A method for the sharing of data with a slave unit (31, ..., 35) using wireless Bluetooth Receiving (110) the data from a mobile communications system and storing the received data by the master unit; Determining (112) by the master unit determines whether the data to be transmitted by wireless Bluetooth Converting (118) the data into data packets for Bluetooth is determined (120) by the master unit determines whether the master unit to the slave unit through a first ACL (Asynchronous ConnectionLess-) link or an SCO (Synchronous Connection-Oriented-) connected link; Establishing (122) a second ACL links and transferring (124) the data packet to the slave unit (31, ..., 35) via the established ACL link, if it is determined that the ACL link ...


The problem of the seventies was energy, and the business of modeling energy systems boomed. As models became more sophisticated, and as the international and intercontinental aspects of the energy problem became clearer, the boundaries of the energy systems being modeled grew to the point where it was useful to distinguish a special category of energy models: those dealing with large-scale energy systems.

Practical experience in building and applying models for large-scale energy systems has been accumulating at a rapid rate in recent years. Thus, to contribute to communicating and assimilating some of the lessons learned in the seventies about modeling large-scale energy systems, the Systems Engineering Committee of IFAC (the International Federation of Automatic Control) and the Energy Systems Program at IIASA organized an international symposium on this subject. This volume contains 43 papers given at the symposium.


This year on the eve of his 80th birthday, which we now celebrate, Sir Mortimer Wheeler has been responsible for drafting the report on the UNESCO Mission to Mohenjo Daro. No honour could be better deserved, or give him greater satisfaction, than the implementation of the important and judicious recommendations on which he and his colleagues have agreed for the conservation of this world-famous site and, complementary to this, for its excavation down to the deeply waterlogged levels. For all who are aware of the massive remains of superimposed architecture which still adorns Mohenjo Daro it is staggering to learn that even below the present average flood-plain level "recent borings have shown at more than one spot that brickwork in fact goes down as much as 60 feet (18 m.)". A combination of international skills, engineering, hydrological, and archaeological, are available to encompass that great task, which is one that deserves the large funds required. Moreover the lessons which would be learned from the application of the practical techniques would be directly relevant to the opening and exploration of world-famous ancient sites in the great alluvial valleys of Western Asia—Nile and Tigris, Euphrates and Ganges as well as the Indus.


Canopy cover is an important vegetation attribute used for many environmental applications such as defining management objectives, thinning and ecological modeling. However, the estimation of canopy cover from high spatial resolution imagery is still a difficult task due to limited spectral information and the heterogeneous pixel values of the same canopy. In this paper, we compared the capacity of two high spatial resolution sensors (SPOT6 and GF2) using three ensemble learning models (Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Gradient Boosting (GDBoost), and random forest (RF)), to estimate canopy cover (CC) in a Chinese northern subtropics forest. Canopy cover across 97 plots was measured across 41 needle forest plots, 24 broadleaf forest plots, and 32 mixed forest plots. Results showed that (1) the textural features performed more importantly than spectral variables according to the number of variables in the top ten predictors in estimating canopy cover (CC) in both SPOT6 and GF2. Moreover, the vegetation indices in spectral variables had a lower relative importance value than the band reflectance variables. (2) GF2 imagery outperformed SPOT6 imagery in estimating CC when using the ensemble learning model in our data. On average across the models, the R2 was almost 0.08 higher for GF2 over SPOT6. Likewise, the average RMSE and average MAE were 0.002 and 0.01 lower in GF2 than in SPOT6. (3) The ensemble learning model showed good results in estimating CC, yet the different models performed a little differently in the results. Additionally, the GDBoost model performed the best of all the ensemble learning models with R2 = 0.92, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.001 and mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.022.


By the use of samarium,samarium/mercury amalgam,samarium/TMSCl in combination with diiodomethane or chloroiodomethane, carbine is generated. Sequently, hydroxyl-directed cyclopropanation of allylic alcohols,α-allenic alcohols,and 2-chloro-3-hydroxyamides are generated, which embodies high yield rate, high stereoscopic selectivity and high flexibility.


In the nuclear field, efforts are made to find substitutes to cobalt hardfacing alloys since these alloys have a principal drawback, the transmutation from stable 59Co to 60Co under neutron irradiation. In case of wear, fragments could be deposed on the surface of primary circuit and thus contaminate it, causing a real issue for deconstruction.


The paper deals with N-mass system imitating snake rectilinear motion. At first the snake rectilinear motion is described fro m the v iew of b iology. For engineering analyse the snake body have to be replaced with many same segments which we will call masses. The whole snake motion is based on friction forces between snake body and surface on which the snake locomotes. Because of this the different kind of friction models are discussed. In the next section rectilinear motion is modelled with Coulo mb friction model and the conditions of motion are described. After determination of propulsive and external forces the one mot ion phase time is determined. Fro m this we can establish average velocity equation for N-mass moving system. At last the optimal nu mber of masses N is determined and the average velocity dependence on number of masses N for d ifferent angles of surface incline in the graph is shown.


n engl j med 356;22 www.nejm.org may 31, 2007 e23 A 51-year-old man presented with acute-onset bilateral blindness that had developed during the previous 4 days. He reported having consumed cheap, unbranded whisky in a bout of binge drinking. This episode was followed by severe breathlessness that lasted for 48 hours. He then noticed dimness in his vision, with pain at the back of both eyes that was exacerbated by eye movement. On physical examination, visual acuity was reduced to perception of light, and the pupils were bilaterally dilated, with afferent pupillary defect. Eye movements were painful. The optic disks were edematous bilaterally, and the margins were blurred, with pallor extending into the peripapillary regions of the retinal nerve fiber. The neurologic examination was otherwise normal. There was metabolic acidosis; no methanol was detected in the serum. Four weeks later, T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed bilateral, symmetric hyperintense putaminal lesions, suggesting hemorrhagic necrosis (arrows). Direct toxicity of formic acid (an end product of methanol metabolism), ischemic injury, and acidosis are postulated mechanisms of putaminal injury. In this case, survival was probably related to the low amount of methanol ingested and its dilution with ethanol, which may have had a protective effect by inhibiting the metabolism of methanol. At follow-up 2 years later, the patient's vision had not improved. Copyright © 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society. Putaminal Necrosis


Nb-Ti-Ni alloy is one of the candidates for hydrogen permeation membranes. The hydrogen permeability of a membrane depends on its thickness, and mechanical properties such as the fracture toughness of the membrane are important to ensure reliability and durability. In the present work, micro-mechanical tests have been carried out for melt-spun Nb-Ti-Ni thin films consisting of amorphous and nano-crystalline phases. The relationship between the mechanical properties of the melt-spun films and the microstructural changes occurring in the films due to heat treatment has been also discussed. The Nb-Ti-Ni alloy thin films were prepared by the melt-spun technique and then heat-treated at 873-1173 K. Micro-sized cantilever specimens with dimensions of 10 × 10 × 50 μm 3 were prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) machining. Fracture tests were carried out using a mechanical testing machine for the micro-sized specimens; the testing machine was developed by us. In addition, microstructures were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The fracture toughness ( K Q ) value decreased up to 823 K, and it increased above 1173 K. The specimen heat-treated above 1173 K showed ductile fracture. The fracture morphology of the specimen heat-treated up to 1023 K showed grain boundary fracture characteristics, and that of the specimen heat-treated at 1173 K changed to transgranular fracture.


The Swedish fighter aircraft 37 Viggen, designed some 25 yr ago on a safe life basis, has been reassessed in terms of a damage tolerance evaluation. The aim was to ensure structural safety and to investigate the possibilities for extending the service life of the aircraft. This article deals with the reassessment of the newest wing attachment frame for the fighter version of the aircraft. The purpose of this article is to briefly show the extent and complexity of the assessment. Because of the original safe life design, resulting in rather high stresses, very extensive finite-element analyses were necessary in order to obtain accurate stress distributions and threedimensional stress intensity factors in critical sections. Also, high demands have been placed on the accuracy of the crack growth predictions. Hence, extensive validation of the crack growth prediction technique was required. Structural testing, including artificial flaws, was carried out with the aim of obtaining crack growth data for correlation to the prediction technique. It is concluded that the state-of-the-art methodology used was successfully verified. Furthermore, damage tolerance of the considered parts were analytically proven and experimentally verified. Finally, extension of the original design life may be possible following further considerations.


Enhancement of the temporal growth rate of inviscid three-dimensional instability waves in free shear layers by deformation of the basic flow is studied. The deformation of a two-dimensional mixing layer is assumed to yield a base flow that remains unidirectional, but has a steady spanwise speed variation in addition to the two- dimensional shear. The computed growth rates for hyperbolic tangent base flow, perturbed this way, show enhanced instability in the sense that the neutral waves of the unperturbed flow exhibit positive growth rates. For each imposed spanwise periodicity, an oblique mode is selected that shows maximum growth rate. The results are consistent with related theoretical studies and with qualitative observations in experiments.


Since its original description in 1998, the technique of catheter-based atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation has undergone several modifications.1 Currently, many operators use an anatomic approach consisting of circumferential lesions encircling individual or ipsilateral pulmonary veins (PVs) with additional empirical left atrial (LA) ablation (lines), whereas others perform a more PV-specific approach using entrance/exit block to validate isolation, deferring any additional non-PV lesions unless clinically indicated.2–7 Despite these differences in technique, the outcome data for AF patients undergoing ablation seem remarkably consistent between centers, with overall single procedure efficacy of ≥70% in achieving long-term arrhythmia control for patients with paroxysmal AF but significantly lower success rates for patients with persistent or long-standing persistent AF. These observations imply that the mechanisms underlying persistent/long-standing persistent AF may be different from paroxysmal AF. It has been posited that once in the persistent stage, the underlying substrate rather than triggers alone maintains this arrhythmia. Although this hypothesis remains to be proven, it has nevertheless resulted in the development of adjunctive substrate modification strategies for patients with more established forms of AF.8–11 Among the various substrate modification strategies currently being used, complex fractionated electrogram (CFE) ablation is the most popular. This technique was originally described by Nademanee et al,8 where by targeting CFEs exclusively these investigators were able to achieve long-term arrhythmia control after a single procedure in up to 70% of patients with persistent AF. However, subsequent attempts by other investigators have not yielded comparable results.12,13 Despite this inconsistency, many centers are targeting CFEs as a part of the ablation strategy in this group of patients. Contrary to this practice and regardless of the type of AF, our group at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania has consistently used an approach comprising pulmonary …


1. El Ejido, Almería. In many ways, the name speaks for itself. The Spanish word ejido is derived from the Latin exitus, or exit. It denotes a bare stretch of no—man's land on the outskirts of a village, left uncultivated and unclaimed. The word evokes a place on the edge, nameless and devoid of importance. Indeed, this hot, dry stretch of Andalusian land we know as El Ejido outside the town of Dalías in Almería, is a place on the edge, a place of exit, perhaps, but one that leads to nowhere in particular for many who work there. El Ejido, however, has long ceased to be uncultivated and is now a hot house of commodification, surprisingly fecund in its ability to generate wealth. Occupied by numerous large, medium and small—sized agricultural producers, its cracked earth is forced to yield by an interminable covering of plastic sheeting that turns the landscape into a space of synthetic fertility. In the asphyxiating heat of these greenhouses, the immigrants work. They are responsible for the day—to—day care of the tons of tomatoes and other plants that grow here, tending the green vegetables until they ripen enough to be plucked and packed, before being sent on to international markets abroad. Thanks to the hectares upon hectares of plastic that shimmers in the Mediterranean sun and the thirsting workforce beneath that tends the plants, El Ejido has now become one of the most prosperous areas in the whole of Spain. 2. El Ejido's location near the Mediterranean makes it an early point of entry into Europe for many North African immigrants. Furthermore, the availability of employment is high, because there is a constant need for workers in these parts to take on those jobs that must be carried out under such harsh conditions. The locals are not prepared to endure such hardship and are usually engaged in more managerial or proprietorial positions. On the employers' parts, this immigrant workforce is useful. Immigrants without papers are cheap to employ, they demand little, having only the questionable rights afforded to them by the ley de extranjería, and are willing to continue working in the face of sub—standard working and living conditions. Moreover, for every undocumented labourer who is employed, there are inevitably many more seeking employment. While some have found accomodation in and around the town centre, many find it extremely difficult to rent flats or to find adequate housing. Numerous immigrants therefore occupy empty granaries and sheds in the area. Large numbers simply live out in the fields. Thus, to be found under the plastic sheeting are not merely tomato plants: the immigrant workers themselves often live under the same sheeting in flimsy and improvised tent—like accomodation, their share of


A typeofrecurrent neuralnetworkhasbeen proposed byH.Jaeger. Thismodel, called EchoState Network (ESN),possesses a highlyinterconnected and recurrent topology ofnonlinear processing elements, whichconstitutes a "reservoir ofrichdynamics" andcontains information about thehistory ofinputor/and outputpatterns. Theinteresting property ofESNisthatonlythememoryless readout istrained, whereas therecurrent topology hasfixed connection weights. Thisreduces thecomplexity ofrecurrent neuralnetwork training to simplelinearregression whilepreserving a recurrent topology. Inthis paper, theESNisusedtoforecast hydropowerplantreservoir waterinflow, whichisa fundamental information tothehydrothermal powersystem operation planning. A database ofaveragemonthlywater inflows ofFurnasplant, oneoftheBrazilian hydropower plants, wasusedassourceoftraining andtestdata.The performance oftheESNiscompared withSONARX network, RBF networkandANFISmodel.Theresults showthatthe EchoState Networkprovides pretty goodresults forone-step aheadwater inflowforecasting, providing a valuable information forthesystem operator.


Objectives: The aim of this report is to establish the efficacy of anterior cervical decompression fusion (ACDF) in patients with traumatic lesions of the middle and lower segments of the cervical spine. The goals of surgical treatment are: maintenance of neurological function, prevention of additional functional loss and restoration of spinal stability with bony fusion Materials and methods: Between 2007 and 2014, a total of 35 patients (27 male and 8 female) with a mean age of 48 (aged between 18 and 78 years) with trauma to the middle and lower cervical spine were treated in our clinic. The operative levels were C3-C4 in 3 patients, C4-C5 in 7 patients, C5-C6 in 15 patients, C6-C7 in 9 patients and C7-D1 in 1 patient. The preoperative degree of neurological deficit was evaluated with Frankel scale. According to the Frankel scale, 4 (11.4%) patients were grade A; 6 ( 17.1%) were grade B, 5 (14.3%) were grade C, 8 (23%) were grade D and 12 (34.2%) patients were grade E. The average preoperative VAS was 8. The majority (30 of 35 patients) were investigated with MRI scan. All patients underwent ACDF using a Peek cervical cage and titanium plate fixation, and in 11 cases the operation was performed after application of cervical traction. The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 24 months with clinical and radiological evaluation. Results: After the ACDF, 4 (11.4%) patients with complete lesion cord remained unchanged; 4 (11.4%) were grade B, 3 (8.6%) were grade C, 10 (28.6%) were grade D and 14 (40%) patients were grade E. Of patients with E grades, 5/14(36%) had isolated radiculopathies; 3/5(60%) patients recovered totally and the neurologically intact patients remained unchanged. The mean postoperative VAS at the latest follow-up was 2. The follow-up showed good clinical and radiological outcome and body fusion. For 32 patients, the follow-up was at 24 months. In this group, fusion occurred in 31/32 patients (97%) (Fig 2-4). No wound complications or infection were present. Conclusion: Our study shows that ACDF with fusion and titanium plate fixation can be considered a safe and effective technique to restore the stability of traumatic lesion of middle and lower cervical spine.


To accurately pour drinks into various containers is an essential skill for service robots. However, drink pouring is a dynamic process and difficult to model. Traditional deep imitation learning techniques for implementing autonomous robotic pouring have an inherent black-box effect and require a large amount of demonstration data for model training. To address these issues, an Explainable Hierarchical Imitation Learning (EHIL) method is proposed in this paper such that a robot can learn high-level general knowledge and execute low-level actions across multiple drink pouring scenarios. Moreover, with the EHIL method, a logical graph can be constructed for task execution, through which the decision-making process for action generation can be made explainable to users and the causes of failure can be traced out. Based on the logical graph, the framework is manipulable to achieve different targets while the adaptability to unseen scenarios can be achieved in an explainable manner. A series of experiments have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results indicate that EHIL outperforms the traditional behavior cloning method in terms of success rate, adaptability, manipulability, and explainability. Note to Practitioners—Pouring liquids is a common activity in people's daily lives and all wet-lab industries. Drink pouring dynamic control is difficult to model, while the accurate perception of flow is challenging. To enable the robot to learn under unknown dynamics via observing the human demonstration, deep imitation learning can be used. To address the limitations of traditional deep neural networks, an Explainable Hierarchical Imitation Learning (EHIL) method is proposed in this paper. The proposed method enables the robot to learn a sequence of reasonable pouring phases for performing the task rather than simply execute the task via traditional behavior cloning. In this way, explainability and safety can be ensured. Manipulability can be achieved by reconstructing the logical graph. The target of this research is to obtain pouring dynamics via the learning method and realize the precise and quick pouring of drink from the source containers to various targeted containers with reliable performance, adaptability, manipulability, and explainability.


In the middle of the 19th century, Gregor Mendel conducted his experiments with peas. This took place in the Augustinian monastery in Brno (now the Czech Republic), where he was the abbot. These experiments laid the foundations of modern genetics. At around the same time Charles Darwin formulated his theory of evolution. Through their work, these two men inaugurated the age of modern biology. The next most important step came in 1953 when James Watson and Francis Crick solved the elusive DNA structure. Since then methods for 'reading' genetic information have developed quickly, and genomes of many organisms have been analysed, including our own. The human genome consists of 3 billion letters (nucleotides) and it comprises approximately 25,000 genes. The smallest natural genome is the genome of Mycoplasma genitalium. It consists of a mere 500,000 nucleotides and is composed of 500 genes. Yet, mycoplasma is capable of a completely independent life. It would appear from this fact that basic life itself is not overwhelmingly complicated. The human genome is now being compared with the genome of our closest relative, the chimpanzee, with the aim of identifying the basic principles of humanity. A gene was identified that is involved in skull growth (and subsequently in brain growth), and another gene important in the ability to articulate. These two genes mutated at approximately the time when Homo sapiens appeared. However, they can hardly explain the humanization of our predecessor. Only two per cent of the human genome are genes that we need for our life. It is interesting that eight per cent of our genome, i.e., four times more, are genes of viral origin, in other words genes that viruses integrated into the human DNA. We analysed these genes in the human genome and compared them with the viral genes in the chimpanzee genome. Did viral infections and the integration of viral genes in the mammalian genomes contribute to the humanization of our predecessor?


Power supply efficiency estimation in the educational institutions in Krasnoyarsk city, which is conducted by means of comparison of two integrated indicators, is given in the article.


Wolbachia is an alpha-proteobacteria present in several arthropods. The present study focussed on the identification of Wolbachia in Anopheles culicifacies s.l., and Anopheles stephensi, which are wild malarial vector mosquitoes in India. A total of four hundred and eighty seven adult female mosquito samples were collected using taxonomic keys and confirmed by molecular analysis where 48.25% was Anopheles culicifacies s.l., and 51.75% was Anopheles stephensi. The presence of Wolbachia was identified using 16S rRNA, wsp and FtsZ genes, where nested PCR of 16S rRNA alone was successful and sequenced. Only seven mosquitoes (1.4%) were positive for Wolbachia. In silico and restriction digestion of 16S rRNA gene product using RsaI enzyme showed that the identified Wolbachia belongs to supergroup B, which is further supported by phylogenetic analysis. Low prevalence rate of natural Wolbachia was observed in An. culicifacies s.l. (1.7%) and An. stephensi (1.2%). This is the first report on the presence of Wolbachia in Anopheles culicifacies s.l. and Anopheles stephensi.


Carol E. Cleland tackles an important issue in her analysis of the alleged inferiority of historical science compared to experimental science. Yet, her method of analysis and the conclusions she draws deserve comment.

First, the asymmetry between past and future is intriguing, but what significance


In the engineering career, continuing education is increasingly important. In fact, being updated with new technologies and their usage is mandatory for engineers that want to stay connected with the new trends. In this context, the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to support online courses mediated through the web is something that can speed up one's continuous education. Therefore, the adoption of Learning Objects (LO) and Open Educational Resources (OER) to support online courses is a reality worldwide. LO follows description standards for ease of storage and retrieval, and OER has by definition the open license for editing and use. Nevertheless, no guarantee about the quality associated with such digital educational resources is provided. In this work, we present a step for the definition of the main criteria that will serve as a basis to evaluate the technical quality of the DER either automatically or semi-automatically.


Fully convolutional neural networks (FCNs) have been shown to achieve the state-of-the-art performance on the task of classifying time series sequences. We propose the augmentation of fully convolutional networks with long short term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM RNN) sub-modules for time series classification. Our proposed models significantly enhance the performance of fully convolutional networks with a nominal increase in model size and require minimal preprocessing of the data set. The proposed long short term memory fully convolutional network (LSTM-FCN) achieves the state-of-the-art performance compared with others. We also explore the usage of attention mechanism to improve time series classification with the attention long short term memory fully convolutional network (ALSTM-FCN). The attention mechanism allows one to visualize the decision process of the LSTM cell. Furthermore, we propose refinement as a method to enhance the performance of trained models. An overall analysis of the performance of our model is provided and compared with other techniques.


Inaccuracies of sediment transport models largely originate from our limitation to describe the process in precise mathematical terms. Machine learning (ML) is an alternative approach to reduce the inaccuracies of sedimentation models. It utilizes available domain knowledge for selecting the input and output variables for the ML models and uses modern regression techniques to fit the measured data. Two ML methods, artificial neural networks and model trees, are adopted to model bed-load and total-load transport using the measured data. The bed-load transport models are compared with the models due to Bagnold, Einstein, Parker et al., and van Rijn. The total-load transport models are compared with the models due to Ackers and White, Bagnold, Engelund and Hansen, and van Rijn. With the chosen data sets on bed-load and total-load transport the ML models provided better accuracy than the existing ones.


Beam anomalies in transmission of Gaussian light beams through the dielectric waveguide with incorporated periodic relief grating are investigated theoretically. The anomalies take place near the critical incidence, determined by Bragg condition, when the divergency of the incident beam is of the order or greater than the angular width of Bragg resonance. They manifest themselves as macroscopic transformation of transmitted beam shape and can be accompanied by multiple oscillations of intensity in the beam spot. The transformation of the beam shape is stipulated by interference effect due to the resonant excitation of guided modes in the waveguide by incident bounded light beam and subsequent rescattering of these modes in the direction of transmitted beam propagation.


We examine the effects of credit market accessibility and legal protection on corporate innovation in a pseudo-multinational setting emphasizing the channels through which the credit market and legal protection affect corporate innovation. Credit market accessibility promotes innovation by alleviating financial constraints through reduced bank loan costs, larger bank loans, and more long-term loans. Legal protection enhances innovation by incentivizing agents to take innovation risk. Consistent with our reasoning, the effects are greater for private enterprises than for state-owned firms. Finally, a horse race suggests that credit market accessibility facilitates innovation more than legal protection does.


With the development of the technology, predictive maintenance (PDM) becomes the trends of power plants. The state of the PDM in China and other countries are summarized in the paper. Thoughts on the PDM and works need to be solved immediately are presented.


hairstyle, fashion, various symbols of authority such as belts, rhetoric, and lifestyle—and follows closely the ambiguities of cultural exchanges between sedentary and nomadic societies, seen perhaps in the adoption of Turkic garments in China, and of Chinese fashion and material culture among Turks and Uighurs. The final part of the first chapter discusses the place of monotheistic religions in the steppe polities as constructive elements in the formation of societies already distinct from those leading a purely nomadic style of life and based on the symbiotic coexistence of pastoralism, agriculture, and commercial networks (particularly in the case of the Uighurs). The second chapter approaches problems more difficult to access: the conceptualization of otherness within the ethnic group or polity—women, smiths, shamans, and religious minorities. Reflecting the episodic textual evidence treating such social types and the reliance on scarce archeological material, much of the discussion is based on later ethnographical material, broad typological parallels, and toponymy that cannot be easily connected to the periods under scrutiny. The study of women in particular as carriers of the notion of otherness relies too much on theoretical frameworks with limited support from the evidence, with emphases on the few richly documented marital alliances between nomads (Uighurs) and sedentary empires (China) that are, in fact, exceptions and throw limited light on the gender relations within the steppe societies proper. The book has undergone some changes of context that may challenge the English-speaking reader. When published originally in 2005, it was addressed to the Bulgarian academic audience and, as the title suggests, sought to interpret the pre-Christian culture of the Bulgars against the background of the social and cultural patterns observable in the steppe empires of Inner Asia. Particularly insightful and operative were the parallels with the Uighurs, whose eighthand ninth-century empire presented a similar case of a hybrid pastoralist-agriculturalist economy in immediate proximity to a powerful sedentary empire. What needed to be more explicitly explained, however, is that Danube Bulgaria—a relatively small polity on the western periphery of the steppe, with a predominantly agriculturalist population—differed considerably on that very account from the Turk, Uighur, and Khazar khaganates whose rulers carried claims to supreme authority over the entire steppe zone, the "imperial idea" as elaborated by such scholars as Peter Golden or Thomas Barfield. On a completely different note, the copy that this reviewer used contains the wrong set of plates: those of the 2007 Brill edition of the Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook.


The present invention provides a relievo product to be manufactured by forming a planar image, such as a photograph or a picture, into a stereoscopic relievo shape, and a modeling data formation method for a relievo product to be used in the processing of a planar image into a stereoscopic relievo shape. According to the present invention, even if modeling data cannot be obtained through 3D scanning, when compared with a conventional method for obtaining modeling data for processing a relievo shape on the basis of light and shade, modeling data for a relievo product can be formed by increasing the reproducibility and the resolution of an image, and a more precisely formed relievo product can be provided.


With pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), genetic testing and selective transfer of embryos is possible. In the future, germ-line gene therapy (GLGT) applied to embryos before implantation, in ...


The effective optical constants of fishnet metamaterial are affected by the surrounding dielectric material or layers Analytical formulas were derived to retrieve the effective optical constants of fishnet metamaterial surrounded by different bulk materials, from reflection and transmission coefficients, and the effective optical constants of the fishnet embedded in thin film layers stack were retrieved numerically. With increase of the refractive index of the surrounding dielectric material as well as of the thickness of the nearby dielectric layers, the plasmonic resonance spectral position undergoes redshift while the absolute maximum value of negative refractive index of fishnet decreases.


Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most dominant biotherapeutics. Unlike chemically synthesized drugs, these biotherapeutics are cell originated and are subjected to many different post translational modifications (PTMs) during the process of manufacturing and storage. The most common PTMs include C-terminal lysine truncation, deamidation, glycation and methionine or tryptophan oxidation. These modifications usually lead to changes in the protein's isoelectric point (pI), which presents as multiple charge variants in charge based purity assays. A comprehensive characterization of the charge variants in the mAb population is crucial, as these variants reportedly affect the safety and efficacy of the biotherapeutics.


Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by myotonia and bone dysplasia. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and caused by mutations in the gene encoding perlecan (HSPG2). Its symptoms include muscular stiffness and hypertrophy. The aim of the study was to analyse the clinical presentation as well as the physical therapy and rehabilitation in a patient with SJS. A 16-year-old patient with SJS has been followed up by the authors for the last 2 years. We assessed the physical therapy and rehabilitation conducted at home and presented the possibilities of an extended programme that can be implemented at the multi-field Division of Physical Medicine. Patients with SJS represent an extremely difficult clinical and therapeutic problem.


An elevator system (10) having a car (12) and a counterweight (16) disposed within a hoistway (23) defined by hoistway walls (30), the elevator system including: a rope (20) engaged with the car (12) and the counterweight (16) so as to suspend the car and the counterweight in a 2:1 roping arrangement with underslung car, the rope including a plurality of load-carrying members (53) arranged side by side, wherein the loadcarrying members (52) are formed from steel wires, the steel wires having a diameter of 0.25 mm or less, a sheath (54), wherein the sheath (54) is formed from a non-metallic material, and a single machine (22) including a traction sheave (36) and a motor (32), the machine (22) being arranged within the hoistway (23) in such a way that the axial dimension of the motor (32) including the traction sheave (36) extends horizontally and alongside the hoistway wall (30) adjacent to the counterweight (16), the motor having a rotor (44) and a stator (42) wherein the rotor (44) is spaced radially inward of the stator (42) and wherein the motor includes a radial air gap (50) between the rotor (44) and the stator (42), the traction sheave (36) being directly connected with the rotor (44) for concurrent rotation, the traction sheave (36) being engaged with the rope (20) to drive the rope through traction between the rope and the traction sheave, and thereby drive the car (12) through the hoistway (23), wherein the rotor (44) is formed in part from permanent magnets (48), and wherein the rope (20) has a width w, a thickness t measured in the bending direction, and an aspect ratio, defined as the ratio of width w relative to thickness t, greater than one, such that the rope (20) is thinner and the traction sheave (36) is smaller in diameter compared to the situation where a round rope having the same cross section as the rope (20) engages a traction sheave.


The Rights of people with disabilities began to evolve in the direction of seeking the incorporation and realization of the right to life with quality, formal and material equality, as well as other fundamental rights in the legal systems of UN member nations. Under this prism, people with disabilities, previously conceived as invalid and deserving of merely assistance protection, began to integrate a set of actions aimed at making access to fundamental rights feasible. This study discusses the historical evolution of the rights of people with disabilities and associated issues in Brazil. The results indicate that the Social Model of Disability, which is based on the full interaction between the person with disabilities and the society in which it should be inserted, based on the premise that the social environment must be adapted, when necessary, to integrate these people in an appropriate way, sees disability as an issue to be faced by society and, no longer as a problem of the disabled person as it once occurred. Therefore, society demands Public Policies that offer social support for this category of individuals to enjoy the whole social apparatus as citizens.


Summary. Red cell survival has been studied in 13 normal adults using simultaneous labelling with DF32P and 51Cr; elution correction factors have been determined for the51 Cr labelling in which ACD NIH formula A has been used as an anticoagulant with ICSH recommended method. The mean rate of 51Cr elution was 1.0% per day and there was no demonstrable early loss of either51 Cr or DF32P. The mean value for mean cell lifespan was found to be 111.2 days with an SD of 20.3 days.


<jats:sec><jats:p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is chronic, autoimmun multisystem disorder presented by thickening and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Esophageal involvement is one of the most common manifestation. Esophageal enlargement on HRCT is a common finding in scleroderma patients and may also be associated with other scleroderma-related clinical findings (1).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:p>The aim of this study to evaluate the association between esophageal dilatation on chest HRCT at diagnosis with the other SSc features.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:p>The study was planned for SSc patients registered between October 2007 and September 2020 in Dokuz Eylul University Rheumatology Department database. Demographics, clinical features and medical history were recorded. The baseline HRCT reports were screened in terms of esophageal dilatation. Then, the initial HRCT images were assessed for esophageal dilatation by an experienced chest radiologist according to recommendation of <jats:italic>Pitrez et al.</jats:italic></jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:p>In our study, there were 233 SSc patients (f:206 M:27, mean age 59.9±12.7 years) 71 (31.4%) of them diagnosed with diffuse disease. Median follow-up of study was 73 (1-272) months. Esophageal dilatation on HRCT was detected in 60 (25.8%) of SSc patients. 67 out of 155 patients (43.2%) had proof of esophageal involvement in esophageal transit scintigraphy. There is no statistical correlation was found between esophageal dilatation on HRCT with gender, smoking, arthritis, pulmonary hypertension and autoantibody subtypes. Development of digital ulcer and telangiectasia is statistically higher in SSc patients with oesophageal dilatation on baseline chest HRCT (p=0.001 and p=0.039, respectively). There was a positive correlation between Modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRss) and esophageal dilatation (r=0.213, p: 0.004).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:p>HRCT can be a reproducible and non-invasive method for evaluating esophageal dilatation. Presence of esophageal dilatation at baseline HRCT might be indicative for pulmonary involvement and SSc related gastrointestinal complications. Consecutive chest HCRT should be evaluated to obtain more reliable data about the relationship between esophageal dilatation and SSc related clinical features.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:p>[1]Pitrez EH, Bredemeier M, Xavier RM <jats:italic>et al</jats:italic>.Ooesophageal dysmotility in systemic sclerosis:comparison of HRCT and scintigraphy. <jats:italic>Br J Radiol</jats:italic> 2006; 79: 719–24.</jats:p><jats:table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="portrait"><jats:label>Table 1.</jats:label><jats:caption><jats:p>Clinical and demographic characteristics of the presence of esophageal dilatation on HRCT</jats:p></jats:caption><jats:table><jats:tbody><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1" /><jats:td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1" /><jats:td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Esophageal dilatation on HRCT</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" /></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1" /><jats:td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Total (n=233)</jats:td><jats:td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Yes (n=60, 25.8%)</jats:td><jats:td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">No (n=173, 74.2%)</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p</jats:td></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1" /><jats:td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Mean±SD.</jats:td><jats:td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Mean±SD.</jats:td><jats:td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Mean±SD.</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" /></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>Age, years</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">59.9±12.7</jats:td><jats:td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">59.7±12.2</jats:td><jats:td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">60.1 ±12.6</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</jats:td></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1" /><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>n</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>%</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>n</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>%</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>n</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>%</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" /></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>Female</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">206</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88,4%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88,3%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">149</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86,1%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</jats:td></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>Smoking</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33,9%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31,7%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,7%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</jats:td></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>Diffuse SSc</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,5%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38,3%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:underline>44</jats:underline></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25,4%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</jats:td></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>Overlap syndrome</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,2%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,3%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,5%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</jats:td></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>Pulmonary fibrosis</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50,6%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70,0%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43,9%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</jats:td></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>Arthritis</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,3%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38,3%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32,4%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</jats:td></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>Telengiectasia</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67,0%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80,0%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60,7%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>0,039</jats:bold></jats:td></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>Digital ulcer</jats:bold></jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37,3%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56,7%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29,5%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>0,001</jats:bold></jats:td></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>Anti-Scl 70 (+</jats:bold>)</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38,2%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46,7%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,1%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</jats:td></jats:tr><jats:tr><jats:td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><jats:bold>Anti-centromer (+</jats:bold>)</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32,2%</jats:td><jats:td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15


INTRODUCTION:The Indian banking sector has undergone phenomenal change with the initiation of financial sector reforms leading to opening up of sectoral markets and emergence of private banks in the otherwise nationalized bank dominated domain. The change has been further stimulated with the introduction of technologies, particularly internet and information technology. Modern bank customers are enlightened enough to make investment decisions and other transactions and thereby choose a bank or a combination of banks. The transition of the banking sector has also ensured that the banks increase their spectrum of activities from a linear service to a host of cross and up-selling services. Historically, CRM has been a feature of the service marketing sector, where intangible nature of services and its inseparability fromits delivery and consumption process have made service provider-customer dyadic relationship quite pivotal in determining customer loyalty, retention of valued customers, profitability etc. The financial services industry has gone through a rapid structural change (Peter, 2012). Competitive pressure and customer demand has compelled the financial services providers focus on core competencies in order to deliver better value to their customers. Consequently, companies that were formally highly integrated have split into divisions or independent companies focusing on different parts of the value chain (Heinrich & Leist, 2002). On the other hand, many customers demand a complete range of financial products in order to satisfy their financial 'on-stop' needs. This forces financial services companies to collaborate with providers of complementary products and services. Ultimately, networks of financial services companies emerged (Alt & Reitbauer, 2005). This emergence stimulated initiation of networks consisting of relationship managers, product providers and transaction processors (Heinrich & Leist, 2002); (Hagel & Singer, 2014). CRM emerged as a response to decreasing customer loyalty in different industries. The reasons for decreasing customer loyalty in the financial services industries are manifold and closely interconnected. Three fundamental factors can be identified (Walter, 2015); (Kamer, 2013); (Krisnan, 2012):■ New technological opportunities.■ Increasing competition from new market entrants.■ Customers' changing behaviour.Community and retail banking system has evolved as a major domain of CRM application. As banks automated back-office functions with mainframes, and the number of products and services, particularly related to cross - selling and up-selling activities, grew, banks found it increasingly necessary to introduce and replace its branchbased filing cards with a Central Information file (CIF). At the beginning of the 1970s, CIFS were equivalent to centrally located file cards which during the latter half of the decade was replaced by mainframe based hierarchical database management system. Even with computerized CIFs it became difficult to update customer records particularly at a time when the banking sector proliferated rapidly and expanded its business spectrum in cross-selling and up-selling product lines like insurance, mutual funds, cards etc. A customer investing in a diversified portfolio across the product/service line offer of a single bank has different data for different accounts. Banks that are organized around product 'silos' with separate systems for deposit accounts and other transaction involvements, found that effective customer relationship revolves around retrieval of data from different databases and synchronizing it according to homogeneous information provided. (Panda & Parida, 2009) pointed out the needs for implementation of CRM solutions in retail banking which are as follows:(i) Need for increase in operating efficiencies.(ii) Need to derive more values from the employees.(iii) Dealing with increasing competition(iv) Managing the rise in NPAs(v) Increasing importance of Fee-based income(vi) Lack of clarity regarding branch banking(vii) Emergence of Universal banking concept(viii) Vasudevan Committee recommendations. …


Web@glance is an Entre Lenguas section dedicated to share with our readers how teachers have integrated
e-resources to the teaching and learning of foreign languages and/or to their own professional
development. The review needs to include a brief description of the e-resource (purpose, audience,
links, resources and tasks available, among others); how they integrated these e-resources to their language class and,
some recommendations for learners and tutors. Web@glance also includes information about online and face to
face events related to the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the teaching and learning
of foreign languages.
In this Entre Lenguas issue, Web@glance presents a review about the Teaching English website (http://www.
teachingenglish.org.uk/) produced by the British Council with content and editorial support from the British
Broadcasting Corporation. This review offers a description of the e-resources available in this website for English
Language Teaching. First, I will present an overview of the teaching methodology, current practice and English
Language Teaching (ELT) issues resources. Secondly, I will offer a description of the forum space where teachers
interact and discuss ideas about teaching and materials. Finally, I will describe teaching materials and activities for ELT.
If you would like to contribute to the Web@glance section, please submit your paper to Teadira Perez at firstname.lastname@example.com.


This study aimed at evaluating the effect of ractopamine (RAC) on metabolism, zootechnical performance, body composition, and behavior in Wistar rats submitted to acute and chronic restrain stress. The oral dose of 5 mg/kg of RAC was administered in periods of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The elevated plus-maze test (EPMT) was used for behavioral assessment. Blood, carcass and viscera characteristics were evaluated. Insulin-dependent glucose transporters (GLUT-4) were semi-quantified by Western Blot in epididymal adipocytes. RAC periods associated with chronic stress increased the GLUT-4 protein expression in adipose tissue in a time-dependent manner (P=0.01), i.e., the longer the RAC addition period, the higher the GLUT-4 concentration in chronically stressed animals (0=1.42; 7=1.19; 14=2.03; 21=1.59; 28=2.35). The stress periods combined with RAC increased the time spent in the opened arms of the maze (Chronic stress: 0=10.6; 7=8.7; 14=5.9; 21=12.3; 28=4.0; Acute stress 0=3.1; 7= 4.7; 14=7.5; 21=0.0; 28=2.8) (P=0.04). Chronic (entries on the closed arms [ECA]=3.60) and acute (ECA=3.80) stress reduced locomotive activity in the maze (P=0.03). The results suggested that stress could negatively affect the possible benefits offered by the RAC, mainly impairing the adipose tissue metabolism and behavior in the animals.


The contents of Ca2+,polysaccharide,protein and amino acid in Agaricus blazei Murill(ABM)fruitbody cultured by Asparagus old stem and by rice straw were studied,respectively,using atomic absorption spectrophotometry,phenol-sulfuric acid method,amino acids analysis and the Kjeldahl method.The results showed that the contents of the Ca2+,polysaccharide,total protein and amino acid in ABM using Asparagus old stem as main substrates were 66.71%,22.49%,6.3% and 28.04% more than the ABM using rice straw as main substrates,respectively.


The introduction of open access data policies by research councils, the enforcement of best practices, and the deployment of persistent online repositories have enabled datasets that support results in scientific papers to become more widely accessible. Unfortunately, despite this advancement in the curation/publishing workflow, the data-driven figures within a paper often remain difficult to reproduce. Plotting or analysis scripts rarely accompany the manuscript or any associated software release; and even if they do, it may be unclear exactly which version was used. Furthermore, the precise commands and parameters used to execute the scripts are often not included in a README file or in the paper itself. This paper introduces a new open source digital curation tool, Pynea, for improving the reproducibility of LaTeX documents. Each figure within a document is enriched by automatically embedding the plotting script and data files required to generate it, such that it can be regenerated by readers of the paper in the future. The command used to execute the plotting script is also added to the figure's metadata, along with details of the specific version of the script used (if the script is tracked with the Git version control system). If the document is to be recompiled with a figure that has since changed, or had its plotting script or data files modified, the figure is regenerated such that the author can be confident that the latest version of the figure and its dependencies are included. Received 06 April 2019 | Revision received 30 June 2019 | Accepted 12 August 2019 Correspondence should be addressed to Dr Christian T. Jacobs, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom, Email: email@example.com The International Journal of Digital Curation is an international journal committed to scholarly excellence and dedicated to the advancement of digital curation across a wide range of sectors. The IJDC is published by the University of Edinburgh on behalf of the Digital Curation Centre. ISSN: 1746-8256. URL: http://www.ijdc.net/ Copyright rests with the authors. This work is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. For details please see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ International Journal of Digital Curation 2020, Vol. 14, Iss. 1, 292–302. 292 https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v14i1.656 DOI: 10.2218/ijdc.v14i1.656 doi:10.2218/ijdc.v14i1.656 Christian T. Jacobs | 293


In the process of information propagation, different communities may be formed due to different opinions, interests or hobbies. However, for the application for information propagation, targeted dynamic community detection methods have not been proposed previously. In this paper, we propose a particle competition aided community detection scheme for the sake of solving the dynamic community detection for information propagation. In comparison to traditional particle competition models, the particles in our proposed model are capable of performing the operations of walking, splitting and jumping and the domination matrix of the network changes continuously. Moreover, with the aid of combining the previous particle competition experiences as well as the defined particle's walking rules, our proposed community detection scheme can automatically select and update the core nodes based on the results of previous evolution. Finally, simulation results show both the effectiveness and superiority of our proposed particle competition aided community detection model for information propagation, which may have compelling applications in the context of the spread of opinions and computer viruses, etc.


As one of the pioneer writers,Yu Hua has his own characteristics in narrative art.He through these methods,namely,melting strangely of "reality",personages' symbol,reconstructing time,repeating and cycling the narration,makes causes the connotation of his novel change and especially enrich.


What he told her. Usually, that his heart was no good. Sometimes, how he missed the sea. She takes the yellow-painted motor launch across the river and on the other side has salted cod, sweet lemonade. The air here is brackish. The waitress's mouth is painted brick-red. At the far end of the wharf men are bringing in jelly fish. The black nets filled with blubbery white. This serial is available in Kunapipi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol16/iss1/99


Objective To characterize the Echovirus 30(ECHO30)strains isolated in 2010from hand-footmouth disease(HFMD)patients and healthy controls in Shandong,China.Methods Stool specimens were collected for virus isolation in RD and Hep-2cells.Genotyping was done by RT-PCR of the VP1region and sequencing analysis.Homology and phylogenetic analysis were conducted.Results Eight ECHO30strains were isolated from stool specimens of HFMD cases,and 10from healthy controls.The isolates from these two populations shared high homology at nucleotide level(92.7%-98.6%),and all isolates were grouped into one branch in the phylogenetic tree.The nucleotide homology with Linyi isolates are relatively high(96.7%-98.7%)but lower with the prototype strain(79.6%-81.3%).Conclusions The nucleotide sequences of ECHO30strains isolated from HFMD patients and healthy controls share high homology,indicating the viruses from the two populations had the same origin,and healthy control carriers might be one of infectious sources of HFMD patients.


ABSTRACT Due to frequent drought events, increased water demand for agricultural production and limited, accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is necessary for developing crop irrigation schemes and rational allocation of regional water resources. The extreme learning machine (ELM) was optimized using four biological heuristic algorithms, namely, Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO-ELM), Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO-ELM), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO-ELM), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA-ELM), and besides three types of empirical models (temperature-, radiation-, and mass transfer-based), and Penman model (P-M) were also applied to estimate the daily ETo in the Hetao irrigation district (HID). The results demonstrated that GWO-ELM obtained the highest estimation accuracy (R2 = 0.945–0.955; RRMSE = 14.52–15.29%; MAE = 0.124–0.141 mm d−1, and NSE = 0.942–0.952) at all stations when using mass transfer combination (Tmax, Tmin, RH, u2) as models input, and the GWO-ELM hybrid model outperformed other models. Herein, the biogenic heuristic algorithm can effectively enhance the ELM performance in ETo estimation, it was strongly recommended for estimating daily ETo in the HID using the hybrid GWO-ELM model and mass transfer combination as input. The optimized hybrid algorithms, especially GWO-ELM, can accurately estimate daily ETo with limited meteorological data, which can provide scientific guidance for the development of precision agriculture in the HID. Abbreviations: ANN: artificial neural network; BP: back propagation neural network; CMA: China Meteorological Administration; D-T: Dalton; EL: elevation; ELM: extreme learning machine; ETo: reference evapotranspiration; GEP: gene expression programming; GP: genetic programming; GWO: gray wolf optimization; H-S: Hargreaves-Samani; MFO: moth flame optimization; ML: machine learning; P-M model: FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (P-M) model; P-T: Priestley-Taylor; PSO: particle swarm optimization; RF: random forest; R-O: Rohwer; SVM: support vector machine; SVR: support vector regression; WOA: whale optimization algorithm


The stage of the zero-age carbon main-sequence and the subsequent evolution due to the depletion of carbon are studied for carbon-oxygen stars, which are regarded as representing the carbon-oxygen cores of ordinary stars having hydrogen and helium envelopes. The structure in the zero-age stage is computed for several stellar masses between a minimum value and 401\118 , and the evolution is computed for the masses, 1.0, 2.6 and 1O.OMCO). These computations are made for the two alternative cases, with and without neutrino loss. It is found that the neutrino loss reduces the lifetime of the carbon-burning phase at least by a factor of 30. By reference to the preceding study of the gravitational contraction phase, the lifecime of an ordinary star of 15.62\10 as a red supergiant is obtained. The time of evolution without neutrino loss is consistent with the observed numbers of red supergiants in the star clusters, h+x Persei and NGC 330, but the evolution with neutrinos is faster by a factor of 20. Finally, discussions are made of the effects of rotation, helium flicker and mass loss on the lifetime. It seems unlikely that these effects are large enough to increase the lifetime by a factor as large as 20.


Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifiers utilizing a 300-ps Nd:YAG pump system, a tunable 1.6-/spl mu/m fiber signal, and KNbO/sub 3/, KTA, RTP, or BBO nonlinear crystals were designed and built. Gain >10/sup 9/, and peak powers >30 GW were obtained.


During the past decade, a growing need to conduct regional assessments of long-term trends of ecosystem behavior and the technology to meet this need have converged. The Century model is the product of research efforts initially intended to develop a general model of plant-soil ecosystem dynamics for the North American central grasslands. This model is now being used to simulate plant production, nutrient cycling, and soil organic matter dynamics for grassland, crop, forest, and shrub ecosystems in various regions of the world, including temperate and tropical ecosystems. This paper will focus on the philosophical approach used to develop the structure of Century. The steps included were model simplification, parameterization, and testing. In addition, the importance of acquiring regional data bases for model testing and the present regional application of Century in the Great Plains, which focus on regional ecosystem dynamics and the effect of altering environmental conditions, are discussed.


Objective To study a rare case of meningitis due to Prototheca wickerhamii and the characteristics of this pathogen.Methods The following tests were performed:Direct microscopic exami- nation,fungal culture,temperature resistance test,cycloheximide tolerance test,carbohydrates assimilation test,scanning electron microscopic examination,and antifungal susceptibility test.API 20C AUX system was used to identify the fungus.Animal infection model was established.Results The pathogen was identified as P.wickerhamii.The pathogenicity of the isolate was confirmed by animal infection test.The patient was successfully treated with amphotericin B and itraconazole.Conclusions Prototheca wickerhamii is a rare opportunistic organism,which can infect individuals with normal immunity.Amphotericin B combined with itraconazole is effective for the infection caused by this organism.


Aiming at the problem of using a traditional single-threaded development method of virtual instrument to solve the problems of the system functions and real-time response no meeting the design requirements, a method of using multi-threading technology for data acquisition,data analysis and data display based on Lab-Windows /CVI application development software platform,is proposed.Experimental results show that multithreading technology can solve the existing deficiencies in single-threaded application development.


Prognostic value of the number of examined lymph nodes in totally resected Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Douillard, Jean-Yves1 Frenel, Jean-Sebastien2 Campion, Loic2 Sagan, Christine3 Michaud, Jean-Luc4 Despins, Philippe3 Perigaud, Christian3 Mugniot, Antoine3 Cellerin, Laurent3 1 Medical Oncology Centre R Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France 2 Centre R Gauducheau, St-Herblain, France 3 R and G Laennec Hospital CHU Nantes, St-Herblain, France 4 Clinique St-Augustin, Nantes, France Background: Surgery is the gold standard for cure in resectable NonSmall-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Pneumonectomy and lobectomy are performed along with mediastinal lymph node dissection to allow pTNM staging. In other tumor types including colon and gastric cancer, it has been demonstrated that the number of examined lymph node is an independent prognostic factor of survival, whatever the lymph node involvement. We retrospectively analyzed 218 patients with a totally resected NSCLC and looked at the prognostic value of the number of lymph nodes examined on the resected specimen. Methods: Consecutive cases from 01/2001 to 12/2004 included 81% men, median age 61, Squamous histology 50%, Adenocarcinoma 39%. There were 44% pTNM stage I, 29% stage II and 27% stage III, (54% pN0, 30% pN1 and 16% pN2), median follow-up 38 months. Surgery consisted in pneumonectomy (33%), lobectomy or bilobectomy (67%). Only 18 patients (8.6%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. Results: The median number of lymph nodes examined was 7 (1-48) (pneumonectomy, median of examined lymph nodes 10, lobectomy/ bilobectomy, 6 examined lymph nodes). Three groups were defined according to the number of examined lymph nodes to assess a possible prognostic value: 0-4 (group 1), 5-8 (group 2), 9 or more(group 3). In the overall population, no difference was seen among the three groups on Relapse-Free Survival (RFS, p=0.48), Lung cancer Specific Survival (LCSS, p=0.44) and Overall Survival (OS, P=0.63). In stage pN1, the number of examined lymph nodes if less than 5 had a significant impact on RFS (p=0.0003), on OS (p=0.014), and on LCSS (p=0.028). No difference was seen in stage pN0 and pN2. Based on the present study, patients resected for Stage pN1 with less than 5 lymph nodes examined on the resected specimen have a poor outcome, behaving as patients with stage pN2 and actually may be understaged: RFS 7.2 vs 7.6 months, LCSS 23.5 vs 18.7 months, OS 21.6 vs 18.5 months in pN2 vs pN1 with less than 5 examined lymph nodes respectively. Conclusion: A minimum of 5 lymph nodes should be recommended for pathologic examination to provide proper staging in stage pN1


In South East Asian countries, particularly in a developed Asian city, open-trench drains systems are prominent due to climatic differences. Open-trench drain structures occupy a great part of the terrain topography in Malaysia, and therefore this project aims to further investigate the impacts that open-trench drain systems have on radio propagation prediction in a low density urban environment. Towards that end, we have engaged an interactive 3D ray-tracing tool to build the environment depicting a low density setting with clusters of low rise building structures oriented far apart from each other. The existence of open-trench drains is incorporated into a mock city model to obtain propagation prediction results for different operating frequencies. One of the primary differences this study in comparison to the existing studies on ray-tracing modeling of an urban city with open-trench drains is that the quantity of building models and open-trench drain structures are generated over a wider area to mimic actual low density city settings. When such scenarios are considered, the impacts of open-trench drain structures fade away.


Advanced mud gas logging has been used in the oil industry for about 25 years. However, it has been challenging to predict reservoir fluid properties quantitatively (e.g., gas oil ratio – GOR) from only the advanced mud gas data (AMG) while drilling. Yang et al. proposed the first accurate GOR predictive model in 2019 from advanced surface data based on a machine learning algorithm. Since then, the method has been applied to both conventional and unconventional fields with good results. For our Norwegian operational units, we are developing a real-time service for fluid identification to optimize fluid sampling in exploration wells and support production drilling. Here, quantitative information about reservoir fluids will support the teams to take wellinformed decisions with respect to well placement, petrophysical log interpretation, and optimizing production by improving the selection of perforation intervals. We utilize a standard wellbore software platform to integrate the following data for fluid identification: AMG data, various AMG QC tools, normalized total gas response, GOR prediction, and petrophysical logs from logging while drilling (LWD). The proposed work approach integrates the information from multiple disciplines and makes the real-time fluid identification task much more reliable for operational decisions. We selected two field cases to demonstrate the approach of integrating AMG data and petrophysical logs. The first field case is an exploration well with multiple reservoir zones planned as production targets. The integrated approach shows reservoir fluids from all reservoir zones are almost identical. Consequently, we reduced the sampling program and only sampled at the best reservoir zone for cost efficiency. The second field case is a mature field being produced by pressure support from water, gas or water alternating gas injections. When a new production well is drilled, there is always a question of whether it encounters any injection gas. We applied the new approach to several production wells and obtained satisfying result. The latest information from the predictive GOR model solved many puzzles in petrophysical interpretations. This paper presents a new approach for reservoir fluid identification by integrating advanced mud gas data and petrophysical logs while drilling. This new approach makes real-time operational adjustments possible based on reservoir fluid identification along the well. The business potential is significant for accurately mapping resources for in-fill wells, boosting profitability, and lowering carbon footprint.


We study the synchronization in a network of delay-coupled nonidentical neuronlike oscillators described by the FitzHugh–Nagumo equations. The cases of constant strength of couplings and adaptively controlled couplings between the oscillators are considered. For the experimental study and control of synchronization in the network of neuronlike oscillators, we construct a radio engineering setup in which it is possible to specify an arbitrary architecture and type of couplings between the oscillators. It is shown that the using of an adaptively controlled delayed coupling allows one to achieve the in-phase synchronization of all oscillators in the network even in the case of a large parameter mismatch.


The whole of the church's life should be a "laboratory of the resurrection." (1) Through this lens, the work of the missionary church can become transformational or transfigured, not just for personal lives but also for a society as a common journey of faith. The work of the Orthodox Church of Albania under the leadership of His Beatitude Archbishop Anastasios Yannoulatos provides evidence for such an assessment. This case study will focus on the work that has been done by just one church in the country and demonstrate how missionary work can transform a nation. In the aftermath of World War II, Albania became a Communist nation, ruled by Enver Hoxha. From its initial alliances with the Soviet Union, until 1960, and with the People's Republic of China, until 1978, Albania eventually isolated itself from virtually all contact with other nations (much like North Korea today). Following the death of Hoxha in 1985, the Communist government attempted to liberalize the society, which led instead to economic collapse and social unrest. In 1992, the Communist government was voted out of power, and parliamentary democracy was established. While much progress has been made in a short period of time, Albania remains the poorest nation in Europe. The Christian population traces its origins to the first century C.E., especially in the city of Durres (ancient Dyrrachium). Today, while estimates vary, Albania is seventy percent Muslim (Sunni and Bektashi), twenty percent Orthodox Christian, and ten percent Roman Catholic. Government policy during the Communist era steadily eroded religious life until 1967, when Albania was declared an atheist nation. At that point, all forms of religion were made illegal, with houses of worship destroyed or repurposed into "cultural centers." Believers could be arrested and imprisoned for simple acts of faith. Describing the era of persecution, Elizabeta Xhokaxhi said: We suffered a lot when the churches were closed, but I kept all my icons. I put them in wardrobes and other hiding places. There was a house in Tirana where a woman had icons. They found out and came for them.... Then she made the sign of the cross on herself. "I am the icon of the cross. Take me." But they decided she was crazy, and so she wasn't arrested. (2) As the Communist government was collapsing, Christian missionaries entered the country to see what remained of their communities. Orthodox Christian missionaries, who had worked previously with Archbishop Anastasios, entered the country in 1991, led by the archbishop (then the Acting Archbishop of East Africa). In July, 1992, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople restored the institutional church, and Anastasios was enthroned as archbishop of the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania. As the archbishop stated, "In fact, I was not so much accepting a throne--that sounds rather comfortable!--but embracing the cross." (3) The situation in Albania challenges our assumptions about the nature of "missionary work." In the classic Orthodox Christian understanding, beginning with the examples of Byzantine saints Cyril and Methodius in the ninth century, down to the work of the missionaries in Russian Alaska in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, missionary work involves traveling to non-Christian places or lands, establishing a physical presence of some kind, and beginning to bear witness to the gospel in order to attract new followers of Christianity. Assuming it is successful, the mission expands throughout the place, spreading Christianity and establishing a church. The missionaries develop various institutions and the necessary means for their sustenance, from written literary languages to schools and other philanthropic institutions, as well as houses of worship. In the case of Albania, missionaries entered a country that had a Christian population and a church that had existed for centuries, but because of the government it had been all but destroyed. …


The quick growth of vehicles is due to fast urbanization in mega cities during last decades. This phenomenon has serious impacts on air quality, as emission from mobile vehicles is the major source of air pollution. As a result, any attempt to reduce the emitted air pollutants is needed. This study aims at improving the fuel quality in transporting system with particular emphasis on taxis in Tehran in 2014. As a clean fuel, Euro IV is being used to reduce the emission of pollution, toxic substances, and greenhouse gases. A bottom-up approach to evaluate vehicular emission, using IVE (International Vehicle Emission) model in Tehran, has been presented, which employs the local vehicle technology and its distributions, vehicle soak distributions, power based driving factors, and meteorological parameters to evaluate the emission, itself.  Results show that the most abundant air pollutant (CO) has been reduced by 87.6% due to the clean fuel consumption (Euro IV). Also, the emission rates of the predominant toxic pollutant (Benzene) decreased by 98.7%. As a clean fuel, Euro IV managed to increase the emitted amount of CO2 and NH3. It can be concluded that upgrading transportation system with updated fuel quality is an essential step to improve air quality in Tehran.


The aim of this text is to discuss the theories that focus on teacher knowledge and teacher work in Brazilian education, especially in the pedagogical field of Physical Education. The main idea is to analyze what these theories bring to the issue of teacher knowledge in an attempt to understand their possible contributions and limitations. Starting from a discussion on the available literature, this text approaches the theoretical traditions which are present in the field of studies about teacher knowledge and analyzes the way by which teacher education for physical education teachers is conceived in the context of different moments in Brazilian pedagogical thinking. As a conclusion, this text points out the potentialities and the risks of the investigations on teacher knowledge.
KEYWORDS: physical education – teacher education – teacher knowledge


Owing to a five bar linkage robot,a modeling which based on Cartesian Coordinate system and generalized coordinates was proposed.The gait planning of the biped robot was studied by using the method of 3rd order spline interpolation algorithm.The hip and impatient joint trajectory of the robot was emulated using Matlab.The result shows that the algorithm can make a continuously smooth moving trajectory of position and velocity,resulting in the moving trajectory of manipulation continuously smooth,which satisfies the industrial robot need.


Globally, biofuels are most commonly used to
power vehicles, heat homes, and for cooking.
Biofuel industries are expanding in Europe, Asia
and the Americas. Biofuels can be produced from
high sugar crops (sugar cane, sugar beet, and sweet
sorghum or starch (corn/maize), and crops plants
that contain high amounts of vegetable oil, such as
oil palm, soybean, algae, jatropha, or pongamia
pinnata. China and India are well positioned to
become world leaders in biofuel production within a
decade. The vehicle population continues to
increase exponentially and by the year 2020 about
1.5 billion are expected to be in use in the world.
Unregulated carbon dioxide emissions, a prominent
green house gas, will increase by 65% over the
current levels due to large scale use of fossil fuels.
Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench] is special purpose sorghum with a sugarrich
stalk, almost like sugarcane. Besides having
rapid growth, high sugar accumulation, and
biomass production potential, sweet sorghum has
wider adaptability. ). Currently, alcohol is produced
from sugar crops (60% of total alcohol production),
grain plus other feedstock (33% of total alcohol
production) (Table-1), and remaining7% is from
synthetic products. Sweet sorghum stalk with 65%
juice recovery is a competitive raw material for the
production of ethanol. The Supreme Court of India
informed the Government of India (GOI) to use
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as an alternative to
petrol and diesel for fuelling automobiles to reduce
environmental pollution. According to the
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and
Industry (FICCI), India could save nearly 80 million
L of petrol annually if petrol is blended with alcohol
by 10%. Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd, located at
Manoli village in Belgaum district, Karnataka, India
commissioned an ethanol plant recently in 2003 and
initiated a pilot project with the need for finding new substrates for producing ethanol for the
National Fuel Ethanol program in collaboration
with the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID) and DSR (ICAR, New Delhi),
Hyderabad. Three varieties viz.,SSV 74, Madhura,
and SSV 84 were supplied to farmers for evaluation.
These varieties gave an average sweet-stalk yield of
10–12 t acre-1 and grain yield of 0.8–1.0 t acre-1
under normal conditions in farmers' fields. Alcohol
industry collaborative project) comprising of DSR,
private seed companies, alcohol distilleries and
sugar industries for comprehensive research and
development of sweet sorghum hybrid parents and
hybrids, integrated sweet sorghum production
packages, and ethanol production technology would
help enhance the demand for sorghum.


Einstein's original Gedankenexperiment leading to the relation between inertial mass and rest energy is analysed in a new perspective, applying the principle of conservation of momentum. The analysis implies both the relativistic momentum and mass–energy relation in a simple way.


With the increase in population, the number of vehicles on the road also increases. As a result, urban areas are filled with vehicles, which has led to significant congestion. The urban traffic problems can be solved by deploying Intelligent Transportation System with existing infrastructure. The strategies developed to solve the problem need to be tested for the effective traffic management of the entire city. Testing in the real world is more expensive. Therefore traffic simulators are used to virtually test and enhance techniques before implementation. The simulator uses the real-world map and real-time traffic information for this purpose. The real-world map imported from open street map/osmWebWizard contains faulty information that must be corrected before running the simulation. This paper provides a detailed procedure for importing a real-world map from osmWebWizard and modifying the map's internal elements to replicate the real world for simulation. The modified network gets rid of unrealistic simulation results.


the operators which correspond to themselves under this automorphism is that the order of G is odd. This is also a necessary and sufficient condition that G is the direct product ofK and C. When the order of G is of the form 2m the number of the invariants of K is the same as the number of the invariants of H and at least equal to the number of the invariants of C, and the group generated by H and C contains the square of all the operators of G and is of index 2t under G, where i represents the number of the invariants of C. Hence the order of the cross-cut of C and H is 2'. When either H or K is cyclic then the three subgroups H, K and C must be cyclic and their common cross-cut is of order 2. If this condition is satisfied and G is also decomposable into H and K there are m/2 1 or (m 1)/2 such groups as mn is even or odd.


The recent global mean sea level rise is dominated by the addition of water to the oceans, accounting for around two thirds of the increase. In contrast, altimetry trends from 1993 to 2010 reveal that the local trends are dominated by the steric contribution, involving density expansion from warming and freshening. We explore an intermediate view between the global and local reconstructions based upon zonal averaging. By combining altimetry or tide gauges along with steric reconstructions, we provide two independent estimates of the zonal average of the mass component of sea level trends. We find that the trend in the increase of mass is spatially dependent and can be partly explained using mass redistribution predictions from gravitational fingerprints. Our two estimates, though, have different zonally averaged patterns. We find that the mass contribution implied by altimetry results in a higher rate of sea level rise in the southern hemisphere and the tropics, while the tide gauges imply a higher rate of rise within the tropics. These different views can be reconciled by the sparse tide gauge data in the southern hemisphere and the tropics. We show that while various land movement corrections at each gauge can alter the magnitude of the trend, this does not impact on the general shape of their latitudinal distributions.


Banks represent an important industry in Australia due to their size and overall impact on the economy. A banking sector characterised by good corporate citizens, behaving in a socially responsible manner, will benefit all Australians. The question posed in this paper is not whether banks can be considered good corporate citizens per se, but rather whether they report their citizenship behaviour in an open and honest way. Accounting criteria applied to evaluate the quality of banking reports include relevance, freedom from bias, and understandability. Findings suggest banks are beginning to recognise they have a responsibility to a broader group of stakeholders than shareholders alone, but with a few notable exceptions, there is little evidence to suggest they have gone beyond the rhetoric stage. The current state of play is highlighted, areas in need of reform are identified and some examples of good practice provided for other banks to follow. Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Victoria University for a seeding grant provided to support this project. Comments and feedback provided by participants at an Evaluation Society and Victoria University Business Ethics Seminar are gratefully acknowledged.


INTRODUCTION Anemia is significant public health problem and is associated with poor health conditions. It is a clinical state in which the quantity or quality of circulating red blood cells, hemoglobin or hematocrit level is reduced below the reference range for healthy individuals of the same age, sex, and race, under similar environmental conditions. The complete blood count (CBC) with red cell indices offers clue to diagnosis. Symptoms of anemia may vary from none, mild fatigue to weakness and reduced cognitive performance. The ever demanding medical curriculum exhausts students forcing them skip meals, attend long classes, live sedentary life making them vulnerable to several medical conditions including anemia. Also, undergraduate students fall under anemia vulnerable age-group. Independent studies in different medical colleges of Nepal have reported the prevalence of anemia among undergraduate students at around 30%. The present study aims at estimating hemoglobin levels to find the prevalence of anemia among undergraduate medical students. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate health-science students of Chitwan Medical College from March 2019 to August 2019 after obtaining ethical approval from IRC-CMC. (Ref: CMC-IRC/075/076-125) All 391 undergraduate health science students in 1 and 2 year were recruited from a pool of "School of Medicine", "School of Dental Surgery", "School of Nursing" and "School of Allied Sciences". Students with systemic illnesses, bleeding disorders, and on medications that interfered with red blood cell production, iron and folic acid metabolism were excluded from the study. An informed consent was obtained from all the students for participation in the study.


Using the water culture,four genotypes of leek's plant shoot,a proportion of the shoot and root and root dry weight ratio were tested to study two levels of phosphorus adaptation mechanism.The results show that:(1) Under the low phosphorus intimidate,phosphorus efficiency genotypes resistant 79 and Snow-Leek and Tiancui-791 dry weight was significantly greater than that of phosphorus sensitive genotype generation hybrid and Jiuxing-2,P-sensitive genotype leek root dry were not only smaller,but phosphorus concentration also decreased sharper and faster.(2)At different levels for phosphorus under four genotypes of the root to shoot ratio and leek different phosphorus treatment was negatively related,but whether high or low of P Snow-Leek 791 or Tiancui-791 Leek's proportion of the shoot to root,root dry weight always maintain a relatively high standard.


Urban solid waste management has become a critical issue due to the growth of population as well as an upsurge in living standards with inefficient management leading to negative socio-economic and environmental impacts. Solid waste management includes segregation at site, storage and waste characterization, collection, transfer and transportation, processing and recovery and eventually disposal of waste. Among all the phases, it has been seen that 60-80% of the total capital is spent on the collection phase and hence, optimizing this phase is crucial as we move toward an era of Smart cities and Internet of Things. In the paper, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to determine cost-effective routes for solid waste collection in order to reduce distance travelled by waste collection trucks (in turn reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions), taking into account the collection capacity of trucks, waste generated in bins, traffic conditions and time constraints. The results indicate that GA can be used effectively for allocating least distance path while incorporating all factors effectively.


An evaluation of the application of the Canadian Standards Association's newly recommended higher bolt shear and bearing stresses was made with several tests of bolted double-angle beam connections, with top flanges both coped and uncoped. The findings are summarized as follows: 1) The presence of the top flange of a beam is important for the development of the web bearing strength derived from tests of tensile lap splices. 2) The effect of eccentricity on short, single line, bolted web connections may cause a high component of force towards the end of the beam and thus the critical dimension related to potential tear out would be the horizontal distance from the bolt line to the end of the beam. 3) For beams in which the top flange is coped, a potential failure mode of tearing out may occur in the web before the nominal ultimate bearing stress is attained; an intuitive failure model which was also observed in the tests shows reasonable agreement with the tests results reported herein. 4) Although the study presented here focuses primarily on ultimate load behavior, permanent or residual deformation at service loads attributable to bearing deformation may be unsuitable. For the uncoped beam test, the residual displacment at a working load is estimated to be on the order of 0.1-0.2 in. The test results, which are presented here, focus on the behavior of only one connection with two detailing alternatives (coped and uncoped). For many framing applications, the loading and detailing practice may be such that proportions which develop the failure mechanism demonstrated here will not occur. It is, however, prudent to exercise caution in the application of the new bearing strength criteria to the wide variety of connection detailing for which the criteria have not been tested. It is further recommended that research be continued to develop design guidelines for the broader application of ultimate strength concepts in connection design. /Author/


Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer has one of the worst prognoses among all the malignancies. To date, there are no effective strategies for preventing, diagnosing, or treating this aggressive disease. Increasing evidence shows that the human microbiome influences pancreatic cancer development and the response to treatment, which is the main aim of this review. Future studies will be key to determining whether or not this knowledge might be used to develop new strategies that harness the microbiome for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in pancreatic cancer. Abstract Pancreatic cancer mortality is expected to rise in the next decades. This aggressive malignancy has a dismal prognosis due to late diagnosis and resistance to treatment. Increasing evidence indicates that host–microbiome interactions play an integral role in pancreatic cancer development, suggesting that harnessing the microbiome might offer promising opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Herein, we review the associations between pancreatic cancer and the intratumoral, gut and oral microbiomes. We also explore the mechanisms with which microbes influence cancer development and the response to treatment. We further discuss the potentials and limitations of using the microbiome as a target for therapeutic interventions, in order to improve pancreatic cancer patient outcomes.


Samuel M. Jenness, PhD Kevin M. Weiss, MPH Steven M. Goodreau, PhD Thomas Gift, PhD Harrell Chesson, PhD Karen W. Hoover, MD Dawn K. Smith, MD Albert Y. Liu, MD Patrick S. Sullivan, PhD Eli S. Rosenberg, PhD 1 Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 2 Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 3 Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 4 Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 5 San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA


Our goal of understanding the Mesozoic tectonic setting of the Dolly Varden Mountains in Nevada was aided by combining remote sensing data with detailed field mapping. Significant faults in the range were delineated by convolving a directional filter with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. Existing geologic maps were improved upon by analyzing information derived from TM data as wlell as from the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) and the Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS). A time constraint is provided by correlating Mesozoic structures with an early Cretaceous intrusion. The association of parts of the stock and its attendant metamorphism to north trending normal faults indicates that in the early to middle Mesozoic the area was undergoing extension along an axis oriented east-west. Early fractures within the stock are filled in some places with aplite, microgranite and other late stage dikes which trend N35°W and suggest that by Cretaceous time the extension axis had rotated to a roughly NE-SW orientation.


A computational study of thermal conductivity and phonon dispersion of gold nanocrystal superlattices is presented. Phonon dispersion curves, reported here for the first time from combined molecular dynamics and lattice dynamics calculations, show multiple phononic band gaps and consist of many more dispersion branches than simple atomic crystals. Fully atomistic three dimensional molecular dynamics calculations of thermal conductivity using the Green Kubo method are also performed for the first time on these materials. Thermal conductivity is observed to increase for increasing nanocrystal core size and decrease for increasing surface ligand density. Our calculations predict values in the range 0.1–1 W/m K that are consistent with reported experimental results.