Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) activates endothelial cells (EC) promoting EC‐leukocyte interactions in the venous circulation which is mediated, in part, by purinergic signaling. However, it is currently not known if ECs release ATP to TNFα. Employing in vitro ATP release assays, we report that TNFα significantly increased ATP release from venous ECs (Human Umbilical and Saphenous) which was not observed in arterial ECs (Human Coronary and Aortic). ATP release was inhibited by WP9QY, a peptide antagonist of the TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), indicating receptor activation in the initiation of this event. Pharmacological inhibition of Pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels in venous ECs with CBX or 10panx1 and siRNA knockdown of Panx1 significantly inhibited ATP release, whereas inhibition of connexin hemichannels, CALHM1 channels and exocytosis had no effect. This indicates that Panx1 channels are the conduit for ATP liberation. Additionally, we show that Src family kinases mediate Panx1 channel activation, as the Src inhibitor PP2 significantly reduced TNFα‐induced ATP release. Functionally, both Panx1 inhibition and degradation of extracellular ATP attenuated leukocyte‐venous EC interactions to TNFα stimulation. Utilizing ex vivo cannulated mesenteric venules, luminal perfusion of TNFα significantly increased ATP release into the perfusate, supporting a role for TNFα‐mediated ATP release in intact venules. Finally, we developed an EC‐specific, inducible Panx1 knockout mouse (VEcadCreERT2+/Panx1fl/fl) to determine the role of Panx1 in vascular inflammation in vivo. In conclusion, TNFα activates Panx1 channels in venous ECs inducing ATP release to promote leukocyte‐EC interactions.


A model predictive controller for optimal braking of a road vehicle is proposed. Taking into account the additional information provided by a torque sensor located in the wheel, there is no need to use any longitudinal model of the vehicle. Instead, we detail a way to identify a tire/road characteristic. This on-line reconstruction is based on an estimation of the longitudinal wheel slip and an estimation of the adhesion torque. The design approach, focused on the angular dynamics of the wheel, allows the use of the controller in vehicles for which assumptions on the longitudinal dynamics are not possible. Therefore, this controller is very indicated for aircraft applications.


Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate and closely analyse Emergency Medical Services (EMS) pandemic and infection response in the United States in the twen


Background Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) is a risk factor for asthma in affected individuals. Nasal allergic inflammation enhances bone‐marrow eosinophil production, mainly via IL‐5, and rhinitis patients have increased airway inflammation during the pollen season.


Industrialisation has become the key point for the growth and development of the nations. This leads to the increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), which is the major cause of global warming. The concept of carbon trading is to control the pollution by limiting the amount of emission of CO2 produced by the countries all over the world. Carbon trading between various companies and government, a profitable business model benefitted for nature. This paper proposes estimation of carbon emission mechanism, which provide economic incentive to attain emission reductions and it proves to be a key notion that should be adopted by developed and developing countries.


The face determines the identity of an individual. Following injury careful rehabilitation of function and aesthetics are of equal importance. The pattern of soft tissue lesions ranges from simple lacerations and contusions to complex amputations. Employing local as well as microvascular free-flap transfer satisfying results can be achieved even in complicated cases. Standardized treatment algorithms focusing on long-term preservation of the injured teeth are well established in the management of dentoalveolar trauma. The repair of midfacial factures is still a challenge for the surgeon. Recent developments, such as endoscopy and computer-guided surgery might reduce postoperative morbidity of patients and optimize the aesthetic outcome. Early postoperative functional treatment focusing on both joint distraction as well as enhancement of neuromuscular activity is of outstanding importance to ensure adequate function following mandibular column fractures. Orthodontic functional appliances fulfill those criteria and should be considered in early functional rehabilitation.


Beginning with the current situation of study on the multi-robot system, the paper introduces the feature and structure of multi-robot system and presents the planning methods and characters about the static and dynamic path. Following the above analysis, this paper puts forward and realizes the collaborating of task-level and harmonizing of locomotion-level in the multi-robot system. The path planning structure of "global layout and local amendment" is taken and a strategy of clash relieving based on forecast is designed as the local programming method. What's more, the Visual C++6.0 is used during the simulated experiments about the path planning and obstacle avoidance to both single-robot and multi-robot motionless obstacle. The experiment results make clear that the method of task assignment could satisfy the real-timing and optimality of motionless task distribution and the autonomy and robustness of dynamic task assignment, and additionally, the measure of clash relieving has the preferable feature of coordinating. Furthermore, the collision strategy based on intensive learning could effectively realize the robot's initiative programming and enhance its adaptability to environment.


The article looks at specific features of natural gas pricing mechanisms that are being used on regional gas markets. The author notes that the mechanism which links natural gas prices to oil prices is currently the most frequently used compared to other mechanisms. Deregulation of gas markets may facilitate the transition to more competitive hub-based pricing, which has already taken place in North America and the UK. The statistical analysis has shown that it is still too early to note the formation of an integrated world natural gas market, as regional gas prices are not correlated to each other and may even move in opposite directions. However development of trade relations and increase in the LNG trade may strengthen further convergence of regional natural gas markets and unification of pricing mechanisms.


The process of recovery, restoration and valorization of the built heritage is articulated, both for the complexity of historical architecture and the lack of adequate intervention tools. Each monument is an expression of the territory where it was built. Therefore, it's necessary to plan the restoration of built heritage as a system in which technical and cultural variables create a balance between decisions and processes of conservation and transformation. In this context, the technicians must activate a series of procedures to safeguard the monuments starting from the recovery of the values preserving its future memory. This methodological approach has been tested in the recovery project of the ancient masonry church of "San Rocco" in Matera (Italy). It is dated from the 14th century, and it also has a great importance for the hosting of cultural and social activities within the Matera Cultural Capital of Europe 2019 Program. The preliminary phase of data acquisition, the direct survey of the degradation characteristics and the historical-constructive research is shown in this paper. Then, a critical analysis of the survey is performed together with a preliminary analysis of its seismic performance. The numerical analyses have been conducted with the macro-elements approach, where the most probably failure mechanisms of the church architectural parts are taken into considerations.


Objective : To evaluate the quality of life of adults with phenylketonuria (PKU) using different methodologies. Methods : review developed according to the PRISMA report items and the guidelines of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews. A search was performed in the PubMed, EMBASE, BVS, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library databases in November 2021. Results : 500 articles were identified, following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the 09 selected studies evaluated 452 adults, with a mean age of 28 years. 89% of the articles considered the sample insufficient, 66.6% used generic questionnaires, 33.3% the specific questionnaire (PKU-QoL). Conclusion : The results of the impact of PKU on HRQoL were mostly positive. More research using PKU-QoL is needed to broaden the interpretation of data and expand knowledge on this topic, the development of robust studies will provide a conclusion on the effect of FNC and its treatment on HRQoL. Classical


In order to solve the problem of seam spontaneous combustion danger increasing occurred by the pressure released gas drainage in Xuandong No.2 Mine,according to the analysis on the temperature increased oxidized gas of the coal sample and the index gas in the gas drainage borehole,the seam spontaneous combustion prediction system was established based on the φ(CO)/φ(CO2) indexes in the borehole.The practices showed that the efficient resolution ratio of the φ(CO)/φ(CO2) indexes could reach over 90% and could be applied to the early prediction of the seam spontaneous combustion and the ration gas drainage layout in Xuandong No.2 Mine.


In order to improve the gas utilization and to reduce the energy consumption,Laiwu Steel carried through large ore batch smelting experiments of two stages in the 3 200 m3 blast furnace. Through adjusting distributing matrix,reducing charged power and assure enough wind speed and blast momentum and so on,the BF realized the smelting practice with large ore batch between100 t and 105 t. The gas utilization efficiency increased to 49.5% from 46.5% and the fuel ratio reduced to 500 kg/t from 525 kg/t.


All Dickens readers can easily agree that the presence of shops in his work is very striking, ranging from four "Scenes" in Sketches by Boz to better known examples like the eponymous place in The Old Curiosity Shop, Sol Gills's store of nautical instruments in Dombey and Son, Krook's warehouse in Bleak House and Mr. Venus's laboratory in Our Mutual Friend to Household Words. Considering that shops are either buildings and rooms where goods and services are sold, or spaces stocked with merchandise for sale, the present article looks at the latter of these functions in Dickens's fiction; its aim is twofold: to draw attention to their recurrence as containers of objects—which gives him the opportunity to satisfy his obsession with the naming of things and to adopt the stylistic device of the list—and to explore the homology between the shop and the page as an example of Dickens's rhetoric of "excess."


In this paper, a new two-step spectrum sensing scheme based on energy detection and maximum eigenvalue detection is proposed for cognitive radio. When the wideband frequency range is divided into multiple sub-channels, energy detection is firstly used for coarse sensing in each sub-channel to determine the existence of the primary user. As no primary user is decided, maximum eigenvalue detection is subsequently employed for fine sensing. For the proposed scheme, we analyze the probabilities of detection and false alarm and find the optimal thresholds for a given probability of false alarm. Moreover, the average sensing time of the proposed scheme is evaluated. We compare the performance of the proposed scheme with that of the schemes which employ only energy detection or maximum eigenvalue detection. For wireless microphone signal, simulation results show that the proposed scheme requires less sensing time than both energy detection and maximum eigenvalue detection under some conditions, while obtaining almost the same sensing performance with maximum eigenvalue detection.


Aucore@Ptshell nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction method.The samples were cha-racterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).In situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS) was utilized to investigate the electro-oxidation behavior of formaldehyde in different media adsorbed on Aucore@Ptshell nanoparticles coated platinum electrode.Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra with high quality were acquired.The results show that formaldehyde can dissociate spontaneously to produce strongly adsorbed intermediate,CO,in acidic,neutral,and alkaline media on a Aucore@Ptshell nanoparticles coated platinum electrode.However,the bridge adsorbed CO were increased more significantly in alkaline media.In addition,the bridge adsorbed CO could be oxidized more easily than the linear adsorbed CO.The Raman signal of CO disappeared at-0.4 V in alkaline media,it shifted negatively about 950 mV than in acidic or neutral media.The study demonstrates that Aucore@Ptshell nanoparticles coated on platinum substrate as electrode exhibited better electrocatalytic properties for the oxidation of formaldehyde in alkaline media than in acidic or neutral media.


The study was aimed to assess urban induced land use land cover changes in the upper Deme watershed. Three satellite images of 1986, 2002, and 2019 were analyzed by ArcGIS and processed by supervised classification. Land use land cover change in the watershed increased for settlement, bare land, and croplands in the period 1986-2019 by 56.6%, 53%, and 0.25%, respectively. However, the land use land cover change in the watershed decreased for a water body, forest, and grassland by 65%, 57.7%, and 7%, respectively. These enforced to change the work habit and social bases. Out of converted lands, during 1986-2002, 34.9%, 53%, 18%, 40.9%, and 10.6% of bare land, cropland, forest land, grassland, and water bodies, respectively, in the upper Deme watershed were changed into settlement areas. During 2002-2019, 30.7%, 36.8%, 26.9%, 66%, and 33.3% of bare land, cropland, forest land, grassland, and water bodies, respectively, were changed into settlement areas. This shows urbanization results in a different change in economic, social, land use land cover, and watershed management activities in the upper Deme watershed.


Fast and accurate identifications of pathogenic bacteria along with their associated antibiotic resistance proteins are of paramount importance for patient treatments and public health. While mass spectrometry has become an important, technique for diagnostics of infectious disease, there is a need for mass spectrometry workflows offering this capability. To meet this need, we have augmented the previously published Microorganism Classification and Identification (MiCId) workflow for this capability. To evaluate the performance of the newly augmented MiCId workflow, we have used MS/MS datafiles from samples of 10 antibiotic resistance bacterial strains belonging to three different species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The evaluation results show that MiCId's workflow has a sensitivity value around 85% (with a lower bound at about 72%) and a precision greater than 95% in the identification of antibiotic resistance proteins. Using MS/MS datasets from samples of two bacterial clonal isolates, one being antibiotic-sensitive while the other (obtained from the same patient at different times) being multidrug-resistant, we applied MiCId's workflow to investigate possible mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in these pathogenic bacteria; the results showed that MiCId's conclusions are in agreement with the published study. Furthermore, we show that MiCId's workflow is fast. It pro-vides microorganismal identifications, protein identifications, sample biomass estimates, and antibiotic resistance protein identifications in 6–17 minutes per MS/MS sample using computing resources that are available in most desktop and laptop computers, making it a highly portable workflow. This study demonstrated that MiCId's workflow is fast, portable, and with high sensitivity and high precision, making it a valuable tool for rapid identifications of bacteria as well as detection of their antibiotic resistance proteins. The new version of MiCId (v.07.01.2021) is freely available for download at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Yu/downloads.html.


This article is derived from conversations among four early career researchers on epistemic inequalities and challenges faced in universities, more especially in carrying out research. The conversations took place in the context of a qualitative research laboratory centered on the global South. We share experiences and issues associated with being trained as researchers in the global North and doing fieldwork in the global South. We also reflect on dominant structures and processes in universities and the marginalization of "other" or "alternative" knowledge systems. Whilst recognising the many ongoing and parallel academic discussions on such issues, we posit that there remains a need to carve out more discursive spaces for early career researchers to openly discuss their practical experiences, concerns, and strategies in challenging and overcoming issues such as the colonial gaze, racialization and coloniality of power, and to share appropriate approaches for research.


It is commonplace in Australian policy debate for groups presumed to be adversely affected by proposed policies to provide estimates of the undesirable consequences of change. A highly public example of the above is the claim by the Minerals Council of Australia (MCA), based on work done in 2009 by Concept Economics (2009), that the then-planned Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) would result in 23,510 fewer jobs in Australian mining than would otherwise be the case. Our research reports findings using three different data series and methods, and presents analyses aimed at improving the understanding of, and putting into an aggregate economy context, the projected mining sector "job losses" as a result of the 2009 planned ETS. The essential points concerning the size and meaning of mining sector employment effects should not be in dispute; the alleged "jobs loss" aspect of the climate change policy debate is not in any sense important to the overall policy discourse. Our major motivation lies well beyond the potential mining jobs implications from the ETS, which is used only as an example to illustrate the use and misuse of employment data in policy debate.


A new containerless rapid solidification device used to prepare Sn-Sb journal bearing alloys was developed. Based on the theory of heat flux, the cooling rate of Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy prepared by the device was calculated by means of modes of heat transfer and physics. The calculation results indicate that the cooling rate of a 4mm size droplet is 3.1×10~2 (K/s) and the cooling rate of a 0.1mm size droplet is 10~5 K/s. The experiment results show that the rapidly-solidified Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy exhibits notably refined grain and highly dispersed primary intermetallic SnSb phase, indicating that the device achieved grain refinement effects.


QiongDongNan Basin is characterized by high geotherm and geopressure. Its average geothermal gradient is higher than 4℃/100m. The factors influencing the geothermal field include volcanic activity, Moho depth, fault activity and lithology. The unique geotherm-pressure field controls the hydrocarbon evolution and distribution. Now, the issue of overpressure has become the hot issue. This paper, using description of "three fields", is to say the relationship between overpressure and distribution of oil and gas.


&NA; We examine the role of fixed costs in research and development (R&D) in the market for genetically modified (GM) corn seed. In a mixed model of horizontal differentiation by genetic traits and vertical differentiation by productivity, we derive the empirically testable lower bounds to R&D concentration when R&D investments and market entry are jointly determined. When R&D investments translate into higher product quality, industries are said to be characterized by endogenous fixed costs such that the lower bound to R&D concentration increases with market size, but is less than the lower bound to market concentration based on sales. Using data on field trial applications of GM corn seed, we estimate the lower bound to R&D concentration, and find evidence of endogenous fixed costs with R&D concentration that is significantly greater than perfectly competitive levels. These endogenous fixed costs imply that concentration in the agricultural biotechnology industry is occurring due to the nature of R&D investment in product quality and not through anticompetitive practices. Adjusting for past merger and acquisition activity significantly raises the lower bound for infinitely‐sized markets, but has no impact upon current market sizes, implying the industry may still undergo additional consolidation.


Along with further deepened economic globalization and financial internationalization, financial innovation has gained an abrupt development, The development of which has directly reinforced the close relationship between each financial institution, each financial market, financial institution and financial market. At the same time, it has influenced at a different levels the conduct of the central bank, commercial banks, financial market and financial regulation, and impaired the capacity of financial system for covering local risks, and the overall stability of financial system will be lowered with it. Financial innovation has also promoted financial internationalization trends which are characterized by financial transaction internationalization, financial market internationalization and cross-border capital flow, making the local financial risk vulnerable to be converted to a comprehensive financial risk, hence influencing the stability of financial regime.


Nowadays, the developing and appreciating material based on student's local culture is very attractive. The objectives of this research are to know the existing folktales in students' book, to identify local folktales that suitable to be included in the English students' book and to know how to include the local folktales in the English students' book for ninth grade of Junior High School in Rejang Lebong. This research adapted the R&D model proposed by Borg and Gall (1983) with some modifications. The data was taken from students and teachers of SMP Negeri 1 Rejang Lebong, SMP Negeri 2 Rejang Lebong and SMP Negeri 5 Rejang Lebong through questionnaire and interview.  The first result of this research shows that students like the existing folktales in students' book but sometimes they found difficulties in comprehending it. The second result identifies three siutable local folktales suitable to be included in the students' book; Legenda Batu Menangis (62.4%), Lalan Belek (66.7%) and Muning Raib (66.7%). The third result shows that the developed material can be used as supplementary reading material. In conclusion, the existing folktales in the student's book are good but not contextual, there are highly three suitable local folktales to be included in students' book (Legenda Batu Menangis, Lalan Belek, and Muning Raib) and the way to include the suitable local folktales in English students' book is as supplementary reading material. As suggestion, the next researcher can conduct further study on evaluation by using try out of this material development.


Under the relevant theories on Service Invention-Creation provided in Article 35 of Patent Law of Japan,this article is focused upon innovation and implementation measures on compensation mechanism for interests of Service Invention-Creation,with respect of offering suggestions for that of Chinese legal system and enterprises' specific implementation.


Many people look back with gratitude that high school is a thing of the past, primarily due to negative social interactions among peers. The focus of this Capstone Project is on obtaining a better understanding of the social climate in high school and how this is relevant to student development. This is an important issue because a student's feeling of belonging can be directly related to his/her academic success and overall wellbeing. Evidence supporting this claim was obtained through literature and interviews at a local high school.The three primary stakeholder perspectives analyzed were those of the principal and the two assistant principals at Ocean View High School. In addition, three action options were proposed in this Capstone Project to create a more welcoming school climate.


Reviewing briefly the historical course of formulating the regional sci tech policies in China, some relevant problems were found out to discuss especially the formulation procedure after joining the WTO. Some advices are thus presented. The most important issue is how to make certain of a strategic model of regional sci tech development, which should be a basis to formulate correctly regional sci tech policies. The shift of the functions of local governments should be the core of the structural renovation which must be taken as a prerequisite for correct formulation of regional sci tech policies. In addition, the policy of regional sci tech personnel resource should be re examined with existing errors omissions rectified, and the principle of combining justice with efficiency should come into effect in the formulation procedure.


First published, in 1990, as the London Dysmorphology Database (with a separate neurogenetics database released the following year), the 3rd edition, published as the London Dysmorphology Database, London Neurogenetics Database & Dysmorphology Photo Library on CD-ROM, combines two comprehensive databases, together with an extensive photo library and free online updates for registered purchasers, onto a single CD-ROM. An accompanying 75-page instruction manual makes the software easy to install, and its eight chapters are replete with examples and illustrations (including a glossary of electrophysiological terms) that should enable even the most computer-challenged user to derive the maximum benefit from the two databases and photo library. Switching between databases is easily accomplished, and links to Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and Medline are additional features.Dr. Baraitser and Prof. Winter have included more than 3,400 nonchromosomal syndromes (with their OMIM accession numbers and chromosomal loci, when known) in the dysmorphology database and nearly 3,300 neurological disorders in the neurogenetics database—along with more than 12,700 thumbnail photographs that, with a double click of the mouse (when the CD-ROM is inserted), can be displayed in detail. By use of the "My Collection" function, it is possible to edit photograph captions in the database and to import images from one's own personal collection, as well.Every work, even an effort as encyclopedic in scope as the London databases, can be further improved. In the neurogenetics database's syndrome keyword search, for example, to find an entry for oculopharyngeal dystrophy, the user first has to look under "muscular dystrophy"—"muscular dystrophy - oculopharyngeal (autosomal dominant)" or "muscular dystrophy - oculopharyngeal - autosomal recessive" (note the databases' inconsistency in use of parentheses and hyphens)—and, for the hyper- or hypokalemic forms of muscular dystrophy, under "periodic paralysis." One major drawback is that laboratory abnormalities are not included in the syndrome feature search, nor, inexplicably, does the feature search contain a separate general heading for cardiovascular or heart abnormalities. Instead, the user must go first to "thorax" and then to the subheading "heart." Although aortic incompetence is mentioned under "heart," aortic dissection appears under "blood vessels"—and cystic medial necrosis is nowhere to be found, whereas mitral-valve prolapse is subsumed under "mitral incompetence."At $2,495.00 per set—individual volumes can be purchased for $945.00—most individual practitioners will find the software prohibitively expensive. Nonetheless, metabolic disorders services, neurology clinics, and genetics centers, especially those involved in training programs, should find the databases to be a useful adjunct to standard reference works. Dr. Baraitser and Prof. Winter are to be commended for contributing a valuable resource to the literature of dysmorphology and neurogenetics. I would, however, offer one suggestion to enhance future versions of the London databases—namely, the inclusion of a section on chromosomal disorders.


Genetic programming (GP) has had some limited success with solving multiclass classification problems, however the performance of GP classifiers still lags behind that of alternative techniques. This project investigates an alternative form of GP, Linear GP (LGP), which demonstrates great promise as a classifier. By utilizing the structure of LGP programs, we develop several new LGP operators which provide a significant performance improvement. These include a new mutation operator which identifies bad instrutions for mutation, and a new crossover operator which mimics biological crossover between alleles.


We report a facile approach to synthesize nanocomposites with Fe3O4 nanopaticles (NPs) attached to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets by a solvothermal process, which combines the growth of Fe3O4 NPs and the reduction of GOs in one single step. These Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposites were further used to fabricate thin film supercapacitor electrodes by using a spray deposition technique without the addition of insulating binders. It was found that the Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposites showed much higher specific capacitances than that of either pure rGO or pure Fe3O4 NPs. We further carried out electrochemical characterization of the Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposites with different Fe3O4 :  rGO weight ratios (e.g. IFe3O4 : rGO) and showed that Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposites with IFe3O4 : rGO = 2.8 exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 480 F g−1 at a discharge current density of 5 A g−1 with the corresponding energy density of 67 W h kg−1 at a power density of 5506 W kg−1. These Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposites also showed stable cycling performance without any decrease in the specific capacitance after 1000 charge/discharge cycles.


Regarding classroom,the ecological mathematics classroom instruction uses ecological idea to build a harmonious, dynamic and vital,constant mathematics classroom instruction for knowledge input with ecological environment, learning, and exchanging knowledge.Aesthetical mathematics education has positive function in promoting the ecological mathematics classroom instruction.


The passionate dream of the oppressed solar flare forecaster is the scientific discovery of the cause, the energy source, and the observable antecedent conditions for the solar flare. This tunnel vision has had a profound and deleterious effect on the state-of-the-art. It has diverted attention from many promising approaches and relegated them to limbo. More importantly, it has actually inhibited the scientific search for the underlying physical mechanisms. Examples of neglected aspects of the problem cover the entire range from observing techniques and equipment to the availability and accuracy of the archived scientific data. A cursory inspection of this data leads to an obvious conclusion: there are at least two suns up there.


Lower Lung field tuberculosis (LLFT) is an atypical presentation of tuberculosis which often poses difficulty in making diagnosis. This study was carried out at department of Tuberculosis and chest diseases RMCH & RC Kanpur from October 2012 to June 2013 to study the prevalence and clinical presentation of LLFT. Diagnosed patients of pulmonary tuberculosis with lesions below an arbitrary line across the hila of their chest skiagram, considered LLFT, were included in this study. Routine laboratory testing including sputum for acid fast bacillus (AFB), HIV screening, blood sugar, serum creatinine, liver function tests were performed in each patients. Out of a total of 574 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis 9.4% had lower lung field tuberculosis. It was more common in elderly patients and more in female as compared to male. Unilateral disease and right side involvement was more common than left. Cavitations and consolidation were the chief radiological presentations. To conclude, LLFT is fairly common in India. It is more common in younger females, HIV infection and diabetes mellitus increase the risk of LLFT. Clinical presentation is similar to that of classical upper lung field tuberculosis and short course chemotherapy is equally effective as in classical upper zonal disease.


Electrospray ionization (EI) deposition is proven efficient in obtaining monolayers of a polymetallic charge transfer complex on gold surfaces. The molecule's integrity is monitored by using PM-IRRAS and XPS. This approach broadens the perspective of molecular magnetic switch deposition, which is currently dominated by the thermal evaporation of monometallic spin crossover (SCO) complexes.


The rapid urbanization and increasing traffic congestion pose significant challenges for traffic management systems. To alleviate these issues, we proposed an innovative solution for traffic signal automation using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The objective is to develop a smart traffic management system that can dynamically adapt traffic signal timing based on real-time traffic intensity. This research paper presents a novel approach to traffic signal automation using IoT technology and IR sensors. The proposed system provides realtime traffic monitoring, adaptive signal control, and efficient decision-making, leading to enhanced traffic management and improved overall urban mobility. Traffic congestion is a persistent problem in urban areas, leading to increased travel times, fuel consumption, and environmental pollution. To address these challenges, this study proposes an Internet of Things (IoT)-based traffic signal automation system that utilizes infrared (IR) sensors to sense and detect traffic intensity at intersections. The objective of this research is to develop an efficient and reliable traffic signal control mechanism that dynamically adapts to varying traffic conditions. The proposed system employs IR sensors strategically placed at different locations to monitor the presence and movement of vehicles. These sensors detect infrared radiation emitted by vehicles, enabling the system to estimate traffic density and occupancy.


This work is the outcome of a seminar on functional analysis held by Prof. Karl Kunisch in winter term 2009 at the "Institut für Mathematik und Wissenschaftliches Rechnen", Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. It is mainly based on the first chapter on convex functions in "Convex Analysis and Variational Problems" by Ivar Ekeland and Roger Temam. Basic facts about locally convex vector spaces and convex sets therein are summarized (but not proven) in section 1. Important definitions and results on the theory of convex functions in locally convex vector spaces are presented in detail in section 2. The rest of the work deals with the pointwise supremum of coninuous affine functions (section 3), the (especially in physics important) subject of polar functions (section 4), subdifferentiability and ǫ-subdifferentiability (section 5 and 6).


Quantification of the wideband signal associated with bubble collapse is desirable to measure cavitation dosage during microbubble therapy. We have developed a cavitation detection algorithm based on time-frequency analysis with the Stockwell transform. This transform is ideal since it isolates cavitation transients in time and frequency at much higher resolution than other time-frequency methods. In this study, we acquired simultaneous high-speed images and acoustic signals from bubbles undergoing oscillation during acoustic pulses commonly used for permeability enhancement (Transmit: 1.5 MHz, 10-cycle, peak negative pressure range 150–500 kPa, Receive: 15 MHz cavitation detector). Above 200 kPa, linescan vs time images showed relative bubble expansion greater than 2 and echoes contained a wideband signal that coincided with bubble collapse. The Stockwell transform of detected echoes revealed wideband spectrums localized to the time of bubble collapse. After filtering below 4 MHz to reject linear echoes,...


Case-based learning (CBL) is a newer modality of teaching healthcare, combining medical theory and practices. Many researchs reported effectivity of CBL to improve student-centered learning. The aim of this study is to evaluate how CBL improved students' clinical reasoning compared with other method such as problem-based learning. An interventional research involved 4th grade medical students receiving PBL and CBL methods supervised by a tutor or instructure. An alternative method combining CBL and structured role play (in an Integrated-Patient Management method) also performed using clinical scenario with medical practice setting. The result showed that student received CBL had better clinical reasoning indicated from better miniquizz result compared with PBL students (p < 0,05, Mann Whitney U test. Students exposed with CBL had final MCQ and essay exam grade compared with unexposed students. Students exposed with CBL also had better clinical skill indicated from Objective Structure Clinical Examination (OSCE) result (p < 0,05, independent t test). Students' acceptance level on CBL method is 79, 4%. It is concluded that compared with PBL, CBL is more effective in improved students' performance, learning outcomes and clinical reasoning and also had high acceptance among medical students.


The end of the XXth century witnessed a transformation of the view of international relations within broader ideological narratives of political Left and Right. The Left has become critical of globalization due to its association with economic liberalism. Resistance against the loss of cultural identity is increasing on the right, as well as the support for the globally expanding economic liberalism. What has remained unclear are the attitudes of the European citizens in this regard. This study analyzes the relationships between ideological self-identification and attitudes towards globalization. Despite certain variations, the results describe rightwing identifiers as more positive about globalization.


The invention provides a SCARA robot joint zero returning control method. The SCARA robot joint zero returning control method comprises the following steps: (1) a joint motor reversely rotates and detects a zero point; (2) when the zero point position is detected, the joint motor continuously rotates reversely; (3) the joint motor forwards rotates and detects the zero point; and (4) when the zero point position is detected, the joint motor stops operating to finish the zero returning process. The SCARA robot joint zero returning control method improves the zero returning positioning precision. Meanwhile, a position sensor is adopted to perform the zero returning operation to prevent the collision damage of a robot.


Identification of critical components plays an important part in assessing the reliability of the traction system. In view of the existing problems in the importance measurement methods of components, this paper attempts to introduce an alternative importance measurement called Graph Fourier Transform centrality (GFT centrality) in order to estimate critical components of the traction system from the perspective of the fault propagation. First, the structure of the traction system is constructed as a topological network based on complex network theory. Second, according to the topological network and the influence of a fault propagation mechanism, GFT centrality measurement is proposed to identify important components of the traction system. The results of a case study demonstrate that the method proposed in this paper is effective.


In this study, the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve is chosen as the research object. The theory of landscape ecology is used to construct the landscape ecological evaluation system. A hierarchical system is suggested for human interference classification; together with other indexes generated from geographic national conditions monitoring datasets, the landscape ecological security index (LESI) is built up. The entropy weight method is introduced to determine the weight of these indexes used in the calculation of LESI. Experiment takes 500m*500m lattice as the spatial analysis unit, uses the geographic national conditions monitoring datasets of year 2015 and 2020 to evaluate the landscape ecological status of the protection zone from spatial and temporal dimensions. Result shows that the landscape ecology status of the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve has been greatly improved, the whole region's LESI has reached the safe level in year 2020, and the overall spatial distribution shows a better trend that that in year 2015.


This study demonstrates the cultural behaviours and patterns found among Mexican and American citizens when interacting with each other. To reach a successful interaction between people who not only differ in language but also in cultural background, it is necessary to turn to context and non-verbal communication cues. In order to show that feelings such as love and respect are conveyed in the same way across cultures, three dialogues from the movie Spanglish are transcribed and analysed according to four categories: cultural aspects, non-verbal communication, paralinguistic features, and linguistic issues.


The adsorption of Ag on a smooth Pt electrode in 1 M H2SO4 at 40°C has been studied from 0.45 to 0.75 V (RHE) in solutions varying from 10–4 to 10–6 M. The effect of adsorbed Ag on the oxidation rate of HCOOH has been examined at 0.65 and 0.75 V. A diffusion-limited adsorption process is indicated. Analysis of the oxidation state of the adsorbed layer to θAgads= 0.59 yields a value of 0.77 electrons/site. Above this coverage, a value of 1.97 electrons/site is obtained. This suggests, in the former case, a mixed layer composed of Ag singly bonded to a single Pt site with some single bonding to two Pt sites. At the higher coverages, two Ag atoms are apparently attached to a single Pt surface site. The rate of adsorption of Ag+ is decreased by the presence of HCOOH. Below θAgads∼0.40, the oxidation rate of HCOOH is enhanced compared with that of an electrode partially covered with adsorbed HCOOH intermediates. Above this coverage, the oxidation is inhibited.


ABSTRACT Clupeids are one of the most diverse groups of marine fishes represented by numerous extant genera and species. The diversity of European clupeids was even greater in the past, especially during the Paleogene and early Neogene. Here we present the results of a thorough revision of numerous fish fossils assigned to the subfamily Clupeinae. They come from Oligocene and early Miocene deposits of the former Eastern Paratethys and the Carpathian Basin, and are represented by complete and fragmented skeletons. A new endemic genus—†Rupelia Baykina and Kovalchuk, gen. nov.—is established for small-sized herrings from the early Oligocene (Rupelian) of the Caucasus. It occurred only in the Eastern Paratethys and was represented by a single species—†R. rata (Daniltshenko, 1959). At that time, another herring inhabited the entire Paratethys. It completely fits into †Clupeonella (Maicopiella) sensu Menner, 1949a—a subgenus which is raised here to genus level. Based on our review, this herring was represented during the Oligocene by †Maicopiella longimana (Heckel, 1850) —a widespread species with numerous fossils found in deposits mostly of Rupelian and partly of Chattian age. †Rupelia rata went extinct at the beginning of the Miocene, while †Maicopiella longimana was replaced by †M. brevicauda (Menner, 1949a) in the Eastern Paratethys and by †Sardinella sardinites (Heckel, 1850) in the Carpathian Basin. A detailed morphological description of all mentioned taxa is presented. The results of our study shed more light on the diversity and distribution of herrings within the central and eastern parts of the Paratethys during the Oligocene and early Miocene.


OF THE DISCLOSURE Ethylene propylene diene monomers are cured using phenolic resins and a halogen containing polymeric cure activator. This application is continuation of Ser. No. 689,829, filed Dec. 12, 1967, now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION it has long been known that certain polymers may be cured using phenol aldehyde resins. For example, butyl rubber may be cured using a condensation polymer of p alkyl phenol and formaldehyde, see U.S. Pat. 2,701,895 which is incorporated herein by reference. Similarly, phenol aldehyde resins have been used to cure styrene butadiene rubbers, see for example U.S. Pat. 2,708,192 incorporated herein by reference. It is known that im proved resin cures of butyl rubber may be obtained by adding a cure activator such as a metal halide. Similarly, improved cures are obtained by using halomethyl hydro carbon-substituted phenol aldehyde resins, see for example U.S. 3,093,163 and 3,165,496 which are incorporated herein by reference. Resin cure systems are preferred over sulfur accelerated cures in that they result in products with better com pression set, scorch and aging properties and result in vulcanizates which exhibit greater thermal stability. Such cures are particularly useful for injection molding, high temperature curing and applications requiring high modul lus and low compression set. The excellent reversion re sistance of resin cures makes them particularly suited for high temperature molding. Certain ethylene propylene diene monomers (EPDM) are known to be cured by halomethyl hydrocarbon-sub stituted phenol aldehyde resins. For example, an EPDM containing methylene norbornene as the diene monomer has been successfully cured in this manner. It has not, however, heretofore been possible to accomplish satis factory resin cures where, for example, the diene mono mer is ethylidene norbornene. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It has now been found that surprisingly ethylidene nor bornene containing EPDM may be resin cured in the presence of a cure accelerator where the cure accelerator is a halogen containing polymer. Preferably, the resin is a halomethyl hydrocarbon-substituted phenol aldehyde resin. For example, an ethylidene norbornene EPDM may be resin cured at high temperatures with about 12 phr. of a brominated phenol aldehyde resin and about 5 phr. of Hypalon, a chlorosulfonated polyethylene. An added advantage of this system is that rapid cures at moderate temperatures, i.e. 330 F., may be achieved.


Objective:To investigate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in four-port approach for beginners.Methods:The clinical cases of 358 cholelithiasis patients treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy in four-port approach from Aug.2004 to Aug.2008 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in four-port approach was completed successfully in 342 patients with a mean operating time of 95min,and the mean hospitalization time was 7.6d.The operative success rate was 95.5%,16 cases were converted to open surgery.Conclusions:LC in four-port approach is a safe,effective and minimally invasive technique for beginners with clear visual field and short operative time.


David Ketterer. Imprisoned in a Tesseract: The Life and Work of James Blish. Kent: Kent State University Press, 1987. xvi + 410 pp. Illus. Bernard Selinger. Le Guin and Identity in Contemporary Fiction. Ann Arbor UMI Research Press, 1988. xii + 183 pp. In Robert Heinlein's story "-And He Built a Crooked House-," a group of Californians explore a real-estate developer's dream-come-true, an eight- room hypercuboid structure that occupies only as much space as one ordinary room. This is the tesseract of Ketterer's title: a four-dimensional analogue of a cube. The tesseract is a topological metaphor for science fiction itself, a place that seems to offer a heady freedom inaccessible to dwellers in the three-dimensional world of the terrestrial, the mundane, the "mainstream." Tesseract was a natural title for the 1936 fanzine in which the fifteen-year-old James Blish published some of his earliest work.1 Yet, as in the Heinlein story, what seems to be a gateway to the new world can rapidly mutate into a prison...


This article was written very early in my career. I was part way through my doctoral degree study on environmental education (EE) theory and practice, and had just completed an evaluation of a national EE curriculum development project. In both of these projects, I found that despite the presence of an emerging discourse about what a distinctive EE is or ought to be, classroom practice represented as EE was essentially either informational or nature study in character — somewhat different from the 'education for the environment' being advanced by researchers and curriculum developers internationally at the time. It seemed to me that this situation was less one of teachers' failure to implement government policy than one of EE curriculum developers failing to recognise teachers' existing, robust personal constructions of EE (of the environment, education, teaching and learning . . .). An entailment of this position is that EE research has the opportunity and responsibility of exploring the relationship of teachers' theories and practices and the professional contexts within which these are intelligible. Consequently, a new wave emerged of participatory research involving teachers-as-researchers directly investigating the meaning and significance of their professional work. Some of this work is represented in the following publications.


© 2009 The Authors JEADV 2009, 23, 954–982 Journal compilation © 2009 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology In our patient, peripheral blood lymphocytes proliferated significantly in response to the culprit drug, indicating T-cell–mediated sensitization of hypersensitivity. Peripheral T cells in patients with AGEP can also respond well to causative drugs and produce interleukin-8,6 a neutrophil chemoattractant. Therefore, intertriginous drug eruption and AGEP also have a similarity in the T-cell mediation of their pathogenesis. It is suggested that intertriginous drug eruption is an immature condition or an initial clinical presentation of AGEP, and this type of drug eruption may be elicited by doripenem.


Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has seen exceptional growth over the past decade and become easily accessible to everyone. One of the key features that makes UAV attractive is the ability to provide the aerial perspective. This is particular the case for security and military purposes, i.e., security patrol and aerial surveillance. This paper offers the performance analysis of perimeter surveillance system comprising of multiple UAVs. These UAVs perform a surveillance task along the predefined perimeter and are capable of communicating. The key metrics under investigations are packet delivery rate, average packet delay, average network throughput, and average hop count. Through a simulation study, we demonstrate how numbers of UAVs and their mobility profile have an effect on key network metrics as well as determine the condition of optimality.


Abstract Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most harmful plant pathogenic nematodes worldwide. Application of some herbal products can safely reduce negative effect of these nematodes. In the present study, the effect of aqueous extracts of Amygdalus scoparia and Arctium lappa on hatching and mortality of second-stage juveniles of M. javanica evaluated under laboratory condition and LC30, LC50, LC70 and LC90 values were determined by probit analysis from March to November 2016. Tomato seeds (cv. Early-Urbana) were sown in 1.5 kg plastic pots and simultaneously were inoculated with 4000 eggs and second stage juveniles (J2s) of M. javanica and soil-drenched (50 ml/pot) with selected concentrations of A. scoparia viz. 0.37, 0.54, 0.8 and 1.39% and A. lappa viz. 0.51, 0.85, 1.4 and 2.91%. The experiments were carried out in completely randomized design tests with four replications. Plant growth parameters as well as nematode population indices were calculated 60 days after inoculation. Results showed that after 120 hours, leaf extracts of A. scoparia at the rate of 7.5 and 10%, and leaf extract of A. lappa at the rate of 10% lead to 100% inhibition of M. javanica egg hatching under laboratory condition. Leaf extracts of both of the tested plants at the rate of 2% caused 100% mortality of J2s. Any increase in concentration of used plant extracts significantly improved the growth indices in both of the inoculated and uninoculated tomato plants. As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively. Our results showed potential of leaf extracts of A. scoparia and A. lappa for management of M. javanica infecting tomato plants.


Support device product cooking. # To make available a support device product cooking by which is achievable capped extraction advantageously a flexible manner, a support device of bakery product is proposed having a base body ( 10a-d) at least one stop element (12a-d), and a spring unit (14a-d), which hosts the stop element (12a-d) movably so on, at least, a portion of the base body (10a-d).


The present invention relates to an apparatus in a food processing appliance comprising a base (20) to form electrical motor, comprising a container (22) can be mounted on the base, which is a container having a detachably mounted seat (15) in the opening to the bottom opening of the food processing tool support assembly (2) is associated, a shaft (19) supported through a bearing of the food processing tool (24), wherein the container (22) in a plane comprises a food processing tool axis perpendicular to the movable locking means (7 '), so that the carrier charged in the vessel and is axially supported on the support area provided around the container opening (14 ) in correspondence with the upper seat (a structural unit (4) on 15) engages, the locking mechanism may be composed of a control button (3) mounted on the container is actuated.


We study the global market liquidity of foreign exchange rates by analysing the price impact of trading. We propose a simple theoretical framework that re€nes the popular Amihud (2002) illiquidity measure and term our new estimator realized Amihud. We highlight our measure's consistency and higher accuracy, and these properties are validated numerically and empirically using CLS data representative of global FX trading. 'e price impact of FX trading increases with transaction costs, money market stress, uncertainty, and risk aversion. Furthermore, currencies with smaller price impact are less prone to deviations from triangular no-arbitrage parity. Our results are corroborated by an instrumental variables approach and a quasi-natural experiment using the shock of the Swiss franc's uncapping in January 2015.


Infliximab is effective as salvage therapy in severe steroid-refractory Ulcerate Colitis. However, up to one third of patients do not respond to this treatment and require surgery. There is still insufficient evidence regarding the benefits of intensified infliximab induction regimens in this setting.

 Retrospective study including, 51 patients meeting the Truelove and Witts criteria for severe acute Ulcerative Colitis with refractoriness to intravenous steroids requiring infliximab rescue therapy. We compared patients under conventional infliximab induction therapy (n=29) with patients performing an intensified infliximab induction regimen (n=22), defined as a higher dose/shorter interval of treatment during induction.

 There was no difference in respect to median age [IQR] (32.0 [27.0–43.0] vs, 42.0 [29.0–58.0], p=0.116), and male gender (69.0 % vs, 63.6%, p=, 0.458) between patients with conventional or intensified infliximab. Compared to patients with conventional induction, patients under optimized infliximab presented reduced admission to intermediary/intensive care unit (4.5% vs, 31.0%, p=, 0.019), and surgery (13.6% vs, 41.4%, p=, 0.031). There were no differences in deaths (3.4% vs, 9.1%, p=0.396), readmission rates (17.2% vs, 28.6%, p=, 0.270), and median duration [IQR] of hospitalization (19.0 [10.5–31.0] vs, 12.0 [8.0–15.5], p=0.094) between patients with conventional or intensified regimens. In a multivariate analysis, the use of an intensified infliximab induction regimen was associated with a lower risk of surgery (OR, 0.224, 95%CI [0.054–0.929], p=, 0.039).

 In this small cohort, there was some suggestions that intensified infliximab induction may improve treatment outcomes in acute severe steroid refractory Ulcerative Colitis.


Introduction: Due to their exclusion from most clinical trials, outcomes of carotid revascularization via a carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) among octogenarians are not...


Abstract The equation of state (EOS) and other parameters at high pressures and low temperatures are of significant interest. One example is iron, where knowledge of the EOS at high pressure is needed to understand planetary interiors and planetary development. Targets are needed to perform these important measurements on experimental platforms such as Omega, National Ignition Facility (NIF), and the Z-machine. There is a need for thicker films for targets for the NIF and Z-machine platforms, which is technically challenging because of coating stress and other issues. We present results showing that we successfully sputter deposited stepped iron and tantalum films up to 90+ μm thick for targets on NIF and have sputter deposited (unstepped) tantalum films over 1700 μm (1.7 mm!) thick, which are desired for targets for Z-machine EOS experiments. This is generally made possible by the low stress achieved in the tantalum films (as low as 25 MPa). We will also report some process improvement achievements, such as a shaper roll-off for the Fe step edges, as well as some characterization results of the microstructure of the very thick films. For example, interruption of the growth with a brief ambient exposure appears to have a minor impact on the columnar grain growth.


The apocryphal and pseudo-epigraphical literature of the Old Testament composed between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD, rewrites the history of the biblical past time to express and refer, indirectly, to the current history of Judaism under the Roman domination. This recourse to an idealized past time coincides with a period of crisis for the Jewish people.


The linear frequency modulated (LFM) signal has been widely implemented in broadband wireless communications in high-speed vehicles, such as internet of vehicles(IoV), because of its excellent characteristic of long time interval and wide frequency band. In this paper, a novel method, which employs the fractional Fourier transform and the Tuneable-Sigmoid transform, is proposed to estimate parameters of multicomponent LFM signals in Internet of Vehicles(IoV) under the impulsive noise environment. For the optimization in the fractional Fourier domain, an algorithm based on peak searching is proposed. And for multicomponent signals, we further propose a signal separation technique in the fractional Fourier domain which can effectively suppress the interferences on the detection of the weak components brought by the stronger components, and estimate parameters of LFM signals. Moreover, boundedness and the complexity analysis of Tuneable-Sigmoid-FFRT to the noise are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. In additional, the Cramér–Rao bound for parameter estimation is derived and computed in closed form, which shows that better performance has been achieved. Both theoretical analysis and simulations demonstrate the superior performances of the proposed approach over other existing methods.


Biomass allocation to plant aboveground and belowground compartments may change in response to changes in soil nutrient fertility (e.g., nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) availability). It is not clear however whether and how changes in soil fertility could influence carbon(C):nutrient stoichiometry of wild plants distributed along environmental gradients. Here we use ecological stoichiometric theory to test two hypotheses: (1) C:N (or C:P) ratios of different plant compartments (i.e., roots, stems and leaves) increase when soil N (or P) availability decreases, (2) the relative availability of N compared to P in soils predictably influences C:nutrient ratios (e.g., high soil N:P ratios are associated with high plant C:P ratios). Data from 72 wild plant species were collected along a gradient of soil development determined by the temporal progression of four primary ecological successions across Europe. We found significant changes in soil N and P availability and content along the four vegetation successio...


In this paper, we provide the bifurcation diagrams of positive solutions of two-point boundary value problem where f ( u ) = (cid:0) au 2 + bu + c; a; b; c 2 R and a 6 = 0 . By these results, we obtain the exact multiplicity of positive solutions. In addition, there no references to completely solve this problem. Thus this research is important.


THE DOCTOR peered into his patient's mouth as she squatted beside him on the pavement. Then he poked in one dirty finger and prodded round, nodded and mumbled something. From the assortment of bottles and herbs laid out before him on an old newspaper, he took a pinch of this and a bit of that and gave it to her in a screw of paper. Both he and his patient are quite oblivious to the jostling crowds on their way to the Sokko. Some stop to stare, while careless feet almost trample the' surgery'. Although Morocco is rapidly modernizing itself and many doctors and nurses are Europeantrained and very capable, yet tradition dies hard. Though there are plenty of modern hospitals and clinics where the natives can receive the latest treatments and drugs, yet many keep their firm belief in the old methods. And how useful and cheap it is to consult Mohammed, the street' toubib'. He will prescribe for boils and toothache, ophthalmia and every ache and pain. No fuss, no surgery hours, just stop and consult him on your way to market. To help him diagnose he has a coloured chart of the human anatomy, cut from some paper. So you just point to where it hurts in your own body and he can immediately tell whether it's your liver or your lungs which are located at that spot. You have faith in him and he has faith in himself and his few simple remedies. Backed by this, they probably work quite well. Of course, should he fail, then you can try the' roumi ' (Christian) doctors. Some of these' toubibs ' must have natural ability allied to a knowledge of herbal cures because I was told that some are very good. Anyone can watch. I saw one treat an old man for an inflamed eye. First he examined it, then consulted a tattered copy of the Koran-their sacred book. Taking an old syringe out of his basket, he blew down the nozzle, then filled it with a dark liquid from one of the bottles before him. Pulling down the lower eyelid he squirted a few drops into the eye. The remainder he put back into the bottle. After wiping his eye on a large red handkerchief, the patient asked what he owed. The' toubib ' muttered' Nothing'. They have no fixed fee, curing their fellow men for charity. But they are generally given something a small sum, whatever the patient can afford. Charity, for the Moslem as for セ・@ Christian, is one of the greatest virtues and brings lIS reward when Allah calls him to his fathers. Women, too, squat in the streets near the market, selling a great variety of herbs and minerals. mッイセG@ f


A single machine scheduling problem in which both the processing times and due-dates of the jobs awaiting servicing are random variables is analyzed. It is proved that the properties of the shortest processing time rule and the due-date rule which are known for the deterministic situation also hold in the probabilistic environment when they are suitably, and reasonably, refined for this context.


Multiplication is usually implemented in hardware as a full bit-width parallel multiplier, i.e., input bit-widths add up to make up the output bit-width. Nevertheless, in most real-world cases, the input bit-width n is the same as the output bit-width. Therefore, in order to reduce a multiplier area, the n LSBs columns of the multiplier are truncated during the multiplication process (see Fig. 1). This introduces a truncation error which can be reduced by an error compensation circuit. The truncation errors presented in the previous papers, e.g. [3, 6, 7], are based on the false assumption; during truncation error calculation it is sufficient to consider only the combination of each partial input bit products a i b j. instead of ever input bits a i and b j (see Fig. 2 and Tab. 1). Therefore a proper fixed-width multiplier structure should be introduced (the old one should be redesigned). This paper focuses on optimizing the mean error (ME) of the truncated multiplier. As a result, a novel Improved Variable error Compensation Truncated Multiplier (IVCTM) is proposed which in comparison to [2], reduces the number of AND gates by 1 in the error compensation circuit (see Fig. 3). For the IVCTM, a mean error is significantly lower than for previously published counterparts. The structure of the IVCTM is simplified in comparison to the previously published truncated multiplier [2], therefore it occupies less silicon area.


Community health centers (CHCs) have great potential to participate in the development of evidence‐based primary care but face obstacles to engagement in clinical translational research.


The problems of modern personnel management in the business hotel- tion economy . The methods of personnel management hospitality industry. A modern methods of personnel management that improve efficiency of business hospitality.


Vanillyl nonanoate,the analogue of natual capsinoids,was synthesized in organic media catalyzed by lipase.The influences of enzymes,solvents,amount of the enzyme,molar ratios of the substrates,addition of water,and reaction temperature were investigated.The results indicated that lipase Novozyme 435 showed the highest activity for the reaction.The optimal reaction conditions as follows:50 mM vanillyl alcohol and 75 mM methyl nonanoate in 1 mL of acetone containing 0.1%-0.3% of water(V/V) in the presence of 20 mg lipase.Under the conditions,at 30 ℃,more than 60% of yield was achieved after 9 h.The products was purified by silica gel colum gel chromatography and characterized by 1H NMR and MS.


This study purpose is to examine the regime shift of public sector and private sector investments on economic growth in North Cyprus using with the Markov Switching Regression technique for the period from the first quarter of the year 1982 to the last quarter of the year of 2015. Both sector investments having effects on the economic growth at the concerned period and method provide the necessary evidence for the regime shifts. Two-regime (growth path/recession path) model has been estimated to analyse the Markov-switching model, Markov transition probabilities and constant expected durations.


This article discusses the problems of providing the Russian economy with the credit resources, analyses the effectiveness of banking system as a creditor of national economy. The ways of development of bank lending for enterprises are offered


This paper lain stress on the experiment project card which has acted in laboratory administration and experiment teaching. Application of the card will benefit enhancing the plan of the experiment teaching and raising the experiment teaching quality. It helps to distribute the laboratory capital reasonablely, to show the laboratory building investment fully and to train the creative talent for the 21th century.


Architecture consist of social behavior and spaces. Customs and places are the premise to comprehend architecture. This paper , based on the architecture concept of the two property, on the design of Wuan city catholic church ,discusses the theory of custom and places, and it's applying in building design.


The Russian criminal procedure law provides for an appeal against the judicial decree about dismissal of a criminal case because of a public prosecutor's dropped charge to a higher authority, but it doesn't provide for a power (commission) of a court of the first instance to pass on a different judgment, if it doesn't agree with the public prosecutor. Such statutory provision forces the court of the first instance to accept unconditionally the public prosecutor's dropped charge independently of its sufficiency in law, and compel it to adjudicate an unlawful act if the public prosecutor's dropped charge is also unlawful. In the article a necessity to vest the court with authorities to take the prosecutor's dropped charge or to dismiss to take it is legal justified of an analysis of the operative rules, which regulates a appellate procedure against judicial acts.


The theme of this work is a "Occupational Health and Safety Management Manual of the Civil Engineering Laboratories of the ULVR of Guayaquil", whose objective is to regulate the empirical processes in the practices and tests of the students, guiding them to correctly carry out the activities in relation to accident prevention regulations in laboratories of this type. The existence of this type of manual allows both students and teachers, who make use of the laboratory, to have knowledge about the actions they must execute for each process, promoting their performance in a correct and mainly safe manner.

For this reason, the preparation of a manual is very important to improve the practices and tests that students perform, achieving not only strengthen their learning, but also protect their physical integrity against possible accidents. The methodology is composed of descriptive, exploratory and scientific research and is of mixed focus, which helps to obtain data of great importance on the situation under study……..


Base excision repair (BER) proteins are regulated by post‐translational modifications including phosphorylation. Protein Interacting with Never In Mitosis Gene A‐1 (PIN1) regulates the turnover and function of many phosphoproteins by facilitating the cis‐trans isomerization of phospho‐serine/threonine‐proline motifs. Consequently, we have examined the role of PIN1 in the regulation of BER proteins. Previously, we found that depletion of PIN1 with shRNA in EMT6 murine mammary xenograft tumors increased levels of the BER endonuclease, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), compared with control tumors. Here we determined the effect of PIN1 depletion on APE1 expression, subcellular distribution, and activity in EMT6 cells in culture. Cells were transduced with lentivirus encoding small hairpin RNA targeting PIN1, or with an inactive control sequence. Stably transduced cells were selected with puromycin. Cells were lysed, and nuclei and cytosol were separated by centrifugation. Western blotting revealed no difference in total, nuclear, or cytosolic APE1 between the control and knockdown cells. However, APE1 activity, assessed by cleavage of a fluorescently tagged DNA oligomer containing an abasic site, was significantly higher in knockdown compared to control cells (p<0.05). The present results suggest that PIN1 can regulate APE1 function in EMT6 cancer cells.


In this study the ratio of the(100) and(110) reflection intensities of graphene for analyzing the number of layers in graphene material was calculated.The results show that the number of layers can be deduced from electron diffraction patterns with examples involving single,double,and triple-layer graphene structures.I can also be deduced from their respective electron diffraction patterns that the Debye-Waller factors for single-layer,double-layer,and triple-layer graphene are 0.0462、0.0368,and 0.0372 nm2.


Many clinical observations have indicated that the growth of mammary cancer in women is accelerated by pregnancy and lactation (1,2). The effect of lactation alone is not known, although Geschickter (3) believes that it does not influence the growth rate of in filtrating cancer of the breast. Pregnancy stimulation is usually ascribed to the high estrogen titre, a situation which does not apply during lactation(3). In mice, estrogens exert a carcinogenic effect on the mammary gland (4), but the estrogen preponderance of pregnancy apparently does not accelerate the tumor growth(5). The influence of lactation, with its high lactogenic titre, has not been established, although it has been shown that a crude prolactin preparation did not modify the growth rate of these tumors (6). With the recent availability of homogeneous pituitary lactogenic hormone, it was thought worth while to test this substance for its possible effect upon the growth of mammary adenocarcinoma in mice. Procedure. Virgin female mice of the C3H strain, 5 to 6 months old, were used. To obviate any ovarian influence half the group was oophorectomized. After a 7 week recovery period, uniform fragments of a transplantable C3H strain mammary adenocarcinoma were implanted by trocar in the dorsal subcutaneous tissues. Eight days later subcutaneous injections were begun. Half of each group, castrated and intact, received two 0.1 cc injections daily, each containing 1 mg of purified lactogenic hormone assaying 30 I.U. per mg(7). The control groups received equal volumes of normal saline. Periodic recordings were made of body weights and tumor diameters. Daily vaginal smears of the hormone-treated mice showed anestrous periods of 12 to 15 days occurred regularly throughout the experiment, thus demonstrating the continued potency of the hormone.


Abstract : This dissertation presents a theory of case-based planning that integrates memory oriented learning with an active planner. Case-based planning requires a machine planner that makes use of its own past experience in developing new plans. A case-based planner relies on memory instead of a base of rules. Memories of past successes are accessed and modified to create new plans. Memories of past failures are used to warn the planner of impending problems, and memories of past repairs are called upon to tell the planner how to how to deal with them. This view of planning from experience is supported by a learning system that incorporates new experiences into the planner's episodic memory. This learning algorithm gains from the planner's failures as well as its successes. Successful plans are stored in memory, indexed by the goals they satisfy and the problems they avoid. Failures are also stored, indexed by the features in the world that predict them. By storing failures as well as successes, the planner is able to anticipate and avoid future plan failures. A process of plan repair is also presented in which plan failures are diagnosed through a causal analysis of the steps and states that led to their occurrence. This causal analysis is used to access repair strategies for the general situation. These strategies are then transformed into specific alterations for the faulty plan at hand. This theory improves on past planning models in three areas: failure avoidance, plan repair and plan reuse.


This paper proposes a gate driver circuit for short pulse generation in solid-state pulsed power modulators. The proposed circuit effectively drives high-side switches by implementing an isolated voltage source with a diode and capacitor at each secondary side of a multi-winding transformer. In addition, since it applies voltages to the transformer primary side for a short time, the gate signal with long duty cycle can be produced without the transformer saturation problem. Moreover, by employing the positive and negative voltages asymmetrically, the proposed circuit can generate a short gate signal while supplying sufficient energy to drive semiconductor switches. Experimental results from a 2kV solid-state pulsed power modulator are presented to verify the proposed work.


The anti-diabetic effects of Allium tuberosum Rottler extracts (ATE) and ATE fermented with lactic acid bacteria in db/db mice were evaluated. The electron donating activity of ATE fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus casei, respectively, increased compared to that of ATE, but the superoxide radical scavenging activity of the ATE incubated with L. plantarum decreased. The superoxide radical scavenging activity of the ATE fermented with both L. plantarum and L. casei was similar to that of the ATE. Therefore, fermented ATE (FATE) was prepared for in vivo testing by incubating it with both L. plantarum and L. casei. The db/db mice were divided into six groups: normal (non-diabetic mice), diabetic control (DM), and four experimental groups administered 200 or 400 mg/kg/day ATE (ATE200 and ATE400) and 200 or 400 mg/kg/day FATE (FATE200 and FATE400). Weight gain was significantly inhibited in the FATE200 group compared with that in the other db/db mice groups (p


1. Director of the Head and Neck Imaging and Computed Tomography at the Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InRad/HC-FMUSP), Director of the Head and Neck Imaging at Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: email@example.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-3825. Computed tomography (CT) is the imaging method of choice for the evaluation of patients with chronic rhinitis, especially those who will undergo endonasal surgery. For this procedure to be performed safely, avoiding iatrogenic injury, it is essential that the surgeon has an accurate map of the bone structures and drainage pathways of the paranasal sinuses, as well as their anatomic variations, especially those that can result in complications or failure of the procedure(1). However, important information regarding the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses is often omitted from the radiological report. One question that radiologists should always ask is whether their examination report provides the necessary information to the requesting physician, especially when they are reporting the findings of preoperative examinations. Reports of CT scans of the paranasal sinuses often fail to provide that necessary information. A survey of otolaryngologists in Canada showed that the majority (67%) would like to have more relevant information in reports of CT scans of the paranasal sinuses. According to that study, such reports omit much of the information that is essential to the preoperative planning process(2). Various studies have provided a review of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses(3–5), reporting variations that can significantly reduce the chance that the endonasal procedure will be successful, proposing models of structured reports or checklists of items that should be included in the report of a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses(5,6). O'Brien et al.(6) suggested the use of the term "CLOSE"— signifying Cribriform plate, Lamina papyracea, Onodi cell, Sphenoid sinus pneumatization, and (anterior) Ethmoidal artery—as a mnemonic to recall critics variants that should be mentioned in the report of a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses. The articles cited above underscore the importance of efficient communication between radiologists and surgeons, in order to improve the quality of reporting. The creation of structured reports and contextual reports has been proposed for the various subspecialties of radiology, including neuroradiology(7). Structured reports have advantages over free-text narrative reports in that they ensure the uniformity and clarity of the information reported, increasing its quality and facilitating its use in searches of the scientific literature(8). Contextual reports, which are variations of the structured report, comprise models of reports for different clinical contexts. Thus, the radiologist will provide important information for a given disease or clinical situation, such as a preoperative evaluation. Mamlouk et al.(7) proposed models of contextual reports for different clinical situations in neuroradiology, such as the staging of head and neck tumors and the evaluation of patients with multiple sclerosis, as well as the preoperative evaluation of the pituitary gland and of the paranasal sinuses.The contextual report for the preoperative evaluation of candidates for endonasal surgery proposed by those authors includes a description of the findings of mucosal thickening in the paranasal sinuses and lists the different anatomic variations that should be cited(7). In the previous issue of Radiologia Brasileira, Niemeyer et al.(9) conducted a review of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses. The authors emphasized the importance of the CT examination in the evaluation of the paranasal sinuses and their anatomic variations, which provides fundamental information for diagnosis and surgical planning. Recent advances in endonasal surgery, which have allowed better access to the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae, make it imperative to perform imaging tests, including CT, CT angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging, in the preoperative evaluation of surgical candidates. That expands the role of the radiologist, who must have knowledge of the complex anatomy of the paranasal sinuses in order to provide the information that will be important in the surgical planning(10).


Most existing scale solutions of Correlation Filter-based trackers fail to consider the priority of target scale calculation. Their high complexity destroys the high speed performance of the tracking method. To tackle this problem, an optimization strategy of combining scale prediction and scale pool is proposed. This method predicts the direction of future scale change by collecting the information of target historical scale variations, further divides the scale calculation priority, and uses the response characteristics of the correlation filter tracker to determine optimal scale. Both quantitative and qualitative experiments show that the proposed approach can achieve fast estimation of the target scale. The high real-time performance provides a guarantee for the migration of correlation filter target tracking algorithm to the development board with low computing capacity of embedded system.


Each State is given specific responsibility to develop, coordinate and administer the Dairy Herd Improvement Program through a Memorandum of Understanding between the Cooperative Extension Service of the State, the Federal Extension Service and the Animal Science Research Division of the Agricul tural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. The current 1V~emorandum became effective in July, 1969. In addition to stating the purposes and objectives of the program, the Memorandum also outlines the assigned responsibilities of all concerned. The major responsibilities of various groups are covered in this paper.


Objective To study the effect of lizhuweisanlian combined with Killing Hp capsules on patients with chronic gastropathy and the effect of remedy treatment with PPI triple therapy and Killing Hp capsules on refractory patients.Methods 139 patients under initial treatment were divided into two groups at random.The study group(A) was given lizhuweisanlian and Killing Hp capsules for seven days while the control group(B) was given lizhuweisanlian for seven days.121 patients for retreatment were divided into treatment group(group of supplement A,including A1,A2 and A3) and control group(group of supplement B).Group of supplement A1 was given Lizhuweisanlian and Killing Hp capsules for 14 days,group of supplement A2 was given PPI triple sequential therapy plus Killing Hp capsules,and group of supplement A3 was given PPI triple therapy for 10 days.Results The eradication rate of helicobacter pylori in initial treatment group was 90.60% in group A and 83.33% in group B,P0.05.The total incidence rate of adverse effects including nausea,poor appetite,abdominal discomfort and skin rash was lower in group A than in group B(2.08% vs 10%),P0.05.In remedy treatment patients,the eradication rate of helicobacter pylori was 63.33% in group A1 and 60.00% in group B,P0.05.The effective rate in A2 and A3 was over 80%,group A2(P0.01),group A3(P0.05).As for such adverse effects as nausea,poor appetite and abdominal discomfort,there was significant difference between group A and group B(3.33% vs 20.00%),P0.05.The total incidence rate of adverse effects was lower in group A1 than in group B(6.67% vs 43.33%),P0.01.Conclusions Lizhuweisanlian,especially PPI triple therapeutic scheme combined with Killing Hp capsules,has good synergism and can increase the effect of killing Helicobacter pylori while reducing adverse effects.


ABSTRACT The characteristic function of a random variable X with exponential density , satisfies the equation , where u(t) and v(t) denote the real and the imaginary part of , respectively. We study a new class of consistent tests for exponentiality based on a suitably weighted integral of , where is the maximum-likelihood estimate of θ, and u n and v n denote the empirical counterparts of u(t) and v(t), respectively. As the decay of the weight function tends to infinity, the test statistic approaches the square of a linear combination of the first two nonzero components of Neyman's smooth test for exponentiality. The new tests are compared with other omnibus tests for exponentiality.


Malnourished toddler can be caused by inappropriate supplementary feeding, ignorance of the good way of feeding, and habits that are harmful to health. Malnourished toddlers will grow small, thin, and short which have an impact to their cognitive abilities, low intelligence, and the decrease of productivity. In order to overcome the malnourished on the group of toddler, Supplementary Food Feeding (PMT) is a way to solve the problem. The PMT biscuit programs tends to be unsuccessful because the toddler boredom to the biscuit approximately in a week. Therefore it is necessary to modify the biscuits into toddlers' favorite food, so that it can improve the nutritional status of the toddlers. The assistance of malnourished toddler was done to 8 toddlers of Desa Pelem Kecamatan Pare Kabupaten Kediri. The determination of malnourished toddler status was done by doing 24-hour recall. From the recall results, it also obtained data of energy consumption level of toddlers. The making of supplementary food by PMT biscuit as the basis material was done by paying attention to the energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate content, which was given in 14 days. The evaluation of the assistance was done by comparing the weight of a toddler before and after the giving of PMT as well as changes in the level of energy consumption, protein, fat and carbohydrates. The results showed that 62.5% experienced an increase in body weight, 25% did not experience a change in body weight, and 12.5% experienced a decrease in body weight. Toddlers who experienced weight loss was occurred because at the time of the assistance, they suffered from dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). While toddlers who did not experience changes in body weight was occurred because of coughs and colds. The increase of weight that occurred in 62.5% of children under five was in the range of 0.1 kg to 0.5 kg, while the level of the consumption of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates has also increased. Based on the results of the assistance, PMT is necessary to be continued. In order to be more successful in the assistance program, parents of the toddler need to be given additional knowledge of the menu variations


The α2 chain of the interleukin‐13 receptor (IL13Rα2) is a high‐affinity receptor and a candidate target for cytotoxic killing of cancer cells. Availability of a human prostate cancer cell line with high level of IL13Rα2 expression will facilitate the development of therapeutic modalities.


In dynamic, feature rich sensory environments, incoming inputs would easily overwhelm the brain's capacity for effective intake and action were it not for reflexive mechanisms which protect the integrity of information processing. These mechanisms include the inhibition of the transmission of sensory signals (sensory gating) and their neglect from consciousness (attentional blindness) as well as a temporary neglect of the spatial location of the sensory stimulus (inhibition of return). While these mechanisms offer a great deal of robustness and flexibility in our interaction with the environment, they also entail intrinsic "blind spots" in attention which, given the wrong circumstances, encourage error and accident.


Tissue culture Lab, College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut-250110 *Department of plant sciences, M.J.P. Rohil Khand University, Bareilly. U.P. (India) email@example.com In sugarcane, biotechnological applications are yielding encouraging results in the areas of genome characterization, mapping for specific traits, molecular variability of pathogens, marker aided selection for insect/disease resistance, transformation, precise detection of plant pathogens etc. Increased sensitivity has generally made the assays for pathogens more reliable and contributes in making the assays more rapid and economical for routine detection and identification. Tissue culture is playing an important role in improving the plant quality and producing pathogen free plants. This can be used to produce clones of phytoplasma infected plants that are healthy. For virus elimination the micropropagation using the shoot apical meristem as the explants is the best way to produce virus free plants. Research efforts need to be made to minimize somaclonal variation for use in clonal propagation and transgenic research. New information on the molecular biology and genetics of selected tropical crop plants need to be generated. Genomics structure should be worked out to identify markers linked to important agronomics traits. Transgene constructs that mitigate potential environmental and biosafety risks of transgenic plants need to be developed so that it can be managed. Regulatory controls over metabolisms need to be identified and characterized to improve yield and quality of sugarcane. © 2011 LifeSciFeed Ventures


Modulator system requirements for the ESS 2.5 MeV slow wave chopper are considered to be challenging. A description is given of candidate modulation schemes, and modulator configurations, where the chopper E-field is generated by a gated high frequency sinusoidal/trapezoidal waveform or by a combination of fast transition short duration, and slow transition long duration, trapezoidal pulses.


Ellipsometric parameters of a series of spin-coated thin films of palladium phthalocyanine derivatives with broine and tetraalkoxyl substitutes(PdPc(OC8H17)4Brm,m=0,2,3,4)are determined from a rotating analyserpolarizer type of scanning ellipsometer.The optical,dielectric constants and absorption coefficients of the films in the 500-800nm wavelength region are reported.The results show that refractive index N(N=n-k),dielectric constant e(e=e1-e2)and absorption coefficient α in the region 500-800nm are influenced by bromine atom substituted on the conjugated phthalocyanine ring regularly.It is found that there is approximately a linear relationship between the resonance absorption wavelengths of the films and the number of bromine atoms substituted on the phthalocyanine ring.


The research subject includes the theoretical basis and mechanisms of monetary policy formation and realization as an instrument of macroeconomic regulation. The aim of the study is to determine the features of domestic monetary policy and to systemize the policy's stages under economic transformations. Methods. In order to achieve the appropriate tasks, we used a set of methods and approaches, that helped to ensure the conceptual unity of our investigation. The dialectical, systemic and structural approaches, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization, scientific abstraction are applied. Results. The peculiarities of formation and realization of monetary policy of Ukraine under economic transformations are determined. The main stages of national monetary policy's development are systemized. The dynamics of monetization, exchange rate and index of consumer price from 1992 to 2018 is investigated. Practical implications. Monetaryl policy and instruments of its implementation. Conclusions. Nowadays, the monetary policy has a formed institutional mechanism in order to reach the main goal and tasks. We identified the main phases of monetary policy of Ukraine. In the initial stage the main elements of monetary architectonics are established, also the powers and tasks of central bank are defined. The stage of functional improvement characterized by the restriction on central bank repayment of bonds on the primary market, decreasing the monetization of national economy, introducing the currency exchange corridor. At the steady development phase, we determined the exchange rate stability and gradual increasing of monetization level. Within the transitional stage of modification, the raising of monetization was continued, moreover, the combined using of methods on the currency market was carried out to stabilize it. Also, National bank defined the priority directions to enhance the bank system. The stage of institutional modernization is characterized by the monetary strategy formation, increasing the central bank institutional and financial independence, the adoption of inflation targeting regime, the improving of basic statements of currency transaction, the developing of macroprudential regulation to ensure financial stability.