A method of cooling / liquefaction at low temperatures of a working gas with low molecular weight, the method using a first refrigerator / condenser (1) comprising a station (2) for compressing the working gas and a cold box (3) for cooling the working gas at the outlet of the station (2) of compression, the method comprising: - a compression step, - a step of cooling the compressed working gas in the compression step, the compression step using both compression machines lubricated screw-type (EC1, EC2) and centrifugal compression machines (EC3, EC4), the method being characterized in that the compression step selectively utilizes at least one machine compression (EC3) belonging to a compression station (12) of a second refrigerator / condenser (11) distinct from said first refrigerator / condenser (1), the second refrigerators / liquefier (11) C ilisant a single working fluid such as the first refrigerator / condenser (1).


In this paper, we present an algorithm for a generalization of list ranking called computation list evaluation. As a consequence of the generalization and the existence of this algorithm for computation list evaluation, we obtain a generalization of Euler Tour technique. Finally, we present several applications of the generalized Euler Tour technique. Of interest in the applications is the identification of a set of problem instances that are solvable using tree contraction and which can alternatively be solved using a simple algorithm based on the generalized Euler Tour technique.


IT IS difficult to make any fundamental changes in medical education, although each year medical schools make alterations in the content of lectures, the emphases for different subjects, and the relation of lectures to clinical periods. Medical education needs a careful assessment and subsequent changes if it is to continue to produce men and women who are capable of thinking clearly and of providing high-quality service. What are some of the important influences which have created the necessity to re-examine medical education? Firstly, there is the changing disease picture. During the last fifty years there has been a dramatic decline in mortality, particularly in the younger and middle age groups. In the groups under 40 years of age the reduction has been as high as 80%. This reduction has largely come about because of success in the prevention and control of most communicable diseases and, in lesser degree, success in the control of many types of chronic illness, such as diabetes mellitus and pernicious anemia. Among the most important influences have been those in the field of public health-safe water supplies, pasteurization of milk, proper sewage disposal, food control, the community-wide use of specific biological products for the prevention of disease, and the introduction of important personal community services, such as public health nursing. In recent years other important influences have been the development of better techniques of infant and child care, better hospital facilities, the greater availability of skilled medical and other personnel, and the use of the specific chemotherapeutic and antibiotic drugs. As a result of the decline in mortality there has been a general prolongation of life expectancy and, therefore, an increase in the incidence and prevalence of diseases common to the middle and older age groups. Many of these


This paper examines two competing proposals for reforming and reviving confidence in the world monetary system, and the two economists, Robert Triffin and Fritz Machlup, who led the charge, one for centralized reserves, and the other for flexible exchange rates. Triffin would later claim that no one did more to ensure that floating exchange rates emerged the winner in the policy debate than Machlup because of his influence on academic economists and policy makers through the Bellagio Group conferences. The Bellagio Group conferences and Machlup's leadership role are examined.


A method is presented for tracking object boundaries in sequential images using an active contour model, based on fuzzy reasoning rule-based control. Evolution of contour segments is controlled by separate processes based on whether the segment is judged to be inside, outside, or near the boundary of the object, leading to robust boundary detection.


To explore the effect of gubiao jiedu decoction on the formation of cotton ball granuloma in rats.The models were made,which were similar to granulation hyperplasy in the later stage of imflammation,and administered with gubiao jiedu decoction.The result showed that the different dosages of gubiao jiedu decoction all could inhibit the formation of granuloma,reduce the level of serum PGE_2 with dose-dependent tendency,the effect of high dose group was the highest,but lower than that of dectancyl group.The decoction could decrease the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-1β,the effect of low dose group was the highest,and higher than that of dectancyl group in decreasing IL-1β.Conclusion: Gubiao jiedu decoction has inhibition on the formation of cotton ball granuloma and inflammation reaction in rats.


Captain Ahab's amputation is one of the great metaphors in Melville's mythic novel, Moby-Dick, and in English literature. It was not, however, the first or last time that Melville referred to amputation and used it as metaphor or symbol. Every major prose work ofMelville's except the Piazza Tales and Billy Budd contains references to amputation. In fact, in Melville's writing (nine prose works and one poem) there are at least 26 persons—historical, mythological, and fictional—who are missing limbs or other body parts. Most of the amputees are fictional characters, of whom some are pivotal, such as Captain Ahab. In Mardi, there are several fictional characters who are amputees; one is a Pacific islander named Samoa, whose injured arm was chopped off by his wife. The narrator comments:


It is amazing how a relatively inexpensive component can be the source of many repairs and user concerns. Frequently, an oil seal is an afterthought in machine maintenance. Since the seal is such a small part of repair costs, it is often taken for granted and not properly selected and fitted to the application. A used seal can be a tremendous source of information for the person doing the repair and replacement. The physical appearance of the seal can give a very clear picture of the geometry, temperature, and dynamics of the application. By properly interpreting what the different characteristics show, seal reselection can be optimized to enhance the life and reduce machine repairs or downtime. The oil seal is only one of four components that make up a complete sealing system: shaft, housing bore, fluid to be sealed, and oil seal itself. The failure of any one of these components can result in oil leakage. The paper discusses excessive wear, brittleness, wear on one side, nicks or scratches, lip blow out, distorted seal case and leakage at outside diameter.


No matter the size of the business, organizations need structured organizational communication, instructional communication skills, leadership, teamwork to be directed to the improvement in production processes and achieve excellent results.
Every company must have a communications department or a specialist to apply the strategies of communication, their work will diagnose, evaluate public relations so as to have links with the mission and goals of the organization.
Within organizations use communications is vital, makes it possible to achieve the objectives, promotes positive attitudes to the essential internal and external stakeholders for the existence and progress of the same. Because the source of problems in organizations and daily life are linked to the lack of conversation and not be able to relate to each other.


The potential has been tested, for the first time on field data, of a newly developed method for reservoir parameter estimation: RayBased Stochastic Inversion [RBSI, Verdel et al. (2004)]. A special case of RBSI offering practical advantages, 1D convolutional RBSI, was applied to invert seismic field data from the Gulf of Mexico. A comparison was made of the new method's estimates for reservoirlayer thickness and P-velocity, with the estimates found by conventional stochastic trace inversion (SI), and with the actual values at a well drilled after the inversion was done. Despite the fact that this special case of RBSI uses only 2% of the pre-stack data, the result indicates it has improved accuracy on the dipping part of the reservoir, where SI suffers from wavelet stretch due to migration.


Cadmium telluride is the primary choice for electro-optic modulator applications in the mid infrared region - particularly at 10.6 micron. In principle, single crystal CdTe in the rest state is only weakly birefringent along the {1 1O} planes. Some internal birefringence does exist, however, due to fabricated-in stress birefringence and birefringence associated with slippage of the crystal along the {1 1 1} planes. When a voltage is applied to a CdTe crystal, the total phase shift introduced by the crystal is a result of the combination of the electro-optic effect and the residual birefringence. This paper will present a method of measuring the phase shift produced by residual birefringence in CdTe modulators at 10.6 micron. The test method is a modification of the crossed polarizer technique. Test results will be presented for CdTe modulators with voltage and without voltage.


The specification and verification of probabilistic systems were usually based on Computational Tree Logic, and systems and properties were specified by different language respectively. This paper extends and reforms Temporal Logic of Actions, puts foreword Temporal Logic of Stochastic Actions (TLSA), which can use additional state-action probabilistic distribution and probabilistic operator to specify probabilistic systems and their properties in the same logic.


Abstract : The objective of this effort was to develop a mathematical model for predicting the transient thermal stresses that occur in a typical annular lead-through glass seal of a microelectronic package during a thermal shock test. The study results show that the magnitude of the thermal stresses in the seal area depends upon the initial residual stresses that result from cooling the package to room conditions after the high temperature sealing process is completed. A computer program was developed to analyze the thermal stresses in any circular lead package while undergoing a thermal shock test. A method has been developed for predicting the stresses which are present in the lead-through seal area of a microelectronic package when subjected to a thermal shock.


This article indicates that the concept of יראת יהוה is used in the book of Ruth as a practical functional illustration of this particular wisdom motif. The research is mainly concerned with four text units from the book of Ruth, namely Ruth 1:16-17, 2:12, 3:9 and 4:11-13. It is clear from these verses that Ruth professes יראת יהוה. Ruth's declaration is supported by her literally living out a lifestyle of תסר - a righteous lifestyle, which complies with the true requirements of the law of the Lord. Because of this she obtains harmony with the divine order of creation of God and the law of retribution is implemented in a positive way in her life - she receives the blessing of YHWH in the most important aspects of her life: she receives honour and a good and respected name in the community of Bethlehem; she becomes part of an esteemed family; because of her marriage to Boaz, in addition she is now under the care of a righteous and prosperous man; and lastly, but most importantly - she is blessed with a son and a lineage (that later would become of national importance).


Scanning laser acoustic microscopy was used to nondestructively evaluate solar cell interconnect bonds made by resistance welding. Both copper-silver and silver-silver welds were analyzed. The bonds were produced either by a conventional parallel-gap welding technique using rectangular electrodes or new annular gap design with a circular electrode cross section. With the scanning laser acoustic microscope, it was possible to produce a real time television image which reveales the weld configuration as it relates to electrode geometry. The effect of electrode misalinement with the surface of the cell was also determined. A preliminary metallographic analysis was performed on selected welds to establish the relationship between actual size and shape of the weld area and the information available from acoustic micrographs.


Interactions between an internal flow and wall deformation occur in many biological systems. Such interactions can involve a complex and rich dynamical behavior and a number of peculiarities which depend on the flow parameter range. The aim of this paper is to present a variant (obtained via a weighted residual approach) of the averaged one-dimensional model derived by Stewart et al. ["Local and global instabilities of flow in a flexible-walled channel," Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids 28, 541–557 (2009)]. The asymptotic expansions for small Reynolds numbers of these two models, compared to the exact solution obtained from the lubrication approach, reveal some quantitative difference, even at higher Reynolds numbers. Qualitatively, the two models give similar results at least at a linear level. It is shown that for relatively low membrane tension (T), there are distinct regions in the (T, R) parameter space where steady bifurcating flows may occur. These flows can also be observed at vanishingly small Reynolds num...


Mobile devices have proven to be an appropriate tool in the area of mobile language learning by expanding the horizons of learning beyond the classroom. The power of mobile devices and advanced technologies have created ease of access to educational resources and material to learners. This study is a part of an ongoing research focusing on enhancing English language among school leavers and undergraduates. The objective of this paper is to present the results of a study conducted to identify the prospects of m-learning among the target study community, who were school leavers and undergraduates of Sri Lanka. A design based research methodology will be used in this study along with activity theory as a framework in order to analyse the situation and find out the prospects in introducing m-learning among the target community.


The invention discloses a forward-looking multithreading partitioning method, comprising the following steps: constructing a corresponding expanding program correlogram for each loop statement basic block and each non loop statement basic block in a single threading application program; designing a corresponding directed acyclic graph for each expanding program correlogram; designing a forward-looking node for each directed acyclic graph, and removing the node from the directed acyclic graph; performing topological sorting for each directed acyclic graph; at last, partitioning forward-lookingmultithreading for a single-chip multi-core processor according to the sequence semantics in the single threading application program and the obtained topological order. The method performs forward-looking multithreading partitioning by the loop statement and the non loop statement, can fully dig control dependency and data dependency in the program, fully utilizes thread-level parallelism, reduces unnecessary delay waiting by forward-looking performing, increases the performing speed of the program on the multi-core processor and improves the utilization ratio of the processor.


Femtosecond transient absorption spectra of molecules in solution change when an ultrafast reaction creates a new product state, and coherent optical processes complicate the spectra during the pump pulse. A low-frequency vibration may also be found to modulate an absorption or emission band for the first few picoseconds. For singular value decomposition of the data one identifies the educt, intermediate, and product states by their temporal behavior and thereby determines the spectra associated with these photochemical species. Here we extend this method by introducing two additional "species":  the apparatus function and the low-frequency oscillation. Associated with the apparatus function is the coherent spectrum. The spectrum of oscillations is obtained directly by optimizing a generalized rotation matrix, without need of model functions. It consists of band derivatives times oscillation amplitudes and after integration assists in decomposing the transient absorption spectra. The method is demonstrate...


This article argues that European Union (EU) trade dynamics and (old and new) globalization challenges cannot be seen in isolation from their implications for the European (economic, social, environmental) model. The EU, a staunch defender of free trade and multilateralism, faces an increasingly messy international trading system and new realities that affect its external trade (environmental and geopolitical considerations, industrial policy). Its quest to promote external trade may however sit uneasily with European values, to which EU trade policy reviews pay tribute by letter, most recently enshrining the objectives of the European Green Deal. This article questions the EU's unfettered defence of the European model in practice through its new generation trade agreements, which are a chief embodiment of its trade policy. Those increasingly stretch into non-traditional areas, which implies that they feed back into the European model in a way that traditional trade agreements have not, via multiple channels, including regulation (standards, also environmental and labour) or investor protection clauses. The issue whether the EU privileges trade over the European model is reflected in the difficulty to find a necessary consensus among member states to ensure the ratification of recent deep trade agreements.


The vascular effects of trace amines in the mesenteric arterial bed have not been fully established. We hypothesize that the vascular responses are mediated by trace amine‐associated receptors (TAARs). Vasodilator responses to the trace amines, tyramine, β‐phenylethylamine (PEA), tryptamine and octopamine were investigated in vitro in rat perfused mesenteric arterial beds pre‐constricted with phenylephrine. Trace amines induced concentration‐dependent falls in perfusion pressure in mesenteric arterial beds. Ritanserin was perfused during tryptamine studies, to eliminate a predominant 5‐HT2A receptor‐mediated vasoconstriction. The rank potency order of the trace amines was tyramine > PEA > tryptamine > octopamine which corresponds with that for the rat TAAR1 expressed in HEK293 cells (Bunzow et al. 2001), suggesting that the vasorelaxation response to trace amines in the perfused mesenteric bed could be mediated by rat TAAR1. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L‐NAME, abolished the vasodilatations by tyramine, PEA and tryptamine, suggesting that the vasorelaxations are mediated via NO.


Rock mass includes such discontinuities as fault, joint, bedding, crack, schistosity, cleavage. The rock mass behavior, therefore, is influenced by the discontinuity behavior. In this study, a stability and deformation analysis method considering discontinuities in rock mass is proposed, and then applied to the rock collapse disaster site. As the method, the stability analysis by the stereographic projection method was carried out in an actual site, the deformation analysis program by the finite element method including the joint element was developed, and performed. To demonstrate the applicability of this developed stability and deformation analysis method considering discontinuities in rock mass, the analysis results are examined and compared with the failure behavior at the rock mass.


The infinite integrals in which λ is positive and – π in which denotes a "cut Bessel function" of the third kind; this expansion is valid when the term has to be added to the expansion on the right.


Appropriate patient identification is one of the patient safety goals and important part of patient safety in hospitals. In this articles advantages and disadvantages of information technologies implementation for patient identification process are analyzed. Experience of successful implementation of patient identification bracelets is discussed


Research on reheating cooling cycle and its practical application have been made to prevent unequalized distribution of temperature and humidity of room due to lack of supply air volume and dewdrops on supply diffusers to be taken place as a result of lower temperature of supply air than that of dew point of room air in cooling cycle of constant air volume, single duct, single zone and draw-through fan type. In view of the fact that human body is insensitive to humidity, it is possible not only to construct the complete non-reheating cooling cycle by increasing the humidity point allowable with the deduction of occupant's sense of pleasantness minimizing, but also to get cooling cycle decreasing the reheating quantity if the humidity exceeds the point allowable. In addition, it is possible to save maximum 8% in electric energy for cooling in cooling system by constructing non-reheating cooling cycle instead of reheating cooling cycle and by increasing the relative humidity of room from 50% to 65% in case efficiency and air pressure of cooling system are low. It is also possible to get an optimum cooling cycle by determining the room humidity in consideration of pleasantness of occupants and conservation rate of electric energy if the cooling capacity, efficiency and total pressure of cooling equipment are fixed.


Despite the progress in the comprehensive management of colorectal cancer,locally advanced (T3 and T4 stages) and metastatic colorectal cancer is still a challenging problem.Although researches on neoadjuvant therapy and targeted therapy have obtained many encouraging results,many unanswered questions still remain.These include the indication of multivisceral resection for locally advanced colorectal cancer,the optimal management of patients with hepatic and (or) pulmonary metastasis.R0 resection was the first choice for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer,but it is only suitable for selected patients.Chemotherapy and targeted therapy are effective in converting some unresectable liver metastasis into resectable disease.This review focuses on recent improvements in the management of locally advanced colorectal cancer,as well as the management of hepatic and (or) pulmonary metastasis.

Key words:
Colorectal neoplasms, advanced ;  Hepatic metastasis;  Pulmonary metastasis ; Surgical procedure, operative


Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that is exclusively expressed and secreted from adipose tissue. Its role as a protective adipokine is suggested by low levels in states of insulin resistance (IR), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In present study we compared serum adiponectin, insulin and (IR) in offspring's of diabetic and nondiabetic parents and showed if any significant difference is there between both the groups. Analytical cross-sectional study was carried out. Subjects were randomly selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria aged between 18-30 years and grouped in three groups: Group 1: 60 off-spring of non diabetic parents; Group 2: 38 off-spring of single diabetic parents; Group 3: 22 off-spring of both diabetic parents. In all the groups fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin and serum adiponectin were estimated. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare values with group3. Mean values of serum adiponectin were Group 1(10.25μg/ml ±1.68) group 2 (9.25 μg/ml ±1.81) and group 3 (10.86 μg/ml ± 1.23), Fasting blood sugar mean value in group1 :( 86.84mg/dl ± 6.25), group 2: (94.95 mg/dl ±6.58), group3: (85.23 mg/dl ±5.93), Insulin mean values in group1 (10.81 U/mL ±1.73), group2: (12.69 U/mL ±1.55), group 3 (8.69 U/mL ±2.55), Insulin resistance group1 (2.4±0.48), group2 (2.55±0.55), group3: (1.8±0.55). The values of all the three parameters were significantly different between three groups (p< 0.01). Serum level of adiponectin, insulin and insulin resistance were significantly different in offspring's of diabetic parents. Serum Adiponectin might play a key role in developing diabetes in near future.


KRAS mutations have been shown to extend their oncogenic effects beyond the cancer cell, influencing the tumor microenvironment components. Herein, we studied the impact of mutant KRAS on the modulation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) pro-tumorigenic properties. To do so, we challenged CCD-18Co normal-like colon fibroblasts with control media (DMEM alone and DMEM+rhTGFβ1 media), and conditioned media from control and KRAS silenced colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Two mutant KRAS CRC cell lines-HCT116 and LS174T, were used. Major pro-tumorigenic fibroblasts phenotypic features, such as α-SMA expression, TGFβ1 and HGF production, extracellular matrix components and metalloproteinases expression, collagen contraction and migration capacities, were analyzed upon fibroblast challenging with cells conditioned media. Our results showed that the mutant KRAS CRC cells-secreted factors are capable of turning normal-like fibroblasts into CAF-like by modulating α-SMA expression, TGFβ1 and HGF production and migration capacity, though in a cell line-specific manner. In this scenario, oncogenic KRAS showed to play a secondary role, regulating only discrete features in each cancer cell-educated fibroblasts. For instance, in HCT116, KRAS impairs fibroblasts migration and in LS174T it promotes α-SMA expression. In summary, our work suggests that mutant KRAS does not play a major role in controlling the CRC cell secreted factors that modulate fibroblasts behavior. This KRAS-independent modulation of fibroblast pro-tumorigenic features is likely to negatively impact the response to KRAS inhibitors, thus standing as a putative mechanism of resistance to KRAS-inhibition, with possible therapeutical relevance.


Grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China, at about 39 280 × 104 ha and covers 41% of the total land area. Grasslands not only provide forage to feed livestock, but also play a critical role in alleviating many of the most challenging environmental and ecological problems that humankind is facing. About 90% of the total usable grassland in China has been degraded to various extents and this is the number one problem facing agricultural production, rural development and environmental improvement. Research on grassland degradation has been carried out since the early 1950s. Enormous achievements have been made and theory and a technical system for pastoral agriculture have been developed. This pastoral agriculture system is a well-organized modern farming system including four production levels, that is, preplant, plant, animal and postbiotic levels, and is linked by three interfaces, including vegetation-site, grassland-animal and production-management. The system capacity and productivity could be improved by system coupling. Since it emerged, this pastoral agriculture system has been established in various ecological regions in China and significant improvements in agricultural sustainability, farmer's income and environmental stability have been obtained. In the future, it will play a more critical role in developing sustainable agriculture in China.


On 26 July 2012 the Croatian Competition Authority (AZTN) established that the Craftsmen Association of Osijek (UOOS) and its individual members have entered into an anti-competitive agreement…


Through the study of wet shotcrete mixed with mineral powder material and superplasticizer,the result show it can reduce water-cement ratio,to improve concrete density and strength,significantly improves the workability of fresh concrete,a good degree of cohesion and easier to spray.And these mineral admixtures in concrete strength could post continued growth and reduce the late strength losses.Finally come to the the design theory of wet shotcrete.


An anomalously large and coloured egg was found within a clutch of the Northern Saw-whet Owl ( Aegolius acadicus ) in Nova Scotia; all other eggs of the clutch were within the normal size and colour range for the species. Analysis of three mitochondrial genes suggests all eggs in the clutch were laid by Northern Saw-whet Owl(s) with similar genetic make-up. This is the first report of an anomalous egg from this species, and a rare example of added pigment.


To better reflect the existing classification,evaluation scheme basis,in particular types of institutions of higher education,and formulate corresponding to the evaluation plan,our higher education reform and development needs.the institutions of higher education in accordance with the quality of teaching and evaluation plans to improve,on the strengthening of funds into the evaluation,and enhance the quality of the different between comparison ;on the other hand,the assessment of the information support for universities to provide strong support to the other decisions.


The Chernobyl catastrophe changed the world. Millions of people were made victims overnight. Gigantic stretches of land were made uninhabitable. The radioactive cloud spread all over the world. An understanding of the dangers of the use of nuclear energy grew in a countless number of minds. Even in Germany, people became sick and died due to the radiation they incorporated into their bodies through eating and breathing.


The birth rates of the premature babies, which are expressed as risky babies which show differences according to the babies born on time, are also quite high and the number is increasing over the years. In order to minimize the problems frequently encountered by premature babies, many specialists in the field have to be knowledgeable and cooperative in this regard. It is very important to monitor, evaluate, assesment and support the development of these babies. Multidisciplinary approaches to integrating families into the overall process are essential for the health life of the baby.


Vapor pressure was determined by static method at 298.15 K, and the solvent activity values were calculated for the Zn(CH3SO3)2–H2O and Cu(CH3SO3)2–H2O systems. Parameters of the Pitzer–Simonson–Clegg model were obtained from data on the vapor–liquid (VLE) and solid–liquid (SLE) equilibria. Stability parameters of hydrates Zn(CH3SO3)2 · 12H2O, Zn(CH3SO3)2 · 4H2O and Cu(CH3SO3)2 · 4H2O were estimated. Phase diagram fragments were calculated.


Preface Nomenclature About the author 1 Definitions and stoichiometry 1.1 Measurement variables 1.2 Calculation of measurement variables 1.2.1 Extent of the reaction 1.2.2 Conversion 1.3 Continuous systems 1.4 Partial pressures 1.5 Method of total pressure 1.6 General properties 1.7 Solved problems 2 Chemical equilibrium 3 Kinetic of reactions 3.1 Reaction rates-definitions 3.2 Reaction rate 3.2.1 Kinetic equations 3.3 Influence of the temperature on the reaction rate 3.3.1 Reversible reactions 3.3.2 Interpretation remarks 4 Molar balance in open and closed systems with chemical reaction 4.1 Batch 4.2 Continuous stirring tank reactor 4.3 Continuous tubular reactor 5 Determination of kinetic parameters 5.1 Irreversible reaction at constant volume 5.1.1 Kinetic model of first order 5.1.2 Kinetic model of second order (global) 5.2 Irreversible reactions at variable volume 5.2.1 Irreversible of first order 5.2.2 Irreversible reactions of second order 5.3 Irreversible reactions of order n-half-life method 5.4 Reversible reactions at constant volume 5.4.1 Direct and reverse first-order elementary reaction 5.4.2 Direct and reverse second-order elementary reaction 5.5 Determination of the kinetic parameters by the differential method 5.5.1 Differential reactor 6 Kinetics of multiple reactions 6.1 Simple reactions in series 6.2 Simple parallel reactions 6.3 Continuous systems 6.4 Kinetics of complex reactions 6.4.1 Decomposition reactions 6.4.2 Parallel reactions 6.4.3 Series-parallel reactions 7 Non-elementary reactions 7.1 Classical kinetic model 7.2 Chain reactions 7.3 Theory of the transition state 8 Polymerization reactions 8.1 Reactions of thermal cracking 8.2 Kinetics of polymerization reactions 8.3 Reactions by addition of radicals 8.3.1 Initiation 8.3.2 Propagation 8.3.3 Termination 9 Kinetics of liquid-phase reactions 9.1 Enzymatic reactions 9.1.1 Kinetic model 9.1.2 Determination of the kinetic parameters 9.1.3 Effect of external inhibitors 9.1.4 Kinetics of biological fermentation 9.1.5 Mass balance 9.2 Liquid-phase reactions 9.2.1 Liquid solutions 9.2.2 Acid-base reactions 10 Heterogeneous reaction kinetics 10.1 External phenomena 10.2 Internal diffusion phenomena 10.3 Adsorption-desorption phenomena 10.3.1 Physical adsorption or physisorption 10.3.2 Chemical adsorption or chemisorption 10.3.3 Comparing physical and chemical adsorptions 10.4 Adsorption isotherms 10.5 Adsorption models 10.5.1 Langmuir model 10.5.2 Other chemisorption models 10.6 Model of heterogeneous reactions 10.6.1 Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson model (LHHW) 10.6.2 Eley-Rideal model 10.6.3 Effect of the temperature and energies 10.7 Determination of the constants 10.8 Noncatalytic heterogeneous reactions 11 Kinetic exercises 11.1 Solution of kinetic exercises 11.2 Proposed exercises 12 Elementary concepts of the collision theory 12.1 Collision and reaction rates 13 Catalysis: Analyzing variables influencing the catalytic properties 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Selection of catalysts 13.3 Activity patterns 13.3.1 Model reactions 13.3.2 Cyclohexane dehydrogenation 13.3.3 Benzene hydrogenation 13.4 Conventional preparation methods of catalysts 13.4.1 Precipitation/coprecipitation methods 13.4.2 Impregnation of metals on supports 13.4.3 Ion exchange 13.5 Analyses of variables influencing final properties of catalysts 13.5.1 Influence of pH 13.5.2 Autoclaving 13.5.3 Influence of time, concentration, and impregnation cycles 13.6 Thermal treatments 13.6.1 Drying 13.6.2 Calcination 13.7 Effect of reduction temperature on interaction and sintering 13.8 Influence of the support and metal concentration over the reduction 13.9 Influence of the heating rate 13.10 Influence of vapor 13.11 Effect of temperature and reaction time 13.12 Strong metal support interaction 13.13 Experimental design-influence of parameters on the catalytic performance 13.14 Conclusion 14 Ideal reactors 14.1 Types of reactors 14.2 Definitions and concepts of residence time 14.3 Ideal reactors 14.3.1 Batch reactor 14.3.2 Continuous tank reactor 14.3.3 Continuous tubular reactor (PFR) 14.4 Ideal nonisothermal reactors 14.4.1 Adiabatic continuous reactor 14.4.2 Nonadiabatic batch reactor 14.4.3 Adiabatic batch reactor 14.4.4 Analysis of the thermal effects 15 Specific reactors 15.1 Semibatch reactor 15.2 Reactor with recycle 15.3 Pseudo-homogeneous fixed-bed reactor 15.4 Membrane reactors 16 Comparison of reactors 16.1 Comparison of volumes 16.1.1 Irreversible first-order reaction at constant volume 16.1.2 Irreversible second-order reaction at constant volume 16.1.3 Reactions at variable volume 16.2 Productivity 16.3 Yield/selectivity 16.4 Overall yield 16.4.1 Effect of reaction order 16.4.2 Effects of kinetic constants 16.4.3 Presence of two reactants 16.5 Reactions in series 17 Combination of reactors 17.1 Reactors in series 17.1.1 Calculating the number of reactors in series to an irreversible first-order reaction 17.1.2 Calculating the number of reactors in series for an irreversible second-order reaction 17.1.3 Graphical solution 17.2 Reactors in parallel 17.3 Production rate in reactors in series 17.4 Yield and selectivity in reactors in series 18 Transport phenomena in heterogeneous systems 18.1 Intraparticle diffusion limitation-pores 18.2 Effectiveness factor 18.3 Effects of intraparticle diffusion on the experimental parameters 18.4 External mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion limitations 19 Catalyst deactivation 19.1 Kinetics of deactivation 19.2 Deactivation in PFR or CSTR reactor 19.3 Forced deactivation 19.4 Catalyst regeneration 19.4.1 Differential scanning calorimetry 19.4.2 Temperature programmed oxidation 19.4.3 Catalytic evaluation 19.5 Kinetic study of regeneration 19.5.1 Balance with respect to solid (carbon) 19.5.2 Particular case 20 Exercises reactors and heterogeneous reactors 20.1 Solutions to exercises: reactors 20.2 Exercises proposed: reactors 21 Multiphase reacting systems 22 Heterogeneous reactors 22.1 Fixed bed reactor 22.1.1 Reactors in series 22.2 Fluidized bed reactor 23 Biomass-thermal and catalytic processes 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Chemical nature of raw material from biomass 23.3 Biomass pyrolysis 23.4 Pyrolysis kinetics 23.5 Biomass reactors 23.5.1 Mass balance 23.5.2 Energy balance 23.6 Bio-oil upgrading and second-generation processes 23.6.1 Hydrodeoxygenation 23.6.2 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis 24 Nonideal reactors 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Residence time distribution 24.2.1 Ideal cases 24.2.2 Variance 24.3 Mixing effects 24.3.1 Irreversible reactions 24.4 Analysis of nonideal reactors 24.4.1 Momentum 24.4.2 Mass balance 24.4.3 Energy balance 24.4.4 Analysis of boundary conditions 25 Experimental practices 25.1 Reactions in homogeneous phase 25.1.1 Free radical polymerization of styrene 25.1.2 Polymerization of isobutylene 25.2 Reactions in heterogeneous phase 25.2.1 Experimental system 25.2.2 Determination of activation energy: dehydrogenation of cyclohexane 25.2.3 Kinetic study-methane reforming with CO2-heterogeneous reaction 25.3 Performance of reactors 25.3.1 Batch reactor-hydrogenation of sucrose 25.3.2 Integral continuous flow reactor (tubular)-isomerization of xylenes 25.3.3 Goals References Subject index


In petroleum refineries, excessive foaming in process equipments leads to inefficiency and higher maintenance cost. A very relevant aspect of current petroleum refinery operations is the heating up of vacuum resid in a coke drum and the subsequent generation of unwanted foam. This research paper describes the foam produced by heating vacuum resid in a glass coker experimental set up in terms of foam over temperature. The vacuum resids for analysis were obtained from major US oil companies like Chevron, Shell, Petrobras, etc. Run data are provided that illustrate the variation of foam over temperature for different vacuum resids and at what time the foam over phenomenon started during the glass coker run. Also the production of white vapors (an intermediate stage for foam generation), in terms of the first incidence of white vapor temperature have been reported. The experimental results clearly lead to the fact that foaming during a glass coker run is dependent on the resid (feedstock) properties and run operating conditions.


"Still another Student's Surgery!" we grumble as we open this rather striking little work; and we proceed to grumble generally about the superficiality of the age we live in, the tendency to skim the surface instead of digging the depths, and we make specific applications. Surgery grows and grows; and surgical "students'" books get smaller and smaller. Instead of trying to educate our men up to the requirements of their art, we bring our art down to their capacities. We want to recruit students from among university graduates, and we give them pabulum suited for boys leaving dames' schools! That is our grumbling, how-


on electron microscopy. The later stage ofacid damage (PDJ80-100%) exhibited a further reduction in resistance to 299±65 ohm cm2 (P < 0.05), a finding now accompanied by a reduction in short circuit current (0.35±0.05 to 0.21±0.04 Aeq/h -cm2) and complete inhibition of net sodium transport (0.32±0.06 to 0.01 ±0.13) (P < 0.05). Morphologic studies at this time revealed cellular necrosis, edema, and vesicle formation in the stratum spinosum. Both gross mucosal changes and transmural necrosis were notably absent. When esophageal perfusion was performed with a combination of acid (80 mM HCG-80 mM NaCl) and pepsin (100 ,ug/ml), the morphologic and physiologic findings were essentially the same as with acid alone; however, the time of perfusion to reach either the 50 or 100% Receivedfor publication 18 September 1980 and in revised form 11 March 1981. 286 reduction in PD was shortened. The findings in this model can be explained on an initial increase in cellular and/or paracellular permeability followed by inhibition ofactive sodium transport. The resulting loss ofosmolar regulation leads to cell necrosis in the stratum spinosum.


Background: Transnational funders provide up to 80% of funds for medical devices in resource-limited settings, yet sustained access to medical devices remains unachievable. The primary goal of this study was to identify what factors hinder access to medical devices through the perspectives of frontline public hospital staff in Ghana involved in the implementation of transnational funding initiatives. Methods: A case study was developed that involved an analysis of semi-structured interviews of 57 frontline technical, clinical and administrative public health care staff at 23 sites in Ghana between March and April 2017; a review of the national guidelines for donations; and images of abandoned medical devices. Results: Six key themes emerged, demonstrating how policy, collaboration, quality, lifetime operating costs, attitudes of health care workers and representational leadership influence access to medical devices. An in-depth assessment of these themes has led to the development of an enterprise-wide comprehensive acquisition and management framework for medical devices in the context of transnational funding initiatives. Conclusion: The findings in this study underscore the importance of incorporating frontline health care staff in developing solutions that are targeted at improving delivery of care. Sustained access to medical devices may be achieved in Ghana through the adoption of a rigorous and comprehensive approach to acquisition, management and technical leadership. Funders and public health policy makers may use the study's findings to inform policy reform and to ensure that the efforts of transnational funders truly help to facilitate sustainable access to medical devices in Ghana.


Objective We observed the potential of the rat penile corpus cavernosum muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) differentiating into adipose cells in the presence of adipose differentiation culture medium in vitro.Methods MDSCs were purified through density gradient centrifugation and differential attachment.PP6 cells were obtained and detected expression of stem cell markers Sca-1 by immunofluorescence.The third passages PP6 cells were induced to differentiate to adipose cells within 21 days of adipose differentiation culture medium stimulation,while the control group used stem cells culture medium.Induced cells was detected by oil red O staining at 0,7,14 and 21 d respectively in order to observed whether there was a lipid droplets.Results PP6 cells expressed stem cell markers Sca-1 and PP1 cells hardly expressed Sca-1.On the first three days,we observed that the shape of cells had changed from long spindle-shape to circular or triangular,closely arranging as imbricate,meanwhile nucleus clarity and proliferation ability of cells had significantly slowed down.Both of groups had not changed by oil red O staining.On the seventh day,we observed that a small amount of high refractive small lipid droplets was in cytoplasm under phase contrast microscope,uniform size,which mainly concentrated around the cells nucleus,and was dyed red by oil red O staining.On the fourteenth day,the number of lipid droplets in cells was increased,lipid droplets blended into large,and the cells nucleus were crowded to one side or disappeared.On the twentieth day,cell differentiation,lipid droplets volume and number in cytoplasm reached to peak,and even continued to induce,but lipid droplets did not increased.In control group,however,cell morphology did not change and oil red O staining was negative.Conclusion Rat corpus cavernosum MDSCs have potential to differentiate into adipose cells,and MDSCs multi-directional differentiation potential is further confirmed.

Key words:
Muscle-derived stem cells;  Differentiation;  Adipose cells;  Oil red O


This review d e s c r i b e s the main rapid and autosnated mothods use d for indicators microorganismo enumeration in milk. discussing their adequacy or inadequaoy in Biszilian dairy industry.


The synthesis of a series of beta-carboline-based analogues of the natural product fascaplysin is presented; the compounds were produced using a novel photo-oxidation reaction of 1-benzyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-beta-carbolines as the key step.


Temperature dependent mobility in the device simulation program has been used to check whether they are adequate to simulate device characteristics under low temperature operation. The study here shows that although the mobility models in the simulation program can be used to simulate room temperature device characteristics, care should be taken for the low temperature simulation. By substituting the extracted mobility table or the suitable mobility model into the simulation program, better simulation results can be obtained. To this point, we believe that there is still a need to develop a better and more concentrated and temperature dependent mobility model.


The present presents some reflections on the services of libraries to the Mexican indigenous communities. In the first part one exposes some theoretical and conceptual questions briefly about linguistic matters and librarianship. In second some historical antecedents are approached that more recently show the influences that had these indigenous communities on the part of the mexican culture, during the time of the Spanish colony, independence. Finally the present situation of the indigenous communities is described about their language and culture and some useful reflections for the implantation of services of libraries.


In establishing the diagnosis of acute corrosive poisonings, the severity of the post-corrosive endoscopic changes of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum is of major importance. According to Holinder and Fridman classification, post-corrosive endoscopic changes are classified in three degrees: First degree – superficial damage associated with hyperthermia, epithelial desquamation and mucous edema. Second degree – transmucous damage affecting all of the mucosal layers, followed by exudation, erosions and ulcerations. Third degree – transmural damage associated with ulcers' penetration in the deep layers of the tissue and neighboring organs. Severity of the lesions depends on the nature, quantity and concentration of the corrosive substance, the duration of exposure and current state of the exposed organs. Most often caustic injuries occur to the esophagus and stomach since the corrosive substance remains there for a longer period of time. Treatment of the acute corrosive intoxications include: neutralization of corrosive agents, antibiotics, corticosteroids, anti-secretory therapy, nutritional support, collagen synthesis inhibitors, esophageal dilation and stent placement, and surgery. The most common complications that 298 Chibishev A., Simonovska N., Shikole A. Contributions, Sec. Biol. Med. Sci., XXXI/1 (2010), 297–316 may appear are: perforation, gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis, esophageal strictures and stenosis, stenosis of gastric antrum and pylorus, cancer of the esophagus and the stomach. Today, owing to the substantially enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic approach, the mortality percentage has been reduced from 20% to 1–5%. Women more often than men are intoxicated with corrosive substances; suicidal poisonings prevail; the most abused agents are hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide; intoxications are more common in children (80% out of the total number of intoxications). In spite of the preventive measures for restriction of the trade with corrosive substances, standardization of their concentration and protective safety bottle caps, still the number of corrosive intoxications, the percentage of post-corrosive complications and the handicap are high. Acute corrosive intoxications are the leading cause of death in clinical toxicology.


The results of studies of magnetization processes of multilayer structures, consisting of periodically alternating island layers of various magnetic materials, are presented. The unidirectional axis of magnetization, which does not lead to exchange bias of hysteresis loops, is found in these structures. A vortex-like type of magnetization of island structures, when the vortex magnetization is distributed on set of nanoislands, is proposed. Preliminary simulations and experiments on the effects of vortex magnetic field on island systems have shown that proposed vortex-like state can be implemented in multilayer island systems and can influence their magnetic structure.


A new Web service composition method based on service communities and service chains was proposed in this paper to improve the time efficiency of service composition.In the method,a service network was constructed for the Web service collection,the service community discovery algorithm based on information center was applied to find service clubs in the service network,and then the community service chain discovery algorithm and Web service composition algorithm based on service chain were built.With these algorithms,all of service interface associations in a service club were changed into service chains,and the Web service composition process based on community service chains and Quality of Service(QoS) pruning was implemented.The experimental results indicate that,compared with the traditional service composition method based on graph depth traversal,the response time on five test sets in the service composition method with community service chains is on average improved by 42%,and up to 67%.Community service chains can effectively reduce the service search space for the current service request and improve the time efficiency of service composition.


The present invention relates to a programmable universal charging apparatus, the charging apparatus comprising: an AC power into DC power output from the power converter; at least one respective through a switch connected to the power converter, the energy storage capacitor; a control unit , connected to the power converter, and the storage capacitor and said switch, depending on the charge demand of electric power load, the power converter controls to adjust the DC power output, and control the switching time of the time-division switch, and then the different DC power intermittently and are stored to the storage capacitor to be charged to different loads.


The prime black hole candidate LMC X-3 was observed over three years with the Ginga satellite, and a characteristic spectral variation was found accompanying the periodic intensity variation of about 198 (or possibly about 99) days (Cowley et al., 1991). The energy spectrum of LMC X-3 consists of the soft, thermal component and the hard, power-law component, which are respectively dominant below and above about 9 keV. The soft component, which carries most of the X-ray intensity, shows a clear correlation between the intensity and the hardness, while the hard component varies independently of the soft component. It was found that the spectral variation of the soft component is well described by an optically thick accretion disk model with a remarkably constant innermost radius and variable mass accretion rate. The constancy of the innermost radius suggests it is related to the mass of the central object.


In different inspection standards, corrosion pits in drill pipe tubes are treated in different ways. Sometimes they are considered a stress concentrator and subjected to relative depth limitations (like a maximum of 10% of the adjacent wall); sometimes they are only considered as a location of wall loss, so the steel thickness underneath them is the only acceptance parameter. This work clarifies the difference in severity between these two types of imperfections, and enables the definition of a reasonable inspection process.
 Slip cuts and corrosion pits with varying depths were modeled using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) techniques for multiple drill pipe sizes. The resulting stresses and strains under tension and bending loads were used to calculate the fatigue lives of these components. The resulting number of cycles to failure does not correspond to the real lifetime of real pipe—there are too many variables and neglected parameters—but the results can be compared within the data set to determine which options are better and worse and by how much.
 Significantly, this research validates the approach taken by some standards to neglect the stress concentration effects of corrosion pitting, only considering the wall thickness remaining for the purposes of inspection. The commercial benefit to this is huge: it allows the inspector to not have to reject or repair a drill string's worth of light corrosion pitting. This research indicates this is valid and safe in many cases, but in the more-stringent inspections used for offshore drill pipe the relative depth of the pitting also needs to be considered.


Polyelectrolytes are polymers of oppositely charged ions and their properties differ profoundly than their repeating units. Over recent years, much advancement has been made in the synthesis, characterization and application of polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). There are two kinds of PECs structure: ladder-like structure and scrambled egg model. There are number of elements that influence the synthesis and stability of PEC. Polyelectrolyte complexes are classified based on the type of macromolecules and bonds involved in complexation. It has many applications as flocculation agents, dispersant agents and super-plasticizers. This present article focuses mainly on the polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolyte complexes, their preparation and uses. Keywords—Polyelectrolytes; polyelectrolyte complexes; polymers; flocculation agents; dispersant agents; superplasticizers I. POLYELECTROLYTES Polymer compounds which bear total positive or negative charge at pH 7 are known as polyelectrolytes. Those numerous substances which have ionic group bearing positive or negative charge on their surfaces has taken into account as polyelectrolytes. Some naturally available polysaccharides obtained from vegetables such as acacia, tragacanth, alginic acid and pectin have the carboxylic groups on them, which get ionized in pH greater than or equal to 7. A copolymer of acrylic acid known as carbomer is present in artificially prepared carboxylated polymer [1]. The positive or negative charges on the monomer units of the PE are compensated by oppositely charged smaller counter ions which tries to maintain electrical neutrality in the solution. Small negatively charged ions get accompanied by the positively charged polyelectrolyte present in the solution. Similarly, small positively charged particles can be joined with negatively charged PE [2]. If there occurs the little separation of ionic groups of PEs then there may be some extraordinary changes in their characteristics, however, PEs acts like ordinary macromolecules in an uncharged state. Because of incomplete or complete separation of ionic groups, the electrostatic force of attraction can emerge and could prompt changes of polymer properties. If any new charged group is introduced, then characteristics of polyelectrolytes, for example, viscosity, solubility, pH, the dissociation constant, ionic strength, diffusion coefficient, among others, can be changed [3]. The ionic strength of the solution significantly impacts the PE characteristics. At lower ionic strength, due to repulsive interactions between the molecules, in solution, polyelectrolytes slant toward an extended form. But PE will become thicker if the ionic concentration of the solution increases. Because of this uncommon nature, polyelectrolytes have critical significance in different pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, because that there can be various degrees of sizes, viscosity, stability, or morphology for polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) dispersions [4]. Some common examples of polyelectrolytes are poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) and their salts, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, DNA, RNA, and other polyacids and polybases. If the polymer has both negative and positive groups after the disintegration of charged groups on the polymer's backbone, then these polyelectrolytes are [5] called polyampholytes. Some examples of this polymer include denatured proteins (e.g., gelatin), proteins in their natural condition, for example, bovine serum albumin or histone proteins, and synthetic copolymers made of monomers with acidic and basic groups. Relying on the pH of the solution, these PEs may be anionic, cationic, or neutral in the solutions. Charged polymeric systems drew the researcher's interest because of their important role in the various areas, extending from materials science and colloids to biophysics [6]. The molecular weight and charge density are two important properties of PEs, which are quite different properties from the molecular structure of the polyelectrolytes. They have the ability for application in numerous businesses relying on the degree of electrical charge, distributions of charge and range of molecular weights [7]. The development in the study of these polymeric frameworks has led to the utilization of polyelectrolytes as rheology modifiers, adsorbents, coatings, biomedical implants, flocculants for wastewater treatment, colloidal stabilizers, and suspending agents for medicine delivery systems. Truth be told, the settling properties of polyampholytes were perceived by Faraday over 150 years prior, where the solution of gold colloidal particles was stabilized by gelatin (a polypeptide protein). Toward the start of the twentieth century, this property of gelatin was effectively executed by the photographic business to balance out silver bromide sols [8-10]. Furthermore, the factor by which DNA interacts with histones and responsible for bundling DNA with chromosomes is the presence of the charged groups on the DNA molecule [11, 12]. II. CLASSIFICATION OF PES PEs are a type of polymer bearing dissociated ionic groups and are a fascinating class of macromolecule. These molecules exhibit interesting phenomena owing to their dual character of macromolecular chain plus high charge. PEs can be classified in various ways [13]. Based on origin, they are International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 http://www.ijert.org IJERTV9IS080112 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : www.ijert.org Vol. 9 Issue 08, August-2020


Childhood experiences are significant to adult spirituality. Understanding these influential experiences can assist professors of Christian education as they seek to empower future children's ministry workers. This article seeks to understand how childhood experiences influence adult spirituality. In-depth interviews and grounded theory were utilized on 21 participants between 22 and 30 years old. Results from this study created seven themes revealing the childhood experiences that contribute to Christian commitment in young adulthood.


The off-line printed Yi character recognition system consists of four main modules,including character segmentation,feature extraction,feature compressing and dictionary matching.In this system,Yi characters' merger rules and anti-merger rules are summarized to increase the accuracy of character segmentation;1024 dimensional features of peripheral direction contribution are used as statiscal characteristics of Yi character with good discrimination between a large numbers of Yi similar characters.Feature compressing algorithm based on Karhunen-Loeve transformation and three-level dictionary-matching algorithm is also adopted to realize an off-line printed Yi character recognition system based on Windows.Its first recognition rates of samples are above 99.4%,which proved that all arithmetic used in this system are feasible and efficient.


ONE EVENING IN FALL 1954, after imbibing several drinks at the afterparty of a forum they had both participated in at New York's Hunter College, Harry S. Ashmore, executive editor of the Arkansas Gazette, and Thurgood Marshall, director-counsel of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., got into a heated debate about the implementation of the U.S. Supreme Court's recent Brown v. Board of Education school desegregation decision. Ashmore urged caution. Different communities would face different problems in desegregating schools, he said, and school districts should therefore be subject to different timetables for change. In particular, Ashmore believed that, as he put it in his book The Negro and the Schools, published just a day before the Brown decision, "The ratio of the Negro to the white population is not the final determinant of racial attitudes, but it is perhaps the most single powerful influence."1 Accordingly, Ashmore saw the upper South, with its smaller African- Ameri can population, leading the way in school desegregation and in turn placing pressure on surrounding areas to follow suit.2 Marshall disagreed. He and the NAACP argued for the immediate and complete integration of all schools backed by firm and decisive leadership at national, state, and local levels. Marshall believed that African Americans had waited for justice long enough. With Ashmore and Marshall unable to resolve their differences in oral argument, they agreed instead to decide the matter with a bout of arm-wrestling. Marshall won, quite literally, hands down.3 Marshall was less successful in wrestling a victory out of the U.S. Supreme Court. He argued that in implementing Brown, "There is nothing before this Court that can show any justification for giving [an] interminable gradual adjustment," but when the Court did hand down its implementation order (referred to as Brown II) on May 31, 1955, it favored Ashmore 's gradualist and flexible approach over Marshall's call for strong and decisive action.4 In fact, Chief Justice Earl Warren later told Ashmore that the justices had used his book as a source when drafting the order.5 The Court told school boards that they must make a "prompt and reasonable start" and desegregate "with all deliberate speed." But no deadline was set for when integration had to begin, and the question of what constituted compliance with the Brown decision, in terms of how many students were to be integrated and at what grades, was left open. In very Ashmoreian language, the Court even listed the "local problems" that could be given as reasonable excuses for delay. Moreover, it delegated the task of administering school desegregation to local school boards, while handing to federal district judges the responsibility of deciding an appropriate timetable for change.6 The early years of school desegregation suggest that Ashmore and the Court were incorrect in assuming both that gradualism would be an effective strategy and that southern communities with large white majorities would provide the necessary leadership for that strategy. Indeed, quite the opposite proved true: it was massive resistance fomented in the lower South that decisively shaped the response to Brown, killing gradualism and destroying much of the initial resolve to desegregate in the upper South. By leaving the South to craft its own desegregation strategy, the Court assured that the better angels of the region's nature did not win out. In Arkansas, the 1957 Little Rock school crisis, the culmination of a growing massive resistance movement in the state, produced a shockwave that not only virtually halted school desegregation but also in some instances helped to severely curtail or completely undo any progress already made, even in those places with very small black populations. After 1957, achieving any school desegregation in the state proved a long, hard slog, as segregationist voices increasingly drowned out the voices of moderation. …


Abstract The aim of the paper is to analyse the impact of the new coronavirus on financial markets. The sample comprises returns from 80 countries, across all regions and incomes for the period known as the first wave. By combining event study methodology and time series analysis of new COVID-19 cases it is found that the negative price effect is widespread but unequal across regions. It is also noted that the distribution of the impact is also uneven with a high concentration in the week after the first local case but especially in the weeks around the pandemic declaration. Finally, it has been shown at different levels how the markets most affected by the crisis are not necessarily the most sensitive to the virus.


Received: 10 September 2019 Accepted: 23 December 2019 Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) generates model approaches using Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) to find out learning regularities and to discover the hidden patterns held in given input data. GAN is a generative model that is trained using two models such as generator and Discriminator both competing against each other to learn the probability distribution function, networks such as CNN, RNN, ANN etc. These traditional neural networks are easily fooled in misclassifying things by adding small amount of noise to original data, whereas GAN's are more stable and easier to train due to the amalgamation of Feed Forward Neural Network and CNN. In general, GAN's are simple Neural networks be trained in adversarial way to generate the data mimicking same distribution, Generator learns new possible sample, and the Discriminator learns how to differentiate generated samples from valid facts. Generated samples are similar in the nature but different from real distribution data. The generated samples make use of computer vision techniques such as visualization designs, realistic image generation, image classifications etc. In the proposed work, to realize the probability distribution Restricted Boltzmann machines and Deep Belief networks are used. The performance of the GAN Networks is evaluated on various standard datasets to realize the complex tasks such as image prediction, handwritten digit's generation, clothing classification, image segmentation tasks etc. From the experimental results, it is clearly evident that the performance of GAN outperforms other state of the art classifiers on all the benchmark datasets.


In the social transformation,contemporary Russia faces such conflicts as internationalization and nationalization,inheritance and reform,unification and democracy,which are projected to the education fields inevitably.To integrate these conflicts effectively,the secondary economic education in Russia not only introduces the western economic education experience,but also combines it with its own national conditions;not only inherits the tradition that education should serve the state,but also pays attention to humanity trends in the education reform;not only pursues unified educational space,but also considers the democratic trend in education.The valuable experience can be drawn on for China.


This study falls within the research line "education and the arts," of CBT (course completion work) AC/UV/UAB-UNB. The search for help on the recognition of the sought natural pigments of Tarauacá region. This way, we used the qualitative approach, discourse, and interpretive criticism. Data collection is organized by means of surveys, i.e. questionnaires of the analysis of interviews with self-taught artists who work with natural pigments of the region. This analysis was developed through a "work" Project, involving students from 7 years of elementary school teacher "José Augusto de Araújo", in the city of Tarauacá, and aimed to promote the knowledge of natural pigments existed in the region that could be used as resources in arts lessons inside school institutions. KEY-WORDS: Natural Pigments; Arts Resources; Classroom.


The pinning of austenite grain boundaries by manganese sulphide particles is examined experimentally as a function of the shape and size of the inclusions in a free-machining steel. With the same volume fraction, large and extremely long MnS particles are found to be more effective at hindering the motion of austenite grain boundaries than those that approximate spherical shape, even when the latter are smaller and have a higher number density.


This work assesses the ability of the Mattedi–Tavares–Castier (MTC) equation of state (EOS) in representing the liquid phase density, sound speed, and vapor pressure of linear alkanes (C6–C20). It is found that its deviations from experimental data for liquid phase density, liquid phase sound speed, and vapor pressure are similar to, yet slightly higher than, those of the PC-SAFT EOS for the same compounds. Using only experimental data points at reduced pressures smaller than 20 for parameter fitting, a condition observed in most commercial chemical processes, leads to smaller deviations from the experimental values. Adopting for the lattice cell volume the value of 15 cm3/mol, which is the molar volume of the methylene group in the lattice-based UNIQUAC model, all the adjustable MTC EOS parameters follow regular trends with respect to the number of carbon atoms in the linear alkane chains. These parameters could be fitted to empirical expressions. When used, they produce deviations in pure-component liqu...


Under the Flags of Freedom: Slave Soldiers and the Wars of Independence in Spanish South America. By Peter Blanchard. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008. Pp. ix + 242. $26.95 paper. $60.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780822959922. Simón Bolívar: Essays on the Life and Legacy of the Liberator. Edited by David Bushnell and Lester D. Langley. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefi eld, 2008. Pp. xiv + 207. $75.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780742556195. Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions. By Jane G. Landers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010. Pp. ix + 340. $29.95 cloth. ISBN: 9780674035911. Simón Bolívar: Venezuelan Rebel, American Revolutionary. By Lester D. Langley. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefi eld, 2009. Pp. xxiii + 130. $29.95 cloth. ISBN: 9780742537521. Las repúblicas de aire: Utopía y desencanto en la revolución de Hispanoamérica. By Rafael Rojas. Madrid: Taurus, 2009. Pp. 424. €19.50 paper. ISBN: 9788430607815.


The X-ray diffraction patterns of two polymorphic forms of riboflavin tetrabutyrate (RTB) powders were examined. The orange powder showed sharp peaks suggesting a well-crystallized material, while the yellow powder showed broad peaks suggesting a polymer-like material


The bearing performances of the composite foundation improved by single-flexible-pile or multi-flexible-pile are calculated by using the FEM software ANSYS. Factors such as load,pile area replacement ratio,pile's length-diameter ratio and pile's distance-diameter ratio,have been taken into the consideration. Results show that in the composite foundation improved by single-flexible-pile,the distance of pile's axial stress peak point to the pile's top is about 0.1 time of pile's length with the increasing of load and pile's length-diameter ratio,while,the settlement tendency both pile and soil are similar. The pile's bearing performance is increased with the increasing of pile area replacement ratio;but the settlement tendency both pile and soil are opposite,which affects the composite foundation's settlement. In the composite foundation improved by multi-flexible-pile,the changes of load and pile's distance-diameter ratio have no influence on loads shared by piles and result in the same tendency for the pile and soil's settlement. The change of pile's distance-diameter ratio has more influence on loads shared by piles and results in the soil's settlement more than the piles' one,which has the obvious influence on the composite foundation's bearing performances.


We present the concept for a novel 3D laser-based freeform fabrication platform that combines the ability to construct and add material to freeform shapes with the metrology of the created part and the ability to remove material. The synergy of these processes offers the potential to enable a high level of form fit and low tolerances in excess of that achievable in freeform manufacture alone. Our approach is based on a parallel kinematic robot platform with advantages in terms of accuracy, speed and costs compared to serial robot arms.We present the concept for a novel 3D laser-based freeform fabrication platform that combines the ability to construct and add material to freeform shapes with the metrology of the created part and the ability to remove material. The synergy of these processes offers the potential to enable a high level of form fit and low tolerances in excess of that achievable in freeform manufacture alone. Our approach is based on a parallel kinematic robot platform with advantages in terms of accuracy, speed and costs compared to serial robot arms.


There were considered and conducted the technological process of grain fodder plant and the analysis of grain fodder industry in this article. Technological scheme of grain fodder production has been presented.


Type of funding sources: None.

 Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established treatment for heart failure in selected patients(1). A recently developed device-based algorithm for optimization of AV- and VV-timing (SyncAV) has shown promising acute hemodynamic improvement by tailoring the device settings for maximum reduction in QRS-duration(2). We aimed to evaluate if optimization by maximizing QRS reduction is feasible in an all-comer CRT population and if reduced QRS-duration is associated with a better clinical outcome.

 Medical records of 254 consecutive patients with left bundle branch block receiving CRT implants during the period 2015-2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Implants from 2015-2017 were designated as control group. Typical programming in the control group included a short AV-time to ensure biventricular capture and synchronous pacing of the right and left ventricle, or in selected patients a slight preexitation (20-40 ms) of the left ventricle. Starting from 2018 and onwards, an active 12-lead electrogram (ECG) based optimization of QRS duration had been implemented and these patients were designated as the intervention group. QRS duration and morphology were evaluated in a structured way at various device settings, including use of specific device algorithms when applicable and manual modifications of AV- and VV-delays and LV only pacing when applicable, aiming to maximize reduction of QRS duration. Digital ECGs before and after CRT implantation were collected and QRS duration reduction was automatically analyzed. The primary endpoint was a composite of heart failure hospitalization or death from any cause.

 Patients were followed for up to 6 years (median 2.9 [1.8-4.1]), during which 82 patients (32%) reached the primary endpoint; 53 deaths (21%) and 58 (23%) heart failure hospitalizations. Median QRS duration pre-implant was 162ms [150-174] and post-implant 146ms [132-160]. Mean reduction in QRS duration was progressively larger for each year during the intervention period, changing from -9.5ms in the control group to -24 in the year 2020 (p=0.005). In Kaplan Meier analysis across all groups, QRS reduction >14ms (median value) was associated with lower risk of death or heart failure hospitalization (p=0.049). In a multivariate model the hazard ratio was 0.60 [0.38-0.96] (p=0.03).

 Implementing a general strategy of CRT device-optimization by aiming for shorter QRS duration is feasible in a structured clinical setting, and results in larger reductions in QRS duration post-implant. In patients with larger QRS reduction, compared to those with smaller QRS reduction, there is an association with a better clinical outcome, including lower risk of mortality and heart failure hospitalization. If confirmed in prospective trials, this strategy may become useful for improving clinical outcome for CRT recipients, regardless of device-brand and underlying etiology.


Abstract: Viscosity is the one of the major parameters to be considered in fluid related experiments and also in many industries. A new method of calculation of Dynamic Viscosity using the Viscometer which is easy for experimentation, with less calculation efforts, simple in design, construction with min. investment and no or minimum maintenance. This Paper intends to find the viscosity of Opaque fluids using falling ball viscometer. Falling Ball Viscometer works with Strokes law as the correction factor is multiplied in the calculation. As the correction factor is derived from the outcomes from the experiment and C-Code was written to make the calculation more efficient.


The arrival of the knowledge economy has made the accountancy environment change and brought great impact on accountancy hypothesis as well. Therefore we will have to carefully consider the problem what we should do to change the present theoretical system so as to adjust it to the needs of economy and serve the economic development.


-- The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the impact that culture has on the effect of the religious dimension of the spiritual well being on resilience in psychology students from national universities from four Latin American countries, (2) to establish the association between levels of the variables studied, (3) to compare the resilience between psychology students from national universities, by gender, employment status, religion and country of origin, and (4) to compare the religious dimension of spiritual well being according to the same criteria. The sample consisted of 308 male and female students who were in the first year at the Faculty of Psychology of national universities in urban areas of Argentina (82), Republica Dominicana (79), Peru (74) and Bolivia (73) selected through convenience sampling in each country. It is a trans-cultural study with a design of psychological differences with emic-ethical approach. As instruments were used Subscale Religious Dimension of Scale of Spiritual well being of Paloutzian and Ellison and Scale of Resilience of Wagnild and Young.
Among the main results, there were found that (1) Culture has an impact on the effect of the religious dimension of spiritual well being on resilience, specifically in psychology students of national universities in the Republica Dominicana and Bolivia. While students in Peru and Argentina, there was not found a relationship. (2) It was found a significant association between the levels of the religious dimension of spiritual well being and the levels of resilience (with their respective factors of personal competence and acceptance of self and life) in psychology students from national universities of Bolivia and Republica Dominicana. While this association was no found in students of Peru and Argentina. (3) There are no significant differences in resilience, by gender, employment status and religion. However, by country of origin, there were found differences, there was the highest average in the Republica Dominicana, second in Peru, third in Bolivia and at the bottom in Argentina. (4) There are significant differences in the religious dimension of spiritual well-being by gender, where female students have higher levels than male students; according to employment status, where those who work and study at the same time have higher levels than those who only study; as religion, non-catholic students have higher levels than catholics; and finally, by country of origin, where students from the Republica Dominicana have the highest spiritual well-being in the religious dimension, secondly Bolivia, Peru thirdly and finally, students from Argentina.
-- Key words: Spiritual Well-being, Religious Well-being, Students, Latin America, Psychology, Resilience, Transculturality, National university.


The increase in generation of, and access to, public health and epidemiology data necessitates robust mechanisms to produce data documentation metadata. Metadata often describes research data and the process through which the data was collected. Secondary use of clinical data sourced from electronic health records can greatly benefit from access to metadata and other such documentation. However, metadata quality assessments often fail to form a routine part of metadata administration. The aim of this work is to review different methods of metadata quality assessment and improve understanding of current practices in public health and epidemiology research.


This article examines several factors related to immigrant incorporation that have been ignored in previous studies of voting participation. We add various immigrant-related variables to a model that controls for individual resources, social incorporation, institutional barriers and contexts of political mobilization. We find little support for straight-line assimilationist theories of immigrant adaptation. We also find that coming from a repressive regime has no significant effect on voting and that living in areas with Spanish-language ballots does not increase the likelihood of voting among first generation Latinos. Our results also suggest that anti-immigrant legislation has a positive effect on participation among first and second generation immigrants. Overall, the immigrant-related variables introduced in our analysis add significantly to the existing theoretical knowledge on voting participation in the United States.


The replacement of the fragmented education system of party-controlled "streams" with a unified system of state education was a central goal of David Ben-Gurion's mamlakhtiyut (statism). But in his attempt to realize this goal Ben-Gurion had to overcome the strong opposition of the loyalists of the streams, who formed a powerful coalition that was supported by a majority of Knesset members. For this purpose Ben-Gurion took advantage of the fierce competition between the streams over the education of the children who came during the period of the mass immigration in the early years of independence. He pursued a deliberate policy of exacerbating the crisis to the point that even advocates of the stream system realized that it had become a severe threat to national unity and political stability as well as to vital interests of the parties involved.


This article uses the questionnaire survey law,the literature material law,the mathematical statistic law and so on to the Taiyuan community Taijiquan organization and the work development present situation comprehensive inspection,the analysis community Taijiquan activity the question which in the organization,the management and the development aspect exists,proposed develops the Taiyuan community inhabitant Taijiquan activity countermeasure,further enhances the community inhabitant to the Taijiquan activity understanding,enlarges to the community Taijiquan activity propaganda dynamics,strengthens community political instructor and the specialized trainer troop's construction.


The methods of the cointegrated vector autoregression/vector error correction (VAR/VEC) model are applied to quarterly U.S. markets for wheat and for wheat-using products of wheat flour, mixes and doughs, bread, wheat-based breakfast cereals, and cookies and crackers. This study extends the recent and earlier reduced-form VAR econometric work done on these same markets, by dichotomizing the system into a long run error-correction space of economic relationships and a short run/deterministic component. Results include an array of empirical estimates of the parameters (some structural) and relationships that drive the wheat-related markets and govern their inter-action. An array of empirical estimates of market impacts on policy, institutional, and trade events is also provided.


Compared to the rest of the African continent, North Africa has provided limited genomic data. Nonetheless, the genetic data available show a complex demographic scenario characterized by extensive admixture and drift. Despite the continuous gene flow from the Middle East, Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa, an autochthonous genetic component is still present in North African groups that dates back to pre-Holocene times. The comparison of ancient and modern genomes has evidenced a genetic continuity in the region since Epipaleolithic times. Later population movements, especially the gene flow from the Middle East associated with the Neolithic, have diluted the genetic autochthonous component, creating an east to west gradient. Recent historical movements, such as the Arabization, have also contributed to the genetic landscape observed currently in North Africa and have culturally transformed the region. Genome analyses have not shown evidence of a clear correlation between cultural and genetic diversity in North Africa, as there is no genetic pattern of differentiation between Tamazight (i.e. Berber) and Arab speakers as a whole. Besides the gene flow received from neighboring areas, the analysis of North African genomes has shown that the region has also acted as a source of gene flow since ancient times. As a result of the genetic uniqueness of North African groups and the lack of available data, there is an urgent need for the study of genetic variation in the region and its implications in health and disease.


Full details of a study of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of N-sulfonyl-1-aza-1,3-butadienes are described. The α,β-unsaturated N-sulfonylimines proved accessible through clean, homolytic rearrangement of in situ generated oxime O-sulfinyl compounds or through direct condensation of sulfonamides with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Thermal- or pressure-promoted [4+2] cycloaddition reactions of the N-sulfonyl-1-aza-1,3-butadienes with electron-rich olefins generally provided a single cycloadduct derived from predominant (≥20:1) cycloaddition through an endo transition state. The complementary C3 addition of an electron-withdrawing substituent to the N-sulfonyl-1-aza-1,3-butadienes substantially accelerated their participation in the LUMO diene -controlled Diels-Alder reactions and such reactions may be conducted at 25°C


Since last decade, IDS/ IPS has gained popularity in protecting large networks. They can employ signature based techniques and/or flow-based techniques to prevent intrusion from outside/ inside the network they are trying to protect. Signature based IDS/ IPS can be stateless or stateful. Stateful IDS can store the state of the protocol and use it for better detection of malware. In the case of TCP/IP networks, an attacker can also launch an attack such that the malicious code is distributed over many packets. These packets pass through the traditional IDS/ IPS and reassemble inside the network. Once re-assembled inside the network by the TCP/IP layer, the malicious code launches an attack.
The TCP state and a copy of last few packets for each active connection has to be maintained in IDS/IPS. In TCP re-assembly, packets are re-assembled at IDS/IPS and searched for signature matches. A connection table has to be maintained for active connections and their list of last few (atmost 11) packets that have already arrived. We need data structures for searching the connection that the latest incoming packet belongs to. Popular hashing algorithms like CRC, XOR, summing tuple, taking modulus are inefficient as hash keys are not evenly distributed in hash-key space. Thus we show how an algorithm based on cryptography concepts can be used for efficient hashing in network connection management. We also show how to use full four tuple for calculating hash key instead of simply summing the tuple and taking the modulus of the sum.


Background: Low Brith Weight (LBW) is still a significant public health problem. The high incidence of LBW may affect the quality of human resources in the future, since babies born with LBW may also cause an increased risk of permanent disability, cognitive impairment and other chronic health problems in the future. Identification of LBW risk factors is essential in mediating the health consequences of LBW after birth and also in reducing the incidence of LBW. This study aims to the risk factors and the incidence of LBW in DR.Slamet Garut Hospital. Methods: This study was a retrospective analytic survey with cross-sectional design, using secondary data, collected from medical records of DR.Slamet Garut Hospital from January1st to December 31st 2019. The sample was 1582 of unabridged birth from a population that met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate with chi-square and multivariate test with multiple logistic regressions. Result: The incidence of LBW were 19,6%. The result of bivariate analysis showed significant relationship between gestasional age (p=0,000; OR=77,055), twin pregnancy (p=0,000; OR=21,387), eclampsia (p=0,002; OR=3,310), preeclampsia (p=0,010; OR=1,836), HB (P=0,014; OR=1,668) and education (p=0,044;OR=1,640) with LBW. Gestational age is the most dominant factor causing LBW after controlled by other variable. Conclusion: The incidence of LBW in DR Slamet Garut Hospital in 2019 was still high, with the most dominant factor is gestational age. Need to develop a model of early detection LBW at the community level by reference to the risk factors found in every health care unit in Garut Keywords—Risk Factors, Incidence, Low Birth Weight


We formulate principles of induction and recursion for a variant of lambda calculus in its original syntax (i.e., with only one sort of names) where alpha-conversion is based upon name swapping as in nominal abstract syntax. The principles allow to work modulo alpha-conversion and implement the Barendregt variable convention. We derive them all from the simple structural induction principle on concrete terms and work out applications to some fundamental meta-theoretical results, such as the substitution lemma for alpha-conversion and the lemma on substitution composition. The whole work is implemented in Agda.


According to formation damage theory,highnegative pressure values during UBD also can disturb the formation dynamic equilibrium,so as to resulte in formation damage. The mechanism of this formation damage can be explained by velocity sensitivity,scaling and pressure sensitivity theory. Laboratory core test can demonstrate formation damage under high negative pressure values does exist,and the degree of injury is different with different physical properties and permeability of the rock. All these factors should be fully considered when we select negative pressure values during UBD.


This experimental study investigates the effect of using unleaded gasoline and alcohol as additives blends on spark ignition engine (SI engine) performance. Two strokes, single cylinder SI engine were used for conducting this study. Performance tests were conducted for fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, brake power, engine power, indicated thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption using unleaded gasoline and additives blends with different percentages of alcohol at varying engine load condition and at constant engine speed. The result showed that blending unleaded gasoline with additives increases the brake power, indicated and brake thermal efficiencies, fuel consumption and mechanical efficiency. The addition of 5% methanol, 5% ethanol and 5%n-butanol to gasoline gave the best results for all measured parameters at all engine torque/power values.


This paper presents a new medium access control(MAC) protocol called DCMAC(dual-channel MAC) for multi-hop ad hoc networks.Dual-channel and improved handshakes as well as channel reservation are employed to avoid collision in data transmission.The hidden terminal and the exposed terminal problems during data transmission are resolved and the channel utilization is increased.Based on receiving control packets,nodes use 3 different network allocation vectors(NAV) in control channel or data channel.In the period of data transmission,the hidden terminal can receive data simultaneously and the exposed terminal can also transmit data.The throughput performance of the protocol is analyzed and evaluated in heavy traffic networks.A comparison with a RTS/CTS based protocol is given.The results show that the DCMAC protocol can improve the throughput in a multi-hop ad hoc network.


Conversion of algal biomass into value added products, such as liquid fuels, using solar-assisted supercritical water gasification (SCWG) offers a promising approach for clean fuel production. SCWG has significant advantages over conventional gasification in terms of flexibility of feedstock, faster intrinsic kinetics and lower char formation. A relatively unexplored avenue in SCWG is the use of non-renewable source of energy for driving the endothermic gasification. The use of concentrated solar thermal to provide the process heat is attractive, especially in the case of expensive feedstocks such as algae. This study attempts to identify the key parameters and constraints in designing a solar cavity receiver/reactor for on-sun SCWG of algal biomass. A tubular plug-flow reactor, operating at 24 MPa and 400-600 °C with a solar input of 20MWth is modelled. Solar energy is utilized to increase the temperature of the reaction medium (10 wt.% algae solution) from 400 to 605 °C and simultaneously drive the gasification. The model additionally incorporates material constraints based on the allowable stresses for a commercially available Ni-based alloy (Inconel 625), and exergy accounting for the cavity reactor. A parametric evaluation of the steady state performance and quantification of the losses through wall conduction, external radiation and convection, internal convection, frictional pressure drop, mixing and chemical irreversibility, is presented.Conversion of algal biomass into value added products, such as liquid fuels, using solar-assisted supercritical water gasification (SCWG) offers a promising approach for clean fuel production. SCWG has significant advantages over conventional gasification in terms of flexibility of feedstock, faster intrinsic kinetics and lower char formation. A relatively unexplored avenue in SCWG is the use of non-renewable source of energy for driving the endothermic gasification. The use of concentrated solar thermal to provide the process heat is attractive, especially in the case of expensive feedstocks such as algae. This study attempts to identify the key parameters and constraints in designing a solar cavity receiver/reactor for on-sun SCWG of algal biomass. A tubular plug-flow reactor, operating at 24 MPa and 400-600 °C with a solar input of 20MWth is modelled. Solar energy is utilized to increase the temperature of the reaction medium (10 wt.% algae solution) from 400 to 605 °C and simultaneously drive the gasi...


In order to understand the impact of the explosive propagation of aeolosoma hemprichi on the performance of an activated sludge-biofilm reactor at various temperature conditions, we conducted a beaker experiment and simulated the activated sludge-biofilm reactor, which is operated in a 1.0 L reactor with the filler dosing rate of 30% at 20oC, 25oC, and 30oC. We inoculate aeolosoma hemprichi after the activated sludgebiofilm reactor became steady, investigated whether and when the explosive propagation of aeolosoma hemprichi occurs at various ambient temperatures, and examined its impact on the performance of the activated sludge-biofilm reactor. The results show that the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen is basically stable at between 90-95%, and that of total nitrogen has remained at around 45% at 20oC. When the filler dosage rate is 30%, the removal rate of COD is stable between 85%-90%. The population density of aeolosoma hemprichi basically kept at 10 ind./mL, indicating that the aeolosoma hemprichi did not produce explosive reproduction. The explosive propagation of aeolosoma hemprichi occurs at the temperature of both 25oC and 30oC, while the maximum population densities of aeolosoma hemprichi are 383 ind./mL and 200 ind./mL, respectively. In addition, the explosive propagation has no impact on the removal rates of inlet and outlet COD and NH3-N, but it leads to an increase in the release rate of TN. Moreover, it is certified that the explosive propagation of aeolosoma hemprichi does not have an impact on the loss of biofilm. Finally, after multivariate regression analysis with SPSS, we concluded that the maximum population density of aeolosoma hemprichi has a significant correlation with the release rate of TN.


In view of the insufficiency of traditional discrete Fourier transform(DFT) based phase angle measurement algorithm in both accuracy and real-time performance, the phase angle error of DFT based algorithm due to asynchronous sampling is analyzed and the functional relationship among phase angle error, which is composed of fixed phase angle error and dynamic phase angle error, frequency deviation ratio and initial phase angle of sampling is derived, and then a lean-π/4-rectangular coordinate based phase angle measurement algorithm is proposed. Utilizing orthogonal property and quaternary phase equilibria of coordinate axis, the proposed algorithm cuts down the dynamic phase angle error as much as possible. Comparing with traditional DFT based phase angle measurement algorithm, the proposed algorithm can correct the dynamic phase angle error well to make accuracy of phase angle measurement improved. Finally, the accuracy and real-time of the proposed algorithm are validated by experiments and the validation results show that the proposed phase angle measurement algorithm is feasible. Besides, using the proposed algorithm, the electric power signals containing various interferences can also be measured under the premise of ensuring the frequency tracking and measurement accuracy.


Objective Research α-chlorohydrin's and Bromadiolone's virulence to Ochotona curzoniae and observe the α-chlorohydrin's influence to testis.Methods Divide the test Ochotona curzoniae into groups randomly,pour the stomach,and calculate the LD50 results by Karber's method;paraffin imbedding,hematoxylin and eosin stain.Results α-chlorohydrin's and Bromadiolone's virulence to Ochotona curzoniae(LD50) are 103.1644 mg·kg-1 and 88.7799 mg·kg-1.It could be seen that the testis has a significant histological change by the pathologic histological observation.Conclusion These two rodenticides to Ochotona curzoniae are middle virulence by virulence grading standard on GB15670-1995.