While my own views on this topic are little changed from my exposition of them in 1993, the focus of the debate has shifted considerably since then, and I welcome the opportunity to offer a brief commentary on that energetic and surprisingly durable critical discussion. The importance that the implied author model has had for narrative theory is dramatically illustrated by a browse through the 515 items in the bibliography of Tom Kindt and Hans-Harald Muller's thorough and authoritative 2006 study of the problem, The Implied Author: Concept and Controversy. They put their finger neatly on the sensitive crux of the matter in their opening pages, when in two consecutive sentences they identify two points of broad consensus: that the traditional model of the implied author "is inappropriate and analytically vacuous" (1) and that it is "one of the most successful concepts in the academic study of literature in the twentieth century" (2). Few academics who have endured the various controversies leading up to our current stage of post-post-structuralism will deny out of hand that a theory may be both vacuous and successful, but for me at least the objections to the implied author have missed their mark. Much of the recent work in the field may be roughly surveyed, a la Julius Caesar's Gaul, by dividing it into three camps: those critics who maintain a version of Wayne Booth's original author-centered concept, including most prominently James Phelan; those who favor a strictly text-centered approach, chiefly inspired by the work of Ansgar Nunning; and a "big-tent" group of moderates who would locate both of those positions within the pale, represented by Seymour Chatman. (1) Somewhat surprisingly, Chatman's moderate view has become the preferred target for attacks on the model (it's not always good to be the big dog). The charges range from Nilli Diengott's matter-of-fact "Chatman is wrong" ("Implied" 73), to Kindt and Muller's "he does not have a clear picture of how it is to be understood" (104), to Nunning's dire verdict that" Here one sees clearly revealed the hopelessness and uselessness of a concept" ("Deconstructing" 102). Most of the trouble results from Chatman's refusal to be dogmatic about the precise details of how one imagines the implied author: "My defense is strictly pragmatic, not ontological: the question is not whether the implied author exists but what we get from positing such a concept" (75). Thus he is equally open to thinking of the implied author as the invention-based "source" of meaning (74), as a reception-based "inferred" author (77), or even as "nothing other than the text itself" (86). According to my reading, at least, virtually every objection to Chatman's definition results either from seizing upon one thread or another of this three-strand braid and proceeding as though it were the only thread, or from seizing the braid and claiming it to be a single confused thread. Phelan, for example, includes him among theorists who deny the role of human agents and intentionality and seek to make the implied author "solely a textual function" (Living 44-45). But Chatman stipulates that he "does not deny the existence of important connections between the text's and the real author's views," rejecting only "the simplistic assumption" "that the reader has direct access through the fictional text to the real author's intentions and ideology" (76). He explicitly advocates recourse to the views of the real author in interpretation: "Recognizing the logical distinction between real author, implied author, and narrator sensitizes us to interpretational prospects that we might miss," specifically including cases "where the implied ideology of the text is consonant [or dissonant, one might add] ... with that of the real author" (87). Nunning, on the other hand, takes the entire braid in hand and pronounces it a failed attempt at producing a single thread that "is at best descriptively inadequate and at worst contradictory and grossly misleading" ("Deconstructing" 97-98). …


Ferroelastic ¢¤-Gd2(MoO4)3 and ¢¤-Eu2(MoO4)3 crystals were synthesized through the crystallization of 21.25Gd2O363.75MoO3 15B2O3 glass and 22.5Eu2O347.5MoO330B2O3 glass, respectivelty, and their magnetism and photoluminescence properties were examined. It was demonstrated from the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility and specific heat down to T = 1.8K that the magnetic state of Gd3+ ions in the crystallized samples, i.e., in the ¢¤-Gd2(MoO4)3 crystals and the residual glasses, is paramagnetic and any magnetic interaction is not formed among Gd3+ ions down to T = 1.8K, i.e., the effective magnetic moment of ̄eff = 7.94 ̄B and Weiss constant of a = 0.3K. Photoluminescence (PL) of Eu3+ ions was clearly observed in the crystallized samples, although the melt-quenched glass did not show any photoluminescence. The present study proposes that the concentration quenching among Eu3+ ions in ¢¤-Eu2(MoO4)3 crystals is small and ¢¤-RE2(MoO4)3 crystals would be good hosts for PL emissions of RE3+.


Cywińska Małgorzata, Motivational background of confl icts among preschool and early school-aged children [Motywacyjne tło konfl iktów między przedszkolakami i dziećmi w wieku szkolnym]. Studia Edukacyjne nr 24, 2013, Poznań 2013, pp. 129-142. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISBN 978-83-232-2576-8. ISSN 1233-6688 The motivational background of interpersonal confl icts developing among preschooland early school-aged children comprises competitive, normative and identity-related aspects. The motives provide a basis for distinguishing different types of childhood confl icts: competitive confl icts, confl icts of norms, and confl icts originating from the sense of identity. Competitive confl icts arise due to the following motives underlying children's confl ict-inducing interactions: the motive of possession, attractiveness, maintaining a bond with a partner or recognition. Confl icts of norms, on the other hand, are refl ected in the motive of loyalty and in the motive of absolute compliance with rules adopted for games and other activities. Confl icts motivated by the sense of identity focus on defending one's rights or views. Teachers, educators and parents should be familiar with reasons that trigger confl icts among children in middle and late childhood in order to be able to properly organize the teaching and education process, and constructively resolve any emerging confl icts, thus giving confl icts a developmental dimension. Adequate understanding of motivations underlying children's confl icts also determines the process of developing the culture of confl ict among children.


s communications becomes ever more important to both individuals and corporations, the speed and reliability of the lines that provide access to the Internet becomes critical. One of the most common access services for business is T1 in North America and E1 in Europe/Asia. This paper describes how data are carried in these T1/E1 lines, specifically the framing and line codes used in these circuits.


Abstract The crystal structure of γ-P4, one of three modifications hitherto reported on white phosphorus, was determined from X-ray powder diffraction data collected at T = 123 K on a Guinier-Simon camera equipped with a cold gas blower and an image plate detector. Crystallographic data at T = 123 K are: space group C2/m, a = 9.1709(5) Å, b = 8.3385(5) Å, c = 5.4336(2) Å, and β = 90.311(3)°, V = 415.51(6) Å3, Z = 4. The crystal structure of γ-P4 was solved by the method of simulated annealing. The subsequent Rietveld refinement in the range 12° < 2θ < 92° employing rigid-body constraints on the P4 molecule converged at Rp = 3.8, wRp = 5.0, and RF2 = 14.0%. The asymmetric unit of γ-P4 contains three P atoms; two P atoms in a molecule are related by a mirror plane which bisects the molecule. The centers of gravity of these P4 molecules show a distorted body-centered cubic arrangement. The four apices of the P4 tetrahedron point to the largest possible voids formed by neighbor molecules. The difference to the crystal structures of SiF4 and GeF4 with an exact bcc arrangement of tetrahedral molecules is discussed as well as, in terms of layer stackings, the similarity of the structures of γ- and β-P4.


Abstract The paper presents the results of a quasi-experimental study which was conducted with a view to determining the effect of an intervention in the form of the application of teacher-designed Internet-based resources (i.e., websites, podcasts, movie clips) that students could use autonomously on the development of pronunciation of the English regular past tense -ed ending. The sample consisted of 45 Polish secondary school learners. Participants were divided into three groups, two treatment and one control. The intervention spanned two weeks. The lessons in treatment group 1 were conducted by means of online resources and those in treatment group 2 were carried out in a traditional way (i.e., without autonomous recourse to computer-assisted pronunciation teaching). The students in the control group did not receive any instruction related to the pronunciation feature in question over that time. The data were gathered by means of perception and production tests administered before (pretest) and after (immediate and delayed posttests) the treatment, and subjected to quantitative analysis. The results, supported by the participants' evaluation of the two types of pedagogic intervention, indicate that although the effects of the experimental treatments proved to be comparable, the use of online resources produced more durable gains and was more favorably evaluated by learners. This provides a rationale for using computer technology as a tool for enhancing traditional teaching of English pronunciation in secondary school.


Domain name infringement is a hot issue in the field of Internet e-commerce. The legal status and legal attributes of domain names are not unified, which is the focus of controversy in the academic circle. Analysis of the characteristics of intellectual property rights and legal characteristics of domain name , domain name is considered to have independent legal status, have the basic characteristics of intellectual property rights. Domain name right is a new type of intellectual property rights,which is a breakthrough and development of the regional, time, uniqueness and proprietary of the traditional intellectual property rights.


To DISCUSS A. J. P. TAYLOR'S concept of the international system seems like discussing Samuel Beckett's concept of God (or, for that matter, Taylor's); the first thing to recognize is their denial that any such thing existed. Taylor's classic volume in the Oxford History of Modern Europe series, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, i848-igi8, the main focus of this essay, certainly does not set out to discuss or analyse die international system in theoretical or systemic terms. Only very rarely does he use the term 'system' in connection with international politics as a whole, as distinct from the ideas and approaches of particular statesmen. The character of the book, as well as that of his other works, moreover, seems to make them resistant to systemic analysis. Like the others, this one tells a story, that of European high politics in the latter two-thirds of the nineteenth century, in chronological order, emphasizing individual contin gent events, decisions, and developments, and explaining them in various ways and by means of many factors both superficial and profound, but not in terms of any system of international relations. One can find penetrating insights, bold interpretations, sweeping generalizations, and apodictic as sertions galore; Taylor always offers his readers plenty to think and argue about. But where is the system? Perhaps Taylor is precisely what he claims to be in the preface to one of his books and recommends that other his torians be, a storyteller recounting what happened and leaving questions of system, overarching interpretation, and speculation as to what might or could or should have happened under different circumstances to others. This conclusion would be too simple. For one thing, one could easily show (though I shall not do so in extenso here) that The Struggle for Mastery and Taylor's other works are full of broad, sweeping views on


A mechanism is presented for a fault-tolerant tuple space. By augmenting the MOM model of fault tolerance, a LINDA-style system is proposed that supports failure and recovery of worker processes and tuple-space in any state. System tuple space is replicated using local tuple-space segments. Each local tuple space replicates tuples and states produced or processed by local workers. All tuple requests are handled through local tuple-space agents prior to being forwarded to a system tuple-space manager in order to update tuple states. A MOM extension to LINDA operators allows local managers to know when tuple states can be committed. In the event of a local tuple-space failure, the local tuple-space segment is reconstructed from system tuples and states associated with the failed local node. The reconstructed local tuple space is inherited by another local tuple-space. For a system tuple-space failure, system tuple space is reconstructed by interrogating local tuple space managers. Tuple replicas and states are maintained with minimal system message overhead during nonfailure operation.


In the present paper, a density-based central-upwind magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code has been used to get insight into the acceleration mechanism of the applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters. The magnetic field is axially applied by an external coil surrounding the anode and interacts with the discharge current and the induced azimuthal current to produce thrust. In the present work, the numerical modeling of applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters is performed with a separate magnetostatic code to produce external magnetic field from permanent magnets, and the density-based method is used to compute the resulting flow field from the MHD equations. The numerical model is applied to the NASA Lewis Research Center 100-kW magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster which is experimentally and numerically well documented to demonstrate its capability to capture the main characteristics of plasma acceleration and thrust production in such a device. The code is then used to investigate the thruster performance operating in the applied magnetic field strength range 10– 100 mT at discharge currents of 750– 2000 A with a constant mass flow rate of 0.1 g/s. The effect of the applied magnetic field inside and outside of the thruster is investigated and reported.In the present paper, a density-based central-upwind magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code has been used to get insight into the acceleration mechanism of the applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters. The magnetic field is axially applied by an external coil surrounding the anode and interacts with the discharge current and the induced azimuthal current to produce thrust. In the present work, the numerical modeling of applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters is performed with a separate magnetostatic code to produce external magnetic field from permanent magnets, and the density-based method is used to compute the resulting flow field from the MHD equations. The numerical model is applied to the NASA Lewis Research Center 100-kW magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster which is experimentally and numerically well documented to demonstrate its capability to capture the main characteristics of plasma acceleration and thrust production in such a device. The code is then used to investigate the thruster per...


This paper presents an out space branch-and-bound algorithm for solving generalized affine multiplicative programs problem. Firstly, by introducing new variables and constraints, we transform the original problem into an equivalent nonconvex programs problem. Secondly, by utilizing new linear relaxation technique, we establish the linear relaxation programs problem of the equivalent problem. Thirdly, based on the out space partition and the linear relaxation programs problem, we construct an out space branch-and-bound algorithm. Fourthly, to improve the computational efficiency of the algorithm, an out space reduction operation is employed as an accelerating device for deleting a large part of the investigated out space region. Finally, the global convergence of the algorithm is proved, and numerical results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


Women's movement, recognized as one of the new social movement streams, has been very active in Korea, especially after 1987-democratization era. This...


A monumental drama is playing out before our eyes. It is a true Greek tragedy. The plot: A society is being pushed to its limits. The denouement is not yet determined, but survival is at stake and prospects are precarious. Greece is at the sharp end of a radical and risky experiment in how far accumulation by dispossession can go, how much expropriation can be endured, how far the state can be subordinated to the market. It is a global narrative, but the story is a few episodes ahead here. Greece is the crucible. It is a caldron where concentrated forces are colliding in a process that will bring forth either a reconfiguration of capitalism or the dawn of its demise.


In the transflective liquid crystal display device, thereby suppressing the occurrence of display defect such as the residual image or of the colored stain shape, or a liquid crystal display apparatus for enabling the display of bright and wide viewing angle. The liquid crystal display device of the present invention, in a liquid crystal display device is made by interposing the liquid crystal layer 50, transmission in one dot region display area T and the reflective display region R disposed between the substrate (10, 25) of the pair a liquid crystal layer 50 is a pixel electrode (9 to the initial alignment state driving the liquid crystal side of the liquid crystal layer 50 of the substrate (10, 25) of the other hand, one pairs of dielectric anisotropy is composed of a liquid crystal portion that represents the vertically aligned ), made of the common electrode 31 is formed. Then, the pixel electrode 9, as the alignment control means for controlling the orientation of liquid crystal, a slit 94 is formed by opening a portion of the electrode 9 is formed in the transmissive display region T, a slit 94 is reflection film (20a) and is two-dimensionally arranged in a nested.


Objective To prepare high-performance and specific monoclonal antibody of vibrio fluvialis,and to provide a technical platform for the development of a rapid ELISA kit.Methods BALB/c mice (8 weeks) were immunized with inactivated vibrio fluvialis,and hybridoma cell strains of anti-vibrio fluvialis were prepared with cell-fusion technology.Chromatosomes of hybridoma cells were identified with Giemsa staining,and the potency and cross-reactivity of anti-vibrio fluvialis as well as other important marine bacteria were screened and identified with ELISA.Results Four strains of hybridoma (named as 01H10,02F12,05F3 and 03G10 ) were obtained,all having the features of hybridoma cell chromatosomes,and with good specificity and immunorcactivity.The hybridoma also had favourable specificity and immunoreactivity.Conclusions Specific antibodies of anti-vibriofluvialis prepared and screened in the study would be useful for the development of the rapid detection kit of vibrio fluvialis.

Key words:
Vibrio fluvialis; Monoclonal antibody; ELISA


Double-charge-transfer spectroscopy is routinely used to measure double-ionization energies of molecules to singlet and triplet electronic states of dications, but is experimentally difficult to apply because the yield of negative ions generated in the double-electron-capture reactions is low. The use of a data-acquisition system and repetitive scanning of a spectrum can increase signal-to-noise ratios, but the number of scans that can be acquired is limited by drifting in the spectrum position, which results in spectral-peak broadening. This limitation has been overcome in the present investigation by the application of a computer enhancement program that effectively superimposes successive spectra which are subject to slight drift. Spectra obtained for H+ projectile ions reacting with hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) molecules are presented; use of the program with such spectra reveals features in the computer-enhanced spectrum which are not clearly evident in the individual spectra.


The study on the isolation, identification and mode of action of partially purified bacteriocin from lactic acid bacteria found in fermented cassava grits was carried out. Fermented cassava grits were collected from different garri processing plants and transported with cold box to the laboratory for analysis. The viable microbial count after the partially purified bacteriocin from the various lactic acid bacteria isolates were grown against the food borne bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) ranged from 0.98 x 103 CFU/ml for partially purified bacteriocin from isolate 6 at 8 hrs to 9.2 x103 CFU/ml for isolate 3 at 24 hrs. Similar results were obtained against Bacillus subtilis with microbial counts that ranged from 1.02 x102 CFU/ml for isolate 3 at 8 hrs to 9.2 x 102 CFU/ml at 24 hrs. Isolates 6, 7, 10 and 11 were bactericidal to both Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis while isolate 3 was bacteriostatic. The viable microbial count after the partially purified bacteriocin was grown against the foodborne bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) ranged from 1.0 x102 CFU/ml for partially purified bacteriocin from isolate 3 at 8 hrs to 7.1 x 102 CFU/ml for partially purified bacteriocin from isolate 6 at 24 hours. The microbial count against Salmonella typhi ranged from 6.50 x 102 CFU/ml for isolate 6 at 8 hrs to 8.5 x 102 CFU/ml for isolate 7 at 24 hrs. Partially purified bacteriocins from isolates 3 and 7 were bacteriostatic while isolates 6, 10 and 11 were bactericidal to Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. This result showed that the partially purified bacteriocins were very efficacious in killing or inhibiting the growth of some foodborne pathogens which can be applied in biopreservation.


A BO is the most clinically important blood group in transfusion and transplantation. ABO gene variants can cause different ABO blood group phenotypes. Serologic testing for a Chinese male individual's ABO blood group showed a discrepancy between the results of the forward and reverse typing. Thus, we elucidated the molecular basis of the individual's aberrant ABO phenotype and found a novel A allele with multiple missense mutations in Exon 7.


Artificial neural network (ANN) and inverse method were employed in modeling the rheological behavior of the AZ80 magnesium. The hot deformation behavior of extruded AZ80 magnesium was investigated by compression tests in the temperature 350-450 and strain rate range 0.01-50 s-1. Investigation of flow stress curves and microstructure of the compression specimen illustrate occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The inverse method of non-liner regression was used to determine the parameters of the suggested constitutive equation. The maximum relative errors at different temperatures and different strain rates between experimental and predicted flow stresses by ANN and inverse method were compared. The results show the ANN derives statistical models have better similar prediction ability to those of inverse method, especially at high strain rate. This indicates that ANN can be used as an alternative modeling tool for high temperature rheological behavior studies.


This work presents a relaxation-based multi-pitch estimation technique for harmonic signals suffering from inharmonicity. Different from most earlier works, the proposed method does not require a priori knowledge of the number of sources present, nor of their respective number of harmonics, or the inharmonicity structure of the expected deviations. Using a recent group-sparse multi-pitch estimation method to form initial coarse pitch estimates, the number of sources and their harmonics are estimated using a BIC-based formulation, whereafter an iterative, relaxation-based, technique is formed to separately estimate the inharmonicity of each source using a recently proposed robust single-pitch estimation technique. The proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared to other existing methods using both simulated and real audio signals, clearly illustrating the improved performance.


The reasons why academic journals are widely criticized lie in their alienation,which mainly covers the alienation of function and the alienation of evaluation criteria.Currently,academic journals have alienated to a tool for the academic subjects and leaders to chase fame and fortune.The magazine hosts only pay attention to the form innovation but ignore the substantial content.Various magazine units simply use the quantitative indicators as the baton for the evaluation of academic journals.The job evaluation of academic journals and their supervisors and their right to speak are subject to the social status of journals,and there are preconceived ideas to assess the academic achievement by ranking.All these problems have seriously affected the law of academic freedom,and have become the major phenomena of academic misconduct and academic corruption.To change this situation,we must establish a sound academic evaluation system and build academic reputation mechanism;accelerate the legislative process for academic integrity and increase the cost of academic corruption;strengthen the function of academic journals and return to their academic standards;and strengthen the construction of editorial team and establish the occupational specification for employees in this field.


In this study,the 2D pulse coupled neural network(PCNN) model is extended to the 3D space,and a new rule for optimal image segmentation,named product mutual information(PMI),is proposed.Based on the 3D PCNN and PMI,an automatic segmentation algorithm is developed for 3D medical image segmentation. Three-dimensional CT lung images are segmented with the proposed method,showing reduced execution time and improved computation efficiency with high segmentation accuracy.The method is potentially useful for medical image segmentation.


In order to improve the safety of linear motor metro operation, the wheel rail wear prediction and dynamic performance analysis of linear motor metro are carried out. Firstly, the working principle and evolution process of the linear motor are analyzed, and the traveling wave magnetic field and slip ratio of the linear motor are calculated. Secondly, the friction principle between wheel and rail is analyzed, and the running data of wheel and rail area are collected by MiniProf series profiler. By calculating the wear energy flow density and wear mass flow density of wheel rail contact surface, the relationship between wear coefficient and energy flow density is obtained, and the wheel rail wear area is obtained, so as to complete the prediction of wheel rail wear. Finally, the running resistance of Metro is analyzed, including mechanical resistance and aerodynamic resistance. Combined with the calculation results of Metro kinetic energy and electromagnetic, the position of linear motor is obtained by modal superposition method in the elastic coordinate system, and the dynamic equation of linear motor Metro is constructed to complete the dynamic performance analysis of Metro. The experimental results show that this research method can accurately predict the wear of linear motor metro, and can study the running stability of Metro from the two aspects of horizontal stability and derailment coefficient.


The Concurrent Design Facility (CDF) of the European Space Agency (ESA) allows a team of experts from several disciplines to apply concurrent engineering for the design of future space missions. It facilitates faster and effective interaction of all disciplines involved, ensuring consistent and high-quality results. It is primarily used to assess the technical and financial feasibility of future space missions and new spacecraft concepts, though for some projects, the facilities and the data exchange model are used during later phases. This chapter focuses on the field of computer supported collaborative work (CSCW) and its supporting areas whose mission is to support interaction between people, using computers as the enabling technology. Its aim is to present the design and implementation framework of a semantically driven, collaborative working environment (CWE) that allows ESA's CDF to be used by projects more extensively and effectively during project meetings, task forces, and reviews.


705 test bench is one of the important experimental equipment testing distributing valve train performance. In order to improve the measurement precision and realize the automation of measurement process. Analysis main problems of the test bench. The test bed for intelligent transformation.By changing the original manual test rig rotary valve and damper to solenoid valve,pneumatic valve,electric air valve replacement. Adopts industrial computer and industrial control board( PLC),peripheral control and acquisition circuit,pressure sensor and digital display lock instrument,etc. The test bench achieve intelligent requirement,with automatic and manual two separate operating system,realize the distributing valve quickly and accurately detection,easy to operate. It has greatly improved to compared with the original 705 test bench.


Double-joint strain insulator fittings are the main equipment substations. It is great significance for reducing its maximum electric field strength to avoid corona noise and to improve substation electromagnetic environment. Firstly double-joint strain insulator string fittings simulation model is given by use of ansys 14.0, and the electric field is simulated and calculated according to the actual installation location of the related equipment. The construction for double-joint strain insulator string fittings is optimized to reduce the electric field value on basis of studying on the simulation significantly higher electric field points. The simulation results show increasing the number of equalizing shielding ring, for reducing the electric field strength of double-joint strain insulator string fittings, is more effective than increasing the diameter of equalizing shielding ring.


Amorphous carbon films (a-C:H) were prepared on a microtrench (4-μm pitch and 4-μm depth), and the uniformity of film thickness and microstructure of the films on the top, sidewall, and bottom surfaces of the microtrench were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The a-C:H films were prepared by bipolar-type plasma based ion implantation and deposition (bipolar PBII&D), and the negative pulse voltage, which is the main parameter dominating the film structure, was changed from −1.0 to −15 kV. Moreover, the behavior of ions and radicals was analyzed simultaneously by combining the calculation methods of Particle-In-Cell/Monte Carlo Collision (PIC-MCC) and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) to investigate the coating mechanism for the microtrench. The results reveal that the thickness uniformity of a-C:H films improves with decreasing negative pulse voltage due to the decreasing inertia of incoming ions from the trench mouth, although the film thickness on the sidewall tends to ...


Objective:A design principle of a portable、 wireless ECG monitor based on MSP430 was introduced. Methods: Introduced the software of system and the corresponding principle and Hardware structure which is included Micro-controller module named MSP430F449, ECG Acquisition amplify filtering module, Bluetooth wireless data transfer module, Data storage module, keyboard and LCD display module. A design idea and its superiority of a portable, wireless new style ECG monitor is presented. Results: On the premise of wireless portable easy, the system Realized the ECG data of patients can be real-time acquisition, Analysis, display and alarm; when the anomaly occurred, the ECG data can be sent to Dr Workstation or appliance computer by the SBT-800-RD Bluetooth module. The terminal can be steady received, ECG waveform can be real-time display, storage, discrimination and long-distance transmission and other functions. Conclusions: In the circumstances of having similar function of traditional ECG monitor,the new style ECG monitor realized the wireless and the monitor greatly reduces the size, weight and price.


It describes camera speaker integrated device. Camera speaker integrated device includes a lens for selectively generating an image, are disposed close to the lens, and a speaker assembly for generating an audible sound. In one embodiment, at least a portion aligned transparent piezoelectric diaphragm of the lens, based on the electrical signal applied to the piezoelectric diaphragm to generate an audible sound. In another embodiment, the speaker coil and magnet in the interior of the speaker assembly, surrounds the outer periphery of the lens, connected to the speaker coils, at least a portion aligned transparent diaphragm lens, a speaker coil and magnet based on the interaction, generating an audible sound. Through the transparent diaphragm, when light is transmitted to the camera lens, the camera captures an image. Furthermore, the camera-loudspeaker integrated device may include a controller for selectively controlling the optical properties of the transparent diaphragm. .FIELD 4


The basic propositions of this paper are that the modern severe economic crises, due to their monetary dimension, have deep consequences on mass psychology, and that a general model concerning the psychological processes involved is historically well grounded. In particular, we analyzed the corralito / corralon argentine crisis in 2001. We compared too our data and findings with several historical reports and analyses concerning other modern severe economic crises. Eventually, we put forward a two-phases general model, involving four main psychological processes.


This research aims to identify the approaches used in online courses and their impact on the task of online teaching in three post-secondary institutions in Quebec. From 32 individual interviews and 6 group interviews, results show that courses are offered for continuous enrollment in two institutions, and in cohort for the third. In each of these institutions, these courses are offered asynchronously and are mainly focused on independent learning. The teaching task usually found in the classroom is subdivided, for online courses, into a design task and a student supervisory task that are not performed by the same people. In two institutions, course design is done by external staff and course management is done by specialists rather than the designers. In the third institution, regular teachers design the courses; they also manage their courses after they have been put online, as well as managing the student support staff. Following these results, we present the advantages and disadvantages of elearning on the task of teaching in Quebec.


We present an analysis of the kinematics and ionization conditions in a sample composed of seven star-forming galaxies undergoing ram-pressure stripping in the A1367 cluster, and the galaxy ESO137-001 in the Norma cluster. MUSE observations of two new galaxies in this sample, CGCG097-073 and CGCG097-079, are also presented. This sample is characterized by homogeneous integral field spectroscopy with MUSE and by a consistent selection based on the presence of ionised gas tails. The ratio [OI]/Hα is consistently elevated in the tails of these objects compared to what observed in unperturbed galaxy disks, an ubiquitous feature which we attribute to shocks or turbulent phenomena in the stripped gas. Compact star-forming regions are observed in only ≈ 50% of the tails, implying that specific (currently unknown) conditions are needed to trigger star formation inside the stripped gas. Focusing on the interface regions between the interstellar and intracluster medium, we observe different line ratios that we associate to different stages of the stripping process, with galaxies at an early stage of perturbation showing more prominent signatures of elevated star formation. Our analysis thus demonstrates the power of a well selected and homogeneous sample to infer general properties arising from ram-pressure stripping inside local clusters.


Submitted for the MAR06 Meeting of The American Physical Society Simulations of Quantum Spin Models on 2D Frustrated Lattices ROGER MELKO, Oak Ridge National Laboratory — Algorithmic advances in quantum Monte Carlo techniques have opened up the possibility of studying models in the general class of the S=1/2 XXZ model (equivalent to hard-core bosons) on frustrated lattices. With an antiferromagnetic diagonal interaction (Jz), these models can be solved exactly with QMC, albeit with some effort required to retain ergodicity in the near-degenerate manifold of states that exists for large Jz. The application of the quantum (ferromagnetic off-diagonal) interaction to this classically degenerate manifold produces a variety of intriguing physics, including an order-by-disorder supersolid phase, novel insulating states, and possible exotic quantum critical phenomena. We discuss numerical results for the triangular and kagome lattices with nearest and next-nearest neighbor exchange interactions, and focus on the relevance of the simulations to related areas of physics, such as experiments of cold trapped atomic gasses and the recent theory of deconfined quantum criticality. Roger Melko Oak Ridge National Laboratory Date submitted: 27 Nov 2005 Electronic form version 1.4


Preface Prologue Part One: General Concepts of Management and of Arts Administration An Overview of Management and of Arts Administration Management and Arts Administration as Systems of Decision-Making Functions Part Two: The Planning Function Planning: Specifying Objectives Formulating Policies, Preparing Forecasts, and Drawing Up Plans Part Three: The Organizing Function Organizing: Creating a Work System Boards Part Four: The Staffing Function Staffing: Providing Employment Opportunities Training and Development Part Five: The Leadership Function Leadership: General Concepts and Styles Communication and Motivation Part Six: The Control Function Control: Measures, Standards, and Deviations Exercising Control in Practice Epilogue Glossary of Terms Bibliography Index of Names Index of Organizations Subject Index


4-Aminobutanoic acid (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) is the major inhibitory amino acid transmitter of the mammalian central nervous system. It increases the chloride conductance of the neuronal membrane allowing chloride ions to flow down their electrochemical gradient into the cell. This influx of chloride ions into the cell produces inhibitory hyperpolarizing responses in neurons. The ion channels of post synaptic neuron depend on the transmitters diffused through the synaptic cleft and binds with the receptor sites. The binding with the receptor site is enzyme based. This analog of binding of neurotransmitters with the receptor sites of postsynaptic membrane which controls the conductance of Cl-ions is incorporated into the famous Hodgkin-Huxley (H-H) model of neuron to substitute the variable Cl-conductance. The activity of binding can be represented by enzyme modified field effect transistor (ENFET) sensitive to GABA. The ENFET is used as the circuit analog to simulate a group of inhibitory transmitter-gated ion channels. Simulation is performed in MATLAB for normal inhibitory state and the results are presented. I. Introduction 4-Aminobutanoic acid (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA), the most widespread neurotransmitter in mammals, is responsible for synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system [1-2]. Most of the early studies, carried out with iontophoretic application of GABA in the CNS, indicated that it generally produced inhibitory hyperpolarizing responses in neurons. The hyperpolarizing response is due to an increase in the chloride conductance of the neuronal membrane allowing chloride ions to flow down their electrochemical gradient into the cell. In the neuron the membrane potential is controlled by the inflow and outflow of ions. In fact, the triggering of the action potential is caused when neurotransmitters open passive transports allowing these ions to flow in or out of the neuron which changes the potential across the cell. As more transports are opened, the more ions flow which decreases the resistance and thus conductance is increased. This type of interaction can be modeled in an electrical equivalent circuit. Communication between two neurons is a biochemical process that occurs at synapse which is a junction called synaptic cleft between two neurons namely presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Signal from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron is transmitted through neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neuron terminals into the synaptic cleft. The membrane of post synaptic neuron has two types of ion channels – excitatory and inhibitory. If the synapse is excitatory, sodium ions flow into the cell resulting into positive current. As …


It has been shown previously that fragments of heavy nuclei fissioned by either charged or neutral medium energy (up to 20 Mev) particles display a parallel anisotropy relative to the direction of the bombarding beam and this orientation becomes perpendicular for U at incident-proton energies of 460 Mev and higher. Results indicate that the anisotropy in thc escape of fragments, the distribution as obtained from the number of particles accompanying the fragments, and the directivity of these particles are approximately the same whether thc U nuclei are fissioned by high-energy neutrons or protons of the same energy. (M.H.R.)


Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is an emerging threat to canola (Brassica napus) production in western Canada, and a serious disease on crucifer vegetable crops in eastern Canada. In this study, seven biological control agents and two fungicides were evaluated as soil drenches or seed treatments for control of clubroot. Under growth cabinet conditions, a soil-drench application of formulated biocontrol agents Bacillus subtilis and Gliocladium catenulatum reduced clubroot severity by more than 80% relative to pathogen-inoculated controls on a highly susceptible canola cultivar. This efficacy was similar to that of the fungicides fluazinam and cyazofamid. Under high disease pressure in greenhouse conditions, the biocontrol agents were less effective than the fungicides. Additionally, all of the treatments delivered as a seed coating were less effective than the soil drench. In field trials conducted in 2009, different treatments consisting of a commercial formulation of B. subtilis, G. catenulatum, fluazinam or cyazofamid were applied as an in-furrow drench at 500 L ha−1 water volume to one susceptible and one resistant cultivar at two sites seeded to canola in Alberta and one site of Chinese cabbage in Ontario. There was no substantial impact on the susceptible canola cultivar, but all of the treatments reduced clubroot on the susceptible cultivar of Chinese cabbage, lowering disease severity by 54–84%. There was a period of 4 weeks without rain after the canola was seeded, which likely contributed to the low treatment efficacy on canola. Under growth cabinet conditions, fluazinam and B. subtilis products became substantially less effective after 2 weeks in a dry soil, but cyazofamid retained its efficacy for at least 4 weeks.


This paper introduces two means-winpcap and raw socket to capture and send IP packet based on Windows service platform, and recommends an idea of building VPN Gateway data transmit module based on Windows service platform. VPN Gateway data transmit module which combines asynchronism transfer thread pool function and is good for dealing with a plenty of current I/O operations in the system. At last, the author gives design and realization of VPN Gateway data transmit module based on WIN2000.


Introduced or remnant populations of Meloidogyne javanica, Rotylenchulus renfomis, Helicotylenchus dihystera and Paratylenchus spp. in Hawaiian pineapple fields located at three elevations or subjected to two irrigation regimes were monitored following soil fumigation. Introduced populations of M. javanica established more readily at high-elevation than lower-elevation sites, and resident populations of Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchulus and Paratylenchus resurged readily at lower- but not at high-elevation sites. Despite variations in number of M. javanica introduced initially, resident as well as introduced nematodes multiplied subsequently to various specific levels at different localities. Generally, population densities of M. javanica and resident nematodes at a particular site were higher at time of ratoon- than plant-crop harvest, and in irrigated than non-irrigated plots. Fruit yields of the ratoon-crop were equal to or lower than the plant-crop, and were more affected in irrigated than in non-irrigated plots. Site location, irrigation and time of crop harvest were important factors influencing the rate as well as the final level of a nematode population build-up. The feasibility of exploiting these factors for nematode control should be further studied.


The Tanzimat signifies the beginning of a new era in Turkish history. Its aim was to give a new shape to the Ottoman Empire which was on the brink of collapse. The architect of this programme of reforms was Mustafa Reshid Pasha, who was instrumental in the preparation of the Tanzimat Decree (3 November 1839) and a change in Ottoman political, social, and cultural life. It was obvious to the Porte that reform was the only means of making the Ottoman Empire strong and prosperous again. With this in mind, Reshid Pasha tried to forge good friendly relations with Britain. During his stay in London as Ottoman Ambassador (November 1838 to August 1839) and in his capacity as Minister for Foreign Affairs, he directed all his efforts to persuade the British government that the Ottoman Empire needed the support of Europe, and particularly Britain, for the reforms which would modernise and strengthen the Empire. In return, Europe would be assured of peace and Britain would gain in increased trading possibilities. On 11 August 1839 he presented to Palmerston a very important and confidential memorandum which discussed the state of the Ottoman Empire and his ideas for its reform, and asked Palmerston for his support.


Coextrusion flows of polymer solutions and melts to produce polymeric sheets are studied employing (a) the Lubrication Approximation Theory for a quick determination of interface development and pressure drops for each material; and (b) the Finite Element Method, which uses a u-v-p-T-h formulation for the velocities, pressures, temperatures, and interface location and solves in the flow domain the full conservation and constitutive equations. The determination of the interface is part of the solution process. Simulations have been carried out for several cases of two-layer coextrusion of polymer solutions (Oppanols, i.e., polyisobutylenes) and compared with experimental data available in the literature. A three-layer coextrusion case is also studied with a barrier ethylene vinyl alcohol and an adhesive layer tying a polystyrene layer, and the results are compared with experimental data. For low flow rates, the interface location agrees closely with experiments. For high flow rates, a tendency for encapsulation occurs, which cannot be captured by the present purely viscous two-dimensional simulations. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


A 27-year-old female with a history of headache since age 13 presented to the headache clinic with ongoing daily headaches. Her headaches were described as holocephalic and moderate to severe in intensity, with associated nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. She would see flashing and flickering spots prior to the onset of her headaches. In the setting of life stressors, hormonal changes, and poor lifestyle habits, she experienced chronification of symptoms over time and was having daily headaches by her early 20s. Her past medical history was unremarkable and her brain magnetic resonance imaging was reported as normal. At that time, she was diagnosed with chronic migraine (CM) with visual aura. She was treated with multiple preventative medications including amitriptyline, propranolol, and valproic acid, but they were discontinued due to ineffectiveness and/or intolerance. She was later treated with onabotulinum toxin A (BTX) (PHASE III Research Evaluating Migraine Prophylaxis Therapy protocol – 155 units in 31 sites) which decreased her headache frequency to 8-days/month after the first cycle. She had similar response for the next two cycles of treatment (1 cycle is every 12 weeks). She was not taking abortive or other preventive medications during this period. Unfortunately, BTX treatment was stopped after three cycles due to loss of insurance coverage and her headaches returned to her previous state (daily severe headaches). With this progression, she started smoking recreational cannabis (tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol combination, unknown ratio and strain), up to 2 grams twice daily, to manage her headaches. She reported that the cannabis was helping her sleep and appetite, but no effect on the headaches. She did not take other abortive therapies. Four years later, her insurance coverage was reinstated for BTX and treatment was resumed. However, in the setting of ongoing daily cannabis use, she experienced no improvement with her headaches after two cycles of treatment. We suspected her treatment response was affected by her chronic cannabis use, thus, we advised her to stop using it. She was able to immediately stop all cannabis use and BTX was restarted 12 weeks later. After the first cycle of BTX, she had a significant decrease in headache frequency and severity, similar to her previous response prior to cannabis use, down to 8-headache days/month. Similar response was seen for the next 2 years with BTX treatments. This is a unique case as there is no medical literature on the effect of chronic cannabis use in chronic migraineurs who are on BTX concurrently. Chronic cannabis use may have put this patient at risk of medication overuse headache (MOH), and the presence of medication overuse could have rendered standard migraine therapies such as BTX to be ineffective, possibly due to central sensitization and alteration to pain threshold and/or modulation. Cannabis has not been established as a standard treatment for headache disorders. Both recreational and medicinal cannabis are being used by patients as acute or preventive treatments for various headache disorders, including migraine, despite the lack of high quality research evidence. Does chronic cannabis use act similarly to other abortive therapies in causing MOH? The pathophysiology of MOH is still not fully understood, but genetic polymorphism, drugs of choice and duration all play a role in alteration of the central pain sensitization pathway and neurotransmitter metabolism, such as the serotoninergic and endocannabinoid systems. In animal models, it has been shown that cannabinoid receptor agonists produce a state of latent sensitization characterized by increased sensitivity to stress and overuse of cannabinoids including cannabis may increase the risk of MOH. In addition, chronic use of cannabis has been shown to affect the endocannabinoid system by downregulation of brain cannabinoid receptor type 1, and this may affect the modulation of neuropathic, visceral, and inflammatory pain. It has been demonstrated that chronic migraineurs with or without MOH responded well to BTX treatment similarly and in the chronic migraineurs with MOH group, they started to decrease their daily abortive medications overtime due to their response to BTX. However, this was not seen in our case and some plausible hypotheses include an alteration to the pain and treatment threshold with chronic cannabis use and/or a drug interaction between BTX and cannabis. This case was limited by the unknown, specific composition of the cannabis product that the patient was using. There is currently significant heterogeneity in the unregulated products that patients have access to, which reflects the real world setting. Each species of cannabis has a unique biochemical composition or cannabinoid profile of varying amounts of more than 400 compounds. Different strains, compositions, dosages, ratios, or route of administration may have different effects for headache disorders. The lack of response to BTX could indicate the development of neutralizing antibodies to BTX over time, but this would be unlikely as the patient responded to BTX subsequently when cannabis was discontinued. Some other variables may have impacted treatment response, such as financial or mental stressors, not reported by the patient. Although there is an increasing usage of cannabis for headache disorders, it is important to note that chronic cannabis use could render standard CM therapies such as BTX to be ineffective. In addition, chronic cannabis use may put patients at risk of MOH. This is the first report in the medical literature presenting with treatment failure to BTX in the context of chronic cannabis use. Providers should be vigilant in asking their patients about cannabis use before deeming treatment failure. In addition, it is prudent to advise patients to discontinue cannabis use before initiating additional treatments to avoid polypharmacy and potential drug–drug interactions. This case provided an observation and allowed us to generate hypotheses on the potential interaction between chronic cannabis use and headache disorders. The endocannabinoid system is an important system in modulating endogenous pain processing pathways and further research is required to elucidate the association between acute versus chronic cannabis use with headache disorders, interaction between cannabis and other headache treatments, the effect on pain modulation from different composition of cannabis, and risk of developing MOH from chronic cannabis use in human models. LE JOURNAL CANADIEN DES SCIENCES NEUROLOGIQUES


and to most of the saints and pictures in the Tzintzuntzan churches. Several points in the manda complex require further discussion. Can a wellwisher make a vow that implicates another person, so that that person must comply? At first glance, it looks as if Macaria was implicated by her friends. However, if the person implicated refuses to comply, the responsibility bounces back to the one who made the vow, and he or she must extract himself from the predicament. It is hard to tell how often this kind of manda is made; not often, probably, because the priests say that it is wrong to make a manda in the name of another person. Actually, except for major vows, supernatural patrons are not choosy about who completes a manda; the important thing is that it be completed, almost in mechanical form. If, for example, one makes a minor manda to Sefior del Rescate to light a candle and it isn't convenient for the petitioner to comply, he or she gives the candle to a child, with the promised alms, and sends the little messenger along to do the job. Manuel once bought a house that turned out to be haunted. Twice he wrestled with the ghost before he realized it was a soul in purgatory; then he asked it what it wanted and was told it had died before lighting a 50 centavo candle to the Virgin of Light in San Jos6 Church in Morelia. Manuel promised to light the candle, which he did, and the ghost departed, his contract fulfilled. Can a person make a vow or promise to more than one potential patron for a single reason? Some informants say no. When I asked Laura Prieto she mumbled "yes," looked embarrassed, and acted as if maybe it were really cheating a bit to do so. In fact, there seems to be a number one object of the request, but, following the usual pattern of trying to maximize potential help in every situation, a number of people make secondary requests, hoping that these acts will slide by unnoticed by the major object of attention. Do two or more people jointly petition a single patron? For example, might This content downloaded from 220.127.116.11 on Thu, 16 Jun 2016 05:47:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1292 American Anthropologist [65, 1963 two daughters say to the Virgin of Health of Patzcuaro, "We promise to wear your habit if our mother is restored to health"? All of the evidence I have indicates that this is not done. No informant ever used a plural personal pronoun in describing a petition; no informant ever suggested that anyone else was equally implicated in fulfilling a vow; and no informant ever suggested that his responsibility was shared with another. In all nineteen retablos, the petitioner who fulfills the terms of his vow is invariably a single person. Several people may take action in the face of a single calamity threatening a family, but each action is dyadic, independent of the others, involving a single petitioner and a single patron. Patron-client relationships are enormously personalistic, and the benefits that accrue from a successful contract are not willingly shared by a client. It rather looks as if the bounty of a supernatural patron, like all other good things in life, is looked upon as a limited and precious commodity, and to the extent one shares it with others, so in that degree is one's portion reduced. Two petitions to a single patron will not produce twice the bounty; they will simply dilute and divide a finite quantity. Where this point of view prevails, it is clear that several people individually appealing to several patrons is a more logical policy, offering greater potential help, than the same people appealing collectively to a single patron. Basic to an understanding of patron-client relationships, both between human beings alone, and with the supernatural, is the concept of palanca, or "lever." Broadly speaking, the palanca is a way of access to a patron, someone with "leverage." "For example," says Macaria to me, "I want something from you, but I don't want to ask you directly, so I ask Mariquita (Mary Foster) to approach you. She is my palanca." And again, "When I ask an intimate friend to help, I say 'Que me hagas una palanca' ('You be my lever')." A palanca, then, is a go-between, someone with whom ego feels on reasonably close terms, who is helpful in getting to the real patron. A palanca, perhaps, is a semi-patron as well as a patron. He can help in himself, but his real value resides in his ability to favorably influence the ultimate source of power. As previously pointed out, priests are reluctant to accept compadrazgo ties with villagers. Consequently, their nieces are deluged with requests to be godmothers, and they often accept. The nieces are looked upon as palancas. The relationship with them is not particularly valued in itself, but it is assumed that via them the client can more easily gain the ear of the priest in time of need; they are the lever, the device to achieve the desired end. Although the term palanca is used only for human beings, it is clear that this concept of power structure is equally applicable to the supernatural. In trying to work out the pattern, I commented to Macaria that the person who wants to get ahead looks for palancas, tries to get them in debt by offering a meal or doing some other favor, but one is merely trying; and until the potential palanca comes through, one doesn't know. Nevertheless, a person keeps searching for the best palancas. "Es la misma cosa con los santos," said Macaria with considerable feeling-"It's the very same thing with the saints." One continually tries different saints, shopping around, hoping to find the most This content downloaded from 220.127.116.11 on Thu, 16 Jun 2016 05:47:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms FoSTER] The Dyadic Contract in Tzintzuntzan 1293 influential ones, or the ones that can help the petitioner to the greatest extent. When I suggested to other informants that saints were really palancas, most were shocked; but a few, not too upset to speculate, said, in effect, "Yes, that's really the way it is." The concept of the palanca also helps us in understanding the real nature of the patron-client relationship with saints. The saints, and the Virgin Mary as well, in one sense are patrons in that the contract is made with them, but ultimately they are palancas, or go-betweens. Cuando Di6s no quiere, los santos no pueden, the saying goes ("When God doesn't wish it, the saints can't do it"). The saints and the Virgin are, then, advocates, special pleaders, whom one can approach more readily than God. They will handle your case when presented with it, but only if they are successful must the fee be paid, must the petitioner "comply" with the terms of the manda.


Relevance theory's central claim is that our expectations of relevance are precise and predictable enough to guide the listener toward the meaning of the speaker. The goal in this article is to explain in cognitively realistic terms to what such expectations are equivalent, and how they can contribute to an empirically plausible approach to understanding. For such, the main assumptions of the current version of the theory are outlined, and some of their implications are discussed.


The desired optical wavelengths of the electro-optic Mach Zehnder Modulator (MZM) is selected. The magnitude of the band-pass wavelengths $(\Delta \lambda)$ is calculated from the −3db rule. The number of the pass wavelength windows increases with the product of the controlled voltage (V) and the modulator length (L). While the width of window decreases and the center of window moves towards higher wavelengths with V. Also the width of window increases with wavelength. For the same modulator output, the product VL becomes constant. The bandwidth evaluation is simplified. Maximum difference between the propagation constants of MZM waveguides is occurred. So, the power transferred between them becomes very weak. And so, the branching angle of the input Y-junction of MZM becomes very small. Propagation constant is calculated by mixing the variation and Maractilli's methods. The effect of both the electro-optic material and the metal electrodes is studied. LiNbO3 is the best. The required controlled voltage to make a window at $\lambda=1.30 \mu \mathrm{m}$ is less than at $\lambda=1.55 \mu \mathrm{m}$. The optimum design of the electrodes with respect to the electro-optic waveguides to achieve the required $(\Delta \lambda_{\mathrm{MZM}})$ is done with $50 \Omega$ characteristic inpedance. The bandwidth at any required wavelength is evaluated.


In addition to dichotomous measures of abstinence, smoking studies may use daily cigarette consumption as an outcome variable. These counts hold the promise of more efficient and detailed analyses than dichotomous measures, but present serious quality issues – measurement error and heaping – if obtained by retrospective recall. A doubly‐coded dataset with a retrospective recall measurement (timeline followback, TLFB) and a more precise instantaneous measurement (ecological momentary assessment, EMA) serves as a calibration dataset, allowing us to predict EMA given TLFB and baseline factors. We apply this model to multiply impute precise cigarette counts for a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of bupropion with only TLFB measurements available. To account for repeated measurements on a subject, we induce correlation in the imputed counts. Finally, we analyze the imputed data in a longitudinal model that accommodates random subject effects and zero inflation. Both raw and imputed data show a significant drug effect for reducing the odds of non‐abstinence and the number of cigarettes smoked among non‐abstainers, but the imputed data provide efficiency gains. This method permits the analysis of daily cigarette consumption data previously deemed suspect due to reporting error and is applicable to other self‐reported count data sets for which calibration samples are available. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A very large gathering at any (ticket-less) event, whether 'planned' or 'accidental', is called as 'countless crowd'. As huge crowds are sometimes difficult to manage, it is always a challenge for the local administration to estimate a crowd in advance. They must be interested to count/estimate the 'crowd', so as to make necessary arrangements. How then such a crowd-size is estimated? We shall discuss in this paper, how it is mathematically estimated and how we face problems, in case of unplanned crowd.


This method mainly uses the Young's double slit interference principle by Lioyd mirror,the deformation of the girder lead to the change of the Lioyd mirror' place,then the width of the interference stripes will also change,so there is a relation between the Young's modulus of girder and the width of interference stripes.This method has many advantages:visualized experimental phenomena,simple principle,simple operation process and nanometer order accuracy etc.The relative error between the experimental results and the standard value is 1.7﹪.


To save a binary number in a line of memory, all the cells of the line are loaded and then deleted. The cells are then loaded individually to represent the binary number. This way, we avoid the disadvantages due to degradation of the cells and maximum it makes the life of the memory. (CF DRAWING IN BOPI)


In accordance with the delay in the scientific disposal of urban domestic refuses,many problems are existed,including inadequate laws and regulations,particularly the legal research is under the exploration phases in line with the circular economy ideas that carry out urban domestic refuses disposal.The paper is established in the situation of the country.Based on the closing relationship between the urban domestic refuses disposal and circular economy,and though the analysis,comparison and research on the law system of urban domestic refuses disposal from the typical countries,the paper puts forward the suggestions in perfecting the law system of the urban domestic refuses disposal,so as to reach the goal on recycling the urban domestic refuses and finally to safeguard and realize the minimization,resource and harmlessness.


SrTiO3 (STO) thin films were grown on Si(100) substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. The substrate temperature was found to be a crucial parameter to obtain the highly (h00) oriented growth. At the substrate temperature of 700 °C, STO thin films with the (h00)-orientation parameter (αh00) of more than 93% were realized. Using vitreous silica as the substrate, the optical properties of STO thin film prepared at 700 °C were investigated by transmittance measurements. The fitting method was used to calculate the refractive index and the film thickness from the transparent region of the transmittance spectra. The dispersion of the refractive index was studied by considering a single electronic oscillator model. According to Tauc's law, the band gap of the film was found to be about 3.62 eV.


H 4 SiO 4 , a hydrolysate of sodium silicate, is the important species in the adsorption process during flotation separation. In this work, the interaction mechanism and adsorption behavior in the surface-chemistry of H 4 SiO 4 molecule on the most stable surfaces of three calcium minerals, fluorite (111), calcite (104), and scheelite (112), were investigated systemically by using ab-initial calculation because the lack experimental approaches at the atomistic level. The results indicated that electrostatic interactions occurred between the electronegative oxygen atom of the H 4 SiO 4 molecule and a calcium atom on the mineral surfaces, hydrogen bonds was observed between the hydrogen atoms of the H 4 SiO 4 molecule and an oxygen atom or a fluorine atom of the calcium mineral surface, and the OH groups of H 4 SiO 4 were significantly stretched during adsorption. The adsorption energy of H 4 SiO 4 molecule on the surfaces of fluorite (111), calcite (104), and scheelite (112) were -1.72, -1.21, -1.55 eV, respectively. Hence, fluorite and calcite were the most and the least sensitive mineral to the adsorption of H 4 SiO 4 during flotation separation, respectively. The electronic structure show that the chemisorption of H 4 SiO 4 molecules on the surfaces of calcium minerals could change electron distribution and the overlaps between Ca-3p and O-2s orbitals and Ca-3d and O-2p orbitals, which led to the formation of new O-Ca bonds.


Abstract The rarity of the tubercular involvement of the clivus makes the preoperative diagnosis difficult. We report a case of a 40-year-old man who presented with right-sided trigeminal neuralgia without any other neurological symptoms or deficits. Postcontrast images showed a dural-based lesion in the region of the clivus which was isointense on T1 images and hypointense on T2 images and the lesion was enhancing after contrast administration suggestive of a tumor. The patient underwent surgical excision of the lesion and the histopathological examination was suggestive of tuberculosis. The patient completed the course of antitubercular therapy and recovered well. Tuberculosis of the clivus region runs an indolent course and following appropriate treatment these patient do well.


developments that were responsible for the images Germans and Slavs had of each other, images that distort past issues and continue to inhibit a contemporary meeting of the mind s. This chapter also reveals the underlying thesis of this book ; the negative aspects of German-Slav relations are determined to a large extend by nationalism, also defined as gesammteuropdischer lrrationalismus (p. 132).


Abstract : Preparations of RNA and DNA, isolated by the phenol method from insects infected with the virus of nuclear polyhedrosis, do not cause the development of polyhedra in cells of insect tissue cultures. Pure virus particles, freed of polyhedrosis protein by means of chemical treatment (based on Bergold), being completely infectious for intact insects, when introduced into a culture do not cause the development of the jaundice virus under cultural conditions.


Objective: To explore the treatment effect of Liuweidihuang Decoction on type 2 diabetes mellitus with kidney yin deficiency syndrome and non kidney yin deficiency syndrome and to discuss the correlation of Liuweidihuang Decoction and Neuro-endocrine-immunity network(NEI).Methods: 80 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into kidney yin deficiency group(40 patients) and non kidney yin deficiency group(40 patients).Each group were randomly divided into treatment group and control group(20 patients).The patients of treatment group were given Liuweidihuang Decoction.The patients of control group were given glybenzcyclamide.4 weeks is a treatment course.Clinical symptoms,diabetes indicators and the change in NEI network were observed before and after treatment in both groups.Results: Liuweidihuang Decoction has an effect on NEI network of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients,both in kidney yin deficiency group and non kidney yin deficiency group,but greater in kidney yin deficiency group.Comprehensive effect and the reduce of blood glucose is superior to the control group and non kidney yin deficiency group.Conclusion:Liuweidihuang Decoction is mainly for kidney yin deficiency syndrome of type 2diabetes mellitus.The key point of Liuweidihuang Decoction treating kidney yin deficiency syndrome of different diseases maybe lies in it,regulating NEI network through multiple targets.


Background and Aim: American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM) assumes that %HRR provides the same intensity as the equivalent %VO2Max. But, recently some studies suggested that some factors particularly kind of disease is influenced the relationship between exercise intensity indexes. Material and methods: Thirty adult males with asthma performed a cycle ergometery test according YMCA protocol and heart rate and VO2 of each stages of test measured and monitored. HR and VO2 were used for calculation %HRR, %VO2max, and %VO2R in each stage. Liner regression analysis used for determine relations between %HRR, %VO2max, and %VO2R. Results: The correlation between %VO2max and %HRR was lineally but the regression line is not according to the identity. In addition, the data showed that in these patients the correlation between %VO2Max and %VO2Reserve is perfectly. Conclusion: Our finding demonstrated that percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2Max) provides the same intensity as the equivalent percentage of maximal oxygen uptake reserve.


The aim of this article is to study the asymptotic stability of the associated primes of the graded pieces of a non-standard multigraded module. In the most general case, we can assure stability for degrees in every sub-net of a cone in ℕr. As a consequence we prove the stability of the depth of these components in every sub-net of a cone in ℕr.


This article analyzes the capacity reservation at interconnectors as regulatory measures adopted by the EU Member States and the Contracting Parties of the Energy Community Treaty. These measures will be examined under competition rules as well as under energy law. Even though these measures are adopted with the legitimate goal of ensuring security of supply, they infringe upon the non-discrimination principle and jeopardize the cross-border trade and the establishment of regional electricity markets. Finally, this article analyzes the possible justification under PSO provision, in case these measures do not fall under competition law, because they are attributable to the state in question, and if they satisfy the strict conditions provided under Article 3 of Directive 2003/54/EC.


ADAMS was used for dynamics simulation of aligning equipment in ceramic packaging line.Working principle of the mechanism was introduced.The simulation method was introduced beginning from designed structure by SolidWorks,which included model simplifying,model classification,imported into ADAMS,remodeled,applying constraint,and simulation.The actual force on cylinder was calculated and the diameter of cylinder was determined.The method of mechanics calculation on mechanism after structural design was established.The purpose was to provide reference for design of similar mechanism.


Abstract
A detailed analysis of the syntactic and semantic patterns of the narrative portions of patient records reveals surprising regularity in both regards. Building on these observed regularities, the NYU Linguistic String Project has programmed and tested a processor that accepts free text input and produces information-structured output, suitable for mapping (with some adjustments) into a database of the network or relational type. The first schema, a network design, was presented at the Fourth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. This paper will describe the development of a relational data model which parallels the earlier CODASYL design. Experiments using SYSTEM R will be described and compared with similar experiments using DMS1100. The suitability of SQL for queries addressed to a database of natural language medical data is also discussed.


Nosocomial infection is an infection originating in a patient in hospital. It is a serious hospital health hazard worldwide. In spite of advance in the prevention and control programmes of Nosocomial infection, they continue to be a major side effect of hospital and contribute significantly to the rate of morbidity, mortality and cost of care.
Objectives
1. To assess the existing knowledge on prevention of nosocomial infection among nurses.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on prevention of Nosocomial infection among nurses.
3. To find out an association between existing knowledge score and selected demographic variables.
Methodology: An evaluatory approach was used to assess the effectiveness of STP. One group pretest and post test pre-experimental design was used. The study was conducted at Krishna Hospital, Karad. The sample selected was staff nurses and Sample size was 50. Purposive sampling technique was used. Data was analysed by using SPSS 20 version software.
Major Findings: The majority of participants 32(64%) belongs to age group 21-25 years. In terms of gender maximum number of participants 38(76%) were females. Majority of participants 24(48%) were general Nursing. Majority of participants 19(38%) have 1 year of experience.
The calculated paired "t" value, t=18.985 is greater than tabulated "t" value, t=2.01. Hence H1 is to be accepted. This indicates that the gain in knowledge score is statistically significant at P


The polyphenolic constituents of hops and of malt have been examined by means of paper chromatography. The mixtures from the two sources were very complex but quite different in composition. This is in agreement with the results recorded earlier, which had revealed very considerable differences between the phenolic acids derived from barley tannins and from hop tannins by treatment with alkali. While none of the typical malt tannins has as yet been characterized, several individual hop tannins have been identified by means of their chromatographic behaviour and ultraviolet absorption spectra. In addition to the leucoanthocyanins previously recorded, several flavonol glycosides—including isoquercitrin, quercitrin and rutin—have been detected, as well as chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid and allied compounds; gallic acid, protocatechuic acid and caffeic acid have also been observed. Among the phenolic acids formed by degradation of the parent tannins with alkali, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and syringic acid have been identified in addition to protocatechuic acid and vanillic acid.


The results of the classical theory relating to the radiation of the electrons which move along a circular path at velocities near to that of light are evaluated from the point of view of using this principle for the generation of the oscillations at wavelengths of the order of 1 mm. A description of miniature experimental synchrotrons having a maximum electron energy of 2.5 Mev is given. The theory was testd by means of this device. The results of the measuremert of the radiated power at several harmonic frequencies in the waveband of 1-3 cm are shown, The limitation of this method is discussed and the possibility of increasing the radiated power at millimeter wavelengths is indicated. (auth)


OF THE THESIS SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS by Abdullah Aydeger Florida International University, 2016 Miami, Florida Professor Kemal Akkaya, Major Professor Emerging Software Defined Networking (SDN) technology has provided excellent flexibility to large-scale networks in terms of control, management, security, and maintenance. On the other hand, recent years witnessed a tremendous growth of the critical infrastructure networks, namely the Smart-Grid, in terms of its underlying communication infrastructure. Such large local networks requires significant effort in terms of network management and security. We explore the potential utilization of the SDN technology over the Smart Grid communication architecture. Specifically, we introduce three novel SDN deployment scenarios in local networks of Smart Grid. Moreover, we also investigate the pertinent security aspects with each deployment scenario along with possible solutions. On the other hand, we conducted experiments by using actual Smart Grid communication data to assess the recovery performance of the proposed SDN-based system. The results show that SDN is a viable technology for the Smart Grid communications with almost negligible delays in switching to backup wireless links.


of the skin and muscle. However, systemic findings characterized by vasculitis and vasculopathy are also observed in the early phases (1). The incidence of this idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM) that presents with acute or chronic multisystemic destruction is 4/1,000,000 with a predominance of females and Caucasians (2). Diagnosis is suggested by clinical presentation accompanied by increased muscle enzymes and muscle MRI findings as well as a negative (-) rheumatoid factor, SS-A, SS-B, Sm, RNP and DNA (3). The frequency of calcinosis and functional deterioration that developed in 23%-70% of patients treated with historical techniques decreased significantly with high dose steroid therapy (4).


We study a model of a scalar field minimally coupled to gravity, with a specific potential energy for the scalar field, and include curvature and radiation as two additional parameters. Our goal is to obtain analytically the complete set of configurations of a homogeneous and isotropic universe as a function of time. This leads to a geodesically complete description of the universe, including the passage through the cosmological singularities, at the classical level. We give all the solutions analytically without any restrictions on the parameter space of the model or initial values of the fields. We find that for generic solutions the universe goes through a singular (zero-size) bounce by entering a period of antigravity at each big crunch and exiting from it at the following big bang. This happens cyclically again and again without violating the null energy condition. There is a special subset of geodesically complete non-generic solutions which perform zero-size bounces without ever entering the antigravity regime in all cycles. For these, initial values of the fields are synchronized and quantized but the parameters of the model are not restricted. There is also a subset of spatial curvature-induced solutions that have finite-size bounces in the gravity regime and never enter the antigravity phase. These exist only within a small continuous domain of parameter space without fine tuning initial conditions. To obtain these results, we identified 25 regions of a 6-parameter space in which the complete set of analytic solutions are explicitly obtained.


Due to the surface inhomogeneity of the solid supports, direct growth of uniform bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with controllable structure and size thereon is particularly challenging. Herein, a surface‐confinement strategy is reported to directly prepare ultrafine bimetallic PtM NPs (MFe, Cu, and Co) with structure of core‐shell or intermetallic compounds on an N functionalized carbon support (NC). It is found that the N species of NC support can atomically disperse metal cations of precursors, which largely renders uniform nucleation and growth of bimetallic NPs and fine structure modulation of them. In another regard, metal transfer is confined to a narrow region on NC via N‐mediation, hence greatly favoring localized particle growth and formation of ultrafine bimetallic NPs. Remarkably, the ultrafine 3.1 ± 0.7 nm intermetallic Pt3Fe NPs on NC displayed excellent catalytic activity and durability toward electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction.


The construction of teaching team is a very important part of quality project of higher education in China.It is great importance to enhance the teaching level of teaching staff and higher education quality of teaching.This article focuses on teaching staff construction and gene engineering course construction and higher educational teaching reform and ability construction which scientific research service teaching and teaching team management.We have been clear about the next construction direction.We finally construct a gene engineering teaching team of a structure reasonable and paying equal attention to the teaching research and the scientific research.


Abstract The development of tourism in emerging countries is expected to be a major contributor to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions from tourism worldwide and also to question these countries' mitigation objectives. Using scenarios, this issue is assessed for the case of Brazil. Emissions from aviation are shown to be a major challenge in this context. This paper examines the prospects of the use of ethanol from sugarcane to alleviate the problem. Scenarios implying in 2050 a 100% use of biofuels in domestic aviation and a 25% use in international aviation are built; their implications notably in terms of land use are discussed.


Dopant incorporation and surface segregation are studied for thermal Sb and Al cases. The values of the incorporation probability and the segregation ratio have been mainly determine by SIMS measurements. The doping kinetics is discussed using a multi-site model including high dopant surface coverage effects. The calculated results were in good agreement with experimental data.


ABSTRACT The white-tailed hawk (Buteo albicaudatus) formerly nested in the American Southwest but no longer appears to do so. We hypothesize that the reason for the absence of this always-scarce species in Arizona and Sonora, Mexico, is the elimination of its grassland habitat caused by cessation of grass fires in the tropic-subtropic regions of these two states. Loss of subtropical grasslands in the Southwest was due to livestock grazing removing fine fuels for grassland fires. When grassland prey sources became scarce due to the reduction in grass cover, nutritional levels were no longer sufficient to allow the white-tailed hawk to successfully engage in nest-building, egg-laying and the rearing of young. These conditions, initiated in the 1880s, have continued through to the present day in both southern Arizona and Sonora.


Medical anthropology, given its diversity of practical and historical entanglements with (and outside of) numerous threads of anthropology, is a key site for productive theoretical and methodological confluences in the Anthropocene. Multispecies approaches, ethnographically, theoretically and methodologically, are developing as central locations for the hybridization and mingling of diverse and innovative research questions, particularly those engaging the processes, patterns, and constructs of health.


Common people have no awareness of silent attack which exploits information leakage from acoustic of electronic devices. In computer mechanism, physical information is entered through the input device such as a keypad or a keyboard. Computer user types password or pin code by pressing the key button which emits an acoustic sound. The sound is analyzed by an attacker with computational methods to recognize the keys. Various attack of keyboard acoustic emanations was developed to find vulnerabilities as a risk assessment of keyboard. Authors developed the microphone array sensor attack to gain high accuracy in key recognition with a simple method. Sensors are two microphones which are placed sequential and linear in front of the target to acquire time difference. Arrival time is analyzed to define a starting time value for TDoA estimation and to calculate the direction of the sound source. The attackers can discover the location of the key by the geometric approach and without training data for key classification. The results are 86 percent accuracy of 300 keystrokes and 100 percent of 13 keys recognized. It indicates the significant risk of attack and should realize as a serious threat of keyboard vulnerabilities.


Both single-institutional retrospective series and a multiinstitutional observational study1,2 find a significant association between a reduced risk of death and treatment of nodepositiveprostatecancerusing both external-beam radiation treatment (EBRT) of the prostate and pelvic lymph nodes (LNs) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) compared with ADT alone. However, whether this association is causal remains unanswered and requires testing in aprospective randomized trial. In this issue of JAMA Oncology, James and colleagues3 use data from the control arm in the Systemic Therapy in Advancing or Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Evaluation of Drug Efficacy (STAMPEDE) Trial to investigate this issue. Specifically, they perform a Cox regressionmultivariable analysis4 evaluating the riskof failure-free survivalwhere failure is defined as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level; local, regional, or distant treatment failure; or death from prostate cancer, adjusting forhighest initialGleason score category (≤7, ≥8, unknown), log-transformed pre-ADT PSA level (continuous), age (<60, 60-64, 65-69, ≥70years), andWorldHealthOrganization performance status (0 vs 1 or 2) at randomization. Among 177 men with node-positive prostate cancer, 97 were planned for EBRT and 68 of these, plus 10men not originally slated for EBRT,were recordedashaving receivedEBRT to the prostate with or without pelvic LNs. After a median follow-up of 17months in the overall study cohort, 20menwith node-positiveprostate cancer experienceda failure event.The authors report that both planned and delivered prostatewith orwithoutpelvicEBRTwasassociatedwith reducedriskof failure, with adjusted hazard ratios of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.29-0.79) and 0.35 (95% CI, 0.19-0.65), respectively. There are several reasons to interpret these results with caution. First, as the authors note, EBRT use was prescribed by physician choice and therefore nonrandomized. In addition, the short median follow-up of 17 months in a study in which at least 2 years of ADTwas required and a primary end point (ie, failure-free survival) that is likely driven by PSArelated failureeventsat this shortmedian follow-up timemake it difficult topredictwhat effect a reduction inmostlyPSA failure–free survivalwill haveonoverall survival.Moreover, given the lowevent rate (20of 177 [11.3%]), theauthorswerenot able to analyze overall survival as an end point or adjust for all knownprostate cancer prognostic factors in theirmodel, such as tumor category, tertiary grade 5 inmenwith Gleason score 7prostate cancer, andpercent positive biopsies. Also,with40 deaths in the overall study cohort of which 9 could not be attributed to prostate cancer, a competing risk5 and not Cox regression analysis4 would have beenmore appropriate to analyze the end point of time to first failure or prostate cancer death. Finally, treatment use varied, in that somemen could have received irreversible and life-long testosterone suppression via bilateral orchiectomy as comparedwith 2 years of reversible ADT using a luteinizing hormone–releasing hormoneagonist.Moreover, inmen inwhomEBRTwasdelivered, the prostate was always treated whereas the pelvic LNs were only treated in a subset and thedose fractionation scheme for EBRTdeliveryvaried.Both thevariations inEBRTandADTcan affect time to first failure. Ideally, to account for these variations in treatment an adjustment in the model using a treatment propensity score would have been used, but the short median follow-up and consequently a low event rate would likelynotpermit the inclusionof thetreatmentpropensityscore and other known prostate cancer prognostic factors without running the risk of overfitting the model. Given these limitations, the conclusion that the addition of prostate and pelvic EBRT to ADT in the treatment of nodepositiveprostate cancer reduces the riskof failure,whileprobably true, cannot be rigorously concluded from the present analysisbecauseof theshortmedian follow-up, lowevent rate, nonrandomized data, and lack of adjustment for treatment variation and some known prostate cancer prognostic factors. Moreover, to affect clinical practice, at a minimum one should provide evidence in amodel powered for survival and adjusted for age, comorbidity, known prostate cancer prognostic factors, and type and duration of ADT that treatment using both pelvic and prostate RT andADT as comparedwith Related article page 348 Failure-Free Survival and Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy Original Investigation Research


A homeomorphism h of En or Sn onto itself is stable if 3 homeomorphisms &i, hi, • • • , hm and nonvoid open sets Z7i, Ui, • • • , Um such that h = hmhm-i • • • hi and hi\ Ui = I for i = l , 2, • • • , m. All orientation preserving homeomorphisms of En or Sn are stable provided n = 1, 2, or 3. There is no example known in any dimension of an orientation preserving homeomorphism which is not stable. In fact, the conjecture that all orientation preserving homeomorphisms of En or 5 n are stable is equivalent to the annulus conjecture (see [3 ]). I t is known that any homeomorphism of £3 onto itself can be approximated by a piecewise linear one (see [2] or [o]). The purpose of this paper is to announce that if n ^ 7 and h is a stable homeomorphism of En or Sn onto itself, then h can be approximated by a piecewise linear homeomorphism, and also, in the case of En, by a diffeomorphism. The set of all homeomorphisms on En or Sn forms a group under composition and the subset of stable homeomorphisms forms a normal subgroup. The stable group on Sn is simple while the stable group on En is not. Due to this fact, there is a shorter proof in the case of Sn than in the case of Eny and it is this proof which will be outlined here. The author thanks John Stallings for his assistance.


Introduction Optimal management of critically ill HIV-positive patients during hospitalization and after discharge is not fully understood. This study describes patient characteristics and outcomes of critically ill HIV-positive patients hospitalized in Conakry, Guinea between August 2017 and April 2018 at discharge and 6 months post-discharge. Methods We carried out a retrospective observational cohort study using routine clinical data. Analytic statistics were used to describe characteristics and outcomes. Results 401 patients were hospitalized during the study period, 230 (57%) were female, median age was 36 (IQR: 28–45). At admission, 229 patients (57%) were on ART, median CD4 was 64 cells/mm3, 166 (41%) had a VL >1000 copies/ml, and 97 (24%) had interrupted treatment. 143 (36%) patients died during hospitalisation. Tuberculosis was the major cause of death for 102 (71%) patients. Of 194 patients that were followed after hospitalization a further 57 (29%) were lost-to-follow-up (LTFU) and 35 (18%) died, 31 (89%) of which had a TB diagnosis. Of all patients who survived a first hospitalisation, 194 (46%) were re-hospitalised at least once more. Amongst those LTFU, 34 (59%) occurred immediately after hospital discharge. Conclusion Outcomes for critically ill HIV-positive patients in our cohort were poor. We estimate that 1-in-3 patients remained alive and in care 6 months after their hospital admission. This study shows the burden of disease on a contemporary cohort of patients with advanced HIV in a low prevalence, resource limited setting and identifies multiple challenges in their care both during hospitalisation as well as during and after re-transitioning to ambulatory care.


Marx human is a theory about people and society,between person and person,the nature of people,the subjectivity of people,the need of people,the value and the rights and obligations of people,people's freedom and equality,the person's ideal and faith and so on.It provides a new field of vision for theoretical study on the education of ideological politics and will play an important leading role in the research of the ideological and political education.


The role of agricultural extension is vital to the diffusion of new technologies, but extension is currently not very effective in many African nations, with traditional extension approaches having minimal impact. In Kenya, there have been gaps on the availability of studies and documentation of the specific extension approaches and their influence on the acquisition of knowledge, skills and productivity for household food security despite the various extension efforts and resources put in place in many parts of the country. This study therefore investigated the influence of three selected alternative extension approaches on the acquisition of knowledge, skills and productivity for household food security in the Lake Victoria region, Kenya. The main objective of the study was to compare the individual and collective influence of Farmer Field Schools, On-Farm Research and Focal Area approaches on the acquisition of knowledge, skills and farm productivity for enhanced household security in the Lake Victoria region of Kenya. A cross sectional survey design was adopted in order to develop a detailed account of the effect of the three approaches. The total population of the study area was 188,661 households from which a random sample of 396 was selected comprising of small-scale farmers from three sub counties: Bondo, Rachuonyo and Nyamira. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 18.0) at 5 percent level of significance. -----------------------------------------------------------------------* Corresponding author. E-mail address: email@example.com.


ABSTRACT In accelerated life tests (ALT), there are many limitations for a traditional parametric method to estimate a particular quantile in the lower tail of the lifetime distribution at the use condition. This article develops a Bayesian quantile regression method for analyzing ALT data. As a distribution-free method, Bayesian quantile regression method is robust to lifetime distribution uncertainty and flexible to deal with the relationship between shape parameter and accelerating stresses. A Gibbs sampling method is implemented for Bayesian posterior inference. This method is easy to implement and allows us to use data augmentation to simplify the computation in the presence of right-censored observations. A simulation study and a real example are used to demonstrate the advanced properties of proposed method.