The utility model provides an overhead line system elasticity measuring device. The overhead line system elasticity measuring device comprises a tension meter and a scale ruler, wherein the rear end of the tension meter is provided with a slotted hole, the scale ruler penetrates the slotted hole, the top end of the upper portion of the scale ruler is provided with an upper portion hook, and a lower portion hook is installed under the tension meter. The overhead line system elasticity measuring device has the advantages of enabling the measurement of an elasticity value of an overhead line system to have a specialized measuring device, and improving measurement efficiency and measurement accuracy. Besides, actual operation is simple and convenient, and therefore the overhead line system elasticity measuring device is suitable for large-scale measurement.


Soil is the most valuable resource, since this is essential to the entire plant life on which animal and human life depends. Soil contains wide assortment of organic, inorganic substances, water and gases thus provide a unique medium for growth and development of micro-organisms and soil invertebrates. In general, soil invertebrates are classified according to their size into three classes viz., micro fauna, meso fauna and macro fauna. Soil ecosystem services are reliant upon soil fauna which provide benefit to human population. They support most production systems through soil formation, nutrient cycling and primary production and also participate in provision of regulation services like climate regulation and detoxification. Without soil organisms, the soil would be a sterile medium that could not sustain crop production. Soil biota provides essential benefits for the functioning of agro ecosystems which are important for the long term sustainability of agriculture. They support essential soil processes and play a key role in maintaining the soil quality that is necessary for crop productivity. Soil organisms help to create and maintain beneficial soil structure and decomposing crop residues so that valuable nutrients are released for plant growth and contribute to soil carbon storage by mixing organic materials with mineral soil. Long-term and International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 6 (2017) pp. 2424-2429 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


This study aims to determine the influence of psychosexuality on the sexual function of postmenopausal women in Timbangan Indralaya Utara Village. This quantitative research method has a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest research design with a control group. The results showed that the mean sexual function score before the intervention was 18.365, with a standard deviation of 6.2999. After the intervention, the mean value was 21.950, with a standard deviation of 7.2103. In the control group, the mean score of sexual function in the second measurement was 16.615 with a standard deviation of 6.1748, while the mean value in the second measurement was 16.425 with a standard deviation of 6.1482. The statistical analysis results using the t-test obtained a p-value of 0.000 or <0.05. In conclusion, psychosexuality influences the sexual function of postmenopausal women in Timbangan Indralaya Utara Village

Keywords: Sexual Function, Menopause, Sexual Psychoeducation, Psychosexual


The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) have been used by web developers to develop accessible web pages. However, touch screen accessibility varies with web site accessibility. This research is dedicated to the improvement of accessibility of e-assessment in mobile touch screen for blind users. We chose IMS' Question and Test Interoperability specification (QTI) as a basis to generate the components of the e-assessment. We then extended the components to derive the Accessibility and Usability features Guidelines (AUG) using the WCAG. Specifically, we designed a prototype according to the derived AUG to check the accessibility for blind users. We analysed the results and found that the performance of the prototype is promising.


Dislocation is the most severe form of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). It significantly impairs hip function in the young, and may lead to debilitating early-onset osteoarthritis in adults. To our knowledge no thorough study of a large skeletal population has ever been undertaken to determine the wide range of diagnostic criteria for this condition in pathological specimens. To identify these criteria we have analysed the cases of developmental dislocation from a large series of 6000 individuals (6580 hips) from the medieval cemetery at Spitalfields in London, UK. We describe the changes at the true acetabulum, and have created a four-stage classification of the false acetabulum. The skeletal response to the altered biomechanics and limb shortening that occurs in developmental dislocation is described in the pelvis, lower limb and spine. This includes asymmetric growth in childhood, and asymmetric degenerative change in adulthood. We conclude with a discussion of the clinical literature on developmental dislocation of the hip that will aid palaeopathologists to estimate the symptoms that an excavated individual may have experienced during their lifetime. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


By quickly decreasing the electric field, we observe a transition from the two-dimensional hexagonal Blue Phase (BPH 2D ) to the three-dimensional hexagonal Blue Phase (BPH 3D ) and the appearance of screw dislocations in some crystallites. After more or less long time, some of these dislocations may escape from the crystallites. We analyse the phenomena through the Brownian motion and consider the influence of the electric field on the diffusion time En diminuant rapidement le champ electrique, la transition de la phase bleue hexagonale bidimensionnelle a la phase bleue hexagonale tridimensionnelle fait apparaitre des dislocations vis dans certains cristallites. Certaines de ces dislocations s'echappent des cristallites en des temps plus ou moins longs et l'on analyse ce phenomene en terme de mouvement brownien en regardant l'influence du champ electrique sur le temps de diffusion


The purpose of the paper is to present and evaluate the involvement of the People's Republic of China in stabilizing the security of Afghanistan during the democratic transition. China's efforts to secure Afghanistan were very limited as it did not want to support the US position in the country and antagonize extremist groupings. Its relations with Afghanistan were focused on economic issues, which resulted from its own goals and interests. China hoped that the intensified investments and trade, and thus economic growth, would positively translate into the stability and security of Afghanistan.


Modern methods of teaching Russian can be divided into three main areas: 1) Russian as native language, 2) Russian as non-native language, 3) Russian as foreign language. The second direction is the least developed and often misinterpreted as 'Russian in the national school'. The experience of the Intercultural Communication Department of Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia in organizing the teaching process of Russian as non-mother tongue, and its linguo-didactic support in the multicultural school, is closely analyzed.


The paper summarizes the current development of high-velocity oxygen–fuel coupled physical vapor deposition (HVOF-PVD) duplex coatings as protective candidates. Following a detailed historical overview of HVOF and PVD technologies, the fabrication methods for duplex protective coatings are presented. The duplex coating superimposes the synergistic advantages of coatings deposited by HVOF and PVD, where the traditional weaknesses of each technique are modified to a great certain extent. Subsequently, the relation between structural characteristics of the duplex coatings and their mechanical, tribological, and corrosive behavior is described in detail. It is demonstrated that the duplex coatings show more excellent overall performance than coatings deposited by both HVOF and PVD separately. Finally, we summarize the protective performance and promising potential of HVOF-PVD duplex coating for applications as well as the research prospects of challenges in future.


Sue Barnicoat on home education, the benefits it offers, and how early years educators can learn to work more closely with parents.


Duns History Society and our Museum Service are appealing for local people to contribute to a new exhibition which will commemorate the impact of the First World War on Duns.


Designing a containment system for present and future operational requirements as well as today's legal and environmental mandates is a necessary and complex task. Specifying a synthetic liner for that system can be complicated and should involve more than a token nod to the EPA requirement for a 30 mil liner or a naive acceptance of a liner manufacturer's or installer's promise to ''trust me''. A liner must be evaluated and selected as a key component of a total design system for the containment of hazardous and other wastes. It should be appreciated that new liner technologies are increasingly available, while at the same time some older lining concepts have been called into question, particularly the ability of a clay barrier to maintain long-term integrity in contact with hazardous waste leachates. The evaluation process in selecting an appropriate lining material includes both the selection of the material itself and the determination of a number of factors that will influence its installation, all within the context of the uses to which the liner will be put during its intended service life.


Two earnings management techniques are based on R&D expenditures: (i) reducing R&D spending and (ii) capitalization of R&D spending. In this paper, we examine whether both techniques are used by French firms to meet earnings thresholds (zero earnings and prior year earnings). Firstly, we study each technique separately. Our results show that R&D spending is capitalized in order to meet these thresholds, and managers reduce R&D in order to meet them. We then investigate whether managers use the two earnings management techniques in a coordinated way, and show that they are used in combination. More precisely, these earnings management techniques are substitutes for each other: low use of one is balanced by greater use of the other. We contribute to the literature by showing an earnings management process in which managers combine more than one earnings management technique.


Thermally stimulated luminescence has been observed in X-ray irradiated sodium borate glasses codoped with Ce3+ and Sm3+. The emission wavelength corresponds to the 5d→4f transition of Ce3+. X-ray irradiation leads to the ionization of Ce3+ to form Ce4+ and an electron, which is released from the Ce4+ and trapped by Sm3+. Thermal stimulation excites this electron, which transfers to the 5d level of Ce4+. The radiative relaxation of this electron to the 4f state gives rise to the observed emission. In contrast, point defects such as a non-bridging oxygen hole center and an electron trapped near Na+ induced by the X-ray irradiation contribute to the thermally stimulated luminescence in glasses doped with only Ce3+. The thermally stimulated emission intensity increases linearly with an increase in the X-ray irradiation time up to 1 h for 25Na2O· 75B2O3: Ce, Sm glass, suggesting that this glass is a promising material for radiation dosimetry.


Science and mathematics are closely related in the physical world, yet as school subjects they can be quite separate, even where they share overlapping content. Science and mathematics integration has been recommended as a way to increase student conceptual understanding of, interest in, and motivation to learn both subject (Czerniak 2007). Moreover, STEM education (involving the purposeful integration of science, technology, engineering and mathematics) is receiving increasing emphasis in Ireland and elsewhere (Breiner et al. 2012). In this research the STEM focus has been into the design and development and evaluation of a model that will permit teachers to assist students to transfer their mathematical knowledge and skills into Junior Science. This resulted in a CISA (Critical Integrated Skills and Activities) Model for developing context-appropriate integrated materials. The model consists of a Syllabus Map of the overlapping content on the Junior Cycle science and mathematics curricula, a Teaching and Learning Sequence for overlapping science and mathematics content and skills, a CISA lesson template for developing integrated lessons, and three exemplar CISA lesson packs. The Syllabus Map and Sequence were evaluated in an earlier stage of the research and one outcome was the need to provide flexibility in the Model so that teachers could adapt it to their local situation and to their students' learning needs. Instead of prescribing the science and mathematics topics that should be integrated, teachers can use the Map, Sequence, lesson template and exemplar lessons to identify critical skills that they may adapt to activities suitable for their science teaching. This paper reports on the design of the CISA exemplar lessons, and of the subsequent evaluation of both the lessons and of the overarching CISA Model, by subject matter experts and by teachers.


Objective: We aimed to assess the role of FDG PET/CT in evaluation of early response to chemotherapy after 2-3 cycles and late response after 6 cycles of chemotherapy to define responders from non-responders to treatment in breast cancer patients. Patients and Methods This prospective study included 52 female patients with locally advanced breast cancer, Group 1: Included 27 patients referred for PET/CT for assessment of primary lesion following 2-3 cycles of chemotherapy, twenty patients underwent a baseline study before initiation of therapy. Group 2: Included 25 patients with recurrent breast cancer referred for PET/CT following 6 cycles of chemotherapy for assessment of disease remission. They underwent a midline study after 2-3 cycles of chemotherapy. Results Only 4 patients out of 27 of group 1 showed significant early metabolic response with decrease of SUV value by (65.8%) following 2-3 cycles of treatment with significant reduction of mean SUV max implicating good response to therapy (p<0.005), while 23 patients showed partial metabolic response, with reduction of mean SUV max (36.2%). Nineteen out of 25 patients of group 2 (76%) showed significant metabolic response on completion of 6 cycles of chemotherapy with significant reduction of mean SUV max (69.6%) impressive of good therapy response (p<0.0001), while the other 6 patients (24%) showed poor metabolic response with mean reduction of SUV max of 30.8% and evidences of metastatic disease signifying poor therapy response. Conclusion: PET-CT seems to be useful for monitoring response to chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer differentiating responder from nonresponder in therapy evaluation.


Psidium guajava L. is a fruit tree visited by numerous bee species in search of nectar and pollen. This work is included in a series to study the importance of Venezuelan bee flora. The pollen is grey, subangular, approximately 17 x 20 μm diameter, tricolporate, scabrate exine and smooth cytoplasm. The botanical description and bee observations of guava are included in this card.


In multihop diversity aided multihop links, the number of bits transmitted in each Time Slot (TS) is affected by both the Channel Quality (CQ) and the Buffer Fullness (BF), when adaptive modulation is employed. We assume that every node has buffers for temporarily storing its received packets for further transmission at instances of good CQ. For the sake of improving the throughput, a Maximum Throughput Adaptive Rate Transmission (MTART) scheme was proposed, where the specific hop having the capability of transmitting the highest number of bits (packets) will be activated. If more than one hops are capable of transmitting the same number of bits, the particular hop having the highest CQ (reliability) is activated. We demonstrate that the MTART scheme has 8 dB gain at the Outage Probability (OP) of 10-3 and has 3 dB gain in terms of the throughput attained in comparison to the conventional adaptive modulation aided scheme.


The asymptotic accuracy of a two-parameter family of difference schemes (including the finite-element method scheme with bilinear elements), which approximate mixed boundaryvalue problems on a regular rectangular grid in a half-plane for a system of equations of the linear theory of elasticity in which the first derivatives of the solutions have a singularity O (r −1/2 ), is investigated. Integral representation: of the grid solutions are found and their asymptotic series at infinity are obtained. The principal term of the error, of size O (h/r 1/2 ), where r is the distance from the point where the type of boundary conditions changes, is computed. Modified schemes which improve the accuracy to O (h 2 /r 3/2 ) outside a finite neighbourhood of the singular point of the solution are constructed. Schemes of the same kind are constructed on rectangular grids for problems of the theory of elasticity in a plane with a cut, at the edges of which the displacements or stresses vanish


This project documentation outlines the requirements and implementation details for the measurement data recording software currently in development for the Resonance Ionisation Laser Ion Source (RILIS) at CERN. The software is capable of acquiring data from multiple laser parameter monitoring devices and associating the gathered values to represent qualitative and quantitative measurements. The measurement data is displayed graphically within the program and recorded to files for later analysis. The main application of the software is the acquisition coordination and recording of measurement data during spectroscopy experiments performed by RILIS and collaborating experiments. This document describes the design concept and detailed program implementation status at the end of July 2014 and provides an outlook to future developments in RILIS spectroscopy data acquisition. HSRM Master Project Documentation August 2014 Ralf Erik Rossel Laser Ion Source Data Acquisition Page 1 of 26


Abstract The South American genus Paraplesiataenius Chalumeau is redefined and its affinities are discussed. Three species are recognized. Paraplesiataenius tremolerasi (Schmidt) and two new species from Brazil, P. catarinaensis new species and P. genieri new species are described and illustrated, a key to the species and distribution records are included.


The utility model provides an automatic moxibustion frame which comprises a rack and a remote controller. A vertical guide rail is arranged on one side of the rack, a moxibustion clamp is arranged on the guide rail, a motor is arranged above the guide rail and connected with the moxibustion clamp, the moxibustion clamp comprises a rotating device and a clamping portion positioned at the tail end of the rotating device, and the remote controller is respectively connected with the motor and the rotating device. The optimal moxibustion therapy point, the optimal moxibustion therapy distance and the optimal moxibustion therapy time are found by self-perception and control of a patient, human synesthesia can be stimulated, and the curative effect is improved. The automatic moxibustion frame is simple, convenient to use, easy to produce and suitable for market popularization.


The present invention relates to a sputtering target and a method of producing in particular for application to the alloy target used for sputtering in the method of manufacturing a magnetic recording medium. According to the invention, the one or more rare earth more than 65% by weight of the alloy powder containing and sputtering at least once manufactured with two or more elements selected from the group consisting of one or more rare earth elements and Fe, Co, Ni, Cr and Si the sputtering target made of alloy powder which contains the one or more kinds of recycled alloy powder prepared by using a target used is provided. In a second aspect of the invention, one or more rare earth elements and Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, and Si-containing over 65% by weight of one or more kinds of rare earth alloy powder made of at least two elements selected from the group consisting of and once using the sputtering target used in the above for preparing a target from alloy powder which contains the one or more kinds of recycled alloy powder prepared, there is provided a method of manufacturing a sputtering target. According to the invention, it does not give harmful effect on the environment standing and effective use of expensive rare earth metal, and lower than the magnetic permeability can be reduced the cost of the magnetic recording medium because the thickness can be obtained a larger sputtering target . Sputtering targets, the magnetic permeability, the magnetic recording medium, a sputtering, a rare earth element


In 1896 William Randolph Hearst sent journalist Richard Harding Davis to Cuba to observe the guerrilla warfare being waged against Spain and to inquire into reports of atrocities. Hearst wanted to boost circulation of his recently purchased New York Journal by filling his paper with accounts of rapine and brutality. Initially, Davis noted in his articles that fighting, as in most wars, created unpleasantness, and neither side deserved accolades for decency. Nevertheless, Davis proved influential in drawing the United States into the war when he began to condemn Spanish actions in print. His anger at Spain stemmed primarily from Spanish boardings of American vessels in Cuban waters rather than from the supposed atrocities that other reporters were vigorously documenting - or making up entirely - to stir up anti-Spanish sentiments in the States. This Bison Books edition of Davis's influential 1898 book, beautifully illustrated by Frederic Remington, traces a journalist's abandonment of objectivity and serves as a cautionary tale of the media's - and the public's -susceptibility to grossly sensational accounts of death, pestilence, famine, and war. Richard Harding Davis (1864-1916) was an influential novelist and journalist. Introducer Matthew M. Oyos is an assistant professor of history at Radford University.


This paper attempts to research into the removing effect of ammonia-nitrogen from its NH_3-N solution prepared in the experimental laboratory by means of electrocatalytic oxidation,the influence of chloride content on the removing of ammonia-nitrogen,and the variation of some parameters such as solution temperature, current density,conductivity and pH value.The study shows that electrocatalytic oxidation proves effective in removing ammonia-nitrogen from its solution;the higher the concentration of chloride ion in solution is,the faster the removing rate is;under this experimental conditions,all of solution temperature,current density and conductivity increase as the electrolytic time goes on,whereas pH value decreases.


The intensity ofprotein synthesis in different tissues corresponds to the concentrations of RNA in the tissues. Thus in cardiac muscle the rate of protein synthesis and the concentration of RNA are in each case higher than in skeletal muscle. Changes in RNA concentration can occur very rapidly in response to food intake. We have shown, for example, that, in liver, heart and skeletal muscle of rats on cyclic feeding schedules, periodic changes in RNA concentration occur in all three tissues. That such changes can effect a change in protein synthesis is shown by parallel alterations in the rate of muscle protein synthesis and RNA concentration. Also, the loss of RNA that occurs when food is withdrawn is equally rapid from liver, heart and skeletal muscle. The control of protein breakdown in different tissues is in no way understood. Changes in the amount of dietary protein can cause immediate changes in either direction in the breakdown rate of arginase, whereas the breakdown rate of albumin responds only slowly to changes in dietary protein. A decrease in the rate of breakdown represents an energetically economical way of increasing the mass of protein. Evidence that such a mechanism occurs has been reported by Young et al. (1971) during the rapid catch-up growth of skeletal muscle that occurs on re-feeding after protein depletion. We have reported decreases in the specific activities of two proteolytic enzymes in rat skeletal muscle during similar periods of catch-up growth (Millward, 1972). It is therefore obvious that protein breakdown and synthesis are equally important in controlling the concentration of tissue protein. These results and current work on the problem will be discussed.


【Objective】 To compare digital radiography to discuss the X-ray digital tomosynthesis in abdominal plain and intravenous pyelogram(IVP) application value.【Methods】 In flat plate multi-function digital perspective Sonialvision Satire Ⅱ photography system under abdomen radiographs and IVP check were made,timing digital tomosynthesis technology,and the computer for high-definition image post-processing were carried out.【Results】 In 178 cases,The clinical verification unusual 157 cases(157/178): a urinary stone 95 cases(95/178),50 cases of kidney stones,ureter stone 13 cases,bladder calculus in 5 patients,and multiple organ stones 27 cases;The unidentified hydronephrosis 16 cases,and(16/178);Renal cyst 16 cases(16/178);Bladder sites in 11 patients(11/178);Renal spin bad 10 cases(10/178);Ectopic renal 2 cases(2/178);Retroperitoneal tumors oppression 3 cases(3/178);Kidney cancer in two(2/178);Renal 2 cases were tuberculosis(2/178).【Conclusion】 In the IVP process,timely digital tomosynthesis technology can eliminate overlap artifact of interference to get high-definition,high contrast ratio,high quality images,clear display renal lamp that the anatomic structure of the renal pelvis and pathological form.


The present invention is carried out by the outside peak electricity demand for cooling or heating the liquid absorbent to avoid insufficient power supply. Humidity control apparatus (10) the absorbent circuit (1) switching between reproduction and humidity-state, the reproducing state of the reproduction paths when the humidity control operation is stopped (3) and the outflow end to form an inflow end communicating let regenerated absorbent liquid circulating in the circuit (3) regeneration passage, the state that the humidity-humidity control passage (2) and a regeneration passage (3) when the communication operation is formed so that the humidity in the humidity absorbing liquid circulating passage between the humidity control circuit (2) and a regeneration passage (3).


In the paper there are presented experimental researches regarding testing in simulated and accelerated regime of bogie frame type resistance structures. Starting from the loads at which the structure is exposed in daily exploitation , there was developed a testing programme in simulated and accelerated regime in order to verify its structural integrity and estimate its span of.


Summary Petrography of the acid igneous rock of the Shag Valley in North-east Otago, previously classified as a quartz porphyry, indicates that this rock is an ignimbrite. Formerly described as a dyke, the Shag Valley rock is now considered to be a surface rock interbedded with coal measures of Upper Senonian age, and is the first occurrence of ignimbrite described from the South Tsland of New Zealand.


The paper reports a novel approach to the assessment of design creativity by means of the meaning system. The introduction of main constructs of meaning corresponding to the theory of meaning by Kreitler and Kreitler, is followed by the presentation of theoretical and empirical considerations supporting the hypothesis that it is possible to assess design creativity in terms of the meaning system. An empirical study describing one specific set of meaning variables that were found to differentiate significantly between the more and less creative participants is described. The findings confirmed the expectation that this particular set of meaning variables of types of relations characterizes the more creative students as compared to the less creative ones. It was found that the more creative designers tended to focus on the personal-subjective meanings, as well as on some components of the interpersonally-shared meanings, whereas the less creative designers focused mainly on the interpersonally-shared meanings.


Once you have read and analyzed your sources, paying close attention to the relationships among sources and between each source and your research, you are ready to begin the most difficult part of drafting a literature review: deciding how to organize the information you have accumulated. Because your task is to provide readers with a roadmap that leads to the value of your proposed research (your claim), you will need to organize your literature review in order to achieve this purpose. This means that organizing your literature review according to themes, methodologies, and/or underlying concepts is generally more effective than presenting each source one by one.


Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with risks of silent cerebral events. However, the timing of intraprocedural micro-embolic events or differences between open-irrigated radiofrequency (RF) and cryoballoon (Cryo) ablation are unclear. Newly developed real-time carotid artery Doppler is a simple non-invasive method to detect micro-embolic signals (MESs) during ablation.

 We investigated the timing of detecting MESs during RF and Cryo ablation of AF.

 During the first pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) session of AF, MESs were monitored by real-time carotid artery Doppler monitoring throughout the procedure. The MES counts were collected and evaluated separately during the different steps of the procedure (Figure).

 Thirty-three AF patients (RF/Cryo: 22/11 cases, 9 females, 69.5±11.6 y.o) were included. PVI was successfully accomplished in all patients with no major complications. The MES count was significantly greater in the RF group than Cryo group (table). In both groups, left atrial (LA) access (interatrial puncture) and sheaths insertion to the LA generated a significant number of MESs (RF: 1690 of 9116 MESs [18.5% of the total MESs], Cryo: 793 of 2285 MESs [34.7%]). In the RF group, MESs were observed incessantly during PVI (Figure). The LA dwell time was significantly longer in the RF group than Cryo group (table). In the RF group, the MES count was significantly greater in the longer LA dwell time group (LA dwell time >130min) than the shorter group (464.2±179.7 vs 302.6±138.2: P=0.049). During the cryo-applications in the Cryo group, the MESs were greatest during the first cryoballoon application (625 of 2285 MESs [27.4%]).

 There were more MESs during RF ablation than cryoablation. MESs were recorded during a variety of steps throughout the procedure. In the RF group, most of MESs were recorded incessantly during radiofrequency ablation and greater number of MESs were recorded in patients with longer LA dwell time. In the Cryo group, most of MESs occurred during phases with a high probability of gaseous emboli.

 Type of funding source: None


This book is in the sragdhara Metre.The work establishes the Visistadvaita tenets after a careful examination of the other systems of Philosophy ,the book contains the commentary Sarvartha Siddhi with the Anandayini and the Bhavaprakasa


It's been almost five months since the first report that Israeli drone aircraft have been dropping a "mystery weapon" on Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. Since then, news media around the world have run stories depicting the strange and "horrific" wounds inflicted by the new bomb. The international press has spoken with Palestinian doctors and medics who say Israel's new device is a kind of chemical weapon that has significantly increased the fatality rate among the victims of Israeli attacks. [1-4]


Switched reluctance motors driven with modern power electronics and using electronic controls are more and more often considered as a feasible alternative to conventional motors in diverse variable speed applications. Their simple construction, high reliability and efficiency make them suitable both for industrial and automotive applications. A modern, PIC and dsPIC Microchip microcontroller board based implementation of their control is discussed. The focus is on the position sensing.


Interruptible rendering is a novel approach to the fidelity-versus-performance tradeoff ubiquitous in real-time rendering. Interruptible rendering unifies spatial error caused by rendering coarse approximations for speed and temporal error caused by the delay imposed by rendering into a single image-space error measure. The heart of this approach is a progressive rendering framework that renders a coarse image into the back buffer and continuously refines it while monitoring temporal error. When temporal error exceeds the spatial error caused by coarse rendering, further refinement is pointless, and the image is displayed. We discuss how to adapt different rendering algorithms for interruptible use and present implementations based on polygonal rendering and ray casting. Interruptible rendering provides a low-latency, self-tuning approach to interactive rendering. To evaluate our results we introduce a "gold standard" approach that measures dynamic visual error against a hypothetical perfect rendering and show that interruptible rendering is more accurate than standard fidelity-versus-performance schemes. This improved accuracy enables better interactive rendering, both for complex models and complex rendering modalities such as ray casting.


[11C]METHYL IODIDE APPLIED IN A STILLE REACTION TO SYNTHESIZE A NEW RADIOLABELLED ANALOGUE OF CITALOPRAM AS POTENTIAL TRACER FOR THE SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER


When we assumed the editorship of the Southeast Review of Asian Studies, Mark Ravina, former president of the Southeast Conference, joked that if our marriage could survive editing a journal featuring a dozen different languages and a half dozen different character sets, it could survive anything. That was a year ago. We're still married, and if anything the shared trauma of our close-encounter with The Chicago Manual of Style has brought us closer together. It's true that our pillow talk has taken a strange turn and now revolves around issues like the relative merits of SimSun and MS PMincho, but it never lags. Were our daughter listening through the wall, she would hear us often mention the name of Steve Gump, as in ―How do you think Gump did that?‖ It was a busy but productive year. The happy thing about editing, as opposed to writing, is that progress is concrete and measurable. The writer may think he's found the mot juste when in fact he's only succeeded in making himself pretentious. The editor, on the other hand, progresses undeniably. You can dispute matters of style and interpretation, but you can't discount the victory of catching a typo or remembering to italicize the ampersand (one of Steve's more elegant innovations — behold: &). Each day brought a gratifying sense of one foot put in front of the other. The present volume indicates the active, varied intellectual life of the Southeast Conference of the Association for Asian Studies (SEC/AAS), an organization with a long and proud history and plenty of vigor going forward. Some twenty scholars from the U.S. and Asia contributed to this isstory, literature, political science, and religion. During our year of work on this issue, we developed new interests and rediscovered old interests, and we hope that you will do the same.


Audio recording of the speech made by interim Student Senate President Emma Halling prior to the passing of a resolution that condemned the University of Kansas for its handling of reported sexual assaults.


Self-starting laser with cavity completed by dynamic holographic gratings induced in the laser crystal by optical waves has recently demonstrated the capability of generating beams with more than two-hundred-Watt average power and a good quality. An important advantage of these lasers is the adaptive property of their cavity provided by the nonlinear dynamic mirror, which is a self-pumped phase-conjugate mirror. In this report we present new results of the investigation of the self-starting lasers and the optimization of their architecture for generation of high average power beams with good quality. The laser systems based on flash-lamp pumped Nd:YAG rods of the large size (O 12 mm /spl times/ 135 mm ) with the cavity completed by the population gratings inside the laser rod were studied and optimized. The imaging transfer technique and the polarization rotation allow for better compensation of the distortions and improve quality of the generated beam with average power up to 250-300 W. The self-starting lasers based on diode-pumped Nd:YAG crystals and grating-formed cavity were also investigated. The self-starting oscillations were achieved. The spatio-temporal characteristics of the generated beams were studied.


This article analyzes the common problems in the use of fuel boiler and stove, and the related affect resulting from the main quality level of fuel oil on the fuel operating condition, and puts forward an economy, practical and easy solution to improve the operating condition of fuel boiler and stove, restrain the corrosion of sulfur and vanadium, prevent the coking, carbon deposition and oil-sludge forming, etc. It can not only solve these problems from the headstream, but also reduce energy consuming and decrease smoke discharge. This article also takes some examples to improve it.


This paper presents a prototype MT system which does not make the distinction between a dictionary, a sub-sentential aligned parallel corpus, and post-edited information (translators output) like a translation memory. The system is based on the METIS-approach (Vandeghinste et al, 2006), and uses an XML-based dictionary format in which not only simple word-to-word translations can be included, but which also contains complex dictionary entries, including discontinuous entries, like idioms and proverbs. The presented prototype is a system that automatically adapts its dictionary and target language corpus depending on the post-edited output as made by the users of the system, and will therefore have a learning curve in its performance.


The land polygon area measurement is an important preliminary task in the land consolidation project.A large number of polygons and many kinds of polygons lead to a lot of measurement and statistics.In this paper,editing the graph,adding the property of the graph,graphical spatial analysis and the property output of MAPGIS functions are applied to the polygon area measurement and statistics of Tuoketuo County in Inner Mongolia for rural water resources planning.The results show that applying these functions improves efficiency greatly.Polygon area measurement results of the Tuoketuo County serve as a scientific basis for water resources planning,So it is an effective way to solve these problems.


A device for purifying exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine consists of a honeycomb body 10 having a proximal end and a motor end remote from the engine and a load applied to this honeycomb body 10 active coating. To prevent damage, the honeycomb body in the region of the closed end of at least on a coating-free zone 18th The preparation of such a device can be performed by a multi-stage immersion of the honeycomb body 10 in liquid washcoat 40th


Introduction The growing prevalence of severe cognitive impairment in populations, the involvement of a significant number of people of working age in the medical, psychological and social problems associated with dementia, the insufficiency and inconsistency of information about the mechanisms of formation of these disorders actualize a comprehensive social study of dementia. Objectives the psychosocial mechanisms of the formation of clinical, functional disorders in dementia, to develop comprehensive medical and psychosocial programs to help patients with dementia and those involved in caring for them, based on the proposals of the psychosocial model of dementia Methods A selective observational comparative dynamic study of 315 people with Alzheimer's dementia and 214 people who care for the patients was carried out. Results Changes in family-role and social parameters, a high level of "expressed" emotions of caregivers have an adverse effect on the development of psychotic (r = 0.618), affective (r = 0.701), behavioral (r = 0.837) dementia disorders. The degree of adherence to anti-dementia therapy by the caregiver is one of the important factors determining the amount of care received by the patient (r = 0.698). Agitation / aggression (r = 0.761), anxiety (r = 0.562), sleep disturbances (r = 0.521) contribute to increased compliance. The low satisfaction of the caregiver with premorbid (r = 0.698) and current (r = 0.653) relationships with the patient leads to a decrease in the compliance of the caregiver. Conclusions The mechanism of psychopathological symptoms, functional disorders is heterogeneous, depending on the biological causes and psychosocial conditions of functioning of patients. Disclosure No significant relationships.


For TWDM-PON systems we report measurements of and mitigation methods for the unwanted wavelength drift of directly modulated burst-mode lasers due to self-heating of the laser junction.


Discuss the enterprise network security technology and measures,a design scheme of enterprise technology,after practice proved that using a variety of combinations of the security technology,constructing the enterprise network security using firewall technology enterprise network and the network of isolation,filtering,Using the VPN technology enterprise headquarters and the branches of the security communication,In the enterprise nets,adopt combination way of ACL VLAN,To satisfy the business enterprise network safety requirements.


This edited volume compiles seventeen papers developed in the framework of the Evidence Programme, an interdisciplinary venture funded by the Leverhulme Trust and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) between 2004 and 2007. During those three years both University College London and the London School of Economics hosted many evidence-related events, bringing together scholars from many different fields, in what may have been—as Dawid suggest in his introduction (pp. 5–6)—the greatest achievement of the project. A survey paper by Jason Davies provides a good summary of those meetings. As to the accomplishment of the over-arching goal stated in the programme title ('Towards an Integrated Science of Evidence'), both Dawid and Twining are understandably modest, but they certainly had an intellectual agenda aiming at a unified treatment of all sorts of evidence. They found their inspiration (p. 4) in the interdisciplinary theory of evidence developed by David Schum, an information scientist from George Mason University. One major flaw of this collection, in my view, is that it does not provide a précis of Schum's approach, despite the explicit acknowledgement of its limited impact across disciplines (p. 93). We just get a presentation of Schum's bi-dimensional classification of evidence, since apparently it was the topic that most controversies elicited in the project. For Schum (p. 19), the three main properties of evidence are relevance, credibility, and inferential force. For Schum, information becomes evidence only when it bears upon a hypothesis (relevance), either directly or indirectly. As to credibility, it should be ascertained depending on the type of evidence we are Brit. J. Phil. Sci. 64 (2013), 665–668


The purpose of this study was the investigation of lipid peroxidation products and photosynthetic pigment content in cells of herbs of various species in conditions of anthropogenic pollution of Tyumen. The material for the research was collected near different plants of Tyumen: metallurgical, engine, oil refinery, battery manufacturing as well as highway pollution. The following species of plants were analysed: coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), red clover (Trifolium rubens), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and wild vetch (Vicia cracca). Heavy metal concentration in soils of urban areas turned out to be elevated compared to background sites. Especially high heavy metal content was registered near metallurgical and battery manufacturing plants. Changes in photosynthetic pigment concentration turned out to be species-specific. An increase in photosynthetic pigments was obtained in chamomile cells, while in other plants oppression of photosynthetic apparatus was revealed. Concentration of lipid peroxidation cells of chamomile, meadow grass and wild vetch was increased compared to background site, while in coltsfoot and red clover it decreased. Heavy metal content in soils positively correlated with lipid peroxidation in plants. Oxidation stress in chamomile cells created energetic starvation, which was reflected in a positive correlation between photosynthetic pigments and the concentration of conjugated dienes in cells.


This study reports on the main structural details of the wine chain, with the aim of identify the production/consumption dynamics. The causal diagram integrates structural elements of Vineyard, Cellar (elaboration of wines), Sale/Shipments, Demand/Consumers and Price. The influence of grape price modifies the dynamic going from a balancing loop to a reinforcing loop. We detect an important delay between the Demand and Sale giving place to a chain break which is due to the distance from real behavior. The information comes too late to advance in the changes and the value put on a product by the consumers depends on the degree of product-information that is available to them. Using system dynamics we will be elaborated a model that will pick up the operation of the supply chain, feedback and non-lineal relationships to explain the coordination mechanisms among the different actors and we will help the chain to be able to work more coordinately.


The local election is an important agenda in the implementation of
democracy in Indonesia. Arrangements regarding the local elections
experienced rapid development. Even, the local elections regulation is very
frequent. This resulted in the emergence of legal insecurity. Laws are always
changing is not a good law. Amendment Act elections cannot be separated
with political content The political struggle is able to influence the election
law produced. The political process is run to produce the Act elections are
not able to guarantee legal certainty. Therefore, the policy makers are
expected to put the interests of not only personal, but policy-shapers are
expected to provide a fair policy, usable and surely.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate health management state during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum of immigrant women. Methods: A descriptive research design was employed. Data were collected from 182 immigrant women who lived in four provinces and D city. Subjects were compl...


A reduced state estimator is derived for systems with bounded parameters as inputs. Optimal filter gains are derived for minimizing the total covariance of the estimation error due to measurement noise and parameter uncertainty. It is shown that these filter gains for a two-state system with a Gaussian parameter satisfy the Kalata relation in steady state. Equations are also derived for optimally filtering measurements in arbitrary time order. This reduced state estimator offers novelties over a traditional Kalman filter in its application to the class of problems considered. The total error covariance, which is minimized, makes no use of plant noise. Furthermore, the filter is easier to optimize in high dimensional and multiple sensor applications as well as in processing out-of-sequence measurements.


(1.1) Some of the main results described in [Report] are the following (in rough terms; notations and precise references will be given below): (1) A map (f>:{M,g)-+(N,h) between Riemannian manifolds which is continuous and of class L\ is harmonic if and only if it is a critical point of the energy functional. (2) Let (M, g) and (N, h) be compact, and <̂ 0: (M, g) -> (N, h) a map. Then ^0 can be deformed to a harmonic map with minimum energy in its homotopy class in the following cases: (a) Riem ' f t ^0; (b) dim M = 2 and n2(N) = 0. (3) Any map 0O: S m -> S can be deformed to a harmonic map provided m ^ 7. More generally, suitably restricted harmonic polynomial maps can be joined to provide harmonic maps between spheres. (4) The homotopy class of maps of degree 1 from the 2-torus T to the 2-sphere S has no harmonic representative, whatever Riemannian metrics are put on T and S. (5) If in (2) M has a smooth boundary, then various Dirichlet problems have solutions in case (a) and (b); and also when the boundary data is sufficiently small.


workers in man)' communities at the same time. The two world wars, which, historians of both women and workers have told us, brought major ruptures in established class and gender relations, are particularly lightly dealt with. In Hanover we learn that the First World War created a crisis of masculinity for many German-Canadian workers, but never hear about the profound disruptions in labour markets that gave most Canadian workers unprecedented leverage to make demands on employers or the new grassroots fervour for working-class organization and for new ideologies. The furniture workers' union organized in 1919 and its involvement in helping put Agnes Macphail in the House of Commons (mentioned, but never discussed in the book) were part of a workers' revolt percolating through towns and cities across the country, in which wider identities than local neighbourliness were emerging. Similarly, the story of the 1949 Paris strike leaps across the Second World War with scarcely a mention of its impact. on class relations in the town or the country more generally. How did the women, who we were told earlier were so grateful to Penman's for its corporate largesse in the 193os, end up so resentful of company officials' favouritism a decade later? And what effect did the disruption of normal gender relations during the war, documented by Ruth Roach Pierson and others, have on the consciousness of the women who signed union cards and walked picket lines a few years later? In general, in both case studies, why so little discussion of the state (beyond tariff debatesi, which is certainly the major force drawing people out of parochial identities?


The
 simulation of the selective excitation of the vibrational levels of the electronic ground state of H2CS
 by femtosecond coherent light pulses was investigated. The simulation model was based on the development
 of the time-dependent wavefunction in terms of the stationary vibrational eigenstates. The dipole moment
 and the potential energy functions were obtained ab initio and approximated by polynomial expansions. Chirped
 and non-chirped linear polarized pulses were tried as well as circularly polarized pulses. If the target
 vibrational level was not involved in resonances a selectivity of more than 60% was achieved. In several cases
 the target state
 was 100% populated.
 Different ways of achieving the population were investigated.


Miami —Although post-LASIK diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) typically develops in the early postoperative period, it is important to be aware that late-onset DLK can occur, said William B. Trattler, MD.


The primary purpose of passive ventilation is to manage attic moisture and lower attic air temperature. This paper details results collected from a full year of field-testing at a facility constructed with 7 roof/attic configurations including both sealed and ventilated designs with breathable and non-breathable underlayments. The Natural Exposure Testing (NET) facility was built in Charleston, South Carolina to study the impact of a hot, humid climate on the hygrothermal performance of roof and attics. Two attics were configured identical except one was fitted with breathable and other with a non-breathable underlayment to compare effect of breathability on hygrothermal performance. Both attics were ventilated with identical 1:300 soffit-ridge ventilation system. A third attic with non-breathable underlayment and 1:150 ventilation was also constructed to evaluate the ventilation effect. Humidifiers introduced identical moisture loads in the attics to simulate moisture loads emanating from the conditioned space due to occupancy habits. The average moisture load was estimated from previously collected data by ORNL on various attics in Southern climates. Attics in the study were fitted with temperature, humidity and heat-flux sensors at identical locations. Results from the analysis of field data indicate that breathable membranes and ventilating attics in hot, humid climates provide effective temperature and moisture control. INTRODUCTION The effect of natural ventilation in a residential attic cavity has been studied extensively since the 1930's (Rowley et al., 1939). It was found that the main purpose of ventilating an attic space was to manage moisture in cold climates. The studies performed by Frank Rowley et al (Rowley, Algren, & Lund, 1939) have concluded that natural ventilation openings are required in cold climates for the circulation of air in the attic space to prevent surface condensation on the underside of the roof sheathing. Following Rowley's work, the National Housing Agency published "Property Standards and Minimum Construction Requirements for Dwellings" for the Federal Housing Association (FHA) in 1942. This document contains the first record of the 1:300 specifications. (FHA, 1942). Although attics have dramatically changed since the days of Rowley, his recommendations remain well adopted and have been extended to other climates. As new technologies and building practices continue to evolve, the thermal performance of the attic is known to depend on many construction components, such as breathable or non-breathable underlayments, use of a radiant barrier, size of ventilation area (1:150, 1:300), and above sheathing ventilation (William Miller et al., 2007). The recent introduction of sealed attics and the movement of the insulation from the attic floor to the Author A is the R & D Manager for Steep Slope at GAF, Author B is the Group Leader, Building Envelopes Group at ORNL rafters also can impact attic performance. In this paper, the effects of breathability of an underlayment on attic performance are studied. Breathability is defined by the permeance of the underlayment. A material with perm rating below 0.1 perm is vapor impermeable and is considered a non-breathable underlayment. A material exceeding 10 perm is classified as vapor permeable and breathable. Underlayment materials with water vapor permeances ranging from near 0 to 100 perms are currently available in the marketplace. In the present research, standard 15lb paper, and breathable and non-breathable underlayment were tested on ventilated and unvented attics. The purpose of this research is to compare and contrast the hygro-thermal performance of breathable and non-breathable underlayment materials on vented and sealed attic assemblies in a hot and humid climate. THE FACILITY AND THE EXPERIMENTS An existing test facility in South Carolina known as Natural Exposure Test (NET) facility was modified to accept a family of 7 different attics, as shown in Figure 1. These attics were monitored for a period of two years and the test data was used to compare the hygro-thermal performance. Figure 1: The southern exposure of the NET Facility in Charleston SC. The attic of the NET test building was subdivided into seven separate attic modules by using barrier walls thermally insulated to about R-15. The barriers were air sealed using calk and spray foam sealants. These subdivided attics were then configured with various combinations of attic ventilation, permeable and impermeable underlayment, above sheathing ventilation, and solar reflectance of the shingle roof covering to study their effect on attic performance. A schematic of the attic assemblies is shown in Figure 2. Relevant features of the attics are listed in Table 1. THE ATTIC CONSTRUCTIONS The Attic 1 (Table 1) has 1:300 soffit and ridge ventilation with a permeable underlayment (16 perms) and it is covered in dark colored asphalt shingles having solar reflectance of 0.03. The soffit and ridge openings are of equal area. Attic 7 has 1:150 soffit and ridge ventilation with the soffit vent designed into the fascia. An impermeable, peel and stick type underlayment (0.1 perms) serves as the underlayment. Attic 7 has dark colored shingles. Attic 2 has 6 inch of open cell foam attached to the underside of the roof sheathing. The underlayment is 15 lb. felt paper (8 perms) that is covered by traditional dark colored shingles. This attic has no insulation on the attic floor. All other attics have R-38 attic floor insulation. Attic 3 is ventilated at 1:300 ratio with a non-breathable underlayment (0.04 perms) and traditional dark colored shingles. Attic 4 is identical to Attic 3 except it has cool shingles (solar reflectance 0.28). Attic 5 is equipped with above sheathing ventilation (1-3/4 inch air gap) with 15 lb. felt paper (8 perms) and dark colored shingles. Attic 6 is ventilated at 1:300 ratio. A radiant barrier is on the underside of the sheathing. The underlayment is 15 lb. felt paper (8 perms). Figure 2: Test attic assembly layout on NET Facility in Charleston SC. Table 1: Attic configuration summary Attic No. Attic Insulation Ventilation Underlayment Radiant Barrier shingle solar reflectance 1 R38 on attic floor 1/300 soffit-ridge Synthetic breathable film (16 perm) none SR=0.03 2 5.5" open cell spray foam on roof sheathing sealed attic 15lb felt (8 perm) none SR=0.03 3 R38 on attic floor 1/300 soffit-ridge Synthetic nonbreathable (0.04 perm) none SR=0.03 4 R38 on attic floor 1/300 soffit-ridge Synthetic nonbreathable (0.04 perm) none SR=0.28 5 R38 on attic floor 1/300 soffit-ridge & 1-3/4 inch air gap above sheathing 15lb felt (8 perm) none SR=0.03 6 R38 on attic floor 1/300 soffit-ridge 15lb felt (8 perm) under sheathing SR=0.03 7 R38 on attic floor 1/150 intake-ridge ventilation non-breathable (0.1 perm peel & stick) none SR=0.03 THE INSTRUMENTATION Temperature sensors, relative humidity (RH) sensors, and heat flux transducers were attached at pertinent locations to analyze the in situ performance of the individual attic bays. The sensors were placed in an identical pattern for each attic cavity as shown in Figure 3 to standardize the comparison of results, see Appendix A for the types and calibrations of the instruments. To simulate moisture generation from occupied home conditions, moisture was added to the ventilated attic spaces by installing a humidifier. The sealed attic was not ventilated and the intent was to observe the effects of the outdoor ambient when the attic was not ventilated. The amount of moisture introduced into the ventilated attics was determined using simulation data for interior hygrothermal loading of residential homes conducted by Arena, Karagiozis and Mantha (2009). Figure 3: Instrumentation layout for each attic assembly THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The temperature, moisture, and heat-flux data were analyzed and used for evaluating comparative performance of various attics. In this paper, only those data from attics with breathable and non-breathable underlayments are presented and discussed. Moisture in Underlayments The moisture level measured between the sheathing and underlayment in Attic #1 with a breathable underlayment (16 perm), Attic #3 having a non-breathable underlayment (0.04 perm) and Attic #7 with peel and stick underlayment are shown in Figure 4 for the winter and summer of calendar year 2011. Figure 4 shows the partial pressure of water vapor averaged over the respective month for all 3 attics. Figure 4: Underlayment moisture level for Attic #1, #3, and #7 on the north facing side from Jan-to-Dec. Moisture content increases between the underlayment and the roof deck for all 3 attics as the season warms from December through August. There is almost no difference in the overall moisture level for the breathable underlayment on Attic 1 and the non-breathable underlayment on Attic 3. Both attics have the same soffit-to-ridge ventilation ratio of 1:300. However, the peel and stick underlayment on Attic 7 equipped with 1:150 fascia and ridge ventilation shows the deck's moisture content to be consistently higher with the largest differences observed during the warmer summer months. The result is consistent with measures of relative humidity and specific humidity collected in the 3 attics. Attic 7 with its higher ventilation flow area had the highest levels of attic air specific humidity during the period of review. Effect of underlayment breathability on RH levels in deck Since the attics and the roof system with both breathable and non-breathable underlayments used in this study were constructed identically, we can further investigate the relationships between the moisture level at the underlayment and the moisture migrations in other parts of the roofing system. It is important to understand the effects of breathability on roofdeck moisture level, as lowering moisture level is desirable for reducing condensate potential. The moisture leve


This paper not only introduces the theory of extension method and matter-element,but demonstrates trade-off analysis between efficiency and cost by means of extension theory.It starts with the establishment of the high-rank complex matter-element model.And then,it extends the initialized concept of efficiency and cost,and puts forward the notion of extensive characteristic set.Lastly,it deals with the clustering analysis of the concept of efficiency and cost.


This chapter contains practice questions based on a broad range of orthopaedic topics that may be encountered within the 'Hand & Paediatrics' station of the FRCS (Trauma & Orthopaedics) viva examination. The topics covered include a combination of common trauma and elective conditions. Trauma topics include: scaphoid fractures, fight-bite, perilunate dislocations, crush injuries, ligament injuries, and hamate fractures. Elective topics include: Dupuytren's disease, rheumatoid hands, ganglion cysts, Kienböck's disease, and de Quervain's syndrome. Some basic hand anatomy is also touched upon in this chapter.


The mechanical strength of the nitrogen doped Czochralski(CZ) silicon and conventional CZ silicon at room temperature and their flexure strength at high temperature have been studied by three point bending method.It is found for the first time that due to the doping of nitrogen,the mechanical strength of silicon increased markedly at room temperature.Pinning effect of nitrogen atoms on dislocations in silicon at high temperature was also confirmed.The effects of the surface condition and the orientation of crystal on the mechanical strength at room temperature were substantiated.The mechanism of nitrogen in silicon increasing the mechanical strength at room temperature has been discussed.


A new continuous roll-to-roll coating technique for plastic foils has been developed for the preparation of dielectric interference multilayer systems. Such interference multilayer systems on plastic foil like anti-reflective coatings, near-infrared reflective or visible light reflective coatings have an interesting application potential in the field of displays and also as laminating foils for flat glass in the architectural or automotive sector. The coating sols consist of SiOz- and TiOz nanoparticles respectively with polymerizable surface ligands like epoxysilanes or epoxide resins, disposed in isopropanol. The coatings are prepared using a 60 cm wide coating line, running with a line speed of about 1 m lmin under clean-room conditions. As a coating technique,, an offset-reverse coating setup using polished stainless steel rolls is investigated. The coatings are dried and cured within 2 min at 130' C. The homogeneity of the coating thickness is characterized by vis-reflectance spectroscopy. As examples , a 2-layer antireflective coating with a residual reflectance < | %o and a 3-layer antireflective coating with a residual reflectance < 0.5 % on triacetate (TAC) foil is presented. Furthermore the preparation of a 3-layer green filter and the design of a NIR reflectance filter is shown. The durability of the multilayer system is investigated by steel-wool scratch tests and di-ffe..nt .lirnate tests. I a second example, a new class of a thixotropic coating for the preparation of digital optical micropatterns on plastic foils is introduced. The coating is prepared from surface modified SiO2 nanoparticles in an epoxysilane derived matrix. The rheology of the almost solvent free coating sol can be controlled by the concentration and also by the zeta potential of the SiOz nanoparticles, which can be adjusted between -5.0 mV and -14.7 mV by the addition of tetra hexyl ammonium hydroxide to the colloidal SiOz suspension. For the embossing experiments, coatings with 60 wt. Yo of l0 nm SiO2 nanoparticles were used. Ni-shim stamper with a digital pattern of 0.3 - I pm in depth was used. The curing time delay, e.g. the time span between removing of the stamper and the final UV curing of the embossed micropattern, was varied and the quality of the embossed hologram was investigated by a real-time diffraction efficiency method. A diffraction efficiency of 27 % was obtained which did not decrease within 45 h before the final UV curing. This is by far enough to separate the embossing from the UV-curing step and therefore, the new nanocomposite coating is suitable for high speed embossing processes. In a second step, the embossed and UV cured micropattern is planarized using a TiOz nanoparticulate coating sol. Since the refractive index difference between the embossed material and the TiOz cladding of 0.43 is similar to the one between the embossed material and air (0.47), the diffraction efficiency of the planarized micropattern remains high (24 %). The excellent mechanical, chemical and thermal durability of the micropatterns are demonstrated quantitatively.


The physiological responses to air exposure were analyzed in jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus at 1, 6 and 12 hours of exposure and 1 e 6 hours after returning to water environment. Plasma cortisol and glucose were significantly higher than those of control group after 1, 6 and 12 hours of air exposure, respectively. Acid-base and ionic unbalances during air exposure were evidenced by plasma pH and Na+ and K+ concentration following pH recovery as fish returned to water environment. Ammonia accumulation was found in all experimental groups increasing continuously during air exposure. During the recovery period in water there was a reduction in plasma ammonia concentration but it was significantly higher than the controls. Plasma lactate showed a slightly increase during air exposure and was significantly higher than the controls only 1 hour after recovery in water while piruvate increased after 6 hour in water. Hematocrit, red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased significantly during air exposure. Air exposure can be characterized as an stressor agent to H. unitaeniatus and imply in physiological adjustments to keep the O2 transfer from air to tissue and homeostasis as well as energy mobilization.


The aim of our study was to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the previously unrecognized role of cytoplasmic alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in retinoic acid receptors (RAR) mediated expression and biological effects of GADD153. Using microarray analysis, the expression of the GADD153 gene showed the greatest fold change among apoptosis/growth related genes in response to ATRA. AFP was able to interact with RAR in HepG2 cells, which was undetectable in HLE cells owing to absence of AFP. ATRA promoted nuclei entrance of RAR, expression of GADD153 and apoptosis, and these changes were reversed after transfection with the afp gene or addition of AGN193109. The level of GADD153 was gradually elevated as the effect of AFP was counteracted by increasing dose or prolonging treatment time with ATRA in HepG2 cells. Knockdown of AFP in siRNA‐transfected HepG2 cells or over‐expression of AFP in afp gene‐transfected HLE cells was synchronously associated with up‐regulation or down‐regulation, respectively, of GADD153 expression. Both ATRA administration and AFP knockdown were each able to promote greater binding of RAR to its response element with consequent elevation of the proportion of apoptotic cells. Conversely, transfection of HLE cells with pcDNA3.1‐afp resulted in apparent reduction of RAR binding to DNA and change of biological effect. These data taken together demonstrate the involvement of AFP in RAR‐mediated expression and biological effects of GADD153. These findings provide a novel insight into the mechanism underlying the impact of AFP on the RAR signal network.


e18647 Background: Interest is growing in identifying and addressing health related social needs for patients with cancer. One proposed approach is the creation of coordinated social care networks (CSCNs) to facilitate access to community-based resources and communication between community-based organizations (CBOs) serving patients with cancer. However, little is known about the perspectives of CBO leaders' perspectives of addressing address health-related social needs or participating in CSCNs to serve patients with cancer. Methods: We conducted qualitative interviews of CBO leaders in New Haven, CT to assess perceived barriers to and facilitators for joining a CSCN. We also assessed leaders' awareness of how their services align with cancer care guidelines to address social and material needs of patients with cancer. CBOs were identified through a resource inventory of all New Haven-based CBOs. We employed qualitative content analysis and applied the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to classify emergent themes. Results: Respondents (N = 15) representing food pantries (n = 3), transportation agencies (n = 2), financial assistance organizations (n = 2), cancer-specific advocacy groups (n = 2), homeless shelters (n = 1), and general service organizations (n = 5) participated. We identified four themes: COVID-19 impact, referral challenges to other CBOs, challenges addressing client needs, and barriers and facilitators to joining a CSCN. The strongest theme was challenges addressing client needs which aligns with the CFIR domains of inner setting and individual characteristics. For instance, CBO leaders identified significant challenges with providing resources for patients with cancer due to lack of knowledge of client's diagnosis. The theme of referral challenges to other CBOs, which aligns with the intervention CFIR domain, was exemplified by sentiments of limited funding and resources, lack of availability of information, and desire for client privacy. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was a theme relevant to both the individual and inner setting CFIR domains, particularly given its lasting effect on both the general community and patients with cancer utilizing CBOs at a higher rate, contributing to longer waitlists. Lastly, barriers to and facilitators of joining a CSCN largely align with the process CFIR domain. Respondents noted that lack of funding and resistance to adapting new technologies were barriers to implementing a CSCN in the New Haven area. Conclusions: While CSCNs may be a helpful mechanism to increase coordination between CBOs to help patients with cancer, critical barriers such as capacity, funding, and technology resistance may hinder implementation.


We report an essential improvement of the plain Fourier Monte Carlo algorithm that promises to be a powerful tool for investigating critical behavior in a large class of lattice models, in particular those containing microscopic or effective long-ranged interactions. On tuning the Monte Carlo acceptance rates separately for each wave vector, we are able to drastically reduce critical slowing down. We illustrate the resulting efficiency and unprecedented accuracy of our algorithm with a calculation of the universal elastic properties of crystalline membranes in the flat phase and derive a numerical estimate eta = 0.795(10) for the critical exponent eta that challenges those derived from other recent simulations. The large system sizes accessible to our present algorithm also allow to demonstrate that insufficiently taking into account corrections to scaling may severely hamper a finite size scaling analysis. This observation may also help to clarify the apparent disagreement of published numerical estimates of eta in the existing literature.


In order to increase drying rate at initial stage, the heat pump drying systems often lift temperature of the drying air assisted with electrical heating. However, power consumption of drying systems is raised. By taking advantage of an auxiliary evaporator and adjusting its fluid fluxes, the heat pump drying systems can acquire the same results of lifting temperature as those assisted with electrical heating. Experiment results demonstrate that the heat pump unit with an auxiliary evaporator is able to not only lift temperature quickly at initial drying stage, but also enhance the material dehumidification obviously when drying temperature ranges from 40°C to 55°C.


Mobile communication makes use of the wireless channels.Because of the opening of the network and the characteristics of the wireless transmission,there are many security threatens.Authentication is an important measure for anti- cheat online.This paper lists many authentication means used in CDMA system,then it studies the procedures of entity au- thentication in cdma2000 1x systems.


Cyber-security is unavoidable in present days due to the security importance of each and every digital device part of a global network among millions of computing nodes. Industry 4.0 created much more impact on the automation of industrial micro functionalities to the manufacturing level, with more sensitive data to handle at every stage of organization, then security features of such platform are more important for a complete smooth working environment. This article will elaborate more on an understanding of Incremental learning with data analysis of huge Cyber-attack detection datasets which consist of Adware, Ransomware, SMS malware, scareware, Benign..etc. Incremental learning refers to a group of scalable various algorithms that as the ability to learn in terms of sequentially and can continuously update their models from huge infinite data streams. This working model helps to understand by adopting dynamic learning for varying incoming data inputs based on huge dataset inputs with scalable learning models of algorithms without discarding learned model outcomes. Number of incremental classification model were used where as ARFC gives very good results with higher accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score values. The results revealed that the proposed model training generates a complete result by adopting variation in dynamic inputs which helps to improve classification higher accuracy by comparing with other training models.


Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignant proliferation of mature, differentiated B-lymphocytes, frequently associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). The effect of this complication in the clinical outcome and survival of patients with CLL is controversial. The aim of study was to evaluate the prevalence of AIHA in our patients with CLL and how this complication influences the patient's survival.


In this paper we analyze the development of a separated cycling infrastructure in Sevilla during the period 2006 – 2011, as well as its consequences for the city mobility. The development in such a short period of time of a fully segregated network of cycle paths has proven to be a valuable tool for the promotion of bicycle mobility in a city without previous tradition of utilitarian cycling. Besides segregation from motorized traffic, connectivity, continuity, visibility, uniformity, bidirectionality and comfort have proven to be good criteria for the design of such infrastructure. All these criteria are aimed to make cycling not just safe, but also easy and comfortable for everybody. Our analysis suggest that the fast building of such kind of infrastructure provides solid grounds for the development of utilitarian cycling with a high cost effectiveness, even in cities without previous tradition of cycling. However this strategy also has limits, that are also analyzed in our paper.


Criticism has been directed at the proposition that certain archaeologically known ritual practices and arts may be termed "shamanistic." Cecelia Klein and coauthors (CA 43:383–419) have attacked the Mayan research of, amongst others, Peter Furst, Kent Reilly, Linda Schele, Joy Parker, and David Freidel. Declaring the use of the words "shaman" and "shamanistic" "symptomatic of some very serious problems in Mesoamerican art studies," they impute to other researchers a "deliberate [my emphasis] avoidance of the demands of rigorous scholarship." Their desire to achieve a "sharp" tone has taken its toll on their own scholarship. That Schele and others ignored the political aspects of shamanism is simply untrue, as their use of the (disputed) term "shamanking" shows (e.g., Schele and Freidel 1990, Freidel, Schele, and Parker 1993). Indeed, Schele and her associates argue for the political power of Mayan leaders; whether they may be termed "shaman-kings" is a secondary issue. Reilly points out another lapse in Klein et al.'s scholarship, their selective use of publications that cite his work. He insists that their claim that researchers who suggest a form of shamanism among the Maya ignore "the function of economics in state formation" (CA 43:410) is simply wrong. It is also incorrect to claim that writers of the calibre of Freidel, Schele, and Reilly, apply the word "shaman" cavalierly and uncritically and then leave it at that. They do not use "shaman" as a self-explanatory label. Today no one believes that "shamanism" is a ritual and religious monolith identical in all its expressions throughout the world (on "shamanisms" see Atkinson 1992). As Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, mediaeval monastic, African Zionist, and charismatic groups may all be usefully referred to as "Christian" despite their considerable differences, so, too, diverse expressions of "shamanism" may be so designated. "Christian" does not obscure the differences among the various denominations; neither need "shamanism" conceal differ-


Our objective is to study the association between potentially influential determinants and first‐trimester combined test (FCT) uptake rates in the central region of the Netherlands.


In this paper, the authors describe a fuzzy behavioral approach for navigating an autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) using infrared proximity sensors and a laser range measurement system. The proximity sensors are used to provide distance information based on their logic patterns. A method for associating the logic patterns to fuzzy linguistic variables is presented. A laser scanner is used in conjunction with the proximity sensors in local navigation and obstacle avoidance duties. A fuzzy histogram grid approach is used to integrate and fuse the two sensor types. It is shown that in addition to the logic patterns of the proximity sensors, the simulator is able to monitor vehicle performance through a traveling profile, heading angles, and changes in steering commands.


The accompanying figure shows a simple arrangement for the electrolytic deposition of platinum upon electrodes for hydrogen ion work. A battery of two dry cells, a, is connected in series to a commutator, d, by wires, b, and c. The commutator is connected to a single central anode, g, by wire e, and to the cathodes, h, by branching of the cable wire, f. The electrodes, g, and h, are loosely held in position by insertion through the holes of the flat cork, i, which is supported in the 100 cc. beaker, j, in such a way that the metal of the electrodes is immersed in the platinic chloride solution, k. The electrode, g, consists of a platinum foil connected to a short piece of platinum wire, which is in turn sealed into the 5 mm. glass tube. A single wire electrode would probably serve just as well here. The electrodes, h, were made by sealing 18 or 20 gauge platinum wire into pieces of 4 mm. Mett's tubing. The cable wire, f, is a piece of 16 strand electric wire such as is used in flexible extension cords. The core has been bared and the individual strands distributed as shown. The arrangement has several distinct advantages. 1. Many electrodes may be prepared simultaneously at a great saving of time. 2. After plating is concluded the cork with'electrodes may be transferred to a 100 cc. beaker filled with distilled water. 3. A reserve stock of electrodes is always available. The electrodes thus prepared keep for several months in distilled water. 4. The apparatus is in stable equilibrium.


In representative democracies most public administration is actually directed by unelected appointees. These appointees are accountable to voters only indirectly through a minister. In Scotland, many decisions on healthcare provision are made by regional health boards. The Scottish government authorized experimental elections to two of these health boards in the hope of democratizing health service administration. Our research uncovered many unexpected consequences of holding direct elections to health boards, but they did not revolutionize the accountability structure in the ways we might have expected. New members largely accepted inherited norms which discouraged them from acting as conduits for public opinion.


High-precision data of backward-angle elastic and quasielastic scattering for the weakly bound {sup 6}Li projectile on {sup 144}Sm target at deep-sub-barrier, near-, and above-barrier energies were measured. From the deep-sub-barrier data, the surface diffuseness of the nuclear interacting potential was studied. Barrier distributions were extracted from the first derivatives of the elastic and quasielastic excitation functions. It is shown that sequential breakup through the first resonant state of the {sup 6}Li is an important channel to be included in coupled-channels calculations, even at deep-sub-barrier energies.


The supreme aim of competitive sport has always been victory or sport success, over personality and health being subordinated to this aim both axiologically azc instrumentally. This specific bias of competitive sport has found its most articulate expression in the theories of training and pedagogics of sport which are aimedvat least in their praxeological approachvat maximizing sport results and performance alongside with personality and health development geared up adequately to the requirements of sport success. This fact does not, however, exclude a possibility of some positive effect of competitive sport upon one's personality and health in the course of training. Unlike in recreational, mass scale and entertainment sport, health and personality development as conditioned by competitive sport can hardly be considered as a matter of fact socio cultural values per se.


Diet essays hold a certain proportion among Zhou Zuoren's works. However,his works obviously have their particularity compared with those of other writers in the same or latter era,which can be attributed to his profound academic accomplishment as well as his complicated ideological background. The feature of Zhou Zuoren's essays on diet can be summed up as intellectuality and human feelings,which actually reflect the overall style of Zhou's works from one side.


Synthetic di- or multimetallic complexes bearing NxHy nitrogenous ligands in a sulfur-rich coordination environment have attracted considerable attention due to their importance in evaluating the complex mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation. Herein, we report a series of thiolate-bridged dicobalt NxHy species obtained by treatment of CoIIICoIII precursor with hydrazine and its substituted derivatives at ambient temperature. Remarkably, when the substituent is the cyclohexyl group, the resulting species can interconvert through different pathways. This Co2S2 skeleton provides a new model system for obtaining valuable information about the early N2Hx-bound intermediate species during the catalytic cycle of nitrogenase.


The ubiquity of modern computers in the form of smartphones, smartwatches, and virtual and augmented reality glasses has lead to the need to create new ways of computer input. Conventional input devices like the keyboard and the mouse can no longer be used for such emerging devices. The human hands are highly dexterous and could provide an alwayson input capability through the use of gestures. In this thesis, we introduce new methods for markerless tracking of the full articulated motion of hands and using tracked motion for gesture-based computer input. First, we contribute to computer vision-based markerless tracking of hands for use in computer input. This is a hard problem due to occlusions, uniform skin color, fast motions, and scene clutter. We show that combining novel representations for model-based tracking with discriminative learning techniques can result in mutually exclusive failure modes that help overcome some of the challenges. We show the benefit of our contributions in a variety of scenarios including varying number of cameras, viewpoints, and run-time requirements. We also show that our contributions can scale with scene complexity—it can be used, to our knowledge for the first time, to jointly track hands interacting with objects. Second, we contribute to gesture-based input driven by markerless hand tracking. The design of appropriate interaction techniques and gestures is a hard problem because of the large design space, and human factors such as ergonomics. We show that gestures elicited from users can be used to develop interaction techniques for 3D navigation tasks. We then identify limitations with elicitation studies and propose a novel method for computational gesture design. This allows designers, for the first time, to automatically generate gestures satisfying criteria such as speed or accuracy. Finally, we show that even limiting hand tracking to only fingertips can enable new input methods for small form factor devices such as smartphones. We conclude the thesis with a critical discussion about limitations and directions for future work.


Because of the continuous warming of our country's art market, lacquer painting,a kind of art class, has also received more and more attention, and Fujian lacquer painting is undoubtedly one of the best Fujian lacquer painting is an important branch of national art, and a typical example of Fujians traditional culture. In the multicultural environment,the creation and dissemination of Fujian lacquer painting have been hindered. In order to break the obstacles, we need to find ideas from the heritage of traditional lacquer art , explore new methods of artistic creation, and make greater contributions to the development of local lacquer painting.


Hadley Wickham's ggplot2 package is a very popular alternative to R's base graphics package. (Others include lattice, ggobi and so on.) The ggplot2 pacakge is an implementation of the ideas in the book, The Gramma of Graphics, by Leland Wilkison, whose goal was to set out a set of general unifying principles for the visualization of data. For this reason, ggplot2 offers a more elegant and arguably more natural approach than does the base R graphics package.


The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) of IrCl62− doped into crystalline (CH3NH3)2 SnCl6 has been studied from liquid helium to room temperature over the spectral region 6000–3000 A. The results confirm the new assignment (based on solution MCD data) wihch places the 2T1u charge‐transfer state at lower energy than the corresponding 2T2u state. The spin–orbit splitting of the 2T2u state which is not apparent in the absorption spectrum or solution MCD shows up strikingly in the crystal MCD illustrating the potentialities of such studies, particularly at low temperatures. The approximate 1 / T variation in the MCD from room temperature to 6°K shows conclusively that the allowed charge‐transfer bands in MCD arise primarily from C terms and is the first experimental demonstration over a very wide range of temperature of this theoretically expected temperature dependence. There is no indication of antiferromagnetic coupling, at least down to 6°K.


With the arrival of the aging social,the number of empty-nest families has continued to grow,which also brought to a great deal of problems.To solve these problems needs common efforts of the state,communities,families and individuals,But in law we should strengthen maintenance obligations of children,and create a good condition for them.


Microbiota of retail ready-to-eat cashew nuts was investigated due to outbreak of E. coli 0157:H7 infections during 2006 and 2007 respectively. Moisture content: 3.7 -4.3 and 3.2 - 5.4 respectively. Mesophillic bacteria: 4 - 19 x 10>sup>4cfu/g; Staphylococcus aureus: 2 - 4 x 10 4 cfu/g; Coliform count: 2 - 3.0 x 10 4 cfu/g; Fungal count: 14 - 25 x 10 4 cfu/g were recorded. Aspergillus flavus , A. parasiticus, A. niger , A. terreus, Rhizopus were predominant. Aflatoxins determined using TLC Scanner 3 ranged from 1.4 to 6.0 ng/g. Serologic test confirmed presence o f E. coli 0157:H7. Sanitary measures should be implemented. Keywords : Aflatoxin, cashew nuts, diarrhoea, E. coli serogroup 0157:H7, microbiota, TLC Scanner 3.


Usually a local parametrisation of a surface is a map R ⊇ U → R, but in this paper we will consider maps r : S ⊇ U → R. We will furthermore demand that the normal at r(n) is n, in other words the surface is locally parametrised by the inverse Gauss map. The Gauss map is not always a local diffeomorphism, but if it is, then its differential, which up to a sign is the Weingarten map, is invertible too. So the determinant, i.e., the Gaussian curvature, has to be non vanishing. In the solution to the classical Minkowski problem the surface is given by the inverse Gauss map, see [2, 3, 4, 10]. Also in the study of minimal surfaces the inverse Gauss map has been used and already Gauss himself considered surfaces given this way. So it is certainly not a new idea to use the inverse Gauss map. When I wrote the paper I believed the idea was new in geometric design, but I have just learned that the idea was suggested by Malcolm Sabin already in 1974, see [14]. One way of obtaining the inverse Gauss map is to specify the support function as a function of the normal, i.e., as a function on the unit sphere. The support function is the distance from the origin to the tangent plane and the surface is simply considered as the envelope of its family of tangent planes. The latter point of view has been used previously, eg., in [11, 12]. The advantages of this surface representation is that geometric properties are easily calculated when the inverse Gauss map is known. The motivation for this paper is similar work on planar curves, [6, 7], where parametrisation by tangent direction was essentially in the geometric modelling of a scroll compressor.


Two photoelectrochemical cells based on C60-SAM-modified
gold electrodes have been fabricated and their photoelectric responses with
Ar- or O2-saturated electrolyte investigated. High quantum
yields under visible light illumination and without an external electron sacrificer
were observed. A new approach consisting of casting an ion-selective polyurethane
membrane on the C60-SAM leads to improved stability of the
photocurrent generation.


The automated servicing of vehicles is becoming more and more a reality in today's world. While certain operations, such as car washing, require only a rough model of the surface of a vehicle, other operations, such as changing of a wheel or filling the gas tank, require correct localization of the different parts of the vehicle on which operations are to be performed. The paper describes an image-based approach to roughly localize vehicle parts over the surface of a vehicle with a bounding box approach based on a model of human visual attention. The proposed method is automatically adapted for different views of a vehicle and obtains average localization rates for different vehicle parts of over 95% for a dataset of 120 vehicles belonging to three categories, namely sedan, SUV and wagon.


After the success of Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS) in United States of America and European Union, it is established that ETS has a great potential to reduce pollution along with decreasing compliance cost as against the command-and-control regulation. It is high time for India to step in and introduce such flexible market mechanisms for abatement of air pollution. This paper discusses some of the challenges and issues that India will have to face for implementing ETS. Such change in environmental regulations will elevate position of India and place her as a leader in emerging economies.


Membrane associated phosphatidylinositides, notably phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3), regulate numerous cellular functions, so their levels must be tightly regulated or diseases such as inflammation, cancer, and diabetes can result [1]. In response to extracellular stimuli, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) enzymes become activated to produce PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Phosphoinositol (PI) phosphatases can counter the action of PI3Ks by dephosphorylating PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, but unlike PI3Ks, the enzymatic activity of PI phosphatases were originally thought to be constitutively ''on'' even in the absence of extracellular signals. Instead of changes in intrinsic enzyme activity, certain PI phosphatases such as SHIP1 or SHIP2 were thought to be primarily regulated by their recruitment to the membrane where they can then access and hydrolyze PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. However, as summarized by Elong Edimo et al., we are now appreciating thatmechanisms such as reversible phosphorylations of PI phosphatase on serine and threonine (ser/thr) residues can alter not only their subcellular location, but also their intrinsic enzyme activity [2]. SHIP1/2 were both first identified as SH2 domain containing, tyrosine phosphorylated proteins which become recruited to the membrane through SH2 domain interactions with tyrosine phosphorylated receptors or receptor associated signaling complexes. Tyrosine phosphorylation of SHIP1/2 is widely used as a surrogate marker of SHIP1/2 activation, but tyrosine phosphorylation does not alter SHIP1/2 enzyme activity and mainly functions to shunt SHIP1 to proteasome mediated degradation [3]. Recently, however, studies have shown that the intrinsic enzyme activity of several PI phosphatases, including SHIP1, were indeed subject to end-product allosteric activation [4]. Furthermore, some PI phosphatases can be recruited to the membrane through inherent lipid binding PH-like domains as well as of SH2phosphotyrosyl interactions [5]. Indeed, that is the case with SHIP1. In addition to these mechanisms, a role for ser/thr phosphorylations of PI phosphatases such as SHIP1/2 in regulating their activity and cellular localization is becoming apparent [2]. Specifically, phosphorylation of SHIP1 by a cyclic AMP dependent kinase has been shown to increase SHIP1 enzyme activity [6], while SHIP2 also undergoes phosphorylation at several ser/thr residues with phosphorylation of serine 132 required for SHIP2 localization to nuclear speckles [7]. Interestingly, SHIP2 has been shown to physically associate with a protein phosphatase PP2A subunit and this interaction may keep its basal phosphorylation low [8]. Other PI phosphatases such as SYJ1 and PTEN have also been found to undergo ser/thr phosphorylation and/or associate with PP2A [2]. The model that emerges is that PI phosphatases, rather than being basally active, are enzymes whose activity, interaction with cellular signaling complexes and localization are tightly regulated through multiple mechanisms. Many questions remain to be answered. What are the identities of the ser/thr protein kinases and phosphatases which target SHIP1/2 and other PI phosphatases? How does regulation by ser/thr phosphorylation integrate with the allosteric activation of intrinsic enzyme activity? How do ser/thrphosphorylation-mediatedchanges in localization coordinate with changes mediated by SH2-phosphotyrosyl, or direct PH-like domain interactions with membrane phospholipids? Understanding the role that ser/thr phosphorylation plays in regulating PI phosphatase function will provide insight into human diseases such as inflammation, cancer and diabetes, in which dysregulated PI phosphatase functions have been implicated.


BACKGROUNDTo evaluate the usefulness of treatment of the distal radius fracture by using intrafocal pinning technique.CASE REPORTSThirty four patients of distal radius fractures were treated by percutaneous reduction fixation with intrafocal pinning,and were estimated by simple radiographic findings(volar tilting,radial shortening and radial inclination by bilateral wrist PA and lateral X-ray);physical examination(pronation and supination,dorsiflexion and palmar flexion and grip power) and clinical manifestation by Cooney's modified Mayo wrist scoring system.Average bone union at post operation 6 weeks,initial,postopertive,follow up radial inclination was 19°,23°,22°(normal wrists 24°),Volar tilting was 9°,10°,8°(normal wrists 11°),radial shortening was 2,0,1mm.Loss of pronation and supination averaged 1° and 2° compared with the uninjuried wrists.Loss of dorsiflexion and palmarflexion averaged 15° and 10°,and grip power averaged 88% compare the nonoperated side.The average modified Mayo wrist score is 82,exellent 6,good 20,fair 8.Complications included injury of radial sensory branch 1 patient,infection of superfical pin sites 3 patients,no malunion or nonuion.DISCUSSIONIntrafocal pinning provides an effective means to stabilize distal radius fractures,except for fractures extended intraarticular surface,with dorsal metaphyseal comminution and with severe osteoporosis.