Phosphorylation of topoisomerase I (topo I) at serine by NII kinase is accompanied by stimulation of enzymatic activity. In contrast, phosphorylation at tyrosine by tyrosine kinase seems to inhibit enzymatic activity. This inhibition may be caused by interference of the phosphorylated tyrosine residue with the interaction of topo I with DNA. To test this, topo I was labeled with crude membrane fraction enriched for EGF-receptor kinase in presence of ..gamma..-P32-ATP and electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Stained topo I bands were excised, dried, digested with trypsin and analyzed on a C18 reverse-phase HPLC column. One major peak of radioactivity eluted at fraction 23 with 20% acetonitrile. To obtain the DNA-interactive site, topo I was incubated with pBR322 DNA labeled by nick-translation followed by DNase I treatment, and electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Tryptic peptides were generated and analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC. A major peak of radioactivity eluted at fraction 16-18 with 15.5-17% acetonitrile. Studies are in progress to resolve whether (a) the two peptides are different, i.e. the tyrosine-P site and DNA-tyrosine interactive site are localized at different regions of the topo I or (b) the peptide sequences are identical but the covalent attachment of deoxynucleotides altered the peptide's elution from themore » HPLC column.« less


This dissertation analyzes a way to improve cache performance via active management of a target cache space. As microprocessor speeds continue to grow faster than memory subsystem speeds, minimizing the average data access time grows in importance. As current data caches are often poorly and inefficiently managed, a good management technique can improve the average data access time. Cache management involves two main processes: block allocation decisions and block replacement decisions. Active block allocation can be performed most efficiently in multilateral caches (several distinct data stores with disjoint contents placed in parallel within L1), where blocks exhibiting particular characteristics can be placed in the appropriate store.
To aid in our evaluation of different active block management schemes, we have developed a multilateral cache simulator, mlcache, which provides a platform whereby different cache schemes can easily be specified, and produces evaluation statistics that can help explain their performance. Using mlcache, we have been able to evaluate the performance of proposed multilateral cache schemes and to derive new, better performing schemes. Our results show that multilateral schemes outperform traditional caches of similar size and often rival the performance of traditional caches nearly twice as large. However, the performance difference between previously-proposed implementable schemes and a multilateral configuration that uses a non-implementable near-optimal replacement policy is large. This disparity is due mainly to the simple prediction strategies presently used in the implementable schemes, along with their limited management of blocks while resident in the L1 cache structure.
We introduce a new multilateral allocation scheme, Allocation By Conflict (ABC), which outperforms all previously proposed reuse-based multilateral configurations and performs comparably to multilateral schemes that have significantly more hardware requirements (particularly Victim, which requires a data path between its A and B caches). The ABC scheme incurs the lowest hardware cost of any of the proposed multilateral schemes, yet it performs the highest and is the most easily implementable. The ABC scheme requires the addition of only a single additional bit per block in cache A and a very simple logic circuit for making the allocation decisions. The ABC scheme's performance advantage also scales well as the sizes of the caches are increased and as the associativity of the A cache is increased.


The discussion on the 900 Conclusiones projected and sponsored by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola in Rome was cut short by the condemnation of 13 of them by the papal commission in 1487. Princeps Concordiae 's counter-arguments presented in his Apologia , published in the same year, can not be certainly considered a disputatio as Pico had called for; the papal intervention removed in this way the possibility to have a better acquaintance with a work which is still a very difficult one, just for its "unfinished" form. Pedro Garsia's Determinationes magistrales against Pico's Apologia are a very poor reply to Pico. In this paper Pico's arguments against some of the condemned Conclusiones are considered as well as Pedro Garsia's counter-arguments. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola displays a deep familiarity with medieval logical and semantical doctrines, while Pedro Garsia's arguments betray a solid ignorance. Keywords : Apologia , Conclusiones , Pedro Garsia, logic, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola English title : An Indesiderable Effect of Giovanni Pico's Conclusiones : The Unwanted Controversy with Pedro Garsia DOI : 10.14640/NoctuaV4


Raw vegetable oil from Crambe abyssinica was subjected to oxidative treatment to enhance its viscosity. The oxidation processes were carried out in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide with or without supercritical CO2 as a solvent. Four spectroscopic techniques (Raman, UV-VIS, FT-IR, NMR) were applied to assess the chemical changes taking place during the oxidation. Raman and NMR spectroscopy proved best in the assessment of the chemical transformations leading to increased viscosity of the modified vegetable oil.


The purpose of the research paper is to study the preferences for Indian local Fast Moving Consumer Brands (FMCG) among Delhi customers. The methodology adopted for the study is both primary as well as secondary data. Primary data was collected with the help of survey questionnaire. The data was collected both through paper-based administration and web-based administration of questionnaires. The results of the study is a framework formed initially was in line with the analysis and results of the data obtained from 199 participants. It can be concluded that brand preference for Indian local/regional FMCG brands among Delhi consumers may be affected by the given 11 factors including Awareness, Perceived Quality, Sense of Belongingness, Taste Perception, Availability, Price, Packaging, Advertising, Prestige/Reputation, Functional Benefits and Non-Functional Benefits.


Natural-material protective barriers for long-term isolation of buried waste have been identified as integral components of a plan to isolate a number of Hanford defense waste sites. Standards currently being developed for internal and external barrier performance will mandate a barrier surface layer that is resistant to the eolian erosion processes of wind erosion (deflation) and windborne particle deposition (formation of sand dunes). Thus, experiments are needed to measure rates of eolian erosion processes impacting those surfaces under different surface and climatological conditions. Data from these studies will provide information for use in the evaluation of selected surface layers as a means of providing stable cover over waste sites throughout the design life span of protective barriers. The multi-year test plan described in this plan is directed at understanding processes of wind erosion and windborne particle deposition, providing measurements of erosion rates for models, and suggesting construction materials and methods for reducing the effect of long-term eolian erosion on the barrier. Specifically, this plan describes possible methods to measure rates of eolian erosion, including field and laboratory procedure. Advantages and disadvantages of laboratory (wind tunnel) tests are discussed, and continued wind tunnel tests are recommended for wind erosion studies. Amore » comparison between field and wind tunnel erosive forces is discussed. Plans for testing surfaces are described. Guidance is also presented for studying the processes controlling sand dune and blowout formation. 24 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.« less


The Volterra-PARAFAC (VP) nonlinear system model, which consists of a FIR filterbank followed by a memoryless nonlinearity, aims at offering a good compromise between accuracy and parametric complexity. Here, for an even better compromise, we propose a generalization with IIR filters (VPI model) and evaluate both models. For the evaluation, we consider the concrete case of two audio loudspeakers and initially compute reference Volterra kernels from their known physical state-space models, using an efficient procedure. Then, VP and VPI models are derived and their accuracy is tested. As shown, the VPI models have in this case only 15 to 26 % of the parametric complexity of VP models with the same accuracy, which points to a great potential for accurate and efficient nonlinear system modeling.


Recent theoretical and empirical studies suggest that volume conveys useful information to forecast stock price movements. We investigate the information content of volume for the stock indices of small-capitalization firms in the US and France. Information asymmetry problems tend to be more important for small-capitalization firms and it can be argued that the information content of volume should be more significant. We find that volume does indeed forecast returns of the small-capitalization stock indices. We also detect a positive contemporaneous relation between volume and absolute value of returns. The findings are qualitatively the same for data from the US and France.


According to the transmission capacity currently provided by the Beidou-3 system, a data transmission system based on the Beidou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) was designed to address the problems of the original data transmission of the hydro-meteorological observation system. The data transmission protocol was defined, and the data transmission message was composed of multi-minute observation data superimposed and encrypted by DES. The active self-reporting data transmission scheme and the interactive query data transmission scheme were elaborated. Data security is ensured by both data encryption and BDS-3 satellite communication; the data transmission message consists of multi-minute observation data overlay to ensure the arrival rate of real-time observation data; and the data integrity is ensured by the interactive query method.


In this paper, we propose a novel RTL testability analyzer based on logical virtual prototyping. A very fast synthesis engine is utilized to create a gate level hierarchical netlist with generic gates, which we call a logical virtual prototype, in this paper. Subsequently, ATPG and testability analysis are performed on the logical virtual prototype to provide RTL designers with a wealth of information that would allow them: (1) Accurately estimate / predict test coverage. (2) Generate patterns that can be used for gate-level design. (3) Identify hard-to-test design blocks in RTL, which can then be redesigned to improve coverage.


In this study, the effect of alpha-d tocopherol used in reperfusion trauma was investigated by histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The rabbits were divided into the study and the control groups each consisting of five subject. The rabbits in this study in 100 mg/kg doses once a day before the reperfusion trauma had been performed. The animals in the second group were given no medication and served as control. Heperfusion trauma was performed by tourniquet application to the lower extremities of the animals. After the consitution of the reperfusion trauma, the existence of malondialdehid was examined in nerve tissue which is formed by the lipid peroxidation of the free oxygen radicals. The malondialdehid levels were found to be significantly low in the study group (p<0. 00 l). Ultrastructurel examination also showed that the tissue destruction in nerve tissue and motor unit was slight and reversible in this group. On the other hand, in the animals constituting the control group, this destruction was rather severe and irreversible. These results were interpreted as; the presence of free oxygen radicals gives rise to destruction in the tissues and this effect may well be prevented by using alpha-d tocopherol which inhibitis lipid peroxidation of free oxygen radicals.


The non-vanishing photo-elastic constants in the C 3 , S 6 ; C 3h , C 6 , C 6k ; C 1 , S 1 , C 4h crystal classes are given. Differences between them and those given earlier by Pockets for these classes are pointed out. Some interesting results, which are capable of being verified by experiment, are deduced.


Tennis course is set in only a few universities in Anhui due to the inadequacy of money and teachers.The anticipatory teaching goals are hard to achieve.The investment should be increased,the training for the teachers should be strengthened and the facility should be made perfect in universities to improve the teaching quality.


Plant hormones (Indole-3-Acetic Acid) regulate and influence the developmental range of cellular and physiological process of plant health. In the present study, ten PGPA bacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soil of Asparagus racemosus(L). Morphological and biochemical test showed that the isolates named KNAD1, KNAD2, KNAD6, KNAD9, KNAD10 belong to genus Bacillus. These isolates were further screened for PGPA like Phosphate Solubilization, production of ammonia and cell wall degrading enzymes. KNAD2, KNAD4, KNAD5, KNAD7, KNAD9 & KNAD10 showed high potential in Phosphate Solubilization and others PGPA. In this study,indole-3- acetic acid (IAA) production by these isolates were carried out day wises and then results showed that on Day2: KNAD6 (86.72ppm); Day3: KNAD7 (85.63ppm); Day4: KNAD2 (116.83ppm); Day5: KNAD4 (121.54ppm); Day6: KNAD1 (86.17ppm); Day7: KNAD6 (126.60ppm) of IAA (μg ml-1) were produced in the presence of tryptophan (1 mg ml-1) at optimum conditions of 37°C and 0.5% NaCl. Additionally, it was further observed that at 1%, 2%and 7% tryptone concentration in the nutrient broth the bacterial growth increased. These results suggest that production of IAA in presence of tryptone might be promising factor for the implementation in plant growth and development.


Introduction:
 Modest experimental and human evidence implicate a role for physical activity or sedentary lifestyle in the perturbation of the gut microbiome, yet large human studies are lacking.

 Methods:
 This study included 1846 US Hispanic/Latino adults without diabetes aged 23-82 years (mean age 48 years, 49% women) with gut microbiome data by shotgun sequencing of stools and accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time from the HCHS/SOL population based cohort (2014-2017). We examined associations of MVPA and sedentary time with gut microbial features - Bray-Curtis dissimilarity by PERMANOVA, and alpha diversity and centered log ratio transformed relative abundance of species and KEGG pathway modules by a linear regression accounting for the complex survey design.

 Results:
 Prolonged sedentary time was associated with higher Shannon index (0.03 per 1 hr of sedentary time, SE=0.02, P=0.077) and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (R
 2
 =0.32%, P<0.001), adjusting for age and sex, but MVPA showed no association. Among 197 species with at least 0.01% average relative abundance, sedentary time was positively associated with 30 species including 8
 Bacteroides
 species,
 Alistipes putredinis
 and
 finegoldii
 , and inversely with 19 species including 7
 Prevotella
 species,
 Roseburia faecis
 , and
 Bifidobacterium adolescentis
 (FDR <.1, Figure), whereas no species was associated with MVPA. A KEGG pathway module analysis suggested elevated methane metabolism, bacterial secretion, and carbon fixation with higher sedentary time (P<.05) but none after FDR correction (all FDR>.1). Positive associations were observed between MVPA with D-glucuronate degradation and semi-phosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway (gluconate → glycerate-3P, found in halophilic
 euryachaea
 and
 Clostridium
 species) (P<.05 but FDR>.1).

 Conclusions:
 We observed a perturbed overall gut microbiome and relative abundance of species with sedentary time.


The symbiotic association of mycelial fungus with the roots of higher plants (mycorrhiza) has a large and often ambiguous influence on plant communities and their structure. Mycorrhiza acts simultaneously on many features of the community, and, therefore, the assessment of its influence is not an easy task. It requires carefully planned experiments and the use of special methods of statistical analysis. Following a four-year experiment at the high-altitude station of the Moscow State University "Malaya Khatipara" (Teberda Nature Reserve), this article presents the results of data analysis, including two-way replicated analysis of variance (ANOVA). The alpine meadow communities were subjected to treatment with fungicides in order to suppress fungal colonization. It was found that suppression of mycorrhizae always leads to a decrease in the number of forbs dependent on mycorrhizal fungi, an increase in the number of predominantly non-mycorrhizal sedges, and the dynamics of grasses abundance after suppression of mycorrhiza may differ depending on their initial position in the community. Our results also point out the positive role of mycorrhiza in forming species richness in communities of the alpine belt of mountains.


A systematic search for possible order parameters of the so-called hidden order of URu$_{2}$Si$_{2}$ is conducted. Among the possible candidates that do fulfill the experimental symmetry restrictions on the hidden order parameter, we find one candidate that stand out -- one of the components of a triakontadipole multipole tensor that belongs to the $A_{1u}$ irreducible representation of the point group $D_{4h}$. This solution is characterized by a $\vec{Q}=(0,0,1)$ ordering of the triakontadipoles and has a symmetry that forbids magnetic moments as well as most other multipole ordering on the uranium sites. This hidden order phase is closely related to the the antiferromagnetic phase, which is manifested in the similarities of the geometries of the calculated Fermi surfaces. Finally is is found that this non-magnetic solution allows for another secondary superimposed order parameter that belong to $B_{2u}$, which gives rise to an anisotropic in-plane susceptibility without breaking the tetragonal crystal symmetry.


Slums are a physical expression of poverty and inequality in cities. According to the UN definition, this inequality is, e.g., reflected in the fact that slums are much more often located in hazardous zones. However, this has not yet been empirically investigated. In this study, we derive proxies from multi-sensoral high resolution remote sensing data to investigate both the location of slums and the location of slopes. We do so for seven cities on three continents. Using a chi-squared test of homogeneity, we compare the locations of formal areas with that of slums. Contrary to the perception indirectly stated in the literature, we find that slums are in none of the sample cities predominantly located in these exposed areas. In five out of seven cities, the spatial share of slums on hills steeper than 10° is even less than 5% of all slums. However, we also find a higher likelihood of slums occurring in these exposed areas than of formal settlements. In six out of seven sample cities, the probability that a slum is located in steep areas is higher than for a formal settlement. As slums mostly feature higher population densities, these findings reveal a clear tendency that slum residents are more likely to settle in exposed areas.


Intravenous infusions of glucagon‐like peptide‐1(7‐36) amide (GLP‐1; 35 pmol min‐1 kg‐1 for 10 min) produced a significant rise in mean heart rate, without significant change in mean aortic blood pressure, together with a significant rise in mean arterial plasma insulin, but not in plasma pancreatic glucagon or pancreatic polypeptide concentration, in conscious calves given exogenous glucose (30‐60 micromol min‐1 kg‐1 i.v.). The insulinotropic effect was eliminated in the presence of exogenous amino acids (0.03 mmol min‐1 kg‐1 i.v.). It was not affected predictably by blocking the synthesis of nitric oxide or by the simultaneous administration of the established incretin factor gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP). Whereas GLP‐1 produced a statistically significant rise in plasma insulin concentration in these animals, it was much less effective than GRP in this respect, when given by continuous i.v. infusion.


Solutions to challenging structural mechanics problems often rely on approaches that properly integrate theoretical analysis, experiments, and finite element simulation, along with judgment and practical approximations. Combining these elements is important not only for the original methods development of a given problem class, but also for repeated applications of such methods. This paper describes how multiple software solutions, namely Abaqus, Mathcad®, and Kornucopia™ have been blended together to create robust approaches to address several challenging problems in nonlinear mechanics. The examples highlighted will include the evaluation of performance characteristics for a nonwoven envelope under inflation loads to burst, "methods development" for simulating peeling mechanics and failure, and the efficient analysis of tedious shock acceleration post-processing calculations for models with a large number of output sensors. Techniques discussed will include creation of an average nonlinear material description from measured data containing large variations, the salvaging and improving of "non-ideal" experimental data, and additional post-FE analysis that can significantly improve analysis efficiency and/or results interpretation.


The upstream Field Development Plan (FDP) and project delivery requires gated approach, close team collaboration, and synergy among all disciplines for success. This paper discusses a thorough phase-gate process with five phases and four gates to develop gas fields. The five phases comprise of Scoping of Project, Building Business Case, Appraisal and Testing, Full Field Development, and Monitoring. Critical elements before embarking on a field development with limited available data, and initial data gathering requirements in successful field development are discussed in details. Added benefits from project management, open communication, synergy and quick data analysis and decision-making during planning and executing are also described.


A cell-free system from Andrographis paniculata tissue cultures incorporates 3H from (3RS)-[2-14C, 5-3H2]mevalonate into trans,trans-farnesol without loss and into the cis,trans-isomer with loss of one sixth of the label; this strongly supports trans→cisisomerisation via aldehydes.


Two primary approaches, which can reduce network loss and improve economic benefit of electric power system, are optimizing active and reactive power. This paper studies actual power network and puts forward a method which can reduce network loss through optimizing active power. And this method increases the constraint condition of power stations attribution. It changes the opening mode of units to divert electric quantity between different units. The relationship between the run mode of units and the change of loss electric quantity is found according to analyze the situation of network loss of different opening modes. The result indicates that the method can achieve the goal of reducing primary network loss by optimizing unit power in the same group. The economic benefits of various groups are not damaged at the same time.


Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to study the crystallization kinetics and thermal characteristics of poly(aryl-ether–ether-ketone) (PEEK) samples heated under a variety of conditions. Samples were heated in nitrogen and air at temperatures between 380 and 420°C for times up to 120 min. The results indicate that as the holding time and temperature of the melt increased, the amount of recrystallizable material decreased, especially when heated in air. Isothermal crystallization kinetics confirmed the presence of a two-stage crystal nucleation and growth process with Avrami exponents of the order of about 2.4 and 1.5 for the first and second processes, respectively. Analysis of the primary crystallization process using the Avrami equation revealed that PEEK samples heated above the melt temperature in air crystallized at a much slower rate than samples heated in nitrogen.


The invention relates to a friction pad (5) with a back plate (14) and with a fixed thereto return spring (10) made of sheet metal for an automotive spot-type disc brake (1) from the sliding caliper type having a vehicle-fixed brake holder (2) on which on both sides is arranged a brake disc Reibbelaganordnungen ( 5) are displaceably guided (with the brake disc and the Reibbelaganordnungen (5) overlapping the housing 3) which is slidably mounted (at the brake holder 2), and wherein the return spring (10), axial (between brake holder 2) and friction lining (5 ) is clamped with at least one spring leg (13), that the return spring (10) of the friction lining (5) imparts a clearance. The object is to provide a friction pad with spring return to reibwerkstoffverschleisabhangigen Luftspielbemessung which helps avoid the disadvantages of prior art arrangements, so do not interfere with the pedal travel, and has at robust feature a reduced complexity in order to rationalize production and easy assembly. To solve the problem, the invention proposes that the spring leg (13) engages over a hammer head-shaped claw (6) from the back plate (14), and wherein the spring leg (13) is formed as a result Reibwerkstoffdickenreduktion under brake actuation specifically plastically deformable to the friction lining arrangement (5 ) impart a constant sized clearance.


We have investigated the effect of isoelectronic In doping on deep levels in GaN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition via deep level transient spectroscopy. Deep level E2 0.5 eV below the conduction band was observed in both undoped GaN and In-doped GaN. However, with increasing In mole flow rate, the trap concentration of E2 decreases sharply from 2.3 × 10 14 to 2.27 × 10 13 cm -3 , nearly an order of magnitude in reduction, comparing to undoped GaN. This might be due to the dislocation pinning and/or bending effect. Therefore, In doping in GaN growth can effectively decrease the dislocation density and suppress the formation of deep levels E2.


The "product life cycle (PLC) model" of innovations (Utteback & Abernathy, 1975) has greatly contributed toward establishing a general logic to elucidate how the innovation patterns of a wide range...


Only an attentive stockholder would have noticed the item. It was buried near the bottom of the Report of the Third Vice President of the General Electric Company, in that firm's 1902 Annual Report. After describing the important details of manufacturing and engineering for the year 1901, Vice President Edwin W. Rice noted: "Although our engineers have always been liberally supplied with every facility for the development of new and original designs and improvements of existing standards, it has been deemed wise during the past year to establish a laboratory to be devoted exclusively to original research. It is hoped by this means that many profitable fields may be discovered."1 With this, a major American corporation announced to the world that it had embarked on an experiment in the support of scientific research. This marked the formal unveiling of a program that had actually begun on December 15, 1900, when Willis R. Whitney, an assistant professor of chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, had arrived in Schenectady, New York, to begin devoting two days a week to research at GE's largest manufacturing works.2 He was not the first professional scientist to be employed in American industry-or even in General Electric. Nor was his laboratory the


Significance The relevance and biological activities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from gram-positive bacteria are poorly understood. We report that EVs released by Staphylococcus aureus are internalized by human macrophages by an endocytic process, highlighting the role of EVs as a delivery system for bacterial virulence determinants. Macrophages incubated with S. aureus EVs undergo NLRP3 inflammasome activation that is dependent on EV cargo, including pore-forming toxins and lipoproteins. We provide evidence that S. aureus lipoproteins modulate EV content and biogenesis, revealing a previously unrecognized role for lipoproteins. This study advances our understanding of the biological activities of EVs from gram-positive bacteria and demonstrates their role as a vehicle for the delivery of microbial effector molecules into host cells. Release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common feature among eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria. However, the biogenesis and downstream biological effects of EVs released from gram-positive bacteria remain poorly characterized. Here, we report that EVs purified from a community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain were internalized into human macrophages in vitro and that this process was blocked by inhibition of the dynamin-dependent endocytic pathway. Human macrophages responded to S. aureus EVs by TLR2 signaling and activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes through K+ efflux, leading to the recruitment of ASC and activation of caspase-1. Cleavage of pro–interleukin (IL)-1β, pro-IL-18, and gasdermin-D by activated caspase-1 resulted in the cellular release of the mature cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and induction of pyroptosis. Consistent with this result, a dose-dependent cytokine response was detected in the extracellular fluids of mice challenged intraperitoneally with S. aureus EVs. Pore-forming toxins associated with S. aureus EVs were critical for NLRP3-dependent caspase-1 activation of human macrophages, but not for TLR2 signaling. In contrast, EV-associated lipoproteins not only mediated TLR2 signaling to initiate the priming step of NLRP3 activation but also modulated EV biogenesis and the toxin content of EVs, resulting in alterations in IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 activity. Collectively, our study describes mechanisms by which S. aureus EVs induce inflammasome activation and reveals an unexpected role of staphylococcal lipoproteins in EV biogenesis. EVs may serve as a novel secretory pathway for S. aureus to transport protected cargo in a concentrated form to host cells during infections to modulate cellular functions.


Recent natural disasters (e.g. hurricanes, earthquakes) and
manmade crises (e.g. war, political disturbance) have
highlighted the vulnerability of communities to unstable
conditions. Reaching displaced people in crisis
conditions depends on the effectiveness of the supply
chain and its management systems. Hurricane Katrina's
impact on New Orleans (September 2005) highlighted
weaknesses of supply chain systems rather than physical
distribution shortcomings; the Kashmir earthquake
(October 2005) highlighted problems of remoteness and
physical capability to deliver aid. A number of models
have been proposed (e.g. [1],[2] to which most response
systems or mechanisms broadly conform, but within these
approaches wide variations can be identified. The authors
of this paper have developed a model to accommodate the
decision making process as well as the wide range of
circumstances which, in practice, can impact on the
workings of emergency supply chains. This paper
represents an attempt to test the model against the
conditions which prevailed in Thailand following the
December 2004 Tsunami. This provides insights to the
susceptibility of such supply chains to a wide range of
pressures which can translate to sub-optimal solutions in
terms of cargo routing, modes and methods employed,
wastage rates, reliability of schedules, cost and other
parameters.


In the late 1990s the bilateral and multilateral development agencies placed increasing emphasis on poverty reduction in developing countries. This led to the establishment by the United Nations of the 'International Development Targets' for poverty reduction. The target of poverty reduction might be achieved through faster economic growth alone, through redistribution, or through a combination of the two. This article presents an analytical framework to assess the effectiveness of growth and redistribution for poverty reduction. It concludes that redistribution, either of current income or the growth increment of income, is more effective in reducing poverty for a majority of countries than growth alone.


where Ho is the part of the Hamiltonian, with the transition between the eigenstates of which we identify the spectral line, and Hl is the interaction between dipoles which gives rise to the line width. If we take the representation in which Ho is diagonal, then the matrix element (j11-l,,(t+T)lk) corresponding to the transition from the eigenstate .i of EIo with energy Eo, 1 to the eigenstate k with energy Eo, k becomes


Partial redundancy elimination (PRE) is an interesting compiler optimization because of its effectiveness and generality. Among many PRE algorithms, the one in static single assignment form (SSAPRE) has benefits over other bit-vector-based PRE algorithms. It preserves the properties of the SSA form after PRE and exploits the sparsity of the SSA form, resulting in reduced analysis and optimization time. This paper presents a practical improvement of the SSAPRE algorithm that further reduces the analysis and optimization time. The underlying idea is removing unnecessary Φ's during the Φ-Insertion phase that is the first step of SSAPRE. We classify the expressions into three categories: confined expressions, local expressions, and the others. We show that unnecessary Φ's for confined and local expressions can be easily detected and removed. We implement our locality-based SSAPRE algorithm in a C compiler and evaluate its effectiveness with 20 applications from SPEC benchmark suites. In our measurements, on average 91% of Φ's identified by the original demand-driven SSAPRE algorithm are unnecessary for PRE. Pruning these unnecessary Φ's in the Φ-Insertion phase makes our locality-based SSAPRE algorithm 1.8 times faster, on average, than the original SSAPRE algorithm.


Uniform semiclassical quantization conditions are obtained for a one-dimensional Hamiltonian possessing octahedral symmetry. The Hamiltonian describes the rotational dynamics of SF{sub 6}, a system in which tunneling plays an important role. Quantization conditions are obtained for each symmetry class. These are shown to agree with previously obtained primitive quantization conditions in the small tunneling limit and to reproduce a characteristic periodicity in the symmetries labels. Quantum and semiclassical eigenvalues are computed numerically. Near the classical separatrix the uniform quantization provides orders of magnitude improvement in accuracy over primitive quantization. Our calculation is based on periodic orbit theory, modified here to include classically forbidden reflections and transmissions, and completes a study undertaken in a previous paper. The methods used may be generalized to other Hamiltonians and symmetry groups.


To mitigate the growing problem of space debris, current international guidelines require spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO) to implement post-mission disposal strategies to be deorbited within 25 years from the end of their operative life. Electrodynamic tethers (EDTs) are an effective and promising option for deorbiting as they do not require fuel consumption. However, the success of this new technology also depends on the dynamic stability of thin tape-shaped tethers during both deployment and deorbiting phases. This is where precise measurement of damping characteristics of thin tape-shaped tethers comes in. This article presents an innovative experimental setup and analysis methods for precisely measuring the damping ratio of a thin (thickness 50 $\mu \text{m}$ ) tape-shaped tether made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) intended for use in EDT applications. To capture longitudinal oscillations during dynamic tests, we employed a laser vibrometer and explored four different methods of experimental data analysis, comparing and describing them in detail in this article. We also conducted an uncertainty analysis in line with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). The experimental results show good agreement among the four methods used to estimate the damping ratio with the most precise method involving nonlinear regression applied to all the experimental data. A Monte Carlo (MC) analysis was carried out considering the most significant sources of uncertainty. The smallest uncertainty interval is ±1% of the estimated damping ratio, with a 95% confidence level, using this method.


This article provides a general overview on the control strategies and their implications for the backpack energy harvesting system. The control strategies include reactive control and resistive damping. The study is performed for three cases of electric generator: the direct drive linear generator, the rotary machine integrated with the trans-rotary magnetic gear (MITROMAG), and the rotary machine coupled with a mechanical rack and pinion (MRP). Equivalent circuits based upon electrical–mechanical analogies are employed to help understand the system dynamics under the two control strategies. It is shown that in all cases, upon reactive control, more power can be harvested; however, it comes at the cost of a higher velocity, peak power, and force requirement. Moreover, it is shown that for most of the operating points considered, the direct drive linear generator outperforms the geared electromechanical devices in terms of the harvested power. Furthermore, it is revealed that the low stiffness of the MITROMAG slightly increases its harvested power compared to the MRP under the resistive damping strategy.


In seminal work, Den Haan et al. (2007, 2010, 2011) show business loans respond in the opposite direction of what may be intended by monetary policy action in the United States and Canada. Based on various approaches, identification schemes, and samples, we document evidence this loan puzzle is not exclusive to developed economies but is also pervasive in emerging markets. We find business loans generally decline following expansionary monetary policy shocks. A preponderance of statistical and structural evidence indicates important transmissions of this puzzle from the United States to emerging markets.


Abstract. We propose a method to compensate for the projector intensity nonlinearity induced by gamma effect in three-dimensional (3-D) fringe projection metrology by extending high-order spectra analysis and bispectral norm minimization to digital sinusoidal fringe pattern analysis. The bispectrum estimate allows extraction of vital signal information features such as spectral component correlation relationships in fringe pattern images. Our approach exploits the fact that gamma introduces high-order harmonic correlations in the affected fringe pattern image. Estimation and compensation of projector nonlinearity is realized by detecting and minimizing the normed bispectral coherence of these correlations. The proposed technique does not require calibration information and technical knowledge or specification of fringe projection unit. This is promising for developing a modular and calibration-invariant model for intensity nonlinear gamma compensation in digital fringe pattern projection profilometry. Experimental and numerical simulation results demonstrate this method to be efficient and effective in improving the phase measuring accuracies with phase-shifting fringe pattern projection profilometry.


Concepts are presented that are suitable for use in modeling and understanding the driving process. Attention is focused on modeling driver control of forward speed and the range gap between vehicles. The structure of the model is based on psychological concepts associated with knowledge-, rule-, and skill-based behavior. The model uses variables representing features of the forward scene as projected onto the driver's retina. These variables are referred to as mind's eye coordinates. For example, driver perceptual motor skills, as used for increasing or decreasing speed, are expressed by variables associated with looming effects for moving and stationary objects as well as streaming effects associated with passing nearby stationary objects. Inequalities expressed in terms of mind's eye coordinates are used in the model to identify signs that indicate to the driver which control rule to choose in various driving situations. The driving situations include closing on a slower-moving vehicle, following a preceding vehicle, braking in response to preceding vehicle deceleration, and accelerating. Examples show how the model works and compare its predicted results with measured manual driving performance in situations involving the control of the range gap to a preceding vehicle. Conceptual reasoning employing combined physical and psychological concepts is used to address issues associated with model validation.


A qualitative phenomenological, exploratory and descriptive design was used to explore cultural practices regarding the management of infant colic by women at the particular village of Vhembe District, Limpopo province. Participants were selected based on their availability or accessibility for study purpose. Data was collected through unstructured interview, observational notes and field notes from 16 participants. The central question was: "What is your understanding of infant colic, and how do you manage it?" Tesch's eight steps of open-coding was used to analyse data. Ethical clearance to conduct the study was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee. The local authorities permitted interaction with the participants in the villages. The trustworthiness of the study was ensured through credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability.


Using "The roll-exciter of the controllable moment with the type of contrary vibration", a series of forced rolling tests of deck into water are carried out. The realistic and exact mathematical model of ship nonlinear rolling is obtained. The capsize mechanism is researched by using the numerical simulation process of the capsize under the effect of wind and waves. Ship capsize is ultimate motion of dynamic rolling, the critical capsize results from the loss of stability under the high-state balanced position.


To study the forming characteristics and the causation of forming defects of automobile panel parts,the present application situation,the fundamental theory and method of numerical simulation using dynamic explicit algorithm for sheet metal forming process are analyzed.Based on a practical case study,an approach to perform Autopanel forming defects analysis by means of numerical simulation method is introduced.The result shows that the forming characteristic parameter,such as stress,strain distribution and orientation during the stamping process can be obtained,the forming limit diagram and the potential forming defects can be analyzed with simulation method. These results are important for providing further measures to improve mould structure and stamping process,and thus solving forming defects and enhancing product quality.Numerical simulation is an effective way for solving the problem of large shape automobile panel stamping defects.


The potential of community-directed interventions to strengthen health systems " C o m m u n i t y-d i r e c t e d t r e a t m e n t not only advances health promotion a nd disease control, it also strengthens basic health system structures… helping countries w o r k t o w a r d s t h e i r M i l l e n n i u m Development Goal commitments. " National health systems in many African countries are weak. Understaffed, under-resourced, and decimated by migration and illness, these service provisions are also skewed heavily in favour of urban populations so that rural areas have few, if any, health facilities. All over Africa, public-health expertise is badly needed but is in short supply. And inadequate health education, prevention, and disease-control strategies keep millions of people at risk of illness due to preventable vector-borne tropical diseases—including onchocerciasis—that should, with currently available tools, be under control. Effective vaccines and drugs exist to cope with the most common and devastating health threats. But the ineffectiveness of many African health systems, particularly in the sub-Saharan region, means these solutions do not get applied on the ground. Many of the challenges centre on integrating disease-focused programmes with primary care provision, scaling-up delegation to community workers , and creating public health strategies for disease prevention—all essential components of countries' commitments under the Millennium Development Goals. These deep-rooted problems have long hindered efforts to improve public health, while lack of funds, bureaucratic red tape, and political inertia prevent governments making the necessary investments in health-system strengthening. However, one public health programme has not only achieved good results in these difficult conditions, but has also demonstrated the effectiveness of a model of community involvement through which health systems, even in the most impoverished and conflict-ridden countries, can be supported from the bottom up. The African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), which was set up in 1995, began with a substantial challenge: how to organise mass administration of a drug, provided for free to all those in need, to all en-demic areas, many of which are far from urban health centres. The World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, UNDP and World Bank-sponsored Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), working with African scientists, came up with a solution whereby communities in affected areas take charge …


The power markets of Canada, the United States and Mexico differ greatly in the extent of their electrification and their methods of regulation. Upon looking closer, however, the developer would be struck by remarkable similarities in the three countries` current market conditions. All three countries are undergoing fundamental structural changes in the way electric power investments ar planned, built, and operated. Energy users are demanding greater flexibility in choosing suppliers and services, and traditional utilities are resisting forces that threaten their market positions. Economic and regulatory uncertainties have delayed new power investments, and independent power developers are finding a high level of competition for available project opportunities. In Canada, slow economic growth has resulted in minimal demands for new power. Similarly, utilities in the US have adopted a wait and see posture as regulators and legislators work to restructure the country`s power industry. In Mexico, the devaluation of the peso in late December continues to have a chilling effect on development in the country. This article examines prospects for independent power in North American markets during this time of transition.


This article examines a topic that has been neglected in political communication research: mainstream news reporting of the "appointive state" in Britain. This perspective is vital in the light of state retrenchment and an expanded role for quangos (quasi-autonomous nongovernmental organizations). The analysis provides an overview of long-term trends in media reporting of general principles of quasi government and an examination of the routine coverage of public bodies that can be classified as quangos. These related exercises show that the "new managerialist" ethos that fueled the recent expansion of the appointive state finds little endorsement in general media discourses about the quango state but is often implicitly reflected in journalists' treatment of specific organizations and their work.


The Cellets product represents a cellulose material, which combines different properties such as the perfect sphericity, fine particle size distribution, low friability and solubility, and inertness. The experiments were carried out with Cellets 200 granulated celluloses used as a filling material for a laboratory glass column, using diluted dye solution (9-10 mg of dye /L of solution) at adequate initial pH (4.7). The effect of flow rate was investigated, and the modeling of experimental data for dynamic adsorption of Methylene Blue organic dye from aqueous solution in a fixed bed column was studied based on Thomas, and Yoon-Nelson models. The optimal volume of working dye solution per adsorbent mass was determined as higher than 0.01368 m3/day and the adsorption capacity of Cellets 200 celluloses in fixed-bed column study for Methylene Blue dye removal was in the range of 1.375-3.303 mg/g. The obtained results confirm that the tested granulated cellulose can be considered as a good adsorbent into dynamic operating systems, which can be used in the treatment of wastewater containing organic dyes.


In this paper, the author holds an inquiry again into the reason of immigrants and refugees in the Shan-Gan-Ning border region in the anti-Japanese war period and analyses it. The cause of the appearance of immi-grants and refugees was due to war, famine, heavy taxes and levies and press-gang. The burden of the peoplewhether in enemy-occupied region, KTM-governed region or in border region, campared with that of peacetimes, was heavier than before. This was a importantfactor that the immigrants and refugees came into being.


Introduction: Low birth weight has a significant impact on the survival of a newborn. Low birth weight babies are at risk for a number of serious clinical problems and as such contribute to overall neonatal mortality and morbidity. Aims: The aim was to study the clinicoepidemiological profile and predictors of mortality in low birth weight babies in resource limited settings. Materials and methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted from July 2013 to May 2015. The study group included neonates admitted in NICU having birth weight less than 2500 gms. Newborns with congenital or chromosomal anomalies were excluded from the study. Data was collected regarding various epidemiological and clinical parameters and entered as per a preset proforma. Results and inference: Total of 100 eligible LBW newborns were studied. Incidence of LBW admission was found to be 17.3%. There were 26 deaths among LBW neonates. Birth weight, gestational age, mechanical ventilation, shock on admission, NEC, sepsis, and CRIB score were found to have a statistically significant association with mortality.


Non-geodesic trajectory mandrel rotation and motion equations of the eye for fiber reinforced composite pressure vessels were derived by the theory of differential geometry. Practical winding parameters such as winding angle and thickness can be applied directly to stress analysis. The incremental constitutive model of laminate and piecewise linear methods were used to simulate the process of laminate damage. A new stiffness degradation model and test methods were introduced. An experimental method which determined the factor of stiffness degradation was also demonstrated . Numerical analysis for filament wound pressure vessels was finished by using this model. The results show that flexural stiffness degradation is the main factor which affects the axial displacement after the initial damage occurs.


Did traditional chiefs in colonial times function primarily as local proxies for oppressive national authorities? Or did they try to serve their subjects as best they could? Both, according to Jill Kelly'smasterful and richly detailed study,To SwimwithCrocodiles: Land, Violence, andBelonging in SouthAfrica, 1800–1996.Kelly details how, for nearly two centuries, some chiefs in Zulu-speaking South Africa operatedmainly as agents for various white-minority governments, while others sought and enjoyed popular support. For such chiefs and their subjects, the most recurrent concerns were access to land and security, from the turbulent era of the first Zulu king, Shaka, through the "civil war" that claimed thousands of lives in KwaZulu/Natal during apartheid's waning days. Kelly demonstrates not only an impressive command of the local archives and oral history accounts, but also an understanding of the wider significance of her work for students of Africa more generally. Contrary to scholars who argue that the imposition of colonial rule transformed chiefs into local despots unaccountable to their subjects, Kelly shows that the reality was more complex and nuanced, with many villagers able to make demands of their chiefs, to varying effect. That focus enables her to highlight the agency and creativity of rural Africans, who utilized customary practices that persisted even into the especially harsh period of apartheid rule. One of the most important of those practices was ukukhonsa, a historical social agreement that bound together subjects and chiefs, with the latter exercising authority on the basis of their ability to provide security and land. They were chiefs only with their followers' approval. Andwhen chiefs failed to uphold their side of the bargain, subjects at times simply deserted them in favor of someone who could. In times of great turbulence, security was paramount, reflected in the traditional tale that gives the book its title: an ancestor flees a tyrannical chief by jumping into a river full of crocodiles—yet survives. With the gradual extension of colonial administration over Zuluspeaking rural areas, a new, more top-down concept of chiefship was also imposed, one that depended more on state recognition and equated chiefly


WebDoc is an automated classification system that assigns Web documents to appropriate Library of Congress subject headings based upon the text in the documents. We have used different classification methods in different versions of WebDoc. One classification method is a statistical approach that counts the number of occurrences of a given noun phrase in documents assigned to a particular subject heading as the basis for determining the weights to be assigned to the candidate indexes. The second classification method uses a naïve Bayes approach. In this case, we experimented with the use of smoothing to dampen the effect of having a large number of 0s in our feature vectors. The third classification method is a k-nearest neighbors approach. With this approach, we tested two different ways of determining the similarity of feature vectors. In this paper, we report the performance of each of the versions of WebDoc in terms of recall, precision, and F-measures.


Intermolecular interactions of human serum proteins with a hydrophilic nonmetalloporphyrin, 13,17‐bis(1‐carboxy‐propionyl)carbomoylethyl‐8‐ethenyl‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐hydroxy‐iminoethylidene‐2,7,12,18‐tetramethylporphyrin sodium salt (ATX‐S10 (Na)), or a hydrophilic gallium‐metalloporphyrin, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ester of 2‐[1‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]‐4‐vinyl‐deuteroporphyrin (IX) Ga complex (ATN‐2), were investigated using spectrophotometry. ATX‐S10 (Na) caused a bathochromic shift with albumin, high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein, but little or no shift was observed with hemopexin, transferrin and immuno‐globulin G. In contrast, ATN‐2 displayed a bathochromic shift only with hemopexin. These results suggest that the association energy of ATX‐S10 (Na) with albumin might be slightly greater than that with lipoproteins and that of ATN‐2 with hemopexin might be greater than that with other serum proteins.


This article describes two issues that are truly at the heart of all control chart applications; namely, sampling strategy and development of initial limits prior to the achievement of process control. The development of a strategy which achieves proces..


This paper deals with the interaction between polluting firms, tax inspectors and politicians in a corrupted context. We construct a theoretical game model with incomplete information to discuss the effects of such interaction on environmental policy. In this respect, we believe that the State may pursue environmental protection by employing two alternative strategies: on the one hand, the State can, through greater incentive for the tax inspector, increase the monitoring level that reduces the evasion and thus increase tax revenues (incentive channel); on the other hand, the State can, through greater environmental expenses, increase the compliance of the polluting firm which means lower evasion and, thus greater tax revenues (compliance channel). Clearly, more environmental expenses mean, ceteris paribus, less public resources for the tax inspector's incentive, and vice versa. In this context, we demonstrate that, for a country with a high (low) level of incentives, the incentive (compliance) channel is more efficient than the compliance (incentive) channel.

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in IMA Journal of Management Mathematics following peer review. The version of record Corruption, evasion and environmental policy: a game theory approach is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/imaman/dpu019


Objective: To investigate the status of maternal colonization of group B streptococcus( GBS) in late pregnant women,and explore the relationship between the colonization of GBS and the adverse pregnancy outcome. Methods: The secretion from 1 /3 below vagina and around rectus was collected from 462 late pregnant women at gestation age 35-37 weeks. GBS was detected with fluorogenic quantitative PCR. Then the pregnancy outcome of the 462 women was surveyed. Results: 49 of the 462 women were GBS positive,and the GBS carrier rate of late-pregnant women was 10. 61%. The incidence of intrauterine infection,postpartum hemorrhage and fetal distress was higher in the GBS positive group than that of GBS negative group( P 0. 05),while there was no significant difference in the incidence of premature rupture of memberane and premature birth between the two groups( P 0. 05). Conclusions: GBS infection in late pregnant women can increase the incidence of intrauterine infection,postpartum hemorrhage and fetal distress,and has an adverse impact on the pregnancy outcome.


ABSTRACT Backgrounds: The use of mouthwash daily may influence the mechanical properties of bioactive composite resin as a dental restoration, one of the mechanical properties is surface hardness. Herbal mouthwash can be used to minimize the side effect of mouthwash that contain alcohol. Mauli banana stem and basil leaf extracts can be produced into herbal mouthwash. Methods: Thirty specimens (10mm diameter x 2mm thick; n=5/group) bioactive composite resins were immersed in a mixed solution of Mauli banana and basil leaf extracts with concentration of 25%, 50%, 75 %%, 100%, the control group of chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% and aquadest for 7 days in 37oC. Measurement of the surface hardness was using the Vickers Microhardness Tester with 100 gf load for 15 seconds. Results: One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Bonferroni exhibited the significant differences (p 0.05) between specimens immersed in CHX, aquadest and the mixed solution of mauli banana and basil leaf extracts in all concentration. Conclusion: There is no change in bioactive composite resin surface hardness after immersed in the mixed solution of Mauli Banana stem (Musa acuminata) and Basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) extracts. Keywords: Basil leaf extract, Bioactive resin, Mauli Banana stem extract, Surface hardness


This paper compares aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals using the 14-channel Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS), which can be considered a reference instrument, to AODs retrieved using the MODIS instruments on Terra and Aqua satellites. The comparisons are over the Gulf of Mexico, coincident in space and nearly coincident in time (within 30 min). The emphasis of the paper is on determining whether the new retrievals of AOD (Collection 5) represent an improvement over the previous algorithms and calibrations (Collection 4). Visible (466 855 nm) and near-infrared (1243 2119 nm) comparisons are discussed separately. The results are that the new results compare less well to AATS for visible wavelengths on both satellites and for near-infrared wavelengths on Terra, but Aqua infrared comparisons to AATS improved


We focus on the attributes of audit committee members at an individual level through investigating their ; this approach represents a departure from the traditional approach of measuring their independence and financial expertise. The data revealed that there is a wide range of backgrounds and attributes identified by New Zealand audit committee members as being helpful in performing their responsibilities. Members' motivation and justification for serving on the audit committees played a significant role in verifying their identity salience in terms of being an audit committee member. Regulators and other corporate governance stakeholders may benefit from a further understanding of the reciprocal relationship between an audit committee mechanism and its members' identity salience.


There is a method for producing a silicone foam is disclosed using heterogeneous material. The steps for creating the present invention, by melting the one surface of the polyurethane foam in part by using a torch allows the surface adhesive; The step of bonding a non-woven fabric on one side of the adhesive caused the polyurethane foam; The step of pressing a pressing roller to form a composite of the polyurethane foam and the nonwoven fabric can easily be bonded; Preparing a breathable composite foam having a heterogeneous material of polyurethane foam and non-woven fabric; Step of impregnating a composite form of the heterogeneous material in the silicone solution; In order to control the amount of the silicone solution to be impregnated into the composite foam comprising: pressurized by the pressure roller; And it was passed through a drying step of drying the composite foam yeolpum; characterized in that it comprises a.


As the complexity of the VLSI design process grows, it becomes increasingly more costly to conduct design in a trial-and-error fashion because the number of possible design alternatives, as well as the cost of a complete synthesis and fabrication cycle, increase dramatically. A conceptual design addresses this problem by allowing the designer to conduct initial feasibility studies, giving guidance on the most promising design alternatives with a preliminary indication of estimated performance. The authors describe a general framework that supports this conceptual design and a particular instance of such a framework, called Yoda, that supports the conceptual design phase for digital signal processing filters.<<ETX>>


This paper reports a case study of a ramp metering system (using ALINEA control strategy) in the southeast of the UK. The specific feature of this study is that it investigated the impact of ramp metering on the detailed driving behaviour of motorists. The results reported in this paper focus on the impacts of ramp metering on the merging vehicles from slip road.


hyperkeratosis, and leukokeratosis associated with a novel mutation in KRT6A gene Pachyonychia congenita (PC) refers to a group of rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis with variable clinical presentations. Nail dystrophy, hyperkeratosis of palms and soles over the pressure sites (sometimes associated with painful blister on these), palmoplantar hyperhidrosis, oral leukokeratosis, and follicular keratotic papules, among other manifestations, are present in a variable proportion of cases. An 8-year-old boy, native of Romania, with no family history of interest, was seen in our department for assessment of nail lesions on hands and feet from 3 months of age, associated with lesions on elbows and knees from 2 years of age. In addition, in the last months, lesions had appeared on both soles, with occasional blister formation on them. General physical examination showed symmetrical thickening of all the toenails and fingernails with subungual hyperkeratosis (Fig. 1a). Yellowish thick plaques with fissures on both soles were present (Fig. 1b). In elbows and more striking in knees, he presented follicular hyperkeratosis papules (Fig. 2a). In addition, he presented cheilitis as well as oral leukokeratosis, with thickened white patches on the buccal mucosa (Fig. 2b). He had normal facies, without dental alterations or in the hair. Neither developmental or cognitive disturbances were present. Pachyonychia congenita was strongly suspected. Confirmation was obtained through genetic studies demonstrating pathogenic mutations in heterozygosis in the KRT6A gene. This consisted of a transition from a G to an A (c.1417G> A). This mutation has not been previously described in the literature, although the change produced (change of glutamic acid from position 473 to a lysine [p.E473K] in the expressed protein), makes it very likely that it is a pathogenic mutation. DNA sequencing was extended to his parents, and no mutations were detected. Described by M€ uller in 1904, PC has been classically divided into two main types: PC-I (Jadassohn Lewandowsky type) and PC-II (Jackson-Lawler type, with less severe nail thickening and keratoderma than type I, and being able to associate different anomalies like natal teeth, multiple epidermal cysts, or sebocystomatosis, among others). In the following years, two other types were added: PC Tarda/type-III (Shafer-Brunauer type, with all former findings plus comeal dyskeratosis) and PC-IV (which includes features of the other three types in addition to laryngeal involvement and mental retardation).


Animation is a technique to create illusion of motion, which is created by displaying a series of motionless pictures in sequence or using a spine/bones to create motion that looks real. All this time, the process of creating an animation still using traditional technique which requires special skills and take some time to finish a complicated animation which is used in movies or video games. Motion capture is an animation-making technique by tracking every part of body in order to find position and rotation of human's joints which is generated by the image from the sensor. Motion capture has lots of method, such as marker base technique which use mark to track any motions. Motion capture markerless method that can capture or track motions without using any marks. Motion capture with markerless technique can be done by using RGB-Depth's camera censor, which is by using Microsoft Kinect V2 with Kinect V2 SDK in order to make Kinect connected with computer, and using Unity Engine, a game engine that has already provided animation timeline and supports any 3D format which contains animation file that can be used in mostly other models which is using humanoid. In order to obtain motion data  which will be changed into skeleton joint data, we will use connector OpenNI and 3D Collada model with (.dae) format because Collada is 3D format Open Source which is built using XML-based so that it can easily read and written back into 3D file as an output.


General research aims to analyze the influence of the variation of the total number of sieve holes against green bean grinder machine. The results of the existing machine grinder on the market rated less effective so that more research needs to be done. This research uses a variation of the number of holes the sieve 60, 72, and 84. Method of testing that was done in this study i.e. by doing the grinding process green beans, drying out, filtering, and weighing. The best grinder machine is obtained in a test using a variation of the number of holes of a colander with the grinding result 121.6 84 grams. Green bean grinder machine capacity is 36 kg/h.


The aim of the study is to evaluate the feasibility and safety of Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring in pediatric radio frequency catheter ablation. One hundred and six children aged 0. 6-12 years, scheduled for radio frequency catheter ablation, were randomly divided into two groups. In group A patients received BIS monitoring during the operation (n = 50), and the group B received modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) scaling (n = 56). The anesthesia was maintained with propofol target-controlled infusion. The intraoperative propefol target concentration was adjusted to maintain the BIS values between 55-65 in group A and OAA/S scale about 1 in group B respectively, The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse oximetric saturation (SpO2) were measured before anesthetic induction, 1 min after induction, catheter puncturing and the end of operation respectively. The requirements of propofol, the times of supporting ventilation and recovery, the respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting postoperatively were also recorded. The intraoperative HR, MAP and SpO2 showed no differences between two groups, but the requirements of pmpofol, the times of supporting ventilation and recovery were less in group A than that of group B (P<0.05). All children didn't have nausea, vomiting and respiratory depression. The results suggest that in pediatric radio frequency catheter ablation, BIS monitoring has the advantages of timely adjustment of anesthetic depth, reducing anesthetic requirements, shortening the time of recovery, so as the perioperative safety can be improved.

Key words:
Bispectral Index;  Child;  Radio frequency catheter ablation


During the 1980s. risk evaluation, risk assessment, risk information 'riskology ' if you like have rapidly become popular topics, both for the few dedicated people who try to increase our general knowledge of risks, and for all those who discuss risks without really knowing what they are talking about. The latter type of response is largely due to a rapidly increasing interest in the protection of our environment and an awareness of the risks to it the socalled ' Green Movement '. Catastrophies such as the Bhopal toxic gas disaster and the Chernobyl incident make us more aware of risks. However, although the evaluation of risks is of considerable concern to many, there is usually very little knowledge involved ; instead, risk assessments are largely influenced by irrational factors. Let me quote some facts about our attitudes to risks from the book 'Risk Watch' by Urquhart and Heilmann [l]. Common risks are accepted without protest. During the first 30 years of peaceful use of nuclear energy not a single life was lost due to the associated radiation. However, the number of people killed on the US roads over the same time period was well in excess of a million. Yet, while no-one hesitates to drive a car, nuclear energy is regarded as a major risk. We tend to underestimate the risks involved in activities that we enjoy. The smoker does not believe that he will get lung cancer: 'It won't happen to me, I have smoked all my life!' He or she totally disregards the fact that the number of people killed in the US every year by smoking is equivalent to the number who would die if three jumbo jets crashed every day during the same year. Involuntary risks, especially those thought to be caused by governments or industry, are regarded as unacceptable, while voluntary risks such as boxing, parachuting and mountaineering are considered acceptable. The assessment of risks varies between individuals and also with sex and age. Women are more aware of risks than men, while young people of both sexes take more risks than the elderly. Laymen are more likely to perceive immediate risks than the so-called experts, and even the experts do not always agree upon what constitutes a risk. So far, I have used the word 'risk' without defining it. Webster's Third New lnternational Dictionary cites at least four different definitions, thus raising another question: what are we actually talking about when we discuss risk? A chance is generally something favourable, to be regarded as an opportunity you buy a lottery ticket and stand the chance of winning a million pounds. A risk, on the other hand, is something unfavourable or negative. J. Urquhart [2], who has written much about risks, has defined it as 'the probability of something bad happening within a stated period of time'. Yet even this professional definition does not take into account important factors such as the anxiety preceding the risk, and the consequences following it. Anxiety itself cannot be defined mathematically, but the anxiety associated with a risk is for most people more real than the risk itself. As early as the 188Os, the famous French neurologist Charcot demonstrated that fear of a particular event could elicit psychological mechanisms with more far-reaching consequences than the event itself. Such consequences are of paramount importance : they may be of different kinds, such as death, damage, disease, sorrow, loss of money etc., and they may be quantifiable, i.e. expressed by numbers, although considerable difficulties are encountered when defining them in this way. The time element is important. The total risk of dying is universally equal to one; that risk cannot be increased or decreased by any means: we are all going to die. However, it is of paramount interest to most of us whether we are going to die tomorrow or in forty years' time ! Of central importance, then, is probability -


The feasibility of fabricating W/Cu FGM by hotpressing was demonstrated. W/Cu FGM with the copper content up to 22.55%(Vol.) was obtained at 1 800 ℃,18N/mm2 for 2 h. The bulk density of W/Cu FGM approaches 94.6% of theoretical density. The microstructure of W/Cu FGM was observed. Some mechanical properties and thermal shock resistance of the as-fabricated W/Cu FGM were tested.


In the context of scientific visualization, the main challenge is to achieve a good balance between the accurate representation of scientific data (computed or stored in databases) and the visual quality of the virtual experience itself. Traditional scientific software relies on custom tools meant to be used on conventional terminals or software developed with mouse and keyboard in mind. However, the true advantage of Virtual Reality is the enhanced ability of finding connections between apparently heterogeneous information, discovering correlations that would otherwise be harder to detect. In particular, in the field of Digital Humanities, it is increasingly necessary to develop and validate virtual reality tools that are capable of combining various scientific data in a Virtual Reality context with access and consultation of online repositories. This paper reports the main aspects of the implementation of a heterogeneous relational database available online storing 3D models, metadata and chemical analyses related to different sectors of digital humanities. The Virtual Reality software, called PROTEUS, allows the user to shrink himself from the macroscopic world of Digital Humanities, down to the microscopic world of molecular sciences. The web platform is connected to the virtual reconstruction software, which dynamically loads the information available in the online repository within the virtual reality application. This application also provides a detailed explanation of the reconstruction of the 3D models for the various objects, and the chemical analyses. The real advantage of a virtual reality application is the real time interaction with data and 3D models, thus allowing the researcher to understand and manipulate objects, to test hypotheses and to seek meaningful results, visualizing the metadata while changing the parameters of the simulation in a dynamic and interactive way. This is a significant step forward in the democratization of science, by means of an user friendly and immersive access to advanced scientific algorithms, and the integration of the Proxima Molecular Perception library, which allows the automatic perception of structural and topological features of the underlying molecular and supra-molecular systems.


P. R. China needs to develop its own method and experimental facility for assessing pressure distortion of a certain turbofan engine. Section-1 describes the features of the facility, among which we mention fluid-driven movable flashboard distortion generator and the pressure transducers that can make transient-state measurements. Section-2 explains the four steps of our experimental procedure. By changed the depth of movable flashboard and engine speed, the distortion of complicated inlet flow field and distortion index were investigated. The results show that the circumferential turbulence level is an axial symmetry distribution with center of the flashboard, the distribution curve almost likes the letter 'M'. The turbulence level of each testing point is in direct proportion to flashboard depth, so is the radial turbulence level. And the distribution curve just likes the letter 'V' for single harrow. By way of analysis above, we then gained several testing point positions with high amplitude and sensitive to un-stability state from 30 testing points in air inlet duct. Section-3 discusses how to identify the inlet pressure distortion signal based on wavelet and neural network. While the surge was happening, the dynamic pressure signals firstly jumped then dived, and surge signals were not lasting more than 0.5s. In order to surveillance watch engine's running, we first applied wavelet theory to process distortion signal's de-noising and extracted the frequency characterization of distortion signal. Because of only processing a certain frequency bands, calculation workload is little with anti-jamming and convenient to process data in real time. Then we designed and trained a perceptron as neural network to identify the distortion signal automatically to help operators detect surge in time.


A call admission control (CAC) protocol is proposed for integrated service WLAN networks in this paper. A popular admission protocol is to admit the incoming calls into the WLAN networks whenever it is available so as to take advantage of low cost and large bandwidth of the WLANs. However, the popular protocol can't guarantee the QoS of the calls. In order to guarantee the QoS, the proposed protocol maps the characteristics (such as bit rate, bit error rate) of different services into the equivalent spectral bandwidth, and dynamically distributes the equivalent bandwidth to different calls. As a result, the QoS of the calls can be guaranteed, and the spectral efficiency has been developed.


This study aims to identify and describe the Hierarchy of Needs for the Main Characters in Andrea Hirata's Edensor Novel. The approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, sentences that show the Hierarchy of Needs for the Main Characters in Andrea Hirata's Edensor Novel. The data source is the Edensor Novel by Andrea Hirata. Data collection techniques are: 1) Reading novels. 2) Take notes. Data analysis techniques in this study, namely; (1) data reduction, (2) data codification (3) data classification, (4) data description, (5) data interpretation, (6) data verification. The theory used is Abraham Maslow's theory of Humanistic Psychology. The results of the study indicate that there is a hierarchy of needs from the main character. Starting from the physiological needs, the need for security, the need for belonging and love, the need for esteem, the need for self-actualization.


The essay mainly deals with the disadvantages of blindly making and using courseware by teachers in schools at present. Firstly. it is against the teaching rules in schools. That is to say in general it deviates the teaching aims an principles and also ignores the characteristics of the subjects. Secondly, it hinders the psychological development of the students. It's shown that there is no good in developing and cultivating intellective elements and non-intellective elements of the students.


Although the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) plays an intricate role in coordinating vascular adaptations to exercise, there is a paucity of information regarding changes to circulating and local RAS associated with acute exercise. Thus, we investigated the modifications to circulating, aorta and kidney RAS in exercised male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were exercised for 1h and euthanized immediately (IPEx) or 24h post exercise (24PEx, n=10 per group). Compared to non exercised control (CON), plasma ACE activity decreased IPEx, while 24PEx activity decreased further (85.61 ± 3.53 U/L; 75.28 ± 2.87 U/L; 62.03 ± 3.33 U/L, p<0.05 (U = μmol/min)). Plasma angiotensin II levels were increased IPEx (77.04 ± 16.71 pg/mL vs. 151.22 ± 25.42 pg/mL, p<0.05), but 24PEx levels were comparable to CON (81.19 ± 13.62 pg/mL, p>0.05). Compared to CON, aorta ACE activity decreased IPEx and remained blunted 24PEx (0.798 ± 0.03 U/g; 0.661 ± 0.05 U/g; 0.572 ± 0.03 U/g, p<0.05). Aorta ACE protein decreased ∼42% IPEx compared to CON and 24PEx (p<0.05). Kidney ACE activity increased IPEx (CON: 0.526 ± 0.03 U/g; IPEx: 0.648 ± 0.04 U/g; 24PEx: 0.489 ± 0.03 U/g, p<0.05). Upregulation of kidney ACE protein was observed IPEx (+42%) and 24PEx (+77%) (p<0.05). This study highlights changes in systemic and organ‐specific local RAS in response to acute exercise, which may be essential to the beneficial changes observed in chronic exercise.


A four-element multi-input multi-output (MIMO) switched capacitor power amplifier (SCPA) in 22-nm fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) is presented as a software-defined radio. To omit the digital predistortion (DPD) and digital quadrature correction power consumption of this wide modulation bandwidth MIMO transmitter, constant-conductance SCPA drivers and a wideband low-impedance power supply are used for linearization. Gls dtc-based clock calibration is used for quadrature imbalance correction, improving image rejection to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$>$ </tex-math></inline-formula>53 dB. This allows for up to 80-MHz DPD-less single carrier 1024- quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) transmission, with an error vector magnitude (EVM) <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$< -39.4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB. RF bandwidths up to 160 MHz are demonstrated for multicarrier 1024 QAM signals, supporting data rates up to 1.18 GBps. A second-order Chebyshev bandpass filter using bondwires as inductors is used as a matching network, supporting carrier frequencies from 1.64 to 3.28 GHz, while omitting the required chip area for integrated inductors. Gls mimo experiments demonstrate the beamforming capabilities for single and multibeam communication.


The constant demands for society welfare impose the further industry development and the use of resources. In this context, this paper was created to aid in troubleshooting straight cylindrical train double reduction gears, primarily aimed at academics, in order to simplify the work for solving such problems. The use of the tool enables the user to choose the most suitable configuration and may display the gear pairs to predict the characteristics of movement of the mechanism. By means of the software tool can be seen the graph of gear pairs in which one can check for interference in the system or not.


Extractive metallurgy of aluminum, Fathi Habashi smelting of aluminum, Michael M. Gasik and Michael I. Gasik creation of master alloys for aluminium, Michael M. Gasik and Vladislav I. Mazur recycling of aluminium, Jorge Alberto Soares Tenorio and Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa analytical techniques for aluminium, Alexis Deschamps work hardening, recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth, Angelo Fernando Padilha and Ronald Lesley Plaut modelling of microstructural evolution during processing of aluminum alloys, Bala Radhakrishnan, Gorti Sarma, and Chris H. J. Davies texture-property relationships in aluminium alloys - simulations and experiments, Dierk Raabe property prediction, James T. Staley and Robert E. Sanders mechanical properties, D. Scott MacKenzie corrosion of aluminum and its alloys, T. David Burleigh surface chemistry of adhesion to aluminium, Margaret M. Hyland surface modification, Kiyoshi Funatani, Masayuki Yoshida, and Yoshiki Tsunekawa aluminium nitriding, Heinz-Joachim Spies and Bert Reinhold friction stir welding of aluminium alloys, Anthony P. Reynolds aluminum intermetallics, Georg Frommeyer and Sven Knippscheer aluminium-based metal matrix composites, Georg Frommeyer and Sven Knippscheer environmental and toxicological effects, Gilbert F. Bourcier. Appendices: alloy equivalents aluminum specifications wrought and cast aluminum chemical specifications typical properties of wrought and cast aluminium alloys.


Individualized single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and exfoliated nanographene (NG) have been probed in the context of supramolecular interactions with an anionic heptamethine cyanine NIR-dye. The outstanding light-harvesting capability of the heptamethine cyanine permits to easily monitor the formation of the supramolecular hybrids by UV-Vis-NIR. Raman spectroscopy studies evidenced upshifted 2D bands and downshifted G bands for the obtained hybrids, which indicate the electronic n-doping of the carbon nanostructures caused by the heptamethine cyanine assembly. Furthermore, the electron donating character of the heptamethine cyanine in combination with SWCNTs and NG was corroborated in terms of a shift of charge density in the dark and in a transfer of charges upon photoexcitation.


Blackshaw, T. (2003) Leisure life: myth, masculinity and modernity London: Routledge. Bull, C., Hoose, J. and Weed, M. (2003) An introduction to leisure studies London: Prentice Hall. Bynner, J., Elias, P., McKnight, A., Pan, H. and Pierre, G. (2002) Young people's changing routes to independence York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Coalter, F. (2002) Sport and community development: a manual Edinburgh: Sportscotland. Clift, S., Luongo, H. and Callister, C. (2002) Gay Tourism Continuum. Collins, M. and Kay, T. (2003) Sport and social exclusion London: Routledge Crouch, D. (2003) The art of allotments: culture and cultivation Nottingham: Five Leaves Publications. Dallen, T. and Boyd, S. (2003) Heritage tourism Harlow: Prentice Hall. Davison, R. and Cope, B. (2003) Business travel . Harlow: Prentice Hall. Eagles, P.F.J. and McCool, S.F. (2002) Tourism in National Parks & Protected Areas New York: CABI. Fennell, D.A. (2002) Ecotourism Programme Planning New York: CABI. Gerdy (2002) Sports: The All-American Addiction Univ. Press of Mississippi. Hall, J. R., Neitz, M. and Battani, M. (2003) Sociology on culture London: Routledge. Hill, J. (2002) Sport, leisure and culture in twentieth-century Britain Basingstoke: Palgrave. Houlihan, B. ed. (2003) Sport and society London: Sage. Humberstone, B., Brown, H. and Richards, K. (2003) Whose Journeys? The outdoors and adventure as social and cultural phenomena Penrith: Institute for Outdoor Learning. Law, C. (2002) Urban Tourism: the visitor economy and the growth of large cities 2nd edn London: Continuum.


School of Materials Engineering, Inha University 253 Yunghyun-dong, Nam-gu Incheon, 402-751, Korea(2007 11 20 : 2007 12 11 )Abstract According to progress rapidly digitalization, networked and mobilization of electronics industry, thereare demands for being smaller, thinner, more light, and more efficient complex functions of electronic deviceswhich are wireless devices, semi-conductors, packages and mobile devices. Therefore, the solder resist on aprinted circuit board have been required with the high resolution and the eco-friendly materials in the surfacetreatments such as high heating process and coating process with electrolysis. In this study, the photoinitiatorinitiator and monomers of the solder resist were prepared with their contents for reducing the occurrence ofthe under-cut. We investigated the sample surface by UV/VIS spectrometer, FT-IR, OM after HASL and ENIGprocess. From our results, it is possible to get a high adhesion of resist with optimal contents between thephotoinitiator initiator and monomers after surface treatments.Key wordsSolder resist, PCB, Photo polymerization, FT-IR


The stoicheiometry of the acid-catalysed aquation of the trisoxalatocobaltate(III) anion is represented by 10H++ 2Co(C2O4)33–⇌ 2Co2++ 5H2C2O4+ 2CO2. The rate of aquation is repressed by addition of oxalate ions and therefore a reversible dissociation yielding oxalate ions precedes the electron-transfer step.


The article is devoted to actual the problem formu-creation of values and value orientations in high schools. In the article we are talking about the priorities of today's youth, their values.


Charge-patterned mosaic membranes contain channels of both positive and negative charge, creating a preference for the transport of whole salts to neutral solutes. In filtration processes, this unique property results in the enrichment of the salt concentration in the solution that permeates through the charge-patterned mosaic membrane. While this concept has been known since the pioneering work of Sollner, the lack of robust, repeatable manufacturing processes for generating chemically-patterned mosaic membranes has obscured the fundamental origins of this novel transport mechanism. Here, we utilize inkjet printing techniques to precisely pattern the pore wall chemistry of track-etched membranes and characterize them using diffusion cell experiments. Critically, the template-assisted inkjet printing method offers the advantage of a direct comparison between the well-understood case of single-charge membranes and charge-patterned membranes that were manufactured using the same ink formulations and printing methodology. Concomitantly, a model that adapts the constraint of Donnan equilibrium to account for the local variations in the electrical potential that arise near charge-patterned surfaces is developed to elucidate the pivotal role of patterning in determining the properties of the mosaic membranes. Experimentally, we observe that the salt permeability increases with concentration for the single-charge membranes, and decreases with concentration for the charge-patterned membrane. Strong quantitative agreement between the model and experiments implies that the local distribution of ions within the double layer, and its effects on ion partitioning, results in the emergence of distinct transport properties when charged elements are patterned on a substrate.


The cost-effectiveness of park operations is often neglected because information is laborious to compile. The information, however, is critical if we are to derive maximum benefit from scarce resources. This paper describes an automated system for calculating cost-effectiveness ratios with minimum effort using data from existing data bases.


1)Sarah will face many transactions costs, including both lost time and lost profit. First, she will need to relocate someone who wants to borrow exactly $10,000 for a car loan. She will need to determine the credit worthiness of the borrower. She will also need to write a loan contract and collect loan payments. She faces legal and towing fees if the borrower defaults and the car need to be repossessed. Lastly, she may be liable for damages caused by the car, since she is the legal owner until the car loan is repaid.


The analysis of unidentified human remains and collected evidences in the forensics, necessitates the adoption of multidisciplinary approach. The involvement of forensic odontologist in the forensic examination is significant as examination of oral cavity requires an oriented and skilled approach. Oral autopsy, Facial reconstruction and Virtospy are added tools in forensic kit which if judiciously used could be helpful in human identification and criminal investigation. These techniques should be encouraged by enhancing the understanding of medical/ dental experts and law enforcement agencies. This review is an attempt to provide a glimpse of advancements in the forensic medical science.


(±)-(2Z,4E)-α-Ionylideneacetic acid (2) was enantioselectively oxidized to (−)-(l′S)-(2Z,4E)-4′-hydroxy-α-ionylideneacetic acid (3), (+)-(1′R)-(2Z,4E)-4′-oxo-α-ionylideneacetic acid (4) and (+)-abscisic acid (ABA) (1) by Cercospora cruenta IFO 6164, which can produce (+)-ABA and (+)-4′-oxo-α-acid 4. This metabolism was confirmed by the incorporation of radioactivity from (±)-(2-14C)-(2Z,4E)-α-acid 2 into three metabolites. (−)-4′-Hydroxy-α-acid 3 was a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of major 1′,4′-trance-4′-hydroxy-α-acid 3a and minor 1′,4′-cis-4′-hydroxy-α-acid 3b. These structures, 3a and 3b, were confirmed by 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR analysis. Also, the enantioselectivity of the microbial oxidation was reexamined by using optically pure α-acid (+)-2 and (−)-2, as the substrates.


The importance of the basal ganglia in stuttering has been paid much more attention in recent years.This paper first reviews literatures on the relation between stuttering and dysfunction of the basal ganglia,and then systematically discusses the mechanism of dysfunction of the basal ganglia in stuttering from the following three aspects: impaired ability of the basal ganglia to produce timing cues,basal ganglia circuits lesions,and the abnormity of dopamine systems.


Volatiles moving across the surfaces of Pluto and Triton can give rise to interesting dynamical consequences. Conversely, measurement of dynamical states can help constrain the movement of volatiles and interior structure of both bodies. Polar wander may theoretically occur on both Triton and Pluto. Triton's obliquity is low, so that the equatorial regions receive more insolation than the poles. Hence there is a tendency for nitrogen ice to sublime at the equator and condense at the poles, creating polar caps. If the nitrogen supply is large enough, then these caps could move in approximately 10(exp 5) years the global equivalent of 200 m of ice to the poles. At this point the equatorial moment of inertia becomes larger than the moment of inertia measured about the rotation axis, so that Triton overbalances and becomes dynamically unstable. The satellite then undergoes polar wander, restoring stability when the new equator contains the excess matter. Hence the pole may be continually wandering. Neptune raises a permanent tidal bulge on Triton, so that the satellite's surface is elongated like a football, with the long axis pointing at Neptune. This is expected to be the axis about which the pole wanders. Volatile migration would resurface the satellite to some depth and wandering would disturb leading side/trailing side crater statistics. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.


The paper presents the studies of the geological, physical and physicochemical reservoirs' properties and saturating them influence fluids on the production wells' response degree to water into injection wells pumping for some groups of deposits in the Lower Cretaceous system of Western Siberia terrigenous reservoirs. Basing on the obtained results, a forecasting algorithm is proposed, which is based on the principal component method and discriminant analysis application, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the erroneous prediction risk of the wells' interaction.


Enough resources that have great potential are coastal resources, but well managed are marine ecotourism resources. In Tegal Regency, a village is well known for its beautiful beaches and never empty of visitors during holidays. The village is Munjungagung Village. In addition to the village which is never deserted, there is also a Fishing and Diving Spot, this can be a potential for marine ecotourism and has a great opportunity to continue to be developed into mainstay tourism, and it is hoped that this potential can improve the welfare of the community. This study aims to analyze the suitability of coastal tourism from the Coastal Village, which was developed based on the potential for marine tourism in Munjungagung Village, Tegal Regency, Central Java Province. The method or technique chosen is the descriptive method. This research has been carried out from April to November 2021 to determine the potential for marine tourism to the tourism suitability index (IKW). The data were analyzed using the formula for calculating the Tourism Suitability Index (IKW). This study showed that the tourist sites in the research area were still suitable for beach tourism activities, snorkeling, and diving. The suitability class for beach tourism and snorkeling and diving has an IKW value of 94.05% and is included in the S1 category (Very Suitable).


Further information is given on the preparation of thermocouples for use below 30° K. Very dilute copper alloys with a variety of solutes have a relatively large and fairly constant absolute thermoelectric power which may be used with advantage.


Soft errors hamper reliability of modern electronic circuits. In critical application areas, demand of safety against soft errors is increasing. Several methods have been developed to provide such error free environment in modern systems. The use of Golay code, and BCH codes are some of the top most widely used techniques. Nonetheless, still no methods have claimed that it has 100% correction rate. In this paper, a new Successive Parity Generation (SPG) based approach is proposed to tolerate such soft errors. After occurrence of bit errors in data, the proposed method corrects all the bit errors completely. It calculates parity at receiver end and successively detects errors and correct the erroneous data by comparing sender and receiver parity bits. The proposed method can detect and correct 100% error for any size of codeword with a moderate overhead. Experimental studies show that it outperforms existing methods with respect to error correction rate, time and information overhead.


Images are often corrupted by noise during acquisition, transmission, and retrieval from storage media. In this paper an improved version of Neigh shrink based image denoising is proposed in the contourlet domain. The proposed method is compared against the conventional Bi-shrinkage method in the wavelet as well as in the contourlet domain. Experimental results show that the current approach gives an outstanding performance when tested with several standard natural images.


Abstract The transformation of D-glucose to 5,6-disubstituted 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one 3, an analogue of the (5R)-C6-pyranoid part of the natural α,β-unsaturated-δ-lactones is described.