• Early closed reduction of cervical spinal fracture/dislocation injuries with craniocervical traction for the restoration of anatomic alignment of the cervical spine in awake patients is recommended. • Closed reduction in patients with an additional rostral injury is not recommended. • Magnetic resonance imaging is recommended for patients with cervical spinal fracture dislocation injuries if they cannot be examined during closed reduction because of altered mental status or before either anterior or posterior surgical procedures when closed reduction has failed. Prereduction magnetic resonance imaging performed in patients with cervical fracture dislocation injuries will demonstrate disrupted or herniated intervertebral disks in one-third to one-half of patients with facet subluxation injuries. These findings do not appear to influence outcome following closed reduction in awake patients, and therefore, the utility of prereduction MRI in this circumstance is uncertain.


Based on questionnaires, expert investigation, documentary analysis, mathematical statistics and logical analysis, this paper analyzes the current situation of the sports tourism market in Shanxi. The results show that the sports tourism market in Shanxi is still at the initial period, which merely occupies a small proportion of the tourism market. The chief sports items include nationality sports, self-sufficient activities, business supply, make sight-seeing trip to appreciate four type; the market's consumption need seems to be urgent. The urban residents prefer to participate in mountain climbing, riding on the animals and sports competition; the general consumption level is still relatively lower; the main reason that impacts the residents' participation can be summarized as follows: insufficient spare time; low level of service. Several relevant development strategy were proposed.


2005), de novo urge incontinence (up to 30%) (De Tayrac et al. 2002) and urinary retention (up to 25%) (Nilsson et al. 2004). Bleeding complicates up to 2.7% (Kolle et al. 2005). Bowel perforation is a rare complication (Huffaker et al. 2010). A literature search has not revealed surgical emphysema as a complication. Provided there is no damage of any organs, surgical emphysema resolves spontaneously. Surgeons need to have a high index of suspicion to diagnose and treat bowel perforation (Huffaker et al. 2010), as this is a potential complication when a trocar unexpectedly passes into the peritoneal cavity. One way of avoiding this complication may be to use a transobturator tape.


In unconsolidated sediments, capillary pressure in the pore space may be large enough to move grains apart during drainage. This motion alters the pore throat sizes which control subsequent displacement in the sediment. We present two grain scale models for this coupled process. In both cases, we assume fluid interfaces are controlled by capillary forces, and determine the detailed geometry of those interfaces. We compute the net force exerted on each grain by capillary pressure, including cohesion at grain contacts supporting pendular rings. We combine those forces to determine the movement of grains using a
a kinematic model

b
a rigorous model where mechanical stress and elastic properties of grains are included via a discrete element method.

This is the first coupling in 3D, albeit in samples of limited size. Preliminary results in disordered dense sphere packs suggest the development of high permeability gas channels rather than planar structures.


Here, Yue et al. investigated the mechanisms underlying p53 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations and found that mutant p53 activates small GTPase Rac1 as a critical mechanism for mutant p53 GOF to promote tumor progression. Their findings provide insight into a new mechanism for Rac1 activation in tumors and show that activation of Rac1 is an unidentified and critical mechanism for mutant p53 GOF in tumorigenesis.


The ability of cells to adapt their behaviour to growth factors in relation to their environment is an essential aspect of tissue development and homeostasis. Here we show that cell-cell contact can change the outcome of EGFR activation by altering its vesicular trafficking. EGFR promotes Akt-mediated vesicular recycling to maintain its plasma membrane (PM) abundance during EGF stimulation. This self-sustained vesicular recycling of EGFR generates a positive feedback that maintains PM Akt signalling and promotes migration. By decoupling EGFR activation from its vesicular recycling, Eph activity at cell-cell contacts impedes the positive feedback that maintains PM signalling and traps EGFR in endosomes. Through this change in the spatial distribution of EGFR activity, cell-cell contact selectively suppresses migratory PI3K/Akt signalling from the PM, while preserving proliferative ERK signalling from endosomes. Thus, by altering the vesicular trafficking of EGFR, the cellular environment can modulate its signalling to generate diverse outcomes to EGF stimulation.


A novel scheme is presented for encoding and decoding of Reed-Solomon codes of prime lengths. Encoding is performed on a collection of codewords which are mapped through Galois Fourier transform into a codeword in a low-density parity-check code with a binary parity-check matrix for transmission. Using this matrix, a binary iterative soft-decision decoding algorithm is applied to jointly decode a collection of codewords in the Reed-Solomon code. By allowing information sharing among the received vectors corresponding to the code-words in the collection, the proposed decoding scheme achieves superior performance over algorithms decoding individual Reed-Solomon codewords including maximum likelihood decoding.


Injuries and violence pose a major public health and development problem world-wide. According to World Health Organisation (WHO) data for 2000, an estimated 5.06 million people die each year as a result of some form of injury, comprising almost 9% of all deaths. Up to half of trauma deaths are due to head injuries. We defined "head injury" as any trauma to the head except superficial injuries to the face. Head injury covers a wide range of severity from patients who die before admission to hospital to those with head injuries so mild that they do not even attend hospital. Although traumatic head injury is recognised as a major concern but reliable statistics are difficult to discover from routinely collected data. International comparisons of deaths from injury do not identify head injuries, although their incidence reflects geographical differences and trends over time in the frequency of trauma deaths as a whole. Evidence supports the fact that timely referral to trauma centres equipped with proper facilities to deal with serious head injuries, result in reduction of morbidity and mortality among victims. However, the trauma care system in India is at a nascent stage and is confined to cities and semi urban areas. Victims in India with serious injuries are at six times increased risk of death compared to their ABSTRACT


The success of young people in the future professional activity depends greatly on the quality of their training in a higher educational institution. The author of the article considers the problems of increasing the motivation for learning activities of students, determines the degree of motivation, analyzes and highlights the motivational aspects as a criterion of Pharmacognosy intensification of study with students of Pharmaceutical Faculty.


We explored the role of enabling school structures, collegial trust, and collective efficacy in 15 pre-Kindergarten to 12th grade international, private schools in South and Central America and Mexico. While most of these schools shared an "American" curriculum the local culture and school norms affected the climate of the school and the likelihood of the development of a professional learning community (PLC) in each school and country accordingly. As enabling school structures, trust in the principal, collegial trust, and collective efficacy were more established, the PLC was more likely to be developed based upon teacher perceptions in this quantitative study.


Abstract A recent analysis of the optimization of adaptive T1 measurements based on inversion-recovery (IR) experiments is extended to allow for the use of fast-inversion-recovery (FIR) experiments in either of the two stages of the experiment. FIR experiments can be carried out more quickly than IR experiments but individual measurements are inherently less precise. Both types of experiments are considered, with a fixed number of times at which measurements are made and with a fixed total running time. The results of the investigation suggest that an optimal two-stage experiment with a fixed number of measurements makes use of the FIR technique in the first stage and IR in the second. When the total running time is fixed, it is generally better to use FIR in both stages.


Vol I: introduction to the first voyage note on Polynesian history textual introduction subordinate manuscript sources - Cook's log, other logs and journals, civilians' journals the printed sources the graphic records note on the printing of the text note on the annotation the instructions the journal appendices - Cook's letters and reports describing the voyage, the Royal Society and the voyage. Vol II: textual introduction subordinate manuscript sources - Cook's log, other logs and journals, civilians' journals the printed sources the graphic records note on the annotation the instructions the journal appendices - Cook's letters and reports on and about the voyage, the controversy over the "Resolution", the Board of Longitude and the voyage, extracts from officers' records. Vol III, part I: textual introduction subordinate manuscript sources - logs and journals, miscellaneous the printed sources the graphic records notes on the printing the instructions the journal supplement to Cook's journal. Vol III, part II: appendices - Anderson's journal, Samwell's journal, extracts from officers' journals, the ships' companies, calendar of documents.


Introduction. There are geochemical provinces in Russia where refuse heaps from mining enterprises increase a share of water samples from drinking water supply sources that don't conform to hygienic standards as per their sanitary and chemical parameters, including arsenic concentrations.Material and methods. Our research objects were drinking water samples taken in a specific geochemical province where arsenic concentrations in drinking water were increased and the situation was made even worse by a mill tailing belonging to a closed mining enterprise located there (the test territory). Our reference territory was another geochemical province where arsenic wasn't detected in drinking water in excess concentrations and where no mill tailings were belonging to similar enterprises. We also took data on risk assessment and examined biological materials taken from children (blood, urine, and hair).Results. Poor quality of drinking water as for arsenic contents caused by specific conditions in a geochemical province and aggravated by a mill tailing belonging to a closed mining enterprise led to unacceptable risks of non-carcinogenic effects (up to 1.83∙10-2) produced on the cardiovascular and hormonal system, as well as on the gastrointestinal tract. Children who had to drink low quality water had arsenic in their blood, urine, and hair in concentrations which were up to 264 times higher than those in blood, urine, and hair of children from the reference group. Children who had elevated arsenic concentrations in urine (starting from 0.295 µg/ml), blood (starting from 0.006 µg/ml), and hair (starting from 14.59 µg/ml) had their laboratory test indices deviating from those in children from the reference group. Thus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine concentrations in blood serum were 1.2-1.3 times higher than in the reference group. A contribution made by arsenic into biochemical indices deviating from the physiological standards varied from 16% to 97%.Conclusions. Geochemical provinces with excess arsenic concentrations and mill tailings belonging to mining enterprises, either closed or operating, require special attention. It is necessary to accomplish medical and preventive activities aimed at minimizing health risks; take into account peculiarities related to how this element accumulates in a body and detected negative changes in biochemical parameters.


The validity of the loan conduct between corporations is disputed,its validity is denied by the mainstream point of view and judicature practice,but along with the development of economy practice and the establishment of relevant legislation,how to settle the conflict of legislation and assort with legislation and the development of economy practice,has become an important subject.This article tries to compare with the validity and invalidation of the loan conduct between corporations,to discuss the feasibility of its validity,in order to accelerate the development of economy and adapt the need of realization of democracy.


This paper investigated exercisers' present situation of Northeast Yangge in the parks of Changchun City with the methods of literature,interview and questionnaire.The results showed that:there many exercisers of Northeast Yangge,most of which are the aged;the main purpose of the exercisers is to do physical activities and relax the heart;the exercisers generally have a good exercise consciousness,and have various folk organizations with good growth momentum.


We investigate a two-orbital model for iron-based superconductors to elucidate the effect of interplay between electron correlation and Jahn–Teller electron–phonon coupling by using the dynamical mean-field theory combined with the exact diagonalization method. When the intra- and inter-orbital Coulomb interactions, U and U′, increase with U = U′, both the local spin and orbital susceptibilities, χs and χo, increase with χs = χo in the absence of the Hund's rule coupling J and the electron–phonon coupling g. In the presence of J and g, there are distinct two regimes: for \(J \gtrsim 2g^{2}/\omega _{0}\) with the phonon frequency ω0, χs is enhanced relative to χo and shows a divergence at J = Jc above which the system becomes Mott insulator, while for \(J \lesssim 2g^{2}/\omega _{0}\), χo is enhanced relative to χs and shows a divergence at g = gc above which the system becomes bipolaronic insulator. In the former regime, the superconductivity is mediated by antiferromagnetic fluctuations enhanced due to F...


We calculate the effects of thermal fluctuations, dilution, and a uniform external field on the continuously degenerate ground state of dipolar magnets on the square and honeycomb lattices. In all cases, these perturbations make terms in the free energy that favor particular states, reducing the continuous degeneracy to a discrete symmetry. Dilution and thermal selection compete; i.e., they select different states. For the cases of thermal fluctuations and dilution, the discrete symmetry is fourfold on the square lattice and sixfold on the honeycomb lattice; for a uniform field it is twofold and threefold, respectively. In addition, dilution generates effective random axes, which disorder all of the selected phases in each system, except for the dilution-selected phase of the square lattice. We present a proposed phase diagram including speculations on the finite-temperature transition.


In many countries water supply is a service that is seriously underpriced, especially for residential consumers. This has led to a call for setting cost recovery policies to ensure that the tariffs charged for water supply cover the full cost of providing for the service. Yet, the question arises on how consumers will react to such price increases. The authors illustrate the impact of price increases on consumption of piped water through a study of the demand for water of piped and non-piped households using cross-sectional data from 1,800 households in Southwest Sri Lanka. The (marginal) price elasticity is estimated at -0.74 for households exclusively relying on piped water, and at -0.69 for households using piped water but supplementing their supply with other water sources, with no significant differences between income groups. Those households that depend on non-piped water sources have a time cost elasticity (as a proxy for price elasticity) of only -0.06. The authors discuss the implications of these results in terms of pricing policy.


The case report of conversion disorder presented by doctors Parmer and Roberts clearly illustrates the powerful mind-body relationship where conversion disorder resides. Somatoform (including conversion) symptoms are commonly reported in pediatric tertiary care centers particularly in trauma and abuse clinics and in acute and chronic pain services (Kozlowska, 2012).

This case highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to assessing unexplained symptoms. Often, there may be subtle clues in history that may predispose individuals to developing conversion symptoms. Commonly, pediatric medical and surgical services have difficulty raising the possible differential diagnosis of conversion disorder. A high index of suspicion and early referral to mental health can be very useful in helping patients and families accept the diagnosis. As we continue to serve increasingly medically complex patients, particularly in the area of chronic pain, psychiatry services should be integral part of the multidisciplinary pain team.

Although this case illustrates a dramatic, relatively straightforward case of conversion disorder, many cases will have much less clarity with respect to etiology and outcome. Furthermore, research in adult populations suggest that a number of cases followed for up to five years will present with physical pathologies for which it is postulated the initial symptoms may have started at the time of diagnosis of conversion disorder. a measure of diagnostic caution therefore is often warranted (Stone et al., 2005). Nevertheless, conversion disorder for most patients is eminently treatable and rewarding for clinicians to treat with rapid symptom resolution and return to substantially improved functioning.


Background: Some evidence indicates that there is a potential linkage between ciprofloxacin resistance and the prevalence of virulence factors in pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Objectives: The study was conducted to evaluate the association of eight putative adhesin-encoding genes and 12 O-serotypes among ciprofloxacin susceptible/resistant in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates. Methods: A total of 100 E. coli isolates collected from symptomatic patients with urinary tract infection were surveyed for antimicrobial susceptibility test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to find the presence of eight putative adhesin-encoding genes and 12 O-serotype and their association with ciprofloxacin susceptibility and resistance. Results: Thehighestandthelowestresistancerateswereobtainedagainstampicillin(92%)andgentamycin(19%),respectively. How-ever, the resistance rate to ciprofloxacin was detected in 43% of E. coli isolates. PCR results revealed the frequency of eight putative adhesinmarkersrangedfrom4to95%. Thepresenceof 2genes( fimH and sfa )was>76% amongallscreenedisolates. Of 100UPECiso-lates, 73 were positive for one of the tested O-serotypes. The most common types of O-serotype were O 2 (16%), O 6 (16%), and O 18 (14%). The fimH , sfa , and papC were the most prevalent pattern in the ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolates (31 vs. 17). There was no significant correlation between the presence of O-serotype, adhesin-encoding genes and susceptibility/resistance to ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: The results revealed that UPEC isolates of different geographical regions might have various properties. It is worth-whiletoelucidatethedifferencesthatmightresultinproducingvaluableevidencebasedonclinicalguidelinesforthemanagement of urinary tract infection.


2010 program of the "Open Forum on Energy and the Environment", presented on January 28, 2010 from 4:30 PM-6:00 PM in room 1116, Marcus Nanotechnology Building on the Georgia Tech campus.


Live Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning. Christian De Duve. (2003, Oxford University Press.) Hardback, £25, $39. 358 pages. This book gives a very good overview of the topics related to the origin and evolution of life. De Duve joins the efforts of many researchers from different disciplines to explain the phenomenon of life in terms of chemistry and understand its evolution as a result of natural selection. He presents in a very clear way current evidence, theories, and open questions that have developed in recent decades due to advances in the sciences involved with the understanding of life. There have been other books discussing the origin and evolution of life (for a review comparing several of them, see [5]). Thus, many topics have been covered before. However, Life Evolving offers its own original angle. The content is very similar to that of De Duve's previous books [2, 3], but the arguments have been enhanced and the ideas are better synthesized, incorporating the latest scientific advances. The book provides a very good introduction to molecular and cell biology (De Duve's speciality). This should be particularly useful for non-biologists interested in ALife. Reading this book would be an advisable step before diving into specialized books such as [1] or [6]. Certainly, other aspects of evolution are discussed in the book, such as the evolution of humans, are well informed, but they give only a superficial introduction to current themes. This is not a weakness, for a book could be written on the topic of each chapter. I just want to point out that De Duve received a Nobel Prize in 1974 for his ''discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.'' Thus, the parts of the book that deal with biology are stronger than those that deal with cognition. This must also be because our understanding of the cell is much more advanced than that of the brain. De Duve, having no problem in the lack of agreed definitions, reminds me of Isaac Newton. The story goes that Leibniz and Huygens asked Newton to define space, time, and motion, since they lie at the core of his physics. Newton boldly replied: ''I do not need to define them, for they are well known to everybody.'' In a similar spirit, De Duve uses the ''general understanding'' of debatable concepts such as mind, consciousness, and complexity. He does give a definition of life, though: ''life is what is common to all living beings'' (p. 8). Tautological as it might sound, in his context it makes perfect sense. He will not waste time discussing a definition of life, when the goal is to understand living systems. If and when this understanding becomes solid enough, the definition of life will be obvious. For the moment, De Duve discusses two complementary aspects of life: the chemical and the informational, which also could be called the structural and the functional. The first one deals with matter and energy that build life. However, these cannot explain by themselves the information processing carried out by living organisms. De Duve also notes that all known living beings are made of cells, so he traces the origins of life from the appearance of RNA, via DNA, to the origin of cells. He presents solid evidence to back up theories for each step that do not require any divine intervention, nor improbable results of chance. Life was bound to develop once the conditions were set for it. Once life appeared on Earth, De Duve traces its evolution to bacteria, eukaryotes, and multicellularity. Life evolves producing diversity, but also with a tendency to increase complexity. De Duve sets its current climax in humans. The argued complexity lies in the human brain, but probably measures of our DNA complexity, or number of cell types, could also put us at the top of the tree of life.


Introduction: Combined heart and lung transplant is a rare procedure performed for patients with congenital heart disease and end stage pulmonary disease. Due to improvement in survival, non-cardiac surgeries are frequently performed in these patients and anaesthetists are involved in their perioperative management. Apart from increasing the physical and mental health risks, COVID-19 pandemic has posed an additional challenge to health care providers in the management of these immunosuppressed patients. Case presentation: We report a case of a 64-year-old female patient with a previous combined heart and lung transplant who underwent two consecutive lower limb surgeries during COVID pandemic. Conclusion: Meticulous preoperative assessment involving multidisciplinary team, knowledge of the pathophysiology of heart–lung transplant patients, choosing appropriate anaesthetic technique is vital in successful management of these patients. Psychological implications of COVID-19 pandemic in immunosuppressed patients should be considered.


The endothelium plays a crucial role in the regulation of the fibrinolytic process, since it synthesizes and secretes tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) as well as the fast-acting plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). Molecular cloning of full-length PAI-1 cDNA, employing a human endothelial cDNA expression library, and a subsequent determination of the complete nucleotide sequence, allowed a prediction of the amino-acid sequence of the PAI-1 glycoprotein. It was observed that the amino-acid sequence is significantly homologous to those of members of the serine protease inhibitor ("Serpin") family, e.g. αl-antitrypsin and antithrombin III. Serpins are regulators of various processes, such as coagulation, inflammatory reactions, complement activation and share a common functional principle and a similar structure, indicative for a common primordial gene. The intron-exon arrangement of Serpin genes may provide a record for the structure of a primordial gene. A comparison of the location of introns among members of the Serpin family reveals that some introns are indeed present at identical or almost identical positions, however in many other cases there is no correspondence between the intron positions among different Serpin genes. Obviously, more data on the chromosomal gene structure of members of this family are required to formulate a scheme for the evolutionary creation of the Serpins. To that end, we have established the number and the precise location of the introns in the PAI-1 gene and have compared these data with those reported on other Serpin genes. For that purpose a human genomic cosmid DNA library of about 340.000 independent colonies was screened with radiolabelled full-length PAI-1 cDNA as probe. Two clones were found which contain the entire PAI-1 gene. Restriction site mapping, electron microscopic inspection of heteroduplexes and nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrate that the PAI-1 gene comprises about 12.2kilo basepairs and consists of nine exons and eight introns. Intron-exon boundaries are all in accord with the "GT-AG" rule, including a cryptic acceptor splice site found in intron 7. Furthermore, it is observed that intron 3 of the PAI-1 gene occupies an identical position as intron E of chicken ovalbumin and intron E of the ovalbumin-related gene Y. The location of the other seven introns is unrelated to the known location of introns in the genes encoding the Serpins, rat angiotensin, chicken ovalbumin (and gene Y), human antithrombin III and human al-antitrypsin. The 3' untranslated region of the PAI-1 gene is devoid of introns, indicating that the two mRNA species detected in cultured endothelial cells which share an identical 5' untranslated segment and codogenic region, but differ in the length of the 3' untranslated region, arise by alternative polyadenylation. An extrapolation of the position of the introns to the amino-acid sequence of PAI-1, and adaption of the view that the subdomain structure of the Serpins is analogous, shows that the introns of PAI-1 are non-randomly distributed. Except for intron 7, the position of the other seven introns corresponds with randon-coil regions of the protein or with the borders of β-sheets and a-helices. Extrapolation of the position of introns in the genes of other Serpins to their respective amino-acid sequences and subdomain structures also reveals a preference for random-coil regions and borders of subdomains. These observations are reminiscent of an evolutionary model, called "intron sliding", that accounts for variations in surface loops of the same protein in different species by aberrant splicing (Craik et al., Science 220 (1983) 1125). The preferential presence of introns in gene segments, encoding these variable regions, and absence in regions determining the general folding of these proteins would explain conservation of the structure during the evolution of those genes.


We report details on the synthesis and electrochemistry of quinone-type methanofullerene derivatives in which, depending upon the substitution pattern on the cyclohexanedienone moiety, the reduction potential can be tuned, leading to novel fullerene derivatives exhibiting better acceptor properties than C60. We also present the lowest energy conformers of these spiroannulated methanofullerenes. As expected, the anthrone derivative is not coplanar and is not perpendicular to the ball's surface.


RESULTSdMetS comprised 1,686 (25%) subjects without diabetes and 881 (13%) subjects with diabetes. Annual CHD event rates were 1.0% among MetS and 1.5% for diabetes. Ethnicity and RF-adjusted hazard ratios for CHD for CAC 1–99 to $ 400 vs. 0 in subjects with neither MetS nor diabetes ranged from 2.6 to 9.5, in those with MetS, they ranged from 3.9 to 11.9, and in those with diabetes, they ranged from 2.9 to 6.2 (all P , 0.05 to P , 0.001); findings were similar for CVD. CAC increased the C-statistic for events (P, 0.001) over RFs and CIMT in each group while CIMT added negligibly to prediction over RFs.


Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate urocortin 2 level in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients as well as to evaluate the relationship between urocortin 2 level and systolic and diastolic function of left ventricle. Design and method: We investigated 37 untreated patients with newly diagnosed hypertension. The traditional cardiovascular risk factors, 24 hours blood pressure monitoring and echocardiography as well as urocortin 2 level were assessed. We divided the entire group according to the mean value of urocotin 2 (group 1 – urocortin 2 value below 9,86 [ng/ml]; group 2 –urocortin 2 above 9,86[ng/ml]). Differences between groups were analysed using Student's T-test or U Mann- Whitney test, correlations were calculated by Pearson or Spearman tests. Results: The mean value of urocortin 2 within the entire group was 9,86 ± 5,38 [ng/ml]. There were no differences between groups in terms of sex, age, blood pressure level or diastolic function and biochemical indices (such as glucose, HbA1C, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL level or NTproBNP) except for triglyceride level. A statistically significant difference in the ejection fraction value was found (table 1). Moreover we found a correlation between urocortin 2 level and ejection fraction (−0,38). Figure. No caption available. Conclusions: Higher level of urocortin 2 is associated with subclinical deterioration of LVEF in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension and it can be a marker of compensatory mechanisms secondary to left ventricular systolic dysfunction.


The temperature dependence of crystallization kinetics of phase-change materials raises a series of reliability issues, while phase-change memory cells work at high temperature or thermal-disturbance condition. These issues hinder the development of ultrahigh-density storage devices. We investigate the evolution of SET switching characteristics of phase-change memory cells at high operating temperature. We show that the high temperature strongly impacts the SET state resistance. As a result, SET failure has been observed with elevated ambient temperature. Our SPICE simulations indicate that transient amorphization behavior during a complete SET pulse period is considered as the potential mechanism of SET failure. By modifying the SET pulse intensity and width linearly, we successfully reduce the SET failure in the experiments. The results illustrate that the demonstrated linear properties may optimize SET pulse performance.


Objective To investigate the expression of TPX2 in endometrioid adenocarcinoma and analyze the correlation between its expression and clinicopathologic characteristics.Methods Expression of TPX2 in 80 endometrioid adenocarcinoma tissues and 20 normal endometrial tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry SP method.The results were analyzed by χ2 test.Results(1) The positive rate of TPX2 was higher in endometrioid adenocarcinoma tissues(72.5%) than that in normal endometrial tissues(5.0%),showing statistic significance(P0.05).(2) The expression of TPX2 in patients with lymph node metastasis(86.36%)was higher than these without lymph node metastasis as well as its expression in patients with muscle invasive depth≥1/2 muscular layer was higher than those 1/2 muscular layer(57.58%)with statistic significance(P0.05).Conclusion The increasing expression of TPX2 could accelerate the generation and development of the endometrioid adenocarcinoma.


In order to improve the inspection efficiency and accuracy of the braking capacity of the elevator brake being used, a novel method for analyzing the full-loaded braking performance by using the unloaded braking performance is proposed, and a set of methods for measuring the braking torque is designed. Based on the analysis of the key factors that affect the mechanical performance of the elevator brake, the calculation model of the braking torque in the process of the emergency braking with the traction ratio of 2 : 1 is established, and the relationship between the braking torque and acceleration under different working conditions is analyzed. It is shown that, for the model assumed, the emergency braking torque is 1.56 times that of the static braking torque under 1.25 times the rated load. The braking torque increases linearly with the increase of braking acceleration. An elevator model being used is tested and calculated. The experimental results show that the braking acceleration measured by the experiment is 11.95% less than the theoretical value. And the analysis shows that, comparing with the traditional test method, the braking torque test method designed in this paper is more accurate and safe.


A new feature descriptor, local auxiliary color maximum vector pattern (LACMVP) has been proposed in this paper for image indexing and retrieval. The presented method synergize the color and texture information by taking a cardinal (red, green, blue) and an auxiliary channel (value) from two different color spaces (RGB and HSV). A vector pattern comprising of magnitude, sign and position patterns are calculated for the maximum local difference between the center pixel and its neighbor from the auxiliary channel. In essence LACMVP converts the image into local vectors along the maximum edge of the inter-chromatic texture pattern. The performance evaluation of proposed method has been done by performing natural image retrieval on Corel-10K and texture retrieval on MIT VisTex dataset. The results when compared with existing state-of-the-art techniques using standard performance evaluation measure like precision, recall, F1-score and G-score, showed a substantial improvement.


Objective To study the risk factors and antimicrobial resistance pattern of S maltophilia and to improve the prevention and treatment of S maltophilia infection Methods In this study, 68 cases of S maltophilia infection were analyzed, and K B method was used to test the susceptibility of the isolates to antimicrobials Results Of all the nonferment Gram negative bacteria isolated clinically, S maltophilia accounted for 9 52%, at the third place following Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter The majority of clinical strains of S maltophilia were multiresistant to antimicrobials, with the exception of SMZ TMP, ticarcillin/ clavulanate and cefoperazone/sulbactam, to which more than 50% strains were susceptible Of all the infected patients, 88 2% had primary diseases; 98 5% were treated previously with broad spectrum antibiotics; 70 6% underwent invasive examination or treatment Conclusion S maltophilia has become one of the important nosocomial pathogens S. maltophilia infection often occurred in immunocompromised individuals, such as the aged and those with chronic diseases, long term treatment with hormone and antibiotics, and undergoing various invasive examinations or treatments The multiresistance of S maltophilia to common antibiotics leads to a potentially conclusive difficulty in treatment of the infection


Plant characteristics of red rice ecotypes obtained from Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, including 11 strawhulled, five blackhulled, two goldhulled, and one brownhulled type, were evaluated under field conditions. Most ecotypes were uniform and stable but manifested considerable genetic variability. Red rice plants had pubescent leaves, were taller with lighter green color, and produced more tillers and panicles per plant than rice cultivars 'Lemont,' 'Mars,' and 'Maybelle.' Most ecotypes were highly susceptible to seed shattering starting about 14 d after anthesis when seed moisture was more than 25%. Seeds of most ecotypes were highly dormant at harvest. Rice cultivars had a larger flag leaf and more total leaf area per plant at anthesis and produced more seeds per panicle than red rice. Some red rice ecotypes had plant characteristics closely related to cultivated rice suggesting natural hybridization with rice.


In view of recent judgments by the European Court on Human Rights (ECtHR), it is in terms of Dutch law for purposes of an application for contact, no longer justifiable to distinguish between the juridical ("legal") father and the biological father, who has close personal links ("family life") with the child (HR 11 April 2008 NJ 2008, 555). This position has recently been confirmed by the amendment to section 1:377a lid 1 BW on 1 March 2009.


The HIV/AIDS pandemic is considered by many to be the greatest challenge faced by sub-Saharan Africa. It is not just the disease itself that is the challenge, but the accompanying results such as orphans, the cost to the economy, pressure on health facilities, loss of skills through the death of young people, stigmatization, and other social ills that go with it. Societies have looked up to faith organizations for guidance and expect them to play a leading role in confronting what is a complex health, economic, social and moral problem. The church has often struggled to define its role and the search for its role has sometimes taken such a long time that it has been perceived by many as a lack of will to be involved. However a proper reading of the Bible will show that since the church is the body of Christ, it should simply look at what Jesus did when He came into contact with the outcast, the marginalized, the poor and the sick. Learning from Jesus would make the church an AIDS competent body able to provide hope and safe spaces for the infected and affected. Medical male circumcisions that are being promoted and rolled-out in many countries of Southern Africa remind the Christian community of the instruction given by God to His Old Testament church, to circumcise all males of that community of faith. Although the Old Testament circumcisions where a spiritual sign of belonging to God, this can be a channel to reach out to today's society and show that there is scientific evidence that even then, God was protecting the health of His people. Circumcision does not only reduce the likelihood of HIV infections but reduces the likelihood of other medical conditions.


The purpose of this paper is to analyze the regional fault systems of Qaidam basin and adjacent orogenic belts. Field investigation and seismic interpretation indicate that five regional fault systems occurred in the Qaidam and adjacent mountain belts, controlling the development and evolution of the Qaidam basin. These fault systems are: (1)north Qaidam-Qilian Mountain fault system; (2) south Qaidam-East Kunlun Mountain fault system; (3)Altun strike-slip fault system; (4)Elashan strike-slip fault system, and (5) Gansen-Xiaochaidan fault system. It is indicated that the fault systems controlled the orientation of the Qaidam basin, the formation and distribution of secondary faults within the basin,the migration of depocenters and the distribution of hydrocarbon accumulation belt.


Becoming Thomas Jefferson Legislating Independence Fighting for Virginians' Rights Governing Virginia Embarking on Diplomacy Succeeding Dr. Franklin Seeing Inside the French Revolution Going Back to Old Virginia Splitting the Cabinet Rusticating Liberating the Presidency Retiring in Monticello Troubled in Paradise.


Educational practices are becoming increasingly globalized, and as a result, countries around theworld are implementing reforms along the lines of American and European practices, although thecultural implications of these changes are not always being fully realized. Only recently have educationalthinkers begun to address cultural issues in educational leadership.


A study was conducted of filter efficiency in high-speed and high- temperature air compressors, Oil particles tend to form varnishlike deposits in critical parts of airbrake equipment. A tracer of Sb/sup 124/ in triphenylstibine was used to evaluate the efficiency of each filter tested. The method used in the testing of the filters is presented. (B.O.G.)


Liquid production per unit thickness is the important indicator which reflect production capacity, and it is magnitude is the radio of well's daily fluid production rate and sandstone thickness. It is an important job for petroleum reservoir engineering to study the effect of different sandstone thickness type combination to liquid production per unit thickness. Each sandstone thickness type has different size of reservoir thickness, porosity, permeability, etc.so the different sandstone thickness type will produce different degrees of influence to the size of liquid production per unit thickness. The relationship between each sandstone thickness radio and liquid production per unit thickness is obtained by studying all kinds of sandstone thickness radio under different liquid production per unit thickness.


A classification map is an image that provides a low-level content description of a corresponding remote-sensing image. Each "pixel" in the map is the index of a class that represents some type of content, such as a type of vegetation or mineral, in the corresponding spatial location of the remote-sensing image. Classification maps generated onboard a spacecraft may be used as part of a region-of-interest image data compression scheme, and/or to provide low-data-volume summaries of the remote-sensing images. In either case, it is desirable to losslessly compress classification maps prior to transmission. In this article, we describe a technique for lossless compression of classification maps. Compression tests on sample classification maps indicate that our technique yields considerable improvement, e.g., a 15 to 40 percent bit-rate reduction, as compared to existing general-purpose lossless image compression methods.


In this paper,design selection of biplane butterfly valve body and disk are e studied from stiffness & strength of structure ,the structure of , the structure of butterfly valve to be optimized engineer ing are given .


BACKGROUND
Patients with severe psoriasis may be unresponsive to or unable to tolerate the adverse effects of traditional therapy. Thioguanine has been used to treat psoriasis, but experience is limited. Most previous studies have used daily therapy and have demonstrated significant hematologic abnormalities.

OBJECTIVE
To reduce the adverse effects of traditional thioguanine therapy, our study patients were treated with thioguanine with a pulse-dosing schedule of 2 to 3 times per week.

OBSERVATIONS
Marked improvement of recalcitrant psoriasis was noted in 10 (71%) of 14 patients receiving thioguanine therapy using a pulse-dosing schedule. Maintenance dosage ranged from 120 mg twice a week to 160 mg 3 times a week. Adverse effects were minimal.

CONCLUSIONS
Thioguanine therapy is an effective treatment for recalcitrant psoriasis. A dosing schedule of 2 or 3 times per week is recommended to minimize the potential adverse effects. Routine laboratory follow-up is suggested to screen for potential adverse effects, with special attention to bone marrow suppression.


This paper examines the impact of supplementary web-based materials on students' academic performance in a first-year economics unit at university. In particular, the paper considers the impact of students' usage of the unit's webpage, voluntary on-line discussion board, voluntary on-line quizzes and voluntary on-line homework questions on their final mark in the first-year economics unit. It finds that students who make use of on-line materials perform better in the unit than students who do not, holding prior academic ability constant. The paper also finds that students' usage of on-line supplementary materials does not vary according to their academic ability.


Models play a central role in model-driven software engineering. There are many different kinds of models during the development process, which are related to each other and change over time. Therefore, it is difficult to keep the different models consistent with each other. Consistency of different models is maintained manually in many cases today. This paper presents an approach for automated model differencing, so that the dif-ferences between two model versions (called delta) can be extracted and stored. It can then be re-used independently of the models it was created from to interactively merge different model versions, and for synchronizing other types of models. The main concern was to apply our concepts to an industrial process, so usability and performance were important issues.


Traditionally, transmission and distribution power flows are studied separately. But lots of large cities have their hybrid transmission and distribution networks. In order to achieve a global unified power flow solution, transmission and distribution networks are studied as a whole in this paper. Global power flow (GPF) equation is built as a mathematical model for the global power system. Based upon the master-slave-typed feature of the global power system, a master-slave-splitting (MSS) iterative method is developed for balancing the boundary mismatch between the transmission and distribution networks. In this method, the GPF problem of large scale is split into a transmission power flow and lots of distribution power flow sub- problems, which supports on-line geographically distributed computation. In order to fit the different features between transmission and distribution networks, each sub-problem can be solved with different algorithms. Several case studies are carried out, and accuracy, efficiency and reliability of the proposed method are verified.


How to rationally use the Pro/ENGINEER in teaching Process Equipment Design was discussed.The practice demonstrated that combined the theory teaching of Process Equipment Design with the three-dimension design software was beneficial,which can enhance the students' study interest and innovation abilities.At the same time,it can improve the students' ability in resolve practical problem.


This paper aims to investigate the accuracy and potential problems associated with the equivalent viscous damping concept as applied to direct displacement-based seismic design, and to suggest a recommendation to modify Jacobsen's approach that is based on level of ductility and hysteretic model used. The parameters considered include: Earthquake timehistory and hysteretic models ranging from origin centered systems to Takeda-type response systems. Results of the research indicate that the fundamental period of the ground motion is a critical variable in assessing the accuracy of the equivalent viscous damping concept. In general, results from non-linear analysis conducted with regular sinusoidal events is excellent, which is expected given the assumptions of sinusoidal response in Jacobsen's approach, however, results from real time histories indicate more scatter. In this paper, results for two hysteretic models based on 100 earthquake records and 125,000 inelastic time-history analyses indicate that Jacobsen's approach overestimates damping which requires a reduction factor that will be introduced in a future study for 4 hysteretic models and based on 280,000 inelastic time-history analyses.


Strata of Late Devonian age have been recognized west of the Wasatch Front (Pinyon Peak Limestone and "City Creek Limestone") and a few miles east of the Wasatch Mountains in the western Uinta Mountains (Pinyon Peak Limestone?). These consist commonly of a basal sandstone or shale a few feet thick which grades upward to a dolomite sequence that ranges in thickness from 50 to 300 feet. This succession is in turn overlain by the Madison Limestone (Mississippian). On the west this contact is conformable but on the east it is unconformable. In the Wasatch Mountains, sandstone or shale a few feet thick rests on older rocks (mostly of Cambrian age) and changes upward through about a 3-foot interval into medium to dark gray dolomite about 50-150 feet thick, which in turn is over ain conformably by the Madison Limestone. These pre-Madison rocks were tentatively correlated with the Jefferson Formation (Devonian) by earlier workers on the basis of stratigraphic position and lithologic character. Subsequent workers of the U. S. Geological Survey have reported corals of Mississippian affinity from the exposures in American Fork Canyon and have thus assigned a Mississippian age to these strata. Restudy of several of the Wasatch Front exposures disclosed well preserved molds of the brachiopod Cyrtospirifer whitneyi(?) in the basal sandstone in the Big Cottonwood Canyon area. This fossil is generally considered to be of Late Devonian age and has been collected from the Pinyon Peak Limestone in the western Uintas and in the areas west of the Wasatch. Thus the Mississippian age assigned to these rocks on the basis of corals is questionable. Moreover, a Late Devonian age is more consistent with a regional stratigraphic correlation on the basis of physical evidence. Therefore the "Jefferson (?)" of the Wasatch is here correlated with the Pinyon Peak Limestone of the areas east and west. End_of_Article - Last_Page 261------------


Laboratory experiments show that using different varieties of soybean as raw material affects the quality of natto and using small-sized soybean as raw material has the best quality.The optimum fermentation conditions selected for manufacture of natto with small-sized soybean by applying the orthogonal experiment method are as follows: The inoculation amounts are 2%,the fermentation temperature and time are 40 ℃ and 18 h,and the enzyme activity of nattokinase reach 1 725.68 U/g.


This study aims to obtain empirical evidence of whether the free cash flow,
profitability, liquidity, leverage and size affect the dividend policy of food and
beverage companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange in period 2006 to 2010.
The sampling method used purposive sampling and obtain as a sampel 11 food
and beverage companies. Analytical methods used are multiple regression test
with significance level (α) 0,05.
The results of this study concluded that free cash flow, profitability,
liquidity, leverage, and size simultaneously significant effect on dividend policy.
But partially only free cash flow, leverage, and sizea significant effect on dividend
policy, while profitability and liquidity partially no significant effect on dividend
policy.


Telerobotic surgery relies on communication lines, causing delays, and video information requires pre‐transmission compression. Such delays and video degradation will continue to be unavoidable making communication conditions verification essential. Understanding the network specification values required for telerobotic surgery entails determining acceptable levels of delay and degradation due to the video compression and restoration processes during surgery.


This paper presents some interesting results obtained by the algorithm by Bauer, Der and Hermann (BDH) [1] for magnification control in Self-Organizing Maps. Magnification control in SOMs refers to the modification of the relationship between the probability density functions of the input samples and their prototypes (SOM weights). The above mentioned algorithm enables explicit control of the magnification properties of a SOM, however, the available theory restricts its validity to 1-D data or 2-D data when the stimulus density separates. This discourages the use of the BDH algorithm for practical applications. In this paper we present results of careful simulations that show the scope of this algorithm when applied to more general, "forbidden" data. We also demonstrate the application of negative magnification to magnify rare classes in the data to enhance their detectability.


In a single unit, with the size and weight of a total station, Leica Nova MS 50 combines the functionali-ty of the total station,  digital imaging, connectivity GNSS and 3D laser scanning. The wellorganized workflow ensures full performance in all phases , from data collection and verification, processing , up to the final results. The new, fast and accurate system to measure the distance reduces the measurement time of up to 50 % and increases the extent of the measure. Thanks to the engine fast, it is possible to obtain a dynamic tracking. The GNSS sensor is fully integrated into the workflow and data structure allowing the direct georeferencing . The setup SmartStation and SmartPole increase the flexibility of application in the field. An advanced  imaging technology, which includes a panoramic camera and a camera coaxial with 30x magnification, allows for accurate image of the relief, the instrument or remotely, and an extensive photographic documentation. 3D laser scanning is fully integrated into the workflow and can be combined with survey data and images. The numerous on-board functionality allow you to get results in the field. Leica Nova MS 50 offers a new dimension in measurement technology which allows the user to make the right decision on the field.


The second article is devoted to the investigation of the natural mechanisms of tectonic inversion of the Dnieper-Donets depression. Using the materials of geological mapping of the territory of the West-Donetsk graben, structural proofs of the destruction of the riftogenic structure by collision tectonic movements of Hercinian and Alpic tectogenesis were obtained. The consequence of the inversion deformations is the formation of the West Donets cover-folding tectonic region within the Lugansk-Komyshuvasky tectonic area of the uplift-folding and the Kalmius-Toretsky region of the scalloped thrust covers, which are divided by the Main anticline. For the diagnosis of kinematic mechanisms of tectonic inversion, the data of reconstruction of tectonic stress fields and quantitative modeling of deformations of the southern outskirts of the Eastern European Platform were used. It is assumed that the tectonic inversion of the Dnieper-Donets basin began in the Zaal and Pfalz phases of orogenesis due to the collision motions of the compression orogen at the outskirts of Paleotetis. The formation of linear folding occurred in the uplifting-thrust mode in the field of stresses of the oblique left-hand compression of the sub-meridional directions. The kinematic mechanism of the folded deformations determined the longitudinal bending of the layers due to the extrusion of sedimentary geomas from the zone of maximum compression in the axial part to the zones of "geodynamic shadow" – in the direction of the sides of the depression. In the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic, uplifting-thrust and strike-slip stresses formed echeloned cover-thrust and coulisse-jointed uplift-folded structural paragenesis. According to the results of tectonophysical diagnostics of deformation structures, it was found that under geodynamic conditions of clustering of compression axes in the central part of the West-Donets graben against the reduction of the geological space horizontally and extension of the section due to the formation of the cover-folded allochthon, there were flexural deformations of the primary linear Hercinian folded forms. Such data can be considered as a kinematic mechanism of tectonic inversion of the invasion of the "tectonic stamp" by the Donets folded structure. Under its influence, the wedge-shaped segment of the tectonic thrust, which was diagnosed by the orcline of the transverse extension of the shallow type, was formed by the repeatedly deposited folds of sedimentary geomas in the articulation zone between the depression and the folded structure. In the front of the thrusted were formed folded zones of extrusion of geomas, which consist of coulisse-jointed uplift-anticlines and folded plates-coverings of tectonic thrusted. At the apex of the orocline, at the end of the dynamically coupled main thrusts, an advanced tectonic fan of compression is formed. In the rearward of the oraclline formed sutures – the roots of folded cover.

https://ggcmjournal.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/5-КОЛІЗІЙНІ-ДЕФОРМАЦІЇ-ДНІПРОВСЬКО-ДОНЕЦЬКОЇ-ЗАПАДИНИ.pdf


The term 'science' derives from the Latin scientia, meaning knowledge. According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary (1978), it refers to the 'branch of knowledge (esp. one that can be conducted on scientific principles), organized body of knowledge that has been accumulated on a subject' (p. 1014). The online Oxford Dictionary notes that since the seventeenth century, the compilation of such knowledge has been derived through the use of scientific methodology where research questions, hypotheses and/or predictions are formed and tested through the application of systematic observation, measurement and/or experimental testing (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/scientific%2Bm ethod?q1⁄4scientificþmethod). The scientific method is heavily reliant on the robustness of all elements comprising a study's design, extending from the recruitment of representative samples and sufficient sample sizes to detect differences, appropriate measures, control groups and statistical analyses, to the interpretation of data and its implications for the field. Given the potential for methodological weaknesses to emerge across any of these components in any study, replication studies are important in providing additional confirmatory data strengthening the confidence in conclusions reached, or raising serious questions related to its validity and reliability. In her article, Winerman (2013) states that knowledge is not fully accepted as valid in psychology until findings are verified through replication by independent researchers. But such independent replication, she argues, is more the exception than the rule with findings 'that may or may not be true. Yet are generally accepted as valid' (p. 38). However, journals are often reluctant to accept replication studies, opting instead to focus on publishing manuscripts describing new and novel findings. Comparable to the drive inherent in selling newspapers, journal editors are motivated by the desire to increase journal citations rates by publishing new advances in science, not simply to report results that confirm what is already known. In this context, researchers are reluctant to risk the allocation of effort and funding to replication studies, knowing that the probability of an editor accepting the manuscript is low if the findings are consistent, or that results are likely to be exposed to closer scrutiny by reviewers holding the assumption that the original findings are valid. Compounding this state of the art is the reluctance for editors to publish null findings. Again, such manuscripts are considered to be less likely to enhance citation metrics compared to those that publish significant differences or positive results. But null findings are important in informing other researchers so that they do not waste resources conducting similar studies. This conundrum poses many conflicts for the field in general and journal editors in particular. The end result of the failure to publish replication and null-finding studies serves to introduce a bias to science, an outcome described by Robert Rosenthal as the 'file drawer problem' wherein there is a selective bias for reporting only positive results, with non-confirmatory and negative findings being relegated to the researchers' filing cabinet to gather dust. In an attempt to respond to the file drawer problem, a number of researchers – Hal Pashler, Sean Kang, Bobbie Spellman and Alex Holcombe, led by Sorin Sodolescu – have acted to develop a website repository for nullfinding publications. Authors can upload the results of negative findings in what appears to be in non-refereed form on their website (http://www.psychfiledrawer.org). The relative


Oxygenated diesel fuel blends have a potential to reduce the emission of particulate matter (PM) and to be an alternative to diesel fuel. This paper describes a new kind of oxygenate additive, ethylene glycol monoacetate (EGM), and its effects on the characteristics of performance and emission of a compression ignition engine. The results show that the engine power outputs decrease and the BSFC increase when the diesel engine fueled with blends, but the diesel equivalent BSFC decrease. The results also indicate that all oxygenated fuels tested in this study show a beneficial effect on reducing smoke emissions at the operation conditions compared with diesel fuel. With the EGM15, an average smoke reduction of 49.9% and a maximal smoke reduction of 71% are obtained. The blends have little effects on the NOx emissions at most loads. The CO emissions of the EGM- diesel blends decrease obviously at high load. All these results indicate the potential of EGM-diesel blend for clean combustion in diesel engine.


This mini-workshop will thoroughly explore the MUSE instructional method that emphasizes systems thinking and that creates a learner-centric environment appropriate for today's engineering students. By tapping unique expertise at multiple institutions in the timely area of wireless sensor networks, implementing an inverted classroom instructional method, and involving open-ended, hands-on experiences, the MUSE approach has been shown to provide a unique pedagogical experience. The mini-workshop will not only present the MUSE approach and results to date but also is designed to encourage participants to develop new MUSE collaborations based on other complex-engineered systems.


In the framework of the projective geometric theory of systems of differential equations, which is being developed by the authors, conditions which ensure that a family of graphs of solutions of a system of second-order ordinary differential equations with unknown functions can be straightened (that is, transformed into a family of straight lines) by means of a local diffeomorphism of the variables of the system which takes it to the form (straightens the system) are investigated. It is shown that the system to be straightened must be cubic with respect to the derivatives of the unknown functions. Necessary and sufficient conditions for straightening the system are found, which have the form of differential equations for the coefficients of the system or are stated in terms of symmetries of the system. For the system consists of a single equation , and the tests obtained reduce to the conditions for straightening this equations which were derived by Lie in 1883. Bibliography: 34 titles.


This paper is concerned with the weak signal detection based on the Duffing chaotic model. To solve the problem of low SNR in traditional testing methods, a method of detecting weak signals based on the Duffing oscillator coupled synchronization is proposed. Through the chaos theory and simulations, the characteristics of the coupled Duffing oscillator, the SNR threshold of the weak signal detection methods based on the coupled Duffing oscillator and the advantages of the coupled synchronization method are analyzed. At last, the effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by a simulation example.


When approaching graph signal processing tasks, graphs are usually assumed to be perfectly known. However, in many practical applications, the observed (inferred) network is prone to perturbations which, if ignored, will hinder performance. Tailored to those setups, this paper presents a robust formulation for the problem of graph-filter identification from input-output observations. Different from existing works, our approach consists in addressing the robust identification by formulating a joint graph denoising and graph-filter identification problem. Such a problem is formulated as a non-convex optimization, suitable relaxations are proposed, and graph-stationarity assumptions are incorporated to enhance performance. Finally, numerical experiments with synthetic and real-world graphs are used to assess the proposed schemes and compare them with existing (robust) alternatives.


Diseases do not get older and do not die. They are with their victims for ages. The same is true with scurvy, almost forgotten and known mainly by historians – scurvy is still present. Scurvy belongs to the group of basic diseases, caused by deficiency of one nutritional component. The first full clinical description of the symptoms of scurvy was by ancient Egyptians, but the cause remained unknown for centuries. Although prophylaxis and treatment guidelines were described 300 yr ago, they are still valid (1). Accounts of scurvy are described in reading books for grammar schools; however, this medical condition is now almost forgotten by physicians. Today in affluent societies, there are still situations when doctors can encounter patients with vitamin C deficiency. Why does scurvy present such a diagnostic problem? In this issue of the Journal, the report by Samonte et al. (2) describes a young girl born with severe liver disease who suffered from liver failure since the first month of life. She underwent liver transplantation, and had a long battle with complications of the disease and immunosuppressive regimen, i.e., rejection, infection, and adverse drug reactions leading to chronic renal failure as one of many complications. While awaiting combined liver and kidney transplantation, she developed mysterious signs and symptoms suggesting almost all known complications of end-stage renal disease, liver failure, and immunosuppressive treatment. Finally, it appeared that the disease was caused by vitamin C deficiency. What is vitamin C needed for and how it is absorbed, incorporated into tissues, and what are its major functions and symptoms of deficit? The answer is not easy as scurvy seems to be only the tip of an iceberg of vitamin C deficiency. The modern history of vitamin C is linked with two ''giants'' of the 20th century biology and medicine: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and Linus Pauling. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, who extracted vitamin C from green pepper, made a very important remark in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech: The only trouble was that scurvy is not a first symptom of a lack but a final collapse, a premortal syndrome and there is a very wide gap between scurvy and full health (3). Thus, if scurvy develops in several conditions, such as chronic and progressive liver and kidney disease, we may expect a full spectrum of complications because of more subtle deficits. A subsequent hypothesis by Cameron and Pauling (4) suggested and provided observational evidence that high doses of vitamin C prolonged survival in patients with advanced cancer. Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, biosynthesis of l-carnitine, and free radical scavenging. Its availability is dependent on both intestinal transport and renal excretion. Vitamin C is absorbed by the epithelial cell of the small intestine by the SVCT1 transporter and enters the circulation. In the kidney, ascorbic acid is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule by the SVCT1 transporter (3). This system of transporters as well as efflux of ascorbate from cells is well coordinated and may resemble iron control (5). Physiological roles of ascorbic acid occur in conjunction with several other nutrients like vitamin E. Ascorbic acid reacts rapidly with the tocopherol radical, reducing it back to its native form (Fig. 1). The potential cooperation between vitamin C and E can be of major importance in patients with chronic liver and kidney disease (5). Vitamin E deficiency, which increases lipid peroxidation and polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency, has been shown in children with chronic Pediatr Transplantation 2008: 12: 257–260 Copyright 2008 Blackwell Munksgaard


The present invention relates to thio pyrimidine-based compounds that are inhibitors of protein kinases, including JAK kinases. In particular, the compounds are selective for combination of JAK1, JAK2 or JAK3 kinase, and their (such as JAK1 and JAK2). Kinase inhibitors, immune and inflammatory diseases including organ transplants; can be used in the treatment of kinase-associated diseases, such as metabolic diseases and vascular diseases; cancer and hyperproliferative diseases including myeloproliferative disorders; viral diseases .


Confusion of homonym is a long-term disturbing problem in current Chinese Braille.By purpose sampling,220 high school students and 48 language teachers in 10 special schools are surveyed through questionnaire.400 groups of words that are easily confused are collected.There are no words that are popularly reported to be easily confused.The average percentage of students is 22.9% in negative attitude towards pronunciation guessing,meaning guessing,hard guessing,and words that are easily confused.The average percentage of language teachers is 15.8% in negative attitude towards the same questions.Confusion of homonym in current Chinese Braille has no fundamental effect on blind people's learning,but distinction should be intensified in specific situations.


The research addressed the idea of judgmental software, as a replacement for human judgements, through a hermeneutic critique approach. For this purpose, it dealt with issues involving discretion in the context of the network society and the influence of technology. The investigated problem relates to possibilities of legal hermeneutics regarding the validity of a decision taken by the judgmental software, mediated by artificial intelligence (AI) and considering the way in which the technique takes place in the network society. For the development, it investigated the judging in the hyperconnected society and the intersections of the technology upon it, taking into account Information and Communication Technologies. The research studied artificial intelligence and the relationship between discretion and technology in the construction of judging software through a hermeneutic-legal perspective. The research adopted a hermeneutic-phenomenological approach, investigating AI and the facticity of the lifeworld in the face of the network society. With this, it sought to formulate understandings for the legal validity of the decisions of the judging software. Thus, a relationship was made with discretion, emanating from the paradigm of the philosophy of consciousness, and the influence of technique. The conclusion is that the validity of the decision comes from the impossibility of the judge to act in a discretionary way, away from the chain romance that consists of the law. Therefore, the decision rendered by the judging software is devoid of validity since the correct response is not predetermined.


We examine the impact of widespread political strikes on the export-oriented garments industry in Bangladesh. To do so, we use the universe of political strikes and export transactions in Bangladesh during 2010 to 2013. These strikes represent uniquely targeted episodes of violence that allow us to identify its effect on exports through the transport disruption channel alone. Our results suggest that these strikes do not have a cumulative effect on a firm's decision to export or the value of its exports. Instead, they increase the cost of transporting shipments to the port by 69 percent. Thus, our results identify an additional cost of political violence that has been underexplored in the literature. Further, our results suggest that ensuring that political violence only disrupts transportation and not production may be an effective way to shield exporters in other developing countries from the adverse effects of such violence.


Shot segmentation is a vital technology that must be resolved firstly in video retrieval.Frame sequence's incontinuity or false segmentation can be caused by unsupervised clustering,and the existing techniques are based on sequential search,while is too expensive for practical use. To solve the problems above,an improved algorithm for shot segmentation based on clustering is proposed,a referenced variable is used in clustering to decide whether the shots continue clustering,and most video frames do not need to be compared.It can improve their performance substantially. Experimental results demonstrate that this method speeds up a conventional method based on color histograms on average while improving the accuracy of the segmentation.


The purpose of the study was to find out that self-esteem has a mediated effect in the correlation between parents' attitude of upbringing and children's career awareness, which is based on a study on the correlation among parents' attitude of upbringing and their children's self-esteem and career a...


Purpose of reviewUrine is the most useful of body fluids for biomarker research. Therefore, we have focused on urinary proteomics, using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry, to investigate kidney diseases in recent years. Recent findingsSeveral urinary proteomics studies for the detection of various kidney diseases have indicated the potential of this approach aimed at diagnostic and prognostic assessment. Urinary protein biomarkers such as collagen fragments, serum albumin, &agr;-1-antitrypsin, and uromodulin can help to explain the processes involved during disease progression. SummaryUrinary proteomics has been used in several studies in order to identify and validate biomarkers associated with different kidney diseases. These biomarkers, with improved sensitivity and specificity when compared with the current gold standards, provide a significant alternative for diagnosis and prognosis, as well as improving clinical decision-making.


This chapter explores kindergarten children's use of specific online applications such as WhatsApp and YouTube to maintain social relationships between each other and with their classroom teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Using Vygotskian theorisation of learning through interaction with more expert people (teachers and parents) and Leontev's theory of functional organ, this study verifies that children often learned without an expert's presence, using strategies such as trial and error and discussion, and through maintaining social relationships among themselves and with their teachers. Specifically, the study involved two Italian kindergartens (42 children) and six teachers. Analysis of the children's work and of teacher interviews shows that, during the Italian lockdown, the pre-school children used applications as learning environments in the form of functional organs, and this proved useful for carrying on kindergarten activities and for maintaining social relationships.


A two‐dimensional, structural‐acoustical model of planewave scattering from an infinite, uniform plane grating of elliptical, cylindrical shells is developed to study transmission through compliant tube arrays. At low frequencies, an individual compliant tube is described by an elliptical shell that deforms in flexure. The unknown scattering coefficients are determined from the boumdary conditions by the use of an addition theorem for elliptical harmonic wave functions from which the elliptical Schlomilch series are generated. The scattered pressure is then rewritten in terms of propagating and evanescent plane waves. Calculations from the model are shown to be in agreement with measurements from the compliant tube arrays. Effects of tube orientations and spacing on array resonance and bandwidth are discussed. The use of multilayered gratings is shown to widen the insertion loss bandwidth. [Work supported by NAVSEA Sonar Technology Division.]


Simple Summary An interesting case of a horse with an XX, SRY-negative disorder of sexual development (DSD) is reported in this paper. In particular, the animal showed the development of both male and female portions of reproductive organs. The possible genetic background of this abnormality is also discussed. Abstract A 3-year-old Arabian mare underwent medical examinations due to the presence of abnormalities of the reproductive apparatus and stallion behavior (nervous temperament, aggressiveness, masculine attitude). During the clinical visit, an anovulvar distance shorter than normal was observed; moreover, vulvar lips were dorsally fused except for the lower neckline, showing a blind ending from which a penis-like structure protruded. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of a cervix and corpus of a uterus, hypoplastic uterine horns, and small gonads with an echogenicity similar to a testis. Blood testosterone levels ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 ng/mL. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal female karyotype (2n = 64,XX), while PCR amplification of SRY and ZFY genes revealed the absence of a Y chromosome. At necroscopic examination, internal genitalia arising from the genital ridge in the form of masculine type structures were found, while those deriving from the Mullerian ducts were of feminine type. In addition, an infundibular portion of the salpinx at the cranial pole of the gonads was found. This is the first case in equine species of DSD 2n = 64,XX SRY-negative, with the simultaneous presence of male (hypoplastic testicles, epididymal portions, and a penis-like structure) and female (cervix, horn and body of a hypoplastic uterus) genital structures.


9620 Background: Oral mucositis (OM) is a painful complication of radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck (H&N) cancer. OM can compromise nutrition, require opioid analgesics and hospitalization for pain control, and lead to treatment interruptions. Due to the role of inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis of OM, this study investigated the effect of inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) on severity and morbidity of OM. Methods: In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial,40 H&N cancer patients were randomized to daily use of 200 mg celecoxib or matched placebo, for the duration of RT. Eligibility criteria included planned RT dose of ≥ 5000 cGy to 2+ areas of the mouth and no contraindication for celecoxib use. The planned sample size of 20 per arm provided 80% power to detect a 1 point difference in mean Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS) score (range 0-5) at 5000 cGy RT (primary endpoint), applying a two-tailed, two-sample t-test at the 5% level of significance. Clinical OM, normal...


The crystal structure and superconducting properties of RuSr2−xBaxGdCu2O8 (0⩽x⩽0.1) have been investigated. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns show that the solid solution range is 0⩽x⩽0.1. The superconducting transition temperature was raised up to 35 K (zero) and 62 K (onset) for x=0.07, from 16 K (zero) and 45 K (onset) for x=0.0, and then TC decreases with x when x>0.07. Rietveld refinement for XRD data of RuSr2−xBaxGdCu2O8 show that the apical Cu–O(1) bond length increases with an increase of x, while the Ru–O(1) bond length decreases, This may account for the enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature.


It has been shown that carbon blacks produced by iron carbonyl-catalyzed CO 2 -laser pyrolysis of benzene (laser pyrolysis carbon blacks) are characterized by a two-level nanostructure, i.e., they consist of amorphous carbon nanoparticles 30-40 nm in size and fullerene molecules where the fullerenes are predominantly represented by C 60 . Heat treatment of the blacks at 3000°C causes restructurization with the appearance of fullerene-like multishell nanoparticles of ∼20 nm in size, higher fullerenes, and multishell fullerenes. Unlike classical fullerenes, which have a cage structure and are known to have been synthesized in a variety of sizes (C 60 , C 70 , C 84 , C 102 , etc.), multishell fullerenes have a cage-inside-cage structure. Direct transmission electron microscopy observation of the cage-inside-cage clusters shows the occurrence of at least three varieties: two-shell 14-A-sized C 60 @C 240 , two-shell 20-A-sized (C 240 @C 560 ), and also three-shell 20-A-sized (C 80 @C 240 @C 560 ).


This file is the supplementary information of the article titled "LongQC: A quality control tool for third generation sequencing long read data".Supplementary Materials and Methods, Supplementary Figures and Tables, and example plots of the software with brief explanations are all included in this file.


Ground subsidence in a certain gold mine is remarkable . To find out reasons and regularities of the subsidence, following research word was carried out : 1) systematical investigations of engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions including location and size of old river beds , ponds and unfilled mined-jout areas; 2)in situ monitoring of strata movement by multi-point extensometers in 3 vertical boreholes; 3) FEM ana-lysis to study the relationship between the ground subsidence and mining excavation. Based on the researchresults, measures to control the ground subsidence are provided.


A simple, rapid and sensitive isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of ropinirole in human plasma has been developed. After protein precipitation with water-methanol (50:50 v/v), quinidine and phosphate buffer were added, shacked for 10 min, centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 5 min and evaporated in 40oC. The residual was dissolved in mobile phase and injected to HPLC. Chromatographic analysis of ropinirole in plasma was achieved on a μ-bondapack C18 column (150×4.6 mm, 5μ) using methanoltrifluoroacetic acid 0.1% (78: 22) mixture, as mobile phase. The flow rate was set at 1 ml/min and the detection was performed at 250 nm. The lower limit of detection was 0.2 ng/ml and lower limit of quantization was 0.5 ng/ml. The intra and inter-day precisions (CV %) of the quality control samples were 1.11-3.58 and 2.423.89% respectively. The recovery of method was %97.05±0.68. The method was applied to a bioequivalence study in human.


ABSTRACT Studies of public leadership increasingly recognize the importance of collaboration as a mechanism for delivering public policy. Despite theoretical and empirical developments in this direction, insufficient attention has been given to developing country contexts. The literature is also analytically superficial with regard to the involvement of citizens and communities. This article uses qualitative evidence from a South African Western Cape municipality to explore how officials engage informal settlements in service delivery. The article discusses how officials mobilize communities, navigate relations, and frame agendas for the purposes of public engagement. This provides an entry to understand officials' practices and leadership influence.


Ammonia is an important atmospheric pollutant that combines with sulfuric acid and nitric acid to form aerosol sulfates and nitrate, respectively. These aerosol species are major components of fine particulate matter (PM) and contribute significantly to visibility impairment. Estimates of ammonia emission factors are both highly variable and uncertain. Emissions factors vary depending on meteorological conditions and seasonal and regional differences in farming practices. Previous ammonia emissions inventories have not adequately characterized seasonal and geographical variations in emissions factors. Recent chemical transport modeling suggests that daily and hourly variability in ammonia emissions is required to model accurately the formation of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfates. In a companion paper, the development of a process-based model for predicting or estimating ammonia emission rates and factors from individual or a group of animal feeding operations at local, regional and national levels was presented. This paper discusses the data requirements and implementation of the process-based ammonia emission model. Preliminary emission estimates developed from the process-based ammonia emission model are also presented. Detailed description of databases used as input values for the process-developed model and recommendations for future improvement on the farm-based data regarding the animal feeding and manure management practices are documented. Where available, comparisons of the new ammonia emission estimates with existing ammonia emission inventories for livestock farms at a local, regional and national level are presented. The work presented here is sponsored and funded by the Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO)


The operation principle and applica tion of vacuum ejector are presented.How to select and design vacuum ejector depending on different work ing environment in order to economiz e energy is discussed.


Managers can and do behave differently in similar organizations and within similar jobs. Role theory is proposed to be useful in understanding and determining how managers' perceptions of the organizational setting influence their leadership behaviors. This paper seeks to: (1) introduce role theory as a mechanism for explaining the relationship between organizational context and leadership behavior; (2) integrate transformational and transactional leadership theories with research on organizational context and role theory; and (3) identify organizational contextual and personality variables that influence transformational and transactional leadership behaviors.


The linear trajectory is one of major performance for industrial robot. A vision-based robots' linear trajectory measure system is introduced in this paper using a structure light and a special measure track. The three inflexions of the optical strip imaging at the V shape track are used to compute the pose between the sensor frame and the track frame, then the linear trajectory of robot can be computed. The emphasis of this paper is the image processing. At this paper, the process of the image processing method for this system will be described at first, then the key methods include image segmentation and line fitting will be discussed, at last the experiment results will be given.


The multidimensional forced-choice (MFC) item format contains multiple stimuli matched on social desirability (SD) that represent different traits. In several studies subjects have been asked to identify the more desirable stimulus in these MFC items. Since they are matched, the preference should on average be equal. But all studies show that they are not equally preferred. This study indicates that subjects then tend to identify the more applicable stimulus as the more desirable one. It is argued that the matching on SD causes the stimulus samples of the different traits to diverge in mean attractiveness or difficulty. As a result, the additive scoring of MFC items perpetuates the SD response bias.


Abstract Considering the deficiency of time elapsed for phase-stepping interferometric techniques and the need of developing non-contact and on-line measurement with high accuracy, a single-shot phase-shifting triple-interferometer (PSTI) is developed for analysis of characteristics of transparent structures and optical path difference (OPD) measurements. In the proposed PSTI, coupled three interferometers which generate four interference patterns, and a polarizer array is used as phase shifters to produce four spatially separated interferograms with π/2-phase shifts, which are recorded in a single capture by a camera. The configuration of the PSTI allows dynamic measurements (4D measurements) and does not require vibration isolation. We have applied the developed system to examine the size and OPD of cells, and the slope of thin films


For the Maccari's equations, the objective of this paper is to investigate the dynamical behavior of its traveling wave solutions by using the bifurcation method and qualitative theory of dynamical systems. All exact explicit parametric respresentations of solitary wave, kink (anti-kink) wave and periodic wave solutions are obtained under given parameter conditions, and the dynamics characters of these solutions are also analyzed.


Real‐time, or on‐line computer control of circulation records, is being studied at The Queen's University of Belfast. This paper describes in simple terms the real‐time method of operating a computer and suggests a library model based on this. Two experimental real‐time computer library situa‐tions are described: at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, M. M. Kessler is operating an indexing system which is capable of possible expansion to library catalogue size, while at the IBM Los Gatos Library an experimental ordering and cataloguing system is operating. Plans for the circulation control experiments at Queen's University, Belfast, are presented and discussed. They provide for interrogation of the loan file to provide information about any book on loan, and for automatic recall and reserve routines. The experiments will also include cost analyses.


Captive koalas were provided with specified proportions of known browse Species. Faecal pellets collected from each koala were analysed for cuticle fragments to determine the accuracy of this method for estimating the species composition of the diet Of koalas. Food species were consistently observed in faecal pellets collected 34 h after presentation of browse and remained represented in pellets collected up to 154h post-feeding. Faecal pellet examination provided an accurate means of describing the species composition of the diet of the koalas for the species of browse offered.


An angered response to false Confederate peace overtures and to the push for reconciliation with the South advanced by the Peace Democrats in 1864. (See also "The Sportsman Upset by the Recoil of His Own Gun," no. 1864-32.) Confederate general Robert E. Lee and president Jefferson Davis (center) stand back-to-back trying to ward off an attack by Northern officers (from left to right) Philip H. Sheridan, Ulysses S. Grant, David G. Farragut, and William T. Sherman. Sheridan points his sword at Lee, saying, "You commenced the war by taking up arms against the Government and you can have peace only on the condition of your laying them down again." Grant, also holding a sword, insists, "I demand your unconditional surrender, and intend to fight on this line until that is accomplished." Lee tries to placate them, "Cant think of surrendering Gentlemen but allow me through the Chicago platform to propose an armistice and a suspension of hostilities . . . " The 1864 Democratic national convention in Chicago advocated "a cessation of hostilities with a view to an ultimate convention of the states, or other peaceable means" to restore the Union. Davis, unarmed with his hands up, agrees, " . . . if we can get out of this tight place by an armistice, it will enable us to recruit up and get supplies to carry on the war four years longer." Farragut threatens with a harpoon, snarling, " rmistice! and suspension of hostilities'.--Tell that to the Marines, but sailors dont understand that hail from a sinking enemy." Sherman, with raised sword, informs Davis, "We dont want your negores or anything you have; but we do want and will have a just obedience to the laws of the United States."
Probably drawn by John Cameron.
Published by Currier & Ives, 152 Nassau St. N.Y.
Title appears as it is written on the item.
Gale, no. 6722.
Weitenkampf, p. 142.
Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1864-6.


Maintenance takes considerable effort in software development. Consequently, improving soft- ware maintainability can reduce costs and improve future maintenance of software. Previous re- search on ...


The IBR-30 pulsed reactor has been used to measure the ..gamma..-ray spectra accompanying capture of neutrons in isolated resonances of the nuclei /sup 154/Gd, /sup 171,173/Yb, and /sup 185/Re. Correlations between the partial radiative widths and the reduced neutron widths of the resonances are analyzed. Statistically reliable correlation effects are found. These effects fit into the framework of the quasiparticle-phonon model of Solov'ev.


Since 1930s', the terms of the bryophytes had been noticed and translated into Chinese, and the special books for the bryological terms and names in Chinese were published too. However, several terms for the hepaticae were not correctly used in the Chinese monographies. In this paper, we review several common terms for liverworts, and try to explain them perfectly.


Using CHO bioengineering cell as target,application of flow cytometer in cell counting and cell survival rate calculation was explored in this paper.The results showed that cell counting and survival rate calculation could be accurate by the flow cytometer through the set of three parameters SS,EV,and FL3.Compared with blood cell counting plate method,flow cytometer method was more efficient and stable with faster operation and lower SD value.Therefore,to improve the production efficiency and toxicological evaluation reliability,flow cytometer method was recommend to be applied in large scale experiments for cell counting and survival rate calculation.


The invention relates to the technical field of electronic equipment, in particular to a method for achieving acquisition of internet protocol (IP) by different virtual local area network (VLAN) users. User information or VLAN information and the like are set up in a preset setting port type according to the port type. Address pool information is set at the same time. An internet passage is set and IP operation is obtained by user equipment and a certificate server according to the preset information. A plurality of VLAN are set up and the obtainment of an IP address in a way of a point-to-point protocol over Ethernet (PPPOE) and a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) is used, a multi-service function is achieved. The Testing environment is close to user real service environment under the premise that environment change is reduced possibly. Working efficiency is further improved.


A ring R with unity is called right (left) self injective if the right (left) R-module R is injective [7]. The purpose of this note is to prove the following: Let R be a prime ring with a maximal annihilator right (left) ideal. If R is right (left) self injective then R is a primitive ring with a minimal one-sided ideal. If R satisfies the maximum condition on annihilator right (left) ideals and R is right (left) self injective then R is a simple ring with the minimum condition on one-sided ideals.


Understanding and engineering exciton transport in quantum dot (QD) solids is both of fundamental interest and crucial to their broad applications in devices1-6. Till date, studies of exciton transport in QD solids on pico/nano-second timescales have led to the conclusion that closer packing of QDs enables faster exciton transport, while energetic/structural heterogeneity leads to reduction of exciton diffusivity over time7,8. Here we study PbS QD solids using transient absorption microscopy with 13 femtoseconds time resolution and 10 nm spatial precision. We find exciton diffusivities in the range of ~102 cm2 s-1 within the first few hundred femtoseconds after photoexcitation, followed by the transition to a slower transport regime with diffusivities in the range 10-1 to 1 cm2 s-1. Counterintuitively, the initial diffusivity is higher and the time before the transition to the slower transport phase is longer in QD solids with longer ligand lengths. This suggests a transition from early-time transport of delocalized excitons to later time hopping based transport of localized excitons, where QD packing density and heterogeneity accelerate the localization process. Our results reveal a new regime for exciton transport in QD solids and provide design rules to engineer desired transport properties in these systems on a range of timescales.