A method for automated control of a steam turbine prewarming procedure employs fuzzy logic to generate a control signal for a turbine regulatory function, such as steam supply. The method includes the steps of deter mining a plurality of turbine condition parameter sig mals; generating a plurality of regulatory control direc tions; generating a weighting factor to be assigned to each of said regulatory control directions by means of a fuzzy inference calculation in accordance with an oper ator-selected fuzzy logic profile, and applying the weighting factors to the regulatory control directions to produce the turbine regulatory function control signal. The turbine regulatory function control signal is applied to a respective function controller in the steam plant such that the selected turbine prewarming profile is implemented.


Floods are among the main 21st century challenges related to climate change. They are responsible of about two thirds of the total human casualties incurred by natural disasters in the past 40 years and account for about one third of their related economic damages (IRDR, 2015; IFI, 2016). Hence, flood risk management is nowadays part of most governmental and UN organizations strategies for disasters risk reduction. However, in many developing countries, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, these strategies are not yet integrating flood risk issues. One such example is the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region where countries represent different climatic, hydrological, land use, storms characteristics and observational capacities. Recently, extreme and frequent flash floods have occurred in most of the MENA arid zones, resulting in significant economic and property losses. Indeed, in most countries of MENA, the unlikelihood of flood prospects in such countries inhibited their preparedness for flood risk and its related research remained largely disregarded by drought management works and its impact on water resources. However, in the last two decades, the region has experienced a dramatic shift in its rainfall records patterns. Many Arab cities such as Cairo (2020), Kuwait (2018), Riyadh (2016), Casablanca (2016), Alexandria (2015), Doha (2015), Guelmim (2014), and Muscat (2007) have experienced flash floods despite their highly arid and semi-arid climate. These events have caused live losses and important damages to properties and other urban assets. In this region of the world, such causalities are usually due to the combination of many factors such as extreme precipitations, weak or insufficient urban stormwater infrastructure and drainage system, silting of sewers and inlets by sand storms, urban stream bursting their banks, uncontrolled urban sprawl, rising groundwater tables, tides generated backwater effects on drainage systems outlets in coastal cities, the steep morphology of upstream basins, etc. These phenomena are still not well studied and research about specific aspects of floods in one of the driest regions of the world that is MENA is still at its first stages. Besides, mitigation and adaptation measures are very rare in such countries and region because of the prevailing arid or semiarid climate and growing urbanization. Tackling these problems requires a good analysis of climate change and meteorological data, particularly precipitation, and good knowledge of watersheds and cities vulnerability and exposure to floods in such territories. One of the initials publications on these phenomena was edited by Nouh and Maksimovic (2001) within UNESCO series of Urban Drainage in Specific Climates. Following the Fourth International Symposium on Flash Floods in Wadi Systems (4th ISFF) (https://isff2018.com/), submissions to the special issue were opened for symposium participants from MENA region. This special issue gathered articles reporting and studying this uncommon new phenomenon in MENA countries and the ongoing first steps research on different aspects of flood issues in this region. One of the most recurrent hurdles to advancing flood risk research in this region is the lack of monitoring and data archive for accurate rainfall-runoff modelling and the access to high resolution maps for morphology and land use catchment characterization. The unavailability and sometimes the unreliability of data, particularly for the calibration and validation of flood models is a serious challenge for flood risk assessment in MENA region. To overcome this obstacle, Benkirane et al. developed and examined two validation methods in the Zat watershed, a sub-basin of the Tensift catchment in the High Atlas mountain of Morocco. Firstly, a correlation between the initial soil moisture conditions and the Curve Number (CN) from the calibration parameters was established to validate the flood model. Secondly, the Nash – Sutcliffe efficiency criteria were used for validating the model using four flood events recorded during the period 2011–2014. The two validation methods proved a reasonable result to assess the accuracy for simulating rainfall – runoff processes, despite data scarcity. Such methods can be used for flood modelling in semi-arid basins. Different rainfall modelling tool and method were presented by Hafnaoui et al. for assessing October 2011 flood risk in El Bayadh city, which is located in the semi-arid wadi Deffa watershed in Algeria. The lack of data was countered by the development of two flood hazard maps. In the first map, four return periods were chosen 20, 50, 100 and 1,000 years. The required flood mitigation measures based on the resulting flood map proved to be costly and hard to realize at both social and economic levels. Therefore, the authors developed a more realistic second flood hazard map in the case of weather warning of sudden rainfall issued by the Algerian National Meteorological Office. This map was developed based on four hypothetical daily rainfall depicting possible floodplain extents. The flood of 1st of October 2011 was found to be close to the 50 years – return period. The resulting flood map was the first attempt to flood risk mapping in this area of Algeria where high damaging floods have been recorded in the past twenty years. Flash floods in arid or semi-arid regions are often generated by heavy rainfalls in mountainous areas, where huge water volumes are accumulated and rapidly transported through wadi systems affecting cities and infrastructure located downstream at the wadi deltas. The Red Sea region of Egypt is such an example and many of its cities are not yet protected by structural measures. To help in identifying the right mitigation measures and highlight the importance of considering infiltration processes to improve their efficiency, Tügel et al. presented a 2D shallow water model set-up for El Gouna, a touristic town at the Red Sea coast of Egypt. Infiltration processes for sandy clay loam were considered to assess their effect along with mitigation structures to enhance flood URBAN WATER JOURNAL 2020, VOL. 17, NO. 5, 379–380 https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2020.1777754


Through the service-learning program, students in the Sustainable Environmental Building class, Architecture Study Program, Petra Christian University collaborate with Village-own Enterprises (Badan Usaha Milik Desa) Makmur Bersinar Desa Jarak, recycled used materials into aesthetically functional objects for tourist facilities and infrastructure at Bukit Pecaringan Tourism Centre, Desa Jarak. Students designed and created sinks, swings, and piggybacks for the children's playground, and plant pots from end life tires. The utilization of end life tires be design work is an effort to take care of the environment. In this way, students learn to reduce the number of end life tires that increase yearly. This program and the design work of the waste became an aesthetic, functional object is an example to innovate for both other objects and purposes.


The main purpose of this research was to study the knowledge sharing for continuous professional development among teachers. The aspects studied were the type ofknowledge sharing, factors that encourage knowledge sharing, factors that retard knowledge sharing and strategies to promote knowledge sharing to ensure sustainable development of professionalism among teachers. A pilot study was conducted on eight individuals who are not the actual informants in this study. Next, the actual research and information were gathered through the open ended survey questionnaires distributed in the school to twelve informants chosen through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using content analysis. After that, any data analyzed, summarized and categorized were labelled with the appropriate code. The study found that knowledge sharing among teachers happened to enhance the development ofprofessionalism. Hopefully, with the information obtainedfrom this research, measures and appropriate strategies can be identified to improve the
weaknesses and deficiencies in the sharing of knowledge among teachers in secondary school. In addition, this study also aimed to serve as a guide for further studies in the future


This is a authoritative textbook designed to meet the requirements of students of Management,commerce, scholars and other professional courses .It is serves both as a learner's text and a practitioner's guide. Salient features 1. Today's customers consider jewellery shopping as a tedious task rather than a pleasurable shopping experience. 2.Increased the buying power of women and the choice of variety in the products. 3.Impact on the customers, influencing them towards purchase on varieties.


The performance of Common Rail Diesel engine fueled with diesel fuel(B0) and different blending ratio of Bio-diesels((B10,B20,B30,B50) under Plateau Environment(81kpa,tests comparatively the characteristics like engine power,economy and smoke is discused.The results show that the engine fueled with different blending ratio of Bio-diesels has higher brake specific fuel consumption in comparison with BO fueled engine,but it has lower power and lower smoke.But with the increase in bio-diesel blending ratio,engine power and smoker drops,fuel consumption increases.


Hospitals are traditionally slow to adopt new information systems (IS). However, health care funders and regulators are demanding greater use of IS as part of the solution to chronic problems with patient safety and access to medical records. One technology offering benefits in these areas is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Pilot systems have demonstrated the feasibility of a wide range of hospital applications, but few have been fully implemented. This chapter investigates the factors that have restricted the adoption of RFID technology in hospitals. It draws on related work on the adoption of IS generally, published case studies of RFID pilots, and interviews with clinicians, IS staff and RFID vendors operating in New Zealand (NZ) hospitals. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the key differences between RFID and other IS, and which RFID applications have the greatest chance of successful implementation in hospitals.


Considering the current paving technologies and problems existing, combining the new trends of paver technology, a new paver and paving technology are development trends, in which the screw spreader structures are modified, have high power, wide paving, high efficiency, anti-segregation property, high density. The paving technology uses single machine, wide and thick paving.


In this work, Tm3+ and Yb3+ co-doped NaGd(WO4)2 nanoparticles were synthesized via surfactant-assisted hydrothermal reactions. The structural analysis indicates that Tm3+ and Yb3+ ions have been doped into the NaGd(WO4)2 host by occupying the Gd3+ sites. The as-prepared NaGd(WO4)2:Tm3+,Yb3+ nanomaterials are spherical particles of approximate sizes in the range 50–80 nm. The upconversion spectra results suggest that the NaGd(WO4)2:Tm3+,Yb3+ nanoparticles exhibit pure or virtually pure near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion luminescence when excited by a 975 nm laser. This phenomenon is significant for nanoparticles with applications in bio-imaging, because both excitations and emissions in the near-infrared region reduce the autofluorescence and light scattering from biological tissues. On the basis of the upconversion and Raman spectra, a possible mechanism for the high purity near-infrared upconversion emission is proposed. Moreover, the NaGd(WO4)2:Tm3+,Yb3+ nanoparticles also exhibit paramagnetism, which is promising for bio-separation applications.


This study is an attempt for the NOC of Albania to adapt and adjust its actions and policies in compliance with new trends in the Olympic Movement. Youth Olympic Games is a new world event in the Olympic Movement and for that reason the NOC of Albania should review the strategies and priorities, bearing in mind changes, challenges, and/or opportunities which might be taken into consideration. This is a new approach to establish a new culture for the young generation related to sport, by fostering and activating the proper resources, creating new ways to support involvement of the youth through a synergy of sport institutions and sport organizations. This study is an endeavor to identify the pathway of how the Albanian NOC should work on displaying a better perspective to support young talented athletes as crucial source to build a sporting career. Through this study, the NOC of Albania brings into focus the importance of closer attention for young athletes using the Olympic events as high peak targets to seek for, and also to explore what can be enhanced in our sporting system in order to have well trained and healthy athletes. In this study the main objective was to identify through methodological approach (questionnaires, interviews focus group etc.) which are the problems for better results of young athletes in international competitions, therefore this would allow the NOC of Albania to have a better perspective of representation in Olympic events in quality and quantity. The aim of this study is to contribute to the development for a long term strategy, which touches the importance of YOG, the awareness of it and the education of the Albanian young generation to bring the YOG spirit to youth and promoting the Olympic Val-


This paper deals with frequency analysis of a circular plate supported on a rigid concentric ring with translational restrained boundary. Natural frequencies of such a circular plate are omputed for different sets of elastic translational restraints, and for various values of the radius of the internal ring support. Results for different modes of plate vibrations are computed and presented in a tabular form suitable for use in design. The effect of plate boundary conditions such as translational restraints and the radius of concentric ring support on natural frequencies of the circular plate are studied. Exact frequency values presented in this paper are expected to serve as benchmark solutions for assessing the accuracy of other numerical methods being used in the literature.


ABSTRACT In this paper, we review the five rules published in EPSRC Principles of Robotics with a specific focus on future robotics research topics. It is demonstrated through a pictorial representation of the five rules that these rules are questionably not sufficient, overlapping and not explicitly reflecting the true challenges of robotics ethics in relation to the future of robotics research.


ABSTRACT In this study we investigate whether the investment determinants of new SMEs differ from those of existing SMEs. To do so, we use two samples of Portuguese SMEs: 495 new SMEs and 1350 existing SMEs, and to estimate the results we use the two-step estimation method. The empirical evidence allows us to conclude that cash flow, age, growth opportunities and GNP are of greater importance for stimulating investment in new SMEs than they are in existing SMEs; sales are of greater importance in stimulating investment in existing SMEs than they are in new SMEs; and debt and interest rate are of greater importance in reducing investment in new SMEs than they are in existing SMEs. Also, the persistence of investment over time is greater in new SMEs than it is in existing SMEs. These findings suggest that problems of information asymmetry between SME owners/managers and creditors are particularly important in the context of new SME activity. As guidelines for economic policy, we suggest adding effective support through the creation of beneficial lines of credit designed specifically to support new SME activity.


Précis: A larger proportion of iStent inject microstents than suggested by gonioscopic examination could be entirely burrowed within the trabeculum (45.7%). The length of device protrusion within the anterior chamber is linked to postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP). Introduction: The iStent inject is a relatively new device designed to be implanted ab-interno through the trabecular meshwork. Although some preliminary studies have shown IOP-lowering potential, the full extent of the mechanisms through which IOP is reduced remains unconfirmed. The aim of this study was to use in vivo optical coherence tomography analysis of the anatomic and physiological effects of iStent inject device positioning on the structures of the iridocorneal angle and IOP. Methods: In total, 25 eyes of 19 subjects (mean age, 75.5±10.5 y) with mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients underwent implantation of 2 iStent inject devices combined with cataract surgery. In the postoperative period, after IOP stabilized, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) was performed and several measurements were made of the Schlemm canal (SC) and the devices' positions. Thirteen unoperated fellow eyes served as control eyes. Results: Overall, 92% of devices were visible on AS-OCT versus 88% visible on gonioscopic examination. Of all visible devices, 54.3% had a protruding portion into the anterior chamber with a mean protruding length of 88.5 µm, and 72% of the devices' heads were not positioned within the SC, with a mean shortest distance of 109.4 µm. In operated eyes, the average major diameter of SC was 308.7±197.4 µm (median, 303.8 µm) versus 126.9±60.3 µm in control eyes. Device protrusion and larger SC diameters were associated with lower postoperative IOP (rs=−0.54; P=0.005 and rs=−0.43; P=0.04, respectively), whereas the distance between the devices' heads and SC was inversely associated with SC dilatation (rs=−0.41; P=0.04). Conclusions: This study highlights the value of AS-OCT in exploring the positioning of trabecular bypass devices such as the iStent inject. Our study shows that more microstents than suggested by gonioscopy could be completely burrowed within the trabeculum. It also suggests that the surgical outcomes of cataract surgery combined with iStent inject implantation may be connected to the amplitude of device protrusion within the anterior chamber as well as the postoperative dimensions of the SC.


Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon, Canyon de Chelly, and Paquime are as well known to tourists as they are to scholars as emblems of the American Southwest. This region has been the scene of intense archaeological investigation for more than a hundred years, with more research done here than in any other part of the United States. The arid and sparsely populated landscape provides excellent site preservation, while the living native peoples give cultural continuity with the past. In the first decades of the twentieth century Americans saw the Southwest as exotic as opposed to the Mexican perspective, which viewed the region, sometimes called the Northwest, as more of a backwater. Both views continue to shape and color the study of the area today. With contributions from well-known archaeologists, Southwest Archaeology in the Twentieth Century reviews the histories of major archaeological topics of the region during the twentieth century, with particular attention to the vast changes in southwestern archaeology during the later decades of the century. Included are the huge influence of field schools, the rise of cultural resource management (CRM), the uses and abuses of ethnographic analogy, the intellectual contexts of archaeology in Mexico, and current debates on agriculture, sedentism, and political complexity. By looking back at the previous century of study, this book provides an authoritative retrospective of intellectual trends as well as a synthesis of current themes in the arena of the American Southwest.


The respiratory and cardiovascular systems must act in concert to transfer oxygen (O2)and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and the cells. Both cyclic changes in breathing and sustained changes in alveolar ventilation exert important effects on the cardiovascular system. These effects are particularly prominent in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). More recently, there is a growing body of evidence implicating OSA in the development or progression of left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction. Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) is a form of central sleep apnea (CSA), it is common in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), and there is increasing evidence to suggest that CSR-CSA in patients with CHF participates in a vicious cycle that further stresses the failing heart and, in doing so, increases the risk of mortality.

Key words:
Obstructive sleep apnea; Congestive heart failure; Central sleep apnea; Cheyne-Stokes respiration


Active rehabilitation training based on recognition of motion intention can effectively improve the patient's engagement in rehabilitation training, and thus improve the training effect. In this paper, a speed adjustment strategy for active training based on multi-joint damping control is proposed for bicycle training. The active force applied by patient can be calculated by the dynamic model of human-robot system, and then converted into the tangential force at the pedal of robot along the forward direction of bicycle. The tangential force is converted into the adjustment term of joint angular speed by damping control to dynamically adjust the riding speed. When the tangential force is larger than the threshold value, the pedal will deviate from the reference circular trajectory. Therefor, a speed vector pointing to the circular center is added to pull the end-effector back to the reference trajectory. Moreover, a fuzzy impedance parameter regulator is designed to adjust the training intensity, by which the impedance parameters can be regulated according to the magnitude of the patient's active force and the deviation from the reference trajectory. Finally, in order to increase the patient's engagement, Unity3D software is used to design the virtual scene of cycling on the road. The experimental results show that the active compliant rehabilitation training can be realized by the proposed method.


The note is devoted to an interactive game theoretic formalization of dialogues as psycholinguistic phenomena and the unraveling of a hidden dialogue structure of 2-person differential interactive games. In the field-theoretic description of interactive games the dialogues are defined naively as interactive games of discrete time with intention fields of continuous time; the correct mathematical formulation is proposed. The states and the controls of a dialogue correspond to the speech whereas the intention fields describe the understanding. In the case of dialogues the main inverse problem is to describe geometrical and algebraical properties of the understanding. On the other hand, a precise mathematical definition of dialogues allows to formulate a problem of the unraveling of a hidden dialogue structure of any 2-person differential interactive game. Such procedure is called the verbalization. It means that the states of a differential interactive game are interpreted as intention fields of a hidden dialogue and the problem is to describe such dialogue completely. If a 2-person differential interactive game is verbalizable one is able to consider many linguistic (e.g. the formal grammar of a related hidden dialogue) or psycholinguistic (e.g. the dynamical correlation of various implications) aspects of it.


The studies presented in this article are based on the variation of some constructive parameters on various types of materials for a prehension system jaws. The pneumatic actuation prehension system is part of the structure of a manipulator integrated within a teaching platform for installation. In the tests, the varied parameters were the following: the type of plastic material, the way of printing on the 3D printer bed, the degree of fill (the density) and the geometric shape. The experimental tests have resulted in an optimal version of the prehension system jaws.


When Oregon Anesthesiology Group enrolled in Quality Concierge in early 2016, the 283-member practice had used a paper survey for reporting quality. The shift to Quality Concierge allows the practice to capture more cases in an easier manner, says Eric B. Hansen, M.D., Director of Clinical Quality. "No one has to track down a paper," Dr. Hansen says. "Even if MIPS was going away, we would still be interested in collecting data. Having this system in place maximizes good outcomes and reinforces good processes."


— Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy; to device suitable weed control measures for direct seeded puddled rice and to study the effect of the weed control measures on the soil microbial population. The treatments comprised of incorporation of pressmud @ 6.25 t ha -1 and application of herbicide butachlor @1.5 kg a. i. ha-1 with and without safener 4 days after sowing (DAS), 8 DAS alone and also in conjunction with hand weeding at 30 DAS. Hand weeding twice and a weedy check were also maintained. At maximum tillering stage, the population of bacteria was significantly reduced by butachlor application. The injury to microbes caused by herbicide disappeared with the advancement of crop's age and at flowering stage of crop, there was no significant difference among the treatments. The fungal and actinomycetes population remained unaltered by weed control treatments at both the stages of observation .


PurposeThe objective of this study was to build and validate a scale to analyze the knowledge, attitudes and practices on the sustainability of university students.Design/methodology/approachPsychometric validation was carried out using the criteria of internal consistency, reliability, discriminant power, content validity and predictive validity.FindingsThe KAP scale designed in this study demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and is apt for evaluating knowledge, attitudes and practices in university students.Originality/valueTransitions toward sustainability require changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to sustainability, making it necessary to have tools that support educational interventions for sustainability that tend toward a generation of changes in the decisions and behavior of people. In that sense, a KAP scale can be a useful tool to support these interventions. However, studies that use validated scales are scarce.


Through analyzing efficiency and fairness of the current basic medical service,health resources will be made full use of,and the best social benefit and economic benefit will be achieved.Based on the current China's basic medical expenses,medical expenses burden,direction of flow to institutions about the total health expenses,medical service situation,three-level medical health service in rural areas,structure of staff about health clinics in towns and townships,and the factors which influences people to see a doctor are investigated,and it is proposed that the guide of a national health policy doesn't match the actual input,the gap of medical service are growing between urban and rural town the focal point of the basic medical isn't on prevention and there is unfairness of the basic medical service.It is suggested that sustainable financial support mechanism should be established and perfected,more funding should be poured to rural health care and other public services,health consciousness of urban and rural residents should be strengthened,basic medical service should be equalized,and the efficiency of basic medical services in China should be improved.


Background Psoriasis is a multisystem, immune disorder driven by inflammatory processes, characterized by skin and joint manifestations, and may be associated with hearing loss. Aim To assess the hearing function in patients with psoriasis and if psoriasis could cause sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Patients and methods A total of 50 patients with psoriasis and 50 apparently healthy controls matched for age and sex were included in a cross-sectional comparative study between May 2017 and April 2018. Medical history of patients was taken. Demographics, type of psoriasis, and disease severity evaluated by PASI score were assessed. All patients who were included in this study provided a complete history and audiological history. All patients underwent otoscopic examination, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and immittancemetry including tympanometry and acoustic reflexes. Results There was no statistically significant difference in age or sex for patients with psoriasis and the control group. Eight patients with psoriasis showed impaired hearing function with significant longer duration with psoriasis and older age more than 20 years old in comparison with the rest of the patient. Conclusion Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory immune-mediated skin disease with estimated prevalence in Upper Egypt at a rate of 0.19% of skin diseases. There were eight (16%) patients who had SNHL in psoriatic group in comparison with three (6%) cases in nonpsoriatic group. There was a statistically significant difference for the age and the duration of psoriasis in relation to hearing loss. SNHL increased with age in psoriatic patients much more than in healthy controls.


Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Criminal offences — Drugs smuggled by sea from France to Canada — Acquittal in Canada — Whether any separate offence committed within French jurisdiction — Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 — The law of France


Stiffness increment variation method is applied to analyze the nonlinear response of the plane steel frame subjected to fire.Euler-Bernoulli beam elements are adopted in theoretical analysis,and some effects,for example,the material nonlinearity,large displacement and non-uniform distribution of the temperature in the member are considered.The basic formula are obtained and the corresponding computational program is compiled.The computational results of the practical problems are agreement with the experimental data.


Background and Purpose: To compare resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, and physical activity in chronic stroke subjects and healthy subjects. Methods: Sixteen stroke patients (11 men and 5 women with the mean age of 63.4 ± 9.5 years old) onset more than 6 months (mean duration of 14.0 ± 3.4 months) and 16 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched healthy volunteers were recruited. Resting metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry in a quiet room after 12-h overnight fasting. Body composition including fat mass and fat free mass (FFM) was derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis, and circumferences of waist and hip were also measured. Functional Independence Measures and a 7-d recall questionnaire were used to evaluate functional status and physical activity level, respectively. Results: RMR and FFM in the stroke subjects were not significantly different from their control counterparts; however, significant lower physical activity and higher fat mass and waist circumference were shown in stroke patients than control subjects (p<0.05). FFM was significantly associated with RMR in the stroke patients and the controls (r=0.69 and 0.82, respectively, p<0.05). Conclusions: Stroke patients did not show significant changes of RMR and FFM in the mean duration of 14 months after their stroke event. Significant higher values of fat mass and waist circumference and less physical activity energy expenditure were noted. Clinicians should not ignore their possible long-term adverse effects.


Starch–lipid composites (SLC) have been used as fat replacers and stabilizers in beef patties, dairy products and baked goods, and the technology has been patented under the trademark Fantesk. The SLC are produced by mixing aqueous starch slurry with a lipid source and by steam jet cooking. The SLC may be dried using a drum drier and then milled in a Retsch mill (Brinkmann Instruments, Inc., Westbury, NY). Particle size distribution of SLC may affect the functional characteristics and textural properties of the end products. In this work, the particle size distribution of three starches and 18 SLC, after they were processed through steam jet cooker, drum dried, and milled, was studied. Particle size distribution was evaluated using geometric mean diameter (GMD), geometric SD, cumulative undersize distribution (d16 and d40), particle size index and particle size distribution coefficient (Cm). Particle size distribution of the dried and milled SLC differed significantly from that of the cooked starches as measured by different particle size characterization parameters. The lipid source (canola or butter) and content (10, 20, 30 g/100 g) did not significantly affect the particle size characterization. The starch type had a significant influence on the particle size characteristics of SLC, with distinct differences between waxy and high-amylose (HA) starches. Waxy SLC tended to have smaller mean particle sizes but with a broad distribution, while HA SLC had bigger GMD and smaller particle size coefficient.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The SLCs' particle size distribution characteristics could play a role in maximizing SLCs' benefits for specific end uses.


If random variates with density fare needed in simulations, but random variates with density g (close to f) are used instead, how does one measure the error committed? The usefulness of the total variation criterion is pointed out, and some examples are given. When the total variation is hard to compute, good upper bounds can be used in its place. Some inequalities are reviewed that link the total variation to other quantities such as the rejection and composition constants, the uniform deviation, the divergence and so forth.


Abstract In this work we propose a new problem, that we have named hop-constrained minimum cost flow spanning tree problem, and develop an exact solution methodology. This problem is an extension of the well know NP-hard hop-constrained Minimum Spanning Tree problem (MST), since in addition to finding the arcs to be used we also must find the amount of flow that is to be routed through each arc. The hop-constrained MST has numerous practical applications in the design of communication networks. The hop constraints are usually used to guarantee a certain quality of service with respect to availability, reliability and lower delays, since they limit the number of arcs in each path from the central service provider. Including the flows, as we propose, allows for different levels of service requirements. A further extension is considered: the cost functions may have any type or form, may be neither convex nor concave, and need not to be differentiable or continuous. We develop a dynamic programming approach, which extends the scope of application of a previous work, to solve to optimality such problems. Computational experiments are performed using randomly generated test problems. Results showing the robustness of the method are reported.


Objective To investigate a surgery method of modified and combined lensectomy with vitrectomy within traumatic eyes.Methods Clinical records were studied retrospectively for a series of consecutive 27 traumatic patients with vitrectomy combined with lensectomy surgery from October 2005 to January 2006. A modified lensectomy through pars plana incisions were performed to these cases with vitrectomy. Results All lens were removed completely with lens capsule left. All cases achieved improved visual acuity. Intraocular pressure (IOP) in all eyes was in normal range after surgery. Conclusion The modified and combined lensectomy with vitrectomy is a safe and effective surgery manner which is suitable for some cases of traumatic eyes.


The paper proposes a new approach to model risk measurement based on the Wasserstein distance between two probability measures. It formulates the theoretical motivation resulting from the interpretation of fictitious adversary of robust risk management. The proposed approach accounts for equivalent and non-equivalent probability measures and incorporates the economic reality of the fictitious adversary. It provides practically feasible results that overcome the restriction of considering only models implying probability measures equivalent to the reference model. The Wasserstein approach suits for various types of model risk problems, ranging from the single-asset hedging risk problem to the multi-asset allocation problem. The robust capital market line, accounting for the correlation risk, is not achievable with other non-parametric approaches.


The invention discloses a safe and environment-friendly secondary lead melting liquid discharge device which is characterized in that a dust collection pipe is arranged above a lead outlet on the side part of the body of a smelting furnace, a sealing covering platform which can move to cover and uncover a lead melting liquid pot is arranged on the lead melting liquid pot on a lead outlet operation platform, and the bottom of the lead melting liquid pot is provided with a lead melting liquid discharge pipe which is communicated with the lead melting liquid pot. The invention can effectively solve the problem of the generation of pollution during lead melting liquid discharge, reduce the labor intensity of workers and improve the production safety.


This paper presents and describes the results of an experimental study into the control of separated flow over a NACA0015 airfoil over a range of angles of attack at a Reynolds number of 3 × 104 . The study was carried out in the LTRAC 500 mm × 500 mm water tunel. The separation control is actuated using a planar zero-net-mass-flow (ZNMF) jet at the leading edge of the airfoil. The ZNMF micro-jet flow is generated using a piston-cylinder arrangement connected to a skotch-yoke mechanisms that is driven by a computer controlled stepper motor. The parameter range for the planar ZNMF jet ranged from non-dimensional frequency of 0.5 to 1.5 and blowing coefficients up to 0.2. A six component force transducer was used to measure the lift and drag force on the airfoil. Planar laser induced fluoresence (PLIF) using Kyton red dye and Nd:YAG laser illumination was used for the flow visualisations. Multigrid cross-correlation digital PIV (MCCDPIV) with pulsed Nd:YAG laser planar illumination was employed with digital imaging of 4008 px × 2672 px to measure instantenous velocity fields.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


Plant species diversity of revegetation communities rehabilitated at the beginning of the 1990s and local secondary shrub community on degraded mountainous area of dry-hot valley in Nanjian was studied in 2003.The results showed that number of plant species(29~54) and shade-tolerant species(4~7) of rehabilitated communities had both greatly increased in comparison with the local shrub community(26 and 2) after a rehabilitation period of more than ten years.Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index,Pielou evenness index and Margalef richness index of the rehabilitated communities had also greatly increased.The values of ShannonWiener index of tree layer were 0.15~1.45,and that of shrub layer of the rehabilitated communities(0.91~0.76) were higher than the local shrub community(0.44) except Eucalyptus community.That of grass layer of the rehabilitated communities were 0.39~1.49,they all had greatly increased except Eucalyptus community and Leucaena glauca community.There has be a tendency towards good development in the species composition and structure of the rehabilitated communities.However,there is a problem that some introduced leguminous plant species such as Tephrosia candida have declined in rehabilitated communities,because it can not self producing influenced by low air temperature and moisture in reproductive stage, although it grew rapidly during the early stage.The conservation of revegetation and the follow-up management are more important in the rehabilitated area.


In this article we deal with a class of real affine algebras and show that the projective and stably free modules on the real affine algebras which belong to this class, enjoy the same properties that of complex affine algebras. Let R be a real affine algebra of dimension d, such that either it has no real maximal ideals or the intersection of all real maximal ideals has a positive height. Then we show that the van der Kallen group has a 'nice' group structure. Assuming R to be smooth, we improve the stability of SK1(R) and K1Sp(R). We show that the Euler class group is uniquely divisible. In the polynomial ring A[T ], we show that any local complete intersection ideal I ⊂ A[T ] of height d such that I/I is generated by d elements, is projectively generated. We give a sufficient condition for a finite module to be generated by the number of elements estimated by Eisenbud-Evans.


In this experiment,the tissue nutrients,the degree of bone mineralization and the oxidative stressed parameters of Puerpiao chicken,Tengchongxue chicken and Wuliangshan green-ear black bone chicken were compared through determining the oxidative stressed parameters of serum,compositions in pectoral muscle and leg muscle,the content of minerals in the liver,tibia and phalanges.The results showed that the T-AOC,T-SOD in serum of Sanhuang chicken were significantly lower than those of three local breeds(P0.01),while MDA significantly higher than those of local breeds(P0.05).Among the three local breeds,the T-AOC,T-SOD and GSH-Px of Piao chicken were the highest,and the MDA of green-ear black bone chicken was the lowest.DM in breast muscle and leg muscle of Puerpiao chicken, Tengchongxue chicken and Wuliangshanlver chicken were significantly higher than those of Sanhuang chicken(P0.01),CP in breast muscle and leg muscle of Puerpiao chicken were significantly higher than other three breeds(P0.01).EE in leg muscle of Sanhuang was remarkably higher than that of three local breeds(P0. 01).Fe and Zn in liver of Sanghuang chicken were remarkably lower than those of the three local breeds(P0. 01),while Cu and Mn in the liver were extremely or significantly higher than those of three local breeds(P0. 05).The ash,Ca,P,Fe,Cu,Mn and Zn in the tibia and phalanges of three local breeds were extremely or significantly higher than those of Sanghuang chicken(P0.05).This experiment proves that there are obvious differences on T-AOC、T-SOD、GSH-Px and MDA of serum between the local breeds and Sanhuang chicken.And obvious difference exists among nutrients,mineral concents in Liver and bone.These results suggest that the bone of local chicken breeds has a better degree of mineralization,and the phalanges can be used as an identity for bone mineralization degree for plateau local breeds.Local breeds have strong antioxidant capacity,and further study on meat quality of local breeds needs to be conducted.


The crossing number of Petersen graph P (m, 1) with paths Pn is NP- complete problem. Peng Y H and Yiew Y C have determined the crossing number of P (3, 1) with paths Pn is 4n, and we have proved the crossing number of P (4, 1) with paths Pn is 8n. Keywords crossing number, petersen graph P (4, 1), paths, Cartesian product Chinese Library Classification O157.5 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification O5C10, O5C38


Earlier workers reported a considerable increase in the lifetime of phosphorus‐doped n ‐on‐n+ silicon‐on‐sapphire (SOS) films. We report in this paper that a similar improvement in lifetime is obtained on arsenic‐doped SOS film comprised of a higher‐resistivity layer on top of a nondegenerate lower‐resistivity layer. The significance of this work lies in that (a) from the device fabrication point of view arsenic is preferable because of its lower diffusion constant, and therefore will not out‐diffuse during subsequent processing steps; and (b) a nondegenerate lower layer is sufficient to produce an improvement in lifetime. It is also shown that the generation lifetime τg increases exponentially with distance from the Al2O3–Si interface.


Due to Seoul city population growth, urbanization and industrial structure change, apartment type factory was introduced. The purpose of this study, by analyzing the relationship between land shape of apartment type factory and privately owned public space, draw the elements to increase publicness. Draw land shape and private owned public space layout plan elements with advanced research and analysis through cases. As a result of analysis, land shape of the square and the front-side connected arrangement of the privately owned public space are good for the increase of publicness, rectangular land shape good that front-side connected arrangement and front-back arrangement, to consider in terms of user identification and access via the link should be good.


Harmonic characteristics of a number of widely used appliances are investigated. Their cumulative effect on a 3-phase 4-wire distribution network, in terms of severity of harmonic disturbance and current unbalance, is explored. This data is used in designing an active power filter based on a 3-phase 4-leg flying capacitor multilevel converter to eliminate the harmonics and current unbalance. The controller is tuned according to an emulation of the measured current. The algorithm employs a modified dead-beat control law to overcome the response delays caused by harmonic extraction loop. Simulation results have shown significant improvement in current waveforms.


MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs (≈23 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression at a posttranscriptional level by degradation or translational inhibition of target mRNAs. Initially discovered as regulators of development in plants, worms, and fruitflies, miRs are emerging as pivotal modulators of cardiovascular biology and disease in mice and men.1 Besides a cell-specific transcription factor profile, cell-specific miR-regulated gene expression is integral to cell fate and activation decisions. Thus, the cell types involved in atherosclerosis, vascular disease, and its myocardial sequelae may be differentially regulated by distinct miRs, thereby controlling highly complex processes, for example, smooth muscle cell phenotype and inflammatory responses of endothelial cells or macrophages.2

The generation of mature miR strands requires several steps of processing of the primary miR gene transcript, including cleavage of the terminal loop of miR-precursors by the RNase III enzyme, Dicer, to produce miR duplexes. Although either strand of the miR duplex can be stably associated with an Argonaute (Ago) family protein, preferential loading of a specific strand (ie, the guide strand) onto the miR-induced silencing complex (RISC) is common. The strand that is not loaded into the RISC (ie, the passenger strand or miR*) is typically degraded.3 Strand selection may be tissue-specific, and an accumulation observed for both strands implies that each strand can separately enter the silencing complex.4 Because of the often imperfect complementary binding of the miR seed sequence to the mRNA recognition element, an individual miR can affect the expression of hundreds of target mRNAs. However, the degree of repression seems to be …


Impaction commonly affects mandibular third molars. An inverted impacted mandibular premolar is rare. We describe an inverted impacted mandibular premolar, the crown of which was exposed from the lower border of the mandible. The patient was a 67-year-old man with swelling and spontaneous pain of the left submandibular area. Radiographic examination showed dental material restoration at the apex of the inverted impacted mandibular premolar. After antibiotic chemotherapy, incision, and drainage, an operation was done from an extraoral approach with the patient under general anesthesia. An incision, about 3cm in length, was made on the skin of the left submandibular region. The crown of the impacted tooth was exposed vertically from the lower border of the mandible. The tooth was removed carefully. The postoperative course was uneventful.


The use of steam turbines in industrial applications to produce electrical power while supplying steam to process headers (cogeneration) is common in many plants today. To meet industrial system requirements turbine control has evolved over the years to a level of sophistication today where the many varied steam requirements can be easily accommodated with existing turbine control systems. Some of these systems are functionally described and the method of operator interface outlined. With rising fuel costs and the development of plant computer control, turbine control systems must now interface with centralized energy managment systems. The methodology for interfacing mechanical hydraulic and electro-hydraulic turbine control is functionally described.


If resilience is a hallmark of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's survival beyond centuries of colonisation and oppression, brandishing the pen – or any its modern equivalents– can be understood as key resilience and survival strategy. Writing ourselves into contemporary and future existence is a complex act of cultural translation; it involves a speaking to others through a technology from a foreign culture. Subsequently, Indigenous writing is born into complexity.


The Cooperating Unit Position Planner is a planning tool developed for calculating cooperative Aegis engagements against low-elevation cruise missile threats where the shooting ship may not hold the threat with its onboard sensors. The tool allows operators to create scenarios with up to eight Aegis cruisers, view engageability regions in near-real time, and then refine the scenario to enhance coverage against a threat. Battle Group Commanders can then plan ship positions to take advantage of the Cooperative Engagement Capability's remote engagement potential. The tool integrates several existing models for remote engageability, atmospheric radar propagation, and firm track performance; combines them with an up-to-date intelligence database; and provides a graphical user interface embedded in the Common Display Kernel software package.


Sociology is a science which deals with the promotion of the general welfare of the state and its people. Like any other science it has its rules and laws which when put to work produce specific effects. Many debate about the participation of students in politics but the truth is, there is nothing wrong in students understanding the laws that govern the prosperity of their country. However one must realize that to run one must first learn to walk. The word sociology has acquired a reputation for being associated with all things negative. It does not help to see our members of parliament hurling abuses at one another on prime television. Where is the dignity?? Where is the respect for the constitution? Politics is generally equated with agitation-constitutional or unconstitutional. This takes on bigger proportions when all kinds of media are used to propagate it. The escalating drama then rears its ugly head in the form of Bandhs, stone throwing, and unrestricted violence. The result is almost always loss of life and loss of property. Now this is the kind of politics that students should have no part of. Constitutional agitation requires knowledge, acquaintance with the forms of government in the country and an understanding of the socio-economic dynamics of the country. It calls for educating the masses to understand their needs. It calls for pressing on those in power, the need for reform in an educated and nonviolent way. Students have no place getting involved in constitutional agitation either. This requires knowledge of the constitution, the conditions of lifesomething the student is yet to experience, and an understanding of the demerits of existing forms. The mind of the student is not sufficiently developed to undertake all this work. Besides youth is the age of enthusiasm. It is the time to learn, the time to soak in experiences, the time to gather information. Without experience or knowledge the youth will end only propagating the views of others. It is important that he must develop his own opinion based on the facts available.


Information search and opinion formation are central aspects of decision making in consumers choices. Indeed, before taking a decision, the alternatives among which the "rational" choice will be made should be clearly valued. In standard economic theory, the search dynamics is mainly neglected because the process is assumed to be carried out without any cost or without spending time. However, whenever only a significative collection of experience can provide the bulk of relevant information to make the best choice, as it is the case for experience goods (Nelson, 1970), some engendered costs in collecting such information might be considered.


The country of origin occupation smoking habits and drinking habits of 26 consecutive patients with squamous carcinoma of the esophagus were compared with those of 26 controls matched for age and sex in order to shed light on the cause of this disease. All 26 cancer patients were men and cancer of the esophagus was more common among patients born in Malawi than among those born in Rhodesia Mocambique or Zambia. The prevalence of smokers and the smoking index were significantly greater in the cancer patients (100% of the cancer patients were smokers as compared to 54% of the controls). Alcohol consumption was also significantly associated with cancer of the esophagus. There were no significant differences between the occupations of cancer patients and controls. Since the significance of the factors associated with cancer of the esophagus vary in different parts of the world patients from different parts of Africa should be questioned to determine whether or not the high association with smoking exists in different regions.


This paper presents an alternative method for the evaluation of the pozzolanic potential of geological materials. This method is based on X ray powder diffraction analysis of mortars obtained from a mixture of two parts of lime (calcium hydroxide) and one part of ground material and water. The mixture is put to dry in an oven at 30o C during 7 days when maximum consumption of lime due to pozzolanic reaction occurs. The mortar is ground and then submitted to X ray powder diffraction analysis, which reveals new compounds formed as products of pozzolanic reaction. The most important compounds are associated with hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H) and its derivatives with aluminum, iron, sodium and potassium. The presence of these new compounds indicates that the geological material may present a favorable pozzolanic reaction and be, therefore, a natural pozzolan.


Gratitude is teaching about morality that concerns all aspects of human life. This study aims to determine the spiritual values of gratitude in the Qur'an in relation to character in Islamic education. Through a subjective-cum-objective hermeneutic approach, the research results show that gratitude contains several character values that are needed in Islamic education. These character values include, amanah, qonā'ah, istiqāmah, tawāḍu', tawakal, optimistic, creative, hard work and social care. The results of this study indicate that gratitude is the main character that contains religious and social character values based on belief and faith in God. These character values are needed in achieving the goals of Islamic education.


Development is the main discussion that have preoccupied the minds of policy makers and planners. Different countries and even their constituting regions want to achieve a balanced and sustainable level of development that would lead to improved lives of all people. The lack of balance in development between different regions intensifies gaps and regional inequality which is an obstacle in the path of development. The lack of balance generally leads to economic ineffectiveness, social inequality, strong and polarized migrations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of development in counties of Bushehr province in various dimensions. The used methodology is a combination of fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods including Fuzzy AHP and VIKOR. The weight of criteria is determined by fuzzy paired comparison. Ranking of 13 criteria is used for 9 counties through VIKOR. The results showed that the highest and lowest developments belong to Bushehr based on indicators related to R=0.1130, S=0.3740 and Q=0.318 and Deyr based on R=0.1210, S=0.6051 and Q=0.841 in 2013.


The study was carried out to evaluate the combined effect of intra-row spacing and harvesting interval (frequency) on yield and yield components of Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris L.), variety Ford Hook Giant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a 3*3 factorial arrangement in three replications. The factor levels were: 25cm, 30cm and 35 cm for intra-row spacing and 6, 12 and 18 days for harvesting interval.  Statistically significant differences were observed among the treatment combinations on their effects on all parameters evaluated (yield, leaf length, leaf number and plant height) except leaf width. The highest yield (42.51 t/ha) and yield components (32.0cm average leaf length, 8.17 average leaf number/plant, 17.67cm average leaf width and 43.33cm average plant height) were obtained from the combined effects of 35cm intra-row spacing and 18 days harvesting interval. Conversely, the lowest measurements of the same parameters were recorded from the combined effects of 25cm intra-row spacing and 6 days harvesting interval. Growers under Wolkite conditions are therefore recommended to grow Swiss chard in a similar way. Keywords: Swiss chard, intra-row spacing, harvesting interval, yield and yield components. DOI : 10.7176/JBAH/9-19-06 Publication date :October 31 st 2019


Ticks are economically the most important pests of cattle and other domestic species in tropical and subtropical countries. They are the vectors of a number of pathogenic microorganisms including protozoans (babesiosis, theileriosis), rickettsiae (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, typhus), viruses (e.g., Kyasanur Forest Disease reported from Karnataka State of India; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever reported time and again from Pakistan), bacteria (e.g., Pasteurella, Brucella, Listeria, Staphylococcus) and spirochaetes (Barnett, 1961; Jongejan and Uilenberg, 2004). The only food for the ticks is blood. They are voracious blood suckers; loss of blood for their rapid development impoverishes the hosts. In heavy infestation cattle must have more feed merely to meet the demands of the parasites; the growth of young animals is retarded, and they may remain thin, weak and stunted. In dairy cows, milk production is greatly reduced. Ticks belonging to genus Ixodes and Ornithodorus lahorensis are associated with tick paralysis which is a specific type of intoxication, resulting from the injection of a toxin by certain instars of ticks usually the adult females but sometimes by nymphs. Sweating sickness is a disease of cattle and other domestic species which occurs in South, Central and East Africa. It is associated with infestation by Hyalomma truncatum and has all characteristics of toxicosis (Barnett, 1961). Although, economic losses due to ticks are mainly due to the diseases which they transmit (Garcia, 2003), financial losses associated with nagging irritation and depreciation of the value of skins and hides (upto 2030%) are also significant (Biswas, 2003). In severely tick infested young cattle, sometimes ticks have been found in the oral cavity as well as in the stomach. They reach here as a result of constant licking induced by irritation. The present treatise attempts to review some of the pragmatic tick control measures in dairy cattle and buffaloes. Ghosh et al. (2007) have reviewed upcoming and future strategies of tick control. Similarly, Jongejan and Uilenberg (1994) have reviewed ticks and control methods. Important species of ticks infesting cattle and buffaloes in Pakistan Infestation rates of important genera of ticks infesting cattle in Frontier Region, Peshawar, Pakistan were as follows: Boophilus (43.40%), Hyalomma (36.65%), Rhipicephalus (16.88%) and Amblyomma (3.05%). Infestation rates by ticks of these genera in buffaloes were 53.12, 31.25, 15.62 and 3.05%, respectively (Manan et al., 2007). Khan et al. (1993) investigated the prevalence of ticks on different livestock species in Faisalabad (Pakistan). Infestation rates in cattle and buffaloes were 28.2 and 14.7%, respectively. Most livestock species carried more than one genera of ticks. Ticks of the genus Hyalomma were the most prevalent in cattle and buffalo, followed by those belonging to Boophilus.


Different and novel in-grown stacking faults have been observed and characterized in 4H-SiC epitaxial layers grown on 4 or 8o off-cut substrates. Two different kinds of triangular stacking faults w ...


Background: In this study, we elucidated the neuroprotective effect of dioscin, a plant-derived steroidal saponin utilized in Chinese medicine to treat various diseases. To achieve this, we established the aluminum chloride–induced Alzheimer's disease rat model. Materials and Methods: Young, healthy, male Wistar rats were grouped into five: control, Alzheimer's disease–induced, Alzheimer's disease–induced and treated with 10 mg/kg dioscin, Alzheimer's disease–induced and treated with 20 mg/kg dioscin, and Alzheimer's disease–induced and treated with standard neuroprotective drug donepezil (1.5 mg/kg/day) by oral route. After completion of the treatment period, the animals were subjected to behavioral, biochemical, molecular, and histological analyses. Morris water maze and open-field tests were conducted to analyze the behavior of the animals. Acetylcholinesterase, glutamate, neurotransmitters, and oxidative stress markers were quantified to assess the biochemical changes in Alzheimer's-induced and dioscin-treated rats. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis was done to assess the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes, and the neuroprotective effect of dioscin was confirmed with histopathological analysis of hippocampal region. Results: Aluminum chloride–induced neurodegeneration in rats was evident with behavioral, biochemical, molecular, and histological analyses. The results of behavioral analysis revealed that dioscin treatment increased the memory in Alzheimer's-induced rats. It also decreased the oxidative stress markers, and increased the level of norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitters involved in cognition. The mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines was significantly decreased in Alzheimer's-induced dioscin-treated rats. Histopathological analysis revealed that dioscin protects the hippocampus from aluminum chloride–induced neurodegeneration. Discussion: Overall our results confirmed that dioscin is a potent neuroprotectant and can be utilized to treat Alzheimer's disease in the future.


The sequential decision problem considered in this paper consists of finding an optimal policy for increasing the capacity of a multi-terminal network with requirements increasing over a planning period and arcs subject to failure. This problem is formulated as a shortest-route problem in a very large network and solved by Dijkstra's algorithm. Computational experience is also presented.


IT should come as no shocking news that the law affecting physicians and hospitals has radically changed in the last decade. The law has changed and is changing because society in general now presses for such change. The law responds to those societal pressures and attempts to meet the expressed needs of the public. That has been one of the traditional functions of the law. Many years ago Justice Holmes in his classic work, The Common Law, stated a definition of law that is appropriate to our present discussion: The life of law has not been logic: It has been . . .


The Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens Regan) is a popular ornamental fish in Thailand. Growing research suggests that fish health is influenced by gut microbiota. Here, we investigated, for the first time, the differences in the gut microbiota profiles of healthy Siamese fighting fish during the young (8-week-old) and adult male and female (16-week-old and 24-week-old) life stages using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The fish were raised in controlled water quality conditions and fed on Moina macrocopa. Profiling of gut microbial communities revealed significant differences in the overall bacterial profile between young and adult Siamese fighting fish. Bacterial diversity decreased in the 24-week-old adult fish. Proteobacteria was the most predominant bacterial phylum in the gut of both young and adult carnivorous betta fish, in which the abundance of its members varied with age. Plesiomonas was enriched in male fish aged 24 weeks, whereas Pseudomonas dominated the gut of 8-week-old fish. Moreover, differences in predicted functions of these Proteobacteria between the young and adult fish could be a key target for improving fish growth. These findings expand our understanding of the role of gut microbiota and its association with host factors.


FIELD: transport. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to design of lavatory for transport facility, namely for aircraft. Aircraft includes at least one passenger cab and at least one lavatory structure. Lavatory structure for transport facility contains the first lavatory compartment, adjacent second lavatory compartment, partition-wall which is located between the first and the second lavatory compartment. The partition-wall is made capable to be moved in open position where partition-wall between two lavatory compartments is removed. EFFECT: comfort in use for persons with limited mobility. 11 cl, 9 dwg


An animated short film set in the vast and barren landscape of Australia's Nullarbor Plain.
 Bernie is a brash young punk driving his hyped-up car across the plain; Waddy is a laid-back old `digger' driving his antique jalopy to nowhere in particular. After a bout of road rage, a tortoise-and-hare race ensues.


In this paper we calculate the weak form factors of the decays $B_c(B)\to Dl\tilde\nu$ by using the chiral current correlator within the framework of the QCD light-cone sum rules (LCSR). The expressions of the form factors only depend on the leading twist distribution amplitude (DA) of the $D$ meson. Three models of the $D$-meson distribution amplitude are employed and the calculated form factor $F_{B_c\to D}(0)$ is given. Our prediction, by using the $D$-meson distribution amplitude with the exponential suppression at the end points, is compatible with other approaches, and favors the three-points sum rules (3PSR) approach with the Coulumb corrections included.


The basic features of the auxiliary drives in a kind of machine tools are analyzed in the presented work. Based on this, a control algorithm of the additionally introduced auxiliary drive has been developed taking into account the mechanical gear, the type of the computer numerical control and the respective sensors. Two different approaches for control of this drive are shown, namely one with ladder diagrams and one with the Verilog hardware description language (Verilog HDL). Experimental results of the implemented control device with Verilog HDL are presented and discussed. The research carried out and the results obtained can be applied in the design of such drives for the machine tools under consideration.


It is a big challenge that the tall buildings must withstand the various forces acting from different directions and aspects such as seismic and wind forces while designing the tall structures it is mandatory to deeply understand the seismic and wind behaviour of multi-storeyed buildings. In this study we are concerned to determine and analyse the seismic and wind behaviour of high-rise buildings some of which were regular and other had irregularities in them in their plan and elevations. Three G+30 storied buildings were considered which were situated in seismic Zone-V and analysis were carried out using response spectrum method as per IS 1893- 2016 on ETABS software. Each building is subjected to wind load at different terrain categories to examine its effects at different slopes as per IS 875 Part 3 2015.Various parameters like Auto lateral load, maximum storey displacement, maximum storey drift, overturning moment, storey shear and time period were considered in this study. It is concluded that vertical irregular building in terrain category-4 with ground slope less than 3 degree's provides greater resistance against both seismic and wind loading among all buildings.


The catalytic partial hydrogenation of soybean oil and the oxydesulfurization of simulated number 2 diesel were carried out in a novel piston oscillating monolith reactor (POMR). The POMR uses low frequency oscillations to alternate liquidand gas-rich environments in the reactor channels of catalyst monoliths. Even application of low frequency (0-20 Hz) and amplitude (2.5 mm) vibrations results in significant increases in the observed rates of such reactions, well above what can be obtained in stirred tanks operated at equivalent power/volume ratios. A theory of oscillating transport in membranes is employed to explain the results.


The structure of the title compound, [As2S2(C2H4)(C6H5)4], which has twofold symmetry, features an As=S bond distance of 2.0674 (13) A.


Theory self-knowledge is the premise for constructing theoretical system of Education Technology with Chinese characteristics.Only sufficient Theory self-knowledge can make real Education Technology Theory.There are three aspects of performance for theory self-knowledge of education technology researchers: acknowledging the value of education technology theory,knowing the connotation of education technology theory,and pursuing the quality of education technology theory


Emerging adulthood is a unique developmental period between late adolescence and establishment of personal and social identity associated with adulthood. Emerging adult populations may have distinctive experiences of adult healthcare and their needs may differ from those of older healthcare users. Little is known about the patterns of presentation, experiences of care or disease outcomes of emerging adults in adult rheumatology settings. We used the National Early Inflammatory Arthritis Audit (NEIAA) to describe differences between emerging and older adult patients diagnosed with early inflammatory arthritis (EIA).

 NEIAA is an observational cohort design study assessing care against National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence quality metrics. Adults in England and Wales with a confirmed new diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis between May 2018 and April 2022 were grouped into two categories: emerging adults (16-24 years) and older patients (≥25 years). Patient characteristics, disease phenotype (including oligo- or polyarticular presentation) and initial treatment strategy were described.

 A total of 20,472 patients were included. 571 (2.8%) diagnosed with EIA were emerging adults (EA); this group had higher proportions of females (71.8%). Compared to older patients, EA patients were less likely to ever smoke (44.1% vs 69.5%) and had fewer comorbidities. EA patients were more likely to have oligoarticular symptoms (<5 tender and swollen joints; 53% vs 37%). Symptom duration prior to diagnosis was longer for EA patients (46% describing symptom duration >6 months vs 37%). Median Disease Activity Score/DAS28 at presentation was lower (4.2 vs 4.7). There were no differences in symptom burden as measured by the mean musculoskeletal health questionnaire (25 vs 24). EA patients completed fewer patient reported outcomes (33% vs 39%), but were more likely to complete all forms (20% vs 17%). Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs treatment strategies appeared similar, although more EA patients did not start medications by three months (26% vs 19%). Fewer EA patients received steroids (56% vs 71%).There were no significant differences between groups in patient numbers referred within three days of symptom onset from primary care or reviewed within three weeks with treatment initiation within six weeks in rheumatology care. More of the EA group were in employment at diagnosis. The EA population reported higher impairment at work (Work Productivity and Activity Index overall score 38% vs 30%, driven by difference in presenteeism).

 Low proportion of EA patients in this EIA population raises concern that the study is not capturing a representative sample of this younger and developmentally distinct population. Available data suggest important differences in time to presentation, disease pattern and pathways of care between EA and older patients. EA population deserves further detailed investigation, exploring frequency and patterns of EIA and identifying particular issues faced when using adult rheumatology services.
 Disclosure
 M. Adas: None. N. Arumalla: None. D. Mclaughlin: None. J. Galloway: Honoraria; from AbbVie, Celgene, Chugai, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Pfizer, Roche and UCB. J. Ledingham: Other; is a BSR trustee. F. Mcerlane: None.


[18O]-Chlorocarbonylsulfenyl chloride with an isotopic purity of 92% was prepared in three steps starting with the [18O]-hydrolysis of 2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane to [18O]-propanal, which was then converted to [18O]-O-1-methylpropyl S-methyl dithiocarbonate, which was then chlorinated to give the title compound. Distilled yields for the three steps were 57%, 49%, and 40% respectively.


Football, as well as other physical activities, was culturally constructed through a binary that divides society into two blocks: men on one side and women on the other. Among distinct sociocultural spaces, there are subjects who choose to blur the boundaries of a coherent logic (seen as) between sex and gender and decide to [res] signify their place of men and women outside the patterns scanned by culture and society. Given this, our goal is to understand how the inclusion of women in soccer games reverberates in sexist discourses on social networks. Methodologically, this research is inscribed as qualitative, documentary, with interface between the Studies of Gender and Sexuality [s] and the field of Cultural Studies of Education. For this text, we chose Facebook as a starting point for the analysis, understanding it as a Cultural Pedagogy in the constitution of gender and sexuality crossings that are located in the chosen images and in the comments of the Internet users, making the publications about the Women's World Cup 2019 spaces of sociability and education around the possibilities of experiencing gender and / or sexuality [s] of these bodies - read as feminine - and that enter the field fleeing the rules pre-defined by culture.


A survey of 516 randomly selected unmarried females 13-20 years old attending secondary schools in Lusaka and Kitwe Zambia revealed alarmingly high rates of unprotected sexual intercourse. Mothers were generally cited as the first or second most important influence on the young womens sexual values confirming the importance of the family in this culture. In 75% of cases family members had stressed the importance of premarital sexual abstinence. 52% of the young adolescents (13-16 years) and 63% of the older adolescents (17-20 years) had not received any information from their families about contraception. 22.6% of younger and 37.8% of older adolescents had correct information about "safe days" for intercourse but this knowledge generally came from friends rather than relatives. About half of the younger girls and 77% of the older respondents had a boyfriend at the time of the survey and 27.1% had already engaged in sexual intercourse. Of the 140 respondents who had intercourse during the 2 months preceding the survey only 10 had used contraception. This low rate reflects both a lack of knowledge about fertility control and laws that deny unmarried Zambian women access to contraception. Given the centrality of the family in this society family-based sex education programs that include guidance on the safe period are recommended.


Background Obesity and visceral adiposity are increasingly recognized risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Visceral fat may reduce myocardial perfusion by impairing vascular endothelial function. Women experience more anginal symptoms compared to men despite less severe coronary artery stenosis, as assessed by angiography. Women and men have different fat storage patterns which may account for the observed differences in cardiovascular disease. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the relationship between visceral adipose tissue distributions and myocardial perfusion in men and women. Methods Visceral and subcutaneous fat distributions and myocardial perfusion were measured in 69 men and women without coronary artery disease using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Myocardial perfusion index was quantified after first-pass perfusion with gadolinium contrast at peak dose dobutamine stress. Results We observed inverse relationships between female gender (r = -0.35, p = 0.003), pericardial fat (r = -0.36, p = 0.03), intraperitoneal fat (r = -0.37, p = 0.001), and retroperitoneal fat (r = -0.36, p = 0.002) and myocardial perfusion index. Visceral fat depots were not associated with reduced myocardial perfusion at peak dose dobutamine in men. However, in women, BMI (r = -0.33, p = 0.04), pericardial fat (r = -0.53, p = 0.02), subcutaneous fat (r = -0.39, p = 0.01) and intraperitoneal fat (r = -0.30, p = 0.05) were associated with reduced myocardial perfusion during dobutamine stress. Conclusions Higher visceral fat volumes are associated with reduced left ventricular myocardial perfusion at peak dose dobutamine stress in women but not in men. These findings suggest that visceral fat may contribute to abnormal microcirculatory coronary artery perfusion syndromes, explaining why some women exhibit more anginal symptoms despite typically lower grade epicardial coronary artery stenoses than men.


Throughout the history of automation, there have been numerous accidents attributed to the inappropriate use of automated systems. Over-reliance and under-reliance on automation are well documented problems in fields where automation has been employed for a long time, such as factories and aviation. Research has shown that one of the key factors that influence an operator's reliance on automated systems is his or her trust of the system. Several factors, including risk, workload, and task difficulty have been found to influence an operator's trust of an automated system. With a model of trust based upon these factors, it is possible to design automated systems that foster well-calibrated trust and thereby prevent the misuse of automation.
Over the past decade, robot systems have become more commonplace and increasingly autonomous. With the increased use of robot systems in multiple application domains, models of trust and operator behavior for human-robot interaction (HRI) must be created now in order to avoid some of the problems encountered by other automation domains in the past. Since traditional automation domains and HRI are significantly different, we reexamine trust and control allocation (operator's usage of autonomous behaviors) as it relates to robots with autonomous capabilities in order to discover the relevant factors in HRI.
This dissertation examines existing work in traditional automation that is relevant to HRI and, based on that information, builds an experimental methodology to closely mimic real world remote robot teleoperation tasks. We also present results from multiple experiments examining the relationship between the different factors being investigated with respect to trust and control allocation. Based on these results, a model for human interaction with remote robots for teleoperation (HARRT) is proposed and design guidelines to help improve overall performance are presented based on the model.


Two kinds of Fe-15Mn-5Si-9Cr-5Ni shape memory alloys with different contents of Al are prepared.The shape memory effect is measured after multiple trainings,and the microstructure is observed by the metullugical microscopy and TEM.The result shows that the shape memory effect would be raised markedly after the alloy passes the training,in especial the second training would have notable results.The excessive amount of Al would do harm to the shape memory effect.The more content of huge stacking-fault in the alloy is more advantageous to the improvement of the shape memory effect.


Augmented reality (AR) is a promising technology for improving the application and comprehension skills of students. The ARiSE project developed an Augmented Reality Teaching Platform (ARTP) for secondary schools. A Chemistry learning scenario was implemented that is based on the interaction paradigm "building with guidance". This study aims at assessing the extent to which specific capabilities of the ARTP are supporting the understanding Chemistry concepts as well as their contribution to the perceived utility. The results of a multiple-regression analysis shows that the specific features of the Chemistry scenario are supporting a better understanding and learning with less effort. Overall, the interaction paradigm proved to have a positive influence on the effectiveness and efficiency of the learning process.


This paper presents a compact dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) that features two controllable stopbands at 1.8 GHz and 5.2 GHz frequencies. A drastic reduction in size of the filter was achieved by taking advantage of a simplified architecture based on E-shaped resonator. The return losses of the simulated filter are measured to be -54.03 and -42.57 dB while the insertion losses are -0.01 and -0.10 dB at the respective stop bands. Due to its compact size and satisfactory stopband performance, the filter can be useful for modern communication technology.


Pornography through the internet has penetrated visually impaired teenagers. Socialization activities are needed to anticipate negative content. Pre-research was needed to map the problem before socialization. The study aims to examine the impact of pornography and its spread among visually impaired teenagers. The method used was a correlation with samples of teenagers at Wyata Guna, Bandung. The results show there is the impact of pornography and its spread including received, stored, accessed, and distributed through the internet. Proactive action was required from parents, and institutions to prevent a visually impaired teenager from the impact of pornography.


Residual entropy of a topological system is defined as the infimum increase of entropy necessary to build a symbolic extension of this system. If no symbolic extension exists then residual entropy is set at infinity. In this paper we provide a direct formula for the residual entropy of a system on a totally disconnected compact space in terms of basic notions of conditional entropies viewed as functions of invariant measures. This formula allows us to evaluate residual entropy in many examples as well as to construct new examples with arbitrarily preset topological and residual entropies. The appendix contains a condition equivalent to asymptotic h-expansiveness.


The naturalistic study investigated the potential influence of personal driving preferences (assertive and defensive driving style) on users; comfort when being driven in an automated vehicle with a defensive driving style. Adopted the Wizard of Oz design, the study involved three phases: pre-, during, and post-driven to measure their comfort, perceived safety, and likeness as well as motion sickness propensity through self-report questionnaire and heart rate variation. After answering a set of questionnaires, participants were exposed to simulated driving in an automated vehicle with a defensive driving style. A statistical analysis produced no statistically significant difference between assertive and defensive participants. This indicates an overall preference, perceived comfort without severe motion sickness propensity to the defensive driving style of the autonomous vehicle, regardless of participants' personal driving styles.


The study of electrode processes with specific adsorption of reactants is at present of special interest, especially with regard to the interpretation of impedances of galvanic cells. Recently, DELAHAY 1 has given a theory for the most general case, taking into account charge transfer, diffusion and adsorption of the reactants; this unfortunately, turns out to be very complicated, so that interpretation of cell impedances in terms of an equivalent circuit seems hardly feasible. Until some way round this has been found, it is certainly worthwhile to fit experimental data to a less rigorous circuit derived on the basis of some approximations For example we showed that at frequencies between 0.2 and 8 kHz, the TI+/TI(Hg) electrode in I M KNOB and I M KNO~ + o.I M KC1 appears to behave like a normal Randles' circuit with only an additional capacitance, AC, parallel to the double-layer capacitance 2. On the other hand, BATICLE AND PERDU 3 communicated in this journal that the same electrode in 0.5 M H2SO4 does not meet the Randles' circuit and that the more elaborate circuit proposed by SENDA AND DELAI-IAY 4 is to be preferred. However, we have some comments on BATICLES' paper, which in our opinion are of sufficient interest to justify this Note.


In this paper,different conditions for the determination of nilestriol with fluorescent spectrometry were investigated.It was found that β-cyclodextrin could enhance the fluorescence intensity greatly under neutral situation,thus a simple and highly sensitive approach was put forward with the linear range of 2.63×10~(-7)~1.84×10~(-5) mol/L and the detection limit of 9.4×10~(-8) mol/L,which has been successfully applied to the determination of nilestriol in tablets.The results were satisfactory.


The present invention relates to a round terminal assembly. The present invention provides the round terminal assembly which includes: a female terminal of a tubular shape with a hollow into which a male terminal is inserted; a contact ring which is formed on the front of the female terminal in contact with the front end of the female terminal; and a contact cap which is inserted into the outer surface of the end of the female terminal to maintain the contact ring arranged on the front of the female terminal and includes a front side and a rear side which are opened to pass the male terminal.


This paper reports an experimental and modelling study of the biocidal effect of an energetic mixture which is detonated in a closed chamber containing an initial spore distribution. The resulting spore neutralization efficiency is recorded as a function of measured detonation and combustion performance. We also report the results of a range of numerical modelling studies carried out to aid the interpretation of these experiments and to guide future developments. We find that the current energetic mixture (aluminum powder which is shock dispersed by detonation of a central high explosive core) gives variable combustion efficiency. The Al powder ignites on impact with the walls. In the modelling we match the recorded quasi-static pressures in each experiment and compare predicted spore neutralization with measured values. Using a critical spore temperature for neutralization of 670 K gives a good match to the experiments. We report how neutralization efficiency varies with changes to this temperature. The coupled experimental and modelling approach allows us to suggest requirements for future biocidal energetic materials.


Coronary Heart Disease can be diagnosed by measuring and sco ring regional motion of the heart wall in ultrasound images of the left ventricle (LV) of the heart. Studies have shown that the quality of diagnosis has great interand intra-observer variat ion, even among world-class expert cardiologists. This variability n diagnosis quality is particularly critical for CHD, because early diagnosis is a key factor in improved prognosis. We describe a complete ly automated and robust technique that detects diseased heart s based on automatic detection and tracking of the endocardium and e picardium of the LV. The local wall regions and the entire heart are then classified as normal or abnormal based on the regional an d global LV wall motion. In order to leverage structural infor mation about the heart we applied Bayesian Networks to this pro blem, and learnt multiple potential structures off of the data usi ng different algorithms. We checked the validity of these structures sing anatomical knowledge of the heart and medical rules as descr ib d by doctors. We then used a novel feature selection technique bas d on mathematical programming to add imaging features to the b asic learnt structures. The resultant classifiers thus depen d only on a small subset of numerical features extracted from dual-co ntours tracked through time. We verify the robustness of our system on echocardiograms collected in routine clinical practice at one hospital, both with the standard cross-validation analysis, and then on a held-out set of completely unseen echocardiography images .


Between about the mid 1960s and the late 1970s there was a remarkable rise in the labor force participation of women and then a leveling off that has persisted through the mid 1990s. This paper attempts to explain the labor force participation of women 20-24 over this period. A "relative income" variable is constructed based on Easterlin's (1980) relative income hypothesis, and this is found to be an important explanatory variable. Easterlin's "cohort wage" hypothesis is also used in the analysis. The basic equation estimated does very well in various tests that were performed on it, and it appears to explain well the rapid rise and then leveling off of the labor force participation of young women.


Abstract This paper is a response to the recent debate conducted in JET relating to teacher education and national examinations in Papua New Guinea. This rejoinder strongly supports the encouragement of such internationally informed debate, but draws attention to important issues concerning the nature of comparative and international studies in education. An effort is also made to add to the analysis of teacher education in Papua New Guinea in the light of criticism made in the original commentaries.


Purpose: The organization's vision and mission are the first step of any strategic planning process. They are used as a context for development and evaluation of planned and emergent strategies. Vision statements have been tremendously accepted as a crucial part of the strategic management process for organizations of all types for profit, a multinational or a small and medium scale enterprise. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of mission and vision of financial sustainability of NGOs in Kenya.
Methodology: A desktop literature review was used for this purpose. Relevant seminal references and journal articles for the study were identified using Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria entailed papers that were not over 10 years old.
Findings: Mission statements are good in capturing corporate level strategy in terms of scope, boundaries and value creation. They are a broad overarching statements around which other strategic principles like vision, strategic capabilities, strategic intent, objectives and goals, core values, standards of behavior as well as business models evolve. A good vision facilitates growth in an organization will make sense to the organization's citizens and expand their minds in terms of possibilities while at the same time remaining feasible. An effective organizational vision and mission statement translates directly into an organization's success which can be measured by continued competitive advantage, improved sales, solid leadership, greater employee commitment, increased shareholder value.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practices: The study recommended that NGOs should implement mission and vision as planning strategies. This is because vision and mission significantly influence organizational performance. Moreover, NGOs' strategic leadership should ensure that the vision and mission of the organization are effectively communicated and adapted by all employees.


During the last few years, aluminium alloys are increasingly more used in production of light constructions, especially for manufacture of light car bodies of passenger cars. From the aspect of tribological factors influence, experience in application of low-carbon steel sheet metals in manufacture of car body parts by deep drawing procedures up to now differs significantly regarding the application of Al-alloys. The paper presents the experimental results of tribological investigations of specified materials properties at sliding tests, as well as results at deep drawing with variable blank holding force. The combination of unfavourable formability parameters and sensitivity to tribological conditions at application of Al-alloys requires a particular approach to tools and technology designing in comparison with classic forming procedure.


Objective: The current study was conducted to explore the features of ill-emotion of primary pupils. Methods:3,315 pupils from grade three to six were sampled from three different regions all over the country,and their anxiety, depression, loneliness, hostility and fear were examined. Some related statistics were conducted. Results: There were differences between regions and grades in ill-emotion of primary pupils. Conclusion: The emotion state of participants was quite good.


Photodynamic therapy is emerging as an antimicrobial alternative approach; the concomitant presence of a photosensitizer (PS), O2 and visible light induces lethal oxidative damages to bacterial cells. Among Gram‐negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa seems to be one of the least susceptible to photodynamic treatment. In this study, we evaluated the influence of several experimental conditions on photoeradication of a planktonic culture of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by means of a tetracationic meso‐arylsubstituted porphyrin (RM24). Our findings suggest that the photo‐oxidative stress induced by RM24 is strictly correlated to the amount of PS bound to the cells that in turn decreases with the increasing concentrations of organic compounds in the medium. The photoeradication is dependent on PS concentrations, cellular density and light dose. RM24 was able to induce oxidative stress by means of singlet oxygen formation, although ROS formation cannot be ruled out. The standardized experimental conditions of the photospot test allowed us to evidence intraspecific PDT sensitivity differences among three strains of P. aeruginosa.


This paper presents harmonic analysis of motor current signatures under different fault conditions of medium and high power Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) systems. Computer simulation of a VSI fed induction motor based on constant voltage/frequency (V/f) operation is implemented using Powersim (PSIM) simulation software. Frequency response characteristics of motor currents are compared to analyze fault conditions in motor drive system. dc bus. The dc bus contains capacitors to accept power from the rectifier, stores it, and later deliver that power through the inverter section. The inverter contains transistors that deliver power to the motor. The "Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor" (IGBT) is a common choice in modern VFDs. The IGBT can switch on and off several thousand times per second and precisely control the power delivered to the motor. The IGBT uses "pulse width modulation" (PWM) technique to simulate a sine wave current at the desired frequency to the motor.