Determining the optimum form of administration is the ideal of public administration theory. This thesis begins by acknowledging the long-standing debate between public administration theorists over the best way for governments to organise and manage for successful outcomes. E-government administration is a more recent entrant into this debate. This thesis determines the effect and efficacy of e-government administration by pursuing answers to the following three research questions: 1: What causes divergence between traditional and e-government administration structures? 2: How has e-government administration affected traditional public administration? 3: Which e-government administration style produces the best e-government outcome? Asking what caused the divergence between virtual and traditional administration structures results in two conclusions. First, the OECD e-government administration classifications provide a very useful framework and classified each case study's e-government administration to show if and how they differed from traditional public administration structures. Second, the formal and informal institutions at play in a given country are the single greatest influence on the development of its particular e-government administration style. Next, the effect of e-government administration on public administration was researched in the context of two leading theories on the subject. Fountain's (2001; 2006) Technology Enactment Framework suggests how e-government could affect public administration (Fountain 2001; 2006). Dunleavy et al.'s (2005; 2006) Digital Era Governance suggests the effect of this change has been to move governance beyond New Public Management trends to a new era of digital governance. Case study data supports both theories. This thesis contributes significantly to and modifies Fountain's work, which until now has been most often tested on US data. Having three additional countries reflect Fountain's Framework greatly assists its usefulness as an explanatory tool to illustrate how technology (here, e-government) affects institutional structures (or public administration). This research also contributes to Dunleavy et al. Though their theory had been tested in each case study country, the level of analysis was particularly deep in this research and yet remains in support of their proposition. Collectively, this research provides a pool of evidence in support of each theory that is too significant to allow either to be considered as significantly flawed. To provide a mechanism in which both can be considered accurate, it is argued that Fountain's TEF provides the logisitical framework through which Dunleavy et al.'s DEG is able to take root. This line of argument also contributes to the broader public administration literature. The two dominant theories provided by Fountain and Dunleavy have not previously been tested in conjunction with one another. The argument that each supports the other has provided an alternate explanation to the usual juxtaposition of the two as contrasting viewpoints. Lastly, asking which e-government administration produces the best e-government outcome was designed to advance the field of public administration by testing centralisation theory. The question was designed to assist in the debate over the best way to organise and manage for successful outcomes. Researching its answer followed a logical progression that demonstrates no significant flaw and in fact works hard to dispel any concerns on that front. It was found that centralised administrations did not produce better e-government outcomes on a municipal, national nor global scale. The overwhelming indication of these results is that there is no causal relationship between centralised administrations and good e-government outcomes. This is not an insignificant finding. The pursuit of excellence in public administration, however defined, remains a key concern in developed countries. The OECD is even now in "talks with the producers of the major global e-government surveys with a view to launching new e-government indicators that focus on public sector performance" (Hicks 2010). For countries seeking public administration excellence in their online application of e-government, these results demonstrate that organising and managing e-government administration in a centralised fashion has not produced top quality e-government outcomes. In sum, this research has made the effect and efficacy of e-government administration clear. The efficacy of e-government is not tied to the centrality of its administration and its effect, brought about by how civil servants use and perceive technology, has been to usher in a new era of digital governance.


The authors report a retrospective study of 939 cases of premature rupture of the membranes (PRM) at term; in a gynecology-obstetric Clinical University maternity hospital Souissi-Rabat. The objective is to value our attutide in the clinical Universtity : Waiting during 48 hours after the PRM before induction of labor. Most of patients (81,60%) had a spontaneous labor in less than 48 hours after PRM. Cesarean operation was carried out in 3,6% cases principally for fetal distress. Chorioamniotis is the most frequentt complication in 17,14% and the post partum fever in 1,58%. 90,30% infants were born with Apgar score more than 7/10 in the first minute of birth, 4,89% had a neonatal infection; 1,38% had a respiratory distress and 1,17% had meconial inhalation. The frequency of perinatal mortality is 1,9%. This study and the review of the literature make us induction of labor immediately after rupture of the membranes at term; if the cervical condition is favorable. If not, we prefer waiting 24 hours after PRM. It is prudent to withhold digital examination and antibiotics must be used.


Written essays are a common feature of standardized tests at many levels of study. However, little is known about whether the use of different media in writing the essays may affect students' writing performance. Studies reported the different effects word processing has on students' writing performance, writing process and essay scores (Haas, 1988; Oliver & Kerr; 1993; Goldberg, Russell, & Cook, 2003; Russell & Tao, 2004). This study looks into the writing performance of second language learners of English at tertiary level. It aims to analyze the effects of word processing on students' writing performance in terms of quality and quantity. The subjects in this study are forty first year students who are currently pursuing their Bachelor of Engineering Technology degree in Electrical Engineering at a private university in Malaysia. Two writing sessions are carried out in this study. For each session, the students are divided into two groups, with one group writes an essay in class while the other group uses the computer to type their essays. They switch the writing medium in the second session. Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and raters' scores are used to measure the quality of the essays; while the number of words, number of paragraphs, number of sentences, sentences per paragraph and words per sentence are used to determine if there is any improvement in the quantity of writing. Statistical analysis is conducted to determine any significant differences between the two media. The results of this study are discussed in relation to whether the methods used in the tests have any influence on the students' performance.


Zen has become especially popular after 1950 and the Zen craze of East Asia not only has become a kind of belief but also a way of life in America. Many American writers introduce, advocate, and concentrate on their Zen, and even go to the East to learn Zen. They applied the ideology, content and allusions of Chinese Zen to their works, so they have a close relationship with Chinese Zen. This article aims to analyze the poems of Kenneth Rexroth, Anthony Piccione, Gary Snyder and James P. Lenfesty to explore the mysterious relationship between Chinese and American poetry. These poets imitate the quiet beauty, wild freedom or orthodox of Zen poetry. Furthermore, each of them forms their own writing characteristics, thus creating a new realm of American poetry.


Soft tissue cutting is a fundamental operation in clinical treatments. Autonomous soft tissue cutting using scalpel, one of soft tissue cutting methods, is an emerging field. However, soft tissue displacement during cutting by robotic system is a bottleneck. In this paper, a robotic system is proposed with sucker that can fix soft tissue before and during cutting. The system consists of scalpel fixation and three degrees of freedom (DoF) motion structure and surrounding suckers at the bottom. Cutting curve is abstracted from the cut soft tissue imaged by X-ray. Then the curve is fitted using 10-order B-spline function. The experimental results provide a pilot study towards high precision soft tissue cutting robot.


A diffusion model for the collection efficiency of a‐SiHx Schottky‐barrier solar cells is found to be in excellent agreement with experimental data. This model accounts for the poor short‐wavelength response of these devices and suggests a way for improving their performance.


Change is the greatest challenge for any student of actuality and the most bothersome element for any would-be architect of an ideal society. No wonder then that the state from which all relevant change is absent has offered to the scholarly mind a restful haven. For his republic, Plato prescribed that not only the size of population be kept constant (by treacherous infanticides if necessary), but also any tendency to change be nipped in the bud (Laws 740-741, Republic 424, 546). Even Aristotle, though rejecting on the whole the master's prescriptions, taught that the ideal state ought to keep the size of its population in accord with that of its land and avoid anything that may induce change (Politics II.ii, V.iii, vi-vii, VII.xiv). Naturally, if we can prevent change, we ensure everlasting social stability, a society nearest to immortality, as Plato dreamt (Laws 739). The same idea underpins the recently revived version of an old theme of John Stuart Mill (1920 ed., IV. vi), according to which ecological salvation lies in a steady-state mankind. If the individual human is mortal, at least the human species can become immortal provided that mankind resolves itself to follow this advice, most cogently defended by


This study assessed landslide susceptibility using Weight of Evidence (WoE) and Frequency Ratio (FR) model in Shahpur valley, situated in the eastern Hindu Kush. Here, the landslides are recurrent phenomena that disrupt the natural environment and causes huge property damages as well as human losses every year. These damages are expected to increase due to the high rate of deforestation in the region, population growth, agricultural expansion and infrastructural development on the slopes. Initially, the landslide inventory map was prepared from the SPOT-5 satellite image and was verified from frequent field visits. Seven landslide contributing factors including surface geology, fault lines, slope aspect and gradient, land use, proximity to roads and streams were selected. To analyze the relationship between landslide occurrence with its causal factors, WoE and FR models were used. Based on WoE and FR model landslide susceptibility zonation maps were prepared and reclassified into very low to very high landslide susceptible zones. Finally, the resultant maps of landslide susceptibility were validated using the success rate curve and prediction rate curve approach to validate the models.


These days most of the researchers use online search engines to find scientific articles they need. There are many specialized databases that are indexing scientific content and offer powerful search mechanism in these articles. On the other hand, authors and publishers are also interested of wide dissemination of their research articles and that is why they closely cooperate with these indexing organizations. In the paper are considered some popular indexing databases. We discuss their search functionality and practical aspects from authors and publishers' point of view needed for content inclusion. Special attention is paid on the indexing mechanism of Google Scholar services.


The existence of government policy to reduce even remove soybean subsidy, many tempe industry which have difficulty, even many that can not produce again. This is due to the limited capital of craftsmen and the weak purchasing power of the community. This study aims to analyze the impact of soybean price increase on the income received by tempe craftsmen, analyzing the adjustment strategies made by tempe pengarajin to maintain their business. This study uses the approach of operating profit of data collection and processing, data obtained beruapa primary and secondary data. The results of research indicate that One effort to maintain the business continuity and tempe craftsman profits must be innovated in production, one of them is by reducing the size of tempe though with the same price.


Received: 18 August 2019 Accepted: 5 November 2019 The aim of the present study is to generate the boride coatings at the surface of the lamellar gray cast iron (EN-GJL-250). This material was hardened by pack-boriding in the powders mixture of 50% B4C, 49.5% Al2O3 and 0.5% AlF3 at 800, 900 and 1000°C for 4, 6 and 8 h. The produced borided layers were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD analysis. The boriding kinetics of EN-GJL-250 lamellar gray cast iron was also investigated. Based on the experimental data, the value of activation energy for boron diffusion was calculated as 163.86 kJ mol-1 for the EN-GJL250 cast iron by using the integral diffusion model. The regression model based on the design of experiments (DOE) was also employed in order to predict the total boride layer thickness as a function of boriding parameters (the treatment time and the boriding temperature). The experimental values of total boride layer thickness were in agreement with the results from the regression model.


The report contains forms for the chemical description, physical and health hazards, inventory volumes, and storage codes and locations for all hazardous chemicals located at the Y-12 Plant. These can be used by local emergency response teams in case of an accident.


Calycopteris floribunda Lam, (Combretaceae) a scandent woody shrub. The present study was concentrated on the in vitro antioxidant methods like superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxidation and DPPH radical methods. The chloroform and methanol extracts of Calycopteris floribunda stem were subjected for the above methods. The results of antioxidant activity revealed that, the chloroform extract has lower IC50 values than the methanolic extract of Calycopteris floribunda. The lower IC50 value indicates the higher free radical scavenging ability. So, the chloroform extract has better antioxidant activity than methanolic extract. The results were compared with the standard ascorbic acid. The plant contains phytosterols, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins. These active constituents alone or in combination may be responsible for the observed antioxidant activity.


Introduction: Episiotomy is surgical enlargement of the vaginal orifice during labour and delivery. It is performed in as many as 62.5% of all vaginal deliveries. Various types of suturing materials are used for perineal wound repair. Absorbable suture materials used are chromic catgut, polyglycolic acid, and polyglactin while non-absorbable sutures are silk, nylon, etc. The suture material ordinarily used is number 1-0 chromic catgut on non-traumatic roundbodied needle. It was planned to perform a study to compare vicryl rapide (VR) suture material with chromic catgut (CC) with respect to pain, swelling, disruption and re-suturing rates. Study aimed to compare the effect of chromic catgut and rapidly absorbable Polyglactin 910 for episiotomy repair with respect to: 1. Pain 2. Swelling and Induration of the wound and wound discharge 3. Wound dehiscence or disruption and; 4. Need for re-suturing. Material and methods: This study was carried out at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at RMCH Bareilly U.P. during November 2017 to October 2018. Study included patients who delivered in the hospital and required episiotomy. It was a randomized controlled study. A total of 100 consecutive cases requiring episiotomy were taken in the study. Randomization was done by even/ odd registration numbers. Eligible and consenting women were assigned to 2 groups. 50 women were included in each group. Group 1 – Polyglactin 910 rapide 2-0 and Group 2 – Chromic catgut 1-0. Inclusion Criteria – primigravida requiring episiotomy and exclusion criteria premature rupture of membranes, preterm vaginal delivery, history of unclean vaginal examination, diabetes mellitus, twin gestation, operative delivery, manual removal of placenta, vulval hematoma and vaginal tears. Results: The vicryl rapide group experienced less short-term pain, uncomfortable stitches, less analgesic requirement and better wound healing. The wound dehiscence was less with vicryl rapide. Conlcuison: This study indicated the clear advantages of vicryl rapide over chromic catgut. Hence, this study recommends the use of vicryl rapide for episiotomy repair in the care of parturient women.


Many educators are faced with the problem of how to handle the different ways in which students from different cultures approach learning content and processes. In management education, study has mostly considered the socio-economic, structural and organisational aspects of national differences and the external, explicit aspects of cultural differences such as managerial attitudes and values. There has, however, been less study of the differences between national groups in managerial cognition - the way managers think. If managers from one cultural group perceive, process, interpret and structure information differently from those from another, assumptions about the design and content of educational interventions based in one culture could be challenged in another. This paper reports on an exploratory study of 200 managers in Finland, Poland and the UK to investigate, firstly, whether there are national-cultural differences in cognitive style and, secondly, whether these differences are related to individual, occupational and cultural aspects of socialisation. In the latter case, the relationship between early schooling and the way people think is explored. Respondents' cognitive styles as measured by the Allinson and Hayes (1996) Cognitive Style Index (CSI) were compared with responses to two qualitative instruments assessing attitudes to early schooling and personal confidence and against predictions about national cultural differences derived from Hofstede (1984). The results, to be followed up by more extensive study, show significant differences between national groups in cognitive approaches and some aspects of socialisation. They also suggest that the constructs being measured by the CSI reveal individual characteristics that are not fixed and innate, but instead learned through processes of personal and cultural socialisation.


An open question in migration research is how the removal of selective migration restrictions affects migrants' education decisions. I analyze this question in the Chinese context, in which the household registration system imposes selective rural–urban migration restrictions. The identification derives from a policy change that grants urban residency to a group of rural individuals based on their dates of birth. Using a regression discontinuity approach, I find that educational attainments for barely eligible rural residents decreased sharply after the reform. These effects are larger for males and for those able to permanently migrate to relatively rich areas.


A control system of IGBT inverter welding machine based on TMS320F240 was designed. DSP minimum system, serial communication interface,serial peripheral interface circuits were introduced. According to the output PWM waveform from DSP, a special circuit was devised for dividing one PWM pulse into two. The DSP development environment,usage of CCS,and the way to develop DSP software were illuminated. And the characteristics of COFF files, command files and head files were analyzed.The function of system software was also analyzed.A digital control program for inverter welding machine was realized by using modularized software design method. Experimental results indicated that the circuit is reliable and the control is easy,showing the superiority of digital welding machine.


Providing writing feedback to English language learners (ELLs) helps them learn to write better, but it is not clear what type or how much information should be provided. There have been few experiments directly comparing the effects of different types of automatically generated feedback on ELL writing. Such studies are difficult to conduct because they require participation and commitment from actual students and their teachers, over extended periods of time, and in real classroom settings. In order to avoid such difficulties, we instead conduct a crowdsourced study on Amazon Mechanical Turk to answer questions concerning the effects of type and amount of writing feedback. We find that our experiment has several serious limitations but still yields some interesting results.


The reliability and timeliness of agricultural production data are insufficient to meet information needs in many African countries. The use of simple data collection methods well adapted to the irregular plots of traditional African agriculture would help improve this situation. This paper, based on recent evidence comparing the standard crop-cut method and the method based on the farmers' estimations, respectively, with the actual weight of harvest, discusses the types of information needs for which the farmers' estimations provide a valid source of production data. It analyzes the advantages, limitations, and requirements of using the farmers' estimation method; and provides guidelines for collecting, analyzing and interpreting production data from the farmers concerned.


This experiment is to imitate roast meat environment in the tube, the idea is finding out main factors of affecting nitrosamine formation. Experiment shows that the temperature of roast, the roast time, the pH value of the meat is a some important factors that affect nitrosamine formation. Among them, the temperature is the most important factor, time the next in order, but the pH value is an no account factor.


Molecular chaperones are proteins that ensure the appropriate folding, stability and function of other proteins in the cell. There is increasing evidence that molecular chaperones are not only important in normal cell homeostasis and response to stresses, such as heat shock, but can also be involved in disease pathology. In particular, HSP90 has emerged as an important potential drug target in oncology. This is because it is essential for the stability of a long list of 'client proteins', including ErbB2/human epithelial growth factor receptor (HER)2, Raf-1, Akt/protein kinase B (PKB), Polo-1, Met, mutant p53 and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), as well as the oestrogen and androgen receptor. Inhibition of HSP90 leads to depletion of these oncogenic clients by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, thereby providing a simultaneous combinatorial attack on all of the hallmark phenotypic traits of cancer cells. Because of the rapid progress made, this review focuses on the patents dealing with the discovery and application of small molecule inhibitors of HSP90, although limited coverage of other applications in the area of HSP90 and additional chaperones is also included. Pioneering work with natural products, namely geldanamycin and related ansamycin antibiotics together with radicicol macrocycle derivatives, established the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the essential N-terminal ATPase of HSP90 by competing at the nucleotide binding site. A geldanamycin analogue, 17-(desmethoxy), 17-allylamino geldanamycin (17AAG), is completing Phase I clinical trials with promising initial results. The use of high-throughput screening and rational design based on X-ray crystal structures of HSP90 has led to the discovery of small molecule HSP90 inhibitors based on purine and pyrazole scaffolds. The continued progression of these various compound classes into clinical trials should help to establish proof of concept for inhibition of HSP90 as a viable therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer and potentially other diseases. This would in turn validate protein folding as a strategy for drug development and encourage additional chaperones to be explored as molecular targets.


The landmark cases of Enron and WorldCom have been seen as a wake up call for businesses in Malaysia to augment their ethical practices and roots of good governance in today's dynamic business environment. Business ethics has been perceived to be influenced by gender, age, academic exposure, ethnicity, culture and other demographic factors. This study examines the relationship between the perception on gender, age and academic exposure with business ethics and capitalism among graduate students in Malaysian universities. Although previous studies indicated that there is a significant relationship between gender, age and business exposure, however, the present study reveals that there is no significant relationship between these independent variables and business ethics respectively. The result also shows that business ethics is negatively related to capitalism. This finding indicates that current issues related to unethical practices impinge on students' perception of business ethics and capitalism.


Patients in blood group O have been reported to have had fewer thrombotic episodes than others. This was particularly noted among those taking oral contraceptives and those who were pregnant. A lower level of antihomophilic globulin (Factor 8) is though to be a factor in these patients. Subjects for this study were 50 healthy medical students. Blood groups and the blood fibrinolytic activity of their fasting blood samples were determined. Group O subjects had the highest fibrinolytic activity. The difference in fibrinolytic time of Group O from other groups was considered statistically significant (p less than .05). These results are thought to indicate factors related to the low incidence of thromboembolic disease among those in blood group O.


Low-lying collective states of {sup 130,132}Xe have been investigated by {gamma}-ray spectroscopy following {sup 12}C(Xe,Xe*){sup 12}C projectile Coulomb excitation. The one-phonon 2{sub 1,ms}{sup +} states have been identified: the 2{sub 4}{sup +} state at 2150 keV with B(M1;2{sub 4}{sup +} {yields} 2{sub 1}{sup +})=0.15(4){mu}{sub {mu}}{sup N} in {sup 130}Xe and the 2{sub 3}{sup +} state at 1985 keV with B(M1;2{sub 3}{sup +} {yields} 2{sub 1}{sup +})=0.22(6){mu}{sub N}{sup 2} in {sup 132}Xe. The evolution of the one-phonon 2{sub 1,ms}{sup +} states in the even-even stable xenon isotopic chain from the vibrators near N=82 to the {gamma}-soft nuclei toward midshell is discussed.


Foreword, Jean Clottes Preface, John Clegg Overview: Aesthetics and rock art: an introduction, Thomas Heyd Section I: Palaeolithic cave painting: a test case for trans-cultural aesthetics, Peter Lamarque Rock art aesthetics: trace on rock, mark of spirit, window on land, Thomas Heyd Aesthetics across time and place: an anthropological perspective on archaeology, Howard Morphy Considerations on the art and aesthetics of rock art, Reinaldo Morales San Art: aesthetically speaking, William Domeris Section II: The archaeology, anthropology and aesthetics of understanding parietal rock images at La Greze, Cosquer and Wangewangen, Michael Eastham Integration in Franco-Cantabrian parietal art: a case study of Font-de-Gaume Cave, France, Masaru Ogawa Perception and ways of drawing: why animals are easier to draw than people, J.B. Deregowski 'We make lines, follow this direction, then I look and go the other way': excerpts from an ethnography of the aesthetic imagination of the Pitjantjatjara, Ute Eickelkamp Aesthetics, changing states of consciousness, and rock art, John Clegg Evolutions of Lascaux, Rowan Wilken Section III: Illuminations and reflections: looking at Scandinavian rock carvings, John Coles The visual as a site of meaning: San parietal painting and the experience of modern art, Pippa Skotnes Divine stalagmites: modified speleothems in Maya caves and aesthetic variation in classic Maya art, Andrea Stone The aesthetic value of textual images: Pallava script and petroglyphic images on semi-portable stones from Bandung Museum, Indonesia (Western Java), George Nash Seeing is deceiving: rock art and the non-visual, Sven Ouzman Index.


During the past three years a few biochemical investigations 'on halothane-susceptible pigs have been reported, together with one or two studies on human patients. Woolf et al. (1970) found that reacting pigs showed a relatively greater rise in plasma creatine kinase after halothane. Berman et al. (1971) found that malignant hyperpyrexia in the pig was associated with lactacidosis and a sharp fall in muscle glycogen, although muscle phosphorylase remained in the b form. Fructose diphosphate increased, creatine phosphate fell; ATP rose slightly, then fell; ADP remained unchanged whilst AMP and IMP both increased. Serum calcium increased. Williams et al. (1971) confirmed the metabolic acidosis and changes in muscle ATP and plasma calcium, and reported also increases in plasma magnesium, phosphate, potassium and Pco2. These workers also reported that sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments from either normal or hyperpyrexic pigs accumulated similar amounts of calcium but that the calcium accumulation was affected differently by physiologically significant levels of halothane; they also found an abnormal effect of halothane on oxidation of succinate by liver mitochondria from affected animals. Previously, Harrison et al. (1969) had found that excised muscle from susceptible pigs showed a more rapid fall in ATP concentration and a greater acceleration of this fall in response to halothane. A human patient reacting to halothane was shown (Denborough et al. 1970) to develop extremely high levels of plasma creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and ornithine carbamyl transferase, indicating damage to both muscle and liver. There were gross elevations in phosphate and potassium and a fall in calcium. In two susceptible patients studied by Kalow et al. (1970), halothane impaired the calcium-accumulating ability of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum, but mitochondria from patients' muscles reacted normally to halothane. A limited number of studies on susceptible pigs by ourselves showed no clear-cut differences in response ofmitochondria or total muscle ATP-ase to halothane; calcium transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum was not affected by 2% halothane. No effect of halothane upon calcium accumulation by sarcoplasmic reticulum or respiration of mitochondria from two members (both with elevated serum creatine kinase) of families with susceptibility to malignant hyperpyrexia was detected. This may indicate the existence of more than one distinct condition involving halothane susceptibility, as suggested by others. Considering the possible relationships between the reported events accompanying the condition, it seems likely that both the runaway glycolysis and muscle rigor are consequences of the fall in ATP level and rise in AMP. The changes in the levels of the adenine nucleotides stimulate glycolysis by increasing the activity of phosphofructokinase by allosteric action. Actin and myosin are known to bind firmnly if the ATP concentration is very low, as occurs in rigor mortis. Possibly in human cases where rigor does not occur the ATP does not reach such low levels. The fall in ATP may result from a stimulation of actomyosin ATP-ase; possibly, at least in some cases, this is a result of an abnormal type of stimulation resulting from persisting net release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum induced by halothane. The excessive glycolysis and hydrolysis of ATP would contribute to4the heat production. Not all the reported obseraiions fit this picture, however; for example, it does not explain the initial rise in ATP level. Moreover, since calcium is known to activate phosphorylase kinase which, in turn, converts phosphorylase b into a, itis difficult to understand why the proportion of muscle phosphorylase in the b form does not change. It is tempting tb suppose that an uncoupling of oxidation and phaphorylation in mitochondria may also be involved in the action of halothane (and may indeed be the major source of the heat), by analogy with the pyrogenic effect of known uncoupling agents such as 2,4-dinitrophenol. Studies with normal rat liver mitochondria (Miller & Hunter 1970) have shown slight uncoupling at clinical halothane concentrations, although the most marked action was upon electron transport in the region of NADH dehydrogenase. It is conceivable, however, that at the lower intracellular pH induced by excessive glycolysis, mitochondria may become more susceptible to the uncoupling action of the anmsthetic. It is further possible that uncoupling may be due to the effect of high levels of calcium, released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These effects would not be evident in in vitro studies on mitochondria carried out in the usual manner. The reported steejx.eIevation of plasma creatine kinase and changes in potassium, &c., suggest the further possibility-.C 4Airect action of halothane


In order to simplify neural network model for the prediction of ET0,principal component analysis and partial correlation analysis are applied to the weather data,including the maximum,minimum and average daily temperature,sunshine,relative humidity and wind velocity.And a three-layer BP(back-propagation)neural network model is constructed based on the principal components and principal factors,respectively.The training and prediction results are compared.Based on daily meteorological dates of May from 2003 to 2006 in LeDu Station in Huang river basin,the two models were trained and predicted with Matlab neural network toolbox.The results show that the principal-component-based BP network model is superior to the principal-factor-based BP network model in the training and prediction of ET0.The main reason is the different factors of input layer in two models.


Total field emission current in function of applied voltage, known as (I-V) characteristics, from planar cathodes were currently measured with a scanning anode field emission microscope (SAFEM). As the field distribution created by the probe over the flat cathode surface is not uniform and depends on the exact distance d between the probe and the surface, the measured I-V characteristics are not directly interpretable. We present a methodology to transform the I(V) measurements into the corresponding current density J in function of actual field F for field emission, the (J-F) characteristics that must be used for any quantitative interpretations.


This work defines the importance of the entrepreneurial infrastructure in the development of the entrepreneurship and economy in the Croatian Republic. In order to concisely define this issue, two Croatian counties, the County of Istria and the County of Varazdin, were selected. The business incubators and the enterprise zones were studied in both counties, as well as technology parks. This work also makes a comparison of entrepreneurial infrastructure in the County of Istria and Varazdin.
 In both selected counties total competitiveness was compared, as well as specific selected statistic and perceptive indicators, such as business infrastructure, developement of entrepreneurship, technology and inovations and indicator of clasters.
 The conclusion of this work is that entrepreneurial infrastructure affects the modern economy and entrepreneurship. It especially enables the development of small and medium sized businesses which are carriers of economic development through greater flexibility and customization of open-market trends. Entrepreneurial infrastructure increases the number of businesses, improves their business results, increases the competitivness of business and also increases employment. This is a positive influence of entrepreneurial infrastructure on the entrepreneurship which is the base for development at the local and national level.
 Development of business infrastructure, as a result of cooperation between local, county and state authorities, would contribute to balanced development of the Croatian Republic.
 The entrepreneurial infrastructure positively affects the economic profile of Croatia and also by increasing competitivness, efficiency, employment, restructuring economy orienting it to ICT, solves the key development issue of the Croatian economy. Finally, all this positive results of entrepreneurial infrastructure will be reflected in better standard of living of Croatian citizens.


One objective of the aerial radiometric surveys flown as part of the US Department of Energy's National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) program was to ascertain the regional distribution of near-surface radioelement abundances. Some method for identifying groups of observations with similar radioelement values was therefore required. It is shown in this report that cluster analysis can identify such groups even when no a priori knowledge of the geology of an area exists. A method of convergent k-means cluster analysis coupled with a hierarchical cluster analysis is used to classify 6991 observations (three radiometric variables at each observation location) from the Precambrian rocks of the Copper Mountain, Wyoming, area. Another method, one that combines a principal components analysis with a convergent k-means analysis, is applied to the same data. These two methods are compared with a convergent k-means analysis that utilizes available geologic knowledge. All three methods identify four clusters. Three of the clusters represent background values for the Precambrian rocks of the area, and one represents outliers (anomalously high /sup 214/Bi). A segmentation of the data corresponding to geologic reality as discovered by other methods has been achieved based solely on analysis of aerial radiometric data. The techniques employed aremore » composites of classical clustering methods designed to handle the special problems presented by large data sets. 20 figures, 7 tables.« less


Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of aortic saddle embolism.Methods Clinical data of 12 cases were reviewed and analyzed.Two of 12 cases were subjected expectant treatment and 10 cases to the operation of retrograde transfemoral Fogarty catheter thrombolectomy.Operation was terminated in one of 10 cases due to exacerbation.Results Of the 12 patients,4 died and the other 8 survived with 2 of them suffered from osteofascial compartment syndrome or acute renal failure and 1 amputated. During a 0.5~7 year follow-up,2 died of heart disease and 2 had recurrent acute artery embolism of lower limbs.Conclusion Early diagnosis and surgery of aortic saddle embolism to reperfuse the extremities as soon as possible played vital roles in increasing the therapeutic effects and decreasing the mortality and the disability rate,as well as the treatment of the primary disease and complications.


We present a phenomenological model for the remanent magnetization at low temperatures in the quasi-one-dimensional dilute antiferromagnets (CH 3 NH 3 )Mn 1 - x Cd x Cl 3 .2H 2 O and (CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 Mn 1 - x Cd x Cl 3 .2H 2 O. The model assumes the existence of uncompensated magnetic moments induced in the odd-sized segments generated along the Mn 2 + chains upon dilution. These moments are further assumed to correlate ferromagnetically after removal of a cooling field. Using a (mean-field) linear-chain approximation and a reasonable set of model parameters, we are able to reproduce the approximate linear temperature dependence observed for the remanent magnetization in the real compounds.


Accountability is one element in the realization of an election with integrity. The accountability aspect is one of the ways to legitimize election organizers and prevent potential fraud in the election budget, so internal and external monitoring is needed. The application of the Government Internal Control System (SPIP) is a form of internal control that is closely related to the quality of financial administration of a government agency. PP Number 60 of 2008 which regulates the application of SPIP in Indonesia adopts the COSO internal control theory which states that internal control consists of 5 elements, namely the control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. By using a qualitative method through a case study approach, this study intends to analyze the implementation of the Government's Internal Control System at the KPU Jambi Province. From the results of the study, it was concluded that the implementation of SPIP at KPU Jambi Province was sufficient, especially in the elements of information and communication. Meanwhile, other elements of SPIP, namely the control environment, risk assessment, control activities, and monitoring still have weaknesses.


essay by Maria Mayr explores the German-language literature about the former Yugoslavia, followed by two pieces devoted to particular novels: Oliver Bottini's Der kalte Traum (Angelika Weibil) and Peter Handke's Die morawische Nacht (Jakob Christoph Heller). The final essay is a historical reading of Christian Kracht's Ich werde hier sein im Sonnenschein und im Schatten by Julia Schöll which suggests that Kracht, who mocked German national myths in Imperium, was here debunking a key Swiss national myth – General Guisan's Réduit strategy – as a fictitious construct. As a whole the book has no central message, except perhaps that the study of the culture of contemporary German-speaking Europe remains as lively as ever. The endlessly fascinating evolution of modern Germany and its culture perennially attracts talented young scholars. To have demonstrated that yet again is not the least of the achievements of this informative and enjoyable volume.


A role of mobile defects in processes responsible for II—VI compound semiconductor characteristic instability is under consideration. These defects have been shown to be responsible for electron-enhanced reactions in these materials, in particular, shallow donor creation in CdS crystals. Accumulation of mobile defects near dislocations results in some specific effects: anisotropy of conductivity induced by electric field and distortion of edge emission spectrum shape. These effects side by side with electron-enhanced defect reactions have been found to influence considerably semiconductor device characteristics.


This paper investigates stability of the dynamic process of gear shift in the vehicle transmission with the input shapers (IS) taking in consideration uncertainty of the natural frequency of the mechanical system. The proposed control algorithm increases the stability of the researched system with variation of its elastic and inertial parameters. The control law with guaranteed asymptotic stability is obtained for full load of the vehicle when the all-wheel drive is turned on. The monitoring of the state and performance of the required parameters for the regulation of input shapers are tested by means of numerical simulation. Analyzing the results it is established that the best stability is reached by the adaptive setting of the input shapers in accordance with controlled value of the natural frequency of the lowest single-node mode.


During normal operation of the Oregon State University TRIGA reactor (OSTR), argon-41 is produced and released to the atmosphere as a gaseous effluent through the reactor building exhaust stack. The reactor facility's stack gas monitor (SGM) continuously samples the effluent in the exhaust stack and simultaneously measures the concentration of argon-41 being released. This study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of the stack gas monitor, using techniques which were independent of the monitoring system itself. The results indicated that the argon-41 concentrations displayed by the stack gas monitor were approximately 50% of those predicted by analysis of individual samples from the exhaust system.


BACKGROUND
Visceral pleural invasion (VPI) had been demonstrated as an aggressive sign in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). However, its incidence and clinical relevance in early lung cancer showing ground glass nodules (GGNs) has not been clarified.

METHODS
All consecutive surgically treated patients with solitary GGNs between 2009 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were defined as lesions ≤3 cm with pleura abutting on computed tomography (CT) scan and pathologically confirmed NSCLC.

RESULTS
Out of 156 enrolled patients, 38 had pathologically confirmed VPI. The incidence of VPI was 41.5% (27/65) if the tumor diameter was larger than 2.0 cm and 14.3% (13/91) if diameter was smaller than 2.0 cm (P<0.001). Further, the incidence was 17.4% (12/69) in pure GGNs and 32.2% (28/87) in part-solid GGNs (P=0.040). The tumor size and the nodule nodule-pleural relationship were significant predictors of positive VPI. In cases with pleural indentation, attachment, and closeness, the incidence was 38.1%, 25.5%, and 5.3%, respectively (P=0.001). All cases were PL0 and PL1, with no PL2 cases observed.

CONCLUSIONS
Although VPI was visible in both pure/mix GGNs, it was more common in larger (>2 cm) GGNs. The radiographic findings of nodule abutment or a pleural tag did not reliably predict or exclude VPI. In patients with GGNs, a low rate of PL2 invasion may be observed.


In this paper, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of solutions to neutral uncertain delay dierential equations (NUDDEs) at phase space Cq([ q,0];R) which denotes the family of bounded continuous Rvalue functions ' defined on [ q,0] with k'k = sup q 0 |'( )| under locally Lipschitz condition. We also give the continuous dependence of solutions on the initial value.


It has long been known that certain types of buried structures interacting with the surrounding soil medium are very efficient in resisting loads. During full scale weapons tests, it has been shown that buried arches are very efficient structural types to resist moderate and high overpressures. For such structures it is first necessary to design the structure to resist dead loads using current allowable design stresses. The structure is then designed to resist the dynamic blast loads. Equations were developed for determining the reactions resulting from dead loads, i.e., earth cover, concrete, and temperature changes, at any section for a two-hinged buried, semicircular arch of uniform cross section. These equations were plotted and presented as figures. The equivalent surcharge loading method for designing against blast loads is presented. Two general solutions, i.e., the threshold method and upper bound method, are presented for the case where a structure is located above and below the ground water table respectively. Example calculations are included. Calculations to determine the overpressures that should cause failure to various sizes of arch structures were made and summarized in the form of convenient graphs. One graph relates arch thickness with span to overpressure for structures located above and the other pertains to structures located below the ground water table.


'DOCUMEIT RESUME, ' IR' 005888 Salomon, avripl . . . THeHLanguages6 of Media and the Cultivation of Mental Skills.' . mar 78 4,5p..;,Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of.tbe American,Educational Research AssoCiation,(Toronto, Canda, ,March 1978) 4 AF-$O.,83 'HC -$2.06 PIUS Pbstage. ,Art; *Cognitive Ptocestes; *Cognitive Style; *LearningModalities; *Learning Processes; *Media Research; *Mediation Theoty; Modeling (PsYchological); Psycholinguistics; Symbolic. Language . The class of media characteristics, which is generic, to them and which may'be of potentially great relevaice to learning, is the way in which media select, highlight, st,Aucturh, and present inforpation, i.e., thelr glanguAlls" or symbol{sstemi. How, if at 'all, "mad why do symbol systems,, in general, differentially relate to cognition and reaming? First, they address themselves to different. aspects of the content conveyed through then. Second, they are pracessed,by Offerent cognitive systems or apgarati; hence, given, a particular leirnet and a particular 'task, some,z-egiire sore mental, 'effoit to process than others. Third, symbol systems vary astoo the mental skills they requite. Finally, media's symbol system's, ihich are internalizable and' used as tools of thought,-pas cultivate mental skills. Three functions are attributed to codes that gualify they as skill-cultivators: activating Skills, short-circuiting skills, and >supplanting skills. If aedia's symbol systems can indeed affect, or .be lade to:affect, the mastery of mental skills; then using aid studying *media as convenient delivery systems miss perhaps their greatest potentials and dangers..JVT)


In this paper, we will present the author's interpretation and embellishment of five lectures on cluster theory given by Kiyoshi Igusa during the Spring semester of 2022 at Brandeis University. They are meant to be used as an introduction to cluster theory from a representation-theoretic point of view.


The utility model relates to an anti-dust, vibration-proof cushion cover of a motor. A cushion cover with high elasticity is sheathed on a bearing seat near the centers of a front end and a back end of an outer shell of the motor. A through hole of the rotary shaft is arranged on one end surface of one side of the cushion cover. A concave chamber which just can be sheathed in a bearing is arranged on the end surface of the other side. A bearing sleeve which supports the rotary shaft of the motor is arranged in the middle of a concave chamber. Therefore, the buffering is generated between the bearing and the bearing seat. The noise caused by the rotation of the rotary shaft to generate can be sufficient absorbed, and the dust on the outer part is efficiently isolated to invade in a bearing rolling ball slot or the inner part of the motor, because the end surface of the cushion cover covers the bearing properly.


Distributed database is the product by the combining of the computer technology.It is a new field of database technology.In recent ten years,the distributed database technology and database technology has made great progress in commercial, bank,air and realway.But it is the first time to lead this technology into the college teaching manage.


Current development of the treatment mechanism including the physical hold up,biological oxidation and aeration,as well as the headloss development and backwashing control were summarized in connection with the principal disadvantage of treatment mechanism and operation control in the research of biological aerated filter(BAF).In order to set up a hybrid biological-physical filtration equation to elucidate the treatment mechanism of BAF,further research on the influence of physical hold up,biological oxidation and aeration on the headloss development should be carried out in detail.And that will optimize the technical design and backwashing process which will finally improve the treatment efficiency and operational stability.


The downstream plain of the Yellow River is experiencing some of the most severe groundwater depletion in China. Although the Chinese government has issued policies to ensure that the Yellow River can provide enough irrigation waters for this region, groundwater levels continue to decrease. Yucheng City was selected as a case study. A new method was designed to classify the cropland into various irrigated cropland. Subsequently, we analyzed data regarding these irrigated-cropland categories, irrigation norms, and the minimum amount of irrigation water being applied to cropland. The results showed that 91.5% of farmland can be classified as double irrigated (by both canal/river and well water), while 8.5% of farmland can be classified as well irrigated. During the irrigation season, the sediments brought in by the river have blocked portions of the canals. This has led to 23% of the double-irrigated cropland being irrigated by groundwater, and it is thus a main factor causing reductions in groundwater supply. These blocked canals should be dredged by local governments to mitigate local groundwater depletion. The method for classifying irrigated cropland from high-resolution images is valid and it can be used in other irrigated areas with a declining groundwater table for the sustainable use of groundwater resources.


material is abundantly available in the child welfare clinics of the local authorities, and especially those attached to teaching maternity hospitals. What is needed is that all paediatric departments in medical schools should include infant and child welfare clinics as a part of their work in treatment, teaching, and study; that separate courses of instruction in child health should be given both to medical students and to pupil health visitors and midwives; and that this instruction should in the first place be mainly directed to the problems of infant health and should include the critical period of the first month. In the U.S.A. paediatrics has long enjoyed the status of a major subject in the medical curricula. There has been a great fall in infant mortality in the leading American cities in the last 20 years, and it is reasonable to claim that this fall has been influenced by the high standard of paediatric teaching in the American medical schools. In most British medical schools paediatrics is still ranked as a " special " or minor subject. Until this great subject is given its right place in British medical education we cannot expect much improvement in its practice. Practice The general practitioner, the hospital practitioner or paediatrician, and the medical officers of the infant welfare and school medical services are at the disposal of ntothers for the care and well-being of infants and children. The family doctor handles the problem at its centre, in the home, where the issue of health or disease is decided. He is well placed to make the greatest contribution to infant health, but complains that he is being ousted from it. The paediatrician is fully engaged in the problems of disease in children's hospitals -although a few paediatricians, attached to the welfare clinics of maternity hospitals, are beginning to take part in the health side of the problem. The medical officers of the child welfare clinics are busily engaged there, but form a semi-detached service. They see too little of the health problem in the home and are debarred from the intensive clinical study of the child in hospital. These three services have but slight contact with each other; their liaison is weak, and there is a good deal of recrimination between them. Indeed, each of them is open to attack: for the child welfare doctors and the family doctors have not received a proper training in child health; and the hospital doctors, expert in the problems of disease, have little experience either of home conditions or of the work of child welfare clinics. It is agreed that this is a most unsatisfactory position; and a good deal of purposeful discussion is going on at the present time to improve it. In the draft interim report of the Medical Planning Commission (1942) plans are outlined to give general practitioners an increasing share in the work of welfare clinics. The British Paediatric Association has also recently brought together in conference paediatricians, general practitioners, child welfare medical officers, and medical officers of health to exchange views and to plan a co-ordinated health service for children. There are great difficulties tb be overcome; and before a reorganized child health service can be brought into being there must be full and free discussion of its structure and conditions between all those who will operate it. What is needed is a service in which there will be two kinds of medical personnel-the family doctors carrying out the routine work in the home and the clinic, and the hospital physician advising and directing; while the, health visitors will be at the disposal and under the supervision of both. This service cannot work without control; it must have administrative machinery, and must be "under authority." The general solution of this difficult problem of the controlling authority may be found in some local experiment of a co-ordinated child health service-some happy area where there are already friendly relations between the child welfare service, the family doctors, the children's hospitals, and the medical school.


ABSTRACT This paper reports on a Canadian MBA program which features students assisting small business owners considering expansion into Mexico. The program includes country and market analyses for the company as well as an actual site visit by the student to the Mexican market. The experience is evaluated from the prospective of the student, the business owner, and the academic administrators. Data collection methods include both mail-out survey and focus group formats.


Objective:  Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Allergic inflammation is characterized by accumulation of various cells, particularly mast cells, eosinophils, T lymphocytes and platelets. We investigated whether changes in mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT) and p-selectin levels of children with asthma during and at least 1 month after the attack can be used as a marker. Material and Methods:  The study was performed in 40 children who suffered asthma attacks. Blood samples were taken for MPV, PDW, PCT, p-selectin, eosinophil and platelet values during and at least 1 month after the attack. Results:  Mean platelet volume, PCT, and p-selectin levels were significantly lower at the time of the attack when compared to those at least 1 month after the attack. Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that MPV and PCT, common parameters in routine practice, can be used to determine an asthma attack.


Background: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been utilized to reduce blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, but few studies are available in terms of mortality data and other cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: This study systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for studies investigating the effects of CPAP on OSA patients. Basic characteristics and outcomes were extracted. A random effects model was used to pool the overall size. Q and I2 statistics were employed to quantify between-group heterogeneity. Egger's and Begg's tests were employed to identify small-study effects. Results: Of 590 primary records, 9 randomized controlled trials, including 5,923 patients, were finally included in the meta-analysis. CPAP was not associated with all-cause mortality (relative risk [95% confidence interval]: 0.92 [0.65-1.30], I2 = 0.0%) or cardiovascular mortality (0.70 [0.27-1.80], I2 = 36.3%) in OSA population. Incidence of myocardial infarction (0.95 [0.53-1.70], I2 = 25.8%) or strokes (0.91 [0.68-1.24], I2 = 0.0%) was not significantly different between the CPAP group and non-CPAP group. Neither Egger's nor Begg's tests indicated any small-study effects. Conclusion: CPAP was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, or occurrence of myocardial infarction and strokes in the OSA population.


In this paper, we address the challenging task of pedestrian detection. The topic keyword Real-World should be noted as a synonym for a realistic detection environment (e.g. real-time, robustness, occlusions). We present some basic approaches for urban human detection and refine them to a suitable solution. We then discuss problems of detectors with common scene conditions and introduce an detector which can handle crowded scenes and infered occlusion situations. We discuss the results and give informations about other possibilities to solve this task.


While governments are ramping up their efforts to slow down the spread of COVID-19, contact tracing apps are being developed to record interactions and warn users if one of their contacts is later diagnosed positive. These apps could help avoid long-term confinement, but also record fine-grained location or close-proximity data. In this blog post, we propose 8 questions one should ask to understand how protective of privacy an app is.


Background: The basics of prehospital care of fracture is essential to the practice of medicine. Objectives: The study was intended to increases the knowledge in the applied aspects of basic prehospital care of fracture and evaluate the posttraining effectiveness of medical students. Materials and Methods: The World Health Organization (WHO) promoted "Injury Prevention and Control--A Handbook for Undergraduate Medical Curriculum" that was used to develop two teaching-learning modules. With the help of "Learning Resources Evaluation Guidelines," resource contents were designed and arranged to develop a teaching-learning module for two groups of third semester Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) students that was focused, compact, and completed within the stipulated time frame. The structured questions were used for evaluation of the cognitive domain while evaluation of the psychomotor and affective domains was done by "do it yourself" simulation exercises on mannequins. Results: For basic knowledge, the differences between pretest and posttest in both groups were statistically significant: the correlation between pretest and posttest was not significant in group 1 but was significant in group 2. For skill, the differences between pretest and posttest in both groups were statistically significant; the correlation between pretest and posttest was not significant in group 1, whereas it was significant in group 2. The second group learnt more at all levels. Conclusions: The study findings evidently pointed out that for optimum learning of all domains in order to bring about a change in the desired direction, there is need for training with a well-structured program to understand practical procedures in near-real life exposure.


Moisture management, as one of the key performance criteria in terms of fabric comfort, specifically on cotton fabrics intended for use in a hospital environment, was investigated in this paper. For this purpose, commercial cotton fabrics for surgical gowns and hospital linen were used, as well as standard cotton fabrics treated with various cationic antimicrobial protection agents. The antimicrobial properties were achieved by cationization with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride, or reactive polyammonium compounds Rewin OS; and by treatment with quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), N-cetylpyridinium chloride (N-CPC) and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), which act as surfactants and antiseptics. Standard cotton fabric has excellent hydrophilicity, fast absorption and spreading, large spreading area and good one-way transport. It is characterized as Moisture management fabric. Hospital white linen fabric has a water repellent finish; however, it is breathable and can be characterized as a Water penetration fabric. Hospital green fabric for gowns and instrument covers, due to dyestuff blocking the active groups have smaller absorption, and is characterized as Fast absorbing and quick drying fabric. Cotton fabrics have negative zeta potential. Cationization change surface charge, as well as antimicrobial activity. In MMT both cationized cotton fabrics are characterized as Fast absorbing and quick drying fabric, as they have fast wetting, absorption and spreading, a large spreading area, but poor one-way transport. For the QAC treated fabrics this effect is more enhanced. However, these fabrics have excellent antimicrobial activity even after desorption. Based on the results of wetting and wicking, zeta potential and antimicrobial activity, CPB treatment is proposed for the processing of cotton fabrics.


A comparative study of feeding rates and structures was made with the 2 ciliary filter- feeding polychaetes Ditrupa arietina and Euchone papillosa from the Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions, France) and the Gullmarsfjord (Sweden), respectively. The feeding rate (clearance) was mea- sured as the volume of water cleared of 6 µm diameter flagellate cells (Rhodomonas sp.) per unit time. Most experiments were conducted at algal concentrations equivalent to about 0.4 to 3.8 µg chloro- phyll a l -1 . The clearance rates of 'standard' 1.5 mg dry wt E. papillosa and 'standard' 3.0 mg dry wt D. arietina showed that the maximum weight-specific clearance rate was 114.7 ml h -1 mg -1 for E. papillosa and about 7 times lower, 15.7 ml h -1 mg -1 , for D. arietina. A relative large tentacle crown in E. papillosa, resulting in the higher specific clearance rate, may be the evolutionary result of 'mini- mal scaling' and adaptation to extremely low food concentrations. When the algal concentration was increased from 2000 to 10 000 cells ml -1 a 50% decrease in the clearance rate was observed in D. arietina, presumably because the gut capacity was exceeded. A more pronounced tendency to become satiated was found for E. papillosa. No tendency to reduce the filter-feeding activity at even very low algal concentrations was noticed in the 2 polychaetes, and the filtering activity of both worms seems to be a basically continuous process. Video-microscope observations of E. papillosa showed that suspended algal cells approaching the pinnules suddenly accelerate and move through an arc of over 180° to be delivered on the frontal side of the pinnule. The transfer takes place at a maximum distance (radius) of about 25 µm from the pinnule. Scanning micrographs show the com- pound lateral cilia to be 20 to 25 µm long in both D. arietina and E. papillosa and to consist of 1 row of 4 cilia. The feeding current is generated by these compound cilia, which, during their power stroke, catch up with the particles.


t.d Seventeen students from grades nine, ten and twelve were enrolled in a rural Midwest school participated in the study. The purpose of the study was to investigate the implementation of portfolios to determine its impact on critical thinking skills. The research group collected different samples of their work during a nine week time period. After the collection of material, students selected what material they wanted to include in a portfolio then reflected on the rationale behind each selection. There were improvements in critical thinking skills as measured by the teacher/researcher through the use of portfolio rubrics, entry questionnaires and exit questionnaires.


The peels of rambutan, durian, santol, longan, longong, Kaeo mango, and Chok Anan mango were evaluated for their potential to be used as dietary fiber for food enrichment. All dietary fiber samples prepared from selected fruit peels showed high content of total dietary fiber (52–84 g/100 g dry matter) and also exhibited the significant difference in dietary fiber quality. All dietary fiber samples were safe for consumption, which was ensured by the results of an acute toxicity test. In summary, peels of tropical fruits used in this study had a great potential to be used as low-caloric functional ingredients for dietary fiber enrichment.


Funding information Sandia National Laboratories, Grant/ Award Number: Exploratory Express LDRD project 193072 Abstract Traditional fracture theories infer damage at cracks (local field) by surveying loading conditions away from cracks (far field). This approach has been successful in predicting ductile fracture, but it normally assumes isotropic and homogeneous materials. However, myriads of manufacturing procedures induce heterogeneous microstructural gradients that can affect the accuracy of traditional fracture models. This work presents a microstructure-sensitive finite element approach to explore the shielding effects of grain size and crystallographic orientation gradients on crack tip microplasticity and blunting. A dislocation density-based crystal plasticity model conveys texture evolution, grain size effects, and directional hardening by computing the constraint from dislocation structures. The results demonstrate that the microstructure can act as a buffer between the local and far fields that affects the crack tip microplasticity variability. For nominal opening loading, grain size and texture affect the local ductility and induce a non-negligible multiaxial plastic deformation. Furthermore, driving forces based on measuring displacements away from the crack tip are less affected by the microstructure, which suggests that traditional experimental methods smear out important crack tip variability.


Background: Cyadox is a veterinary drug mainly used as an effective antimicrobial promoter in animal husbandry. It was reported that the other quinoxaline‐1,4‐dioxide compounds had phototoxicity, but only few data are reported on phototoxicity of cyadox. This study was performed to evaluate the phototoxicity of cyadox on skin.


There are significant health disparities between Māori and non‐Māori with asthma, a pattern seen between other ethnic populations. This study investigates outcomes for Māori in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of combination budesonide/formoterol inhaler therapy in asthma.


Electroneurogram (ENG) recording from tripolar cuff electrodes is degraded by interference signals mostly generated from muscles nearby. Interference reduction may be achieved by suitably designed amplifiers such as the true-tripole and quasi-tripole configurations. However, in practice the performance of these amplifiers is degraded by the presence of cuff imbalance. This paper describes an alternative amplifier configuration, termed the adaptive tripole, developed to automatically compensate for cuff imbalance and thus improve the quality of the recorded ENG. The three amplifier configurations are compared in terms of their output signal-to-interference ratio in the presence of cuff imbalance. In-vitro experiments, using a saline bath setup, indicate that the adaptive tripole performs much better and even better when it is integrated.


Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ) is widely expressed in nervous system,which is the main constitutive protein of the postsynaptic density(PSD).Because of its special autophosphorylation mechanism,long-term potentiation(LTP) can be achieved on the surface of postsynaptic membrane,which plays an important role in the synaptic plasticity of central nervous system.Recent studies have shown that CaMKⅡmay also be related to hyperalgesia,which might play a critical role in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders.This article reviewed the structure and mechanism of autophosphorylation of CaMKⅡ,as well as its relationship with visceral hypersensitivity.


In this paper, we analyzed the analytical relationships in the literature to calculate the viscosity coefficient obtained from the Chapman-Enskog kinetic theory using the Lennard-Jones pair interaction potential. In the proposed formulas for calculating the viscosity of individual substances, there are values of the radial distribution function and the hard-sphere diameter. These quantities were obtained using a technique developed previously by the authors based on the perturbation theory used to calculate the thermophysical properties of substances


This is an Open Access article. It is published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Analysis of Missingness in UCR Crime Data Author(s): Michael D. Maltz Document No.: 215343 Date Received: August 2006 Award Number: 2004-IJ-CX-0083 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally-funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.


We study the phonetic information in the signal from an ultrasonic "microphone", a device that emits an ultrasonic wave toward a speaker and receives the reflected, Doppler-shifted signal. This can be used in addition to audio to improve automatic speech recognition. This work is an effort to better understand the ultrasonic signal, and potentially to determine a set of natural sub-word units. We present classification and clustering experiments on CVC and VCV sequences in speaker-dependent and multi-speaker settings. Using a set of ultrasonic spectral features and diagonal Gaussian models, it is possible to distinguish all consonants and most vowels. When clustering the confusion data, the consonant clusters mostly correspond to places and manners of articulation; the vowel data roughly clusters into high, low, and rounded vowels.


Patient: Male, 70 Final Diagnosis: Acute respiratory failure Symptoms: Cough • fever • lethargy Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Critical Care Medicine Objective: Rare co-existance of disease or pathology Background: Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal helminth. Parasitism is caused by penetration of the larvae through the skin. It is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and in the United States occurs in the southeastern region. It has a tendency to remain dormant or progress to a state of hyper-infection during immunosuppression. Case Report: We present the case of a 70-year-old Nigerian who developed fatal ARDS secondary to Strongyloides infection after been treated with steroids for treatment of autoimmune necrotizing myopathy. Despite adequate management with mechanical ventilation and appropriate antifungal therapy, the patient died on day 19 of hospitalization. Conclusions: S. stercoralis is known to affect every organ in the body. ARDS is often an overlooked complication of Strongyloides hyper-infection, which is often deadly. Immediate diagnosis and treatment are important for patient survival.


INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, many machine learning tasks involve learning from imbalanced datasets, leading to the miss-classification of the minority class. One of the state-of-the-art approaches to "solve" this problem at the data level is Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) which in turn uses K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm to select and generate new instances. OBJECTIVES: This paper presents SMOTE-Cov, a modified SMOTE that use Covariance Matrix instead of KNN to balance datasets, with continuous attributes and binary class. METHODS: We implemented two variants SMOTE-CovI, which generates new values within the interval of each attribute and SMOTE-CovO, which allows some values to be outside the interval of the attributes. RESULTS: The results show that our approach has a similar performance as the state-of-the-art approaches. CONCLUSION: In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed to generate synthetic instances of the minority class, using the Covariance Matrix.


Adolescent depression may increase risk for poor mental health outcomes in adulthood. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on the association between adolescent depression and adult anxiety and depressive disorders as well as suicidality.


The missing transverse momentum in the ATLAS experiment is defined as the momentum imbalance in the plane transverse to the beam axis. That is the resultant of the negative sum of all the particles that are detected. A precise estimation of the missing transverse energy is essential for many physics studies at the LHC, such as Higgs boson estimated in the diphoton decay channel, as well as for searches of physics beyond the Standard Model. The reconstruction of missing energy is sensitive to the presence of additional collisions, usually referred to as pile-up. A new method is being proposed to reduce the effect of pileup events in ATLAS experiment. This article describes the performance of missing energy in respect to the improvement of vertex methods in ATLAS experiment.


1. Forests provide an immense range of benefits to people, many of which are not prioritized by forest policy because they are difficult to quantify. Wild foods from forests enhance the quality of diets for those who consume them and pro vide income for those who sell or trade them. The quantity of wild food collected is challenging to measure because of non- standard units, seasonal differences in collection patterns and large numbers of species. 2. To provide initial estimates of collection volume in Zambia and pilot new meth -ods, we surveyed 209 households across 14 villages randomly selected within 5 study areas covering all four agro- ecological areas between 6 August and 27 October, 2019. For each study area, we conducted a focus group to identify the most commonly collected species within each of nine food product types (mush -rooms, insects, green leafy vegetables, tubers, fruits, nuts, wild meat, wild fish, and aquatic plants). 3. All but one surveyed household collected some wild foods; on average, each household collected five types of food product, most commonly mushrooms, fruits and green leafy vegetables. Volume collected varied markedly by house -hold, product type and study area. Rural households in Zambia are estimated to collect over 380 million litres, 380,000 m 3 , of wild


ABSTRACT Limnologists manipulating segments of freshwater ecosystems with enclosures frequently exclude or ignore fish populations. Both courses of action can seriously bias results because a strong negative correlation (r = .77) exists between fish and zooplankton biomass, and failure to account for planktivore effects will jeopardize an accurate interpretation of zooplankton results. These effects are also transmitted to the phytoplankton community. In eutrophic lakes, enclosures containing planktivore bio-masses of less than 20 kg/ha often support populations of large Daphnia, which can have strong negative impacts (r = .81) on phytoplankton biomass. When planktivore biomass is more than 20 kg/ha, large Daphnia cannot survive and zooplanktonic regulation of phytoplankton biomass is not observed. We conclude that even though enclosure experiments may not include the effects of planktivores, the latter cannot be ignored.


This research entitled Attributes of craftsmanship as a potential tourist resource for the practice of cultural tourism in the district of Catacaos, Piura province, Piura department, was oriented to identify, describe and analyze the attributes of crafts Catacaos ( the diversity of the craft, and the techniques used) as potential for the practice of cultural tourism tourist resource.
The first thing to consider is the diversity of crafts district Catacaos guys posing as jewelry, pottery, straw and wood, the great diversity of the types of craftsmanship, materials are identified using a goldsmith's gold and silver, the use of clay pottery and clay, weavers use of straw shawl and used woodworking zapote tree.
Secondly each artisan techniques used to prepare each of their various crafts, which are still passed down from generation to generation, goldsmiths used the technique of filigree gold and silver was considered, potters used the technique the paleteo, for making clay pottery and clay, for works in straw shawl using the technique of hand weaving and woodwork and carving technique is done. Stating that the craft is a potential to be practiced in cultural tourism tourist resource.


A 49-year-old woman with a history of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis diagnosed in 1982 presented with progressive dyspnea on exertion, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and palpitations. A physical examination revealed a heart rate of 74 bpm, blood pressure of 106/65 mm Hg, room air saturation of 87%, mild jugular venous distension, and a III/VI systolic ejection murmur at the left lower sternal border that was accentuated by the Valsalva maneuver. A baseline ECG was obtained (Figure 1), and an echocardiogram revealed severe left ventricular hypertrophy with an interventricular septum …


The brained-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs), which can be applied on visual information processing and speech recognition, is attracting great attention especially when combined with emerging electronic synapse (i.e. memristor). The neuron, transmitting and receiving spiking signals, is a vital component to realize the biological rules of SNNs, such as leaky-integrate-and-fire (LIF), inhibitory period, winner takes all (WTA) and bidirectional transmission. In this work, we propose and implement a novel spiking neuron circuit based on complementarymetal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Experimental results show that the neuron circuit can generate spiking pulses, realize lateral inhibition and change the weight of synapse.


This paper mainly introduce the characteristic, properties and forming mechanism of border traps and their effects on MOS devices performance reported abroad. Two kinds of theoretical models for border traps and their possible microscopic natures are presented. It is shown that the effect are different for fast border traps and slow border traps. Two measuring techniques C-V test and DTBT for border traps are discussed. Finally, border traps annealing effects and their correlation with oxide traps and interface traps are demonstrated.


Marketing ethics 'is the systematic study of how moral standards are applied to marketing decisions, behaviors, and institutions' (Laczniak, 2012: 308). In other words, marketing ethics refers to the moral challenges that marketing practitioners face when they engage in their daily jobs and must determine which decisions or actions are morally right/good or wrong/bad. It thus is a subfield of applied business ethics (Smith and Murphy, 2012). Although the ethical dilemmas that marketers face tend to be diverse, with far more extreme challenges in some industries than in others, in general marketers must find ways to behave ethically even when exposed to the constant pressure to generate more sales and profits in the short run. Should the marketer price alcohol beverages cheaper than bottled water? Should the firm sell health-threatening products such as cigarettes? Should marketers gather information about consumers' habits as they surf the web to improve the targeting of their offers? Cynics might assert that marketing ethics is an oxymoron. Marketing evokes negative ethical perceptions in many cases because the marketing function is the most public face of the business. As the visible part of the iceberg for all stakeholders, it comes under constant societal scrutiny. Rather than dismissing marketing for its visibility though, the field of marketing ethics has led to substantial contributions and insights. The first marketing ethics textbooks appeared in 1993 (i.e. those authored by Laczniak and Murphy and Smith and Quelch, 1993). Yet, significant contributions to the marketing ethics field really started to emerge in the 1950s and 1960s. From this start, the literature on marketing ethics has grown substantially (Laczniak, 2012). In particular, the Hunt–Vitell (H-V) theory of marketing ethics (first published in 1986, as 'a general theory', then revised and reassessed 20 years later; Hunt and Vitell, 2006) laid foundations for the field. This work was ambitious, seeking to provide a general model of ethical decision making, similar to the way in which Howard and Sheth (1969) and Engel et al. (1968) proposed a general theory or model of consumer behaviour. The H-V theory offered a response to Murphy and Laczniak's (1981) expressed concern that marketing ethics lacked systematic research or a global theory of ethics. At the time, nearly all previous theoretical work had been normative, focussed on developing guidelines or rules to help marketers make ethical decisions and behave in an ethical fashion. In contrast, the H-V theory was positive; its purpose was to explain decision-making processes in situations involving ethical issues. Positive marketing ethics entails the systematic (empirical) consideration of morally based evaluations of marketing decisions and practices. The H-V model has attracted various criticisms (such as of the authors' use of normative ethical theory as a starting point for positing a positive theory of marketing ethics), yet it remains highly influential, widely cited and extensively tested in multiple empirical studies. Two of the articles in this Special Issue directly cite and link their work to the H-V model. Furthermore, the increased emphasis on empirical studies in recent decades has led to an expansion of the research stream focussed on positive marketing ethics, with a concomitant decrease in normative marketing ethics studies. Considering this state of affairs, a natural question turns to where and how to publish insights to advance the field of marketing ethics. Doing and publishing research in marketing ethics


The present invention discloses a method of preparing a mixture of spent caustic alkali dechlorination using ammonia soda residue, comprising the step of: step 1, back to first return sand stone crushing, grinding powder back into the sand back; Step 2, back to the return sand powder after immersion in water 0.5 to 14 days Digestion calcium peroxide burning, then returned back to sand after digestion Alkali powder, mixed with water, by mass% material, the sand back to the digestion and caustic sludge dry powder mass returning ratio of 2: 8 to 5: 5, the total mass of the water returning after digestion of sand returning from 1.5 to 8 times the mass of the total dry powder and soda residue; or, will return back to the sand powder, mixing water, caustic sludge after soaking 0.5 Digestion to 14 days burning calcium peroxide; step 3, was press treatment, to obtain the chloride ion content less than 0.30% by mass of the total solid mixture of alkaline residue chlorine mixture. The present invention also discloses the use of a mixture of the chlorine caustic sludge. Dechlorination good effect of the present invention, the process is simple, energy saving.


We studied the application of the LSI(latent semantic index) for FAQ construction in Chinese automatic question and answer system,and emphatically introduces computing technology in sentence similarity and experiment methods of using latent semantic index for FAQ repetition.The result showed the LSI was better than the TF×IDF.


Pd coated wire is increasely being used as a substitute for bare Cu wire. Being a noble metal, Pd coated wire has high resistance to oxidation enabling longer shelf life. Its chemical properties also exhibit better second bond-ability on micro PPF lead frame enabling simple bond process translating to high throughput and yield. It has higher stiffness which is able to minimize the wire sweep especially for LQFP, as well as thermo-mechnical robustness. However, there are a few challenges to be overcomed before the bonding process can be released. Basically, Pd will diffuse non-uniformly into FAB after EFO sparking. The formation of Pd-Cu alloys will increase FAB hardness resulting in higher risk of oxide crack issue. Technically, due to its physical properties, Pd coated wire will produce higher bonding impact on the bond pad in order to achieve stable and reliable 1 st bond process. Conversely, this approach is not feasible for XoAA material. A new 1 st bonding process has to be developed that can produce a stable bond yet able to meet all buy off requirements. This paper will show the study of Pd coated wire interaction with pad metallization of NiP/Pd/ Au on XoAA material. In the 1 st bond process technology development, the effect of capillary on pad structure are examined. The traditional capillary design appears to be detrimental to XoAA material. A special capillary design was introduced that incorporated a different bond mechanism with the consideration of wire properties and pad structure. An extensive Design of Experiment (DOE) is carried out to define a robust process window. New analysis method by using optical profiling was also introduced for quick and reliable assessment for pad deformation. Bond interface was also validated. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) with EDX line scan analysis showed the presence of Cu-Pd at the bond interface. This study also established two criterias to control oxide crack issue. This process technology is proven and able to meet automotive requirement. In short, the requirements to achieve stable bondability and reliability has been developed in this study.


Summary The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter clinical trial was to investigate the efficacy and safety of PRO 160/120 (Prostagutt® forte), a fixed combination preparation of 160 mg Sabal fruit extract WS® 1473 and 120 mg Urtica root extract WS® 1031 per capsule, in comparison to the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist tamsulosin (CAS 106463-17-6) in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). 140 elderly out-patients suffering from LUTS caused by BPH, with an initial score ≥ 13 points in the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS), received 2 × 1 capsule/d PRO 160/120 or 1 × 0.4 mg/d tamsulosin and were treated for 60 weeks with interim visits at weeks 8, 16, 24, 36, and 48. The primary outcome measure for efficacy was the change in I-PSS total score, the percentage of patients with an I-PSS score ≤ 7 points at endpoint ('re-sponders') was analyzed as well. During 60 weeks of randomized treatment the I-PSS total score was reduced by a median of 9 points in both groups. In total, 32.4 % of the patients in the PRO 160/120 group and 27.9 % in the tamsulosin group were responders (test for non-inferiority of PRO 160/120: p = 0.034; non-inferiority margin 10 %). Both drugs were well tolerated, with one adverse event in 1514 treatment days for PRO 160/120 and one event in 1164 days for tamsulosin. The study supports non-inferiority of PRO 160/120 in comparison to tamsulosin in the treatment of LUTS caused by BPH.


Sports study the mental state obstacle is not born, but educate the disadvantageous factor long-term within environment to suggest, the inducement抯 result. Pass to analysis result in university student athletics study mental state obstacle factor, and bring upped the countermeasure that overcome from 6 aspects.


This study aims to: 1) develop the learning devices based on RME that meet the valid, practically, and effective criteria; 2) improvement of critical thinking ability of senior high school students by using learning devices based on RME developed. The type of this research is a development research. The development model used is Four-D Model which consists of 4 stages: define, design, develop, and disseminate. The results of the study show that: 1) the learning devices based on RME developed meet the valid criteria, both in the content validity and construct validity; 2) the learning devices based on RME developed meet the practical criteria, practically in terms of: a) validator assessment about ease of use of learning device, and b) implementation of learning devices. 3) the learning devices based on RME developed meet the effective criteria, effectiveness in terms of: a) students' learning mastery in a classical way; b) achievement of learning objectives; c) learning time; and d) students' positive responses; 3) An increased in students' critical thinking ability by using learning devices based on RME. Keywords : Development, Learning Devices, Realistic Mathematics Education, Critical Thinking


Unpredictable behavior is central to optimal play in many strategic situations because predictable patterns leave players vulnerable to exploitation. A theory of unpredictable behavior based on dierential complexity constraints is presented in the context of repeated two-person zero-sum games. Each player's complexity constraint is represented by an endowed oracle and a strategy is feasible i it can be implemented with an oracle machine using that oracle. When one player's oracle is more complicated than the other player's, no equilibrium exists without one player fully exploiting the other. If each player has an incompressible sequence (relative to the opponent's oracle) according to the Kolmogorov complexity, an equilibrium exists in which equilibrium payos are equal to those of the stage game and all equilibrium strategies are unpredictable. A full characterization of history-independent equilibrium strategies is also obtained.


An initial consideration in development of a fertilizer program for bearing lychee trees is the amount of fertilizer nutrients contained in the harvested crop. Leaf analysis data from wellproducing trees can also provide useful information on the leaf nutrient content of productive trees. Samples of mature 'Kaimana' fruits were collected from 5 different orchards in East Hawai ́i from 2004 and 2006. Trees were between 8 and 14 years old. Leaves were initially sampled from 5 year-old 'Kaimana' trees beginning in 2001 and re-sampled during the 2002, 2003, and 2006 flowering seasons from an orchard in Panaewa, Hawai ́i, which had consistent production. Leaf samples were dried and analyzed for mineral nutrient content by the UH Agricultural Diagnostic Service Center. Mature fruits were harvested, weighed, dried to constant weight, and analyzed for mineral nutrient concentrations. This report provides results from nutrient analyses of mature fruits and lychee leaves sampled at the onset of flowering. Leaf nutrient concentrations ranged from 1.59-1.87% N, 0.21-0.28% P, 0.76-0.96% K, 0.57-0.60% Ca, and 0.31-0.33% Mg. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg based on the dry weight of mature fruits were 0.79%, 0.14%, 1.01%, 0.15% and 0.17%, respectively. Nutrient concentrations in the fruits expressed on a fresh weight basis showed that the relative order of nutrient concentration in mature 'Kaimana' fruit was K > N > Mg > Ca ≥ P. Based on the fresh weight of whole fruits, about 0.22 lb K (0.27 lb K2O), 0.17 lb N, 0.04 lb Mg, 0.03 lb Ca, and 0.03 lb P (0.05 lb P2O5) were contained in 100 pounds of harvested fruits. Introduction 'Kaimana', a selection of the 'Haak Ip' cultivar, is a popular early-bearing lychee cultivar grown in Hawai ́i. This cultivar produces large, heart-shaped fruits with a reasonable percentage of "chicken-tongue" seeds and has a low-chill requirement for flower initiation (Zee et al., 1999). For this reason 'Kaimana' is considered a good-bearer compared to other cultivars grown in Hawai ́i. Bearing characteristics are dependent on tree age and weather conditions; however mineral nutrition can also play a critical role in productivity as well as tree vigor and overall health (Menzel and Simpson, 1986; Menzel et al., 1994). Some initial steps to understanding nutrient requirements for 'Kaimana' trees are to determine a range of adequate mineral nutrient concentration in leaves and to determine the amount of mineral nutrients that are depleted from the soil due to the removal of mature fruits at harvest. In Australia, leaf nutrient analysis studies have been conducted on leaf samples taken during the period from vegetative flush maturation in autumn to early panicle development when leaf nutrient concentrations are most stable (Menzel and Simpson, 1987; Menzel et al., 1988a; Menzel et al., 1992a)


Inositol phospholipids hydrolysis is coupled to receptor activation involved in the elevation of intracellular Ca2+and protein kinase C. Recently, this signal transduction system has been paid attention, since this system mediates not only hormonal effects but also cell growth. cell transformation and differentiaton.In this signal transduction system, guanine nucleotide binding protein.makes important roles in the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids through lowering Ca2+ for phospholipase C activation. The hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphoshpate to inositol 1.4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DG) produces two important second messengers. IP3 can release Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ store and DG can activate protein kinase C. Therefore, this signal transduction system activates two kinases, Ca2+/calmodulin kinase and protein kinase C, which leads to various cellular responses.


1. Ligia is a nocturnal animal inhabiting crevices in rocks above high-tide level. It is omnivorous though Fucus spp. form the main article of diet. 2. Immersion experiments were carried out in which the animals were subjected to a gradual transition from salt to fresh water. None survived this treatment for more than one month. It was noticed that the reduction in salinity was accompanied by an increase in the rate of beat of the pleopods. 3. Animals were subjected to sudden and gradual changes in temperature. One specimen survived a change from water at 15° C. to water at 30° C. for 28 minutes, but was dead after 78 minutes; a second, changed from water at 15° C. to water at 35° C, was to all appearances dead after 8 minutes, but recovered after being replaced in water at the original temperature.


OF THE DISSERTATION Page 19 1.0 INTRODUCTION Page 22 1.1 Lipids in Natural Systems Page 25 1.2 Mimicking protein binding sites Page 29 1.3 Lipid fibers for antibody immobilization Page 33 2.0 UNDERSTANDING THE IMMOBILIZATION MECHANISM OF CHOLESTEROL-BASED FIBERS Page 35 2.1 Materials and Methods Page 36 2.1.1 Fiber Fabrication Page 36 2.1.2 Fiber Characterization Page 37 2.1.3 Dissociation Kinetics Page 37 2.1.4 Antibody Dissociation Page 38 2.1.5 Anti-CD20 Immobilization and Granta-22 B-cell Lymphoma Cell Capture Page 38 2.1.6 Statistical Analysis Page 39 2.2 Results and Discussion Page 39 2.2.1 Fiber Surface Morphology and Hydrophobicity Page 39 2.2.2 BSA Immobilization and Dissociation Page 43