Abstract By being the leading risk factor for most of the leading causes of death worldwide, tobacco use represents an important public health issue that causes a significant health and economic burden. Despite policy regulations, the prevalence of the use remains substantial in many countries, such as Belgium. A comprehensive framework for the quantification of the health impact of tobacco use, based on representative data, is however still lacking. As a preliminary step, we aimed to map and critically assess the past and current trends of tobacco use from 1997 to 2020 in Belgium for establishing a time series of the true extent of tobacco use. Data sources assessing tobacco use in Belgium, meeting our inclusion criteria: frequency, type of survey, international comparability, consistency over time, and representativeness of the sample were included in the critical appraisal. The selected data source forms the basis for a time series of tobacco use from 1997 to 2020. We applied a Bayesian inference model using the integrated nested Laplace approximation, to estimate the distribution of tobacco use by age, sex, and region. We identified four data sources containing information on tobacco use in Belgium. The best available data source for creating a time series of tobacco use was the Belgium Health Interview Survey. The modelled time series based on this data shows a decrease in the prevalence of daily smoking from 1997 (25%) to 2020 (15%). In 2020, daily smoking was estimated to be the highest in the Walloon region (19%) followed by the Brussels region (16%) and the Flemish region (14%). In 2020, the prevalence of daily smoking was estimated to be higher among men (19%) and in the age category 45-59 (20%). This study provides a critical review of data sources monitoring tobacco use in Belgium. Time trends derived from modelling show the overall smoking trends are decreasing but the use remains a public health concern in Belgium. Key messages • Understanding the role of tobacco on population health as an attributable burden can improve health monitoring. • Tobacco use is still a public health concern in 2020 with an estimated prevalence of daily smoking of 15% in the population. Different patterns of tobacco use can be seen at the regional level.


At Portsmouth Polytechnic, England, in 1974 the American artist Mary Kelly presented her first film as a solo artist. In fact, it was a dual screen 8mm film loop installation – two films – and the work would only be given the title Antepartum much later. The two 8mm projectors with continuous loop attachments were placed side by side and in the same space as the spectators. The visual and aural presence of the filmic apparatus was an immediately recognizable device within the art/film world at this time, indicating the idea of the spectator-as-producer. The spectator's position 'within' the work alongside this filmic apparatus interpellates her as part of the ongoing process of the work's production. Except for the whirring and clicking of the two projectors, the double image track had no sound. There are no known reproductions of Antepartum as it appeared in 1974, and the artist herself recalls little else beyond its having taken place. In 1974 Antepartum was simply an untitled work-in-progress. Nevertheless, both films do still exist and they have each been shown again more recently, although not side by side in this earlier format. A juxtaposition of two images is implicitly comparative. The student-spectators familiar with the art history slide lecture would immediately have recognized the film installation as replicating this didactic form. On one screen a woman's hands operate an industrial machine; this is a factory worker presented in partial view. Her labouring action is repeated on screen and then repeated ad infinitum by the film loop. The other screen shows a truncated view of a woman's torso, nude and heavily pregnant. (This is the artist's body though there is no way of knowing this from the image alone.) The camera frames a partial view of a swollen belly cropped just above the pubis and part way across the bottom edge of the breasts. This image offers a female nude redrawn through the antepartum maternal body. The only action on this screen is a brief self-caress. The woman's hands enter the frame for a few seconds and gently stroke her own enlarged belly. Thus, the factory worker's hands on one screen are echoed by the pregnant woman's hands on the other. In this compare and contrast exercise, the elements of contrast are more immediately apparent than those of comparison. Nevertheless, the side by side format is didactic inasmuch as it demands that the viewer perform the comparison. The sequence of ideas provoked by this juxtaposition might run something like this: one woman is labouring, the other will


A complete evaluation indexes system for Unmanned reconnaissance Aerial Vehicle(UAV) operation efficiency is presented. An estimating criterion and specific mathematical estimate model for UAV is established. The overall characteristic parameters which will influence the reconnaissance efficiency of UAV is analyzed,the effectiveness exponents of two types of UAV(the 'global hawk' and the 'predator') is evaluated by means of this method. The availability of this estimate criterion has been proved by the analysis results.


Taylor and Francis SRM_A_416905.sgm 10.1080/13645570903167324 International Journal of Social Research Methodology 364-5579 (pri t)/1464-5300 (online) Book Reviews 2 09 & Francis 0 0002009 LindaB ll linda.bel firstname.lastname@example.com m Undertaking sensitive research in the health and social sciences: managing boundaries, emotions and risks, by Virginia James Dickson-Swift and Pranee Liamputtong, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008, 154 pp., £27.99 (paperback), ISBN10: 0521718236, ISBN13: 9780521718233


Electrocoagulation (EC) combines conventional treatment as coagulation and flotation with electrochemistry. The process destabilizes soluble organic pollutants and emulsified oils from aqueous media by introducing highly charged species that neutralize the electrostatic charges on particles and oil/emulsions droplets to facilitate agglomeration/coagulation (and the following separation from the aqueous phase). In comparison with conventional coagulation processes, the smallest charged particles have a greater probability of being coagulated because of the electric field that sets them in motion. Moreover, an "electrocogulated" flock tends to contain less bound water, is more shear resistant and is more readily filterable[1].


Quantitative MRI measurements of the sagittal surface area of the corpus callosum (CC) in 72 preterm individuals tested at adolescence (14-15 years) were compared with verbal skills on neuropsychological tests in a study at the Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.


The applications of thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs)
in buildings are studied in this thesis, especially focusing on the PCM wallboard.
Some current applications of thermal energy storage with PCMs in buildings are
reviewed.
The optimal melting temperatures and diurnal heat storage of interior PCM
wallboard and exterior PCM wallboard are theoretically studied. The optimal
melting temperature of an interior PCM wallboard is related to the average room
air temperature and the total radiation absorbed by PCM wallboard. The optimal
melting temperature of an exterior PCM wallboard is related to the average room
air temperature, the average outside temperature and the radiations absorbed
from the inside and outside environment.
The thermal performance of interior and exterior PCM wallboard is numerically
studied by using COMSOL. Some design factors, such as melting temperature,
melting range, latent heat, thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer
coefficients of inner surface and outer surface are qualitatively discussed. The
simulation results are agreed well with the theoretical work. The PCM wallboard
can have a better performance if the thermal conductivity can be enhanced to
around 0.4 W/mK. When designing a PCM wallboard, the convective heat
transfer coefficients should be calculated carefully.
To briefly evaluate the energy consumption and energy saving of PCM
wallboard, a double-room building with normal constructions and PCM
wallboards is modelled using EnergyPlus@.
As most PCMs suffer a common problem of low thermal conductivity, heat
transfer characteristics of PCMs embedded with porous materials are studied.
Paraffin wax RT 27 and calcium chloride hexahydrate are employed as the heat
storage media. The results indicate that the addition of porous materials can
enhance the heat transfer rate of PCMs, especially for metal foams which can
double the overall heat transfer rate during the melting processes. The effect of
mass ratio of expanded graphite on heat transfer is also examined.


Mary Oliver is an American poet who has been so much fascinated by the natural world since her childhood. Natural world occupies a very large space in her poetry, if not her entire poetic work. She was born in Ohio 1935, and she spent her childhood there surrounded by Nature. She graduated from high school and went to Vassar college and Ohio State University, yet she could not get a degree. She moved to New York where she met the sister of Edna St. Vincent Millay, the famous American poet and playwright. She got a closer look to Edna's works by organizing her papers for almost seven years. As for career, she held the position at Bennington College by being the Catherine Osgood Foster Chair for Distinguished Teaching. Later on she settled in Provincetown, Massachusetts for almost forty years inspired by the natural scenes there which are conveyed in her collections.


The regional seas programmes have been considered to be "brown" organizations because of their focus on pollution, in contrast to the modern "green" approach that examines all aspects of ocean areas through integrated ecosystem management. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) helps member states of the regional programmes meet regularly to discuss their regional concerns, and to adopt and implement appropriate management measures for their marine environments. The Arctic, East Asian Seas, North-West Pacific, and South Asian Seas programmes have never adopted binding conventions, and two other regions have also lagged in this area Panama is the sole country to have ratified the convention for the North-East Pacific, and the Abidjan Convention for West Africa has been ratified by only 14 of the 22 nations in the region. The East Asian regional seas programmes have been particularly underfunded and lackluster in their projects and activities. Keywords:ecosystem management; marine environments; regional seas programmes; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)


In an effort to identify novel biopesticides, the present study aimed to assess the effects of Philodendron meridionale (Buturi & Sakur) stem and leaf ketonic and ethanolic extracts (SKE, SEE, LKE, and LEE, respectively) on the germination, growth, root respiration, and enzymatic activities of Lactuca sativa L. seeds, and to measure the associated saponins, phenolics, and flavonoids that may possess herbicidal, pharmaceutical, or pesticidal activities. The extracts were obtained using a modified Soxhlet apparatus and methanolic extracts of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mg.mL-1 were tested, with water and methanol as a control. The presence of saponins and the concentration of phenolic compounds were determined. Allelopathic activity was evaluated in tests of germination, growth, cellular respiration and enzymatic activity. The presence of saponins and the concentration of phenolic compounds equivalent to 225.12 for LKE, 240.45 for LEE, 193.28 for SKE, and 265.14 for SEE (mg·g-1.gallic acid), and flavonoids 52.74 for LKE, 54.31 for LEE, 72.74 for SKE, and 67.21 for SEE (mg.g-1.quercetin) were determined. The allelopathy of the P. meridionale extracts against L. sativa was confirmed through negative effects on L. sativa seed germination, radical growth and morphology, dry mass, and the concentrations of α-amylase (EC 22.214.171.124), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 126.96.36.199), catalase (EC 126.96.36.199), and polyphenol oxidase (EC 184.108.40.206). It was likely that the allelopathic action of the P. meridionale extracts was related to its effects on the membrane permeability and oxidative stress of the treated L. sativa seeds. The P. meridionale extracts contained saponins, calcium oxalate crystals, and flavonoids, including phenolic compounds, which are known allelochemicals with herbicidal activities.


Group meetings are one of the most frequent activities in an office environment. Tele-meetings meetings where participants are geographically dispersed and use a computer and networking infrastructure for communicating are becoming increasingly pervasive. Telemeeting participants may use various media types for communicating including audio, video, images, graphics, animation and text. We present a telemeeting environment for modelling and managing the complete lifetime of telemeetings. The environment implements common teleconferencing services as well as services for storing and querying meeting sessions in a telemeeting database.


In order to reduce the loss caused by flood, a large number of researches based on data, algorithms, machine learning and other technical means are used to realize flood forecasting. It will be a kind of flexible research method to realize the flood prediction of small and medium-sized rivers through intelligent models such as neural network. The area of small and medium-sized river basins is relatively small. Precipitation, soil moisture, evaporation and other factors can affect the timely total runoff prediction. However, not all the hydrological features is always valuable for flood forecasting, even at some time, noise of the factors will have larger interference on forecast process. Therefore, dynamic extraction of key feature vectors from various hydrological information plays an important role in flood forecasting. This paper proposed a flood forecasting model (STA-LSTM model) by using long short-term memory model (LSTM) and attention mechanism. We take the Lech river basin in Europe as the experimental basin and the results show that STA-LSTM performs well and has high research value with comparison of support vector machine (SVM), fully connected network (FCN) and original LSTM


This paper shows how the canonical definition of historical sociolinguistics as the study of language use fails to consider independent evidence for language attitudes, beliefs, and ideologies (i.e., language regard).[1] One approach to avoiding this limited understanding of use might lie in a historical folk sociolinguistics, in which particular attention is paid to the nonasserted (i.e., indirect, presuppositional, implicational, perlocutionary) meanings, described in Preston (2004) as "metalanguage 3." Interactions in drama are first justified as "good data," and analyses of such nonasserted elements of utterances show that they approach both the social psychological goal of uncovering implicit language regard behaviors and the variationist goal of determining the subjective correlates of variation and change.
[1] Language regard groups together social psychological (chiefly experimental, e.g., matched guise), anthropological (e.g., studies in language ideology), and sociolinguistic (e.g., folk linguistic and "third wave") approaches to beliefs about and reactions to language use and language varieties. Preston (2018) reviews established and emerging relationships between these areas. The label is used throughout this paper to refer to all three areas as well as research methods derived from and combining them.


In the preface to A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 (1963), Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz noted that "some statistical series we use in this book are explained in full in the forthcoming companion volume, Trends and Cycles in the Stock of Money in the United States, 1867-1960." In fact, the first draft of the intended companion volume was completed prior to the publication of A Monetary History. The present volume is the fourth in a series of National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) monographs of which A Monetary History was the first. Phillip Cagan's Determinants and Effects of Changes in the Money Stock, 1875-1960 (1965) and the present authors' Monetary Statistics of the United States (1970) are the other two. The latter provided the details on the statistical series used in all four. The task of the current book "is to present a statistical and theoretical analysis of the relation between the quantity of money and other key economic magnitudes over periods longer than those dominated by cyclical fluctuations—hence the term trends in the title" (p. xxviii). The work on cycles appeared in "Money and Business Cycles," Review of Economics and Statistics (1963). There is some concern with "long" cycles in the present volume, but much of the intended work apparently has been put aside. The material on the United Kingdom was added at the recommendation of the NBER reading committee considering the second draft of the original companion volume. All concerned felt the ability to make international comparisons would be an important addition; no one envisioned how much additional time would be required.


Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a state-of-theart machine learning method, partially inspired by the hierarchical structure of cortex. They typically process information from input to output in a feedforward manner. It has been shown that incorporating feedback pathways can improve their performance and robustness. However, little is known about why feedback helps and how feedforward and feedback signals are best combined. Here, we compare feedforward and feedback networks using a multi-digit classification task, quantifying performance as well as robustness against image noise. We show that the advantage of feedback networks which add the feedback to the feedforward signal is largely due to the increased receptive field size of their neurons. In addition, we show that networks which use modulating or subtractive feedback (inspired by theories of feedback processing in cortex) outperform additive architectures and have increased robustness against noise. These results provide a first step towards using feedback in convolutional neural networks more effectively.


Samples of cold rolled UR45N austenitic-ferritic duplex steel with cold rolling reduction ranging from 0% to 80% were investigated in the form of foils and powders by means of Mossbauer transmission spectroscopy. It was found that cold rolling has a minor effect on the martensitic transformation even at high reductions in the material under investigation. On the other hand, powdering process induces strong martensitic phase transformation, i.e., about 25% of austenite transforms into martensite during powdering. High rolling reductions as well as powdering reduce an average hyperfine magnetic field at iron by about 1 T, while annealing at about 430°C increases this field by about 3 T.


The antioxidant activities of 6 solvent extracts of Artemisia capillaris were evaluated in a dintroflurobenzen (DNFB)-induced allergic mouse model. In vitro antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH and the FRAP test. Methanol (DPPH: 85.87%, FRAP: 1.772) and dH2O (DPPH: 60.69%, FRAP: 3.185) extracts showed the highest antioxidant activities compared with other solvents (ethyl acetate 41.81%, 0.407, hexane 8.37%, 0.328, etc.). In addition, we tested atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in mice treated with DNFB. The methanol extract of A. capillaris on the AD-like skin lesions in DNFB-induced atopy inhibited ear thickness increases (47%) and the skin lesions (45%) compared with a positive control (methanol). The results suggest that they have potential as natural antioxidants and allergy-improving substances and that they may be valuable materials in the functional food or cosmeceutical industry.


Through a practical project,it is discussed how to make full use of the existing retaining piles and to adopt the combination of long and short piles,the theory of soil arching as well as the way of increasing layers of bracings so as to complete the supports of the foundation pit of the basement when it is changed from 3 stories to 4 ones.During the construction process,the safety of the retaining structures and the rationality of the approach used in the design are proved through the analysis of the monitoring data.The experience of this project has the guiding significance for similar projects.


An approach for assessing the air pollution impacts of advanced transport telematics (ATT) implementations in the cities of Southampton and Cologne is described. Proposed ATT implementations are outlined, together with the likely effects on traffic and air quality. Recommendations are made for the evaluation of the air pollution reduction effects associated with ATT technologies. UROPOL, the model at the center of the evaluation procedure, is described, together with work carried out to interface UROPOL with the respective traffic models, and with Ford's CVSP. A discussion of the future development of an AQM, a system for optimizing urban transport networks on environmental criteria, rather than efficiency alone is given.


1
The growth and respiration of Azotobacter vinelandii, together with the composition and activity of its membrance-bound respiratory system are compared during nitrogen-fixing batch growth at high and low aeration.

2
The aeration rate determines the length of the lag period, the extent of logarithmic growth and the respiratory activity of the culture; logarithmic growth ceases when the dissolved oxygen concentration drops to approximately 32 μM. Aconsiderable increase in whole cell respiratory activity is observed on changing from low to high aeration conditions.

3
During logarithmic, non-oxygen-limited growth, oxidase activities and respiratory carrier concentrations, with the exception of cytochrome o, remain low; the concentration of cytochrome o starts to rise when the ambient oxygen concentration falls to approximately 120 μM. Phosphorylation efficiencies, particularly at site I, are very low at high ambient oxygen concentrations but increase as the oxygen concentration decreases. Site I P/2e ratio is maximal (approx. 0.5) only when the oxygen concentration becomes growth limiting.

4
At the turnover point into non-logarithmic, oxygen-limited growth, respiratory carrier concentrations increase considerably; primary dehydrogenase activities increase by 2-fold whereas the activity of the minor phosphorylating terminal pathway increases by 9–13 fold.

5
A working hypothesis is proposed to account for the ability of the ambient oxygen concentration to control both the activity and the energy conservation efficiency of A. vinelandii respiration.


Silicon nitride films have been prepared by excimer laser photolysis of ammonia/silane or ammonia/disilane mixtures at temperatures in the range 225–625 °C in a hot‐walled low‐pressure reactor. The highest‐quality films, deposited at 225 °C, have high breakdown‐field strength, Ebd=8.8 Mv cm−1, low midgap interface‐state‐trap densities, Nit=1.7×1011 eV−1 cm−2, and a dielectric constant of e=4.8.


Overcrowding in local jails has emerged as an important social problem in recent years. Many have assumed that this problem has resulted from rising crime rates and general population growth, but recent research has called into question such claims. This study examines jail overcrowding in the county detention center in Las Vegas, Nevada. The data show that the major causes of jail overcrowding include a rise in the arrest rate for certain crimes, such as driving under the influence, domestic violence, drugs and vagrancy, along with recent legislative changes, questionable police practices, and the punitive nature of some of Nevada's laws.


INTRODUCTION The structure and composition of the mammalian red blood cell ghost has been the subject of many investigations, mainly because the ghost is the only cell membrane which can be isolated in large quantities, and in what is thought to be a more or less intact condition. A summary of some of the earlier results on its thickness and composition will be given later. It suffices for the moment to say that the mammalian ghost is almost entirely composed of lipids and protein, and that there is probably enough lipid to form a continuous layer at the surface about 40A. thick (2 molecules), and enough protein to form a layer, when dry, from 50 to 150A. thick. With one exception, however, there had been no measurements of the thickness of the ghost membrane in the normal hydrated state, when this work was started. A priori, it seemed quite possible that the membrane, and especially the protein of the membrane, would be considerably hydrated, since most cells contain from 60 to 90% of water. This was confirmed by the measurement mentioned above; the estimate of Seifriz (1927), by direct observation under the microscope, that the thickness of the membrane of amphibian red cells was 6000-8000 A. Amphibian red cells, however, differ from mammalian red cells in size, shape and the presence of nucleus, so it seemed desirable to try to find whether mammalian ghosts showed a comparable degree of hydration. A more important reason for trying to measure the thickness of the wet ghost membrane arose out of the work of Schmitt, Bear & Ponder (1936, 1938). They examined rabbit ghosts in polarized light and found that in glycerol the spherical ghosts showed negative tangential birefringence in their membranes.f They believed originally that this birefringence was due to radially oriented lipid molecules, and also that its strength indicated that it must be caused by lipid layers a great deal thicker than two molecules. Subsequently, they changed their views and


Issue 10.1 begins with an essay by Pat Gehrke, ''Being for the Other-to-the-Other: Justice and Communication in Levinasian Ethics,'' introducing the work of Emmanuel Levinas while forging new scholarly ground that examines the tension between ethics and justice in communicative engagement. Annette Holba's essay, ''Political Communication and Leisure,'' differentiates the terms ''leisure'' and ''recreation'' and outlines the implications that these fundamental differences offer for the study of human communication. Mary Stuckey's essay, ''Rethinking the Rhetorical Presidency and Presidential Rhetoric,'' offers a historical examination of the study of changes in the American presidency, emphasizing issues for communicative study in the new Obama administration. Ingrid Volkmer's essay, ''Between 'Publicness' and 'Publicity': Conceptualizing Discourse 'Assemblages' of Public Legitimacy in Transnational Spaces,'' frames key metaphors for engaging today's communicative environment, offering a textured understanding of terms such as public and publicness, with special attention given to the insights of Jürgen Habermas. Raymie McKerrow's and Jerry L. Miller's essay, ''History of Political Communication,'' clarifies research trends and trajectories for ongoing study in political communication, providing emphasis on communicative technology, public deliberation, and advocacy from a cultural/global perspective. Slavko Splichal, current editor of Javnost*The Public, offers an historical examination of the construction and the ongoing life of this journal situated within the European Institute of Communication and Culture (Euricom), an organization registered under Slovenian law; the essay provides a clear theoretical justification for the importance of addressing the problematic nature of ''publicness'' in an international communicative climate. Trevor Parry-Giles, the recipient of the National Communication Association's Diamond Anniversary Book Award for The Character of Justice: Rhetoric, Law and Politics in the Supreme Court Confirmation Process, discusses the nature, the process, and the hope of rhetorical critical scholarship, anchoring his essay within the implications of his awarding winning book. The essays that compose Issue 10.1 illuminate the seminal responsibility of the Review of Communication*to offer macro-interpretations, exploring historical and heuristic implications of scholarship within the discipline of communication through analysis of journal publications and significant scholarly books.


This paper presents the Algorithm of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) implemented in a Distributed Computing Environment. The main objective of this PSO is to calculate the Protein 3D Structure reducing the computational time to carry out this task; this problem is also known as Protein Folding Problem (PFP). The parallel PSO works on a real conformation, considering structural restriction of the protein, where the conformation uses a representation of torsion angles of the skeleton and the side chains, applying the sequence of amino-acid of the protein for the prediction of 3D structure of minimum energy. In order to calculate the energy of the protein conformation, the energy empirical function ECEPP/3 is used. This program was implemented for running in a cluster with the libraries MPI for the processor communication. The quality of the results on the testing peptide (leuenkephalin) is compared with other techniques reported in literature, and also the PSO is used to predict the structure of unknown proteins.


In the first half of the twentieth century French academic geography did not present a unified front: The "outsiders" Jean Brunhes and Pierre Deffontaines offered a vision of la gdographie humaine that did not conform to the one proclaimed by Vidal de La Blache and his disciples. After sketching the careers of Brunhes and Deffontaines, this essay explores the network of connections between the academic editor Deffontaines and the contributors to the Geographie Humaine series published by Gaston Gallimard. As committed Chris- tians, Brunhes and Deffontaines emphasized the realm of ideas, values, and decision making, as well as their tangible realization and visual expression in cultural landscapes. Both men saw the discipline of geography as a means of celebrating the diversity of the world and the popularization of geography as a way of promoting international understanding and toler- ance. Their inclusivity and interaction with other academic disciplines are relevant to cur- rent practitioners of cultural geography. Keywords: academic publishing, Jean Brunhes, Pierre Deffontaines, diffusion of geographical knowledge, France, human geography, methodology. (In the western suburbs of Paris lies a remarkable property incorporating an el- egant Japanese garden (Figure 1), a stretch of pine forest evocative of the Vosges, and a formal French garden. At the center stands a fine pavilion, and several de- tached houses are found within the confines of this welcome green space. The estate was landscaped by a Jewish banker and still bears his name: Jardin Albert Kahn. The Musee Albert Kahn is accommodated in one of the houses. Fascinated by the land- scapes and peoples he encountered on business trips, Kahn sought to promote in- ternational understanding (Beausoleil and Ory 1995). He was drawn to the fledgling discipline of geography, served as a benefactor for travel scholarships and a presti- gious academic post, and established a remarkable resource base. By 1931 this would include 72,000 photographic plates and 183,000 meters of film. He supported la geographie humaine through promoting the career of Jean Brunhes (1869-1930), who operated beyond French university life at the very distinguished Coll&ge de France, where lectures were delivered but no degrees awarded. Between the two world wars geography had become firmly established in lyc~e (high school) programs in France and was gradually developing an identity distinct from that of history, with which it continued to be taught. The community of uni- versity geographers remained small, and patronage was a powerful force in aca- demic life. It allowed some scholars to escape from lyc6e teaching programs and become university professors but ensured that others, whose personalities, beliefs, or views did not fit, remained beyond or on the margins of the university world. The main cluster of geographical activity, in terms of academics and students, was at the Sorbonne in Paris, where Emmanuel de Martonne (1873-1955) and Albert Demangeon (1872-1940) led the Institut de G6ographie and proclaimed the mes-


Revised program notes for the recording "Sounds of New Music" produced by Smithsonian Recordings. The document includes an introduction, a list of relevant formats and associated OCLC numbers to which the notes correspond, and a brief description of each piece appearing on the recording.


From past earthquakes it is observed that if the structures are not properly analyzed and constructed with required quality, then it may lead great destruction and loss to human lives. It has been proved that many of structures are fully or partially damaged due to earthquake. This fact was never ignored while design of multistoried buildings by the structural engineers, researchers to ensure safety against earthquake forces while erection. So, there is need to determine seismic responses of such buildings. Seismic analysis of the structure is carried out for determination of seismic responses by time history analysis which is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis especially when the evaluated structural response is nonlinear in nature. To perform such an analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required for the structure being evaluated. In this present work non-linear dynamic analysis of G+10 storied RCC building having mass irregularity considering different time histories is carried out. Here a G+10 stories building with mass irregularity has been modeled for seismic analysis and Bhuj earthquake time history and Koyna earthquake time history have been used. This paper highlights the effects on floor which has different loads (mass irregularity) in multistoried building with time history analysis by ETABS software. Keywords—Time History Analysis, Seismic zone, Multistory building, Seismic responses, Seismic Analysis. INTRODUCTION Due to fast urbanization construction of a large number of multistoried buildings, many existing RC buildings located in seismic zones are deficient to withstand earthquakes. A large portion of India is susceptible to damaging levels of seismic hazards. Seismic safety of these building is of importance. Hence, it is necessary to take in to account the seismic load for the design of high-rise buildings. Seismic loads are required to be carefully modeled so as to assess the real behavior of structure with a clear understanding that damage is expected but it should be regulated Multistoried buildings are designed as per Earthquake code IS: 1893-1984. But during Bhuj earthquake, in Ahmedabad two buildings which were designed as per IS:1893-1984 and were found to be seriously damaged due to mass irregularity as a swimming pool was located at the 10 th floor. Here excess mass leads to increase in lateral inertia forces, reduced ductility of vertical load resisting elements and increased propensity towards collapse. Excess mass on higher floors produce more unfavorable effects than those at lower floors. As per the Indian seismic code (IS: 1893-1984) The five seismic zones I, II, III, IV and V in correspond to areas that have potential for shaking intensity on the MMI scale of V or less, VI, VII, VIII and IX or more, respectively. Seismic zone map is revised with only four zones instead of five (IS: 18932002). Earthquake causes different shaking intensities at different locations and the damage induced in buildings at these locations is also different. Thus, there is necessary to construct a structure which is earthquake resistance at a particular level of intensity of shaking a structure. Analyzing the structure for various Indian seismic zones and checking for multiple criteria at each level has become an essential. This paper shows the effect of different seismic zone on the performance of G+10 residential multistoried RC building. The main parameters consider in this study to compare the seismic performance of base shear, storey shear and storey displacement with different methods of seismic analysis. OBJECTIVES 1. To analyze a multistoried RC building (G +10 Storey) for earthquake intensity III, by using different methods such as IS method, response spectrum analysis and Time history analysis. 2. To compare seismic behavior of multistoried RC building for particular earthquake intensity in terms of responses. 3. To study the effects of different Seismic zones on performance of multi-storey building in terms of seismic responses such as base shear, storey displacement. 4. To know the relationship between different methods of seismic analysis and their seismic responses. SEISMIC ANALYSIS Based on the type of external action and behavior of structure, the analysis can be classified as, (a) Linear Static Analysis, (b) Nonlinear Static Analysis, (c) Linear Dynamic Analysis and (d) Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) IJ E R T IJ E R T ISSN: 2278-0181 www.ijert.org Vol. 3 Issue 7, July 2014


Abstract The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) has required continuous assessment at university in Spain. The goal of this paper is to analyse how continuous assessment modifies the subject's final mark, to ascertain whether it improves or lowers the final exam score and to determine whether other variables also affect this relationship. To accomplish this, we have created a database with the marks earned by students who took the final exam in the Financial Accounting class at university in the last three academic years. A variation index of the exam score was constructed as a consequence of continuous assessment, and it was analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results obtained from the marks and the index were analysed using contingency tables, ANOVA, regression analyses and a contrast of differences in mean. The main conclusions allow us to state that continuous assessment has an important direct effect on the learning process as well as on the final exam score and the overall class mark, and that other variables also influence them.


The biological availability of flufenamic acid after oral administration of the drug in both hard and soft gelatin capsules was studied in dogs and humans. The soft gelatin capsules produced consistently higher plasma concentration-time curves.


2 Abstract: The synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of several quinoline derivatives of glyoximes were described. Treatment of some aminoquinolines with anti-chloroglyoxime gave three new compounds as a ligand. The new ligands were characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR and H-NMR. Their antibacterial 1 activities against five Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteridis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and four Gram-positive (Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus) and antifungal activities against Candida albicans were measured by using disc diffusion and broth microdilution techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were calculated by microplate reader at 620 nm. It was found that N-(8-hydroxyquinolin-5-yl)-aminoglyoxime moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity against test microorganism including MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).


It is concerned with the optimal design of cylindrical shell on minimax deflection and minimal compliancy with arbitrary axisymmetrical boundary conditions and radial pressure,under the condition of the volume being constant.The problem involves the minimax deflection and minimal compliancy of the cylindrical shell.Expressions of the objective function can be obtained by the stepped reduction method.Several examples are provided to illustrate the advantages of the optimal design method.


A winding device (1) for a cable (2), in particular for a flat cable (2), with a bearing flange (3) with a hub (4), a relative to the hub (4) rotatable winding coil (5), which at its outer periphery and having a winding groove (9) for a free discharge end (2d) of the cable (2) which are arranged one radially inside the winding groove (9) winding space (17) for compensation coils (2b) of the cable (2) is limited, with a bearing flange (3) stationary fixed inner coil (10) and a further winding space (16) for a spring (18) as the drive during winding of the cable is characterized in that the winding space (16) for the spring (18) axially offset from the winding space is arranged for the compensating coils of the cable (2), set a on the bearing flange (3) inner coil (10), wherein a rotatable inner hub (6) of the winding bobbin (5) at least partially or completely directly on the fixed hub (4) of the bearing flange ( 3) and a stationary inner hub (10) of the Inner coil (11) at least partially or completely directly on the inner hub (6) of the winding bobbin (5) is arranged such that the rotatable inner hub (6) of the winding bobbin (5) between the fixed hub (4) and the stationary inner hub (11) the inner coil (10) is guided.


A maximizing-discriminability-based architecture for fuzzy-neural-network (FNN) hardware is proposed in this paper. The major contribution of this proposed FNN hardware is to increase the discriminative capability among different classes in classification problems by combining linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and Gaussian mixture model (GMM). In LDA, the weights are updated by seeking directions that are efficient for discrimination. In GMM, the parameter learning adopts the gradient descent method to reduce the cost function. Furthermore, this FNN can be reconfigured by the instruction of the external processer.


When AIDS was first discovered, it was presumed to be a disease of male homosexuality and this is reflected in the early reporting of the journal.1 2 However, this was challenged with an assertion that a 'sexually active homosexual lifestyle with frequent sexually transmitted diseases is not in itself a cause of haematological abnormality'.3 Public figures still held strong views, with the Chief Constable of Greater Manchester police referring to AIDS patients as 'swirling about in a human …


In the past, various methods and technological systems were used to supply water on industrial and other sites. In the early 19th century, Professor Otto Intze invented a new form of water reservoir that could be installed in a tower tank or even on the body of a chimney. This gave rise to a structure that had never been seen before – a chimney reservoir. The advantages of this structure resulted in it quickly becoming very popular, especially in the country in which it originated, Germany. The structure spread from the German Empire into other countries, including Austria-Hungary. The first chimney reservoir on the Czech territory originated in the late 19th century, the last structure of this type was built in 1962. Although their history was short, more than sixty distinctive structures of this kind were built in the Czech lands, the twenty-one of which that have survived to the present day can be described as a unique industrial heritage. This article outlines the origin and evolution of different types of chimney reservoirs and describes the structural and technological designs used for such structures on the territory of what is now known as the Czech Republic.


[Objective]To explore the characteristics and change of occupational hazards in a metallurgical chemical plant,so as to develop appropriate countermeasures.[Methods]The monitoring data of a metallurgical chemical plant in Hechi City for 5 years since implementation of energy-saving and emission-reduction were collected for statistical analysis.[Results]During 2005-2007,the qualified rate of occupational hazards in this plant showed increasing tendency,but decreased in 2008 and rebounded in 2009.The average qualified rate of occupational hazards during 2005-2009 was 70.92%,among which the qualified rate of dust was lowest(44.81%),followed by thermal radiation(52.78%).[Conclusion]Enterprises should increase investment in occupational health and reduce the concentration(intensity) of occupational hazards,when expanding production scale.Occupational disease supervisory organs should enhance the law enforcement of occupational health,and protect health benefits of workers.


Bachelor thesis entitled Analysis of environmental risks of biofarm Jure is focused on the topic of environmentally friendly and non-toxic agricultural production system - organic farming. The theoretical section qualifies the definition of organic farming, its origin and gradual development, objectives, principles and main differences compared with conventional farming. The practical part is focused on a particular environmental risk analysis of the farm from Zlin - biofarm Jure.


This project combined nanocomposite materials with microfabricated optical device structures for the development of microsensor arrays. For the nanocomposite materials we have designed, developed, and characterized self-assembling, organic/inorganic hybrid optical sensor materials that offer highly selective, sensitive, and reversible sensing capability with unique hierarchical nanoarchitecture. Lipid bilayers and micellar polydiacetylene provided selective optical response towards metal ions (Pb(II), Hg(II)), a lectin protein (Concanavalin A), temperature, and organic solvent vapor. These materials formed as composites in silica sol-gels to impart physical protection of the self-assembled structures, provide a means for thin film surface coatings, and allow facile transport of analytes. The microoptical devices were designed and prepared with two- and four-level diffraction gratings coupled with conformal gold coatings on fused silica. The structure created a number of light reflections that illuminated multiple spots along the silica surface. These points of illumination would act as the excitation light for the fluorescence response of the sensor materials. Finally, we demonstrate an integrated device using the two-level diffraction grating coupled with the polydiacetylene/silica material.


Cu2O quantum dots (QDs) have been synthesized on single crystal SrTiO3 (100) substrates with focused ion beam (FIB) modification using oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. In a set of experiments, QD growth location has been controlled using FIB implants to modify the growth surface in discrete locations prior to dot synthesis. Atomic force microscopy has been used to characterize this directed self-assembly of oxide QDs. QDs have been observed to form first in the FIB generated surface features, filling those features before additional QDs have nucleated on neighboring, unmodified surface regions. The nature of the QDs on the modified surface is compared to those grown on unmodified substrate regions. While FIB modification provides lateral control over QDs, the QDs formed on the undamaged surfaces were more uniform in shape and size than those that nucleated in the FIB produced pits.


Lightweight flexible perovskite solar cells (PSC) offer advantages over rigid solar cells including power to weight, variety of form factor and ability to scale. With breakthroughs in the power conversion...


(57) Abstract: multi-step chemical vapor deposition process for depositing a tungsten layer on the substrate (16). The first step includes a step of nucleation, which flows the WF Then, in step 220 the bulk deposition, a WF In a preferred embodiment, nitrogen is introduced into the process gas in bulk deposition.


The papillomaviruses constitute a large family of viruses that cause benign tumors (warts) in their hosts. In recent years, these viruses have been found to have substantial clinical importance (Syrjanen et al. 1987; zur Hausen 1991). The replication properties of papillomaviruses have been studied for a number of years; however, many results obtained in the early studies concerning both transacting factors and cis-acting elements required for replication have not been reproducible. Therefore, a clear picture of the viral replicon has emerged only during the last 5 years and the understanding of papillomavirus replication is relatively primitive compared to, for example, the well-studied SV40 system. For technical and historical reasons, the field has been dominated by studies of one particular member of the papillomavirus family, bovine papil-lomavirus (BPV), which has served as a prototype for the papil-lomaviruses. More recently, largely because of information obtained from the BPV system, it has become possible to develop systems to study the replication properties of several human papillomaviruses. In this chapter, I describe the BPV system in some detail and, from this point of reference, discuss the variations and differences that have been observed for replication of other papillomaviruses. The natural life cycle of papillomaviruses is complex and not understood in detail. However, in the basal cells of the papilloma, viral DNA is maintained in a latent form characterized by episomal replication at a relatively low copy number. At this stage, expression of viral capsid proteins cannot be detected. As the cells differentiate and migrate toward the outer layers'of the papilloma, substantially higher copy numbers and assembled virions can be detected (Stoler et al. 1990; Dollard et al. 1992; Meyers et al. 1992). The basis for all papillomavirus replication systems originates in the early observation that BPV can transform mouse cells in culture and that in the transformed cells, the viral DNA replicates as a plasmid with a modest copy number (Dvoretsky et al.


Significance This study enhances the knowledge on the molecular pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). To date, there is no information available on the role of peroxisomes in lung fibrosis. In our study we demonstrate that peroxisomal biogenesis and metabolism is compromised in tissue samples as well as in fibroblasts of IPF patients and in bleomycin-induced fibrosis mouse model. Moreover, RNAi-mediated knockdown of peroxisomal biogenesis leads to a profibrotic response in control and IPF fibroblasts suggesting that the reduction of peroxisomal function in IPF would contribute to the profibrotic phenotype of this devastating disease. Our work opens a new field of research in the area of lung fibrosis and might lead to novel treatment strategies against IPF by modulating the peroxisomal compartment. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease, and its pathogenic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Peroxisomes are known to be important in ROS and proinflammatory lipid degradation, and their deficiency induces liver fibrosis. However, altered peroxisome functions in IPF pathogenesis have never been investigated. By comparing peroxisome-related protein and gene expression in lung tissue and isolated lung fibroblasts between human control and IPF patients, we found that IPF lungs exhibited a significant down-regulation of peroxisomal biogenesis and metabolism (e.g., PEX13p and acyl-CoA oxidase 1). Moreover, in vivo the bleomycin-induced down-regulation of peroxisomes was abrogated in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptor II knockout mice indicating a role for TGF-β signaling in the regulation of peroxisomes. Furthermore, in vitro treatment of IPF fibroblasts with the profibrotic factors TGF-β1 or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was found to down-regulate peroxisomes via the AP-1 signaling pathway. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms by which reduced peroxisomal functions contribute to enhanced fibrosis were further studied. Direct down-regulation of PEX13 by RNAi induced the activation of Smad-dependent TGF-β signaling accompanied by increased ROS production and resulted in the release of cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TGF-β) and excessive production of collagen I and III. In contrast, treatment of fibroblasts with ciprofibrate or WY14643, PPAR-α activators, led to peroxisome proliferation and reduced the TGF-β–induced myofibroblast differentiation and collagen protein in IPF cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that compromised peroxisome activity might play an important role in the molecular pathogenesis of IPF and fibrosis progression, possibly by exacerbating pulmonary inflammation and intensifying the fibrotic response in the patients.


Manganese-doped magnetite nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents have been well developed in recent years due to their higher saturation magnetization and stronger transverse (T2) contrast ability compared to parent magnetite. However, the underlying role that manganese doping plays in altering the contrast ability of magnetite is still not thoroughly understood. Herein, we investigate the effects of manganese doping on changes of ferrite crystal structures, magnetic properties, and contrast abilities. We developed a successful one-pot synthesis of uniform manganese-doped magnetite (MnxFe3–xO4) nanoparticles with different manganese contents (x = 0–1.06). The saturation magnetization and T2 contrast ability of ferrite nanoparticles increase along with rising manganese proportion, peak when the doping level of MnxFe3–xO4 reaches x = 0.43, and decrease dramatically as the manganese percentage continues to augment. At high manganese doping level, the manganese ferrite nanoparticles...


ABStract This study aims to examine the importance of strengthening character education for millennial generation. Millennial generation born between the years 1980-1995 is a modern generation of active work, research, and innovative thinking about the organization, have a sense of optimism and a willingness to work with a competitive, open, and flexible. With high confidence, the millennial generation able to work creatively and always have positive energy in various fields including field education. Millen n ial generation life greatly facilitated by advances in science and technology. The increasing sophistication of digital technology today to make major changes to the world, the birth of a wide range of increasingly advanced digital technology has been emerging. Humans have access to a simple way to get through a lot of ways, and can enjoy the facilities of digital technology freely, but the negative effects also appear as threatening. Character education at the government comes as an attempt to erode the negative impact. Historically, character education is the primary mission of the apostles. Islam was present as a movement to enhance the character. Since the 7th century Prophet Muhammad SAW explicitly. Stating that his main task is to enhance the character (characters). The manifesto of Muhammad's prophet ood , indicate that the formation of character is the main requirement for the growth of religious ways to create civilizations Application of Islamic-based character education can be done if there is cooperation from various parties. There are three environments that play an important role in shaping the character, namely the family, educational institutions and the community. Preparing the millennial generation formidable a task. Educational institutions have a vital role as the formal sphere that is designed to be the center of activity and the development of civilized values. It required a synergy in realizing these hopes for the creation of a golden generation of 2045 character, excellence and competitiveness.


Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, with an increasing number of new cases each year. The incidence of breast cancer is sadly increasing at the same time as environmental toxicants, particularly in Africa nations like Nigeria. Toxic metals are significant environmental pollutants and their toxicity results in harmful health effects. Numerous studies have described environmental exposure of humans to toxic metals in African populations, and the most commonly implicated toxic metals include arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and nickel, all of which impact negatively on human health and the environment. Recently some of these toxic metals have been linked to the development of different types of cancers including breast cancer. Given the large burden of the morbidity and mortality associated with breast cancer, it is of the upmost importance to identify predisposing risk factors so that appropriate preventive strategies that could reduce cancer incidence can be developed and implemented. Therefore, this review aims at elucidating the role of environmental toxic metals in the development of breast cancer.


The author considers immortality idea invariant existence and its genesis in the context of European culture evolution as well as its connection with superman phenomenon.


On the basis of elemental composition and surface functionality of carbon black,three procedures of hydrophilic modification on carbon black surface,such as oxidation,grafting and encapsulation modification are reviewed.Oxidation can be carried out in the gas or liquid phase,by anodic oxidation and by plasma oxidation.Grafting modification includes capturing,initiating and reactive grafting.Moreover,carbon black can be encapsulated by micro-emulsion polymerization and phase separating sedimentation.The wettability of carbon black to water is improved and the dispersing stability is enhanced.


Based on the medium-sized triaxial test and the large-scale field direct shear test,the strength properties of coal wastes from Xuzhou in China,are systematically studied.The results show that the strength of coal wastes can be described by Coulomb′s equation or De Mello equation for shear strength.The parameters for these formula are presented.When the coarse grain(D5.0 mm) proportion in samples changes from 30% to 60%,the shear strength is seen with obvious changes differently with the pure coarse or fine samples.The influential factors on the coarse crush are also compared,in which the confining pressure and the coarse grain content are the primary factors.In the end of the paper,it is indicated that the cohesion of coal waste from the field shear test is smaller than that from laboratory test;while the friction angle from the field test is larger than that from the laboratory test.The mechanism for above results is achieved.


We consider an optimal portfolio problem with consumer price index (CPI) and partial information in a continuous time setting, where the insurer attempts to maximize her expected constant absolute risk aversion (CARA) utility of terminal wealth. In our model, both the partially observed stochastic factor process of the stock market and the fully observed surplus process of the insurance market are considered. By Kalman-Bucy filter, the stochastic optimal control problem with partial information is transformed into the stochastic optimal control problem with complete information. And then in order to obtain the explicit solution of the optimal strategy in CARA class, we solve the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation and prove its verification theorem.


'Fuji'apple fruit were handled under various atmospheric pressure(0.00,-0.02,-0.04and-0.06MPa) for 5mins respectively,and then handled with 1-MCP for 24h,stored in(-1±1) ℃for 210days,their quality variance was examined.The results showed that 1-MCP and reducing pressure treatment could effectively sustain the fruits hardness,inhibit the decreasing titratable acid and soluble solids content,decrease ethylene release rate in fruits.As a result of which,quality of 'Fuji'apples was sustained,and aging rate was delayed.Moreover,among five low pressure,the pressure of 0.06MPa treatment displayed the best effect.


Decorative properties of chromium depositions from oxalic acid bath containing chromium oxide and ammonium sulfate have been examined over a wide range of bath compositions and plating conditions. The obtained results from this experiment are summarized as follow: The followings were determined as a optimum conditions, bath compositions; , and operation conditions; pH , current density at bath temperature range of . Bright chromium deposits were obtained over a wide range of ammonium sulfate concentration and bath temperature. Decorative property for chromium deposition was adopted to apply stoichiometric ratio of concentration and .


The Network Packet Flow is analyzed and defined by the network administers in the company to assure the exact data flow in the networked systems. Currently, in the world the data flow is unreliable in the internet because of unreliability of the internet. So in My research I dully answered to identify and asses the network administrator can record the ingress and egress of the packet flow-in and flow-out in the routers respectively. Therefore the network environment is reliable, identified and assessed by using the network simulators called packet tracer and the protocol of NETFLOW protocol implementation in this research works.


Background/Aims Healthcare workers have been affected by the physical and psychological consequences of working during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study explored the effects of the pandemic on the ...


For profitable operation of aquaculture facilities, it is necessary to feed fish preferably with the optimum feeding rate. The appetite and thus the optimum feeding rate depend on the instantaneous body mass and increase with temperature up to a certain limit. However, the food consumption continues to rise even if the temperature exceeds this limit, but the food is no longer completely digested. Fish need to be fed less than they will eat. Overfeeding and excessive temperatures generate unnecessary costs; also decreasing the water quality and finally the profit. An optimization of those relationships regarding profits and value chain is complicated because a precise functional relationship between feeding and growth does not exist yet. Feeding data are provided usually in tabular form and the relationship between food intake and growth is modeled by the feed conversion ratio. However, the feed conversion ratio is a function of body mass and temperature, thus calculations based on those relationships are inaccurate. To gain precise estimates of feeding data a feeding function was developed based on the approach of Pütter (1920) and the approach of Ivlev (1939). Key parameters of this model are the reference assimilation rate, its temperature constant, the limit temperature and the food efficiency. The first three parameters were determined applying the least squares method on data of feeding experiments of Hinshaw (1999) with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Further experiments are necessary (Bethke et al. 2013) for the estimation of the food efficiency and maintenance rate. In addition to the precise control of food intake, the new model should also allow the calculation of the percentage of food which is not utilized. A more complete picture of the value chain is available.


he aims of this research are to know total cost, revenue, net return, profit and business feasibility viewed by R/C Ratio, fund productivity and labor force productivity. The respondents of this research are 30 respondents home industry candied Carica. The result of this research showed that total cost in a production Rp 948.916,-. The revenue is Rp 1.492.500,-, the net return is Rp 591.786,- and the profit is Rp 543.584,-. The business is feasible from R/C Ratio, fund productivity and labor force productivity.


Objective To study the effect of Danhong injection and clopidogrel in unstable angina.Methods Eighty-seven patients with unstable angina were randomly divided into two groups,forty-five patients in control group were treated with clopidogrel 75 mg/d,Danhong injection 20 ml and physiology saline water 250 ml per day;and forty-two patients in treatment group were treated with clopidogrel.Clinical symptom,hemorheology and platelet aggregation rate were observed before and two weeks after treatment.Results The improvement of clinical symptom,hemorheology,platelet aggregation rate in treatment group was better than that in the control group two weeks after treatment.Conclusion Danhong injection with clppidogrel can treat patients with unstable angina effectively.


The primary ion mass spectra of the C9H8 isomers indene and 1-phenylpropyne were remarkably similar. Examination of ion and metastable peak intensities and their energy spectrum indicate that their...


Based on a shape memory alloy (SMA)-reinforced composite developed separately, the applicability of the composite has been demonstrated through realization of a realistically scaled aerodynamic profile of around 0.5 m span by 0.5 m root chord whose skins had been made from this composite. The design, manufacturing and assembly of the profile are described. The curved skins were manufactured with two layers of SMA wires integrated into the layup of aramid fibre prepregs. All SMA wires were connected such that they can be operated as individual sets of wires and at low voltages, similar to the conditions for electrical energy generation in a real aircraft. The profile was then mounted on a vibration test rig and excited by a shaker at its tip which allowed the dynamic performance of the profile to be validated under internal actuation conditions generated through the SMA wires.


A French research project about future supersonic planes has risen the need for assessing the loudness of a sonic boom. All previous studies had been done for the Concorde project or military fighter many years ago [1] [2], and did not provide definitive conclusions about the possibility to use supersonic planes above or near populated areas. Conducting psychoacoustic tests [3] [4] about sonic boom rises two main difficulties : first, the sonic boom spectrum has its maximum at subaudio frequencies, and second it is a transient signal, which means that higher frequencies play a significant role even if their average energy is far lower than lower frequencies. As it is not yet known how these two aspects are perceived together, reliable tests require a dedicated reproduction tool which must ensure that the listener is immersed in a sound field as close as possible to the actual one. This requirement led to the design of a "closed simulator" for which the boundary conditions and the sources have been optimized as a whole for the reproduction of the subsonic and audio spectrum of sonic booms. This design is also part of a longer term project aiming at reproducing arbitrary 3D sound fields inside a volume.


Defining air traffic management as the tools, procedures, and systems employed to ensure safe and efficient operation of air transportation systems, an important objective of future air traffic management systems is to support airline business objectives, subject to ensuring safety and security. Under the current model for designing air traffic management initiatives, the central authority overseeing and regulating air traffic management in a region makes trade-offs between specified performance criteria. The research presented in this paper aims instead to allow the airline community to set performance goals and thus make trade-offs between different performance criteria directly, before specific air traffic management strategies are determined. We propose several approaches for collecting inputs from airlines in a systematic way and for combining these airline inputs into implementable air traffic management initiatives. These include variants of averaging, voting, and ranking mechanisms. We also propose multiple criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of each approach, including Pareto optimality, airline profitability, system optimality, equity, and truthfulness of airline inputs. We apply a game-theoretic approach to examine the potential for strategic gaming behavior by airlines. We offer a broad evaluation of each approach, first by providing some theoretical insights, and then by simulating each of the approaches for a generic system using Monte Carlo methods, sampling values for input parameters from a wide range. We also provide an indication of how the approaches might perform in a real system by simulating ground delay programs at two airports in the New York City area. We first apply a simplified model that simulates the process of selecting only planned end times of a ground delay program, using Monte Carlo methods. Next, we apply a more detailed model that simulates the process of selecting planned end times and reduced airport arrival rates. Finally, we characterize the effectiveness of each of the considered approaches on the proposed criteria and identify the most desirable approaches. We conclude that voting schemes, which score highly on all criteria including airline profitability, system optimality, and equity, represent the most promising approaches among those considered to elicit airline preferences, thereby allowing the central authority to design air traffic management initiatives that optimize system performance while respecting the objectives of airlines.


A magnetic field model of the magnetotail current sheet in the form of a coupled‐map lattice (CML) is presented. It is a continuously driven and based on the MHD diffusion equation. Solar wind vBs data (solar wind speed multiplied by the southward component of IMF) are used for driving the model, and it is shown to exhibit perturbations (avalanches) with power‐law scalings in their distributions of duration and size. Such distributions may indicate self‐organized critical (SOC) behavior. Furthermore, it is shown that the power spectra of the model outputs are of bicolor power‐law form with different slopes for high and low frequencies. The model parameters determine the frequency of the break points of the spectra, and the slopes of their low and high frequency regimes.


Fat‐tailed distributions have been found in many financial and economic variables ranging from forecasting returns on financial assets to modeling recovery distributions in bankruptcies. They have also been found in numerous insurance applications such as catastrophic insurance claims and in value‐at‐risk measures employed by risk managers. Financial applications include:


Dual-phase (liquid and gas) xenon time projection chambers (TPCs) are currently the world's leading detector technology in the search for dark matter by direct detection. The XENON1T experiment, which contains an instrumented mass of 2 tons of liquid xenon, measured for a year and found no indication for any dark matter interaction, thus further constraining dark matter models. TPCs require excellent background rejection, part of which is achieved by making a distinction between a nuclear and an electronic interaction. This in turn requires a calibration with a neutron source, which in the case of XENON1T is a plasma fusion neutron generator. In this manuscript, a complete characterization of the neutron generator is presented. The calibration using the neutron generator is also shown. In addition to large xenon TPCs looking for dark matter, there are several smaller R&D setups worldwide. One of such setups is the XAMS experiment in Amsterdam. This manuscript elaborates on details on the setup and its data taking. There have been extensive measurements with various radiation sources and at several electric fields. Based on this data, the conclusion can be drawn that pulse shape discrimination, once believed to aid background rejection, does not meaningfully contribute to this. The data at various fields shows that the parameters of interest to TPC operation change significantly at low fields, which could present challenges to future large-scale TPCs looking for dark matter.


The recent development in the field of technology in education has led to renewed interest in blending traditional methods of teaching with technology which might enhance language teaching and learning. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature concerning the strengths and weaknesses of blended learning as a technology-enhanced pedagogical tool that combines online and face-to-face instructional activities, on the development of English skills, inclusive of its use in the teaching of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Furthermore, this article sheds new light on how blended learning allows the learner to become autonomous and engaged in the construction the knowledge, rather than acting as passive absorbers. It is expected that this paper will contribute to enhancing the body of knowledge that exists in the area of blended learning, especially as it applies to the issue of the acquisition of experience in English as a foreign language. It can be concluded that the use of blended learning has the potential to support EFL learning and maximize EFL learners' opportunities to practice the English language freely at their convenience. There are issues which need to be addressed and, or resolved, such as ensuring that the library facilities are capable of delivering this type of approach, online materials are suitably supportive of the students needed to access them, and the design of blended learning approaches take account of the preferred learning methods of students, and the workload required to be successful.


Numerous experimental and numerical efforts have demonstrated that a rocking foundation can possess a recentering tendency, and inherently absorb a large amount of seismic energy at the foundation-soil interface when the capacity of the foundation is mobilized. However, when integrating a rocking foundation into a building system, there is still a need to explore how this behavior dynamically interacts with superstructure elements, which are traditionally designed with inelastic behavior to absorb seismic energy. Investigating this sharing of seismic demand is the subject of a recent centrifuge test program conducted by the University of California, San Diego and Davis at the UC Davis-NEES centrifuge facility. This paper presents pre-test numerical parametric analysis, which aims to identify a structural model with an improved seismic performance. Several key parameters have been proposed to characterize the elastic and inelastic behavior of the foundationbuilding system. The sensitivity of each parameter is then evaluated through using numerical simulations conducted in OpenSees. Results show that equivalence between structural fuse yield coefficient and foundation rocking yield coefficient may lead to a better controlled seismic-resistant performance.


Some persons mistakenly think that the history of art criticism is composed exclusively of the works of professional art critics. Usually one thinks of art criticism as consisting of critiques of current art exhibitions. Actually, this conception of art criticism started in France in the eighteenth century with reviews of the Royal Academy art shows. Another view of art criticism holds that it began with the critical writings of individual authors who commented on the art of their time, or of a previous period, and who offered reasons for art's being excellent or for its having failed in the attempt. These writers were not professional art critics; they were scholars, historians, humanists, amateurs, painters, poets, and collectors. What they shared was an involvement in and love for art and a concern for what they believed to be artistic excellence. One such individual was Roger De Piles. Roger De Piles (1635-1709) was a French diplomat, tutor, art theorist, amateur, and art critic. His first work on the arts was his translation of Du Fresnoy's poem "De Arte Graphica," which expressed the ideals of classicism in verse form. Later, in 1709, he published his most important and original theoretical work, Cour de Peinture par Principle avec une Balance des Peintres (The Principles of Painting with a Balance of Painters). This book contained the essence of his theory: his assertion that color, light, and shade had an equal value with drawing and his ideas on the uniqueness of the visual qualities of painting. It is in the work of De Piles that the "je ne sais quoi" quality of the visual arts-referred to by Pascal and others-and its effect on the perceiver receive more mature consideration and further development. In many ways, De Piles's insistence on the separation of visual and literary criticism made him the forerunner of modern art criticism. His aesthetic theory has three purposes: to liberate the theory of painting from literary theory; to emphasize that visual interest in a painting or artwork is independent of an intellectual, moral, or religious interest in the picture's subject matter; and to change our way of looking at pictures to one more closely associated with the way we look at nature.1 This last point makes an important break with the manner in which in the seventeenth century the French Academy had proposed that a work of art should be viewed. According to Poussin and later Andre Felibien, a picture should be "read." This means that the viewer should look at it in


View synthesis technique for 3D video and free viewpoint video (FVV) using existing view(s) can avoid the large volume of video data transmission. Existing techniques may concern poor rendering quality by missing pixel values (i.e. creating holes) due to the occluded region, rounding error and disparity discontinuity. To address those problems with the existing techniques uses correlations in spatial texture only or both spatial texture and temporal background. The former techniques (e.g. inpainting) suffer quality degradation due to lack of spatial correlation on the foreground-background boundary areas. The latter techniques (e.g. background update with Gaussian Mixture-based Modelling (GMM)) can improve quality in some occluded areas, however, due to the dependency on warping of background image and spatial correlation they still suffer quality degradation. In this paper, we propose a new hole-filling technique using the number of GMM model rather than the background image to identify background/foreground pixels. The missing pixels of background and foreground are recovered from the background pixel and the weighted average of warped and foreground model pixels respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed approach provides 0.9~1.7dB PSNR improvement compare to the state-of-the-art method.


Disclaimer 2025 is a study designed to comply with a directive from the chief of staff of the Air Force to examine the concepts, capabilities, and technologies the United States will require to remain the dominant air and space force in the future. Presented on 17 June 1996, this report was produced in the Department of Defense school environment of academic freedom and in the interest of advancing concepts related to national defense. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the United States government. This report contains fictional representations of future situations/scenarios. Any similarities to real people or events, other than those specifically cited, are unintentional and are for purposes of illustration only. This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review authorities, is unclassified, and is cleared for public release. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge several individuals for their contributions to this effort. We'd like to thank the auxiliary team members Capt Gerry Ashby, Capt Darren Buck, Lt Bob Carneal, and Capt Jim From for their participation, good ideas, helpful suggestions, and words of encouragement during the early days of this project when we were encouraged to discontinue our efforts. We are grateful to Dr Byron Welsh, Dr Chris Hall, and Maj Mike Roggemann for their reviews. We would also like to acknowledge Lt Col Stu Kramer and Capt Ed Pohl for their wisdom and unrestrictive advisement. vii Executive Summary Information is crucial to warfare. To the war fighter, the right information at the right time and in the right format can be a tremendous military advantage. When information flows correctly it can provide a clear understanding of the developing operation. This allows commanders to make effective decisions and direct forces in a manner to meet specified objectives. Maintaining this order of battle requires a system for managing and communicating information. Today, the system is called command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C 4 I) and is often seen by those who are familiar with it as inhibiting and unresponsive. This paper develops a concept for tomorrow's system: the Worldwide Information Control System (WICS). WICS can overcome the deficiencies of today's system and can provide a revolutionary command and control capability for military operations in the possible futures of 2025. It will be …


Mendeleev's visit to America in 1876 was made chiefly to inspect the oil regions of Western Pennsylvania, but he recorded his impressions of the country and its people as well.


To the Editor: Pfeiffer syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, brachicephaly, midface hypoplasia, low nasal bridge, flat occiput, severe ocular proptosis, over-sized tongue, and cerebral ventriculomegaly (Fig. 1). Providing general anesthesia in such patients could lead to complications in terms of airway management, due to potential difficulties in ventilation using the facial mask or tracheal intubation. A Bonfils fiberscope is a handy device to overcome difficulties of intubation, both in pediatric patients and in neonates. It is a rigid telescopic stylet with a 40-degree curved tip, which is inserted inside the endotracheal tube, keeping its distal end positioned just proximal to tip of the tube. The proximal eyepiece end of the device allows connections for a video monitor and a fixed or battery-operated light source. The instrument can be easily locked onto an endotracheal tube, while a special connector allows administration of the gases during intubation. The instrument is available in various sizes and its design makes intubation easy under direct visualization. The main limiting factor for its use is the rigidity, which may increase the risk of airway trauma. Obviously, it cannot be used for nasal intubation. We encountered the case of a 6-year-old patient, weighing 21 kg, who had Pfeiffer and Arnold Chiari syndromes, with caudal migration of cerebral tonsils to the level of the second cervical vertebra. Due to the presence of loud snoring and oxygen desaturation during sleep, the patient was required to undergo adenoidectomy under general anesthesia. The endotracheal intubation was found to be very challenging in this particular case. The induction was carried out with an intravenous administration of fentanyl 60mcg and propofol 60mg. At this stage, the anesthesiologist performed upward traction of the patient's mandible by holding it between the left hand thumb and the forefinger (Fig. 1B) without using the laryngoscope. The Bonfils fiberscope, held in the right hand, was inserted through the oral cavity, the scope preloaded with size 5.5mm, and the intubation was performed without any difficulty. Our case illustrates that the Bonfils fiberscope allows easy intubation in cases with a complicated upper airway anatomy without requiring a laryngoscope. Some authors do believe, however, that the use of a laryngoscope may be necessary when the Bonfils fiberscope is used in adult patients. We recommend that the operator practice the intubation on a mannequin, according to the aforementioned method before the actual procedure. In summary, we find the rigid Bonfils fiberscope a useful device for difficult intubation in pediatric patients with a complex upper airway anatomy. We recommend that this instrument be made available in operatory rooms where pediatric patients undergo general anesthesia.


We describe the FM-Ultranet approach to provide decision support and experience management for a medical doctor in the course of conducting an ultrasonographical examination of a fetus in the mother's uterus. Based on the medical background and the requirements of the examination we introduce a knowledge representation of fetal malformation and its utilization in a Case-Based Reasoning system to assist the examiner. We conclude with a description of our results from working with domain experts and give directions for future work.


This paper presents an approach to analyze plant root development by means of topological image analysis. For phenotyping of plants their root development, the architecture of their root systems and thereby root characteristics such as branches and branch endings are analyzed. In order to simplify the examination of root characteristics and enable an efficient comparison of roots, a representation of imaged root data by Reeb graphs is introduced. Reeb graphs capture the topology of the represented structure in this case the locations of branches and branch endings of the roots and form a skeletal representation of the underlying image data in this way. As the roots are pictured as 2D image data, the projection of a 3D structure to a 2D space might result in an overlap of branches in the image. One major advantage when analyzing roots based on Reeb graphs is posed by the ability to immediately distinguish between branching points and overlaps in the root structure. This is not as easily possible by an analysis solely based on contours.


After a compound semiconductor layer including InP is formed on a semiconductor substrate, a compound semiconductor layer including As is epitaxially grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition method using an organic As as the material for feeding the As.


This article examines the origins and development of colonial Franco-Muslim education, with specific reference to the Médersa of Saint-Louis in Senegal. Often described as a failed experiment on the part of the French administration, the médersa nevertheless marked the first effort to "modernize" Islamic education in West Africa. This article argues that the médersa evolved, and eventually closed, in tandem with local engagement and the establishment of the racist idea of islam noir. It also highlights the role of Algerians and the Algerian médersa system in West Africa to argue for the importance of a trans-Saharan approach to Islamic education in the colonial period.


Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) aims at averting the first manifestation of a life-threating arrhythmic event. The first step towards primary prevention is the identification of individuals with a higher risk for SCD within a certain population by screening methods. In the case of the general population, risk stratification and thus primary prevention of SCD remains challenging. Several markers have been evaluated as screening methods for SCD in the general population including risk factors for atherosclerosis, genetic factors, electrocardiographic findings, biomarkers, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic methods. However, none of those methods has hitherto proved of sufficiently high diagnostic accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and impact on SCD incidence and prognosis to justify its use for mass screening. Thus, broad population screening for SCD or primary prevention interventions in the general population are not recommended by current guidelines. In anticipation of further evidence, screening for SCD is confined to certain parts of the general population with a relatively increased risk for SCD, including athletes and individuals with a family history of SCD or an accumulation of risk factors for atherosclerosis. The basic risk assessment in those individuals include detailed personal and family history taking, clinical examination, and resting 12-lead electrocardiogram, while further diagnostic tests may be required in case of abnormal findings during the basic assessment.


"Smart growth", as the urban planning idea, had been raised in the United States in 1990s and played a significant role in restraining urban sprawl there. The goal of this paper is to make clear whether "smart growth" is applicable to China's urban planning and management. Based on the introduction of "smart growth" in particular and the analysis of differences between China and the U.S., we are inspired by the urban planning and management from American "smart growth". First, we commend the backgrounds and contents of the "Smart Growth" theory, then analyze the fulfillment of the "Smart Growth Plan" in the U.S. and evaluate its effects. Second, we discuss the applicable significance and feasibility of "Smart Growth" in our country, based on the analysis of the differences between China and the U.S. Finally, we discuss the inspiration of the "smart growth" to the city planning and management in our country and point out that the scientific urban planning and management could be improved in the way of absorbing the elements like theory, practice and technology in "Smart Growth", mainly including adoption of compact urban development patterns, urban growth boundary delimitation , promoting the "three old" transformation of city, formation of transit-oriented urban rapid transit network, advocating social mixing live and the emphasis on public participation, etc.


In this paper, we present the design rationale and evaluation of the Sticky Notes tool that we designed within the 3D virtual world of vAcademia based on our original method of using stream processors for displaying a large amount of media contents in a 3D environment. We explore the facilitation of creative collaborative activities, such as brainstorming, round-table discussions, and project work. This type of activities usually requires a large amount of media content to be displayed and available for modification in a shared space. We argue that 3D virtual worlds can be successfully used for facilitating such activities and can potentially be superior to the commonly used technologies, as they allow the sense of immersion close to reality and tools that might be even more convenient than in reality. The evaluation results demonstrate performance superiority of the method over those commonly used and the pedagogical value of the tool developed.


Background & objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of preventive administration of ketamine, fentanyl and paracetamol on pain intensity and hemodynamic parameters after deep vitrectomy. Methods: In this clinical trial, 80 candidates of deep vitrectomy surgery were randomly assigned into 4 groups (1-4) and received 0.5 mg / kg ketamine, 2 μg / kg fentanyl, 10 mg/kg of paracetamol and equivolume of normal saline respectively intravenous infusion during the last 15 minutes of surgery. Pain intensity and hemodynamic parameters were recorded and analyzed. Results: Pain intensity was significantly higher in placebo group during the first 4 hours after operation ( p <0.01), but no significant differences were observed between the study groups at 8 and 24 hours after operation in this regard. There were no significant differences between the three intervention groups in terms of pain intensity during the study. Also there were no significant differences between the 4 study groups regarding to hemodynamic parameters. Conclusion: The use of each of the three intervention drugs significantly reduced the pain intensity compared to the control group without any hemodynamic derangement.


This paper analyzes the S21 characteristics of a leaky wave antenna composed of CRLH coplanar strip line by using 2-port network equivalent circuit. The left and right handed modes are considered and the comparison of the S21 characteristics between the two modes is investigated. The results show that the coupling component between the unit cells radiates in the left handed mode, on the other hand, almost no radiation is observed in the right handed mode.


At present, there is an increasing demand for big data analysis in various industries. Big data is characterized by large data scale, long calculation cycle, and high resource performance requirements for distributed computing systems. For the resource performance and state information provided by the distributed computing system of big data, the trend-based time prediction algorithm is used to predict the short-term performance of the resource. We set more weights to track the trend of data change, distinguish the different situations of data increase and decrease, so that the improved hybrid trend prediction algorithm has better performance than the improved one, and effectively improves the accuracy of prediction.


This paper shows the electrical properties of ferroelectric thin films with large compressive residual stress. In this study, the large compressive strain was applied to lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films by designing the bottom electrode structure on a Si wafer. The materials selected for the bottom electrode were lanthanum nickel oxide (LNO) and lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide [LSCO; (La0.5Sr0.5)CoO3] from the viewpoint of thermal expansion coefficients. As a result, the PZT thin films with morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition received compressive residual stress up to approximately 0.8 GPa from the bottom electrode even on a Si wafer. The compressive residual stress concomitantly increased with increasing LSCO layer thickness. In addition, the remanent polarization of the PZT thin films increased with increasing compressive residual stress.


The verb to like has fallen repeatedly under the gaze of scholars. One aspect which has stimulated vigorous discussion is its original use in impersonal constructions and its later change of argument structure along with the disappearance of impersonals from English. Nonetheless, evidence from current informal English shows that like is now used in constructions which bear a close resemblance to the older impersonals, although always displaying alternative spelling variants, especially likey. This paper seeks to further our understanding of the verb to like, focusing specifically on these new constructions. To this end I will use likey as a generic label to refer to such new uses and constructions, regardless of variations in spelling (unless otherwise stated). Using data from the Corpus of Historical American English and iWeb Corpus, the study will seek to answer the following research questions: RQ1. What are the morpho-syntactic features of the expression 'me (no) likey' in Present-Day English? RQ2. What is the origin of the sequence 'me (no) likey'? RQ3. Where do phrasal patterns with likey fall on the continuum of idiomaticity (Michaelis, 2017)?


The summary of manufacturing situation of Perfluoroelastomers is made.A brief introduction and analysis of the physical property and application are discussed.


The form of Chinese historical idea has a close relationship with Book of Changes.Chinese history philosophy,represented by philosophy of in Book of Changes reflects the cultural aspirations of Chinese people.Its values,basic principles,philosophy system,form the basic characteristics of Philosophy of history in Book of Changes.


This paper is a description of an action research (AR) study done with chronically absent elementary school students. The AR sought to answer these questions: 1) do reinforcement and daily check-ins increase attendance and 2) why are some students absent? Related literature regarding attendance and the methods used for the study are described and addressed. Results of the study demonstrated that school counselor daily check-ins and reinforcement increased the attendance of these students. Reasons for absences during the AR study include illness and attending medical appointments.


Note on Sources Preface Introduction - The Great Teams of Baseball Part I - The Background Chapter 1: We Live In a Marvelous Age Chapter 2: One of the Best Cities in the Circuit Part II - The Offseason and Spring Training Chapter 3: The Trade Embargo and Baseball's Winter Meetings Chapter 4: Crescent Lake Park and the Trek North Part III - The Regular Season Chapter 5: Epidemics of Cold and Flu Chapter 6: Haymaking Season Chapter 7: The Makeup Games Begin Chapter 8: Yawning Spaces in Grandstands Chapter 9: A Painful Contrast Chapter 10: A Fine Kettle of Fish Chapter 11: Give Me Pennock and We'll Win Chapter 12: Failure to Harvest Hits Chapter 13: Won or Lost in the West Part IV - The Postseason Chapter 14: Just the Way the Colonel Likes It Afterword Postscript Appendix Bibliography Index About the Author


Transient over voltages due to lightning and switching surges cause steep build-up of voltage on transmission lines and other electrical apparatus, like circuit breakers, transformers, insulators etc. Therefore it is necessary for the GIS also to withstand such voltages without breakdown of insulation. The system has to be tested under these conditions. Usually the GIS system operates on power frequency. Lightning impulse voltage of 1050 kV and switching impulse voltage of 750 kV superimposed on power frequency voltages of 75 kV, 100 kV and 132 kV are applied to single phase gas insulated busduct and the maximum movement of aluminum, copper and silver particles is determined. The movement patterns are also determined with and without Monte Carlo simulation for movement of particle in axial and radial directions. The results show that there is a sudden jump in the movement at the application of impulse on sine wave. This is because of high magnitude voltage of 1050 kV during 1.2/50 mu sec. Similar movement patterns of reduced maximum movement is observed for switching impulse superimposed on sine wave. The results are presented and analyzed.


We demonstrate control over the orientation of the 4,4'-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-α-methylstilbene (EPAMS)/sulfanilamide (SAA) epoxy system. A statistical experimental design was generated and analyzed to determine the effects of the time in the magnetic field, field strength, and the amount of B-staging. A regression model with a coefficient of determination, R 2 , of 0.8577 was calculated to predict the orientation parameter for the input variables. An optimization study was also conducted to check the prediction of the orientation parameters by the model. The model can predict the experimentally measured orientation in regions where the model predicts physically realistic values for the orientation.