In these studies, prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHIs) were used to activate the proline hydroxylase‐domain containing (PHD) oxygen‐sensing pathway in cardiomyocytes. Addition of cyanide and the glycolytic inhibitor 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DG) caused, as expected, the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨmito) in control cells with only partial recovery upon washout. In contrast, ΔΨmito is partially maintained during metabolic inhibition and recovers completely upon washout in PHI‐preconditioned cells. Inclusion of rotenone, but not oligomycin, with cyanide and 2‐DG was found to collapse ΔΨmito in PHI‐pretreated myocytes. Thus, continued complex I activity was implicated in the maintenance of ΔΨmito in PHI‐treated myocytes, while a role for the 'reverse mode' operation of the F1Fo‐ATP synthase was ruled out. Evidence of fumarate to succinate reduction by complex II in the PHI‐treated, but not control myocytes, provides an explanation for the apparent finding of 'anaerobic' complex I function. Finally we find that PHI‐treatment downregulates basal O2‐consumption to only ~15% that of controls. Remarkably, addition of DNP, an uncoupler, does not increase O2‐consumption rates in PHI‐treated myocytes. We conclude that PHD pathway directs mechanisms that allow anaerobic complex I function and that lead to a low‐respiring mitochondrial phenotype that is protected against metabolic insult.


The potential use of digital laboratories is constantly growing every year, as such a device allows you to conduct research in such fields as biology, physics, chemistry and other natural sciences. It is proved that the use of modern equipment increases the efficiency of laboratory classes in schools. Today, there are a large number of educational digital laboratories, which find many areas of use, from laboratory work at school to laboratories at universities. However, if you analyze these digital labs, you can see that they do not have a user-friendly interface and settings. The purpose of this work is to review existing solutions, as well as find solutions to create an improved version of digital training laboratories. The main disadvantage of existing solutions is the lack of data transfer via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, as well as connection to a computer or smartphone, which could significantly improve the process of working with such a device. One of the solutions to this problem is the creation of digital training laboratories based on the ESP-32 microcontroller. After analyzing the existing digital laboratories, we can conclude that this area needs improvement, as existing technologies allow to create much better devices in terms of ease of use and opportunities for educational purposes. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are the main elements, the addition of which will significantly improve digital laboratories. One such solution is the ESP-32 microcontroller, as it includes these modules, and its technical characteristics allow you to create a device that will collect data simultaneously from many connected sensors. The creation of a digital laboratory with such characteristics will significantly improve the process of laboratory work in schools and universities, as well as allow more organized distance learning online, which will have a positive impact on the educational process in schools and universities.


Estrone (E1) and estriol (E3) are considered "weak" estrogens, which exert suppressive effects through estrogen receptors α and β. However, recent studies have demonstrated that E1 and E3, as well as estradiol (E2), suppress gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced luteinizing hormone secretion from bovine gonadotrophs via G-protein-coupled receptor 30, which is expressed in various reproductive organs. Currently, there is a lack of fundamental knowledge regarding E1 and E3, including their blood levels. In addition, xenoestrogens may remain in the body over long time periods because of enterohepatic circulation. Therefore, it is time to reconsider the roles of endogenous estrogens and xenoestrogens for reproduction.


The face location and detection algorithm based on skin color and binary morphology was proposed in this paper.The HSV(Hue-Saturation-Value)model and YCrCb(Brightness-Value-Saturation)model are applied to the face skin detection in this detection algorithm,and these models can detect and judge every pixel of image which belongs to human body region or background region according to the color value.Simultaneously,the image can be converted into the binary image by the threshold method,and be processed by the binary morphology algorithm. Finally,the connected region which is screened can be decided by the geometric features of human face,and the face can be located and detected accurately.Hence,the face location and detection algorithm based on skin color and binary morphology consists of three steps,which are the skin color detection,the morphological operation and the geometric features of distinguish.The experimental results show the algorithm can improve the accuracy of face detection and speed up the recognition speed of face location and detection.


In August 12th, 2015, an especially big bang of dangerous chemical goods happened in Tianjin harbor.Through a month of in-hospital diagnosis and therapies, 73.6% (587/798) of the wounded were released after recovering from the severe explosive blast injury.The giant explosive accident taught us a wretched lesson, and supplied important alerting effects for the diagnosis and therapy of explosive blast injury in Chinese peacetime.Through an in depth analysis combined with our previous working experiences, we found the blast injury in the giant explosions showed more complicated injury factors and state of an injury.In comparison with the traditional injury pattern in blast injury, most of the blast injury expressed the symptom of both heavey inside and outside while the external injury couldn′t masking the internal injury.Owing to the complex compositions of the wounded, the treatment of blast injury is intractable due to the differential body injuries and psychological trauma.In the therapeutic patterns, it is urgent to strengthen the bundled and standardized system of explosive blast injury.Collectively, it is the key point to firmly control the explosive origin.The existing social conflict determined the explosive accidents remain difficult to be avoided.The ideal precaution diagnosis should be put ahead once explosion happens.The potential psychological trauma should be evaluated as a kind of social disease.Only when the standardized and steady social support system come true, then the harmony and win-win can be realized in the explosive disasters for the government and population.

Key words:
Explosion; Blast injury; Burns; Overpressure; Stress


This publication basically takes up the papers given by Eastern European experts at the experts' meetings "Eastern European Countries--Reconciliation of Family and Work" organised by the EU Network "Family & Work" in Brussels on 2 June 1999. The papers focus on the current situation in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia concerning reconciling family and work. They give a historical overview of the past status of the family with regard to equal opportunities between men and women. Som describe the existing family models and major changes/trends in connection with the transformation process. This publication will be of interest to experts from different interest groups and research areas. Contents: Michel E. Domsch/Desiree. H. Ladwig/ Eliane Tenten: General overview of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia--Paper setting out a basic principle--Gisela Lange: Equal opportunities policy and and EU enlargment--Romana Hulkova: Reconcilation of family and work in the Czech Republic--Zdenka Hajna: Women and Families in the Czech Republic--Peeter Maimik: Family and work--recent developments in Estonia--Leeni Hansson: Combining work and family: the case of Estonian women--Erzsebet Zoldi-Szita: Female roles and respect for women: a review of women's situation in Hungarian society today--Maria Herczog: Women and work in Hungary--Elzbieta Szemplinska: Legal possibilities of reconcililng family and work in Polish law--Renata Siemienska: Factors shaping conceptions of women's and men's roles in Poland--Dorota Glogosz: Reconcilation of family and work--situation and trends in Poland--current tendencies and foreseen changes--Nevenka Cernigoj Sadar: recent trendsinfluencing work-family relations in Slovenia.


The initiation of vaccination might be an excellent activity to start primary health care (PHC) the organization of which often presents difficulties to developing countries. Vaccinations carried out in the right wasy are effective in reducing the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. The recognized effectiveness and therefore the popularity of vaccinations in Africa make then an excellent tool for mobilizing the population to participate in PHC. Vaccination is a good entrance to the collectivities. It is popular and has a favorable cost-benefit ratio. Vaccinations being popular can reinforce the credibility of the PHC agent if he/she is involved in their preparation organization implementation and followup. Vaccinations require a particular effort and a special organization at every level: at the central level the effort involves the planning of supplies of vaccines and material training and recruitment of staff administration of stocks and budget programming; at the regional or intermediate level the factors are organization of the elements of the cold chain surveillance of the performance stockage and rational distribution of vaccines; and at the local or peripheral level there is the organization of the work and surveillance of the vaccination centers and of the functioning of the cold chain until the moment when the vaccine is injected. The whole of this organization can be kept under control easily. For example premanent registration of outside and inside temperatures in the cold chain is a good criterion for the quality of work of the staff involved. In addition periodical evaluations of vaccination coverage relatively simple and rapid to perform make it possible to check the impact of the program on the target population and to measure variations. From the moment a government makes the decision to initiate such an organization it has the means available necessary and suitable for other health activities. The structure and methods which become available can serve as the architecture for other public health services. Thus among the essential health services well-conducted vaccinations seem to be useful to the build up of a primary health care program.


Technology plays an essential role in shaping youth's communication and social interactions in online multiplayer games. Due to physical distancing restrictions during the COVID-19 global pandemic, online multiplayer games like Minecraft and Roblox are well-positioned to amplify healthy communication/social connections and mitigate the impact of social isolation. Research so far has been focused on how these gaming environments support youth development from the perspectives of individual stakeholders (e.g., caregivers, educators, designers, and developers). However, features of these games, such as communication and parental controls, are often misaligned with the ways in which children develop communication and social skills. Using a series of case studies of popular virtual worlds and online games, this paper provides an analysis of critical design features that serve youth throughout different stages of childhood and early adolescence. We offer three main contributions: (a) a comparison matrix of similarities and differences in communication and control features between platforms; (b) an evaluation of design features in selected virtual world platforms that promote safe and positive social interactions; and (c) a method for cross-platform comparison aimed at helping researchers, designers, and practitioners examine specific dimensions of social communication and play experience in virtual worlds.


In this article we study a general variational inclusion problem with constraints. An existence theorem is given for the scalar problem which allows us to derive several results on existence of solutions of variational inequality and variational inclusion models in which the set-valued data are present.


The original 2001 United Nations (UN) codification of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) granted the UN Security Council exclusive control over authorizing use of force in sovereign states. Unfortunately, as demonstrated over the past 20 years, the need for humanitarian intervention has not changed and the use of force in the name of humanitarian intervention has not always occurred even when the need for such intervention was dire. When the UN Security Council is deadlocked, and a humanitarian crisis is at hand, it is necessary to have a means of using low-intensity military force to prevent mass atrocity crimes. In this article, we discuss the need for a framework for non-UN authorized military force in the name of humanitarian intervention. Expanding on previous work, we set forth a seven-point framework for countries to follow if they wish to justifiably use military force in humanitarian crises without UN authorization.


In sulphur–bitumen binder (SBB), sulphur enhanced rheological properties with low sulphur content and acting as filler with high sulphur content. The paper presents results of penetration, softening temperatures, rheological characteristics of SBB at different curing days at room temperature with different sulphur/bitumen ratios of 10/90; 20/80; 30/70; 40/60. Additionally, the rotational viscosity testing on SBB at three temperatures 120°C, 135°C, 150°C was conducted to determine the mixing and compaction temperatures of asphalt concrete using SBB. Results showed that the asphalt concrete containing SBB could be mixed and compacted at 15–20°C lower temperatures than conventional asphalt concrete. Furthermore, the crystallisation of sulphur in SBB has a positive effect on the properties of SBB, which could improve the ability of SBB to resist the rutting of pavement at high temperatures. Sulphur increased the softening temperature, complex shear modulus, and G*/sinδ of SBB at 7,14 and 30 days of curing.


This study details the development and testing of a four-element MIMO antenna operating at frequencies below 6 GHz. Initially, a single-element dual band CPW fed antenna is designed working in the range of 3.05 to 3.45 and from 4.1 to 5.15 GHz. With this approach, a Quad-element MIMO structure is designed by arranging them orthogonally adjacent to each other. The performance of this MIMO structure is enhanced by inserting a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) on the bottom plane. The suggested MIMO antenna delivers wide impedance bandwidth ranging from 2.84 - 5.79 GHz (fractional bandwidth of 68%) with at least 15 dB of isolation for the complete operating band. This MIMO antenna yields good realized gain (>4.9 dBi), optimum radiation efficiency (>59%), and impressive envelope correlation coefficient (<0.05). The structure is appropriate for applications operating in the sub-6 GHz 5 G communication range.


The issues presented in this paper underscore conclusions in that this area is one that begs for research into alternative methods of assessment, care giving, and treatment planning. It is one that requires caregivers to be educated in the attendant dangers of restraints use and alternatives to their use. Alternatives that can be considered include: time out, constant observations, counseling (verbal interaction), de-escalation, medication, offering positive reinforcement for improved behavior, food and drinks, decreased stimulation, punch bags, exercise and relaxation techniques. And recently, the clinical application of interventions grounded in behavioral science and technology, which seem promising in reducing aggressive behavior, thus reducing the use of restraints.


In the spring of 1982,I publicly put forward the propostion of"One devided into three" in philosophy circle,up to now have published two hundred theses.But it wasn't accepted as a philosophical rule,for there existed a lot of assaults from objectors,who hold that it was a heresy,rather than a philosophical proposition.I will give a response to all these.


Several damages due to large displacement caused by liquefaction have been reported increasingly. Numerical procedures based on effective stress analysis are therefore necessary to predict liquefaction-induced deformation. In this paper, the fully coupled effective stress model called UBCSAND is proposed to simulate pore pressure rise due to earthquake or repeated loadings. The proposed model is a modification of the simple perfect elasto-plactic Mohr-Coulomb model, and can simulate a continuous yielding by mobilizing friction and dilation angles below failure state. Yield function is defined as the ratio of shear stress to mean normal stress. It is radial lines on stress space and has the same shape of Mohr-Columob failure envelope. Plastic hardening is based on an isotropic and kinematic hardening rule. The proposed model always causes plastic deformation during loading and reloading but it predicts elastic unloading. It is verified by capturing direct simple shear tests on loose Fraser River sand.


After the classification and framework of cloud storage technology were introduced,the advantages of cloud storage in long-term preservation of library digital resources were analyzed followed by a discussion of its prospects.


A 68-year-old man who was a farmer from a rural community in Mexico presented to the emergency department with intermittent hemoptysis. He had a history of colon cancer, which had been treated, and pulmonary tuberculosis one year before. Chest tomography showed an irregular spongiform mass in a


Abstract The ground state rotational spectrum of CH 3 CF 3 was measured from 190 GHz, J = 18, up to 910 GHz, J = 87 and K = 63. These measurements allow us to determine accurate molecular constants, including the three sextic centrifugal distortion constants: H J , H JK , and H KJ . For high- J values, a splitting of the K = 3 lines was observed and the splitting constant h 3 could be determined.


We review a variety of new results indicating that actual motor movements (not just mental representations of them) are also intimate components of linguistic and cognitive processes. Everywhere from spoken word recognition to sentence comprehension to visual memory to problem solving to video games to everyday conversation, motor movements often appear to be the very stuff of which cognitive operations are made. Rather than treating language and cognition as modular systems that are independent of perception and action, this dynamic embodied view of mental activity treats them as contiguous with the rest of the brain and body. Spivey, Richardson, & Dale 2 "Man has no Body distinct from his Soul, for that called Body is a portion of the Soul ..." -William Blake (1790)


China's industrial revolution over the past 35 years is probably one of the most important economic and geopolitical phenomena since the original Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. The rapid growth has puzzled many, in part because China tried and failed at this transformation before. What was the "secret" this time?


The "Concatenating Syllabic Components based on Positional Features and Mora Information and Accent (CSCPMA)" is a kind of corpus-based concatenative speech synthesis method. The common word synthesis using CSCPMA was already studied and showed validity to proper. The features of CSCPMA is that only the language information is used to select the wave form. So, in this paper, we applied the CSCPMA to phrase speech synthesis. The phrase speech synthesis is more complicated than the common word speech synthesis. So, we chose phrase speech with the very slow speed. And to achieve high quality voice, we added the two conditions to select wave forms. One was that double vowel. We treated the all continuous vowel as double vowel. The another was that we chose the wave form to near recoding time. As the result of experiments, we obtained the 99.3% for intelligibility and 3.83 for naturalness. For natural speech, we obtained the 99.3% for intelligibility and 4.75 for naturalness. As the result, we obtained high quality speech synthesis, although not exceed the natural speech.


Adaptive bit rate streaming using HTTP delivery is now widely used to provide live audio-visual content services. However, the quality of experience is often considered inferior to that of conventional broadcast services due to the high end to end latency, which is mostly due to the large amount of buffering required to provide resilience to variable network conditions. In this paper we present our initial research to address this issue of high latency. If each segment of content could be delivered in a consistent period of time, the amount of buffering required could be reduced. We present the results of simulations where we have changed the timing of the TCP congestion response to consider the timing requirements of content segments, while trying to retain fairness to competing flows. We show that with this simple modification to TCP the variation in the delivery time of content segments can be reduced and much lower end to end latency achieved. With no changes to the network or client devices required, this solution may be straightforward to deploy to make the user experience of streaming services much closer to that of conventional broadcast services.


The metamict state, Roald Hoffmann explains on the title page of his recent book of that name, is "an unusual state of matter, amorphous because of the disruption of the crystal structure by radiation from contained or nearby radioactive atoms. " As if you didn't know. At the end of his book, Hoffmann— who teaches theoretical chemistry at Cornell University— decribes this obscure phenomenon in somewhat different words: But the enemy is within. The radioactive thorium's nervous nuclei explode in the random thrum of a hammer of no Norse god. The invisible searchlights of hell, gamma rays, flash down the lattice. Alpha particles, crazed nuclear debris, are thrust on megavolt missions of chance destruction. The remnant atom, transmuted, recoils, freeing itself from its lattice point, cannonballs awry through a crowded dance floor. There are no exits to run to. In chain collisions of disruption neighbors are knocked from their sites. The crystal swells from once ...


The most common testicular tumors among young men of reproductive age are Germ Cell Tumors (GCTs). Luckily, these tumors are very treatable with high survival rates. However, some of the long term consequences on survivors such as sterility and hypogonadism do not garner as much attention, given that the majority of tumors are unilateral. In the rare cases of bilateral testicular tumors, treatment consequences have more profound effect on quality of life and should garner serious consideration in devising a treatment strategy for these patients. Here, we report a case of bilateral synchronous seminoma found in a patient managed with a fertility-sparing surgical treatment strategy. Richmond A Owusu1, Kanenori Okamoto BS2, Brett M Lowenthal3 and Tung-Chin Hsieh1* 1Department of Urology, UC San Diego Health, USA 2Department of Urology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, USA 3Department of Pathology, UC San Diego Health, USA Tung-Chin Hsieh, et al., Clinics in Oncology Urological Cancer Remedy Publications LLC., | http://clinicsinoncology.com/ 2017 | Volume 2 | Article 1203 2 or after the couple achieve pregnancy and complete family planning. At the time of this case report, the patient has not demonstrated any evidence of recurrence and his post-operative hypogonadism is wellmanaged with clomiphene citrate.


The purpose of performing an endocrown as a rehabilitative treatment of a primary molar, maintaining its integrity and keeping it in its space.The methodology used was the report of a clinical case in a 2-year-old, 10-month-old male patient, with prior treatment of pulpectomy in one of his molars, which was subsequently rehabilitated with an endocrown. In the clinical evaluation at 4 and 12 months, the 16 evaluation criteria were used for direct and indirect restorations according to the World Dental Federation, which are divided into 3 groups and were found to meet the criteria of brightness and roughness, color matching, anatomical shape, retention, marginal adaptation; integrity of surrounding teeth, periodontium and adjacent mucosa. He did not present a caries fracture and recurrence.So it would be a treatment option in pediatric dentistry because of its simple technique, but more studies and follow-ups are required to determine its long-term advantages.


Nerve agents like Sarin, Tabun, Soman, VX, Amiton etc are highly toxic organophosphates (OPs) that exert their toxic effect by inhibition of acetylcholine esterase. These compounds have received considerable interest due their inherent nature as weapons of mass destruction. Since these compounds have been developed for military purposes, data is typically classified material and thus only scarcely available. QSAR modelling is an obvious possibility in order to remedy the lack of data availability. However, a wide variety of structurally related OP insecticides are well known and well characterized. "Noise-deficient" QSARs for physico-chemical properties of nerve agents are based on the use of the EPI Suite. Partial order ranking is an important tool to establish an identity for nerve agents relative to well-know OP insecticides. The development of a simple QSAR model for toxicological properties was unsuccessful. Method. The results described in the paper are obtained using QSAR modeling based on the EPI Suite in comparison with partial order ranking. The concept of "noise deficient" QSARs is introduced. Results. "Noise deficient" QSARs can be obtained using EPI Suite generated data in combination with experimental data for the test set, the data subsequently being applied in the ranking exercise. In the present study it is shown that to a certain extent selected insecticides may act as substitutes for nerve agents in preliminary experimental studies Conclusions. The paper suggests that experimentally well-characterized compounds may be selected as substitutes for highly toxic compounds for preliminary experimental studies. Availability. The reference manual for the EPI Suite: P2 Manual 6-00.pdf' found at http://www.epa.gov/pbt/framwork.htm, The EPI Suite is available at


A method for Simultaneous determination of lead and tin in water by sequential injection hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry was established.The interference circumstances of the coexistence ions were discussed at the same time.Under the proposed conditions,the detection limits of lead and tin were 0.150 μg/L and 0.110 μg/L respectively.The standard addition recoveries for lead and tin were 95.5%-103.1%.The maximum RSD found was 3.8%.The coexistence ions in determined water samples did almost not interfere in the determination of lead and tin.Lead and tin did not interfere each other as well.The operation was easy and its sensitivity was higher.There are feasibility and practicability to determine lead and tin in water.


Partial rbcL sequences of type specimens, historically significant specimens and recently collected comparative specimens are used to demonstrate that Prionitis decipiens (Montagne) J. Agardh (type locality: Paita, Peru), Prionitis angusta (Harvey) Okamura (type locality: Shimoda, Japan, currently known as Grateloupia angusta (Harvey) Kawaguchi et Wang) and Prionitis cornea (Okamura) E. Y. Dawson (type locality: Shizuoka, Japan, currently known as Grateloupia cornea Okamura), all previously reported from the northeast (NE) Pacific (California, USA and Baja California, Mexico), were not, and currently are not, present. Historically significant specimens from the NE Pacific specifically annotated by E. Y. Dawson as belonging to P. cornea or specifically annotated by I. A. Abbott as belonging to P. angusta were sequenced and shown to belong to either Prionitis linearis Kylin (type locality: La Jolla, California, USA) or to Prionitis filiformis Kylin (type locality: San Francisco, California, USA). The lectotype of Gelidium decipiens Montagne (basionym of Prionitis decipiens) is narrowed to a single specimen illustrated by Montagne, and a lectotype is designated for P. linearis. The utility of partial rbcL sequences (less than 200 base pairs) for determining the identity of specimens is discussed, as is the importance of sequencing type and historically significant specimens.


ABSTRACT As a country ofingathered exiles, Israel has taken pride in its history of policies and structures designed to ease immigrant absorption. The recent waves of Ethiopian newcomers, however, have presented a range of unanticipated resettlement problems. This paper examines some of these issues, the attempts of the government to resolve them and the positive and negative outcomes of these resolutions. The underlying focus Is the preservation of ethnic integrity during the reacculturation process.


ABSTRACT Background: Depression affects up to 20% of primary care patients and negatively affects patients' mental and physical health. Local Problem: At a primary care clinic, a review of 291 patient records revealed that no patients were being screened for depression using a validated and reliable tool. Methods: The problem was addressed through the implementation of a depression screening and management protocol based on the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines. Processes used were recommended by the American College of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Interventions: This project implemented a protocol to screen, treat, and manage patients with depression at this primary care clinic. Analysis compared preimplementation and postimplementation metrics, including the number of patients screened for depression, newly diagnosed with depression, offered antidepressants, offered referral, and managed with follow-up. Results: Implementing a depression screening and management protocol in this clinic significantly increased depression screenings, the percent of patients newly diagnosed with depression, and the number of patients offered treatment. Conclusion: This quality improvement (QI) project improved screening, diagnosis, and management of patients with depression in this primary care clinic. A future QI project for this clinic should focus on measures to track improvements in patients with depression at this primary care clinic.


This paper presents the effects of semiconductor failures in an Active-Neutral-Point-Clamped converter on the electrical and mechanical system of a wind turbine. To simulate the effects of the various short-circuit cases a simulation model of a wind turbine was developed, consisting of a back-to-back configuration of ANPC converters, a permanent-magnet synchronous machine and a mechanical model of a 3 MW wind turbine.


We present a class of convolutional codes defined by a low-density parity-check matrix and an iterative algorithm for decoding these codes. The performance of this decoding is close to the performance of turbo decoding. Our simulation shows that for the rate R=1/2 binary codes, the performance is substantially better than for ordinary convolutional codes with the same decoding complexity per information bit. As an example, we constructed convolutional codes with memory M=1025, 2049, and 4097 showing that we are about 1 dB from the capacity limit at a bit-error rate (BER) of 10/sup -5/ and a decoding complexity of the same magnitude as a Viterbi decoder for codes having memory M=10.


Identified general formula in Claim 1 (I) [Formula 1] Tetrasubstituted glucopyranosyl benzene derivatives (including the tautomers, stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and the salts thereof). The compounds of the present invention are suitable for the treatment of metabolic disorders.


ObjectiveTo study the cognitive function and observe the changes of event-related potential of epileptic children.Methods45 epileptic children and 45 normal children were put in as the test group and the control group.The cognitive function and event-related potential were evaluated by means of Raven's standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and evoked potential instrument respectively.ResultsAbout 33.3% epileptic children presented cognitive deficits.For children with cognitive deficits, their scores of B, E were significantly different from those in the control group(P0.05).The latency of event-related potential P300 showed significantly prolonged than that of the control group (P0.01).ConclusionEpilepsy may cause cognitive function deficit, especially in the ability of analog, analysis and abstract. The latency of event-related potential P300 is a very good objective to assess the cognitive function of children.


Abstract. Improvement in the learning process needs to be established and developed to create interactive learning between teachers and students. In this case, students are required to take an active role in the learning process. But in fact, learning in SMP 14 Jember is still the conventional, where the delivery system is more dominated by teachers, while students tend to be silent and passively receive course materials. This may result in low motivation and student learning outcomes, but it is also of interest to read too low so students do not understand the concept of the material presented. Therefore, we need a model of learning appropriate. One model of learning that can be used is the CIRC (Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition) aided student worksheets. The application of this learning model aims to determine whether or not to increase motivation and learning outcomes of students of SMP Negeri 14 Jember. The subject of this action research is the eighth grade students class D of SMP Negeri 14 Jember first semester of academic year 20012/2013. Based on analysis showed an increase students in motivation in attention of 4,19 (13,09%) , aspects of relevance increased by 5,56 (17,36%) , aspect confidence increased by 3,16 (9,87%) , and aspects of satisfaction increased by 4,52 (14,13%) than that obtained increasing mastery of learning outcomes in the classical i.e cognitive increased by 24.2% and psychomotor domains increased by 13.4%. Key Words: CIRC, learning outcomes, motivation, student worksheet


Fatigue strength is often a limiting factor for the application of babbitt to hydrodynamic bearings. Many studies address mechanical fatigue, but fewer studies address thermal fatigue. In the United States, the selection of babbitt for hydrodynamic bearings has become increasingly uniform based on the ASTM B-23 specification, with the majority of bearings using ASTM B-23, alloy #2. Alternative tin-based alloys some containing cadmium, but all with higher antimony and copper content, leading to higher compressive load capacity have been popular with European-designed bearings. In light of environmental concerns with cadmium, one significant babbitt (whitemetal) vendor, developed an alternative design alloy replacing the cadmium with silver and zinc. All of these alloys are predominantly tin, which has a non-cubic thermal structure and anisotropic thermal expansion. In equilibrium at high antimony contents, three phases of antimony compounds are present, including increasing amounts of tin-antimony cuboids. As a result thermal expansion results in stress concentration along phase and grain boundaries. Increasing temperatures can allow for alloy migration within the tin matrix. These factors can affect the application of babbitts subject to repeated thermal transients, as can occur during the typical startup of a heavily loaded thrust bearing. Accelerated thermal fatigue tests without load have been performed on six different babbitt compositions statically cast on steel plates. Measurements of thermal deformation and bond strength were made at periodic intervals, as well as visual examination of metallurgical changes. The results indicate that tin-alloys with lower alloy contents are subject to increased surface deformation, on the order of the hydrodynamic film thickness. Tin-alloys with higher alloy content show increased alloy migration and more tin-antimony intermetallic formation. Intermetallic compounds concentrated at the steel-babbitt interface grew during the testing. These phase changes reduce the toughness of the babbitt-steel interface due to embrittlement, raising the potential for bond failure. The need for testing in a loaded condition to help quantify the relevance of these indications to loaded hydrodynamic conditions is identified.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong disability for which prevalence rates continue to increase. Persons with ASD vary widely in both severity of disability and services required. Therefore it is important to identify trends in research and evaluate progress in the field. The current study uses a journal analysis to evaluate research over a 12 year period in three prominent autism focused research journals: Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, and Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Findings include identification of trends in research designs, sample characteristics, and interventions.


The phosphatase activity of two technically prepared rennins and of crystallized rennin from Berridge was investigated. Casein, phosphopeptone from casein, and glycerophosphate were subjected to the action of these rennin preparations.


This grant has supported the latter stages of a major international review of polarization vision and polarized light "New directions in biological research on polarized light" published by The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London and edited by the two PIs. The papers from this issue are included with this report as a series of PDFs. Other publications of note include an invited summary of the area in Current Biology. Conceptual advances in the research include: a) The development of a behavioural screening technique for polarization sensitivity in any animal (trialed on crustacean, cephalopods, fish and next turtles). b) Demonstration of polarization sensitivity ten times more acute than previously documented in cephalopods (cuttlefish and octopus) and crustaceans (mantis shrimps and crabs). This opens a potentially new chapter in polarization communication and camouflage. c) Electrophysiological characterization of linear polarization, circular polarization and colour photoreceptors in 3 species of mantis shrimp (stomatopod). This includes confirmation of elliptical encoding in 2 species, again suggesting a covert communication language? d) Behavioural acuity threshold of linear polarization in a stomatopod partially achieved. e) Anatomical basis of circular polarization characterized in 3 stomatopod species. f) Modeling of ideal 1⁄4 wave retardation advanced using biological parameters as input – it is this area that has the highest chance of practical application through data-storage and nanotechnological biomimetics. g) Demonstration of new forms of linear and circular polarization reflection in several stomatopod species. h) Characterisation of the polarization reflection properties of marine creatures other than cephalopods and stomatopods has begun with over 20 species of fish so far. Each of these is expanded upon in the following report.


The management of money constitutes one of the main reasons for marital conflict. This paper aimed to investigate the ways couples handle the money and the situations of financial infidelity. A quantitative study with a descriptive, comparative and correlational design was conducted. 143 officially married or living together couples participated. Ages ranged between 19 and 81 years. Two questionnaires were applied, one of sociodemographic data and a questionnaire about management of money. A descriptive and inferential statistics analysis was made. The results revealed that 58% of participants shared management of money. The majority Jennifer Hart, Clarisse Pereira Mosmann, Denise Falcke Estud. pesqui. psicol., Rio de Janeiro, v. 16, n. 1, p. 260-276, 2016. 261 (93.5%) indicated that they have never committed financial infidelity. Contrary to previous studies, the results showed no significant conflict regarding the handling of money, but association between financial infidelity and income of the couple.


The utility model provides a connecting mechanism of a vehicle-roof air-conditioning unit seat and a side wall of a stainless steel railway passenger vehicle. An angle iron is respectively connected with a small bent beam at the side face and a vehicle-roof lower edge beam to form a bracket, an air-conditioning unit platform top plate is connected with an air-conditioning unit bent beam into one body by the bracket, and the air-conditioning unit bent beam is fixedly connected with the side wall to form the connecting mechanism. The connecting mechanism can realize the connection between the vehicle-roof air-conditioning unit seat of the vehicle produced by stainless steel materials and the side wall, can satisfy the delimitation standards of national subways, and can replace the carbon-steel vehicle body structure with the B-type stainless steel vehicle body section structure which satisfies the delimitation standards of national subways.


This paper extends and consolidates previous work related with an all-metallic, low loss mechanical phase shifter implemented in gap-waveguide technology. The phase shifter is developed for Ka-band, to be used as part of a ground terminal for satellite-on-the-move communications. The device is formed by three levels. Levels 0 and 2 remain fixed whereas level 1 is rotatory. The rotation of level 1 does not increase the volume of the device in any case, and allows for the device to introduce a progressive phase shift between consecutive channels. This progressive phase shift provides beam steering capabilities to any array. Thanks to the arc-shaped and inverted-arc-shaped phase shifting waveguides, the device is able to provide continuous beam steering across the broadside point.


Last year offered a unique opportunity to compare the ideas of experts and politicians. The 1990 Budget Enforcement Act changed the federal budget process. Allen Schick's 1990 book, The Capacity to Budget, included ideas on how to improve budgeting at the federal level. A comparison is made between the new law and the new ideas in several areas of the budgetary process: deficit reduction; resource rationing; adjustment to changing expenditures; increasing budget honesty; decreasing conflict; rou-tinizing the process; integrating the parts of the budget; and balancing claims and resources.


Recent studies of the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the western U.S. Cordillera have called for substantial transcurrent displacement between the Sierra Nevada and the western Great Basin. The location, timing, and sense of shear of the postulated transcurrent fault system(s) are controversial, and to a larger degree the controversy has centered on the Pine Nut fault (PNF) of western Nevada. The northwest-trending Pine Nut fault juxtaposes two coeval assemblages of the Mesozoic marine province of the northwestern Great Basin that have distinctly different structural histories. On the east, Mesozoic rocks are deformed in the late Mesozoic Luning-Fencemaker fold and thrust belt (LFT). To the west, coeval rocks are not involved in structures of the LFT but rather share a structural history with the eastern Sierra Nevada. A segment of the PNF is expressed as a brittle shear zone, up to 3 km wide, mapped discontinuously for over 50 km in the eastern Wassuk Range in west-central Nevada. Cataclasites of the brittle fault zone are superposed on ductility deformed lower Mesozoic layered and intrusive rocks with structures indicating top to the east shear. The ductile deformation, which predated post-kinematic plutons dated by U-Pb as 169 Ma, was accompanied by metamorphism rangingmore » from lower greenschist to amphibolite-facies conditions. The PNF and LFT formed during sinistral transpression and represent components of oblique plate-convergence along the late Mesozoic Sierran are system.« less


The method of program packages is a tool for solution of the guaranteed positional control problems with incomplete information on the initial state of the system. In this work the application of the method to a linear dynamical system with a linear observed system is considered. An example, for which the corresponding problem turns out to be ill-posed, is presented 1. 1. General problem LET US CONSIDER A LINEAR DYNAMIC CONTROLLED SYSTEM, described by an ordinary differential equation ẋ(t) = A(t)x(t) +B(t)u(t) + c(t), t0 ≤ t ≤ θ (1) Open-loop control (program) u(·) is a measurable function on [t0, θ], u(t) ∈ P ⊂ Rr, P is a convex compact set. The initial state of the system maybe not known a priori: x(t0) = x0 ∈ X0 ⊂ Rn, where X0 is a finite known set. The terminal condition x(θ) ∈ M ⊂ Rn, where M is a closed and convex set, should hold. A linear signal y(t) = Q(t)x(t), where Q(·) is left piecewise continuous matrix-function, Q(t) ∈ Rq×n, t ∈ [t0, θ], is observed by the controlling side. The problem of positional guidance is formulated as follows based on the given arbitrary ε > 0 choose a closed-loop control strategy with memory, whatever the system's initial state x0 from the set X0, the system's motion x(·) corresponding to the chosen closed-loop strategy and starting at the time t0 from the state x0 reaches the state x(θ) belonging to the εneighbourhood of the target set M at the time θ. 2. Program packages method Homogeneous system, corresponding to (1) ẋ(t) = A(t)x(t) For each x0 ∈ X0 its solution is given by the Cauchy formula: x(t) = F (t, t0)x0; F (t, s) (t, s ∈ [t0, θ]) is the fundamental matrix. Homogeneous signal, corresponding to an admissible initial state x0 ∈ X0: gx0(t) = Q(t)F (t, t0)x0 (t ∈ [t0, θ], x0 ∈ X0). Let G = {gx0(·)|x0 ∈ X0} be the set of all homogeneous signals and let X0(τ |g(·)) be the set of all admissible initial states x0 ∈ X0, corresponding to the homogeneous signal g(·) ∈ G till time point τ ∈ [t0, θ]: X0(τ |g(·)) = {x0 ∈ X0 : g(·)|[t0,τ ] = gx0(·)|[t0,τ ]}. Program package is an open-loop controls family (ux0(·))x0∈X0, satisfying non-anticipatory condition: for any homogeneous signal g(·), any time τ ∈ (t0, θ] and any admissible initial states x0, x ′′ 0 ∈ X0(τ |g(·)) the equality ux0(t) = ux′′ 0(t) holds for almost all t ∈ [t0, τ ]. Program package (ux0(·))x0∈X0 is guiding, if for all x0 ∈ X0 holds x(θ|x0, ux0(·)) ∈M . Package guidance problem is solvable, if a guiding program package exists. Theorem 1 ([1]) The problem of positional guidance is solvable if and only if the problem of package guidance is solvable. For an arbitrary homogeneous signal g(·) let G0(g(·)) = { g̃(·) ∈ G : lim ζ→+0 (g̃(t0 + ζ)− g(t0 + ζ)) = 0 } be the set of initially compatible homogeneous signals and let τ1(g(·)) = max { τ ∈ [t0, θ] : max g̃(·)∈G0(g(·)) max t∈[t0,τ ] |g̃(t)− g(t)| = 0 } be its first splitting moment. For each i = 1, 2, . . . let Gi(g(·)) = { g̃(·) ∈ Gi−1(g(·)) : lim ζ→+0 (g̃(τi(g(·)) + ζ)− g(τi(g(·)) + ζ)) = 0 } be the set of all homogeneous signals from Gi−1(g(·)) equal to g(·) in the right-sided neighbourhood of the time-point τi(g(·)) and let τi+1(g(·)) = max { τ ∈ (τi(g(·)), θ] : max g̃(·)∈Gi(g(·)) max t∈[τi(g(·)),τ ] |g̃(t)− g(t)| = 0 } be the (i+1)-th splitting moment of the homogeneous signal g(·). Let T (g(·)) = {τj(g(·)) : j = 1, . . . , kg(·)} be the set of all splitting moments of the homogeneous signal g(·) and let T = ⋃


Using a proven-in-practice user-centric design methodology, TRADR develops novel S&T for human-robot teams to assist in disaster response efforts, over multiple sorties during a mission. The novel S&T makes experience persistent. Various kinds of robots collaborate with human team members to explore the environment, and gather physical samples. Throughout this collaborative effort, TRADR enables the team to gradually develop its understanding of the disaster area over, multiple possibly asynchronous missions (persistent environment models), to improve team members' understanding of how to work in the area (persistent multi-robot action models), and to improve team-work (persistent human-robot teaming). The TRADR use cases involve response to a medium to large scale industrial accident by teams consisting of human rescuers and several robots (both ground and airborne). TRADR missions will ultimately stretch over several days in increasingly dynamic environments


In this paper, a novel adaptive height and attitude controller for a small-scale unmanned helicopter is proposed to deal with the parametric uncertainty. Firstly, the dynamic model is decoupled to two subsystems and transformed to linear parameter dependent style equivalently. Then, feedback linearization and back-stepping are used to design adaptive controller for height subsystem and attitude subsystem respectively. The flapping model of the main rotor is considered in order to improve the control performance. The stability of the closed-loop system is rigorously proved by Lyapunov stability theory. Numerical simulation results show that the controller can achieve well performance in the presence of parametric uncertainties.


The study aims at solving the fundamental and applied problems of hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of the Zaeltsovsko-Mochishchensky zone of radon waters in the northwestern district of the city of Novosibirsk. Novosibirsk is one of the few Russian cities built on granites that emit radon (222Rn). In geological terms, the study area is confined to the NW near-contact zone of the large Novosibirsk granitoid massif. The available data on radon in this area has not been scientifically consolidated yet. We used the methods of S.L. Shvartsev, N.M. Kruglikov, V.V. Nelyubin, O.N. Yakovlev, and V.M. Matusevich and software packages Visual Minteq, PhreeqC, WATEQ4f and HG-32 and obtained physical and chemical calculations for the forms of migration of trace elements in radon waters and estimated the degrees of radon water saturation with rock-forming minerals. The data from hydrogeological profiles and hydrogeochemical sampling (118 samples from 57 water wells and sources) were analyzed. Radon waters are fissure-type, cold (6–10 °С) and occur at a depth of 50–200 m. By their chemical composition (according to the classification proposed by S.А. Shchukarev), the waters are mainly hydro-carbonate calcium and hydro-carbonate calcium-sodium; the total mineralization amounts to 322–895 mg/dm3. All the water wells drilled in granites and near-contact hornfels were tested for radon. It is revealed that the 222Rn concentration in water varies widely, from 11 to 801 Bq/dm3. Therefore, such waters are classified as low-radon and moderate-radon mineral waters (according to the classification proposed by N.I. Tolstikhin). In the wells drilled in hornfels, the 222Rn concentration in water is 37–241 Bq/dm3. The concentrations of 238U and 226Ra do not exceed 0.098 and 1.9∙10–9 mg/dm3, respectively. Physicochemical simulation shows that Ag+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Sr2+, Fe2+ migrate mainly as free ions, while Be2+, Fe3+, Zr4+, Ti4+ migrate as hydroxide complexes. Uranium is mainly present in uranyl-carbonate complexes of calcium: Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) (61–75 %) and CaUO2(CO3)32– (25–36 %). Calculations show abundant saturation of the waters with calcite, dolomite, ferrihydrite, greenalite, hausmannite, manganite, quartz, rutile, siderite, lepidocrocite, goethite, and pyrolusite. The mineral phases, such as aragonite, barite, chalcedony, cristobalite, vaterite, and amorphous silicon dioxide are in equilibrium. Several samples show saturation of the waters with relatively rare phosphorus-containing minerals: hydroxyapatite, manganese hydrogen phosphate, cerargyrite, and lead molybdate. The radon waters are not saturated with monohydrocalcite, calcium molybdate, celestite, chrysotile, copper hydroxide, copper molybdate, epsomite, huntite, amorphous and crystalline iron hydroxide (II), gypsum, iron molybdate (II), magnesite, lansfordite, Na-jarosite, nesquehonite, powellite, strontianite, tenorite, witherite, and zirconium dioxide.


Grevillea (Proteaceae) is native to Australia and is known as garden plant. The flowers have high diversity colors, which range over orange, yellow, pink, red and green. It is a large genus, consisted of 357 species. This genus is economically important and there are hundreds of Grevillea hybrids with beautiful color and shape of flower. Information of the genetic relationships of Grevillea hybrids is not yet available. Ten Grevillea hybrids were used in this study to evaluate the genetic relationships between hybrids and with their parents. PCR-RAPD technique was employed in this study with seven RAPD primers. The dendrogram of Grevillea hybrids was performed using Neighbor-Joining analysis based on genetic distance. The analysis revealed that 'Moonlight', 'Caloundra Gem', and Little Pink Willie' were clustered with Grevillea banksii. The three hybrids were hybrid of G. banksii and other Grevillea species. 'Superb' was closely related to 'Robyn Gordon' as they are hybrid of G. banksii and G. bipinnatifida.


Background: Kidney transplant is the best treatment option for end stage kidney disease. Deceased donor transplantation has helped in increasing the donor pool for waitlisted dialysis patients. We received seventy deceased donor kidneys through the Kerala Network of Organ Sharing (KNOS) over the past 4 years from August 2013 to August 2017 and transplanted sixty six with good outcome. Pre-implantation biopsy performed in marginal donors helped in decision making to take the kidney and increase the donor pool. Aims and Objectives: 1)To evaluate outcome of renal transplant recipients in deceased donor transplantation. 2)To evaluate the role of pre-implantation biopsy to improve donor selection for better long term outcome. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six deceased donor kidneys were transplanted into the recipients from our pool of 253 patients registered with the KNOS. Four cadaver kidneys were rejected based on pre-implantation biopsy. Fifty-nine transplants were done at VPS Lakeshore and seven were done at PVS Memorial Hospital, Kochi. Donors of age less than 65 years were considered. Pre-tranpslant evaluation of recipients on waiting list including lab and cardiac evaluation with PRA status was done. Cross match was done prior to transplant. Triple immunosuppression including cyclosporine, mychophenolate mofetil and prednisolone with basiliximab as induction agent was used in all cases. Low dose tacrolimus was introduced after the third month in some cases. Pre-implantation biopsy was done in marginal donors for better donor selection. Results: Of the 66 recipients, 52 (78.8%) were males and 14 (21.2%) were females. PRA status was negative in all recipients. Deceased donors <65 years of age were considered. Twenty deceased donor kidneys were biopsied before implantation, of which 16 were implanted. Four kidneys were rejected as one showed glomerulocystic changes . One had extensive thrombus in all glomeruli, one had >56% IFTA changes, and other had 30%–40% IFTA changes. Results at 4 years post-transplant showed graft survival in 55/66 (83.34%) and patient survival in 60/66 (90.91%) cases. Six patients died: two with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (at 9 months/3.3 years post-transplant), one with mucormycosis (at 16 months post-transplant), one with acute coronary syndrome (immediate post-transplant), and two patients with sepsis. The average serum creatinine was < 1.4 mg/dl in 48 (87.2%) cases, 1.4–2.4 mg/dl in 7 (12.7%) cases, and > 2.4 mg/dl in 1 (1.8%) case. The surgical outcome was good in all (100%) patients with no intraoperative surgical complications. Delayed graft function was noted in 18% of patients. Prolonged cold ischemia time was noted in patients with acute tubular necrosis. Six patients had acute rejection, of which two were antibody mediated, and four had acute cellular rejection. One patient had tacrolimus toxicity on biopsy and was shifted to everolimus. Infections included one patient with surgical wound infection, 12 patients with urinary tract infections, one patient with invasive fungal infection, and two patients with PCP. At 4 years, deceased donor transplantation has good graft and patient outcomes. Conclusion: Deceased donor transplantation has good graft outcome which is comparable to live non related donors. It has minimal paper work and less costly than routine live transplant. Pre-implantation biopsy should be considered in marginal donors for appropriate donor selection and avoid organ wastage in doubtful cases. In our study we noted that transplant outcome was better in recipients receiving kidney from with in the city limits because of less cold ischemia time. Hence facilities for early transportation of organs with minimal procedural hurdles to minimize cold ischemia time should be carried out by the concerned authorities. Proactivity from the Government at state, zonal and national level is needed to improve deceased donor pool and cadaver transplantation in India.


The "Teacher-Centered" approach is one of the most widely used teaching methods in traditional Chinese teaching.The teacher is mainly on imparting knowledge, and studentsare only playing the role of listening most time who hardly participate in the teaching process. By adopting this teaching method, teachers can have ensure class time and content management. However, for students, this teaching method limits their innovative thinking to a certain extent, and students are more likely to be distracted in class.It will become difficult for them to concentrate on the whole class when they lose interests. Different from traditional Chinese "Teacher-Centered" teaching methods, the "Student-Centered" teaching method can more easily mobilize students' enthusiasm for teaching participation and stimulate their innovative thinking. For example, the PBL teaching method mentioned in this paper can encouragestudents' active participation in teaching. It will be a good design if The teacher raises questions, and students think and discuss individually or in groups to get answers to the questions. This typical "Student-Centered" teaching method focuses on enabling students to become the center of the class. Then the teacher only guides students to think and encourages them to find the answers. At the same time, the "student-Centered" teaching method has high requirements for teachers to have awareness and fully understanding on the PBL theory. Due to limited Chinese current teaching resources, the limitations of traditional teaching methods and thinking inertia, it is impossible to adopt the "student-Centered" teaching method for teaching. Therefore, the article reviewsrelevant literature, compares the advantages and disadvantages between these two kinds of teaching methods, and taking considerations of the realistic background.We need constantly explore innovative breakthrough to the two kinds of teaching methods. The combination of implementation for breakthrough the traditional teaching will help to improve classroom teaching efficiency and students' acceptance, thereby cultivating the innovative


With several million microbes per square centimetre of skin, the task of mapping the physiological cutaneous microbiome is enormous. Indeed, the reliance on bacterial culture to identify cutaneous bacterial communities has led to a systematic underappreciation of cutaneous microbial diversity, potentially limiting our understanding of common inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis. However, based heavily on developments in molecular biology and bioinformatics, including next‐generation sequencing, the last decade has witnessed a marked increase in our understanding of the extent and composition of the cutaneous microbiome. It is already clear that skin‐specific (skin site and skin microenvironment), individual‐specific (hygiene, sex, age and hormonal status), disease‐specific (atopic eczema, acne) and genetic factors can all influence the cutaneous microbiome, albeit to varying and, as yet, ill‐defined extents.


Today, internet telephony has become a commonplace application in enterprise. Along with the wide acceptance of IP Telephony (IPT) in business, many academics and practices have been mainly focused on internet telephony's technical migration from the existing public-switched telephone network. While there have been a small number of its cost studies in academic literature, they have been for abstract networks, or they have not included the operating costs. This paper compares the network operating costs portion of a traditional telephony network (PSTN) and an IP-based network as a case study. We have found that the operating costs differential between IP and circuit switching is small.


A great deal of effort has been focused recently on alternative refrigeration systems that can provide the required cooling for food storage and retailing, and also reduce the impact on the environment. Refrigeration systems that cool to temperatures of -30 to -40°C are very common and require the use of high pressure refrigerants. High pressure refrigeration systems are prone to leakage, with annual refrigerant losses to the atmosphere in the range of 5 to 15% of the full charge per year. A proposed solution to this problem lies in centralizing the vapor compression process of the refrigeration cycle, thus reducing the volume of refrigerant that is pressurized. The energy removed from the storage or display areas is carried to the centralized system by means of a secondary heat transfer liquid. This secondary system involves mechanically pumping the liquid to heat exchangers or coils located in the storage or display cases. Air that is circulated in these cases removes energy from the food and transfers it to the coil, which then transfers it to the liquid. The liquid emerges from the coils at a higher temperature and is returned to the refrigeration system.


V1387 Aql (the optical companion to the microquasar GRS1915+105) is a low mass giant. Such star consists of a degenerate, nearly isothermal helium core and a hydrogen rich envelope. Both components are separated by an hydrogen burning shell. The structure of such an object is relatively simple and easy to model. Making use of the observational values of the luminosity and of the radius of V1387 Aql, we determined the mass of this star as equal 0.28+-0.02 solar masses. This determination is relatively precise thanks to high sensitivity of the luminosity of such structure to the mass of the helium core and high sensitivity of its radius to the mass of the envelope. The estimate does not depend on the knowledge of the distance to the system (which is not precisely known). The main source of the uncertainty of my estimate is uncertainty of the effective temperature of V1387 Aql. When the effective temperature will be known more accurately, the mass of V1387 Aql could be determined even more precisely.


BACKGROUND
Betamimetic drugs may promote fetal growth by increasing the availability of nutrients and by decreasing vascular resistance. They may also induce adverse effects via their effects on carbohydrate metabolism.

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this review was to assess the effects of betamimetic therapy for suspected impaired fetal growth on fetal growth and perinatal outcome.

SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. Date of the latest search: 31 May 2001.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised trials of betamimetic therapy compared with no betamimetic therapy or placebo in women with suspected impaired fetal growth.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Eligibility and trial quality was assessed.

MAIN RESULTS
Two studies of 118 women were included. No differences were found between the betamimetic groups and the control groups for low birth weight (relative risk 1.17, 95% confidence interval 0.75 to 1.83), other anthropometric measures or neonatal morbidity and mortality.

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
Larger, well-designed studies are needed to evaluate the effects of betamimetics on fetal growth. Since there is potential for adverse effects due to the pharmacological characteristics of this group of drugs, data related to any potential harms should be collected in addition to beneficial effects.


In this paper, we first discuss the question why simulation is still not widely used in education today. We identify three inhibitors and four facilitators for the use of simulation in education. In particular, we point out that educational simulations should be created and distributed as Open Educational Resources. Second, we report on the innovative Simurena Portal (Simurena 2012), which is the first simulation portal that satisfies all four requirements for facilitating the use of simulation in education.


The increasing globalization has spread the production locationsto every part of the world thus increasing even more therole of transport in determining the price and quality of a product.Therefore, the producers and carriers join together moreand more frequently through the supply chains. Railway carriershave a very significant role in supply chains, both throughorganization of transport and forming the trains as final products,and through forming the logistic centres. Logistic centresare the starting and the final railway stations but also the meetingpoints of the national carrier with other carriers (sea, road,river as well as other railway carriers) and they also represent informationcentres. For the quality of service at logistic centres, itis important to have well organized operation of train traction.In order to keep up the regulmity of trains and the quality oftransport at logistic centres, among other things, it is necessaryto provide an optimal number of locomotives and to providethe technical inspection place. Special attention should be paidto the organization of work peiformed by the engine staff At logisticcentres it is possible to organize high-quality technical inspectionof wagons thus increasing the traffic safety.


The invention discloses a rotary barbecue grill. The rotary barbecue oven comprises a grill frame, a grill body and a grill lid, wherein the grill body and the grill lid are movably connected through a hinge, the grill body is arranged on the grill frame, a rotary roasting net is arranged in the grill body and can rotate in the grill body, a clamp net is arranged on the rotary roasting net and connected with the rotary roasting net through a connecting shaft, and the clamp net can be matched with the rotary roasting net to form a clamping space; a chimney is arranged on the top of the grill lid, a charcoal tray is arranged under the rotary roasting net in the grill body, and the distance between the charcoal tray and the rotary roasting net is larger than the radius of the rotary roasting net. By arranging the rotary roasting net in the grill body and the clamp net connected with the rotary roasting net through the connecting shaft, rotary roasting of food can be achieved in the barbecue grill, roasting time is shortened, and roasting is more uniform.


This is the first of six proposed volumes of the collected papers of Sir Harold from 1915 onwards. The Geophysical Journal above all must give a warm welcome to the collection, for it was in its predecessor, the Geophysical Supplement to the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, that a large proportion of the papers first appeared; indeed at times it must have seemed that not only had Sir Harold founded the Geophysical Supplement but that he wrote much of it single handed. With five more volumes still to appear, this is no time to try to assess the debt that geophysicists owe to Sir Harold. That must await the appearance of at least the next four volumes (Volume 6 is to be ' Miscellaneous', presumably not geophysical) and most of his observational studies in seismology will be in Volume 2. Some indication may however here be given of the way in which Sir Harold so often was the first to pick out the key problems. Here is a paper on plasticity and creep in solids from 1932, the first use of the notation S H and SV (1926), the first analyses of the seismic wave travelling along the boundary between two layers (1926), the first statement of the ellipticity correction in seismology (1935) together with other significant contributions to the theory of seismology. Sir Harold's work on the analysis of seismic observations is of course his most substantial contribution to geophysics, and here we have only the first part, up to his first paper with Bullen, a long memoir on Times of Transmission of Earthquake Waves (1935), the beginning of the revision of the Zoppritz-Turner tables which led to the well-known Jeffreys-Bullen tables. Here are papers on near earthquakes and crustal structure from 1923 onwards, here also is the first paper (1926) to draw the explicit conclusion that the core of the Earth is fluid. Another paper of 1926 raises a problem to which there is still no satisfactory solution-how can the rate of generation of heat by radioactivity in the upper part of the continental crust be reconciled with the observed rate of flow of heat through the surface? Earlier, in a paper with Dr Dorothy Wrinch on the Oppau explosion, the suggestion had been made for the first time that the upper and lower layers of seismology corresponded to the acidic and basic layers of Suess and the term 'granitic layer ' was introduced. In retrospect, the phase seems to have been unfortunate, for strictly speaking granite cannot'make up a large proportion of even the upper part of the crust, but the general concept has been immensely fruitful. One can only look forward with keen anticipation to the remaining volumes, certain to contain papers of fundamental importance which geophysicists and astronomers will be glad to have for reference, and also papers of great interest for the recent history (yet how long ago it must seem) of geophysics. Our gratitude goes out to Sir Harold for collecting and commenting on his papers and to the publishers for the attractive presentation. A. H. COOK


This study examines certain changes taking place within the occupational world of commercial fishermen in the United States. An ethnographic description of fishing in Bristol Bay, Alaska, is provided. This fishery is regarded as an exemplar of "modern" fishing and is shown to contrast sharply with "traditional" fishing. Some of the more critical social and economic features of fishing as an occupation are translated into analytic variables for comparative purposes. Finally, some consequences of observed variations within the occupation are discussed with attention directed to the prospective future faced by fishermen.


Bietnuth Skiagraphy.-Not much information could be obtained. by this means. The stomach was viewed with the fluorescent screen, and behaved normally. After four hours a small trace of the bismuth meal remained in the stomach, but most of it was in the pelvic coils of the ileum. On one occasion an attempt was made to determine whether irritation ofthe caecal wall had any reflex effect in delaying the emptying of the stomach. A clip was applied to the caecal mucosa near the valve, and left Dn; at the same time a bismuth meal was given. It was round impossible to keep the clip applied; the peristaltic movements of the ileum underneath repeatedly threw it off. The stomach emptied in the normal time, Influence of Local Stimulation on the Activity of the lleo-caecal Sphinater.-It was not possible, by stimulation of the mucous membrane of the caecum to start efflax. On the other hand, I repeatedly found that pinching up a fold ofcaecum near the orifice, when it was in full activity after a meal, delayoed the outfow and made the jets less frequent, though it did not check them altogether. This isof considerable importance, as bearingon the question whether chronic inf1hmmation in the ileo-caecal region, as for.instance chronic appendicitis, can delay the passage of bqwel contentsthrough the sphincter. Influence of Enemata.-In Rutherford's case, eneEi1ta given per rectum stirred up more activity in the ilesjm Than in the colon. In the present observation, enemata and colon wash-outs did not provoke activity of the ileum or discharge of ileal contents. PluggingS tle Orflioe.-Iu Rutherford's cae inserting a finger into the sphincter caused pain and spasm. My patient, on the other hand, wore a plug in the hole for some time before he caune to me% without inconveoiience. It wal.used, so he said, tocontrol the efflux, but needless to say, it failed to do so.


NZB mice naturally produce an autoantibody which in the presence of complement is specifically cytotoxic for thymocytes and thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T-cells) in the peripheral lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes and spleen) and the circulation of mice. Using a direct cytotoxicity test with a NZB mouse serum pool which contained the high titred autoantibody, a progressive decrease was observed with age in the proportion of the autoantibody-sensitive cells in mesenteric lymph node, spleen, and blood of NZB mice in comparison with mice of other strains (C57BL/6J and NZW). The numerical decrease in the population of autoantibody-sensitive cells was evident at younger age and greater degree in the peripheral blood than in the lymph node and spleen. The age-decrease in the number of autoantibody-sensitive cells in lymph node and spleen contrasted with the numerical increase in nucleated cells in these organs. The age-decrease in the proportion and number of the autoantibody-sensitive cells in the blood exceeded the decrease in the blood lymphocyte count. This finding indicated that T-cells in the blood are selectively depleted with the ageing of NZB mice. A similar observation was made on the blood lymphocytes of (NZB × NZW)F1 hybrid mice. The depletion of T-cells in the blood in association with the production of natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody is termed autoimmune thymus-dependent lymphocytopenia.


An integrated technique was purposed for clarifying changes in amounts of amorphous and crystalline regions of fibers as well as for estimating possibility of their irreversible conversion due to recycling treatment. The crystallinity of fibers in handsheets was moderately changed by the recycling treatment as observed by X-ray diffractometry. Because major part of fibers consisting of the stable crystalline region which was hardly affected by the recycling treatment, the change in crystallinity possibly stemmed from a slight increase in crystallinity of amorphous region of fibers during recycling. The decrease in the amount of the amorphous region by the recycling treatment, which affects the water adsorbability of fibers, was indirectly detected by differential scanning calorimetry. Because of the lack of re-opening of recycled fiber lumens in a wet state, the amount of bound water adsorbed to fiber wall substantially influenced the re-swelling capability of recycled fibers. The loss in re-swelling capability of wet recycled fibers was consistent with sub-morphological changes of fiber wall possibly due to the decrease in the amount of the amorphous region. In this study, FT-Raman spectroscopy could not detect the effect of recycling treatment on changes in amounts of amorphous and crystalline regions of fibers.


: An accurate measurement of field-grown wheat traits, including spike number, dimension and volume are essential for crop phenotyping and yield analysis. A high-throughput method to image field-grown wheat in three dimensions is presented with an accompanying unsupervised measuring method to obtain individual wheat spike data. Images are captured using four structured light scanners on a field mobile platform, creating dimensionally accurate sub-millimetre resolution 3D point clouds for a 4.5 m 3 volume in less than 10 s. The unsupervised method analyses each trial plot's 3D point cloud, containing hundreds of wheat spikes, calculating the average size of the wheat spike and total spike volume per plot. The analysis utilises an adaptive k -means algorithm with dynamic perspectives, to fit each spike's shape and measures the dimensions with a random sample consensus algorithm. The method generates small cuboids to fit all the wheat spikes and estimate the total spikes volume. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is a reliable tool for identifying spikes from wheat crops and identifying individual spikes. Compared with the manual measurement, according to the results of five scenes, the average error rate in the number of spikes, spikes' height and spikes' width in tests were 16.27%, 5.24% and 12.38% respectively.


Bumetanide is a 3-aminobenzoic acid derivative. Of the several analogues having various substituents which are about equally active in test animals (3). Ostergaard elal. (5) selected 3-n-butylamino-4-phenoxy·5-sulphamyl benzoic acid (bumetanide) and studied its pharmacological properties. including its diuretic action in rats and dogs. Besides the diuretic effect bumetanide displayed hardly any significant pharmamacological activity. It is almost inactive in rat. except at extremely high doses. In the dog. it is about 100 times more active when given orally. In the present study, its diuretic activity in hamster is described. It is a potent diuretic after olal administration in hamster. Its type of action is comparable with furosemide but it is nearly 40 to 80 times more active than furosemide in relation to excretion of water and sodium respectively.


Purpose To quantitatively measure changes in cerebral perfusion in select regions of interest in the brain during urinary urgency in women with overactive bladder (OAB) using arterial spin labeling (ASL). Methods Twelve women with OAB and 10 controls underwent bladder filling and rated urinary urgency (scale 0–10). ASL fMRI scans were performed (1) in the low urgency state after voiding and (2) high urgency state after drinking oral fluids. Absolute regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in select regions of interest was compared between the low and high urgency states. Results There were no significant differences in rCBF between the low and high urgency states in the control group. In the OAB group, rCBF (mean ± SE, ml/100 g/min) increased by 10–14% from the low to the high urgency state in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (44.56 ± 0.59 versus 49.52 ± 1.49, p < 0.05), left ACC (49.29 ± 0.85 versus 54.02 ± 1.46, p < 0.05), and left insula (50.46 ± 1.72 versus 54.99 ± 1.09, p < 0.05). Whole-brain analysis identified additional areas of activation in the right insula, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and pons/midbrain area. Conclusions Urinary urgency is associated with quantitative increase in cerebral perfusion in regions of the brain associated with processing emotional response to discomfort.


A novel self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) modified gold electrode with 4-hydroxy-2-mercapto-6-methylpyrimidine has been fabricated and was applied to the catalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA), reducing the overpotential by 250 mV. The catalytic current was linearly dependent on the ascorbic acid concentration between 3.0 × 10−5 and 1.0 × 10−3 mol/L. The catalytic effect on the AA resulted in the separation of the overlapping voltammograms of AA and dopamine (DA) in a mixture. This allowed the determination of AA in the presence of DA.


The economic and technological development of the last decade, the transition to new production technologies have increased inequality between countries. The relevance of open science and open innovation is growing. The role of international organizations in promoting international cooperation between countries is growing. The advantages of the model of interaction between the member countries of the International Center for Scientific and Technical Information, its impact on the effectiveness of innovation activities are shown.


The STOIIP determines the scale of civil engineering in the oilfield, so the accurate calculation STOIIP has a very important significance on civil engineering, especially in the exploration phase few data are available in oilfield, traditional volume calculation method is hardly to provide a reasonable result. The mathematical statistics method, namely Monte Carlo simulation is introduced to calculate reservoir volumes for hydrocarbons in place (STOIIP or GIIP). This method can provide several volume results by monte carlo sampling. making the resource assessment results a probability distribution rather than a single valuation, which greatly improve the credibility and usefulness of evaluation results. The S oilfield in Malaysia are evaluated and the results show the P50 STOIIP is 4.82 MMbbl.


To meet the need of improving requirements for compact actuators in precision driving, a novel linear ultrasonic motor was proposed in this paper. The principle of this motor was introduced. With the help of commercial finite element analysis software ANSYS, finite element model of the stator of the ultrasonic motor was built and mode analysis was conduct to obtain an optimum design. A prototype was made and tested to verify simulation results. Testing results of the prototype shows that this motor can gain a maximum speed of 245mm/s and its thrust can reach 1.6N.


English is very different from Chinese in negative comparison sentences,even though they have some similarities.Such as phonetic level,lexical level,syntactic level and sentence level.The contrastive research is accompanied by a large number of examples and corresponding translations,aimed at illuminating the problem and highlighting common error in the translation of negation in English.


The article describes the technology of welding railroad rails with an electrocontact method by a pulsating reflow on a K1000 machine and production tests for a static three-point transverse bending. The analysis of the technology of welding rail rails on K1000 machine made it possible to determine the parameters of the welding mode and to reveal the essential (determining) characteristics of the technology for welding rails. The evaluation of the influence of the welding parameters on the value of the flexural force Pbend (kN) and the value of the deflection fdef (mm) was carried out by means of multiple regression analysis, which makes it possible to study the regularities of the change in the resultant index depending on the behavior of various factors. Based on the available data, a mathematical model of the process of contact welding of rails was created. The functional dependence of the influence of technological parameters on the force Pbend. Using the regression model, it is proposed to predict the quality of the welded seam and control the technological parameters of the process of contact welding of rails.


We use basic properties of superquadratic functions to obtain some new Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities via Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals. For superquadratic functions which are also convex, we get refinements of existing results.


The paper studies the theories of Peter Zumthor, one of the most important architect in contemporary Swiss. In the context of the arts, the phenomenology of architecture and the development of modern architecture, the paper relies on Zumthors architectural works, tries to explore the origin of Zumthors architectural creation, revisit and reconstruct the trajectory of his theories and practice.


Electron-phonon interactions employing principal phonons of the lattice belong to the fastest processes in semiconductors. Over last decade this fundamental feature has been used for generation of population inversion in far-infrared (terahertz frequency range) semiconductor lasers. In these lasers ultrafast, (sub-)picosecond interactions with principal phonons compete with fast thermal phonons which tend to support relaxation towards equilibrium. A proper design of electronic resonances with phonons can enable an inversed electron distribution as well as resonant Raman scattering. Different laser schemes realized for the terahertz frequency range will be discussed with emphasis on elemental semiconductor lasers, such as p-germanium and n-silicon lasers. These approaches have demonstrated for the first time the potential of principle phonons for intersubband and intracenter laser mechanisms. Later on this was used in terahertz quantum cascade heterostructure lasers. The realization of the intracenter Raman silicon laser has shown the possibility of using different principle phonons in semiconductors for the generation of stimulated emission in the mid- and far-infrared wavelength range.


With some regret I announce my retirement as Editor-inChief. Over the past decade, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems (RAFS) has broadened the original scope of its predecessor, American Journal of Alternative Agriculture. We strongly encourage publication of practical and integrated, biologically based systems approaches that meet the challenges of social and economic change, dwindling natural resources and climatic instability in achieving the global vision of 'Renewing Earth and its people' with a focus on 'Translating science into practice'. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems stands apart from other journals in its field. Its unique nature, recently tabulated by a polling of Associate Editors and practitioners around the world, include the following: International breadth: with increasing numbers of contributions from three global regions: Asia/Australasia, Eastern Europe/Middle East/Africa and North/Central/ South America. Emphasis: a focus on biologically based integrated systems approaches, including rural/urban agricultural sociology, and focus on food systems issues. Multiple content categories: including original peerreviewed Research papers and Review articles, Preliminary reports, Forum, Commentaries, and Book reviews. The journal occasionally publishes themed issues. Efficient review process: leading generally to decisions on manuscripts within 2–3 months after submission and online publication 4–6 weeks after acceptance. Promotion of participatory interactions: with practitioners through coverage of a wide range of topics of interest to them, using less technical jargon, and providing practical, workable applications and solutions aimed at increasing sustainability. Themed issues: often co-edited by Associate Editors, focus on specific topics to broaden understanding beyond contemporary agriculture to include renewable agricultural systems that contribute to a sustainable future. Examples include: Perennial grain crops (Volume 20 Issue 1); Soil quality for sustainable management (Volume 21 Issue 1); Meeting food and resource needs: Organic agriculture and the global food supply (Volume 22 Issue 2); Researching sustainable agricultural systems, ISOFAR 2005 (Volume 23 Issue 1); Principles of integrated agricultural systems (Volume 23 Issue 4); Food for life: Looking beyond the horizon (Volume 25 Issue 1); Sustainable agricultural systems in a resource limited future (Volume 25 Issue 2). In 2012 (Volume 27), a themed issue on Conservation tillage strategies in organic management systems will highlight the differences in degree and nature of reduced tillage in organic management systems between Europe and North America due to differences in climate, soils, economic, social and cultural issues. Forum: this provides a discussion section for researchers, farmers and others, to encourage focused dialog, on often controversial topics, with widely divergent viewpoints. The most controversial and widely visited Forum discussion was 'Can organic agriculture feed the world? ' by Badgley and Perfecto which included detailed criticisms from a renowned scientist and a progressive Great Plains farmer. A scathing Commentary on. '"Organic abundance" report: Fatally flawed' by Alex Avery and Responses to it were published two issues later in December 2007. Preliminary reports on highly innovative systems: these cover areas about which little prior research has been done but which show promise for development into highly valuable and exciting renewable management systems. One example, a report on floating gardens in Bangladesh by Irfanullah et al., used water hyacinth weeds that were hazards to navigation in river channels to build floating gardens in bordering wetlands—thus helping to remediate problems of nutritional security and lack of arable land accessibility in coastal villages where rising sea levels threaten human activities and livelihoods. I would like to extend thanks to our outstanding and dedicated group of Associate Editors and the many reviewers who provided timely, substantive and insightful reviews over the past decade. Your efforts have resulted in a quality journal with timely publication. A special recognition is given to Valerie Dennis, our 'miracle worker' editorial office manager, whose efforts have greatly facilitated the timely review of manuscripts and provided needed guidance and relief from intermittent frustrations with 'electronic' editing. Gratitude is also extended to the journal support staff of the HenryWallace Institute of Alternative Agriculture, CABI and, most recently, Cambridge University Press for outstanding support in publishing the journal. One indication of the journal's advancement is the almost tripling of the Impact Factor between 2005 and 2009. A special thanks to three Associate Editors who are retiring with me at the end of 2011: Molly Anderson, College of the Atlantic, Maine USA, for her 20 years of service as an Associate Editor and contributions to sustainable food systems; Mark Liebig, USDA-ARS Soil Scientist at the Northern Great Plains Research Center, for his inspiration to me as my 'professional' son and his 9 years' service as an Associate and Forum Editor; and last but not least to John Ryan, internationally renowned dryland soil specialist, ICARDA/CGIAR, Syria for his 9 years' service as an Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems: 26(4); 267–268 doi:10.1017/S1742170511000421


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the moral failure of a scandalized foreign brand afflicted with a product-harm crisis on competing brands (i.e. within the same product category) while taking into account the country of origin (COO) of the brands.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents the results of two studies. The first study uses an experimental design, while the second uses a survey to examine a real-life product-harm crisis.

Findings

The results indicate that the moral failure of a scandalized foreign brand has an indirect negative effect on the intention to purchase competing foreign brands from the COO of the scandalized foreign brand. This effect is, however, reversed for domestic brands, where moral failure has an indirect positive effect on the intention to purchase competing domestic brands.

Research limitations/implications

The results of this research were based on an examination of how US consumers responded to the moral failure of Japanese and German brands. Future studies should examine brands from different COOs in different countries.

Practical implications

These results suggest that competing foreign brands from the COO of the scandalized brand should collaborate to quickly handle a product-harm crisis to prevent a spillover and that domestic competitors should capitalize on the opportunity to attract new customers.

Originality/value

This study represents a first attempt to examine the effect of a foreign brand's moral failure in handling product-harm crisis on competing brands, both foreign and domestic.


Abstract Purpose: The study focuses on the number seven in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The purpose of this essay was to find out where in the Holy Scriptures and traditions the number seven ca ...


Political leaders routinely make momentous decisions, but they cannot always get what they want. Very often their important choices feel both difficult and painful. This is sometimes because these leaders have to act on the basis of incomplete information or because they realize that their options are risky. But it could also be because they have to abandon one goal to attain another. Politicians feel the tug between conflicting options as much as anyone else. Even when making decisions does not mean choosing the lesser of two evils, there may well be severe and uncomfortable trade-offs between different goals they have set themselves. Leadership frequently means making hard choices. In modern democracies, the leaders who make these choices are highly likely to be party politicians or indeed party leaders. Political parties are the most important organizations in modern politics. In the contemporary world, only a few states do without them. The reason that political parties are well-nigh ubiquitous is that they perform functions that are valuable to many political actors. Political parties play a major role in the recruitment of top politicians, on whom the momentous and painful political decisions often fall. With very few exceptions, political chief executives are elected on the slate of some established political party, and very often the head of government continues to serve as the head of the political party that propelled him or her into office. Democracy may be conceived as a process by which voters delegate policy-making authority to a set of representatives, and political parties are the main organizational vehicle by which such delegation takes place.


Radiation damage from cobalt-60 gamma rays is investigated for TSL235 Light to Frequency Converters. No dose rate effects were observed. the TSL235 is found suitable for use in Low Earth Orbit up to a total dose of 1.5 Krad(Si). Sudden failure of the device is observed at approximately 5 Krad(Si), exhibited by a rapid degradation in performance and a quick rise in device supply current leading to permanent damage (burnout). Annealing at room temperature for 24 hours showed no rebound.


Leucyl‐, isoleucyl‐ and valyl‐tRNA synthetases are closely related large monomeric class I synthetases. Each contains a homologous insertion domain of ∼200 residues, which is thought to permit them to hydrolyse ('edit') cognate tRNA that has been mischarged with a chemically similar but non‐cognate amino acid. We describe the first crystal structure of a leucyl‐tRNA synthetase, from the hyperthermophile Thermus thermophilus, at 2.0 Å resolution. The overall architecture is similar to that of isoleucyl‐tRNA synthetase, except that the putative editing domain is inserted at a different position in the primary structure. This feature is unique to prokaryote‐like leucyl‐tRNA synthetases, as is the presence of a novel additional flexibly inserted domain. Comparison of native enzyme and complexes with leucine and a leucyl‐ adenylate analogue shows that binding of the adenosine moiety of leucyl‐adenylate causes significant conformational changes in the active site required for amino acid activation and tight binding of the adenylate. These changes are propagated to more distant regions of the enzyme, leading to a significantly more ordered structure ready for the subsequent aminoacylation and/or editing steps.


BACKGROUND
Aroma profile and carotenoids content of melon flesh are two important aspects influencing the quality of this fruit that have been characterized using only selected genotypes. However, the extant variability of the whole species remains unknown.

RESULTS
A complete view of the volatile/carotenoid profiles of melon flesh was obtained analyzing 71 accessions, representing the whole diversity of the species. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to analyze 200 volatile compounds and five carotenoids. Genotypes were classified into two main clusters (high/low aroma), but with a large diversity of differential profiles within each cluster, consistent with the ripening behavior, flesh color and proposed evolutionary and breeding history of the different horticultural groups.

CONCLUSION
Our results highlight the huge amount of untapped aroma diversity of melon germplasm, especially of non-commercial types. Also, landraces with high nutritional value with regard to carotenoids have been identified. All this knowledge will encourage melon breeding, facilitating the selection of the genetic resources more appropriate to develop cultivars with new aromatic profiles or to minimize the impact of breeding on melon quality. The newly characterized sources provide the basis for further investigations into specific genes/alleles contributing to melon flesh quality. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.


This articale describes one type of Pt/C catalyst used at the CO catalytic oxidation. Through the anti-background gas experimentation and the length of life test, the result showswith many characters such as high activity, long protection time, good anti-aging ability, it can be used in the high humidity condition.


Summary: Two thousand consecutive patients have been studied to investigate the association between maternal glucose tolerance during pregnancy and fetal size at birth. It was shown that the incidences of small for dates (SFD) and low birth weight (LBW) babies were significantly increased when there was maternal hypoglycaemia (P<0.001), particularly when this occurred at the 3‐hour reading of the test. This finding has therapeutic implications. The incidences of large for dates (LFD) and high birth weight (HBW) babies were not related to the degree of maternal hyperglycaemia. Glucose is essential for fetal growth, but does not appear to be the cause of excessive fetal size.