax sanctions have a positive and significant effect on taxpayer compliance in paying motor vehicle tax at the Joint Office of SAMSAT Gianyar.


Background. Immunocompromised individuals are highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Whether vaccine-induced immunity in these individuals involves the oral cavity, a primary site of infection, is presently unknown. Methods. Immunocompromised individuals (n=404) and healthy controls (n=82) participated in a prospective clinical trial encompassing two doses of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine. Immunocompromised individuals included primary immunodeficiencies (PID) and secondary immunodeficiencies caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)/chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T), solid organ transplantation (SOT), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Saliva and serum samples were collected at four time points from the first vaccine dose until 2 weeks after second dose. SARS-CoV-2 spike specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses were quantified by a multiplex bead-based assay in saliva and correlated to paired serum IgG titers determined by Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay. Results. IgG responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike full-length trimeric glycoprotein (Spike-f) and S1 subunit in saliva in the HIV and HSCT/CAR-T groups were comparable to healthy controls. In contrast, PID, SOT, and CLL patients all displayed weaker responses which were mainly influenced by disease parameters or immunosuppressants. Salivary IgG levels strongly correlated with serum IgG titers on days 21 and 35 (rho=0.8079 and 0.7768, p=<0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the predictive power of salivary IgG yielded AUC=0.95, PPV=90.7% for the entire cohort on D35. Conclusions. Saliva conveys humoral responses induced by BNT162b2 vaccination. The predictive power makes it highly suitable for screening low responding/vulnerable groups for revaccination.


This study proposes an investigation about the active methodology called "inverted classroom" and its practices in basic education, problematizing how they occur. In the introduction, we justify the importance of the topic as an investigative focus. Methodologically, it is a qualitative study, it was used a bibliographical review in dissertations produced in a national scope that included the active methodology methodology, inverted classroom, and the search of the data was carried out in the period from 2014 to 2018, in the database of the thesis and dissertations captions from the descriptors "active methodology" and "inverse classroom." Preliminary results indicated 36 dissertations, of which 8 met the inclusion criteria, being 6 masters scrito sensu and 02 professional masters, the others were excluded because they did not establish an adequate dialogue and in line with the theme. The conclusions pointed out that when thinking of the inverted classroom as a practice we must consider the fundamental role of technology as well as the changing role of the teacher who becomes the mediator of the process and we understand that the inverted classroom fits like a teaching-learning strategy. However, basic education demands new formats of student-teacher-student interaction, and it seems that active methodologies are gaining space, but still require appropriation by teachers and others involved in academic processes.


The research presents the results of studying soil variability within the Ob river fluvial terraces near the village of Kireyevsk, Kozhevnikovsky District, Tomsk Region. The general regularities in the organization of the soil cover are determined by the lithological features of the sediments that build up various geomorphological levels, their age, the current hydrological regime and the directions of river valley geomorphological and hydrological evolution. Three geomorphological levels are distinguished for the Ob river valley within the study area: the high floodplain in backland regime, evolving into the first terrace, the first terrace and the second terrace. Gleyic Calcaric Fluvisols forming on buried Histic Gleysols or Histosols dominate within the high floodplain. Different variants of Albic Luvisols under mixed pine-birch forests with a developed grassy stage are predominant within the first terrace. The illuvial horizons of these soils have a lithogenic origin and develop from depredating dense alluvial layers. The soils of the second terrace are Albic Arenosols and Folic Entic Podzols. Oxidizedgley and residual-carbonate variants develop in the transition zone between the first and the second terraces. In general, the patterns of soil cover organization and the prevailing soil-forming processes correspond to the main trends in the development of the river valley during Holocene. The soils of the drained floodplain have recently completed the synlithogenic stage of their development and retain such features of alluvial soils as high content of carbonates, the presence of well-marked burial horizons, intermittency and variability of sedimentation that of the middle and lower parts of the profile. The soils of the first terrace evolve towards the zonal texturally differentiated soils. The main processes in these soils are humus accumulation and leaching of carbonates. The soils of the second terrace are distinguished by the predominance of the Al-Fe-humus process, which is explained by the fact that the surface of the second terrace underwent aeolian processing in the late Pleistocene. The obtained results testify to the extremely high dynamics of the soils and landscapes development within the fluvial terraces of the Ob, and, consequently, to their low resistance to anthropogenic impact.


absorbed something of its ethos with my mother's milk. There I was put. I could do no other.' This fact has to be accepted as affecting his understanding of the faith and the way he holds it, and it makes the question of relativity pressing. It is not merely the geographical place of his birth but also its historical setting which makes him what he is and provides the foundation upon which all his thought is built. He is confronted with the problem of the existence of other faiths and the perplexity that the Christian faith which he holds is not the same as that of Christians in


Articles published in Communication Education (CE) from 2000 to 2013 yielded four major themes: teacher/instructor to student communication, public speaking, technology, and identity. An analysis of the articles within each major theme revealed a notable absence of research investigating the experiences of students of color and the pedagogical approaches of professors of color in the classroom. Consequently, utilizing muted group and standpoint theories, the authors explore who is heard in CE, from what standpoint, and how the trend of not publishing race-related research is reproduced.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects mobility and muscle control. Although this is a disorder that generally affects people over the age of 60, there is a subset of the disease called ''early onset'' PD that is usually detected in people between the ages of 40 and 60. The outward symptoms of PD include a stiffness of the body and facial expressions, tremors (usually of the hands), and difficulty in walking. Progression of the disease causes further loss of muscle control. Parkinsonians (the term for people affected by the disease) often experience difficulty in speaking as the disease progresses because these muscles become weak and they find themselves unable to project their voices as they finish their sentences. PD was first discovered by James Parkinson in 1817 in Great Britain. Researchers still debate whether this is when the disease first appeared or if this was the first time a scientist was able to pull the disparate symptoms of the disease together into a diagnosis (Tanner and Langston, 1990). This will be a particularly relevant fact in the discussion of environmental causes. It is now known that the symptoms of Parkinson's disease are caused by death of cells in the substantia nigra section of the brain. These cells produce dopamine which controls muscle movement. Most treatments for PD involve the prescription of drugs like Sinamet, Selegiline, and Bromocriptine, whose


The effect of climate change on quality and quantity of runoff from a northern, agricultural watershed was simulated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, 1996 Version (SWAT96). SWAT`s snow evaporation submodel was modified. SWAT was calibrated using water quality and quantity data measured in the Cottonwood River near New ULM, MN. The standard errors after calibration were 3.31 mm, 157 kg/d, 752 kg/d, 3744 kg/d, and 85 t/d for mean monthly streamflow, P yield, ammonia (NH{sub 3})/organic N yield, nitrate (NO{sub 3}) yield, and sediment yield, respectively. The standard error for monthly streamflow was 9.62 mm. SWAT96 was then used to simulate the effect on the Cottonwood River watershed of a 2xCO{sub 2} climate scenario, obtained from the Canadian Climate Center`s global circulation model. Assuming land cover and land management remained constant, SWAT96 projected a decrease in mean annual streamflow, P yield, NH{sub 3}/organic N yield, NO{sub 3}/nitrate (NO{sub 2}) yield, and sediment yield. Mean monthly values changed significantly for many months of the year under the 2xCO{sub 2} climate scenario. The standard errors in SWATs baseline simulations, however, were too high for the simulated climate change effects to be measurable for NO{sub 3}/NO{sub 2} and sediment yields. Themore » model assumptions and calibration methods used to obtain the accuracy required for simulating the effects of climate change lead to the conclusions that land use/land cover and land management practices are likely to have a greater impact on water quality than climate change and that SWAT must be calibrated to be used for climate change analysis.« less


The aim of the study was to determine the best measure to discriminate between those with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) and those without OPD, among young children with cerebral palsy (CP).


A high-performance Ni/ZnO–Al2O3–SiO2 adsorbent was developed for reactive adsorption desulfurization (RADS) of diesel. The desulfurization performance of the prepared adsorbents was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor for treating a hydrotreated diesel with a sulfur content of 1187 ppm. The preparation conditions were investigated, such as aging time, aging temperature, metallic ion concentration, and precipitation temperature. Results showed that the adsorbents performed at a high desulfurization efficiency under the mild preparation conditions. This indicated that smaller crystalline grains were favorable for desulfurization over the Ni/ZnO–Al2O3–SiO2 adsorbent. The adsorbent attained a high adsorption ability of 38.4 mg/g at a breakthrough sulfur level of 20 ppm. The mechanism of deactivation of the adsorbent was also studied and discussed by various characterizations, such as N2 physisorption, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH3–TPD), transmission electron micro...


Many decisions in real world applications are based on conflicting criteria or objectives. In order to improve one objective, it is necessary to sacrifice another. Linear programming has long been used to optimize a single objective. When a linear programming problem involves multiple objectives (MOLP), it is usually not possible to locate a single solution that simultaneously optimizes all objectives. Hence, a methodology is needed to help the decision maker (DM) explore the space of feasible solutions in order to locate an acceptable compromise solution. An interactive approach that supports the DM in the exploration process is presented. The methodology is implemented on a microcomputer running a graphical user interface. The computations are based on an expansion of the Dror-Gass (1987) methodology in which candidate solutions are located using weak order preferences for variables and objectives. It differs from previous methodologies in that it does not require burdensome trade-off ratios or strength of preference comparisons. During exploration, the DM is presented a multi-faceted graphical representation of solutions for consideration. Previous studies of the effectiveness of graphics to support the decision making process have used static presentations of the data. The graphic presentation as implemented is dynamic. It makes use of animation, interactive zoom (or inspect), and interactive highlighting of the results to improve its effectiveness. In the design of the interface, special attention was paid to the requirements for supporting interaction with large LP problems. The software implementation and methodology were tested by subjects drawn from faculty and students at the University of Arizona. It was also reviewed in industry. The results are presented.


Descartes propounded the allegedly strange, peculiar, curious, and incoherent doctrine that necessary truths are made true by God's voluntary act.' It seems to imply that God could have made necessary truths false, which entails that they are not necessary after all. Some of Descartes's interpreters have taken him in that way, as firmly implying that nothing is absolutely necessary or impossible.2 We all know, however, that if this doctrine runs free through Descartes's philosophical work it will do untold damage: many of his arguments have to be protected somehow from the thesis that socalled necessary truths are really contingent. Discussing an argument of Descartes's for the real distinction between body and mind, for example, Curley writes: "If we were to invoke the doctrine of the creation of eternal truths, we might say that a really omnipotent being could cause the mind and body to exist apart even if that were not logically possible. But in the Meditations Descartes is careful not to invoke that extravagant conception of omnipotence, and we would do him no service by bringing it in."3 That typifies the kind of thing Cartesian scholars have felt forced to say, charitably shielding Descartes from his own splatter. This "creation" or "voluntarism" doctrine does not appear in the Meditations, the Discourse on the Method, or the Principles of Philosophy. Descartes first declared it in three private letters to Marin Mersenne, most of a decade before his first published work ap-


The returns of collective investment vehicles that focus on catastrophe (cat) bonds and other insurance-linked securities (ILS) behave unlike those of any other asset class. Therefore, traditional asset pricing models, such as the five-factor approach of Fama and French (1993) and the seven-factor approach of Fung and Hsieh (2004), are not suitable for these funds. We set up a comprehensive database, run an empirical performance analysis, and introduce four new factor models based on publicly-available indices, which explain the time-series and cross-sectional return characteristics of ILS funds. Our results indicate that the latter have historically exhibited a superior risk-adjusted performance. Despite a strong overall fit of the factor models, we are left with significant positive alphas for about one quarter of the funds in our sample. These abnormal returns exhibit a significant relationship with fund size and performance fees. However, it is challenging to attribute them to manager skill, luck, or beta exposures associated with non-cat-bond ILS.


We use spherical polystyrene beads in the size range from 500 nm - 2 μm to form lithographic masks on surfaces. The masks consist of hexagonally arranged monolayers of these particles formed independently via a self-organized process upon solvent evaporation. With the help of the so called floating technique, the masks can be transferred to almost any arbitrary substrate. They have been utilized e.g. as masks for vacuum deposition, ion etching, or as masters for micro-contact-printing. Current research concentrates on the structure differences when the film deposition was done by thermal evaporation or RF magnetron sputtering. Investigations have been done on different metallic films, with emphasizes on Au thin film. The structures were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning force microscopy (SEM). The differences in the nanostructures obtained after the removal of the colloidal mask will be evaluated in respect with the thin film deposition technique. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Major biases and stereotypes in group judgments are reviewed and modeled from a recurrent connectionist perspective. These biases are in the areas of group impression formation (illusory correlation), group differentiation (accentuation), stereotype change (dispersed versus concentrated distribution of inconsistent information), and group homogeneity. All these phenomena are illustrated with well-known experiments, and simulated with an auto-associative network architecture with linear activation update and delta learning algorithm for adjusting the connection weights. All the biases were successfully reproduced in the simulations. The discussion centers on how the particular simulation specifications compare to other models of group biases and how they may be used to develop novel hypotheses for testing the connectionist modeling approach and, more generally, for improving theorizing in the field of social biases and stereotype change. Recurrent Model of Group Biases 3 Petite, attractive, intelligent, WSF, 30, fond of music, theatre, books, travel, seeks warm, affectionate, fun-loving man to share life's pleasures with view to lasting relationship. Send photograph. Please no biochemists. (Personal ad, New York Review of books, cited in Barrow, 1992, p.2) The ability to learn about groups and their characteristics is crucial to the way people make sense of their social world. Nevertheless, quite a number of studies have indicated that people can have great trouble learning associations between groups and their attributes and often perceive associations that do not exists. It is generally assumed that these shortcomings or biases are partly responsible for group stereotyping and minority discrimination. Among the most prominent of these group biases are illusory correlation — the perception of a correlation between a group and some characteristics that do not exist (Hamilton & Gifford, 1976; Hamilton & Rose, 1980), accentuation — making a distinction between groups beyond actual differences (Tajfel & Wilkes, 1963; Eiser, 1971), subtyping — the rejection of stereotype-inconsistent information concentrated in a few group members (Hewstone, 1994), and outgroup homogeneity — the perception of outgroups as more homogeneous and stereotypical than the ingroup (Linville, Fisher & Salovey, 1989; Messick & Mackie, 1989). It is thus of crucial importance to psychologists to understand how these biases are created and how they can be eliminated (Hewstone, 1994). However, many empirical reports on the occurrence of group biases were explained by appeals to what often appear to be rather ad-hoc hypotheses and assumptions. Moreover, the field of group perception has developed largely independent from other important areas in cognition at large and social cognition in particular, including domains such as person perception, impression formation, attribution and attitudes (Hamilton & Sherman, 1996). There have been some recent attempts, however, to provide a common theory of group judgments and shortcomings under the heading of exemplar-based models (Smith, 1991, Fiedler, 1996) or a tensor-product connectionist network (Kashima, Woolcock & Kashima, 2000). The goal of the present paper is to build further on these initial proposals and to present a connectionist model that potentially can explain a wider range of group biases than these earlier attempts. Moreover, the proposed Recurrent Model of Group Biases 4 model has already been fruitfully applied to other areas in memory and cognition (for a classic example, see McClelland & Rumelhart, 1996, p. 170), including the domain of social cognition (Van Overwalle, Labiouse & French, 2001; see also Read & Montoya, 1999; Smith & DeCoster, 1998; Van Overwalle & Jordens, 2002), where it has been applied to encompass and integrate earlier algebraic models of impression formation (Anderson, 1981), causal attribution (Cheng & Novick, 1992) and attitude formation (Ajzen, 1991). Our basic claim is that a connectionist account of group biases does not require special processing of information as many theories in social cognition posit (e.g., Hamilton & Gifford, 1976; Hastie, 1980). Rather, general information processing characteristics captured in general-purpose connectionist models lead to these biases. What are the characteristics that accomplish this? First, connectionist models exhibit emergent properties such as the ability to extract prototypes from a number of exemplars (prototype extraction), to recognize exemplars based on the observation of incomplete features (pattern completion), to generalize knowledge about features to similar exemplars (generalization), to adjust to multiple constraints from the external environment (constraint satisfaction), and to lose stored knowledge only partially after damage (graceful degradation). All of these properties have been extensively reviewed in Smith (1996) and Rumelhart & McClelland (1986). It is clear that these characteristics are potentially useful for any account of group stereotyping. In addition, connectionist models assume that the development of internal representations and the processing of these representations are done in parallel by simple and highly interconnected units, contrary to traditional models where the processing is inherently sequential. As a result, these systems have no need for a central executive, which eliminates the requirement of previous theories of explicit (central) processing of relevant information. Consequently, biases in information processes are, in principle, due to implicit and automatic mechanisms without explicit conscious reasoning. Of course, this does not preclude people's being aware of the outcome of these preconscious processes. Second, connectionist networks are not fixed models but are able to learn over time, usually by means of a simple learning algorithm that progressively modifies the strength of the Recurrent Model of Group Biases 5 connections between the units making up the network. The fact that most traditional models in psychology are incapable of learning is a significant restriction. Interestingly, the ability to learn incrementally can put connectionist models in agreement with developmental and evolutionary pressures. This implies that group biases emerge from general processes that are otherwise quite adaptive. Third, connectionist networks have a degree of neurologically plausibility that is generally absent in previous approaches to integration and storage of group information (Anderson, 1981; Ajzen, 1991). While it is true that connectionist models are highly simplified versions of real neurological circuitry and processing, it is commonly assumed that they reveal a number of emergent processing properties that real human brains also exhibit. One of these emergent properties is the integration of long-term memory (i.e., connection weights), short-term memory (i.e., internal activation) and outside information (i.e., external activation). There is no clear separation between memory and processing as there is in traditional models. Even if biological constraints are not strictly adhered to in connectionist models of group prejudice, interest in the biological implementation of social cognitive mechanisms has indeed started to emerge (Adolphs & Damasio, 2001; Allison, Puce & McCarthy, 2000; Ito & Cacioppo, 2001; Cacioppo, Berntson, Sheridan & McClintock, 2000; Ochsner & Lieberman, 2001; Phelps, O'Connor, Cunningham, Funayama, Gatenby, Gore & Banaji, 2000) and parallel the increasing attention paid to neurophysiological determinants of social behavior. This article is organized as follows: First, we will describe the proposed connectionist model in some detail, giving the precise architecture, the general learning algorithm and the specific details of how the model processes information. In addition, a number of other less well-known emergent properties of this type of network will be discussed. We will then present a series of simulations, using the same network architecture applied to a number of important biases in group judgments, including illusory correlation, accentuation, stereotype change and homogeneity. Our review of empirical phenomena in the field is not meant to be exhaustive, but is rather designed to illustrate how connectionist principles can be used to shed light on the processes underlying group judgments. Recurrent Model of Group Biases 6 While the emphasis of the present article is on the use of a particular connectionist model to explain a wide variety of group biases, previous applications of connectionist modeling to social psychology (Smith & DeCoster, 1998; Read & Montoya, 1999; Van Overwalle, 1998; Van Overwalle, Labiouse & French, 2001) are also mentioned. In addition, we will perform a comparison of different models. Finally, we will discuss the limitations of the proposed connectionist approach and discuss areas where further theoretical developments are under way or are needed. Ultimately, what we would like to accomplish in this paper is to create a greater awareness that connectionist principles could potentially underlie diverse shortcomings in group judgments, as a natural consequence of the basic processing mechanisms in these adaptive cognitive systems.


Abstract: In the present study, the distribution of ionotropic glutamate receptors of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐receptor type was immunohistochemically demonstrated in healthy human skin (n = 22) and healthy buccal mucosa (n = 20). Moreover, the intracellular calcium concentration of HaCaT‐cells and native human keratinocytes were studied under the influence of the selective agonist NMDA and the selective NMDA‐antagonist MK‐801.


The effects of electron beam and gamma ray irradiation on microorganism inactivation and oxidation in steamed tofu rolls were studied in order to investigate the difference between both irradiations,which might be helpful for guiding the application of electron beam irradiation in food processing and preservation.Plate count method was used to measure irradiated samples for the total number of colonies as D10 values.2-Thiobarbituric acid(TBARs) value was determined to show the inductive oxidation effects of irradiation.Results showed that D10 values of electron beam and gamma ray irradiation were 0.48 kGy and 0.43 kGy,respectively.There was no significant(P ≥ 0.05) difference between two irradiation methods according to ANOVA analysis.The TBARs values of irradiated steamed tofu rolls increased significantly during storage(P 0.05).Gamma ray irradiation led to a significant increase in TBARs value during storage whereas electron beam irradiation did not show any effect.Electron beam irradiation had poorer oxidation effect on steamed tofu rolls when applied at the same dose as gamma ray irradiation.In conclusion,electron beam irradiation showed a similar efficacy of microorganism inactivation but less powerful oxidation effect than gamma ray irradiation.


Annual atmospheric sulfur budgets over Hungary for the period of 1980-1996 are investigated in the paper using simple mass balance equations. It was found that the sulfate budget is almost balanced over the country, however, regarding sulfur-dioxid, Hungary is still a net atmospheric exporter in spite of the fact that Hungarian SO 2 emission decreased significantly during the past years. Data for the atmospheric sulfur concentration and deposition gained from the Hungarian regional background air pollution monitoring network are also presented for the period investigated.


...............................................................................................8 Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................9 Chapter 2: Literature Review......................................................................20 Ethnic Identity ..............................................................................21 Music Evoked Imagery....................................................................54 Music As Culture...........................................................................70 Chapter 3: Method: Portraiture...................................................................96 Chapter 4: Results.................................................................................107 "Anjali"....................................................................................111 "Purnima".................................................................................129 "Maya"....................................................................................140 "Siddarth".................................................................................162 Saravanan Chidambaram................................................................187 Summary...................................................................................211 Chapter 5: Discussion ............................................................................215 References..........................................................................................240 Appendix A.........................................................................................262 Appendix B.........................................................................................265 Appendix C.........................................................................................277 RUNNING HEAD: MUSIC THERAPY PORTRAITS OF GLOBALIZED INDIAN IDENTITY 6


This article will illuminate school and language choice and access to educational alternatives in Estonia among the Russian-speaking minority based on a literature review on school choice, and on preliminary findings from qualitative interview data conducted in Estonia among 15 families whose childrenstudy in Estonian schools, Russianschools, and bilingual programs. This research has found that Russian speaking choice parents selecting Estonian-speaking schools differ from nonchoice Russian-speaking parents in their resourcefulness. Second, the article discusses support systems provided to second language learners and will examine these from the perspective of second language acquisition theory. Despite the Soviet-era threat to the very survival of Estonian, and despite the current emphasis on the Estonian language, Estonian educational language policies and practices seem to indicate sensitivity and understanding of the issues involved insecond language acquisitionfor children in educational settings.


Adam Smith's state model should include both huge society and powerful government.Although a state shows tough outlook,if it breaks away from public interest,it is not really powerful.A powerful government is one that can carry out basic functions excellently at low cost.The sign of a powerful government is not power politics and a large administrative body,but a government that consciously restricts its power;obeys public interests;that is well aware of its social duty;whose staff are devoted to public affairs,determined to guard against corruption.


1. A method for the diagnosis and / or prediction of acute kidney injury, including a sample from patient analysis to determine the expression level of at least one miRNA selected from miR-127, miR-126, miR-210 and miR-101, and comparing said level expression to control the value, where the change in the level of the said evidence of acute injury pochek.2. A method of diagnosis and / or prediction of acute kidney injury according to claim 1, wherein the sample to be analyzed, is selected from blood, serum or mochi.3. A method of diagnosis and / or prediction of acute kidney injury according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein a reduction in the expression level of miR-127 in serum against control values indicative of acute injury pochek.4. A method of diagnosis and / or prediction of acute kidney injury according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein increased expression levels of miR-127 in the urine for the control values indicates pochek.5 acute injury. A method of diagnosis and / or prediction of acute kidney injury according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein a reduction in the expression level of miR-126 in serum against control values indicative of acute injury pochek.6. A method of diagnosis and / or prediction of acute kidney injury according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein increased expression levels of miR-210 in serum against control values indicative of acute injury pochek.7. A method of diagnosis and / or prediction of acute kidney injury according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the reduction of miR-210 expression in urine for the control values indicates pochek.8 acute injury. A method of diagnosing and / and


sis on the statistical aspects of the subject. Some deŽnitions and statistical preliminaries are described in Chapter 1. An updated background is included in this new edition. Some basic design considerations at the planning stage are provided in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 deals with some basic statistical inference procedures in a standard 2 £ 2 crossover design. The discussion in this chapter is very lucid and will be helpful to the practitioners. Parametric, nonparametric and Bayesian methods for average bioavailability are discussed in Chapter 4. The authors have streamlined the Bayesian methods for average availability in this new edition. The important issues of power and sample size determination are described in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 deals with the relationship between an additive and a multiplicative model. Assessment of interand intra-subject variabilities and outlier detection are discussed in Chapters 7 and 8 respectively. Higher order crossover designs are discussed in Chapters 9 and 10. Chapter 11 provides an introduction to assess bioequivalence based on clinical end-points. Some related and interesting problems are discussed in Chapter 12. Four new chapters are included in this new edition which incorporate some new research and development in this area. Chapter 13 deals with meta-analysis for bioeqivalence review. An introduction and statistical techniques in population and individual bioequivalence are provided in Chapters 14 and 15 respectively. Finally, a review on the guidances on statistical procedure, issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June and July 1992, is provided in the concluding chapter. The book is extremely well written and well printed. Numerous illustrations and examples made the presentation quite attractive. It provides an extensive coverage of the statistical issues related to bioavailability and bioequivalence studies up to date. The discussions in this book also stimulate the interest on crossover design. The review of the FDA guidelines in the last chapter is a welcome addition and it was quite necessary from the practitioner's as well as from the researcher's point of view. This adds a new dimension to the usefulness of the book. Although the book is written with emphasis on the statistical aspects, its mathematics is not at a high level. This eases the access for non-statisticians into the topics. This is a 'must read' book to the students, practitioners and researchers of bioavailability and bioequivalence studies.


Reaction of 2,6-bis-(chloromethyl)-4-chlorophenol with p-cresol provided a convenient synthesis of 2,6-bis-(2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)-4-chlorophenol. Condensation of formaldehyde with this trimer alone and in the presence of controlled amounts of p-cresol made possible the synthesis of linear p-cresol–p-chlorophenol–formaldehyde polymers having 1,2, and 4 p-chloro substituents per 12 phenolic residues. Treatment with sodium in liquid ammonia gave the corresponding dehalogenated polymers. Crosslinking of the latter with hexamethylenetetramine was studied. Both series of polymers were characterized by infrared spectra.