Eiji Kodani1, Katsunori Nakamura1,and Tomoki Sakamoto1
1Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tohoku Research Center
Key Words: coastal forest, the Tohoku earthquake tsunami, LiDAR, forest damage

1. Introduction
a€€Coastal pine forests have been planted and preserved to protect inland areas from wind, sea breezes, and shifting sand around most of the Japanese coastline. The Tohoku earthquake occurred on March 11, 2011. The tsunami by the Tohoku earthquake caused extensive damage to the coastal pine forest. The tsunami uprooted, broke, and bent the coastal forest stands.
a€€Forest stand variables including mean height and stand volume are inhomogeneous in coastal areas because the strong winds and sea breeze along the coast affect forest growth. Thus, it is difficult to survey the precise conditions and damage in the earthquake tsunami inundation areas. Recent studies have shown that small footprint LiDAR (Light Detecting And Ranging) is useful for estimating forest stand variables. Small footprint LiDAR can be acquired with high and low density. High density LiDAR is used for each tree variables, while low density LiDAR is used for forest stand variables. Low density LiDAR can estimate forest stand variables in a large area using LiDAR data for precise terrain measurement.
a€€The objective of this study was to detect damages in the coastal forests caused by the Tohoku earthquake tsunami precisely using low-density LiDAR.

2. Method
a€€The target area was the Sendai coastal line in Miyagi Prefecture. The coastal forest was 50 - 500 m wide along 42 km of the coastline. The major coastal forest species are black and red pine. The LiDAR data before the earthquake were taken for a "three-dimensional electronic map of the coastal area" project in 2006 by the Geological Survey Institute(GSI).
a€€In the winter of 2011, we set 28 plots in the costal forest stand. Circular plots had a radius of 10 m or more. The plot center positions were surveyed by DGPS. We measured the diameter at breast height(DBH) with a tape measure, height and crown height with VERTEX (Haglof Inc., Sweden). The tree volume was calculated with the DBH, H and volume table. Forest stand variables (mean diameter, mean height, mean crown height, stand volume and stand density) were calculated from the field plot data. Although we tried to survey small to large coastal forests, only forest stands with average height over 10 m were surveyed in the field. The forest stands below 10 m were flown out by the tsunami.
a€€The digital canopy height model (DCHM) was generated using the differences between the laser pulse altitude and DTM. The laser pulse data of DCHM were extracted from each plot and LiDAR indices were calculated: maximum, average, standard deviation, 10…90 percentile, 10…90 canopy density. We estimated forest stand variables using regression analysis. We calculated the correlation coefficients between forest stand variables and LiDAR indices, selected the best LiDAR index, and calculated the slope and the intercept of the regression line.
a€€Although low density LiDAR data can be used to obtain the forest stand variables, they are not suitable for interpreting land cover maps. The orthophotos before and after the earthquake taken by GSI were used to interpret the initial and remaining coastal forest areas.

3. Results
a€€A linear regression analysis was performed between LiDAR indices and forest stand variables. The mean height had the highest relationship with the LiDAR index 90 percentile (r2= 0.418); the mean crown height had the highest relationship with the LiDAR index 70 percentile (r2= 0.766); the mean DBH had the highest relationship with the LiDAR index standard deviation (r2=0.679); the stand density had the highest relationship with the LiDAR index standard deviation (r2=0.418) and the stand volume had the high relationship with the LiDAR index average (r2=0.494). We estimated the forest stand variables in large areas, using the regression results and the LiDAR data. The mean height was smaller nearer the coastline, while the mean height was greater farther from the coastline. We obtained the damage in the coastal forest stands precisely, combining LiDAR results and the orthophotos interpretations.


An experimental effort was undertaken at the Energy Technology Engineering Center in support of the design of the Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF) by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The purpose of the experiments was to determine the ability of a frost-covered wall to act as a first wall in the LMF for the absorption of x-rays and debris. Certain aspects of the frost shielding concept were verified including growth rate, thermal conductivity, crush strength, ability to absorb shock waves and withstand vibration, and integrity after growth. The experimental results indicate that frost would function as a suitable first wall for the LMF. 87 figs.


From global Internet information, IPv6 traffic grows slowly. A large portion of service providers are still using IPv4 even IPv6 co-exists with IPv4 for long time. However, IPv6 traffic are gradually growing especially most of network backbone sides. This paper proposes an enhancement mechanism of IPv4-in-IPv6 which supports IPv6 natively and provides IPv4 connectivity by using IPv4-in-IPv6 tunneling, so called "Lightweight 4over6 (lw4over6)". The performance metrics used in this evaluation are: system throughput and packet dropped. Based on our computer simulation results, when the system has a mix of intra and inter-communications, we have found that, with light traffic load, the proposed method performs better than lw4over6 and 4over6 slightly. However, with more heavy traffic load the proposed method gives higher performance than lw4over6 significantly.


Comparison the varieties and category of drug between New Rural Cooperative Medical System(NCMS) and national essential drug list(EDL),do rank sum test among the east、 middle,west party varieties of NCMS.Result shows the number of varieties of national drug list was listed in NCMS,averagely account for 63.67% of NCMS's drug list,averagely account for 53.31% western medicine of national drug list was listed in NCMS's drug list.They brought into 74 some varieties of drug in 20 county,east,middle,western part(P0.05),rejected null hypothesis,there was statistical significance.We should select drug on the basis of varieties of national drug list.


Across the world, knowledgeable early childhood educators value young children's play, a phenomenon established by their predecessors over hundreds of years (Froebel 1826; Montessori 1916; Piaget 1...


Abstract The essay discusses two different conceptions of human dignity. According to the first conception, ›respecting the dignity of a human being‹ means to respect something specific that is given by her being human. According to the second conception, however, ›respecting the dignity of a human being‹ means to respect her as a human being. With regard to the first understanding, one is bound to respect human dignity (as an abstract concept), whereas on the basis of the second conception, we owe respect to the human being herself. The duty to respect human dignity serves as a foundation for duties we have with regard to human beings as such. The duty to respect someone as the human being she is, however, is a duty towards her. This duty therefore justifies a right she may claim, namely the right to be respected as a human being. The core of human dignity, then, is this rights-conferring status of being human. This article reacts to the German debate on human embryonic research. Participants in this debate argue that human dignity depends on being human in a generic sense. According to them, the early embryo participates in this sense of being human, which allows them to apply the concept of human dignity, including the absolute protection it entails, to human embryos. The author criticizes this view, claiming that it undermines the very idea of human dignity by neglecting the rights-conferring status of being a particular human being which is at its core. Rather, a »decent society« (Avishai Margalit) is characterized by the fact that its members are treated and respected as (individual) rights-holders.


Agent Argumentation (Triple-A) Ryuta Arisaka, Ken Satoh, and Leendert van der Torre 1 National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan 2 University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Abstract. In this paper we introduce a Dung style theory of abstract argumentation, which we call triple-A, in which each agent decides autonomously whether to accept or reject his own arguments. The agents may take some of the arguments of other agents into account, which we call their trusted arguments. An agent is called selfish if he ignores all arguments of other agents, and he is called social if he treats all arguments of other agents like his own. The extensions of globally accepted arguments are defined using a game theoretic equilibrium definition. In this paper we introduce a Dung style theory of abstract argumentation, which we call triple-A, in which each agent decides autonomously whether to accept or reject his own arguments. The agents may take some of the arguments of other agents into account, which we call their trusted arguments. An agent is called selfish if he ignores all arguments of other agents, and he is called social if he treats all arguments of other agents like his own. The extensions of globally accepted arguments are defined using a game theoretic equilibrium definition.


Helical piles foundation systems have been extensively used in engineering application. Helical pile foundation system are commonly adapted to resists the compression, uplift force, overturning moment and lateral forces. Now a day, helical pile foundation systems have become commonly adapted in many countries. The use of helical piles as a deep foundation option has considerably increased in the recent years to support variety of loads, from small loads for several applications such as residential housing, solar farms, and utilities and retrofit projects, to large loads for many applications such as commercial, power transmissions lines, oil facilities and industrial applications. Therefore, it is necessary to know the axial compression capacities of these piles under vertical loads, for this reason the aim of the work is to study how to improve the compressive capacities of helical pile in black cotton soil. Model steel piles with and without helical plate are embedded in black cotton soil are tested to study the effect of vertical loading on the behavior of piles in compression. Laboratory experiments were conducted on the pile of 20mm diameter with and without helical plate and with varying helical plate diameters as 25mm, 45mm and 65mm respectively.


Purpose— To determine the nucleotide sequence, amino acid sequence and tissue specificity of zebrafish α A-crystallin. Methods— RACE, both 3 ′ and 5 ′ , was used to clone the zebrafish α A-crystallin gene. The peptide sequence of the encoded protein was deduced and compared to cavefish, shark, amphibian, bird and human orthologues using the CLUSTAL W algorithm. α A-crystallin transcript was evaluated in brain, heart, lens, liver, skeletal muscle/skin, and spleen by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results— The 173 amino acid sequence of zebrafish α A-crystallin was determined to be 73% and 86% similar to its human and cavefish orthologues, respectively. We detected high expression of zebrafish α A-crystallin in the lens and very low expression in liver and spleen. Conclusions— Few amino acids identified as being functionally important to chaperone function differ between zebrafish and mammalian α A-crystallin. The expression of α A-crystallin is mainly confined to the lens in both taxa. These data suggest that zebrafish α A-crystallin plays a physiologically limited role outside of the zebrafish lens, similar to its mammalian orthologues.


Horizontal vibrations of the deck in lightweight long-span footbridges, especially those made of steel, with a low damping level may significantly reduce the comfort of use of the whole structure. The natural frequencies of such footbridges are very often in the range of 0.5 ÷ 1.0 Hz. This can lead to the excitation of resonant vibrations of these structures by walking people generating horizontal transverse forces characterised by a large amplitude of harmonic components corresponding to two frequencies 0.5fs and 3/2fs (where fs – frequency of steps during walking. The article presents examples of structural solutions used in long-span suspension footbridges built in Poland in order to reduce the horizontal transverse vibrations of the footbridge decks. The results of dynamic field tests and numerical calculations of two footbridges were presented and analysed. The obtained results indicate a positive effect of reducing the horizontal vibrations of the deck in both footbridges and changes in the frequencies and the mode shapes of the analysed footbridges caused by applied solutions.


I recently read with great interest that more than half of nurses on mental health wards have reported being physically assaulted at work. The findings were published in February 2008 in the national audit of violence in mental health services, conducted on behalf of the Healthcare Commission by the Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych). The audit highlighted the high levels of violence on mental health wards, and stated that the impact on staff and patient can be 'constant and intolerable'. It was acknowledged that improvements had been made to the way violence is managed on wards for people of working age, particularly in providing effective alarm systems, reporting incidents and having an appropriate mix of skills among the staff team. Dr Paul Lelliott from the RCPsych commented that 'those working on psychiatric wards, and in particular the nurses, are the unsung heroes of mental health care. Their every working day is a challenge and this audit once again highlights the danger to their personal sa...


The general purpose of this paper is to propose a distributed version of frequent closed itemsets extraction in the context of big data. The goal is to have good performances of frequent closed itemsets extraction as frequent closed item-sets are bases for frequent itemsets. To achieve this goal, we have extended the Galois lattice technique (or concept lattice) in this context. Indeed, Galois lattices are an efficient alternative for extracting closed itemsets which are interesting approaches for generating frequent itemsets. Thus we proposed Dist Frequent Next Neighbour which is a distributed version of the Frequent Next Neighbour concept lattice construction algorithm, which considerably reduces the extraction time by parallelizing the computation of frequent concepts (closed itemsets).


Metal-Organic Frameworks Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) consist of organic ligands linked together by metal ions. They belong to a relatively new class of highly ordered porous materials. The interest in obtaining thin films of metal- organic frameworks, has increased in the last decade because of their high surface area. The dimension of pores is given by the lengths of organic ligands and can be different depending on the MOF.


Today's knowledge society depends on intellectual capital, that is, collective knowledge and informational assets. Increasingly, the global scene reflects a more interactive mode relative to information, particularly because of social media. As heterogeneous groups bring different expertise and perspectives, their gathered and organized knowledge can lead to more informed decisions and resultant actions. This collective intelligence has been transformed with the advent of easily accessible interactive technologies. This chapter explains collective intelligence and its elements, theories that relate to collective intelligence, conditions for its optimum collective intelligence, and its transformation through digital technology, particularly social media. The chapter also explains human interaction for collective intelligence, and how it can be enhanced through technology, citing several studies.


voltage harmonics can severely impact the loads in electrical systems. They cause improper operation of sensitive and electronic loads. In modern power systems, due to the increase of nonlinear loads, power quality has become a great concern. Nonlinear loads, which were only 15% of total loads in 1987, have increased to 50% in 2000. In the paper industry, the main production line needs high-quality electric power because it consists of several coupled motors working together simultaneously with precise speed. For instance, in the South African Pulp and Paper Company (SAPPI) plant, voltage sags with more than 20% amplitude and 40-ms duration cause paper breaks that require a long time to clean the machinery and resume production. They may also blow the rectifier fuses in the dc drives because of higher transient current [1]. In the Caledonian paper mill plant, there are 23 dc drives working together on the paper machine. A voltage sag of more than 10% results in drive trips to prevent thyristor damage. Tripping the paper machine usually causes other areas of the paper mill such as wood handling and pulp preparation to stop [2]. The latest investigations in Europe show that the cost of poor power quality for industry is about US$12 billion per year [3]. The transient


Abstract Solutions of first, second and third order ordinary differential equations via new developed numerical scheme is studied in this article. The derivation of this novel numerical method is achieved by the use of interpolation and collocation approach where power series approximate is taken to be interpolating polynomial while its derivatives as collocating equations. A class of numerical methods that form the block is derived by evaluating non-interpolating points within the interval of integration. The order of the block is found to be twelve which established the consistency of the scheme. Its efficiency is examined on some first, second and third order initial value problems as well as real life problems, the generated numerical results displayed on Tables 1 – 6 reveal the effectiveness and accuracy of the new developed block method over current methods in terms of error.


Higgs boson self-interactions can be investigated via di-Higgs ( pp → hh + X ) production at the LHC. With a small O ( 30 ) fb Standard Model production cross section, and a large t ¯ t background, this measurement has been considered challenging, even at a luminosity-upgraded LHC. We demonstrate that by using simple kinematic bounding variables, of the sort already employed in existing LHC searches, the dominant t ¯ t background can be largely eliminated. Simulations of the signal and the dominant background demonstrate the prospect for measurement of the di-Higgs production cross section at the 30% level using 3 ab − 1 of integrated luminosity at a high luminosity LHC. This corresponds to a Higgs self-coupling determination with 60% accuracy in the b ¯ b τ + τ − mode, with potential for further improvements from e.g. subjet technologies and from additional di-Higgs decay channels. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.


With the continuous expansion of the capacity of photovoltaic power generation systems, accurate power generation load forecasting can make grid dispatching more reasonable and optimize load distribution. This paper proposes a combined forecasting model based on Auto Regression Integrate Moving Average (ARIMA), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and support vector regression (SVR), namely ARIMA-BPNN-SVR model, aiming at the problem of low accuracy of a single model and traditional forecasting model. Through the complementary advantages of ARIMA, BPNN, and SVR models, the model has good anti-noise ability, nonlinear mapping, and adaptive ability when processing photovoltaic power generation data. Data experiments are carried out on solar photovoltaic power generation in the United States, and the accuracy of model forecasting is evaluated according to MAE, MSE, RMSE, and MAPE. The experimental results show that the proposed ARIMA-BPNN-SVR outperforms the forecasting performance of the single models ARIMA, BPNN, and SVR. Its MAE, MSE, RMSE and MAPE are 0.53, 0.41, 0.64 and 0.84 respectively. In the Wilcoxon sign-rank test, the p-value of the proposed model reached 0.98, indicating the effectiveness of the ARIMA-BPNN-SVR model.


According to simultaneous multi-pressure wind tunnel test data of a large gas tank,the distribution of surface pressure was analyzed and discussed,and the mean wind pressure coefficients at different heights were compared with the code values,it shows that the corresponding values of code will be conservative if it is directly applied to such special structure;Based on the random vibration theory,the RMS wind-induced response values of the gas tank were calculated.On the basis of the results,the frequency range of participant modes were primarily discussed,it shows that if the frequency of participant mode is more than 3.910Hz,the contribution to the RMS wind-induced response should be negligible;for the large gas tank,such special structure,contribution of several certain frequencies for the RMS wind-induced response is relatively great,it must be paid more attention during the wind-induced response calculation.Some useful conclusions are obtained from this study to provide more accurate reference to the wind-induced response calculation of similar projects.


In recent years there has been a lot interest in building effective recommender system for movies. One of the techniques of recommender system is content-based filtering, which measures similarity by looking for common features of the movie. Genre is one of the mostly used features but is too general if we would like to recommend similar movies according to the movies' content. In this paper, we propose a framework to find similar movies based on the movie plot summary. The framework consists of three components: Phrase Mining, Topic Modeling and Similarity Search. We also introduce the concept of label weighting and propose the weighted-PathSim algorithm as the similarity measure method to find similar movies. We use CMU Movie Summary Corpus as our dataset. An open source TopMine is used and tuned to process raw movie plot summary information. We then use case study to show our algorithm can produce satisfying result comparing to other methods. Our framework can be extended to be applied to actor similarity and similarity measure in other databases.


This paper describes the relationship and relevance of predicate logic in the specification of transaction system protocols.We present a formal specification technique based on concurrent execution that provides automatic communication and synchronization mechanisms between concurrent processes. This framework is not biased towards specific types of trans-actions.It integrates temporal behaviour of individual transactions with the dependencies that can arise when accessing shareable data. Our approach allows the specification of transaction constraints and transaction dependencies in a declarative fashion. This provides flexibility in their implementation and permits different techniques to enforce the constraints independent of the application program. This paper explores the issues of correctness, reliability, and recovery of data distributed across the enterprise; describes techniques for guaranteeing and enhancing correctness; and procedures for recovering transactions and data in case of any transaction failures to guarantee a high degree of system dependability.


Cat-D tokamaks offer the important advantages of elimination of the need to breed tritium and less frequent first-wall replacement due to reduced neutron damage effects. To capitalize on these features, however, the erosion of the low-Z first-wall coating must be addressed. As shown here, this appears to be feasible if a highly efficient (beta > 0.9) mechanical limiter system can be developed. Still, due to the many uncertainties involved, the simultaneous development of in situ techniques for redeposition coatings appears desirable.


State of the art of what has been said in favour of and against the alleged ablatival genitives of the Celtiberian and Lepontic o- stems. The discussion extends to further Celtic forms — Goidelic as well as Gaulish and also Primitive Continental — which could be explained along the same lines, i.e. als continuing the arcaic Indo-European undifferentiated genitive-ablative singular, such as the coin legends RIG -IV-84f., 91, 277 or the inscriptions RIG -G-24 and 250f. and, in particular, G-154 from Villelaure and *L-131 from Vindonissa / Windisch; the Calendar of Coligny and the Tablet of Chamalieres are also discussed.


This paper describes the use of modal analysis of s-domain network models in the solution of harmonic distortion problems of industrial systems. Modal analysis involves the computation of the system poles, transfer function zeros as well as their sensitivities to changes in network parameters. A new modal sensitivity coefficient and a new modal observability index are introduced. These new coefficient and index are used to solve harmonic problems in a practical industrial system having multiple harmonic sources. The results obtained are believed to demonstrate the practical value of the proposed method.


The purpose of this research is to determine the long-term and short-term effects of Sukuk and inflation on the profitability of Sharia banks in Indonesia. This study uses a quantitative method with a vector error correction model. The data used was monthly data Sukuk, inflation and profitability of Islamic banks in the years 2011 to 2018. The results of this research are in the long term Sukuk variables have a significant influence on ROA. The results obtained from the t-statistic values of variables Sukuk amounting -6.56088. The value is greater than t table, Effect of Sukuk itself fairly small to ROA. While the variable inflation in the long term does not affect ROA, because the t-statistic value variable inflation was at -1.05310. Then in the short term, Sukuk and inflation do not significantly influence ROA. This study is the first study that examines the influence of Sukuk and inflation on the profitability of Islamic banks using a vector error correction model.


Hair samples from Four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), Hog deer (Axis porcinus), Spotted deer (Axis axis) and Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor and Indian mouse deer (Moschiola indica) were collected for light and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The medullary index of hair samples for each animals were calculated by using a light microscope and the results were 0.84± 0.01, 0.75±0.02, 0.84±0.02, 0.79±0.02, 0.65±0.02, 0.77±0.01 respectively. Under the scanning electron microscope the respective mean interscale distance of hair samples were 16.21 ±1.16 μm, 12.85±1.4 μm, 14.05±0.79 μm, 9.07±0.3 μm, 11.21±0.54 μm, and 10.97±0.46 μm. These parameters were important for individual species identification.


Banded patterns consisting of alternating bare soil and dense vegetation have been observed in water-limited ecosystems across the globe, often appearing along gently sloped terrain with the stripes aligned transverse to the elevation gradient. In many cases these vegetation bands are arced, with field observations suggesting a link between the orientation of arcing relative to the grade and the curvature of the underlying terrain. We modify the water transport in the Klausmeier model of water-biomass interactions to qualitatively capture the influence of an inhomogeneously-graded topography on the vegetation patterns. Numerical simulations of this modified model indicate that the vegetation bands change arcing-direction when growing on top of a ridge versus within a valley. This is consistent with observations from remote sensing data that we present here. Model simulations also show that qualitative predictions for whether bands grow on ridges, valleys, or both depend on elevation curvature and precipitation level. A survey of three banded vegetation sites indicates qualitatively similar behavior.


The abandoned mining district of Linares (South Spain) is marked with waste from the mining and the processing of metal ores that pose an environmental hazard to watercourses. A combined analysis of waste, sediments and water was carried out to analyse the impact of a smelter on Baños Creek. The composition of the facility waste was determined using X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The total contents of the metal(loid)s in the waters and sediments of the watercourse were analysed, and sequential metal(loid) extraction of solid samples was carried out. The facility wastes consisted mainly of secondary minerals, such as natropharmacosiderite and spertiniite, as well as rare metal salts, such as mopungite and NaPb2(CO3)2(OH). The leachates generated by these wastes were highly alkaline, with a pH of 10 and a total dissolved solids concentration of approximately 9 g L−1. This Na-bicarbonate-type water had an As concentration above 200 mg L−1 and elevated levels of Pb, Sb and Zn (5029 µg L−1, 841 µg L−1 and 525 µg L−1, respectively). This highly contaminated lixiviate had a significant effect on the chemical quality of the waters and the bioavailability of metal(loid)s in the creek sediments, especially in the headwaters. In this zone, the As, Pb, Sb and Zn concentrations in the most mobile fraction of the sediments reached 1035 mg kg−1, 261 mg kg−1, 45 mg kg−1 and 30 mg kg−1, respectively. By comparison, smelter slag and mining waste have a much lower impact on the waters and the mobile fraction of the sediments, while significantly increasing the total concentration of these potentially toxic elements in creek sediments.


Suppurative knee joint infection probably due to intraarticular steroid injection, has been increasing recently. In this study, we report the results of a follow-up survey conducted in eleven patients (chiefly those with over five-year course after onset) who were referred to our hospital from other medical institutions during the past ten years.For clinical assessment knee joint function was evaluated on the basis of the "SANDAIGAKU" tentative plan. On X-ray medial and lateral joint spaces were determined bilaterally on the frontal image of lower limbs in the standing position, and PF joint spaces were measured on the lateral image. Evaluation was made for each item before disease onset, one year after surgery, and at the time of final follow-up.All eight patients who could be followed up for over five years have experienced no recurrence of the suppurative arthritis after surgery, and their gait ability was relatively satisfactory. Total scores of the "SANDAIGAKU" tentative plan improved in four patients, declined by 15 points or less in three patients, and significantly declined in one patient. Medial joint space was 3.9mm on average before surgery, 2.6mm one year after surgery and 0.9mm at the time of the final survery. Lateral joint space was also reduced in size in chronological order from 4.6mm to 3.9mm and 2.0mm, respectively. PF joint space also chronologically decreased from 2.5mm to 1.3mm and 0.6mm, respectively.


COPYRIGHT © 2023 Ertz and Elgaaied-Gambier. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Editorial: Meeting of giants: How can technology and consumption team up for sustainability?


More than 30 years ago Kohn and Liver sedges' noted that aerobic oxidation of brain tissue produced a compound that when heated in an acid solution with 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) gave a brilliant red color with an absorption maximum at 532 nm. They postulated that the TBA reactive material was a carbonyl compound since the reaction was blocked by semicarbazine or phenylhydrazine. Bernheim et al.2' isolated an impure red TBA


In this paper we consider the sensitivity of the nonlinear complex matrix equation X s ± A H X t A = Q, where the exponents s and t are real numbers.


Learning transfer and prosocial behavior (PSB) are critical components of many outdoor education programs for adolescents. This study examined the effects of a theoretically grounded treatment curriculum designed to foster the transfer of learning of general and contextual PSB (also called expedition behavior) among adolescents enrolled on 14-day backpacking courses with the National Outdoor Leadership School. Results suggest that the treatment curriculum increased proximal learning of PSB more than courses that featured the traditional curriculum. Qualitative results suggested that students learned PSB primarily as a result of its relevance to the expedition environment, that it is most useful when working with or understanding others, and that it can be applied to multiple contexts post-course, including with family, at school, and with sport teams. Implications for designing a curriculum that fosters transfer and for developing PSB in participants are considered.


The development of gender identity in early childhood will influence how they accept their gender. Someone who confuses about their gender would be at risk to experience gender dysphoria. This study aimed to determine differences in gender identity among early childhood based on the presence of male and female teachers. The study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional study design. Data was collected using gender identity questionnaires from April until August 2023.  The sample was 200 students (95 male; 105 female) in 23 preschool institutions (5.83 years old; SD: 0.50) in 5 regencies in East Java. Data from the two groups sample showed a difference in average scores (9.15 for children who had two gender teachers and 7.57 who only had one gender teacher). The results of statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U-Test showed a significance value of 0.00. The result shows significant differences in gender identity between the two groups. It shows the importance of the existence of male and female teachers in early childhood education because both have important complementary roles, especially for the children's gender identity. Researchers suggest schools, the government, or other policymakers provide regulations for the presence of male teachers in early childhood education institutions.
Keywords: early childhood; gender identity; teacher gender
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Dorsal root ganglia contain pain-related nociceptive sensory neurons arising in two successive, Ngn1 and Ngn2 dependant neurogenic waves. Nociceptive progenitors are initially dependent on the expression of the neurotrophic receptor TrkA for their survival, development and maturation. Here, we show that the transcriptional regulator Prdm12, whose mutation causes congenital insensitivity to pain in human, is selectively expressed in the developing nociceptors arising from both neurogenic waves. We generated a Prdm12 knockout mouse line to define its function and found that Prdm12 is required for the initiation of the expression of TrkA and therefore for the survival of nociceptive progenitors. Gain of function experiments in Xenopus indicates that Prdm12 cooperates with Ngn1 and Ngn2 to promote in sensory progenitors a nociceptive fate. Late excision of Prdm12 in developing postmitotic progenitors also affects their development, and leads to a downregulation of TrkA and of other nociceptive markers, including the transcription factor Runx1. Together, these results establish Prdm12 as a master regulator of nociceptive neurons, acting at different steps of their development.


We studied the binding interaction between hematoporphyrin(HP) and bovineserum albumin (BSA) in solution with flourescence method.The binding constant is KA 2. 2* 104 and the number of binding site is 1.With the Forster non-radio energy transfer theory,we calculated the distance beween energy donor and receptor as well as the energy transferefficiency in the binding reaction. Furthermore, we studied the interaction between severalions(cations and anions) and BSA.The order of quenching ability of these ions is: Cr(Ⅵ)Fe3+Cu2+NOBr-,and the competing reaction for BSA between the ions and HP isdiscussed. We tried to illustrate the possible effect of the ions on the transfer and absorptionof HP in the process of cancer photochemical treatment.


The aim of this research was to find out the effectiveness of English diary
for teaching writing of recount text. This research was conducted at MTs Negeri
Bobotsari in academic years 2011/ 2012.
The treatment was carried out in 11th until 22nd of September 2011. The
total sample of this research was 60 respondents. The respondents were divided
into control class and experiment class. The technique of collecting the data used
tests. Those were pre-test and post-test. The test was given for control and
experimental class.
Based on the result it was concluded that English diary was effective for
teaching writing of recount text was accepted. It could be seen from the students'
writing ability of experiment class. It could also be proved by the result of t-test
which was 2.635 and the value of t-table with degree of freedom 50 was 1.671.
Then, the writer consulted that the result was obtained with the t-test and it was
higher than t-table (2.635>1.671). Thus, it could be concluded that the hypothesis
which said English diary was effective for teaching writing of recount text at the
second grade students of MTs Negeri Bobotsari was accepted.


In previously published papers,1attention was drawn to the role of the intervertebral disks in causing intractable "sciatic" radiation of pain from pressure of herniated disk tissue on one or more roots of the cauda equina in the lower lumbar region. At first this syndrome was thought to be rare, but investigation has revealed that a considerable number of cases previously classified as sacro-iliac or lumbosacral strain were really rupture of an intervertebral disk. This diagnosis should be considered in the study of every case of strain low in the back and "sciatica." This paper is a joint effort to correlate the information obtained from a study of fifty-eight patients with proved rupture of an intervertebral disk in the lumbar region, operated on at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1927 to June 1937. A detailed historical review of the literature on the intervertebral disk is beyond the scope of


The paper is motivated by concerns about challenges posed by the aging society problem and focuses on the silver economy (SE) as a social and economic concept developed in response to this challeng...


Conclusion The least amount of streptomycin that will inhibit the growth of the organism has been found by a similar procedure to be 0.075 γ/cc. Therefore, the serum streptomycin level is equal to 0.075 × Serum Dilution × Total Volume of Medium × 2. For example, if the endpoint of the assay is tube 5, which contains a serum diluted to 1: 16, the serum streptomycin level is 0.075 × 16 × 5 × 2 = 12 γ/cc. With this simple method, a serum level of 0.75 γ/cc to 48 γ/cc can be determined This range embraces the serum levels that are commonly encountered in streptomycin therapy. However, with slight modifications, such as using undiluted serum as the first tube and diluting the serum further, one is able to determine a streptomycin level from 0.375 γ/c to any level higher than 48 γ/cc.


In order to enhance competitiveness of helicopter market and improve efficiency and quality of collaborative design based on digital mock-up (DMU),the paper proposes an idea of harmonization for DMU region by region and principles of zone partition of DMU and normalized process of DMU zone review.They were used to develop some civil helicopter,loading time of digital models was shortened and efficiency of clash check and maintainability analysis of DMU was improved.And they revealed also the proposed zone partition method and review process were effective.


Upper Cenozoic deposits ranging in age from late Miocene to Holocene rest unconformably on older Tertiary, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic formations in the vicinity of Richmond, Virginia. The Eastover (Upper Miocene), Yorktown (Lower and Middle Pliocene) and Bacons Castle (Upper Pliocene), are comprised of a thin, basal transgressive marine gravelly sand overlain by fossiliferous marine sand and silt which grades upward into clayey or sandy silt. The basal sand thins and decreases in grain size away from the shoreline and the mouths of major rivers. In contrast to the Tertiary units, the Pleistocene formations (Windsor, Charles City, Chuckatuck, Shirley, and Tabb) are of fluvial-estuarine origin and occur beneath a succession of terraces inset into older deposits along the major rivers in the Richmond area. High angle reverse faults, broad folds, southward shifting depocenters, and the distribution of sediments in late Tertiary deposits of south-eastern Virginia indicate differential movement during late Tertiary time. Differential movement appears to have ceased following the deposition of the Yorktown Formation as evidenced by the lack of faulting or tilting in the Bacons Castle or younger formations.


High-definition electronic cinematography tools have caused powerful and fundamental changes in both our perception and execution of visual storytelling. Recent widescreen, natural history productions have demonstrated the obstacles and advantages that a producer will come across when high-definition television (HDTV) is the medium. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the various issues that were encountered during production and their effect on the physical shooting and creative content of each show, especially as a consequence of the dual and somewhat conflicting nature of the final distribution, both NTSC (4:3 aspect) and HDTV (16:9 aspect).


Students' dormitories bear upon the life quality of students at school and impinge directly or indirectry upon their learning and growing up healthy and sound.Based on related materials,this paper quantizes the economics,amenity and security of students' dormitories to establish the comprehensive evaluation system of students' dormitory planning schemes in higher vocational colleges and,taking advantage of improved TOPSIS,normalizes the different dimensional indexes with MATLAB programme to find the weights of various indexes,which results in the ranking of all the schemes sent in for competitive appraisal.


Abstract This research examined the stressors that teacher education students of the University of Ghana usually encounter and the coping stratagems that they frequently embrace. Random sampling technique was employed to select 270 s and third year undergraduate students in 2018/2019 academic year to answer a survey questionnaire with closed-ended and open-ended questions. Dental Environmental Stress (DES) questionnaire on stressors was adapted whereas coping stratagems that might be utilised by students to minimise stress was measured using an adapted form of the Brief COPE. The outcomes of the research revealed that 'working to meet scholastic requirements", "inadequate supply of power and water in halls", and "changes in eating and sleeping habits", were three major stressors experienced by teacher education students. Furthermore, learners utilised numerous approaches, such as praying or meditating, and self-diverting actions as coping strategies. Learners also used more adaptive coping strategies, than maladaptive and avoidance coping strategies. Overall, resident students were found to be more stressed than non-resident students. Again, this study revealed that resident students are more prayerful and easily get help and advice from lecturers or teaching assistants but deeply averse with substance abuse such as using tobacco/alcohol/drug to feel better compared with their non-resident counterparts. It was recommended that the Department of Teacher Education should establish a counselling centre to assign academic counsellors to learners and organise frequent stress management programmes for them.


Directed Diffusion (DD) uses data aggregation to suppress data overhead however there is no guarantee that paths from nearby sources join after a few hops. In this paper, an efficient data-gathering protocol (EDAP) is proposed to address this problem by using a Virtual Sink (VS) node nearby the sources, which plays the role of sink node and broadcasts local interest messages and routes gathered data toward destination. Also, multiple paths are constructed between VS and the sink node, which leads to load-balancing, and increase in the lifetime of the network. Simulation results show that in EDAP a significant amount of energy can be saved and the network lifetime will be increased considerably.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of donor sex, cell cycle synchromization treatments and donor nuclei obtained from fresh or frozen-thawed on in vitro developmental competence of yak-bovine interspecies nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. Bovine (Bos taurus) oocytes were used as recipients, and yak (Bos grummiens) ear fibroblast cell as donors. Results indicated that the development rate of male blastocysts was higher than that of female (56.6% vs 39.5%, P﹤0.05), whereas cleavage and total cell number had no difference between the two groups; No significant difference was observed in the blastocysts development and quality of donor treated with serum starvation or confluence inhibition; And there was no significant difference in embryos development of use fresh or frozen-thaw donor cell, whereas cleavage in group of fresh donor cell was significantly higher than that of frozen-thaw group (54.5% vs 78.2%, P﹤0.05). The results demonstrated that donor sex could impact the in vitro developmental competence of yak-bovine interspecies NT embryos, whereas different cell cycle synchromization treatments and freeze had little influence on it.


It is now commonly accepted that ontologies will play an important role for the next generation of information systems. Nowadays, the vision of the Semantic Web receives great attention, given that it not only promises "intelligent" answers to content-based user retrieval queries on the Web, but also automated lookup, composition and invocation of Web services, based on their functional service descriptions. Moreover, ontologies are not only relevant in the field of the Semantic Web, but also in a multitude of other information system domains. By providing a rich and logically formal frame of well-defined notions, a so-called conceptualization of a domain, new and innovative services of added value may be realized for information systems. In this thesis, a formal software framework aimed to support the construction of ontology-based information systems is designed and implemented under formal and software technical concerns. In order to ensure a high flexibility and applicability of the framework in various information system domains, the framework was designed in such a way that it is able to cover and address regions in the design space of information systems, not merely single points in this space. Current Semantic Web languages, such as OWL, will be embraced as well. By continues consideration of two so-called "guiding domains" for information systems, domain specific aspects and requirements influence and guide the framework under development, from the requirement analysis phase over the design phase to the implementation of the framework as well as prototypical information systems in the guiding domains, built upon and with the framework. On the one hand, the Semantic Web will be considered as one guiding domain. On the other hand, geographical / spatial information systems will be considered. A main focus of this work lies on the realization of an ontology-based query answering engine. The work covers all three main problem categories which have to be addressed for the realization of such an engine: the representation problem, the query answering problem, and the inference problem. The so-called family of description logics provide an important pillar for this work, given they provide the theoretical basis and foundation of contemporary ontology languages (e.g., OWL). This thesis also describes the design and implementation of the description logical query language nRQL, which is used by many users of the well-known description logic system RacerPro. nRQL is an integral part of the framework designed and realized in this work.


In his influential book 'Making Things Happen' (Oxford, 2003) and in other places, Jim Woodward has noted some affinities between his own account of causation and that of Menzies and Price ('Causation as a secondary quality', BJPS, 1993), but argued that the latter view is implausibly 'subjective'. In this piece I discuss Woodward's criticisms. I argue that the Menzies and Price view is not as different from Woodward's own account as he believes, and that in so far as it is different, it has some advantages whose importance Woodward misses; but also that the Menzies and Price view lacks some elements whose importance Woodward rightly stresses. When properly characterized, however, the 'subjectivity' survives unscathed.


Recent theory predicts that personality traits contributing to resource intake rates could reflect the individual's condition-dependent capacity to resist parasites and pathogens. Since females often prefer mates with strong immune defence, females could potentially gain fitness benefits by using male's behavioral type (BT) as one mate choice criteria. We studied if female field crickets base their mate choice on male boldness and if the boldness would predict survival under challenge to opportunist pathogen Serratia marcescens. In addition, we tested if three different females would prefer the same males. Boldness did not explain individual's lifespan in experimental infection. All the three females preferred one male within pair over the other male in 26.9% of the mate choice tests, but the preferred male varied between the females. Our results suggest that females show preferences for bold BTs, but that male boldness may not reflect his capacity to resist bacterial pathogens.


Airplane cooling process can be performed with the help of two different techniques. One is global cooling system and the other is local cooling system. The goal of present paper is to investigate both cooling systems which may be good candidates for a future hybrid airplane. In the parametric study of global cooling section, the present research determines the parameters which affect air mass flow rate required to provide the necessary cooling for the electrical components necessary to make a hybrid plane a reality. The analysis is performed for a cooling process based on an open cycle Reverse Brayton cycle or at times called an air refrigeration system. The main components of the cooling system will be a compressor, a heat exchanger and a turbine. Outside air will be drawn and pressurized to a certain pressure using a compressor, and the compressed air will be forced through a heat exchanger to reduce its temperature as low as possible to provide necessary cooling. After that, the air will expand through an expansion device (most cases a turbine) to reduce pressure and temperature to a cycle minimum. Finally, the processed air will now be available to cool the electrical components. We will analyze the above-mentioned options to determine the most economical and or feasible systems by comparing the processed air efficiency with the ram air that may also be used for cooling purposes. The novelty of the present work lies on the concept that, the cooling fluid is air and does not have a weight penalty for the airplane. The later section we discuss an example of a local cooling system. A classic local cooling technique discussed is based on a heat pipe technology. Theoretically, heat pipes can transport heat from a heat source and release it to an ambient heat sink. The paper investigates the thermal performance of thermosiphons of different percentage fills. By detecting various thermal parameters of the manufactured thermosiphons, a general relation between the thermal performance and the percentage fill is drawn. Thermal parameters analyzed include thermal resistance, heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number. The present paper shows that as the amount of working fluid increases in a heat pipe, the thermal performance improves till it reaches a limit at 50% fill. As the percentage fill increases beyond 50%, the thermal performance of a thermosiphon remains constant.


In 1932, Stephen Tallents wrote of the need to 'project' England overseas: to define 'Englishness' before other countries took the initiative. Scotland, Wales and Ireland merited a mention in the 'Dedication', but were otherwise unapologetically subsumed within 'Englishness'. Such a projection of the nation, its politics, society, culture and belief systems, would be essential, according to Tallents, for the maintenance of 'peace itself'. Since the end of the First World War, Britain had lost the initiative in overseas propaganda. The rise of totalitarianism in Europe, making use of sophisticated communication techniques, posed a challenge to such complacency. Even so, there was a concern to couch propaganda in terms of 'publicity', as promoting and 'projecting' England/Britain rather than as discrediting other countries. Tallents was explicit about the need to create a version of Englishness suitable, and desirable, for international consumption. His own personal list of 'institutions and excellencies' worthy of projection included 'Piccadilly . . . Big Ben and Princes Street, Edinburgh', 'English servants' and 'the arts of gardening and of tailoring'. England, wrote Tallents, urgently needed to 'master the art' of casting such images 'worthily upon the screen'. In December that same year, with 'British prestige at stake' in the field of external broadcasting, the BBC officially launched their shortwave Empire Service.


The 5G is the current requirement of the spectrum shortage and the coverage of the intended user/direction. The high data rate and the large number of users can be accommodated using 5G frequency bands. A beamforming 4x4 Butler matrix with multibeam for radar applications is designed for the 5G applications. The proposed 4x4 Butler matrix is designed with 2:1 VSWR on Rogers RO3003 substrate, having a dimension of 19.35 ×16 × 0.254 mm 3. The Butler matrix design covers 28.12-35.24 GHz (7.12 GHz bandwidth) and 28.55-36.35 GHz (7.77 GHz bandwidth) frequency bands with more than 7 dB isolation among different ports. The gain of antenna is moe than 7.5 dBi at the ports and its radiation efficiency is more than 70% obtained at different ports.


Transitional Constitutionalism forms an essential part of International Constitutional Law. It deals with the necessity of a provisional constitutional framework in times of transition and explores various aspects of drafting new constitutions. The proceedings focus on the constitutional aspects of the following transitional situations:
 o Sudan
 o Chile
 o Argentina
 o Lithuania
 o East Timor
 o Kosovo
 Furthermore, the proceedings elaborate on the role of the UN Peacebuilding Commission in situations of transition.


Stable and efficient high‐power biohybrid light‐emitting diodes (Bio‐HLEDs) using fluorescent proteins (FPs) in photon downconverting filters have not been achieved yet, reaching best efficiencies of 130 lm W−1 stable for >5 h. This is related to the rise of the device temperature (70–80 °C) caused by FP‐motion and quick heat‐transmission in water‐based filters, they lead to a strong thermal emission quenching followed by the quick chromophore deactivation via photoinduced H‐transfer. To tackle both issues at once, this work shows an elegant concept of a new FP‐based nanoparticle, in which the FP core is shielded by a SiO2‐shell (FP@SiO2) with no loss of the photoluminescence figures‐of‐merit over years in foreign environments: dry powder at 25 °C (ambient) or constant 50 °C, as well as suspensions in organic solvents. This enables the preparation of water‐free photon downconverting coatings with FP@SiO2, realizing on‐chip high‐power Bio‐HLEDs with 100 lm W−1 stable for >120 h. Both thermal emission quenching and H‐transfer deactivation are suppressed, since the device temperature holds <40 °C and remote high‐power Bio‐HLEDs exhibit final stabilities of 130 days compared to reference devices with water‐based FP@SiO2 (83 days) and FP‐polymer coatings (>100 h). Hence, FP@SiO2 is a new paradigm toward water‐free zero‐thermal‐quenching biophosphors for first‐class high‐power Bio‐HLEDs.


This article brings new possibilities of using luminaires of public lighting with the option of implementing an experimental modulator based on the OOK with Bias-Tee to increase functionality and possibility of using the public lighting network within intravilanes. In the article, the block diagrams of the OOK modulator for the transmitting part with Bias-Tee including the block diagram for the receiving part are introduced. Other parts of the article focus attention on verification of the functionality of the proposed concept with the aim of achieving signal transmission for road users through the luminaires of public lighting.


Abstract Externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) has been proven to be a successful strengthening technique for deteriorated and aged structures. In the last two decades, an extensive number of studies have been dedicated to investigating this strengthening method. Therefore, it is considered to be extremely time-consuming for researchers to go through most of these studies. The aim of this paper is to provide an extensive review of a considerable number of papers in which a special emphasis is placed on the finding of the most recent papers. The paper focuses on the bond behaviour, testing techniques and models used to assess bonding strength. The deterioration of the FRP due to moisture has been also examined. Finally, flexural, shear and fatigue behaviours of this strengthening technique have been intensively reviewed. It was concluded that silane coupling agents can be used to enhance bond characteristics of poorly treated surfaces under moisture effect. It was also found that FRP can be used to extend the fatigue life of concrete beams. Finally, the review also showed that the Pellegrino and Modena model provides a good prediction of the shear strength of FRP-strengthened concrete beams.


The Lippmann photographic process relied on very fine grain silver halide emulsions with panchromatic spectral sensitizers. Emulsions for this process have not been commercially available since around the turn of the century. Recent availability of suitable Russian silver halide emulsions (PFG-03c) from Slavich Company made revisiting this process possible. Experimentation with these plates resulted in full color spectrums and outdoor still life photographs that gave a basis for further investigation of making laboratory silver halide emulsions. This paper will present procedures and results for the making of Lippmann photographs from silver halide emulsions and from other recording materials.


Objective To explore whether there is toxicity on skin while using the Kangmeifu burn ointment. Methods Dermal irritation test was conducted in healthy rabbits, acute dermal toxicity test was performed in healthy rabbits too, and acute dermal sensitivity test on good health guinea-pig. Results Kangmeifu burn ointment had no irritation to the integral or damaged skin of rabbit and no hypersensitive effect to the skin of guinea-pig, acute toxicity on the integral or damaged skin of rabbits wasn't observed.Condusion It is safe and nontoxic to use Kangmeifu burn ointment in clinic practice.


More than any other group of animals, birds have the ability to awe us. They achieve this by nothing more remarkable than doing what they do: while we are anchored to the earth, birds are free from it. Few birds demonstrate this freedom in quite such an extraordinary way as the migratory shorebirds, writes Harry Saddler. His book is about the eastern curlew, but it is also about shorebirds more generally. Birds that migrate together, feed together and die together can't be easily separated. There are eight species of curlew, both extant and extinct: the little curlew; the Eskimo curlew; the whimbrel; the bristle-thighed curlew; the slender-billed curlew; the Eurasian curlew; the long-billed curlew; and the eastern curlew. The eastern curlew isn't any less or any more extraordinary than the others; but animals that are distinctive grab our attention, and the eastern curlew, the largest migratory shorebird in the world, is as distinctive as an animal can get.


This paper introduces numerical simulation of Guotun Coal Mine where freezing depth is 702 meters and topsoil layer depth is 583.1 m with dangerous deep clay layer,simulates frozen wall temperature site,mean temperature and frozen wall thickness as well as temperature of well wall,the result close to the temperature of actual measurement.The purpose is to foresee the development of frozen condition and to guide next step of construction.Moreover,it plays an instructional function for similar engineering.


Since cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) are a frequent cause of death worldwide, preventive strategies are needed. Recruiting adults for a health check could facilitate the identification of individuals at risk for CMD. For successful results, participation is crucial. We aimed to identify factors related to unwillingness to participate in CMD health checks.


Optical metasurfaces enable devices to interact with light in unique ways by modulating phase, polarization, or intensity. A metasurface, composed of individual subwavelength scatterers known as meta-atoms, can be designed to provide unparalleled control of wavefronts for a variety of optical applications, yet the design of such devices is often unintuitive and challenging due to computationally expensive forward simulations and the number of free parameters. To overcome this, there is interest in developing inverse design methods as an alternative to conventional forward design. Inverse design leverages machine learning algorithms to effectively search a problem space, starting from application and resulting in solution parameters. In this work, we adopt an inverse design approach that involves targeted forward simulations of arbitrary meta-atoms. To ensure that the dataset captures all possible shapes and rotations of near field responses with second order accuracy, it is constructed using meta-atoms with varying geometries and corresponding phase shifts, including the effect of nearest neighbors. A custom deep learning system is developed to extract meaningful features from this near field response. The proposed framework provides flexibility to produce an inverse design paradigm for generalized metasurface applications without the need for repeated forward simulations. Additionally, the machine learning model is highly effective in reconstructing electric fields, irrespective of the loss function used.


The effect of market structure on operating performance of commercial banks has always been an important issue in the field of financial development and management studies. This paper analyzes the market structure and operating performance of the banks in Mainland China and Taiwan by using the data of 25 commercial banks in Mainland China and 16 in Taiwan between 2003 and 2010.The result shows that there is a significant negative correlation between the Mainland China banking market concentration and bank profit. And the result between the Taiwan banking market concentration and bank profit is opposite. In addition, bank profit is also affected by the impact of the macroeconomic, bank size and bank assets, liquidity and other factors.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate the mechanisms by which cytokines and 17beta-oestradiol (17beta-E2) modulate gene expression and activity of uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase (UGDH), a key enzyme of GAG synthesis in articular chondrocytes.

METHODS
Rabbit articular chondrocytes (RAC) from 3-week-old animals were incubated for 24 h with TGF-beta, insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IL-1beta, IL-6 and 17beta-E2. GAG synthesis was measured by [35S]-sulphate labelling and the expression of the UGDH gene was estimated by both real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, whereas the enzyme activity was assayed by a spectrophotometric procedure. In addition, the transcriptional activity of several UGDH gene promoter constructs was determined in RAC transiently transfected with wild-type or deleted human oestrogen receptor-alpha gene (hER alpha66 or hER alpha46, respectively).

RESULTS
17Beta-E2 and its receptor hER alpha66 enhanced GAG neosynthesis in rabbit articular chondrocytes, as did TGF-beta1 whereas IL-1beta decreased this synthesis. 17Beta-E2 was found to exert positive regulatory effects at mRNA, protein and UGDH activity levels. In addition, the receptor hER alpha66, but not hER alpha46, increased the transcriptional activity of the UGDH gene. In contrast, no clear correlation between transcription, translation and activity of the UGDH was found under the effects of the cytokines studied. However, TGF-beta enhanced the enzyme activity, whereas IL-1beta, IL-6 and IGF-I were without significant effect.

CONCLUSIONS
17Beta-E2 enhanced GAG synthesis in chondrocytes via up-regulation of the UGDH gene expression and enzyme activity. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the UGDH gene and offer new approaches to investigate its potential alteration in joint diseases.


[1] We present strong evidence for the wind-driving, daytime E region field-aligned irregularities (FAIs) on the basis of Sanya VHF radar observations on 29 June 2009. The observed sporadic E (Es) and echoing layers show a clear diurnal tidal descending trend and a gravity-wave-scale oscillation with a period of 40–50 min, which are consistent with the diurnal tidal height evolution seen from the meteor wind observations. The most important finding is that the daytime continuous FAIs are closely related to the negative vertical zonal wind shear, which also forms the dense ion layer. Associated observations suggest that the FAIs are generated on both sides of the Es layer. The echoes form two layers with 10 km vertical distance, about half the vertical wavelength of the diurnal tide. Our results, for the first time, demonstrate that the daytime E region continuous FAIs can be formed by the wind-driven gradient drift instabilities. We suggest that the latitudinal variation of the daytime E region FAI morphologies is caused by the dip angle dependence of the instability growth rate. Continuous echoes observed elsewhere at low latitudes and midlatitudes may also be attributed to the wind effects.


Based on the concept of spatial polarization,this paper built up a regional development index from the perspective of element flows,which is called urban agglomeration ability,and analyzed the regional development evolution in the three provinces of Northeast China from 1995 to 2008 on the whole.Secondly,the paper used the difference indexes and polarization indexes to measure the degrees of inequality and polarization of the regional development in Northeast China for different concentration levels.The results show that:(1) from the viewpoint of the dynamic evolution of the patterns of regional development,from 1995 to 2008,the regional development of Northeast China had an undulating course,and the overall level was slightly decreased.The agglomeration ability and its evolution trend showed that the center cities,the traffic hub cities and the resource cities played an important role in the regional development pattern evolution.It was showed that the four cities showed that the development trend was increased from north to south.The formed city economic zones began to present their functions,and the Harbin-Dalian Railway became a discrete"polarization axis." The regional development center was gradually moved to the south with the differences of the regional development.(2) The whole region showed a growing trend,in which the municipal administrative areas had a higher degree of polarization than the county level subdivisions,with different directions of evolution.The spatial distribution of in-equality index had a sequence of Liaoning Province Heilongjiang Province Jilin Province,and the TW index showed a sequence of Heilongjiang Liaoning Jilin.The resources cities had an absolute decline,and had a lower polarization degree than the non-resources cities.


Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy 3DCRT used to deliver precise dose for breast cancer. This study compared the effect of peripheral dose by two treatment planning techniques: complete beam and half beam on planning target volume, homogeneity dose, and doses of heart, Right Lung, Left Lung, homogeneity, and conformity index in the target region. Fifty women with left breast cancer were included in this study. 3DCRT was used to produce maximum dose to target volume coverage, minimum dose to healthy tissues, two techniques used for supraclavicular area, whole breast area, with a single isocenter. Mean dose Gy for PTV was lower in complete beam than half beam (40.53 vs 41.44Gy, respectively; p<0.006). The prescribed dose for the two methods was 40.050Gy and complete technique was more uniform dose distribution than half. No significant difference was noted by two techniques in CI both <1. Mean heart dose was significantly improved in complete compared to half (4.76 vs. 3.73Gy, p< 0.003). Both techniques showed heart dose exposure <2.6 Gy. Similarly, the Left Lung V20 values were significantly better in half beam than complete beam (20.1 vs. 20.8 Gy respectively; p <0.465), and There was insignificant difference between the complete and half technique. The mean dose of the Left Lung was significantly lower for complete compared to half beam (10.81 vs. 10.19 Gy respectively; p<0.003), but with the right lung was significantly lower for half compared to complete beam (88.2 vs. 29.4, respectively; p<0.001). Complete planning treatment showed better homogeneity compared to the half beam plans.


By utilizing the frequency correlation of two-photon states produced via spontaneous parametric down conversion, the working principle of a remote spectrometer is demonstrated. With the help of a local scanning monochromator, the spectral transmission function of an optical element (or atmosphere) at remote locations can be characterized for wide range of wavelengths with expected high resolution.


Microcomponents can be manufactured not only by silicon technologies, bu talso by many other technologies, e.g. precision engineering, laser ablation, microelectrodischarge, RIE and by the LIGA process. In this paper, the state of the art of the LIGA technology and its industrial applications are presented, which have been developed in recent years at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Related technologies are described as well. This includes the use of a sacrificial layer and an alternative process technology for the fabrication of mold inserts using conventional UV-lithography with the negative resist SU-8. With respect to applications of the LIGA technology, a brief introduction to their specific fabrication processes and their functionality is presented. These are microspectrometers, optical fiber connectors, cycloid gear systems, optical heterodyne receivers and micro-mechanical gyroscopes.


In this brief review, the authors aim to show the importance of the quality of a systematic review and metaanalysis by illustrating some examples. First, the reliability of systemic reviews' conclusions is largely dependent upon the quality of included studies. Second, the publications are potentially influenced by the quality of systematic reviews. Third, AMSTAR tool should be employed to evaluate the quality of systematic reviews.


Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. The only treatment for cataracts is the surgical removal of the cataractous
 lens and the replacement of an intraocular lens. With less availability of treatment and low income, the visual damage caused by
 cataracts can go untreated. The cataract may develop again after surgery, such as posterior capsule opacification. With age and cataracts,
 α-crystallin, a significant protein of the mammalian eye lens, is progressively associated with the eye lens membrane. The primary
 association sites of α-crystallin with the membranes are phospholipids. However, it is unclear if phospholipids' acyl chain length and
 degree of unsaturation influence the α-crystallin association. We used the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) approach to investigate
 the association of α-crystallin with phosphatidylcholine (PC) membranes of different acyl chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation,
 with and without cholesterol (Chol). The association constant (Ka) of α-crystallin follows the trends, i.e., Ka
 (14:0–14:0 PC) > Ka (18:0–18:1 PC) > Ka (18:1– 18:1 PC) ≈ Ka (16:0–20:4 PC) where the presence of Chol
 decreases Ka for all membranes. With an increase in α-crystallin concentration, the saturated and monounsaturated membranes
 rapidly become more immobilized near the headgroup regions than the polyunsaturated membranes. Our results directly correlate the mobility
 and order near the headgroup regions of the membrane with the Ka, with the less mobile and more ordered membrane having
 substantially higher Ka. Furthermore, our results show that the hydrophobicity near the headgroup regions of the membrane
 increases with the α-crystallin association, indicating that the α-crystallin-membrane association forms the hydrophobic barrier to the
 transport of polar and ionic molecules, supporting the barrier hypothesis in cataract development. Taken together, our findings clearly
 show how the changes in phospholipids' acyl chain length and degree of unsaturation influence α-crystallin association with model
 membranes and provide insight for further investigations to examine how such changes in lipids in the eye lens membranes with age and
 cataracts modulate α-crystallin association with native membranes.


This article presents the case for the use of the 'think-aloud protocol' by teachers who engage in action-research as a source of constructive information about their students' cognitive learning processes. This method calls upon learners to talk their thoughts out aloud, during engagement in some learning activity regarding which the researching teachers seek insight to inform them to plan enhancement of the learning and teaching process. The case for 'think-aloud' reporting of particular learning activities is supported by a review of relevant literature. Accounts of diverse experiences in various discipline areas using modified versions of think-aloud protocols in action-researching are presented, with reports of their transformative outcomes. Reasoned reservations regarding the reliability of uncorroborated sources of retrospective data about students' learning are advanced. Refined methodologies are outlined together with general guidelines, for those minded to explore their value in their own contexts.


Abnormalities of liver are rare inspite of its complex development in the ventral mesogastrium; common abnormalities are irregularities in form, occurrence of Accessory sulci (AS) or presence of cysts. Anatomy textbooks lack data on the presence of AS of the liver, research reports being the only source of information. Research studies have mainly described the diaphragmatic sulci in the liver; however there are no research reports on the presence of accessory sulci on the inferior surface of the liver. Accessory sulcus can be incidentally detected during radiological procedures, routine autopsies or anatomical dissections. The main aim of the present study is to explore the presence of anomalous AS in cadaveric liver and to compare it with the normal liver. The present study was conducted in the department of Anatomy M.R.A. Medical College Ambedkar Nagar and S.R.M.S. Institute of Medical Sciences Bareilly U.P. The materials used for present study comprises 36 adult livers with age range from 18 to 70 years. Livers were carefully studied for the presence of AS and the findings were appropriately documented. In the present study we found accessory sulci and grooves in 8 cadavers (14.5%). The findings of the study may be gainfully utilised by imaging specialists and surgeons respectively, to avoid possible errors in interpretations and subsequent misdiagnosis, and for planning appropriate surgical approaches.


Belief updating schemes in artificial intelligence may be viewed as three dimensional languages, consisting of a syntax (e.g. probabilities or certainty factors), a calculus (e.g. Bayesian or CF combination rules), and a semantics (i.e. cognitive interpretations of competing formalisms). This paper studies the rational scope of those languages on the syntax and calculus grounds. In particular, the paper presents an endomorphism theorem which highlights the limitations imposed by the conditional independence assumptions implicit in the CF calculus. Implications of the theorem to the relationship between the CF and the Bayesian languages and the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence are presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of some implications on rule-based knowledge engineering in uncertain domains.


The effectiveness of manufacturing enterprises that compete with product families can be leveraged through an appropriate standardization of components. In this paper we examine how a robust standardization of components can be implemented in the early stages of design with an explicit evaluation of the production system. The approach is based on (1) a mathematical formulation of design decisions using the Compromise Decision Support Problem (DSP), which includes robustness considerations, and (2) modeling production systems as networks of response surfaces. This modeling method facilitates evaluation of the impact of product design changes on the performance of the production system, thus enabling concurrent product-process design exploration. We demonstrate the approach with a case study, namely, the design of an absorber-evaporator module for a family of absorption chillers.


The article presents the results of the study of the phenomenon of insufficient formation of the self-concept in adolescents. The study analyzes the individual-typological and socio-psychological features that affect the formation of the self-concept in modern boys and girls living in Ukraine. The relationship between self-concept and gender identity is considered. The structure of self-knowledge and insufficient formation of the self-concept, uncertainty of ideas about oneself are investigated. As a resultof using a set of test tools, we were able to identify specific features of the hierarchy of indeterminate areas of the self-concept of modern boys and girls. Boys and girls experience the greatest difficulties in understanding the emotional and communicative properties of their own personality. Peculiarities of self-concept formation in adolescence are conditioned by individual-typological characteristics. The contribution to the formation of the self-concept of temperamental features was similar in boys and girls -adolescents who tend to extraversion have fewer "white spots". In girls, the preconditions that form the self-concept are the subject and social properties of temperament, and in boys -the subject. The list of socio-psychological factors influencing the formation of self-awareness in boys and girls have common features: with high adaptability, internality, emotional comfort and selfishness, there are more formed ideas about themselves. Young people have fewer "white spots" in the self-concept in the case of adequate gender identity, a high degree of self-acceptance, aggression, high intelligence. Girls have better formed ideas about themselves with high rates of authoritarianism and selfishness, with high rates of "acceptance of others". Indicators of intellectual development were not related to the degree of formation of the self-concept. With the help of the Kettel questionnaire it is possible to identify areas of insufficient formation of the self-concept in boys and girls 16-18 years old. This questionnaire has allowed us to establish that the problem of insufficient formation of certain ideas about themselves are determined by both socio-psychological features and individual-typological. At the same time, the contribution of the latter to theformation of the self-concepthasturned out to be similar in boys and girls


Three fundamental laws of the physics of earthquakes, bearing the names of their discoverers Omori, Gutenberg, Richter and Bath, are widely used in original, review, monographic, and encyclopedic literature. In this paper, we have tried to look at laws from an unusual point of view. The idea behind our approach is as follows. Each of the three laws was established in the course of work on solving a specific research problem, and the result was expressed in a specific mathematical form. We asked ourselves whether it is possible to modify the statement of the problem, and/or modify the form of expression of the law in order to see new facets of a well-known scientific statement? The result was successful in relation to Omori's law, according to which the frequency of aftershocks hyperbolically decreases over time. The modified formulation of the problem was to find a differential equation describing the time evolution of aftershocks. We found a simple differential model, within the framework of which the concept of deactivation of the earthquake source is introduced. The question of dependence of the deactivation factor on the magnitude of main shock is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. A monotonic decrease in the deactivation factor with an increase in the magnitude of the main shock has been reliably established. Other possible applications of the proposed methodological technique are considered. In particular, it is indicated how to overcome the contradiction between the Omori law and the law of energy conservation. Keywords: Omori law, Gutenberg-Richter law, Bath law, main shock, aftershock, deactivation factor, Omori epoch, differential equation of evolution.


We report on new microstructures to measure the heat capacity of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit (IC) thin films and layer sandwiches. The test structures were fabricated using a commercial single-poly, double-metal 1 μm CMOS process followed by silicon bulk micromachining. They consist of laterally supported plates composed of CMOS dielectrics and metal layers. The structures contain an integrated gate polysilicon resistor used simultaneously as a heater and a thermistor. Time constants of structures with different layer compositions were determined. From these, average heat capacities of various CMOS layer sandwiches and individual CMOS thin films were extracted. At 300 K, average volumetric heat capacities of 2.55 ± 0.30 MJ m -3 K -1 and 2.45 ± 0.19 MJ m -3 K -1 were found for lower and upper CMOS metals, respectively. The sandwich of CMOS oxides, including the resistor, and the silicon oxynitride passivation have respective heat capacities of 1.72 ± 0.21 MJ m -3 K -1 and 2.62 ± 0.23 MJ m -3 K -1 .


Our knowledge of normal kidney function has been gained in large measure from a study of the elimination of both normal and abnormal urinary constituents in experimentally produced nephritis. Experimental nephritides have also been responsible for many of the present conceptions concerning spontaneous nephritis in man. The pathological states hitherto subjected to observation have been evoked usually by the injection of one of a short list of poisons, as cantharidin, potassium dichromate, uranium nitrate, sodium arsenate, etc. A survey of the literature will demonstrate, however, that none of these poisons acts specifically upon either the vascular or tubular mechanism of the kidney. Both parts are more or less involved, although one may be affected much more than the other. To quote from one of the recent additions 1 to the literature of experimental nephritis, "Cantharidin, potassium dichromate, uranium nitrate, and sodium arsenate produce in the dog an acute nephritis in which both the vascular and the epithelial elements of the kidney are involved." From a perusal of the literature of the subject under discussion one gains the impression that the vascular mechanism is much more easily thrown out of adjustment than is the epithelial apparatus. Expressed differently, it is probable that in most instances of experimental nephritis the tubular epithelium is usually involved at a later period than the glomeruli and that when a tubular nephritis has been induced the glomerule is also injured to a greater or less extent.


Abstract We introduce a location-scale model for conditional heavy-tailed distributions when the covariate is deterministic. First, nonparametric estimators of the location and scale functions are introduced. Second, an estimator of the conditional extreme-value index is derived. The asymptotic properties of the estimators are established under mild assumptions and their finite sample properties are illustrated both on simulated and real data.


Abstract Cyclodium is a neotropical fern genus with 13 species, most of them distributed in the Amazonian lowlands, particularly in the Guianan region and along the border with the Andes. It belongs to the polybotryoid clade of Dryopteridaceae, being unique within this clade by a combination of characters related to rhizome growth, leaf dimorphism, anastomosing venation, and peltate indusia. Here we present a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for Cyclodium resulting from Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses, using molecular sequences of five plastid markers. We also map 12 morphological characters and habit onto the resulting trees. Our results support Cyclodium as monophyletic and sister to Polybotrya. The presence of peltate indusia is the main character distinguishing Cyclodium. Our results also suggest that plesiomorphic conditions in Cyclodium are free venation (vs. anastomosing), creeping rhizomes (vs. erect or decumbent), highly dissected laminae (vs. 1-pinnate), monomorphic sterile and fertile fronds (vs. dimorphic), and pinnatifid apices (vs. conform).


Scholars' private papers are kept by various institutions. Gained as gifts, deposits or bought, they enrich Polish libraries, museums and archives. The big part of research workers' personal papers have the Archive of the Polish Academy of Sciences (APAS) in Warszawa and its departaments in Krakow, Poznait and Wodzislaw Sl!l_ski. Some portion of the private ones, after scholars are kept in Polish state archives and archives of universities, too. All of them accumulate, keep and work the papers out. But nowdays a most important thing is to work out accessible information about them. There are a few types archival finding aids in Polish traditional archive science: an archival inventory, catalogues, indexes, repertories, lists of summaries of files, guides of archives, guides of separate fonds and thematic ones 1• Their variety let us make thorough description of archival fonds. It also allows to create efficient and universal archival information system, in theory at least. You can choose the best way of searching information. It depends on user's needs and specific character of archival materials, like in instance of scholars' private papers. First of all it is worth remembering, that the papers of scientists include information such as biography data and details of scholar works. Thus, the research workers' personal papers are mostly a subject of interest of historians of science. It is not difficult for them to decide what kind of papers to look into, but the point is, where the papers are. The answer is not easy, especially that in case of private archives the principle of pertinence does not work. A thematic guide with national range should play the most important part in the information system for scholars' private records. On the base of this guide describing each fond you can easily get to know a state and a place of research workers' papers. At the bottom of our modyfied information system, there should by a descripiton of a fond. It would replace an archival inventory. Apart from that, archival indexes have a big meaning in describing private materials. They make looking for persons, places, facts easier. The mentioned archival finding aids have been worked out in Polish archives. Unfortunately, we can not say, that the archival information system has been built according to the plan. Only archival inventories are made in Poland regularly, but they stil stay in a


One of the major problems of applying supervised machine learning methods in real-world problems is the absence of labeled data. Labeling huge amounts of data is time consuming and cost intensive. Moreover, in many cases, labels can only be assigned by domain experts like medical doctors or engineers, who have little time and do not necessarily have profound machine learning knowledge. In this paper, we propose an efficient interactive cluster-clean-label approach. First, to visualize the potentially huge amount of data, principal component analysis followed by t-SNE projection is applied. On the 2-dimensional representation of the data, HDBSCAN clustering is utilized to identify groups of potentially similar class membership. Subsequently, anomaly detection in form of an autoencoder is applied on each cluster, and instances that are likely to belong to different classes are suggested to the user. The user decides which of these suggested instances to include and restarts the anomaly detection process with the remaining subset of instances. This iterative process is repeated until the user is satisfied with the clusters' purity. Eventually, labels are assigned to the clusters. The approach is evaluated by a user study with 25 participants using the initially unlabeled MNIST data set, where on average users were able to label 91.59% of the data set, with an accuracy of 98.99%. A video showing the approach is available: https://youtu.be/RsLI0dg90qE.


Background: Modern genomics has enabled the identification of an unprecedented number of genetic variants, which in many cases are extremely rare, associated with blinding disorders. A significant challenge will be determining the pathophysiology of each new variant. The Zebrafish is an excellent model for the study of inherited diseases of the eye. By 5 days post‐fertilization (dpf), they have quantifiable behavioral responses to visual stimuli. However, visual behavior assays can take several hours to perform or can only be assessed one fish at a time. Results: To increase the throughput for vision assays, we used the Viewpoint Zebrabox to automate the visual startle response and created software, Visual Interrogation of Zebrafish Manipulations (VIZN), to automate data analysis. This process allows 96 Zebrafish larvae to be tested and resultant data to be analyzed in less than 35 minutes. We validated this system by disrupting function of a gene necessary for photoreceptor differentiation and observing decreased response to visual stimuli. Conclusions: This automated method along with VIZN allows rapid, high‐throughput, in vivo testing of Zebrafish's ability to respond to light/dark stimuli. This allows the rapid analysis of novel genes involved in visual function by morpholino, CRISPRS, or small‐molecule drug screens. Developmental Dynamics 245:605–613, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Purpose: To evaluate the effect of conjunctival shield on pain alleviation during cataract surgery in conjunctivochalasis patients for conjunctiva drawn into speculum suction holes during cataract surgery. Methods: Forty patients with conjunctivochalasis undergoing cataract surgery using un aspirating speculum were eval-uated in the present study. A thin piece of surgical wipe (conjunctival shield) was inserted between the lid and bulbar conjunctiva to shield the conjunctiva from the suction hole and thereby prevent it from being sucked into the hole. Additionally, patients were asked to rank pain following speculum placement both before and after conjunctiva shield insertion by visual analogue scale. Results: The pain scores were 2.50 ± 0.78 points before conjunctival shield insertion, and 1.25 ± 0.66 points after conjunctival shield insertion, which was a significant decrease ( p = 0.01). In addition, the results showed a 70% reduction in pain following shield insertion. Conclusions: Conjunctivochalasis causes pain during cataract surgery when using an aspirating speculum. The conjunctival shield insertion is a safe and simple method for pain-free cataract surgery in conjunctivochalasis patients.