Numerous types of images have spatial districts which are of higher priority than different areas. Image compression methods locate an incredible job in the field of clinical image handling. Change based image compression calculation execution is basically relying upon the encoding strategies, received. For clinical images, just a little segment of the image is analytically significant; however the danger of an off-base translation is high. Henceforth, Region of Interest (ROI) based method is huge for clinical image compression and transmission. In this paper, we propose lossless ROI for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images. The primary motivation behind this work is to dismiss the uproarious back-ground, also, reproduce the picture divides lossless.


This paper proposes an effective method for measuring the non-smoothness of time series data: Dirichlet mean energy function. The method expresses the time series data as an n-dimensional vector based on its own properties, and then abstracts the time series model as a chain graph model based on directed graph theory. The incidence matrix of the time series data is established based on the constructed chain graph model, and the Dirichlet mean energy function is de�ned in the form of matrix function. The Dirichlet mean energy function can quantitatively express the non-smoothness of time series data. The contribution of this paper is to proposes an effective mathematical tool for measuring the non-smoothness of time series data based on graph theory and matrix theory. In future work, we will further validate the validity of this tool in more application areas and extend this method to high-dimensional time series data.


Over 69% of Indian population that live across 0.6 million villages represent a significant part of Indian Society. However, little has been planned and invested in villages as compared to the urban areas. The fact that villages share only a little less than a quarter of the India's GDP tells us about the lost potential. The sheer numbers are enough to hold as a good argument for planning and dedicated research and investment in this sector. In an effort to empower these rural communities for living with their potentials and contributing positively to the national economy, the creation of the smart villages would not only affect the future of settlements but also force significant changes in the lifestyle in the rural areas. Investigating the elements of the character of the villages and sense of belongingness to the community, this research aims to


As I plan for my retirement, I look at the next generation of physician assistants and what the future looks like for them.


: To evaluate the normal conjunctival bacterial flora in the local region and to ascertain their sensitivity to antibiotics, prospective study was undertaken at Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt from January, 2014 to December, 2015.Conjunctival swabs were taken from the operated eye of patients scheduled for ophthalmic surgeries before instilling any antibiotic drops or local anesthetics and were used for bacterial isolation by culturing on blood agar plates and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on Mueller-Hinton agar using the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion technique. Results showed that 1036 out of 11468 conjunctival swabs (9.0%) had bacterial growth preoperatively. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Gram-positive. The predominant bacterial species isolated was Coagulase-negative staphylococci (57%) followed by S. aureus (18.1%), Streptococcus sp.(11.1%) and Micrococci(7.8%). Other bacterial isolates were Corynebacterium sp. (2.5%), Gram negative rods (1.9%) and Moraxella sp.(1.3%). Most of the bacterial isolates were resistant to Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole (67.2%), Fucidic acid (57.2%), Tetracycline(42.6%) and Erythromycin (33.5%), while Sulbactam-ampicillin showed maximum susceptibility (93.8%) followed by Chloramphenicol ( 88.5%), Vancomycin (87.7%), Neomycin (86.6%), Tobramycin ( 85.6%), Cefotaxime (83.9%) and Gentamycin (82.4%). About one third (28.2%) of all bacterial isolates and 30.4% of CNS isolates were multi-drug resistant MDR (resistant to > or = three antibiotics of different groups). In conclusion Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most common bacteria isolated from the conjunctival sac. Sulbactam-ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin and Neomycin, followed by, Tobramycin, Cefotaxime and Gentamycin are most effective against normal conjunctival flora. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and fucidic acid are the most ineffective of all the antibiotics tested. Our in vitro results, along with those of other investigators, should prompt further dialogue regarding antibiotic of choice for perioperative surgical prophylaxis in ophthalmic surgery.


. An analysis of studies on the development of the cluster approach in Uzbekistan indicates that this problem has recently received considerable attention. Thus, there are proposals for the organization of textile clusters that combine the processes of production of yarn, fabrics, and finished garments and knitwear; in some studies, the cotton complex is proposed as the basis for the formation of clusters.


Abstract J. R. Holub conjectured that the Banach spaceC(X) of real valued continuous functions does not admit a backward shift, ifXis a compact Hausdorff space with an infinite connected component. Here the conjecture is settled by proving that for arbitrary infinite compact Hausdorff spacesX,C(X) does not admit a backward shift.


THE ORIGINAL plans for Project Talent,1 heartily approved by its panels of professonal advisors, called for a long-term follow-up. A vast amount of data, such as biographical information, aptitude and achievement test scores, interests, personal activities has been collected for about 440,000 high school students; similarly, a wide range of school characteristics, guidance and counseling program information has been col lected for about 1,350 high schools. It was and is the plan of Project Talent to relate these data collected in the Spring of 1960 to information gathered about students one, five and possibly ten and twenty years after their graduation from high school. Broadly stated, the purposes of such studies are to try to determine the educational and life experiences which contribute to the devel opment of aptitudes and abilities, and to deter mine guidance procedures and educational poli cies and practices most effective in assisting each student to select a career which will assure him the greatest possible satisfaction and success. Results from the one-year follow-up of the 1960 senior class are now in hand. Work is progressing on the follow-up of the 1960 eleventh graders and the follow-up of the 1960 tenth graders should begin this year. It is the purpose of this paper to describe some of the problems and considerations involved in following up these high-school stu dents. The paper discusses the design, the execu tion, and the returns and costs of the first follow up of the 1960 senior class, begun in the Spring of 1961.


In the summer of 2002, Terry Clark asked me to write an essay about the history and development of my professional activities. Although I was flattered, I also realized that this must be a sign that I had reached a mature, sometimes confused with wise, stage of my life cycle. I delayed informing others about my maturity by waiting a year to complete this essay. However, unless the biomedical innovations with regard to aging accelerate rapidly, I need to be realistic: At this point, I still have the time and wherewithal to ponder new options. Besides, the process of reflection might be instructive. The title of my essay is intended to convey that seemingly random events have exerted major influences in my life. It is well known that we have little control over many aspects of our lives. Our diverse genetic makeup is fixed to a large degree, and we face extensive heterogeneity in the opportunities available to us. Nevertheless, there is a lot we can do to shape our lives. I will attempt to illustrate by reviewing my own state of affairs.


The synthesis of a mixture of epimeric derivatives of the peptaibol trichotoxin A‐50 (G) is described. The 'azirine/oxazolone method' has been used as a superior method for the introduction of the Aib as well as the Iva units into the peptide chain. In this protocol, 2,2‐disubstituted 2H‐azirin‐3‐amines are the synthons for 2,2‐disubstituted glycines, which undergo coupling with N‐protected amino or peptide acids in high yield, and without any need of coupling reagents. The problem of the instability of the amide function of the Gln side chain under the conditions of the acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of Z‐Gln‐(Aib)n‐N(Me)Ph was solved by using an appropriate protecting group for the amide function of the Gln side chain, e.g., the triphenylmethyl (trityl; Tr) group. The structures of two intermediate peptides, i.e., the segments comprising residues 1–5 and 10–13, resp., were established by X‐ray crystallography.


We propose a variant of the Upper Confidence bounds applied to Trees (UCT) algorithm as an alternative for time-constrained domain-independent probabilistic planning. The original UCT builds progressively the decision tree that represents a MDP and propagates averaged rewards through the tree. As a result, high but singular rewards in a large lookahead search can be "hidden out" in the partial tree generated by UCT. Our adaptation, called Soft-UCT, uses a "soft" generalized mean operator, starting the execution updating the expected reward with a weighted mean and, as the algorithm progresses and the search tree gets more similar to a complete search, the operator changes progressively until getting replaced by the maximum operator. We show how Soft-UCT performs in domain-independent probabilistic planning, with better results than UCT especially in domains that require a longer lookahead to get higher rewards.


According to international antidumping country distribution situation,this paper distinguishs the countries and regions that maybe exist retaliation action.And then,using antidumping statistic data between country and country,the paper judges the antidumping retaliation actions among countries or regions on the basis of three indexes,absolute quantity,relative quantity and the executing rate of antidumping measure.The analysis indicates that international antidumping has a characteristic of retaliation superficial appearances.It is reflected obviously by nine countries or regions such as India,United States and EU.Generally,the superficial appearances of international antidumping retaliation are of limited extent and not so prevalent.


Gates Aerospace Batteries [GAB] is currently participating in the full range of small and large satellites with a variety of products from three electrochemical technologies of NiCd, NiMH and NiHz In this presentation we discuss the role of small capacity cells [nominally 17 A-H and less] from those three electrochemical technologies. NiCd is of course the oldest technology. GAB's Survivability Database contains a total of 117 spacecraft with approximately 644 Total Mission Years of successful NiCd performance without a recorded failure. We continue to update this technology with improved plate designs and non-nylon separators to improve both performance and survivability. Nickel-metal hydride [NiMH] is one emerging technology that appears amenable for powering small spacecraft. In this technology, we literally replace the cadmium or negative electrode from NiCd technology with the metal-hydride electrode to form this new electrochemical couple. NiMH technology provides a reduction in both weight and volume as compared to NiCd technology. NiH z Planar Technology is another emerging technology that appears amenable for powering small spacecraft. In this technology, GAB has combined the superior capability of the nickel-hydrogen electrochemistry with the simplicity and design heritage of the mature NiCd product line. Again, GAB's success with this technology is based upon the expertise and heritage of the NiCd and NiH z programs.


In the last years, smartphones have become the major device for communication enabling Telco operators to capture subscribers' whereabouts. This location information allows computing geostatistics to study transportation systems, traffic jams, origin-destination matrix, etc. The first task to accomplish the aforementioned objectives is to detect routes that people use to go from A to B. Thus, in the present effort, we propose a method to extract automatically routes from CDR data relying on clustering and community detection algorithms.


The fact of the case that results in judicial decisions is a production of narrative rather than a direct outcome of evidences. The most important narrative strategy in the judicial process is the characterization,which guides the narrator organizing evidences into a story. And images of the characters in the story also induce andiences to recognize the judicial result expected by the narrator.


Emerging Industry 4.0 applications require ever-increasing amounts of data and new sources of information to more accurately characterize the different processes of a production line. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies, and in particular Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), allow a large amount of data to be digitized at a low energy cost, thanks to their easy scalability and the creation of meshed networks to cover larger areas. In industry, data acquisition systems must meet certain reliability and robustness requirements, since other systems such as predictive maintenance or the digital twin, which represents a virtual mapping of the system with which to interact without the need to alter the actual installation, may depend on it. Thanks to the IEEE 802.15.4e standard and the use of Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) as the medium access mechanism and IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) as the routing protocol, it is possible to deploy WSNs with high reliability, autonomy, and minimal need for re-configuration. One of the drawbacks of this communication architecture is the low efficiency of its deployment process, during which it may take a long time to synchronize and connect all the devices in a network. This paper proposes an analytical model to characterize the process for the creation of downstream routes in RPL, whose transmission of multi-hop messages can present complications in scenarios with a multitude of interfering nodes and resource allocation based on minimal IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH). This type of multi-hop message exchange has a different behaviour than the multicast control messages exchanged during the synchronization phase and the formation of upstream routes, since the number of interfering nodes changes in each retransmission.


A learning system with a neural network whose inputs are visual sensory signals and state of a manipulator, and whose outputs are joint torques, obtains the hand reaching movement by reinforcement learning. This paper shows some simulation results in the case of (1)variable link length and in the case of (2)external force which is loaded at the hand. In the former, a hidden neuron's representation is similar to the postcentral neurons of a monkey in Iriki's experiment. The neuron activates when the food is located at the place where the hand can reach it, and the range is extended to the range where a tool can reach when the monkey uses the tool. In the latter, it is shown that the system obtains inverse dynamics of its hand and environment. When it learns in the random force at every trial, the system becomes to use feedback control mainly to control its hand.


We report the development of a low cost, simple optical circuit board (OECB) using large core multi mode polymer waveguide on FR4 printed circuit board (PCB). The design of this OECB uses only a 45deg-ended waveguide to couple and decouple the optical signal directly between the optical devices and the waveguide. The 45deg mirror is formed using excimer laser process on a multi mode waveguide with temperature stability at reflow temperature. The optical waveguide is attached to a diced channel in the FR4 PCB using adhesive to form a completely planar circuit. This allows the laser diode and the photodiode to be assembled directly above the input and output of the waveguide using precision flip chip technology, which provides good alignment accuracy. This helps to increase the mechanical reliability of the circuit and minimize assembly requirements. Most importantly, all the electronic and optoelectronic devices used are commercially available components, the FR4 PCB fabrication process is standard process, the component assembly process is normal reflow process and the method is amenable for manufacturing. In the present publication, we report the details of the design, assembly process, high accuracy optical device attachment, performance characterization and testing results.


Endometrial cancer, the most common gynecologic malignancy in women in the United States typically presents with abnormal uterine bleeding. Given a case of endometrial cancer presenting as abdominal pain, we reviewed the different circumstances in which pain is the primary presenting symptom of endometrial cancer. Forty-one cases of endometrial carcinoma, were found. Patients presenting with bone pain were statistically significantly more likely to have a longer time to correct diagnosis (p<0.001), and to have metastatic disease than patients presenting with abdominal pain (p=0.001). Abdominal pain was more likely an initial presentation of endometrial cancer (p=0.003), to occur following any radiation treatment (p=0.001), and subsequent to irradiation for cervical cancer (p= 0.002), than was bone pain. Nevertheless, 21 of 32 cases (65.6%) of endometrial cancer presenting with pain for which stage is known, have advanced disease, confirming the widely held opinion that pain in endometrial cancer is indicative of advanced stage disease.


Alur Siwah field is located onshore in Block A PSC of PT Medco E&P Malaka, Aceh Province. Six of the ten drilled wells proved significant gas column in Peutu limestone and Tampur dolostone. Well tests indicated gas rates in the range of 0.2 – 42 MMSCFD from selected intervals in both formations. Estimated permeability values from well tests are in range of 0.6 – 3.7 mD. During drilling campaign in 2018 three wells was drilled with total depth around 9,500 ft TVD. AS-9A, AS-11 and AS-12 wells penetrated Peutu Limestone and TD was 213 ft TVD above common GWC. These three wells were completed with open hole and pre-drilled liner, the interval length ranging from 300 to 500 ft-MD. Since Peutu limestone has low permeability the reservoir needs stimulation to increase productivity, maintain gas sales according to GSA (Gas Sales Agreement), and optimize reservoir depletion. Matrix acidizing treatment was applied to remove formation damage. The method was proven successful in previous well at Alur Siwah field in 1990's. Peutu limestone challenges are high temperature (360 degF), high CO2 (up to 25%), high H2S content (up to 12,000 ppm), long interval open hole section (300-500 ft-MD), and water encroachment risk from water bearing zone. High temperature will accelerate acid reaction, and premature reaction might occur before reaching the reservoir. High CO2 & H2S might cause corrosion at completion string. Penetration into water bearing could cause water encroachment and water loading issue. With proper fluid selection, acid placement method, volume treatment design and execution, matrix acidizing can be applied safely and successfully to stimulate high temperature gas wells which have long interval open hole section completed with pre-drilled liner without water loading issue. This paper covers the application of acid stimulation in Alur Siwah field, well completion, post treatment well performance, best practices and lessons learned.


It has been established that the security, flexibility, and dynamic controllability of a process are inherent properties of its design, which also affects process economics. In this context, we employed a previously developed mixed-integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) approach to perform the simultaneous design and control of styrene polymerization reactors. Industrial- and laboratory-size semibatch jacketed reactors were considered. The gPROMS/gOPT package was successfully used to solve the mixed-integer dynamic optimizations. In each case, the geometry, initiator mixture composition, and control system were optimally determined in a single optimization run. We analyzed the effect of using different coolants with and without heat supply on the laboratory-scale reactor design. We also studied the effect of scale-up in the integrated process and control design. Design coincidences and differences were analyzed.


In view of importance of soil enzymes in biochemical functioning of natural resource - soil system for recycling of nutrients, impact of cotton ginning mill effluents on enzyme activities - dehydrogenase, phosphatase, amylase and invertase in black soil was examined in this study. Soil samples with effluent discharges exhibited higher activities of dehydrogenase, phosphatase, amylase and invertase than soil samples without effluent discharges (control sample). Two enzymes dehydrogenase and phosphatase showed maximum activities on 7 th


We present a comparison of two algorithms for solving the equations of unsteady inviscid compressible flow in a Eulerian frame. The first algorithm is a staggered grid Lagrange plus remap scheme. The Lagrange step in this method is a time-centered version of the scheme due to Tipton, while the remap step employs a variant of the corner transport upwind scheme due to Colella. The second algorithm is a spatially operator-split version of the higher-order Godunov scheme for gas dynamics due to Colella. They use the two methods to compute solutions to a number of one- and two-dimensional problems. The results show the accuracy and performance of the two schemes to be generally equivalent. In a 1984 survey paper by Woodward and Colella, staggered grid, Lagrange plus remap, artificial viscosity schemes did not compare favorably with cell-centered direct Eulerian higher-order Godunov methods. They examine, therefore, how certain features of the staggered grid scheme discussed here contribute to its improved accuracy. They show in particular that the improved accuracy of the present scheme is due in part to the use of a monotonic artificial viscosity in the Lagrange step and the use of an improved upwind method in the remap step.


This PhD thesis deals with the mathematical description of the micro-scale muscle contraction mechanisms with the aim of proposing and integrating our models into a multiscale heart simulation framework.This research effort is made in the context of digital medicine, which proposes to improve the treatment of patients with the use of numerical tools.The first contribution of this thesis is a literature review of the experimental works characterizing the actin-myosin interaction and its regulations to compile information in a useable form for the development of models.This stage is an essential prerequisite to modeling.We then propose a hierarchy of muscle contraction models starting from a previously proposed refined stochastic model, which was only validated for skeletal muscles, and applying successive simplification assumptions.The simplification stages transform the initial stochastic differential equation into a partial differential equation with a model that is part of the Huxley'57 model family.A further simplification then leads to a description governed by a set of ordinary differential equations.The relevance of these models, targeting different time scales, is demonstrated by comparing them with experimental data obtained with cardiac muscles and their range of validity is investigated.To integrate these microscopic descriptions into a heart simulation framework, we extend the models to take into account the force regulation mechanisms that take place in vivo, leading to the derivation of new partial differential equations.Then, we link the microscopic contraction models to the macroscopic organ model.We follow for that an approach based on the thermodynamical principles to deal with the multi-scale nature in time and space of the muscle tissue at the continuous and at the discrete levels.The validity of this simulation framework is demonstrated by showing its ability to reproduce the heart behavior and in particular to capture the essential features of the Frank-Starling effect.


This thesis details the design, implementation, and testing of a new electrochemical instrument for the in situ measurement of both major and environmentally relevant minor ions in fresh waters, namely Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4 , Cl −, NO3 , and SO 2− 4 . The instrument is built on a hybrid multi-probe / signal processing architecture and is implemented using commercial sensor hardware (primarily ion-selective electrodes (ISEs)) paired with a novel neural network processor designed to take advantage of a priori chemical knowledge about the system. Adaptation of this architecture to in-situ conditions and quantification of relatively minor ions required overcoming a number of challenges, including: (1) lack of a standardized method for unsupervised recording of ISE equilibrium potential, (2) non-availability of commercial electrodes for some ion species, and (3) detection of ion concentrations that fall below the ISE linear response region and/or are confounded by the presence of relatively large quantities of interfering ions. As such, a methodology is proposed and validated for standardization of ISE potential readings, resulting in consistent measurements completed in <6.5 min., improving replicability, and facilitating simultaneous measurement of up to 12 ion channels. The sensor suite is then designed such that each ISE provides information about more than one analyte, and finally, the artificial neural network (ANN) architecture is optimized for use on environmental chemical data by including software constraints implementing known chemical relationships, i.e., the concept of charge balance and the total ion-conductivity relationship. Two experiments are conducted using environmentally-relevant data sets (one semi-synthetic, one created in the lab) to characterize the effectiveness of the proposed ANN architecture. Final results demonstrate over an order of magnitude decrease in relative error (as measured against use of ISEs as stand-alone sensors) without concentration-dependent error bias, including estimates for analytes for which no specific ISE exists (SO2− 4 , Mg 2+, HCO3 ). Simultaneous un-biased quantification of all eight ions is achieved with 20% error on most channels including NO3 (concentrations ≤100 μM) and 50% error for NH4 (≤100 μM), however it is also demonstrated that errors of 10% are achievable for N-species ions even at low concentration if slightly higher uncertainties on other channels can be tolerated. Thesis Supervisor: Harold F. Hemond Title: William E Leonhard Professor of Civil and Envrionmental Engineering


In this paper, we study hypersurfaces of Euclidean spaces with arbitrary dimension. First, we obtain some results on $\mbox{H}$-hypersurfaces. Then, we give the complete classification of $\mbox{H}$-hypersurfaces with 3 distinct curvatures. We also give explicit examples.


My Purpose of this article is to explore the contemporary Spirituality Education. The understanding of Spirituality kept abreast with the times. Traditionally, view of Spirituality had some connection with another world, scorn of body, ascetic practice, self-denial. So, Spirituality discipline had something to do with some religious elite, monk, monastery, retirement. This study is to introspect critically traditional standpoint of spiritual discipline or direction. The methodology of this study is the "reconceptual approach" for Spirituality Direction. This methodology has two functions. One is to criticize the dichotomy of Spirituality, and the other is to build up and alternative to these. On the basis of reconceptual approach, this study is to research the identity of contemporary spirituality and contemporary spirituality education. this study criticizes standpoint of spirituality that spirituality makes no difference with meditation, contemplation, prayer, ascetical discipline. second, criticizes the understanding which divides spirituality into soul and body, this world and another world, the sacred and the mundane, reason and sensitivity. In the concept of contemporary spirituality, contemporary spirituality education is concerned with union of God ill everyday life, formation of holistic Spirituality in everyday life and self-intropection for spiritual maturity.


Deformation of soft tissue is a significant simulation part in minimally invasive surgery. This paper presents a dynamic nonlinear finite element method for modeling of soft tissue deformation. This method models large-range deformation via the second-order Piola-Kirchhoff stress. It condenses the stiffness matrix to reduce the degrees of freedom of the entire soft body at each node for every time step to improve the computational performance. Simulations and comparison analysis show that the proposed method can predict the nonlinear behaviors of soft tissues and requires a small amount of time.


Solid state digital cameras are finding their place in the aerial imaging market; a market heretofore dominated by film mapping cameras. Emerge teamed with Landcare Aviation, hc., has eight Cessna 172 aircraff equipped with state-of-the-art digital camems, dual-channel Global Positioning Systems (GPS) receivers, and inertial measurement units (LMU). This trio of sensors collects image^ with position and attitude data that permits geopositioning of each fmme without the use of ground surveyed control points. Also, two Piper Aztec aircraft are available where flying above 10,000 feet is required. The camems are Kodak DCS 460 frame camems with a CCD array of 3072 by 2048 pixels in each frame. The cameras collect either natuml color or color infrared imagery, depending on the filter used. The output products are I , 2-, or 3-foot ground sampled distance (GSD) orthorectified frames or mosaics on CD-ROM, photo paper, or transparencies. Applications for the imagery are in agriculture, forestry, geoloogy, water resources, floods and disaster assessment, and pollution detection, as well as orthorectified image maps for a variety of land-use planning activities. The collection system and its technology are highlighted in order to describe today's airborne direct digital imaging technology. Introduction Continued improvements in the resolution and geometric quality of solid-state digital sensors is making airborne digital imaging systems a competitive option in the remote sensing business. During the past two decades, film camera manufacturers have also added significant technological improvements to their cameras. These improvements are forward motion compensation, angular motion stabilization platforms, higher lenslfilm resolution, and interfaces to the Global Positioning System (GPS). These improvements have brought today's mapping cameras to achieve 40 lp/mm area weighted average resolution in practice. While the mapping camera was reaching a mature state, electronic technology produced the charge-coupled device (CCD), and, in the 19808, the solid-state camera began to show up in the marketplace. The CcD is sensitive to wavelengths (0.4 to 1 km) in the visible and near-infrared parts of the spectrum. Therefore, the c c ~ became the focal plane detector for digital cameras, and it can produce color or colorinfrared (CIR) imagery. About the same time, electronic computer technology was well on its way toward influencing softcopy work stations in lieu of traditional photogrammetric instruments. Now at the turn of the century, the mapping business is in a slow, but sure, transition from analog to all-digital systems. Even though the time-proven film camera is the workhorse around the world, the users are scanning the film into pixels for use in softcopy workstations. So, the transition to digital systems is happening in most mapping and remote sensing organizations throughout the world. This is especially true for those who use geographic information systems (GIS)-a powerful tool in today's imagery driven mapping business. Part of the transition can be attributed to the Landsat and SPOT satellites and to a host of other satellite borne systems that transmit their imagery back to Earth via digital data links. The digital image is reconstructed at the ground station where hard copy can be printed, and it can be brought up on computer work-stations for image processing such as geometric and radiometric corrections. All of this activity is moving at the speed of electronic technology, so it is just as common, these days, to speak of ground sampled distance (GSD) or pixel size for digital systems as it is to say ground resolution or line-pairsfram for film systems. The successful launch of Space Imaging's Ikonos Satellite and the planned launches by Earthwatch and Orbimage during the next year will introduce even more digital image data into the marketplace, and this will further fuel the transition. In the post 2000 era, the user community has a choice of pixel image data from scanned film, satellite image data, and airborne all-digital image data. The selection criterion should be image quality and resolution, positional accuracy, and price per square mile. The Airborne Direct Digital Data Acquisition System described in this paper offers high image quality in color or color-infrared imagery, Each frame is geopositioned by use of kinematic GPS and a precision Litton inertial measuring unit (IMU). The integration of the GPS, the IMLJ, and camera data along with a digital elevation model (DEM) permits technicians to orthorectify and geoposition their image product without the need for ground surveyed control points. This process is called direct georeferencing and it obviates the need for aerial triangulation and ground control points-a major cost saving. Categories of Imagery Products The categories of products that can be generated by the Digital Production System are as follows: Single frames, Wide area coverage mosaics from single frames, Digital ortho image quadrangles, Linear single frames, Linear mosaics, and Point target frames. All products are orthorectified and georeferenced to meet National Map Accuracy Standards at 1:10,000 scale or better. Appllcatlons and Markets for Digital Imagery Products There have been a number of marketing studies (KPMG Peat Marwick, 1991) which have attempted to estimate the remote sensing data market by the year 2000. The KPMG Peat Marwick study suggests that well over $100 million will be spent on high*Revised version of a paper presented at the International Symposium on Spectral Sensing Research (ISSSR), Las Vegas, Nevada, 31 October-04 November 1899. Emerge 8r Landcare Aviation, 6 Tawney Pointe, Rochester, NY 14626 (email@example.com). Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Vol. 67, No. 11, November 2001, pp. 1299-1305. 0099-1112/01/6711-1299$3.00/0


By oxidation of β-keto acids, cyclopropanols, and acyl chromate complexes with tris (2-pyridinecarboxylato) manganese (III) (Mn (pic) 3), α-keto, β-keto, and alkyl radicals are generated respectively, which react with olefinic compounds to afford intermolecular addition products in good yield. On the other hand, the cation radicals can be generated from α-stannylalkyl sulfides, α-stannylalkyl amine derivatives, and α-stannyl carboxylic esters by oxidation with ammonium hexanitratocerate (N) (CAN). These cation radicals of stannyl compounds readily cleave into carbocation or radical species, which are utilized as reactive intermediates for carbon-carbon bond formation.


This article describes utilization of the developed information system NAHOS for tool management system for use in injection molding to handle used tools (molds). This information system was developed in last years in cooperation of Faculty of Technology and Faculty of Applied Informatics of Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic and in last period was applied in area of injection molding. There are some specific properties compare to tool management in other manufacturing processes, for example in machinery – much more technological information connected to own technological process, more graphical data etc. Described information system gives for users the possibility store all needed information and data as attributes of molds, use these attributes for finding appropriate tool (mold) and simple use stored data in injection molding process.


Background.- It is inevitable to use radiation in many fields of the life at present and in future. In this respect, monitoring of the radiation has a big importance to keep of the harmful effects of radiation for human being and his future. For this purpose biological dosimeter has been used for nearly 30 years and shows improvements at the parallel of the increasing scientific developments. In this work, past and present situation of using of biological materials and cytogenetic techniques for the determination of the absorbed radiation dose were discussed. Also, especially the reasons and results of using of chromosome aberrations in the biological dosimeter have been summarized with the investigation of published papers about this subject. * Anahtar kelimeler: Biyolojik dozimetri, Kromozom aberasyonu, Radyasyon * Key words: Biological dosimetry, Chromosome aberration, Radiation


ABSTRACT In feature based image matching, distinctive features in images are detected and represented by feature descriptors. Matching is then carried out by assessing the similarity of the descriptors of potentially conjugate points. In this paper, we first shortly discuss the general framework. Then, we review feature detection as well as the determination of affine shape and orientation of local features, before analyzing feature description in more detail. In the feature description review, the general framework of local feature description is presented first. Then, the review discusses the evolution from hand-crafted feature descriptors, e.g. SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform), to machine learning and deep learning based descriptors. The machine learning models, the training loss and the respective training data of learning-based algorithms are looked at in more detail; subsequently the various advantages and challenges of the different approaches are discussed. Finally, we present and assess some current research directions before concluding the paper.


Compound 80/53 is a new antimalarial agent developed at C.D.R.I. it is unstable in acidic conditions where it is converted into primaquine. To conduct stability studies of this compound, TLC densitometric and U. V, spectrophotometric estimation methods have been developed. These methods are also suitable for the estimation of 80/53 or primaquine in their dosage forms and bulk drug samples.


Due to the continuous growth of Internet users, computer systems become more powerful to follow still rising needs. Modern structures so-called Information Systems encompass not only more reliable hardware, but first of all multifunctional and thus highly compound software. On one hand, this gives great opportunity to realize very complex tasks through a network, even such as commercial business services. On the other hand, this introduces many issues with dependability of such systems that management and control of these infrastructures becomes extremely hard. Adapting well-studied knowledge on systems dependability to the new circumstances, we emphasize role of performance as one of dependability properties. Our response for requirements of efficient means for optimization and forecasting of Information Systems is to revitalize queuing models concept and combine them with computer simulation techniques in order to obtain scalable, fast and detailed enough analysis methodology.


The results of the structural dynamic investigation of two sevenstory reinforced concrete frame structures are presented here. The structures are both Holiday Inn rnotor hotels that are essentially identical: one is locrted about 13 miles and the other about 26 miles from the epicenter of the February 9, 1971, San Fernando earthquake. Appreciable nonstructural damage as well as some structural damage was observed. Strong-motion seismic records were obtained for the roof, intermediate story, and ground floor of each structure. The analyses are based on data from the structural drawings, architectural drawings, photographs, engineering reports, and seisrnogram records obtained before, during, and after the San Fernando earthquake. Both structures experienced motion well beyond the limits of the building code design criteria. A change in fundamental period was observed for each structure after several seconds of response to the earthquake, which indicated nonlinear response. The analyses indicated that the elastic capacity of some structural members was exceeded. Idealized linear models were constructed to approximate response at various time segments. A method for approximating the nonlinear response of each structure is presented. The effects of nonstructural elements, yielding beams, and column capacities are illustrated. Comparisons of the two buildings are made for ductilitymore » factors, dynarnic response characteristics, and damage. Conclusions are drawn concerning the effects of the earthquake on the structures and the future capacities of the structures. (auth)« less


The isotopic composition of oxygen and carbon in the Leadville limestone and in the hydrothermal dolomites and contact metamorphic marbles that replace the limestone is related to the geologic occurrence of these rocks. The Leadville formation includes widespread uniform beds of limestone, dolomite, and chert that show no obvious secondary alteration. The oxygen isotope composition of these beds approximates that of other apparently "unaltered" carbonate sediments of pre-Mesozoic age. Moreover, isotopic fraction-ation measured between calcite and quartz also suggests that the beds crystallized at near-surface temperatures. In contrast, Leadville quartz and carbonates in the great halo of hydrothermal dolomite that is spatially and temporally related to sulfide ore at Gilman, Colorado, yield a range of oxygen isotope values, all lower in O18, that are indicative of much higher temperatures. Differences in oxygen isotopes in quartz, dolomite, and occasional calcite within the halo in the Gilman area are fairly systematic with respect to ore and obvious conduits. Highest temperatures are indicated at ore and at conduits. Successively lower temperatures of formation seem indicated toward the perimeter of the dolomite halo, 2-15 miles away. Consequently, the measured variations in the isotopic composition of oxygen may prove to be a useful guide to ore. They clearly contribute to an understanding of the origin and emplacement of these deposits. The oxygen isotope compositions of quartz, calcite, and dolomite in the Yule marble, a contact-meta-morphic phase of the Leadville formation, and in the Leadville calcite adjacent to quartz-latite sills are intermediate values consistent with the geological evidence that these types of metamorphism were relatively dry.


The purpose of the paper was to carry out training needs analysis for entrepreneurial skills in artisanal engineering small businesses in Zimbabwe. The main aim of the study was to enhance sustainability of small scale artisanal engineering businesses through training and development. Research was based on a survey of artisanal engineering Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in mining, carpentry and fabrication in Mashonaland West Province. The sample chosen was based on information of registered artisanal engineers obtained from the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises. The study revealed that most of the practicing small scale artisanal engineers lacked Business Management Skills, Entrepreneurial skills and Technical skills. Furthermore, findings revealed that entrepreneurs required training and advice on specific areas such as: compiling a business plan; market research; identifying business and market opportunities; marketing and advertising; entrepreneurial skills training; financial and cash flow planning; networking opportunities; counselling and advice on Managing a business and risk management. This paper endeavoured to capacitate entrepreneurs with business management and entrepreneurial skills to assist them to run their businesses viably, enhance their business growth and contribute to the country's economic growth. It was revealed through the study that most curricula used for engineers focused mainly on the technical skills at the expense of the business management skills.


Conflicting objectives among the auto industry, the consumer, and the Federal government are outlined, as well as the problems of current petroleum supply and foreign car imports facing the U.S. economy. The impact of Federal regulations (emission, fuel economy, noise, and safety) and possible state policy changes (e.g. adoption of "closed hood" policy which prohibits engine tampering) on the auto industry in the next decade is addressed. The Department of Energy Automotive Heat Engine Program is currently focusing on the development of gas turbine and Stirling engines by 1983 in order to provide the following advantages: at least a 30% improvement in fuel economy over the best internal combustion engine system design for the same performance; emissions cleaner than the original Clean Air Act standards (including any new particulate standards); multifuel capability; and a system suitable for production engineering and commercialization. A market projection for these advanced heat engine technologies in passenger cars and light trucks is presented, as well as their total energy savings potential.


A clinical assessment of the relative values of the hot, the cold and the bithermal hot and cold caloric tests was carried out in a group of normals as compared to patients suffering from vestibular neuronitis, Ménière's disease, head injuries and acoustic neuromas. Results indicate that the hot or the cold test alone does not provide as much information as the bithermal test. A correlation of this result was made to the presence of a spontaneous nystagmus, positional nystagmus and directional preponderance. These forms of nystagmus present are unable to predict the indication for the hot caloric test alone. It is concluded that bithermal tests be continued until further progress on standardization and normal data are available for each of the three sets of tests, obtained separately.


A preliminary screening of fifty eight plants for antibacterial activity was carried out. Most of these plants are mentioned in the traditional systems of medicine as sources of aseptic agents. Fifteen of them were found to possess antibacterial activity, out of which nine showed broad spectrum activity by disc diffussion method. Both crude and acetone extracts of Punica granatum, Tamarindus indica, Garcinia gummygutta, Averhoea carambola and Spondias pinnata were active against all the organisms. The crude extract was found to be more active than acetone extract.


Tooth whitening has grown as one of the most requested dental procedures as the public continuously demands whiter smiles for appearance enhancement. This demand resulted in many options of home-based products (toothpastes, films, gels) and in-office-based products based on concentrated bleaching agents (typically hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide) to be applied under professional supervision. However, protocols involving bleaching agents may increase tooth demineralization, tooth-surface roughening/softening, as well as degradation of dental restorations. Violet illumination alone has been proposed as an alternative to reduce tooth sensitivity while keeping desired whitening effects. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of whitening treatments using violet illumination (VI) alone or combined with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) gel, as well as cleaning teeth with and without mineral oil. This assessment was performed by calculating whiteness and yellowness indexes based on the color change for the experimental groups: control, VI alone (VI group), VI with 35% HP gel (VI + HP group), violet illumination without 35% HP gel and cleaned with mineral oil before washing (VI + HP + oil group). All procedures were performed in 16 bovine teeth (1) stored in 5% thymol solution immediately after extraction, (2) subsequently cleaned and (3) stained with instant coffee solution for 24 hours (except by the control group). Our results suggested that the VI + gel whitening treatment was able to completely restore the teeth whiteness while lowering its yellowness by 31.2% compared to the control group. The VI + oil treatment was 3.7 times more effective in increasing whiteness and decrease yellowness compared to VI treatment. The performance of whitening treatments could potentially be increased by cleaning the tooth surface with mineral oil. The VI + gel treatment should be recommended against coffee stains and potentially investigated for stain types in future research.


Grosby is a Hong Kongese invested shoe supplier to international brand companies like Marks & Spencer and Clarks. Workers at the factory used to receive a long-term service subsidy. However, Grosby claimed in May that it was required by the government to change its name and legal representative. The company used this transition as an excuse not to distribute payments to workers, including monthly wages, subsidies, and social insurance.


The provision of business training with microfinance leads to a positive impact on assets for the participating households. We correct for membership selection bias and account for potential training endogeneity with propensity score matching, using data from the Self Help Group microfinance program in India.


The present paper is a historical study of the formation of the ethnic community of the Bao'ans of Gansu Province concluding that it has undergone three phases, that of the sub-ethnic consciousness, that of a natural ethnic consciousness and that of an active ethnic consciousness,that the interaction with other ethnic groups has helped build up their ethnic identity and that the completion of the formation is marked by their settlement in the Jishi mountain areas.


The explosive growth of the Internet has generated interests from researchers around the world. New applications of the Internet, such as video, audio and mission-critical applications, challenge researchers to develop more effective ways to deliver these applications to end users. Multicasting, QoS and MPLS emerge as new technologies and are being developed. The integration of MPLS, multicasting and/or QoS is still an open topic. RFC3353, released in August 2002, gives an overview of IP multicast in an MPLS environment. This thesis first presents RFC3353 in brief and then an extension to RFC for multicast aggregation and loop prevention in MPLS networks are discussed. FEC aggregation is proposed where IP header is not affected in the aggregation in MPLS networks. A mechanism to dynamically aggregate multicast traffic in MPLS network is presented in this thesis. Both source specific tree and shared tree are considered as network topologies. Multicast loops may exist in MPLS network during network transition. The multicast loop forming in PIM-SM, PIM-DM and DVMRP is discussed in MPLS networks. The Colored thread and the No thread mechanisms for multicast loop prevention are provided in this thesis. In addition to aggregation and loop prevention, DiffServ multicast traffic merging in MPLS networks is also considered in this thesis. Two multicast traffic merging modes, root-initiated and leaf-initiated, are discussed in such DiffServ-supported MPLS networks. Multicast routing protocols such as PIM-SM PIM-DM and DVMRP are considered here.


We trace the extent of performance deviation of privatized banks from established private banks in 30 countries from 1994 to 2005 and investigate the role of bank regulatory and supervisory norms, market competition, ownership structure, deposit insurance scheme, and governance structure affecting the deviation. Evidence shows that privatization does improve the performance of banks in the first year of being privatized, but performance gradually declines, which is consistent with the government restructuring argument before the privatization. Governance, foreign ownership, banking freedom (regulations), and the deposit insurance scheme in respective economies are found to affect performance deviation significantly.


Of all the terms in general use in international law none is more challenging than that of " intervention." Scarcely any two writers are to be found who define this term in the same way or who classify the same situations under it. To one writer it is the interference of one state in the affairs of another; to a second writer it is " unwarranted" interference; to a third it is interference in the domestic or internal affairs of the state; to a fourth it is interference in external as well as internal affairs. Some writers include interference of a third state between two belligerents in time of war, by taking sides with one against the other; others include only interference between the parties to a civil war. Some include " diplomatic intervention," where the intervening state interferes in behalf of its citizens in cases of alleged denial of justice by the other state; others regard such interference merely as " interposition," since it does not involve an attempt to control the character of the foreign government but merely to influence its conduct. Many jurists regard all intervention as illegal; an American jurist constructs an entire volume on international law around the central theme of the right of intervention.


In order to effectively remove gross error of collected data from the industrial field and reduce the impact of random error,to let that the coordination of data to better meet the material and energy balance and maximize the accuracy of the soft sensor model,the gross error detection based on the clustering ideological and the data reconciliation based on the synchronization algorithm were proposed.The data collected from bisphenol-A production process field was corrected.The simulation results show that after correction the data error rate has been reduced,thereby improving the accuracy of the data source and the generalization ability.


Abstract This article focuses on Italian schools in Scotland during the Fascist ventennio. The Italian-Scottish case study will be helpful to understand one of the principal means, the schools, that the Fascist regime used from the early 1920s in order to preserve the Italian identity of second-generation Italians. From the first half of the 1930s, the schools also became one of the key channels for spreading Fascist ideology and propaganda. Nevertheless, in Scotland, the schools also had a social significance, as Italians began to gather and socialise through them as a community. Accordingly, the foundations and educational, social and political roles of the schools will be examined. The article offers an insight into a topic neglected by Italian and British scholars, despite the second biggest Italian diasporic community in Britain residing in interwar Glasgow.


This study explores the relationship between product meaning and product service systems (PSSs), in the context of innovation of meaning (IoM). Existing IoM studies have focused on intended meaning (as defined in new product development) and ignored the received meaning that users reconstruct throughout an entire product life cycle. The process by which a user assigns meaning to things can be not only static but also dynamic. This study focuses on PSSs as comprising integrated products and contexts offered by services, and analyses the case of Japan's largest manufacturer of ankle–foot orthoses, which is an assistive product. The results show that PSSs help users reconstruct meanings in dynamic cognitive processes; PSSs also help users leverage metaphors that contribute to consistency between products and services. Additionally, the positive emotion elicited from users by novel meanings can help augment profits by promoting the sale of related products and services.


Abstract : This report results from a contract tasking Scientific Research Institute of Precision Device Engineering (SRIPDE) as follows: The contractor will investigate photometry observations of space objects on Russian Northern Caucases Station Kosmoten. The contractor will conduct photometric observations from kosmoten of ten satellites in geosynchrynous orbit, and data resulting from photometric observations to detect non-orbital motion of satellites and provide results of analysis to include description of measurement methods and evaluation of accuracy, including effects on measurement quali atmospheric instability.


Observations have been obtained within an intense (precipitation rates > 50 mm h−1) narrow cold‐frontal rainband (NCFR) embedded within a broader region of stratiform precipitation. In situ data were obtained from an aircraft which flew near a steerable dual‐polarisation Doppler radar. The observations were obtained to characterise the microphysical properties of cold frontal clouds, with an emphasis on ice and precipitation formation and development.


In this paper, a new algorithm for blind digital watermarking based on chaotic sequences is presented. .It decides the place where watermarking is embedded through the chaotic sequences, and the watermarking is only retrieved through the right secret key. The retrieval of watermarking need not original image, so it is a blind watermarking algorithm, The intention of embedding watermarking is based on the JPEG qualtization table, which help to embed more information. The experimental results show that this algorithm is easy to perform and is robust to most common signal processing attacks and can meet demand of the watermarking to a certain extent.


Broadband over Power Line (BPL) has evolved since its advent in the United States in 2001. Whereas then the focus was on commercial services, such as high-speed Internet access and VoIP, now there is probably as much or more interest in using BPL for so-called smart-grid applications. This paper proposed a BPL system for smart grid application and it is implementation over a typical power system in a newly developed residential area in Egypt. The results of the field test with the effect of using noise filters are also evaluated.


Two stations, Hiddensee (station I) and Boiensdorf (station II), of Baltic Sea shallow coastal waters which differ in sulfide concentration and salinity were examined with regard to changes in cyanobacterial community under the influence of sulfide between 1992 and 1994. High abundances of both heterocyst containing filamentous cyanobacteria (e.g. Nodularia) as well as unicellular forms (e.g. Merismopedia) were found at station I in the absence of sulfide in the water column. These groups of cyanobacteria decreased significantly with increasing sulfide concentration up to 4 mM during summer time. Simultaneously, a mass development of 4 gliding, filamentous cyanobacteria (Microcoleus chthonoplastes, Lyngbya aestuarii, Oscillatoria margaritifera and Oscillatoria sp.) occurred. These cyanobacteria exhibit a large tolerance for high sulfide concentrations and form mats of a few cm thickness. The ability to adapt to changing sulfide concentrations is species dependent. No sulfide was detected in the water of station II, where a large abundance of different cyanobacteria species was observed in summer without a mass development of a distinct species. A comparable development of the cyanobacterial coenosis and the occurrence of the same species were observed at both stations during fall and winter. Most of the isolated cyanobacteria oxidize sulfide phototrophically and stoichiometrically to thiosulfate with an intermediate formation of sulfite. Depending on environmental conditions, shifts in the physicochemical gradients (redox potential, oxygen, sulfide) occurrred in the sediments of both stations in the course of a year.


Recent years have seen a move away from a hierarchical and paternalistic relationship between health professionals and patients towards one that respects autonomy, personal expertise and the contribution that users can make to service development. The central philosophy of this cancer education programme for non-specialist professionals emphasised the importance of enhancing communication and patient-centred care, and it was decided to invite former patients to participate in classroom settings. This article explores the issues that arise from such participation and makes suggestions for the effective involvement of patients in cancer care education. A case is made for further research into patient-led education.


For the high economic development in China, elevation of productivity serves as a key factor. The purpose of every ongoing reform and execution of plan is to boost productivity and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) have benefited a lot. This study aims at 25 cities, which are at least municipalities in PRD and YRD from 1996 to 2010, applying metafrontier model to consider the differences among regions. We also exempt the impact of environmental variables to reasonably evaluate technical efficiency of regional economics. The result indicates that there exists difference in productivity in PRD and YRD. PRD opens to the outside world earlier; its concept and system are more advantageous than those of the YRD. Moreover, PRD serves as the birthplace of China's system innovation; however, as policies turn the direction to YRD gradually, economic development of PRD goes downhill and its productivity is in an unstable state.


A stopped-flow injection (FI) spectrophotometric procedure based on iodometric reaction for the determination of chlorate has been developed. Standard/sample was injected into a stream of potassium iodide solution and then merged with a stream of hydrochloric acid solution to produce triiodide. By stopping the flow while the sample zone is being in a mixing coil, a slow reaction of chlorate with iodide in acidic medium was promoted to proceed with minimal dispersion of the triiodide product zone. When the flow started again, a concentrated product zone was pushed into a flow cell and a signal profile due to light absorption of the product was recorded. Employing a lab-built semi-automatic stopped-FI analyser, the analysis can be performed with higher degree of automation and low chemical consumption. Linear calibration graph in the range of 5-50 mg ClO3 - L -1 was obtained, with detection limit of 1.4 mg ClO3 - L -1 . Relative standard deviation of 2.2% (30 mg ClO3 - L -1 , n=10) and sample throughput of about 20 h -1 were achieved. The system was applied to soil samples and validated by batch spectrophotometric and standard titrimetric methods.


1. Indocyanine green clearance was studied in eight undernourished subjects. 2. The data showed that in mild to moderately, undernourished adult males, the plasma concentration of ICG were low, the t 0.5 tended to prolong, as a result of increased volume of distribution. 3. However, the ICG clearance was not found to be affected indicating that the clearance of drugs with a high hepatic extraction ratio is unlikely to be altered in these subjects.


Part 1 Theoretical foundations: the withering away of communism - the end of an idea, economic analysis of institutional change, the book's objectives - from models to reality, two historic views of the industrial revolution, lessons from the collapse, the new world order, key points the political economy of reform - new political and economic challenges, political impediments to economic reform, transition to what?, problems in political economy, key points why private markets work - why these reforms?, price liberalization, property privatization, macroeconomic stabilization, industry restructuring and deregulation, trade liberalization, an active role for government, failure - markets versus plans, key points growth models for assessing reforms - reforms lead to growth, growth modelling -description, purposes and limitations, the structure of growth models, the working and outcome of growth models, saving, the essential ingredient, key points how each reform promotes growth - the economic channels of reform, price liberalization, property privatization, macroeconomic stabilization, industrial restructuring and deregulation, trade liberalization, summary, reforms and growth, key points challenges facing reformers - why a political model is important, interaction of political and economic systems, a model of elections and politics, common problems facing reformers, unique local conditions, key points. Part 2 Country chapters: Bulgaria - impatient but indecisive -history before communism, history under communism, political transition, economic changes, economic reform - three steps forward and two back, conclusions and recommendations are the Czechs capitalist superstars? - history before communism, history under Soviet rule, the Velvet revolution, economic reforms, economic performance and the future Estonia is headed west -Estonia before the Soviets, history under Soviet rule, political transition and the birth of Estonian reforms, attitudes toward reforms since independence, economic reforms - how complete, how successful?, sustainability of reforms and the future a taste of Hungarian goulash - history before communism, history under communism, the political transition, a question of political will, conclusions and outlook can the Russians make it? - history before communism, history under communism, the political transition, economic reform, economic performance, conclusions and recommendations will the Slovaks stay the course? - Slovakia before the Soviets, the Soviet years, the Velvet revolution and divorce, economic reforms, the future looks better than the past, conclusions and questions the long and winding road. Part 3 Appendices: appendix A - reforms in growth models, the corn economy, the public fisc and private budgets, endogenous technological change and technology transfer, technology transfer appendix B - political influence, economic performance and reform efforts - an econometric analysis of six newly independent co


An examination of proposals to improve the international monetary system by creating central exchange rates and a discussion of why such a policy might not be in the best interest of the United States.


The Clean Development Mechanism is one of the so-called flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. These mechanisms are designed to make it easier and cheaper for industrialized countries to meet the Green House Gas (GHG) emission reduction targets agreed to under the protocol. This article analysis the prospects for renewable energy projects under CDM. The CDM will also enable developing countries to attract investments in clean energy technology and assist them on a sustainable development path.


It is disclosed a controller for a continuously variable vehicle transmission. When a target speed ratio is set as the maximum transmission ratio, and a vehicle speed below a first reference vehicle speed decreases, the control sets varying the gear ratio by the transmission controller, and starts a transmission ratio holding control, the operating oil from a first oil pressure chamber liberates and holds the transmission ratio at the maximum ratio. Furthermore, the control terminates the transmission ratio holding control and leads to operating oil of the first oil pressure chamber when the vehicle speed to a second reference vehicle speed or rises higher, which is lower than the first reference vehicle speed, and starts varying the gear ratio by the transmission control unit new, when the vehicle speed then increases to the first reference speed or higher.


This paper is the result of a literature review on environmental requirements for fungal growth indoors. Popular and not quite precise opinions on the "high humidity of the environment" necessary for fungal growth have been clarified by information on their environmental requirements (for instance, water activity) contained in a variety of publications.


Let U = [{Mi: i ∈ I}; U; {øi: i ∈ I}] be a monoid amalgam of inclusions, i.e. U and each Mi is a monoid, and øi: U → Mi are inclusions. Let be the monoid free product of the amalgam U (see for example [10] for these concepts), and let β: B → H be a homomorphism of monoids. The type of question we seek to answer in this paper is under what conditions (on β, B and H) can we deduce that B is isomorphic to the free product of the amalgam


Major improvements in Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary Pacific-Antarctica
plate reconstructions, and new East-West Antarctica rotations, allow a more
definitive test of the relative motion between hotspots using global plate circuit
reconstructions with quantitative uncertainties. The hotspot reconstructions,
using an updated Pacific-hotspot kinematic model, display significant misfits of
observed and reconstructed hotspot tracks in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
The misfits imply motions of 5-80 mm/yr throughout the Cenozoic between the
African-Indian hotspot group and the Hawaiian hotspot. Previously recognized
misfits between reconstructed Pacific plate paleomagnetic poles and those of
other plates might be accounted for within the age uncertainty of the
paleomagnetic poles, and non-dipole field contributions. We conclude that the
derived motion of the Hawaiian hotspot relative to the Indo-Atlantic hotspots
between 61 Ma and present is a robust result. Thus, the Pacific hotspot
reference frame cannot be considered as fixed relative to the deep mantle. The
bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount chain at 43 Ma resulted from a
speedup in the absolute motion of the Pacific plate in a westward direction
during a period of southward migration of the hotspot. The relationship between
the hotspot motion and plate motion at Hawaii suggests two possible scenarios:
an entrainment of the volcanic sources in the asthenosphere beneath the rapidly
moving plate while the hotspot source drifted in a plate-driven counterflow
deeper within the mantle, or drift of the hotspot source which was independent
of the plate motion, but responded to common forces, producing synchronous
changes in hotspot and plate motion during the early Tertiary.


In the US, and to a lesser extent, Europe, decisions in the refining industry for the past decade have been driven by environmental regulations developed on national and local levels. Lead phasedown, cleaner diesel fuel, or gasoline reformulation and oxygenation have been the key factors, often overwhelming an industry that is beset with shrinking margins and stagnating demand. The picture is quite different in the Asia-Pacific market, as a result, the world`s major oil companies have all turned their attention to exploiting some of the opportunities in the world`s fastest-growing market economies. Environmental concerns are one factor to consider in the gasoline/diesel mix in Asia, but other issues should be remembered. These issues are discussed.


The diversification of the energy supply associated with the increasing interest in clean energy sources make most of the countries seek new technologies that could meet these needs. In this way, there has been a large increase in the number of wind turbines connected to the network. Considering the technological development and consequent increase in their capacity, the impact of wind turbines upon the network has been considered increasingly important for both steady state and dynamic conditions. In view of that, this paper will present a dynamic analysis of the impacts, especially electromechanical transients, caused by doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbines connected to the transmission electrical system.


In this paper a method for recognition of handwritten devanagari characters is described. Here, feature vector is constituted by accumulated directional gradient changes in different segments, number of intersections points for the character, type of spine present and type of shirorekha present in the character. One Multi-layer Perceptron with conjugate-gradient training is used to classify these feature vectors. This method is applied to a database with 1000 sample characters and the recognition rate obtained is 88.12%


Based on a literature survey the present thesis analyses symptoms of renal osteodystrophy, a consequence of chronic renal failure. Within the disease complex of chronic renal failure renal osteodystrophy represents one of the main reasons for the morbidity of the affected patients (Ferreira, 2006).

One target of this dissertation is to describe the origin of different types of renal osteodystrophy, its pathogenesis, clinical phenomenons and diagnostic routines. Evaluating the current state of therapy is another main focus. At this point, mode of action, dosage, side effects and risks of different therapeutics have been proved by current research results.

There are two different kinds of renal osteodystrophy: high turnover bone disease and low turnover bone disease. Current literature studies indicate that incidences have changed over the last three decades: In the 1970s and 1980s the high turnover bone disease caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism and lack of vitamin D were predominant. Due to intensified application of vitamin D-metabolites in order to treat high turnover bone disease, increasing occurrence of diabetes mellitus and the higher age of patients, a strong parathyroid suppression and low turnover bone disease has appeared more often in the meantime.

With regard to diagnostic routines, bone biopsy for histomorphometric evaluation is still the only secure way to diagnose renal osteodystrophy. Up to now, the search for new chemical parameters to substitute histomorphometric examination has remained without any result. However, there are certain laboratory parameters successfully applied for controlling the current therapy approaches to renal osteodystrophy.

These therapies form another main focus of the dissertation. Administration of different vitamin D-metabolites in order to balance a lack of vitamin D is one of the principal components of treating the high turnover bone disease. Hypercalcaemia remains the most serious side effect of these compounds which can lead possibly to metastatic calcifications and also to the low turnover bone disease.

Vitamin D must only be prescribed very carefully and well dosed, particularly if the low turnover bone disease was caused by therapy of the secondary hyperparathyroidism with vitamin D-metabolites.

In this point, the thesis also presents innovative therapy approaches, such as the application of solanum glaucophyllum as natural source for active vitamin D. In order to reduce a high phosphate level, which is another problem of renal osteodystrophy, phosphatebinders are to be applied.

In summery, considerable deficits in therapy even exist today. Bone defects caused by renal osteodystrophy can only be remedied very slowly and most of the time therapy approaches lead to complications. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of renal osteodystrophy are of vital importance.


The history of science, like other fields of history, has moved in recent years from large to small scale events: from macroto micro-history. The older texts on which we were once initiated into the field, which told one long story from antiquity to the twentieth century, have not been replaced by similar texts reflecting the many advances in scholarship devoted to the short-range developments that were formerly fitted into these grand narratives. Our detailed researches have shown that the smaller events were more complex than our predecessors portrayed them, and we have come to distrust the larger patterns of progress within which they were once arranged. Have we lost forever the grandeur of the origins of modern science' that the older stories celebrated? Are we fated to tell only smaller stories, to juxtapose contested narratives of localized events without attempting to integrate them into something larger? Or can we still return with our deeper knowledge of small-scale scientific change to reconstruct our understanding of the longue duree?


In spiking neural networks, asynchronous spike events are processed in parallel by neurons. Emulations of such networks are traditionally computed by CPUs or realized using dedicated neuromorphic hardware. In many neuromorphic systems, the Address-Event-Representation (AER) is used for spike communication. In this paper we present the acceleration of AER based spike processing using a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). In our experiment we interface a 128×128 pixel AER vision sensor to a spiking neural network implemented on a GPU for real-time convolution-based nonlinear feature extraction with convolution kernel sizes ranging from 48×48 to 112×112 pixels. We show parallelism-performance trade-offs on GPUs for single spike per thread, multiple spikes per thread, and multiple objects parallelism techniques. Our implementation can achieve a kernel speedup of up to 35× on a single NVIDIA GTX280 board when compared to a CPU-only implementation.


Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon materials were successfully synthesized by using colloid crystal template which was self-assembled by sedimentation of SiO2 spheres with 540nm diameter. The voids between the SiO2 spheres were infiltrated with glucose solution as carbon precursor,and then the glucose was converted into carbon by carbonization. The template was removed with aqueous hydrofluoric acid. The obtained carbon materials exhibited a well-ordered array of hexagonally packed macropores with diameter of 510nm corresponding to a shrinkage of 5.6%. The macropores kept three-dimensionally interconnected macroporous networks through small windows. The walls of pores indicated a pore size distribution of mesopore with diameters of 2~10nm,which cooperated with the surface-templating replication resulted in a BET surface area of 948m2/g. The XRD spectrum showed the materials consisted of turbostratic graphite.


In 1884, antedating by some years the Morris revival of interest in the book as a thing of beauty, the Grolier Club was founded by a group of enthusiasts, its avowed object being the literary study and promotion of the arts pertaining to the production of books, including occasional publications and exhibitions designed to illustrate, promote and encourage those arts. How well the Club has lived up to its aim may be judged by an examination of its eighty-three publications, showing, to be sure, the varying tastes of changing generations, but each one giving evidence of an earnest attempt to make a book which shall be not only a contribution to literature or to the science of bibliography, but also a beautiful thing to see and to handle. The The Club's latest book was an exceptionally happy combination of the two, in that it was the first translation into English of "Champ fleury," one of the loveliest of modern productions as printed by Bruce Rogers for the Grolier Club, following, four hundred years late...


INTRODUCTION Obstructive dysfunction of the Eustachian tube (ET) is defined as the inadequacy of ET to ventilate the middle ear. This may result in retraction or atelectasis of the tympanic membrane or chronic otitis media, which can be evaluated by otoscopy and tympanometry. However, symptoms of aural fullness, popping, discomfort, or pain may only arise in case of ambient pressure changes, without abnormalities detected on otoscopy and tympanometry. This subtype is called baro-challenge-induced ET dysfunction [1]. Recently, balloon dilation Eustachian tuboplasty (BDET) has been demonstrated to be effective in 70% of a large cohort of patients affected by obstructive ET dysfunction [2, 3].


To improve the efficiency of DB2 data processing parameters,need to optimize the database configuration,use the cursor,optimize SQL statements,create the appropriate index,bulk submission,update data statistical information,and only in the various aspects of supporting can achieve the best efficiency of data processing.


Many experiments used light scattering to visualize the fluctuations of fluid's density. Fluids near the critical point are affected by gravity because the compressibility of the fluid is very large near the critical point. Therefore, microgravity experiments allowed new phenomena to be discovered by reducing convection, sedimentation and buoyancy phenomena. In order to study, fluctuation and phase separation processes near the critical point of pure fluids without the influence of the Earth's gravity, a number of experiments were performed in microgravity. Our results refer to a set of experiments that studied local density fluctuations by illuminating a cylindrical cell filled with sulfur hexafluoride, near its liquid-gas critical point. Using image analysis, we estimated the temperature of the fluid in microgravity from the recorded images showing fluctuations of the transmitted and scattered light. Our method has the advantage of avoiding any reference to the spatial correlation of the pixels in the recorded images. We assumed that the variation of the scattered light intensity is proportional to the average value of the gray levels. Furthermore, we also assumed that a small fluctuation of the fluid density induces a change in the scattered light intensity that can be measured from average gray scale intensity of the image. We found that the histogram of an image can be fitted to a Gaussian relationship and by determining its width we were able to estimate the position of the critical point.


Phase tracking system comprises a source of an input signal that represents the symbol received. The phase rotator is provided with a first input terminal, a second input terminal responsive to a phase correction signal, an output for generating a phase-adjusted output signal terminal responsive to the input signal. Determinants to generate the ideal signal representing the received symbols in response to a phase-adjusted output signal. By the phase adjuster having a performance throughout the phase in response to the phase difference between the phase-adjusted output signal and the ideal signal and generates a phase correction signal.


The integration of computer graphics and control systems, described in this chapter, allowed for the new control system paradigm named Virtual Reality Control Systems (VRCS). The classification of the VRCS into the following categories, the VRCS visualization, the VRCS monitoring, the VRCS open-loop control and the VRCS closed-loop control, has been established and explained. Furthermore, for each VRCS category an illustrative example and its practical usage has been elaborated.


[1,1′;3′,1′′]Terphenyl-4′,5′-dicarboxylic acid derivatives were prepared from 1,3-dienic δ-sultone 4,6-diphenyl-[1,2]oxathiine 2,2-dioxide via Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate under thermal, microwave or high-pressure activation.


The butt joint of the high temperature superheater inlet tee of 330MW Unit Boiler in a thermal power plant cracked. The causes of the weld cracking were analyzed by means of macroscopic morphology observation, fracture SEM inspection, microstructure inspection, mechanical property inspection and chemical composition inspection. The results show that a large number of small thermal cracks are formed in the weld due to improper welding process or operation during boiler installation. At the same time, the improper post weld heat treatment of the joint results in the high hardness of the weld, the insufficient toughness reserve and the decrease of the crack growth resistance. During the long-term operation of the boiler, under the combined action of the primary stress caused by the medium pressure in the pipe and the secondary stress caused by the expansion and contraction of the pipe system, the small crystal cracks in the weld continue to expand, which eventually leads to the macro cracks.


The boundary element method (BEM) has become well established as a primary technique for the computer simulation of acoustic fields. Its ability to provide accurate predictions of sound‐pressure levels in a variety of media, including those extending to ''infinity,'' has led to a growth in the popularity of the method. Further, recent advances in acoustic diagnostic analysis, which is an extension of the traditional BEM approach, have added to the capabilities of this type of software simulation. It is important when using numerical simulation methods not to forget the potential sources of error which may be caused by improper usage of software systems. This paper discusses some of the fundamental modeling requirements of a good boundary element model, showing how the results can degrade when these requirements are violated.


The conodont Chiosella timorensis (Nogami, 1968) has for a long time been considered to be a suitable biotic proxy for the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary. The recently acquired ammonoid record around that boundary clearly shows that the FAD of this conodont is located well below the boundary, i.e., in the late Spathian. In the present paper, it is underlined that the conodont Chiosella timorensis was promoted as a proxy for the nominated boundary in the early 1980s when the ammonoid record around the boundary was not yet well established. On the other side, until the mid 1990s the taxonomic definition and the lineage of the conodont Chiosella timorensis were not well stated, and even now there are still controversial interpretations of the taxonomic content of this conodont species. The new data achieved from the ammonoid/conodont record around the nominated boundary, especially in the western USA, and also in the Deşli Caira section in Romania, firmly demonstrate that the conodont Chiosella timorensis is a defunct proxy for the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary. As a consequence, the present data on the ammonoid-documented Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary requires the recalibration of all physical events that have been tied to the FAD of the conodont Chiosella timorensis. The case of the Albanian Kçira-section, for which the chronostratigraphic interpretation of the ammonoid record is proved incorrect, definitely makes the conodont Chiosella timorensis a defunct proxy for the nominated boundary. Also, the case of the two Chinese sections recently proposed as being "exceptional" GSSP candidates for the Early-Middle Triassic boundary, which is based on an inconsistent ammonoid/conodont biochronology, fully strengthens this conclusion. The history of the controversial usage of the conodont species Chiosella timorensis in defining the Olenekian-Anisian boundary justifies a discussion about the usefulness of conodonts in the chronostratigraphic calibration of the standard Triassic timescale. One may conclude that the conodonts are not qualified, and have not a reasonable potential, to be used to define or to redefine the boundaries of chronostratigraphic units in the standard Triassic timescale, which have been basically defined on ammonoid biochronology.


Necessary and sufficient conditions for the local controllability, reachability, and reconstructability of the general singular model of 2D linear systems are established. >


The paper deals with the robust algorithm of synchronization of dynamical networks with communication time delay, where each agent (subsystem) is described by nonlinear differential equation under unknown parameters and external uncontrollable bounded disturbances. The control algorithm is designed by using so called method of auxiliary loop. According to the method of auxiliary loop we introduce the nominal plant with desired parameters parallel to each agent. The difference between the output of the agent and the output of the auxiliary loop gives a function which depends on parametric and external disturbances. Then this function is used in the control law for compensation of disturbances. The proposed algorithm provides the network synchronization and compensation of uncontrollable disturbances with a required accuracy. Analytical results are presented by networks consisting of four nodes and fifty pendulums.


The vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) and the vacuolar H + -pyrophosphatase are electrogenic proton pumps at plant endomembranes that create the proton motive force required for secondary activated transport and metabolite accumulation during development and adaptation to a variety of adverse growth conditions. Twelve distinct vacuolar H + -ATPase (VHA) subunits are suggested to constitute the functional V-ATPase complex. Starting from the available expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences and by homology screening, the complete set of 12 VHA subunits was cloned as cDNAs from the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, vha-A - H, -a,-c, -d and - e. Transcript levels of all 12 VHA subunits as well as of tonoplast pyrophosphatase and P-ATPase were analysed in root and leaf tissue under conditions of osmotic (700 mM mannitol), heat and cold stress, and salinity. Distinct coordinated changes of stress-induced expression were observed for most subunits in roots and leaves, with mostly paralleled changes in transcript levels of all subunits. In some cases, contrasting responses were seen for vha-B and -c transcript amounts.


The author elaborates on the subject of the biomass accumulation and decomposition balance in forest communities. Forests at the climax phases are considered to be the most balanced in terms of the biomass of their components. The notions of "current woody debris" and "fallen deadwood" are defined, and the average indices of tree and stand condition in boreal spruce forests, as well as data on the stock, volumes and phytomass of the tree stands and woody debris in pristine spruce forests are specified. The article states that in pristine forests not affected by human impact the volumes of current woody debris and fallen deadwood vary significantly even among biogeocoenoses with similar development dynamics. These differences are caused not by endogenous but most likely by exogenous factors. There is minor variation in the ratios of fallen deadwood volume to the tree stand volume, and woody debris phytomass volume to tree stand phytomass volume, which are 33.5 ア 8.9 % on average. Presumably, those particular values for woody debris as related to the growing stock could serve as a tentative estimator of the contribution of these consorts to the overall biomass balance of pristine forest biogeocenoses. The author gives an example of grouping fallen deadwood into decomposition stages carried out in four sample plots representing forests of different taiga subzones. The amounts of C, CO2, H2O and Q (energy) deposited by the tree stand and released in the process of debris decomposition in the biogeocenoses under study were estimated.


Satellite measurements should contribute to a fuller understanding of the physical processes behind the radiation budget, exchange processes, and global change. Climate engineering requires global observation for early indications of predicted effects, which puts a premium on affordable, distributed constellations of satellites with effective, affordable sensors. Defense has a requirement for continuous global surveillance for warning of aggression, which could evolve from advanced sensors and satellites in development. Many climate engineering needs match those of defense technologies.


Many simulation studies on in-cylinder flow are mainly classified into three-dimensional models such as the k-e model for Navier-Stokes equations. But one hour or more of calculating time by a supercomputer is wasted to complete one process of the engine cycle. Therefore it has been also necessary to predict the mean swirl velocity in a short time even if it has a slight defect in accuracy. In this paper, the mean velocity of in-cylinder flow was predicted by the model where the angular momentum of the in-cylinder gas depended on the induced momentum from the new charge and the friction moment from the cylinder walls or the element boundaries. The induced momentum was calculated from the energy equations of the gas in the engine, and the friction moment was estimated by the viscous torque. The trends of the predicted results were in agreement with the experimental data obtained by the other researcher, and the validity of this model was examined. The merit of this model is its ability to predict under the condition of changing engine revolution or amount of new charge, and also it requires only a short calculation time.


Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction is an attractive solution for converting CO2 into reusable chemicals. However, the low activity of the catalysts restricts its widespread conversion application. This study uses a...


Genetic diversity in a set of 31 Amaranthus accessions was analysed using RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values of the polymorphic RAPD, SSR and ISSR markers ranged from 0.067 to 0.471, 0.178 to 0.452 and 0.11 to 0.362 with an average of 0.229, 0.371 and 0.441 per primer, respectively. Gene diversity for RAPD, SSR and ISSR markers respectively ranged from 0.032 to 0.487, 0.11 to 0.362 and 0.104 to 0.384.The similarity metrics values for the accessions ranged from 0.58 to 0.98 with RAPD, 0.70 to 1.00 with SSR and from 0.44 to 0.88 with ISSR markers. The dendrogram generated by the markers had five major clusters in case of RAPD markers, two distinct clusters in caseof SSR markers and sixclusters in caseof ISSR markers. Amongst all, ISSR markers provided greater confidence for the assessment of genetic diversity in comparison to SSR and RAPD markers. All the accessions studied were found genetically diverse which may be useful in breeding for improving the genotypes of Amaranthus.


Künstler ist nur einer, der aus einer Lösung ein Rätsel machen kann. (Karl Kraus) Only that person is an artist who can turn a solution into a riddle. (Karl Kraus) The aphorism by Karl Kraus captures the intuition that an artwork is an intentional structure, that it represents the response to a question or the solution to a problem, if only a problem of self-expression. Even when, for example, a theatrical performance is riddled with accidental omissions of text and other mishaps, we find ourselves watching and appreciating it as if everything in it was meant to be as we see it. It has therefore been said that in the presence of art we 'suspend disbelief', we suspend the sceptical suspicion according to which the arrangement of internal relations within the artwork might be less than perfectly meaningful: in the presence of art we begin as absolute believers in the integrity of the artwork. But there is another dimension to Kraus's remark: what appears to be the solution to a problem or a coherent response to some situation becomes a riddle of its own. The apparent integrity of the work may result from interpretation rather than through the deliberate intentionality of the artwork itself. Moreover, it is the exception for a work of art to be reducible to providing a solution to a particular problem. Indeed, we would tend to deny that artworks are governed by instrumental reason. This is true even in the case of theatrical performances: a performance is bound to provide more than a solution to the problem of how to stage a particular play; it cannot be regarded merely as an instrumental means of conveying a drama.


PURPOSE: A driving circuit and a power supply unit for plasma display panel are provided to drive a sustain voltage for the plasma display panel and reduce a manufacturing costs of the plasma display panel by using a full bridge type inverter circuit having a simple structure. CONSTITUTION: A plasma display panel includes a panel capacitance(221). A driving circuit for plasma display panel includes the first and the second freewheeling diodes(215,216), the third and the fourth freewheeling diodes(217,218), the first and the second inductors(219,220), the first and the fourth power switches(203,212), and the second and the third power switches(206,209). The first and the second freewheeling diodes are connected between an X electrode, a Y electrode, and a sustain voltage source. The third and the fourth freewheeling diodes are connected between the X electrode, the Y electrode, and a ground portion. The first and the second inductors are connected to the X electrode and the Y electrode, respectively. The first and the fourth power switches are used for applying the first voltage between the first and the second inductors. The second and the third power switches are used for applying the second voltage between the first and the second inductors.


The effects of the concentration of acrylonitrile (AN), photo polymerization time, environmental temperature, photoinitiators on the conversion of AN and the molecular weight of polymers were studied. Some conclusions were found: (1)The conversion of AN had linear function with the concentration of acrylonitrile. (2)The conversion of AN had optimum value with C 60 supported iniferter. (3)Prolonging photo polymerization time, the reaction had feature of living polymerizaton at low temperature. Moreover some marks were made on soluble C 60 bonding polyacrylonitrile.