The empirical correlations for the prediction of jet/spray penetration of liquid jet in subsonic uniform crossflow are reviewed in this study. Considerable number of empirical correlations had been proposed by many investigators. It has generally known that the jet/spray trajectory of a liquid jet in a cross-flow is a function of the liquid to air momentum flux ratio and the normalized distance in the airstream direction from the injector. However, several researchers incorporated the Weber number, liquid-to-water or air viscosity ratio, pressure ratio or Reynolds number, temperature ratio in the empirical correlations. Two different classification methods of correlations, i.e. classification based on mathematic functional form and classification based on flow regime, are introduced in this study. The one classification of existing correlations based on functional form includes correlations in a power-law, logarithmic, and exponential forms, respectively. The other classification of previous correlations based on flow regime includes one, two and three regime, correlations. Correlations in a power-law functional form can be further divided into three groups such as momentum flux ratio, Weber number and other parameters forms. Correlations in logarithmic functional form can be also grouped as momentum flux ratio and Weber number forms. Most of the evaluation studies reported the significant discrepancies of predicted values by the existing correlations. The possible reasons for discrepancies will be summarized as measurement technique, assumptions made in defining terms in the liquid to air momentum flux ratio, difficulties in defining the boundaries of the liquid jets, turbulence level in the core and boundary layer of incoming jet and gas flows, nozzle/injector geometry and its position in the crossflow. However, it can be found from the several evaluation studies that the power-law functional form with momentum flux ratio and two regimes correlations provided relatively the best fit to experimental data.


Ocean bottom seismic, OBS, was acquired in 2014 over the South Arne field located in the Danish sector
of the North Sea. The main objective of the seismic survey was to improve the image of a significant part
of the reservoir, previously obscured on conventional towed streamer data by an overburden gas cloud.
The full azimuthal PP and PS data have made it possible to map faults beneath the gas cloud and has
inspired a structural model update of the South Arne field. A secondary objective of the OBS acquisition
was to study 4D production effects and full 4D processing and AVO inversion together with vintage
streamer data was executed.


anode in cellulosc acetate electrophoresis at pH 6.5, B being the slowest form. More recently, a 3rd, faster isozyme has been discovered in brain by Hooghwinkel et a!. (9) and then in most fetal and adult organs by Poenaru and Dreyfus (22); it was called â€oeIsozymeC.†• @9-Hexosaminidase deficicncy is known to be responsible for the various forms of G M2 gangliosidosis and, more particularly, the A isozyme is related to the most frequent form of gangliosidosis, Tay-Sachs disease (21, 36). In rat tissues, Robinson et a!. (25) demonstratcd the presence of hexosaminidase but did not show the different molecular forms of this enzyme; Goldstone et a!. (7) sepa ratcd 2 bands with hexosaminidase activity in kidney. The question arose whether different isozymes exist in other rat tissues and, if they do, how they are distributed in hepatoma and whether they are similar to those in nor mal liver. Moreover, the problem of reappearance of en zymic embryonic forms and the significance of this phe nomenon have not been solved yet. This mechanism could be due only to cellular multiplication or could express a more specific phenomenon. The purpose of the present communication is to study the kinetic and electrophoretic properties of different nor mat rat tissues and to compare them with those of slow and fast-growing hepatoma. In the same way the proper ties of rat regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy, which represents the best example of intense cellular multi plication in adult liver, have been compared with those of normal liver and hepatoma. Normal, hepatectomized, and cancerous rats were young albino Wistar rats. Rats over I year old and host livers from rats with Rcuber hepatoma H. 178 were also used. Partial hepatectomies were carried out according to the method of Higgins and Anderson (8) adapted by Frayssinet (6); 60 to 70% of liver was removed. Rats were sacrificed at different times after operation (from 6 hr to 7 days). Controls were either normal rats on rats of the same age submitted to sham surgery and sacrificed at the same times. (One lobe, the medianone, wasdisplacedand then rcplaccd.) In some experiments,we have comparedbi opsy liver and the same liver 2 or 3 days after sham opera tion. Regeneration was also induced by i.p. injection of CCI4 (17) (tOO @l/ 100 g of body weight). The rats were sacrificed between 18 hr and 12 days after the injection. SUMMARY …


The conventional, brittle, silicon nitride barrier layer and gate insulator in amorphous silicon thin-film transistors (a-Si:H TFTs) on 50 μm thick polyimide foil was replaced by a resilient, homogeneous, hybrid of silicon dioxide and silicone polymer. The transistor structures can be bent down to 0.5 mm radius (5% strain) in tension and down to 1 mm radius (2.5% strain) in compression. This pronounced flexibility shifts the criterion for reversible bending away from a-Si:H TFT backplanes and toward the materials for substrate and encapsulation. It qualifies a-Si:H TFTs for pull-out display screens in handheld devices.


Introduction: Reproductive age females in Pakistan are still having poor access to adequate contraceptive information and difficulty in decision making, resulting in abortions many times.

Aims & Objectives: To identify contraceptive and abortion-related practice among married reproductive age females of lower income group in District Lahore.

Place and duration of study: Study was conducted in 30 union councils (UCs) of District Lahore, Pakistan in 2011-2016.

Material & Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out on a sample of 210 married females of reproductive age in 30 UCs of District Lahore. 30 UCs were randomly selected out of 150 followed by random selection of one village/ward which was considered as a cluster and 7 females were recruited through convenience sampling in each cluster. Data was collected on contraceptive use, preferences, decision making and abortion-related practice and their associations with socio-demographics of these females.

Results: The survey was carried out among 210 females with mean age 29 ± 5.28. 97.6% were Muslims, 23.3% were illiterate and 96.2% were housewives. Per capita per month income was ? PKR 3000 in 99 % of the respondents. 20% females used contraception. 39% women were delivered by untrained birth attendants, 95.7% females breast fed and amongst them only 15.7% fed for two years. 33(15.7%) of respondents had 48 abortions and amongst them 27% got it done by a Dai while female neighbors did it in 4.2% cases so a total of 31.2 % abortions were conducted at home. Place of abortion and delivery was decided by husbands in 87.4% respondents. Lower age and age at marriage were found to be associated with higher contraceptive use and abortions (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Contraceptive use is very low and abortion-related practices are poor. Respondent's age and age at marriage are the determinants showing significant association with contraceptive use and abortion.


This chapter describes how Americans embraced European philhellenism and how it first evolved as a movement in the United States. Lord Byron's philhellenism and his subsequent pledge to join the Greek army particularly energized interest in the Greek cause on both sides of the Atlantic. Although the American philhellenic movement initially drew some momentum from its European counterpart, it quickly became a unique one in its own right. More than any other revolution of the nineteenth century, the Greek War of Independence saw Americans in both the North and South quickly connecting it with their own revolution, and they regarded it as their duty to raise public awareness and support for the cause. Americans quickly mobilized an active cause when it became obvious that the U.S. government would neither officially recognize Greek independence nor would provide the Greek army with military aid. This mobilization of popular support for the Greek cause generated what many newspapers termed "the Greek Fire."


Inexploring therole ofthechloroplast inthemultiplication ofturnip yellow mosaic virus, thebiosyntheses ofthemajor viral polyamine, spermidine, aswell asthatofthetetramine, spermine werestudied. The synthesis ofthese polyamines from12-14Clmethionine inprotoplasts of Chinese cabbage leaf cells derived fromhealthy plants orthose infected by turnip yellow mosaic virus wereexamined. Populations ofprotoplasts of infected leaves arehomogeneous withrespect tocontaining ch}oroplast aggregates incontrast tothose ofhealthy leaves. Protoplast preparations havebeenshowntoincorporate methionine into protein, spermidine, and spermine morerapidly thandofresh leaf discs, which also showavery slowutilization oflabeled arginine andornithine into polyamine. Protein synthesis issimilar for4hours inbothhealthy andinfected protoplasts. Accumulation oflabeled spermidine stops after 2hours in healthy protoplasts butcontinues intheinfected protoplasts. Muchofthe newlysynthesized protein andspermidine ispresent intheeasily sedimentable fraction ofthereadily disrupted protoplasts. Disrupted anddiluted protoplasts haveadecreased ability tometabolize methionine toprotein andspermidine. Theresidual synthetic activity is essentially entirely intheeasily sedimentable fraction. However, this fraction isunable tosynthesize spermine, anactivity found inprotoplasts anddisrupted protoplasts. Disrupted protoplasts contain spermidine synthase (EC22.214.171.124) andabout aquarter ofthis activity ispresent inalowspeed sedimentable fraction containing thechloroplasts. Theprotoplast system issuitable forananalysis ofpolyamine synthesis inturnip yellow mosaic virus infection andappears particularly suitable forstudy ofthe distribution oftheenzymes involved.


This paper proposes a quasi-orthogonal correlator-based back propagation neural network (BPNN) pseudo-noise (PN) code acquisition scheme for underwater acoustic direct sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) communication. The main idea is to use short-length quasi-orthogonal correlators for coarse phase estimation and a BPNN based discriminator for fine phase calculation. When compared with other neuralnet based PN code acquisition schemes, the short quasiorthogonal correlators effectively locate possible phases of the received signal with high tolerance to interference and require no full-length correlation. These capabilities have been verified by extensive computer simulations and the results clearly show that the proposed scheme has the characteristics that are highly suitable for the implementation of underwater acoustic DSSS communication systems.


We have used a combination of histochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral approaches to study signal transduction, membrane biophysics, and chemosensory function in the neurons of the mouse Grueneberg ganglion (GG) olfactory subsystem. The GG is a recently appreciated collection of ~1,000 clustered primary olfactory neurons located at the anterior tip of the mammalian nasal cavity. Despite their far-forward position, GG neurons are fully trapped beneath a keratinized epithelium and are wrapped by glial cells. This raises the question of how they contribute to the sense of smell. We found that GG neurons have key components of cGMP signal transduction pathway and are molecularly similar to GC-D neurons, which project to the enigmatic necklace glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. In electrophysiological analyses, individual GG neurons spontaneously discharged action potentials in one of three distinct temporal patterns that were stable for >20 min. An auxiliary fast-inactivating Na+ current accounted for the various discharge patterns in computer simulations of the neuronal ionic currents. Despite differences in baseline activity, the majority of GG neurons responded to specific mammalian pheromones. In behavioral experiments, we found that the weaning of adolescent mice induced GG activity; however, the effects did not depend on ambient temperature or the presence of other animals. Because GG neurons reside on a dense vascular bed, have specialized access to serum contents, and directly responded to pressure ejections of serum, their activity can likely be modulated by internally circulating hormones or proteins associated with specific physiological states such as stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate unusual molecular and functional aspects of a morphologically and anatomically atypical olfactory nerve.


The anticancer drug cis-platin (CP) is in worldwide clinical use to treat a variety of cancers, but is inherently associated with severe toxic side effects. Previous animal studies revealed that its neurotoxicity can be significantly reduced by the coadministration of l-glutathione (GSH) without affecting the anticancer effect. The underlying molecular mechanism, however, has remained elusive. Since the bloodstream is a likely biological compartment where CP-derived hydrolysis products may react with GSH, we have employed a recently developed metallomics tool to gain insight into the interaction of CP and GSH in rabbit plasma in vitro. After the addition of increasing GSH/CP molar ratios to plasma (25:1, 50:1, and 100:1), the determination of the Pt distribution 5 min and 2 h later revealed the formation of a Pt–GSH complex that did not bind to plasma proteins. The simultaneously obtained Zn distribution in plasma revealed a progressively more pronounced perturbation of the Zn metalloproteome with increas...


Background. Although somewhat controversial, there are data to suggest that patients with ovarian cancer may experience a survival advantage if the dose intensity of platinum‐containing regimens can be maximized. Administration of chemotherapeutic agents via the intraperitoneal route offers the opportunity to increase dose intensity of several chemotherapeutic agents.


Recently, the public has focused on the safety and reliability of complex equipment such as aerospace. Health management about complex equipment contains state detection, fault prognostics, fault diagnosis and so on, and is the guarantee for accomplishment of space missions and the long-term operation of in-orbit spacecraft. Under the background, the development of prognostics and health management (PHM) technology, aiming at improving equipment safety and reliability, which can eliminate faults in the embryonic state, has a profound significance for condition monitoring and in-orbit maintenance of aerospace equipment. By analyzing the research status and application of PHM technology both at home and abroad, the manuscript majorly addressed the PHM technical framework and key technologies about spacecraft. In the meanwhile, integrated with cloud service platform for equipment management, the development tendency of PHM was forecast. At last, the existing challenges of PHM technology was expounded and corresponding countermeasures were put forward.


This guide is for the Teaching & Learning with Technology (TLT) space at GBC which is managed by the HLLC & OIRT.


Abstract. Person reidentification (Re-ID) aims to match specific pedestrians across nonoverlapping camera views. Due to the dramatic disparities between different datasets, transferring a Re-ID model trained on the source domain to the target domain is challenging. Some outstanding unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) Re-ID methods use clustering to generate pseudolabels, optimizing the model on the target domain, but the pseudolabels are inevitably noisy. To address the above issues, we propose a framework named mini-transformer with pooling (MTP) to facilitate the generation of superior quality pseudolabels by improving the model's feature representation capability. First, we introduce an effective mini-transformer (MT) that can be placed directly behind the CNNs as a feature extractor to capture long-range dependency. Then, we design two delicate pooling methods named global hybrid pooling (GHP) and global subvalue pooling (GSVP) to suit mini-transformer's tremendous capability without increasing computational complexity. Specifically, GHP can keep more global information and GSVP can keep more discriminative information. Finally, experiments on four mainstream UDA Re-ID tasks demonstrate that MTP achieves competitive mAP and rank-1 accuracy to the current state-of-the-art methods, suggesting that our technique is simple but effective. In addition to UDA Re-ID, our MTP can be extended to other supervised retrieval tasks.


Objective To explore the relationship among the progression, histological types and pathology grade in recurrent astrocytoma. Methods The Clinical and pathological data of 54 cases of recurrent astrocytoma after the second operation were analyzed. Results The pathology grade of 28 cases was progressive and the rate was 51.9%. Anaplastic astrocytoma and gemistocytic astrocytoma showed more progressive and the rate were 66.7%, 78.6%, respectively. Conclusion The result suggested that the age pathology grade and histologyical types were all involved in the astrocytoma progression. Anaplastic astrocytoma and gemistocytic astrocytoma of adults were more progressive.


This paper presents a discrete-time sliding mode control for the under-actuated inverted pendulum system linearized around its unstable equilibrium position. The closed-loop system stability and the reference model follow-up are guaranteed using linear quadratic regulator approach in the switching surface design. Moreover, hyperbolic tangent function is used in the control law design in order to avoid chattering phenomenon. The proposed controller ensures that the state trajectory converges in finite-time to the sliding manifold. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed scheme.


FARrHQUAKE HAZARDS OF 'lHE GRAND TEroN NATIONAL PARK EM?HASIZIOO 'IHE TETON m\ULT D. L. SUSOD;J R. B. Smith R. L. Bruhn Departnent of Geology and Geophysics University of Utah Salt Lake City 'lhe Teton oorma.l-faul t zone extends for over 80 km along the eastern front of the Teton Range. Mapping and profiling of Quaternary fault scarps shows that the scarps are nearly continoous for 55 km with scarp heights varying from ab::>ut 10 m to 40 m. 'lhe largest scarps occur adjacent to the topographically highest parts of the Teton range. The scarps locally offset glacial m::>raine crests in a left-lateral sense. On a regional scale the scarps e:xhibi t a right-stepping, en echelon geometry that is also consistent with a conponent of left-lateral displacenent. Tne Teton fault is structurally subdivided into three segnents. One prominent goonetrical segnent ooundary occurs just south Taggart Lake, where the range front bends through an angle of 23° and a ma.jor structural ooundary extends through the hanging wall basin, as inferred by gravity data. 'lhis b::>undary ma.y have influenced the histol:y of Quaternary earthquake occurrences because vertical offset across faults scarps is greater to the oorth of the ooundary, than to the south. 'lhe lengths of the proposed segnents and scarp size are consistent with M7 to 7.5 earthquakes for the Teton fault zone. Research Objectives 'lhis is a preliminary report of the results of the first years research of the University of Utah project "Earthquake hazards of The Grand Teton National Park enphasizing the Teton Fault", as of 15 December 1987. The principal research Objectives of the first year of this project were: 1) to map the location and extent of the Teton fault, 2) to investigate the extent of fault-zone segnentation, and 3) to assess the "likely .. sites of future large events on the basis of the fault zone data. Additional research topics that are currently being pursued based on this years data are: 1) an evaluation of the geonetry of possible subsurface faulting on the Teton fault, 2) nodeling of Observed and theoretical surface deformation on the valley of Jackson Hole from large earthquakes.


Objective: To determine the relationship between location of the ventricular catheter tip and functional status of the ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt in children. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in Faculty of Paediatric Surgery under the Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery in Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute (BSH&I) from January 2017 to December 2021. The study included 140 patients who underwent ventriculo-peritoneal shunt using free hand technique. Data obtained for each patient included age, sex, diagnosis including site and side of ventricular catheter placement. Postoperative CT scan of brain were done in all cases and followed up over 2½ to 4½ years. Sixty-three patients were available for follow up. The relationship of location of ventricular catheter tip and function of the ventriculo-peritoneal shunt was analyzed in all 63 patients. Results: Number of the patients included in the study was 140. Accuracy of ventricular catheter tip placement were 55(39.28%) using freehand technique. VP shunts function well in 43(68.25%) patients. Among the 43 patients with well-functioning shunts, 19 were in accurate group, 7 were in suboptimal group and 17 were in inaccurate group. Twenty-six (41.27%) patients had good outcome with normal development. Conclusion: Mechanical malfunction and infection are the most significant problems associated with VP shunts for the treatment of hydrocephalus. A significant proportion of shunt failure is due to inaccurate placement of the ventricular catheter tip. Accurate placement of the catheter tip is highly important to reduce the incidence of shunt malfunction.


In the Washington v. Glucksberg and Vacco v. Quill decisions rejecting a constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Supreme Court allowed each state to decide whether to legalize the intervention.1 In state legislatures rather than courtrooms, factual claims about the probable extent and implications of permitting physician-assisted suicide assume a preeminent role in the debate about legalization.2 Particularly sensitive in these discussions will be the issue of the potential cost savings from legalizing physician-assisted suicide, and how the savings might influence decision making by health care institutions, physicians, families, and terminally ill patients.3–6 Although we do not agree with . . .


Using the general approach begun by Amon and Levine but making some important modifications, the authors analyze the dependence of the free energy of activation (..delta..G/sup + +/) on the standard free energy change (..delta..G/sub 0/). They find that the Broensted coefficient is usually not 1/2 for a reaction in which ..delta..G/sub 0/ = 0 (such a reaction is referred to as an isergonic reaction), and the functional dependence of ..delta..G/sup + +/ on ..delta..G/sub 0/ may be complicated. Since transition-state bond order for isergonic reactions are 1/2, this work indicates that, in general, the Broensted coefficient is not equal to the transition-state bond order. 29 references, 2 figures.


Earlier this year, a BBC television series dived into the regions where underwater archaeology fades into the murkier waters of treasure-hunting. This is an opportune moment to review an archaeologist's account of his rôle in the richest of recent recoveries, the gold from the Spanish galleon Atocha.


The Hencky medium with softening under isothermal and quasistatic deformation is considered. It is believed that volume deformation is not positive. In this case softening is characterized by the part of union curve with negative slope. For aforementioned conditions function of free energy is presented. For all stages of deformation in the space "volume deformation - intensity of shear's deformation" level lines of the free energy are constructed. It is established that level lines are ellipses in hardening and function of free energy increases with distance from their centers, while in softening hyperbolas are level lines and function of free energy decreases with distance from their centers. Obtained results indirectly confirm the change in type of boundary value problem from elliptic to hyperbolic under material transition to the softening.


Crohn's disease (CD) is an idiopathic inflammatory condition characterized by an unpredictable clinical course and frequent relapses. Stenosis, fissures, and fistulae, seen in 20–40% of patients, likely result from abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism. Such complications may necessitate an alteration of medical therapy or surgical intervention. Many assays for markers of CD relapse have been investigated, but at present no test is implemented clinically.


Abstrak. Acne is an obstructive skin disorder and chronic inflammation in pilosebaceous unit which often happens in adolescence. Acne can be a sign of puberty and can happen a year before first-time menstruation. This research aims to do antibacteria activity test from 2 different kinds of coconut husks (Cocos nucifera L) which are regular coconut husk and medicinal coconut husk (Cocos nucifera L Var. Rubencens) towards Propionibacterium acnes. Extraction was done with maceration method using 70% ethanol as solvent, the obtained extracts then fractionated using liquid-liquid extraction method with the solvent of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water. From the obtained extraction results and fraction, bacteria activity test were then done with well method. The results from this research on medicinal coconut husk shows presence of inhibition zone in 4,6% minimum inhibitory concentration (KHM) with the average of 8,05 mm, meanwhile on regular coconut husk shows presence of inhibition zone in 8,5% minimum inhibitory concentration with the average of 9,71 mm and 8,35 mm. Then, test results on fractions was found in inhibition zone in water fraction, in medicinal coconut husk shows presence of inhibition zones on 3,5% concentration with the average of 7,02 mm meanwhile in regular coconut husk shows presence of inhibition zones on 6,5% concentration with the avergae of 8,02 mm


A novel electrochemical biosensor was developed for activity assay of DNA methyltransferase and its inhibitor based on methylation-sensitive cleavage, which activated a primer for terminal transferase-mediated extension of biotinylated dUTP followed by sensitive detection via enzymatic amplification.


Whereas in traditional education, the role of the teacher is seen as that of a transmitter of knowledge, in the constructivist classroom a teacher's role changes significantly. The role of the teacher in the constructivist classroom is to act as a "guide on the side". The teacher's job becomes to provide opportunities for learners to expand their knowledge in an active and engaged format. The teacher can not assume that all learners have the same background knowledge or experiences on which to build new knowledge. Instruction has to be designed to make the missing connections for learners. The teacher facilitates the constructivistic learning process. Learners in this environment are active and not passive. They are encouraged to be independent thinkers and problem solvers. Learners are engaged in experiences that go beyond factual responses and provide opportunities to hypothesize, to analyze, to interpret, and to predict. Another essential component for learners is to communicate and collaborate with others. Thus allowing for reinforcement and elaboration of ideas and concepts. Constructivism is one of the big ideas in education that would require reform in teacher training methods, a substantial change in the public's perception of education, and a significant amount of time and money. In an ideal world, the use of constructivist methods would be a standard, however I don't foresee major changes occurring in the educational system of the United States in the near future. Many teachers, including myself, practice constructivist principles in their classrooms and don't even know it. They just know and understand that some teaching methods make learning more effective and meaningful for students.


Aiming at the actual situation of the buried sulfur natural gas pipeline leakage problem,with the finite volume method,the numerical simulation for volume fraction of hydrogen sulfide and methane of the buried sulfur natural gas pipeline continuous leakage were preceded.The upper soil was considered as porous medium to gas diffusion effects.Comparing and analyzing the dangerous area of methane and hydrogen sulfide occurring at the moment,the results show that the virulent area of hydrogen sulfide leaked is much greater than the dangerous area of methane,covering completely.Between the common area of hydrogen sulfide and methane,fire prevention measures are took as well as poisonous protection measures in the area of hydrogen sulfide influenced alone.


This study had three objectives. First was to determine the practices parastatals use to align IS and Business strategies. Second it also sort to identify the extent of IS-Business strategy alignment in parastatals in Kenya. Thirdly it looked at challenges of IS-Business strategy alignment. The need for the study arose because there are benefits that parastatals could reap from IT-Business alignment but no conclusive research has been done to address the subject. In undertaking the study, Kenyan parastatals with offices in Nairobi were targeted. Primary data was collected using questionnaires from 52 senior managers of Kenyan parastatals. The data analysis was done by means, standard deviations and factor analysis and the findings were presented using tables, frequencies and narratives. The questionnaires were administered electronically. From the data analysis, it was established that the majority of the respondents were male. It was also established majority of respondents were business oriented as opposed to IT orientation by 73.1% and 26.9% respectively. Majority have worked for less than 5 years in the parastatals. There was evidence that most of the parastatals do not have IT strategies but they consider it to be significant in the organizations policy making. The respondents also felt not involved to a great extend in the formulation of business strategies. Presence of a supportive organizational culture, the use of an IT project steering committee and IT strategy consistence with business goals were the major practices identified in the study. Matching business need to IT, Develop a mitigation strategy, Create processes for governance of IT in relation to business strategy were pointed out as major activities in IT-Business strategy alignment. Non supportive organization structure, lack of IT strategy in place and lack of Business strategy in place were the main challenges identified from the study


As part of a New Deal initiative to minimize home foreclosure, federal government officials and local real estate professionals graded each neighborhood in America's largest cities on its perceived credit risk. Using recently digitized maps that precisely show neighborhoods marked with red ink (highest risk) or yellow ink (slightly lower risk), I document that surveyors disproportionately assigned the most restrictive credit rating to neighborhoods with black residents. Nearly 90 percent of African Americans in 1940 lived in a census tract marked for credit redlining. Comparing credit-restricted "redlined" census tracts to adjacent "yellow-lined" tracts, I estimate the long-run effects of redlining on housing and neighborhood outcomes. Between 1940 and 1970, redlining was associated with large differential declines in housing supply and population density; homeownership rates and racial composition did not change differentially from their 1940 baseline though. Once discriminatory lending was outlawed during the mid-1970s, there was moderate convergence in homeownership rates and racial composition. However, housing supply and population density remain persistently lower in formerly credit-restricted census tracts relative to their credit-favored neighbors.


1 The influence of 30 mM inorganic phosphate (Pi) and pH (6.2‐7.4) on the rate of ATP utilization was determined in mechanically skinned bundles of myofibrils from the iliofibularis muscle of Xenopus laevis at approximately 5 °C. 2 BDM (2,3‐butanedione monoxime; 10 mM) depressed isometric force production and actomyosin (AM) ATPase activity equally. Therefore sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) ATPase activity could be determined by extrapolation of the total ATPase activity to zero force. 3 The SR ATPase activity without added Pi at pH 7.1 was 42 ± 2 % of the total ATPase activity. Addition of 30 mM Pi reduced SR ATPase activity slightly, by 9 ± 5 %, and depressed force by 62 ± 2 % and AM ATPase activity by 21 ± 6 %. 4 At pH 6.2, force, SR ATPase activity and AM ATPase activity were reduced by 21 ± 5, 61 ± 5 and 10 ± 4 % of their respective values at pH 7.1. 5 The SR ATPase activity at 30 mM Pi and pH 6.2 was reduced markedly to 20 ± 6 % of the value under control conditions, suggesting that the maximum rate of Ca2+ uptake during muscle fatigue was strongly depressed. This reduction was larger than expected on the basis of the effects of Pi and pH alone.


An aqueous suspension of starch or comminuted starch-containing raw materials is introduced together with alpha -amylase and steam coaxially into a homogenising machine and mechanically and thermally gelatinised therein at 80-120 DEG C. Liquefaction and preliminary saccharification are effected by leaving the starch mucilage to stand at 70-80 DEG C. It is then cooled to 50-65 DEG C, beta -amylase and, where appropriate, alpha -glucosidase are added, and breakdown as far as glucose is carried out. The resulting sweet mash is then fermented. The process makes it possible to carry out continuous gelatinisation and preliminary saccharification with a considerably higher dry matter concentration and with a considerable saving in energy.


This paper presents a method for non causal exact dynamic inversion for non minimum phase nonlinear systems, which seems alternative to those existing in literature. The method is based on a morphing procedure which allows to find a periodic solution of a desired equation by a continuous deformation of a known periodic solution of a simpler auxiliary system. This method allows to face the tracking problem for a class of systems which are well-known in literature, such as the inverted pendulum,the VTOL aircraft, the motorcycle and the CTOL aircraft.


The Australian CSIRONET network links a variety of host mainframes, user terminals, and other systems, via an Australia-wide packet-switching subnetwork comprising over 120 minicomputers. A layered network architecture has been used in integrating different host systems into the network. Portable software has been used extensively in implementing various layers in different systems. This paper discusses the use of portable software in supporting file transfers on CSIRONET. Two important benefits result from the systematic use of portable software. The first is the ease with which a new type of system can be integrated into the network. The second is the high degree of flexibility in changing layer functions and protocols, and propagating these changes to the network interfaces on different systems. The original layer protocols on CSIRONET were CSIRONET-specific. However, as the OSI standards emerge, these are being phased into use through the portable interface software. These portable software concepts have universal value in the present environment of evolving network standards.


Introduction: This study was aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data in treatment planning for patients with CNS tumors in order to decrease the injury of functional regions of the brain followed by increase in life quality and survival of patients. This study pursues a novel approach in planning for the treatment of brain tumors in which using fMR imaging as a repeatable procedure, safe, and shorter scanning time functional regions of the brain are imaged and considered as organs at risk in radiation treatment planning. The present survey has been proposed for the first time in Iran and we hope that the obtained results will lead to increased quality of life.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 11 patients with brain tumor were enrolled. Prior to processing and analyzing of radiation treatment planning, computed tomography (CT), conventional MR, and fMR images were acquired from the patients. fMRI data were obtained using 1.5 T Siemens scanner. Initially, structural scans were acquired an axial T1- weighted MP-RAGE sequence for the localization of activation. fMRI scans were acquired using an echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence in the same position as the structural images. Employed tasks for each patient were determined considering the tumor location and extension in conventional MR images together with our knowledge in neuroanatomy. Owing to the higher risk of radiation damage in regions near to tumor, tumor-vicinity tasks were selected. fMRI data were processed via SPM software and functional active volumes were recognized. fMRI data and conventional MR images of T1W acquired in a same position were fused with one another and sent to the planning system. In order to investigate the potential benefits of integrating fMRI information in planning system, 3D conventional plans with and without fMRI data were compared using DVH analysis. All the active volumes were contoured as functional organs at risk (FOARs) in radiation treatment planning.
Results: Comparing the two plans it is expected to observe a significant dose decrease in functional regions while maintaining a similar coverage to the planning target volume  and keeping structural organs at risk within accepted dose tolerance.
Conclusion: Precise combination of fMRI data in radiation treatment planning is expected not only to reduce radiation injury, but also to increase the cure rate for tumors by allowing delivery of a sufficient dose without fear of adverse reactions. Therefore, not only we have missed anything, but rather have prevented the critical regions from radiation damage which can lead to increased quality of life and life expectancy of patients.


The application of high performance computing cluster technology to remote sensing data processing is one solution to meet the requirements of real-or near-real-time and high-accuracy processing capabilities.Job schedule and management is an important component of cluster which is designed to improve the throughput rate and resource utilization rate of system.Low degree of automation,blindness of resource selection and short of feasibility is unavoidable in common schedule system.Aiming at remote sensing data cluster processing,based on open sources Portable Batch System(PBS),it develops a twin-stage scheduling strategy for resources assigned optimally and automatically.With the layered structure and service-oriented programming method,the job scheduling and management system for cluster-based remote sensing data processing system is C/S pattern which is communicated with ICE(Internet Communications Engine)middleware by XML(Extensible Markup Language)format data transmitting.


According to the child welfare act, the Finnish municipalities are obligated to provide family work as a support measure for clients in the child welfare system. Family work may also be provided as a part of the municipality's preventive care. The purpose of this study emerged from one of the main principles of family work: it has to be purposeful and you are working towards a goal. With this in mind, this study focuses on the professional view of the participation of the child and parents, as well as the parents' engagement in the work. The empowerment orientated perspective is a central part of the thesis. This study is qualitative where the data has been collected through interviews. Four family workers, working in a municipality in Southern Finland, were interviewed. The theoretical framework focuses on the different dimensions of participation as well as empowerment. Empowerment is based on the idea of the process of people gaining control of their lives. Regarding the different aspects of participation, both internal and external factors are important in order to be fully participating. To analyze the gathered material, content analysis was used. Regarding the parent's engagement, the result showed a multidimensional span. Things like personal qualities, one's ability to motivate clients, and the relationship to the family were important. Children's participation was also a main question in this study. Earlier research, as well as the theoretical framework, suggests that the level of participation and knowledge of the family workers involvement should be decided according to the child's level of maturity. The informants of this study shared this opinion. Also different methods were used to encourage the children to tell their story. The fundamental opinions of the informants were that the children's and adults' views are equally important in order to gain understanding of the full context. The final research question concerns how empowerment is notable in the work. The result showed that empowerment can be seen throughout most aspects of the family work. For example, the informants stressed the importance of the family's ability to find their inner strength and start to believe that a change is possible, but also necessary. The family workers need to work with the family in a way that enables and supports this process.


By using the gas side fouling resistance experimental device in the laboratory, the accumulation characteristics of particulate fouling in the tube heat exchanger was investigated. The experimental results show that ash deposit is asymptotic, and that the induction period has not been found. At the same time, the effects of fluid velocity, particle diameter, and bulk particle concentration on the asymptotic fouling resistance were studied.


The invention discloses a melamine salt and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the fields of preparation and application of fire retardants for polymers. The synthetic melamine salt is melamine cyclo-trithocyanates. The preparation method disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of being available in raw materials, simple and feasible in process, safe to produce and operate, and the like. The melamine salt prepared by the method has the characteristics of good heat stability, high flame-retardant efficiency, excellent overall performance and the like, and can be applied to flame-retardant modification of polymers such as polyolefin, polyester and polyamide.


Effect of electromagnetic stirring and solution treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of AZ31 alloy are investigated in this study. Results show that the mechanical properties of AZ31 alloy are substantially increased after electromagnetic stirring and solution treatment. The tensile strength and elongation are 178 MPa and 19.6 % for AZ31 alloy prepared by electromagnetic stirring after solution treatment. A large number of twins and low angle boundaries are observed in the specimen after heat treatment, since the compressive stress on ( 101‾0 ) crystal plane become larger during quenching. The dislocation arrays, which produced by slip or climbing of dislocations, join together to form low angle boundaries.


In this research new data on the effect of zirconium as an ingredient of the ionic-plasma (Ti, Zr)N coating which is spread on the alloy VK10 KS was obtained. It was found that the introduction of zirconium into the coating composition led to an increase in nanohardness by 23 % up to 38500 MPa and in Young's modulus – by 67 %, which indicated an increase of energy of atomic bonds and in strength of materials. Also, it led to an increase in an antifriction ability and decrease in the friction constant of the coating up to μ = 0,07, a satisfactory adhesive strength of coating, i.e. in general improved the service features of the whole alloy.


SUMMARY The findings ofa cholera epidemic in Krian district is reported. There were 77 cases and 92 carriers in the epidemic. Although the three main ethnic groups of Ma lays , Chinese and Indians were involved in the epidemic, the Malays constitutedmajority ofthe cases and carriers. The overall infection rate and case attack rate was higher among the younger population. The case: carrier ratio was also higheramong the younger population especially among Indians. Various reasons and probable causes of the epidemic have been describedbriefly.


Among the Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts in the Grey Collection in the National Library in Cape Town there are two fragments with music notation, one large, one small. Although research has been done on most of the music manuscripts in the Collection, these fragments have not been studied before. Fragments of Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts have been neglected in scholarly research, but recently serious studies have been made have been made in several overseas centres. Of the two fragments discussed in this article, the smaller one, consisting of only two folios, is the more interesting. It forms part of an earlier binding of MS Grey 3c16, a 15th century copy of Guido delle Collone's Historia destructionis Troiae, and although no date or provenance is mentioned in the fragments, it has been possible to establish that it was a 12th century noted missal that had probably belonged to Dryburgh Abbey, a Premonstratensian monastery on the Scottish border. Early noted missals in which chants, readings and prayers appear in the correct liturgical order, as in this fragment,are very rare. The larger fragment, MS 48b3, consists of 43 leaves and is very well preserved and attractive with many decorative initials in bright colours. It formed part of the sanctorale of a very large choir book and was possibly in use in the Bologna region of Italy in the 15th century. A more precise dating and provenance could not be established, however.
Twee onbekende musiekfragmente in the Grey-versameling van die Suid-Afrikaanse Biblioteek, Kaapstad
Onder die Middeleeuse en Renaissance manuskripte in die Grey-versameling in die Nasionale Biblioteek in Kaapstad is twee fragmente met musieknotasie — die een groot, die ander klein. Hoewel navorsing oor die meeste van die musiekmanuskripte in die versameling gedoen is, is hierdie fragmente nog nie vantevore bestudeer nie. Fragmente van Middeleeuse en Renaissance manuskripte is grootliks in akademiese navorsing verontagsaam, maar onlangs is deurdringende navorsing in verskeie oorsese sentra gedoen. Van die twee fragmente wat in hierdie artikel bespreek word, is die kleiner een, wat slegs twee folios beslaan, die interessantste. Dit vorm deel van 'n vroeer omslag van MS Grey 3c16, 'n vyftiende-eeuse kopie van Guido delle Collone se Historiade structionis Troiae, en hoewel geen datum of herkoms in die fragment genoem word nie, was dit moontlik om vas te stel dat dit 'n twaalfde-eeuse genoteerde missaal was wat waarskynlik aan die Dryburgh Abdy, 'n Premonstratensiese monnikeklooster op die grens van Skotland behoort het. Vroee genoteerde missale waarin die gesange, lesings en gebede soos in hierdie fragment in die korrekte liturgiese volgorde verskyn, is baie skaars. Die groter fragment, MS 48b3, bestaan uit 43 blaaie en is goed bewaar en aantreklik met baie dekoratiewe hoofletters in helder kleure. Dit vorm deel van die sanktorale van 'n baie groot koorboek en is moontlik in die vyftiende eeu in die Bologna-streek van Italie gebruik. 'n Meer presiese datum en herkoms kon egter nie vasgestel word nie.


6108 Background: This study provides population-based estimates of the costs for women with breast cancer (BC) by disease stage from a Canadian perspective using provincial administrative databases.

METHODS
All Ontario women with a diagnosis of first incident BC from the Ontario Cancer Registry (2005-2009) were matched to non-BC controls (1:5) based on age (same birth year), geography, income quintile, and the expected resource utilization bands (2 years prior to cancer diagnosis) were linked with their unique and encrypted Health Card Number to provincial health claims (Ontario Ministry of Health and Longterm Care and Cancer Care Ontario). Resources for this preliminary analysis included physician, hospitalizations and same day surgeries (SDS). Unit costs, 2009 Canadian dollars, were applied to resources. Non 2009 costs were inflated to 2009. The cost for BC vs. non-BC was calculated for the entire cohort and by stage of disease for BC cases.

RESULTS
There were 39,656 BC cases and 198,280 non-BC controls. Cases and controls were equally matched. The mean age (range) was 61.56 (51-72) years. 87.3% lived in urban areas. The total mean cost per person year (BC vs. non-BC) for physicians was $2,986 vs. $1,155; inpatient $2,972 vs. $1,015; SDS $470 vs. $147. Stage information was available for 15,437 (38.9%) BC cases, where 48.2% were stage I; 34.7% stage II; 10.3% stage III, 6.9% stage IV. Physician costs were $2,894 vs. $1,147 (stage I) for BC vs. non-BC; $3,312 vs. $1,133 (stage II); $4,027 vs. $1,036 (stage III); $5,459 vs. $1,092 (stage IV). Inpatient costs were $1,819 vs. $832 (stage I) for BC vs. non-BC; $3,010 vs. $866 (stage II); $4,774 vs. $816 (stage III); $12,123 vs. $1,009 (stage IV). SDS costs were $462 vs. $143 (stage I) for BC vs. non-BC; $468 vs. $129 (stage II); $455 vs. $124 (stage III); $336 vs. $137 (stage IV).

CONCLUSIONS
This study provides stage-specific cost estimates for BC, where costs were 2-12 fold higher than those for non-BC and increased by stage for physician and inpatient resources. Further work will focus on costing other resources including medications, home care and radiation.


This chapter outlines the options for security and justice service delivery by non-state actors in the post-colonial state. The report is divided into four sections. The report outlines challenges and options and offers recommendations to the development community, by which it can support the postcolonial fragile state to strengthen the delivery of justice and security to all its citizens.


Review(s) of: Never lie on a Lion, by Alan James Brown, Illustrator, Barbara Vagnozzi, Published by Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 9781408818442, RRP $14.95.


Previously published meridional cross sections of monthly mean W —E and S -N wind components from 60 to 130 km are reviewed in the light of wind data obtained by ground-based radio methods over various timescales including that of the solar cycle. A mean meridional circulation in the winter hemisphere is implied in which a dominant mesospheric cell between low and high latitudes is confined to lower heights at higher latitudes: a second meridional circulation is tentatively located above the former in the lower thermosphere extending downwards to lower heights at higher latitudes and introducing the possibility of polar and equatorial air mixing at midlatitudes at heights close to 90 km. Meridional circulation is discussed in relation to the winter anomaly in D -region radio-w ave absorption.


The incidence of urolithiasis was 1.20% in Japanese black cattle and 0 .34% in Holsteins. It was high in winter and mostly at the late fattening stage. In 20.8% of the farms involved in the disease water supply was restricted. No substantial treatment was given to more than half of the patients. So, in anuric patients the BUN value tended to increase in the course of disease and urethrotomy revealed a favorable effect. Urinary calculi were composed mainly of magnesium ammonium phosphate.


In the paper laser grating extensometer system LES for whole-field strain analysis in fatigue loading conditions was presented. The integration of laser grating extensometer with the fatigue machine makes possible fully automatic measurements of local displacements and strains in the variable loading conditions. In the laser grating extensometer system LES the moire interferometry technique was used for displacement and strain measurement. Measurement sensitivity of up to 20nm can be obtained analysing the interference fringe pattern image. Automatic measuring mode makes supervisionless operation of the system possible in the case of long lasting investigations, mainly fatigue testing, and also other requiring a complex and long lasting loading and data recording program. INTRODUCTION The state of stress and strain is one of the main factors deciding about fatigue life of structural parts and materials. Their strong concentrations accompanying to geometrical and structural notches are one of the most appearing causes of fatigue cracks in machine parts. Very often in stress and strain investigations in specimen or real objects tested under time variable loading it is necessary to estimate their field distributions in fatigue crack initiation and propagation areas. There are a lot of experimental methods that enable to measure strains in two-dimensional analysis area [1], but only a few of them can be applied in fatigue loading conditions and in plastic strain ranges. The laser grating interferometry (moire interferometry) [2,3] is one of that methods. The following part of the paper describes designed, in co-operation of University of Technology and Agriculture in Bydgoszcz, Institute for Terotechnology in Radom and Warsaw University of Technology, the automated system of laser grating extensometer LES [4,5,6] for displacement and strain distributions measurements in time variable loading conditions and possibilities of its application in fatigue crack initiation and propagation investigations. OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF LES SYSTEM Automated system of laser grating extensometer LES is a modern measurement system that enables to estimate the displacement and strain distribution in cyclic loading conditions. Fig. 1 shows the complete configuration of the system including the LES measurement head, personal computer with software, drivers and the supply unit and the co-operating fatigue test machine. The original computer code controls the work of complete system by means of National Instruments PCI-GPIB interface (for loading machine control), Matrix Vision MVDelta (or MVSigma) frame-grabber (for image acquisition) and Advantech PCI 1750 laboratory card (for stepping-motors, laser diodes and CCD camera control). Figure 1: LES system configuration Measurement head The mechatronic measurement head (shown in Fig.2) is the main element of the system. The applied measurement displacement/strain techniques enables to conduct the measurement on flat or almost flat objects. The head fastening is carried directly on the object or through the intermediate elements in grips of the fatigue machine. Figure 2: Measurement head As it was mentioned above, the laser grating interferometry technique was applied to displacement and strains measurement. Its principle of working [2] was shown in Fig.3a. The method is one of the whole-field optical methods that enables to estimate two-dimensional displacement and strain distribution.


The preoperative evaluation of pelvic floor tumors varies considerably depending upon the histology of the tumor being evaluated. In some cases (especially anal canal and some anal margin tumors) operative management may not be a part of the treatment plan. In other cases, appropriate evaluation may play an important role in determining if there is a role for surgery and, if so, defining what that role should be or what operation should be employed. The purpose of this review is to discuss the various options available for that evaluation. These include plain films of the pelvis, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), contrast studies, ultrasonography, and the do's and don'ts of biopsy. The applications to individual tumors are left to the discussion in the articles that follow.


The common role of research programs in science and religion is now widely accepted. The next step in the methodology debate is to specify more concretely the shared standards for adequate explanations. The article presents a detailed account of the method of inference to the best explanation and gives examples of how the method can structure the philosophical and theological interaction with science. The resulting approach dispenses with deductive and inductive proofs of religious propositions and limits itself to initially plausible hypotheses that are to be assessed according to their explanatory power. Only when a domain of data and a particular explanatory task have been specified can any serious claim be made that religious theories are equal or superior to their naturalistic alternatives.


This article demonstrates how future trends in action learning align with the forecasted changes in the field of human resource development. The areas of action learning's potential impact include globalization, strategic planning and decision making, leadership development, and service learning, all of which will be sustained and enabled by technology. As action learning assumes a greater role in organizations' prospective learning and development, new implementations are emerging. The initiatives presented here explore new developments and wider applications of action learning, supporting the premise that action learning will be just as viable and effective in the future as it is in the present. Possible future challenges and potential obstacles are also cited.


Introduction: Luminescence is typically described as light emitted by objects at low temperatures, in duced by chemical reactions, electrical energy, atomic in teractions, or acoustical and mechanical stress. An ex ample is photoluminescence created when photons (elec tromagnetic radiation) strike a substance and are a bsorbed, resulting in the emission of a resonant flu orescent or phosphorescent albedo. In planetary science , there exists X-ray fluorescence induced by sunlight  absorbed by a regolith – a property used to measure  some of the chemical composition of the Moon's surface during the Apollo program. However, there exists an equally important phenomenon in planetary science which will be designat ed here as photon luminescence. It is not conventional  photoluminescence because the incoming radiation th at strikes the planetary surface is not photons but ra the cosmic rays (CRs). Nevertheless, the result is the same: the generation of a photon albedo. In particular, G alactic CRs (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs)  both induce a photon albedo that radiates from the surface of the Moon. Other particle albedos are genera ted as well, most of which are hazardous (e.g. neutrons ). The photon luminescence or albedo of the lunar surface induced by GCRs and SEPs will be derived here, demonstrating that the Moon literally glows i n the dark (when there is no sunlight or Earthshine). Thi s extends earlier work on the same subject [1-4]. A s ideby-side comparison of these two albedos and related  mitigation measures will also be discussed. Method – the Monte Carlo: Monte Carlos have the distinct advantage that certain physics can be turned on and off. In this respect, they are a "mat hematical experiment" which can isolate specific phys ical phenomena that actual experiment cannot. This feat ur has been exploited here. The radiation transport code chosen for the study i s FLUKA, which has already been described [1-5]. It h as been benchmarked against experiment at the world's largest accelerators and is currently used to suppo rt the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Lunar Surface Model: The chemical composition of soils found at various landing sites during the Apollo and Luna programs [7] has been taken to be the mode l of the lunar surface, averaging over all such sites to define a generic regolith for the present analysis. This is the same model as used in other studies [1-4]. T he lunar regolith is assumed to have a mean density of  2.85 g cm and a negligible magnetic field [1-3]. GCR-Induced Photon Albedo of the Moon: For the case of the GCR-induced photon luminescence, th e differential GCR flux was taken from Simpson [7], obeying a power-law spectrum dN ~ E -γ dE with γ = 2.75. This was modulated for solar activity (<10 GeV/nucleon) using the model of O'Neill [8]. The modulation is accomplished by adopting appropriate modulation potentials Φ (MV) in the solar magnetic field for the given epoch. The result for GCRs is given in Figure 1 [1], necessary for generation of and comparison with the SE Pinduced case that follows in Figure 2. The luminesc ent albedo produced by the lunar regolith model is give n as a fluence (the time-integral of flux) with the absc is a in GeV's as well as wavelength in meters [ λ=1.23984x10 6 m/E(eV)]. First protons (H), then α–particles (He), and finally everything else (Z>2) have been analyze d. The term "pr" on the ordinate axis represents prima y GCR component (ionized H, He, etc.). That is to say , Figure 1 represents the fluence per primary particl e.


The invention relates to a network-based electronic therapy monitoring system (1). The network-based electronic treatment monitoring system (1) comprises a data transmission network, wherein the data transmission network comprises at least one through a firewall (FW) protected subnetwork (TN). Furthermore, the network-based electronic treatment monitoring system (1) at least one database server (DB) for storing patient data and treatment data, wherein the database server (DB) in the protected part of the network (TN) is arranged. At least one server (PR) is outside the protected subnetwork (TN) arranged, and at least one client (CL The client (CL


How humans understand variation in a word's senses is key to explaining the structure of the lexicon, but formal models categorizing word senses like WordNet (Miller et al., 1990) do not capture this cognitive phenomenon. Our work specifically determines if neural models that make use of attention to represent words in context, or word embeddings, can encode humanlike distinctions between word senses, particularly for polysemous (semantically related) and homonymous relations (semantically unrelated) between senses. We collect data from a behavioral web-based experiment, in which English speakers provide judgements of the relatedness of multiple senses of several words. We compare human judgements for these senses to contextualized word embeddings from BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, Devlin et al. (2018)), run on a corpus tagged with WordNet senses (Miller et al., 1993). We demonstrate human participants have shared intuitions about the relatedness of word senses, and BERT embeddings often capture homonymous relationships between word senses, but fail to do so for highly polysemous cases, most notably metaphorical polysemy. Through our work, we present an empirical justification that attention-based neural models of word representation can be used to provide a cognitive backing for formal models of word sense.


By utilizing the 3D finite-difference time-domain technique,the influence of the photonic crystals with various structure parameters on the light extraction efficiency of light-emitting diode(LED) are studied.Based on the near to far field transformation,the far field radiation characteristics of PhC LEDs for two types of defect with different hole size are investigated.It is found that the light extraction efficiency and energy directionality in the far field radiation can be improved by incorporating defect into the PhCs and decreasing the hole size near to the defect.


The ERMEL team (IFe, ENS-Lyon) in France, builds complete engineering to teach math in elementary school. For several years, we have been experimenting with teaching situations on space and geometric learning for 5-8 years old students. In this paper, we focus on the results about the relationship between actions on objects, graphs and first geometric properties about curved line. Our methodology involves an analysis of the student's way of solving problems and thus their abilities, but it also allows us to make a hypothesis on what it is that teachers need in order to carry these learning situations out. Issue of this paper Our research takes place in the French context of geometry teaching in primary school. Our goal is to build a proven, complete and reliable teaching engineering and thus to improve geometry teaching. In CERME 9, we reported our results about the knowledge of straight line for the same kind of students, not as an element of geometrical figure but as a usual or new component of the pupil's practice. Several point of view in the WG4 showed the similar approach and questions were shared:  The relation between everyday and geometrical concept, perception, language and manipulation  How to start with low level, and long planning time  What kind of tools for the research and tools for teaching geometry are there? (How to help teacher to know what student are able to do) In this paper, we aim to make our contribution to the three first topics of the WG4 group: what is doing, learning and teaching geometry at school? Why working on geometry teaching? A starting point of our research is a finding of deficiencies in the geometry teaching practices in the early grades of elementary school. A short analysis of easily available French resources for teaching geometry to young pupils shows that two mains goals are pursued: learning geometric words and drawing abilities. Spatial activities also exist but without much problem solving, and also unrelated to the pupil's initial knowledge or mathematical activity. This research is also based on the idea that students' abilities are insufficiently taken into account in geometry teaching in primary school. Thus we have to identify the knowledge at stake in this learning and take the students' already acquired knowledge into account.


The paper is to propose the new teaching method of French applying classic dramas to meet students" desire to learn. In the learning of foreign language these days, students need to improve a communication skill as the final goal of language learning but they have lost an interest in language and don"t cultivate literary knowledge by the emphasis on practical study. So this method is expected to have an effect below. First, reading lines of a play, dramatization, and verbal and non-verbal experiences through acting make the condition be able to enrich language learning because the drama is an art presenting human feelings with words and actions. Second, classic dramas, not impromptu plays, pantomimes, and one-act plays used in the existing theater in education, can be a learning tool. Through the classics, students can have the opportunities to contact pure literature and understand it. They can also establish the wider literary knowledge. Last, after the practice and experiential learning of a theatrical performance, the time of individual contents development enable students not only to understand the contents but also to give the positive effects in the aspect of improving a sense of achievement. And a play, a pure performing art, is a chance to work with cultural contents and an attempt to develop teaching method as a new area.


Context. Long-term photometric observations of cool stars can reveal the evolution and activity cycles of the stellar active region. Furthermore, studying the stellar activity provides opportunities for understanding of stellar dynamo and valuable constraints for stellar dynamo theory. Aims. We analyze our observational data and discuss light-curve variability due to starspots on both a short and long time scale, especially the short-term variation. At the same time, we accumulate some results from the literature to discuss active-region evolution and activity cycles. Methods. By analyzing the light curves using the Wilson-Devinney program, the photometric solution of the system is obtained and the starspot parameters are also derived. Using the phase-dispersion minimization method, we infer the activity cycle of RT And. Results. The case of two spots being on the primary is most successful in reproducing the light curve distortion of RT And in 2004. Although the light curves in 1999 and 2005 do not have sufficient phase coverage, we still could use the spot model to explain their light-curve variation successfully based on the photometric solution in 2004. Comparing the light curves of 1999, 2004, and 2005, the light curve distortion changes on both short and long time scales, especially the significant variation around the secondary minimum on a time scale of two months. Analysis of the longitude of spots within the belt around 270 degrees suggests that the activity cycle of RT And may be 6.69 +/- 0.80 years.


In the last forty years, the theory of financial markets has become a growing field of interest for academics as well as for practitioners. We present here an overview of the main topics.


Staff in care homes must be aware of how they greet and converse with older residents. Through training and discussion with colleagues, managers can help promote positive interactions and eliminate condescending and careless language, says Peter Draper


The study was designed in two parts. The purpose of the first part was to gather evidence to support a model hypothesizing relationships between the fraction algorithms, that is, specified algorithms for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, and renaming skills, that is, specified skills for renaming for the algorithm (RAL) and renaming for the answer (RAN). The purpose of the second part was to investigate the effects in performance of the subtraction algorithm, of reviewing the five RAL skills hypothesized as relating directly to the subtraction of fractions algorithm (treatment one); and to investigate the effects in performance of each of the four algorithms, of reviewing the purpose of the five RAL skills within the subtraction algorithm (treatment two). A repeated measures, hierarchical design was employed in which six sixthgrade classes were assigned to one of three experimental groups, so that no treatment was replicated in any one school. Group A received both treatment one and treatment two. Group B received treatment one. While Group A was receiving treatment two, Group B was instructed in geometry. Group C (control group) received instruction in geometry and measurement during the treatment periods. Treatment one was administered on each of five consecutive days. Treatment two was administered in one day. The regular mathematics teacher for each classroom participated in the experiment. Lesson plans and worksheets for the treatments were provided by the experimenter.


Drained and undrained shaping are standard designations adapted from the soil mechanics field to classify differences in plastic behavior that arise in saturated granular media from changes in the pore liquid pressure. Packing density gradients that occur during drained shaping (e.g., slip casting, pressure filtration) primarily depend on two factors: (i) spatial variations of effective stress inherent in the shaping process and (ii) surface chemistry variations that control yield behavior through particle surface forces. Radiography analysis during pressure filtration of flocculated alumina reveals that significant density gradients are caused by the collapse of the particle network against the model surface. This collapse results in the consolidation of a low permeability layer that restricts the casting rate. The evolution of the cake structure is explained by reviewing basic relationships between the dissipation of pore pressure and the resulting nonuniform accumulation of effective stress. We then show that shape forming by expression eliminates density gradients by altering the profile of the effective stress. We also review key aspects of drained compressibility behavior with an emphasis on studies elucidating the role of particle surface forces on micromechanisms of rearrangement. 37 refs., 4 figs.


Countless researches conducted in these last years have compared the sealing capacity of various materials for retrofillings. Besides, the association of laser irradiation to traditional procedures inquires to increase the success of this kind of treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological changes on dentin surface and the junction between retrofilling material and apical cavity, with different materials irradiated or not with CO2 laser, in scanning electron microscopy. The following materials were used: Group A yields Super EBA; group B yields Super EBA and CO2 laser irradiation (Luxar System); group C yields Glass Ionomer Cement; group D yields Glass Ionomer Cement and CO2 laser. In groups B and D the power set was 2 watts, 20 msec, with a CT3105 ceramic point, and the power density for the CO2 laser application was 397,93 w/cm2. The morphological analysis permitted to conclude that the dentin laser irradiation showed different and less intense superficial alteration when compared with retrofilling materials. In most cases, the alterations to the material surfaces showed cavities and craters. Group B presented more irregular and affected surfaces, creating blank spaces in the adjacent areas to the radicular dentinal surfaces after laser application, probably because of the carbonization.


The British Neuropathological Society has done me a very great honour in inviting me to give the third Dorothy Russell Memorial Lecture. I am very much aware of her presence as I contemplate speaking to you-a presence that made itself felt in all associations with her, whether she actually was physically there or not. She is nb longer with us physically, but she certainly is in spirit. I never really knew her personally, but I did meet her briefly on an occasion when she came to the United States, and I could immediately feel her greatness. In her long service to the London Hospital, where we now meet, in her service to Oxford, and i n her dedication to our profession, she always exemplified the best that there is in Neuropathology. I can only hope that whatever remarks 1 make would have been pleasing to her. I have chosen as my topic a series of studies on the neuropathological aspects of Huntington's disease (HD) in which I have been privileged to have some part. Much of what I shall tell you about has been done by various colleagues of our group. In some of this, I have participated directly; in other parts, I have been on the sidelines, offering encouragement. I t has been inspiring to me to bc a member of this team. I became involved in the study of H D about 10 years ago, when the Huntington's Disease Center Without Walls was established in 1980 in the Boston area, with its headquarters at the Massachusetts General Hospital ( M C H ) under the leadership of Dr Joseph B. Martin, then the Chief of the Neurology Service. My assignment was to provide neuropathological assessment of brain specimens that were sent to the Center for study. The Brain Tissue Resource Center at our affiliated institution, the McLean Hospital, under Dr Edward D. Bird, receives brains from patients with HD. and control brains, from all over the USA. We are grateful to the many clinicians and pathologists who have madc it possible for us to obtain the brains, and in just the way we requested-one half deep frozen for biochemical studies, and one half in formalin for neuropathological evaluation. In a few cases, it has been possible to obtain material fixed in neutral buffered formalin at 4'.C for special studies. One of ou r tasks naturally was to determine that the clinical diagnosis of H D was in fact correct. We had suspected that in some cases it might be wrong; as it turned out, such errors were extremely infrequent. We soon became impressed with the fact, though, that there was considerable variation from case to case i n the extent and severity of the disease. I t seemed to


Inappropriate forest management activities, above all clear-cutting, are recognized as the major threats to an iconic orchid species—the lady's slipper orchid (Cypripedium calceolus), the flagship species of nature protection in Europe. Although clear-cutting in protected species' localities is strongly regulated in many European countries, salvage logging is allowed in some circumstances (e.g., following windstorms, and insect outbreaks) and can threaten C. calceolus populations. In this paper, we review a database of recently registered populations of this species in the Czech Republic and study historical maps, to better understand the history of local habitat conditions and assess threats to C. calceolus populations by bark beetle outbreaks. We found that about one-third of the C. calceolus populations have suffered in coniferous or mixed tree plantations with a high proportion of spruce trees, which are forests with a high risk of bark beetle infestation. We review bark beetle management measures and distinguish management efforts in areas with known C. calceolus populations that result in no damage to the population and, at times, improve habitat conditions for the species. Thus, the bark beetle—usually understood as the enemy—can be transformed into a savior if smart management measures will replace the panic salvage logging.


With the number of foreign students'studying in China increasing,which requires better management and service,so in order to meet the needs,the author brings the corporation management methods into the management of the international students' dorms on campus with an idea of "human-oriented".This article tries to discuss the management of foreign studentsfrom the angle of corporate culture,proposed the "human-oriented"idea,which has been proved by practices to improve the services.


Objectives: Fusarium wilt is the first oil palm pathology, who devastates the plantations in Africa. The currents study aims to diagnose the spatial distribution of this pathology and the incidence of the disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum elaeidis (Foe) in the palm oil growing zone of Benin. Methodology and Results: Thus, a survey was carried out in May 2018 covering 16 plantations distributed in four agroecological zones of production of palm oil in Benin. In each plantation, 15 plants were randomly inspected to evaluate the incidence, the severity, and the distribution of the disease. Root and soil samples were collected at the foot of each evaluated tree, at a depth of 20 cm using an auger. Samples were stored in polyetilene bags, for the detection and isolation of the pathogenic agent. The results showed that incidence is significantly different depending on the agroecological zones prospected (p=0.000). Central Cotton Zone (Ketou) and the Fisheries Zone (Adjohoun) recorded an incidence of vascular wilt of 0%, whereas on the sites surveyed in the Depression Zone (Pobe, Adja-Ouere) and the Bar Land Zone (Ifangni, Misserete, Sakete, Adjarra) the recorded disease incidences were 30.0% and 12.5%, respectively. This study also revealed an uneven distribution of the pathogen on the sites surveyed. Indeed, the study of the soil samples taken at the foot of the plants revealed that the presence of Foe does not systematically induce the disease, or induces it to varying levels, although the isolate is pathogenic and the material planted on each site is identical. Conclusions and application of results: These results demonstrate a polymorphism of oil palm susceptibility to Fusarium wilt and underline the need to define a new screening approach based on the susceptibility factors of oil palm and which minimizes the intra-crossing variations observed. Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis , incidence, severity, symptoms oil palms


Abstract We show that under reasonable restrictions on the metric spaces X and Y, every surjective isometric isomorphism between Lip(X) and Lip(Y) arises in a simple manner from an isometry between X and Y. Our result differs from several previous results along these lines in that we do not require X and Y to be compact.


In today's modern era, students are required to become learning centers. Thus, students must have prior experience and knowledge in order to be able to connect with the next concept (material). However, because the differences between the nature of elementary schooler and mathematics, teacher needs to structure learning that can be a bridge to neutralize these differences. One way to structure the learning is make a learning design such as Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT). HLT is an alleged learning process as an anticipation of things that might happen, both students' thinking processes and other things in the learning process. The term HLT refers to the teacher's lesson plan which is designed not only to consider the material, but also the level of understanding, knowledge and student characteristics of the material being studied, so that students experience the learning process from the beginning to achieving the expected mathematics learning goals for students. This article is a literature study that aims to discuss HLT in elementary mathematics learning.


The question regarding visual imagery and visual perception remain an open issue. Many studies have tried to understand if the two processes share the same mechanisms or if they are independent, using different neural substrates. Most research has been directed towards the need of activation of primary visual areas during imagery. Here we review some of the works providing evidence for both claims. It seems that studying visual imagery in blind subjects can be used as a way of answering some of those questions, namely if it is possible to have visual imagery without visual perception. We present results from the work of our group using visual activation in dreams and its relation with EEG's spectral components, showing that congenitally blind have visual contents in their dreams and are able to draw them; furthermore their Visual Activation Index is negatively correlated with EEG alpha power. This study supports the hypothesis that it is possible to have visual imagery without visual experience. Visual Imagery and Visual Perception. The characteristics and neural basis of visual imagery remain as a fertile field of research. In the last 25 years many authors have dedicated themselves to try to understand the mechanisms underlying the processes of evoking or generate images not directly observed and for which there are no retinian representations: "seeing with the mind's eye". The subsiding question is whether those images are based upon contributions from primary visual areas or higher visual areas, or if visual imagery and visual perception share the same mechanisms and cortical areas. When we see an object we can recognise it because the different features of the object are brought together via a binding mechanism. This can be made through the activation of a population of neurons or represented in a hypercolumn in the visual cortex, but being one or the other it has a specific pattern that allows that object to be recognised as unique. But we can also "see" the same object with our eyes closed, and the different features are kept. So the same pattern as before should be activated. How can this be done without retinal inputs? Is it necessary to reactivate all visual areas, namely the


Software systems that run continuously over a long time have been frequently reported encountering gradual degradation issues. That is, as time progresses, software tends to exhibit degraded performance, deflated service capacity, or deteriorated QoS. Currently, the state-of-the-art approach of Mann-Kendall Test & Seasonal Kendall Test & Sen's Slope Estimator & Seasonal Sen's Slope Estimator (MKSK) detects and characterizes degradation via a combination of techniques in statistical trend analysis. Nevertheless, we pinpoint some drawbacks of MKSK in this paper: 1) MKSK cannot be automated for large scale software degradation analysis, 2) MKSK estimates the degradation trend of software in an oversimplified linear way, 3) MKSK is sensitive to noise, and 4) MKSK suffers from high computational complexity. To overcome all these limitations, we propose a more advanced approach called Modified Cox-Stuart Test & Iterative Hodrick-Prescott Filter (CSHP). The superiority of our CSHP approach over MKSK is validated through extensive Monte Carlo simulations, as well as a real performance dataset measured from 99 real-world web servers.


NEVADA by JACOB WILLIAM LEE (Under the Direction of Michael F. Roden) ABSTRACT Incompatible element ratios in melt inclusions can provide information on mantle source components. Additionally, trace element concentrations in high-Mg olivines can be used to infer mantle source lithology. Lunar Crater Volcanic Field (LCVF) in central Nevada contains basalts compositionally similar to ocean island basalts (OIB), and several crustal and mantle features suggest an underlying mantle plume. Consequently, I used olivine-hosted melt inclusions, and olivine compositions to investigate source lithology and petrogenesis. Melt inclusions from Easy Chair Crater (ECC) in the LCVF are relatively Cl-rich and have Cl/K abundances similar to OIB. Ni and Mn concentrations in forsteritic olivines from ECC (including some extremely forsteritic olivines) indicate a significant amount of pyroxenite may have been present in the melt source. This evidence, combined with high equilibration temperatures in mantle-derived xenoliths from LCVF and gravitational and topographic anomalies in the region, may indicate the presence of a mantle plume beneath LCVF.


Commercial production of cacao in Hawaii is increasing, and this trend is expected to continue over the next several years. The increased acreages are being planted with seedlings from introduced and uncharacterized cacao populations from at least three initial introductions of cacao into the islands. Productive seedlings have been selected from a planting at Waialua, Oahu. The parents of these selections were believed to be the population at the Hawaii Agriculture Research Center (HARC) at Kunia; however, potential parental populations also exist at Univ. of Hawaii research stations at Waimanalo and Malama Ki. Using microsatellite markers, we analyzed the potential parental populations to identify the parents and determine the genetic background for 99 productive and 50 unproductive seedlings from the Waialua site. Based on 19 polymorphic microsatellite loci the parental population was identified as trees from Waimanalo and not trees from Malama Ki or Kunia. The Kunia and Malama Ki populations were very similar with low allelic diversity (A=1.92) and low unbiased gene diversity (H(nb)) of 0.311 and 0.329, respectively, and were determined to be Trinitario in type. The Waimanalo, productive seedling, and unproductive seedling populations had much higher levels of genetic diversity with H(nb) of 0.699, 0.686, and 0.686, respectively, and were determined to be upper Amazon Forastero hybridized with Trinitario in type. An additional 46 microsatellite markers were amplified and analyzed in the Waimanalo parents, productive, and unproductive seedlings for a total of 65 loci. Seventeen loci contained alleles that were significantly associated with productive seedlings as determined by Armitage's trend test. Of these, 13 loci (76.4%) co-located with previously reported quantitative trait loci for productivity traits. These markers may prove useful for marker assisted selection and demonstrate the potential of association genetic studies in perennial tree crops such as cacao.


In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in research interest concerning Rotating Detonation Engines (RDEs). The detonation mode of combustion offers the potential for high thermal efficiency and power-to-weight ratio [1]. In a RDE, the fuel and oxidizer are injected into an annular combustion chamber through the baseplate. A detonation wave is initiated in a pre-detonator and then transmitted into the combustion chamber where it propagates continuously around the base of the annulus. The high pressure behind the detonation front is significantly larger than the intake pressure, and as a result, the fuel and oxidizer mass flow is arrested. As the products expand behind the detonation wave, the local pressure across the base-plate is reversed and fresh reactants flow into the annulus is re-established just ahead of the detonation wave. Many research groups have constructed RDE prototypes to investigate the effect of fuel and oxidizer injector configuration and combustion chamber parameters on the cycle frequency and detonation wave structure [2], [3], [4].


This course provides an overview of CGAL geometric algorithms and data structures. We start with a presentation the objectives and scope of the CGAL open source project. The three next parts cover SIGGRAPH topics: (1) CGAL for point set processing, including denoising, outlier removal, smoothing, resampling, curvature estimation, shape detection and surface reconstruction, (2) CGAL for polygon mesh processing, including Boolean operations, deformation, skeletonization, segmentation, hole filling, isotropic remeshing, simplification, and (3) CGAL for mesh generation, including surface and volume mesh generation, from either 3D images, implicit functions or surface meshes.


It has long been known that processes that determine soil carbon dynamics are spatially heterogeneous. However, the spatially heterogeneous mechanisms have not been well characterized nor incorporated into Earth system models for predicting soil carbon sequestration in response to climate change. This presentation shows our recent results from an integrated approach that combines deep learning, data assimilation, big data with >100,000 vertical soil organic carbon (SOC) profiles worldwide, and the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5) to optimize the model representation of SOC over the world. Our results indicate that CLM5 that is trained by >100,000 data via data assimilation alone is constrained with spatially homogeneous parameter values over the globe. However, CLM5 that is not only trained by data assimilation but also optimized by deep learning from the big data is constrained with spatially heterogeneous parameter values. Our further analysis suggests that those parameters representing microbial carbon use efficiency greatly vary across space. The spatial heterogeneity in carbon use efficiency is caused by interactions of edaphic, climate and vegetation factors. When the spatially heterogenous parameterization is applied to simulation over time with temporal variation, CLM5 predicts substantial carbon sequestration under climate change. In contrast, CLM5 with the spatially homogeneous parameters predicts carbon loss. Our study demonstrates the importance to uncover and represent spatially heterogeneous mechanisms underlying soil carbon sequestration in order to realistically predict SOC dynamics in the future.


Flow birefringence experiments on aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) and of methyl cellulose show that the optical anisotropy changes markedly during aging of the solution. The same effect can be obtained by adding alcohol to fresh aqueous methyl cellulose solutions. The flow birefringence was measured as a function of the velocity gradient on solutions with and without alcohol during the course of aging. The phenomena are attributed to intermolecular and intramolecular interactions between exposed hydroxyl groups of the polymer chains, as these are affected by a change in the degree of hydration during aging or by the addition of a strong hydrophilic agent such as an alcohol. Association or crystallization of the ordered polymer chains may occur and lead to a supermolecular structure in the solutions. By following Sadron's theory and making use of a polar diagram, it was concluded that, after aging or mixing with the additive, the solutions become optically heterogeneous and contain two different components with optical polarizabilities of the same [in poly (vinyl alcohol) solutions] or opposite (in methyl cellulose solutions) sign.


The last 15 years have seen an explosion of new findings on the role of complement, a major arm of the immune system, in the central nervous system (CNS) compartment including contributions to cell migration, elimination of synapse during development, aberrant synapse pruning in neurologic disorders, damage to nerve cells in autoimmune diseases, and traumatic injury. Activation of the complement system in multiple sclerosis (MS) is typically thought to occur as part of a primary (auto)immune response from the periphery (the outside) against CNS antigens (the inside). However, evidence of local complement production from CNS-resident cells, intracellular complement functions, and the more recently discovered role of early complement components in shaping synaptic circuits in the absence of inflammation opens up the possibility that complement-related sequelae may start and finish within the brain itself. In this review, the complement system will be introduced, followed by evidence that implicates complement in shaping the developing, adult, and normal aging CNS as well as its contribution to pathology in neurodegenerative conditions. Discussion of data supporting "outside-in" vs. "inside-out" roles of complement in MS will be presented, concluded by thoughts on potential approaches to therapies targeting specific elements of the complement system.


A sender may communicate with a decision maker through intermediaries. In this model, an objective sender and intermediary pass on information truthfully, while biased ones favor a particular agenda but also have reputational concerns. I show that the biased sender and the biased intermediary's reporting truthfulness are strategic complements. The biased sender is less likely to use an intermediary than an objective sender if his reputational concerns are low, but more likely to do so if his reputational concerns are moderate. Moreover, the biased sender may be more likely to use an intermediary perceived to be more biased. (JEL D82, D83)


A literature review was made. In spite of similarities between abrasive wear and solid particle erosion, weld overlay hardfacing alloys that exhibit high abrasion resistance may not necessarily have good erosion resistance. The performance of weld overlay hardfacing alloys in erosive environments has not been studied in detail. It is believed that primary-solidified hard phases such as carbides and intermetallic compounds have a strong influence on erosion resistance of weld overlay hardfacing alloys. However, relationships between size, shape, and volume fraction of hard phases in a hardfacing alloys and erosion resistance were not established. Almost all hardfacing alloys can be separated into two major groups based upon chemical compositions of the primary solidified hard phases: (a) carbide hardening alloys (Co-base/carbide, WC-Co and some Fe base superalloys); and (b) intermetallic hardening alloys (Ni-base alloys, austenitic steels, iron-aluminides).


The phenomenon of volunteer produced and freely disseminated information is a significant feature of the digitally networked environment. We are witnessing a widespread and intentional abandonment by authors of the core economic interest, which copyright law is designed to protect. This spontaneous occurrence promises to be the most important transformation in cultural and scientific information production, since the invention of the printing press. In this article, I review the treatment of the commons concept in existing legal and political theory literature and argue that it be understood as an emanation of freedom, rather than simply as a negation of property. I provide a detailed analytical account of the information commons and attempt to build a comprehensive explanatory framework of the reasons for its pervasiveness in the digitally networked environment. In particular, I argue that the Internet's communicative architecture is a crucial factor behind the emergence of the phenomenon: it both facilitates the organisation of volunteer production and embeds the logic of open access.


The article discusses current trends and priorities of Russia's positioning in the international trade and economic system, reveals the strengths and weaknesses of Russia's participation in integration projects in the post-Soviet space, new challenges in this area, shows the need for the Eurasian neighborhood policy to reset social and humanitarian cooperation in the CIS. The opportunities and risks of expanding economic cooperation with China, including for the Eurasian economic integration, are determined. The role of Russian-Indian cooperation in diversification of cooperation vectors in Eurasia, increasing its balance and stability is shown. The potential of BRICS+ and SCO+ formats, as well as the possible interaction of the two blocks, is analyzed. New accents in the Russian policy on the African and Middle East directions are revealed. The author presents the concept of the Greater Eurasian partnership and stresses its central role in optimizing Russia's external positioning, proposes an algorithm for promoting macro-regional integration in Eurasia with Russia's active participation. Keywords—polycentric world; politics; integration; space; project; interests; trade agreement; partnership