Humulinone and hulupone extracts were prepared for evaluating their bitterness intensity in beer. Previously established methods for oxidizing α- and β-acids followed by preparative liquid chromatography resulted in humulinone and hulupone extracts of 93.5 and 92.7% purity, respectively, as measured by HPLC. The humulinone and hulupone extracts were dosed into unhopped lager over a range of concentrations from 8 to 40 mg/L. Similarly, purified iso-α-acids were dosed into unhopped beer at concentrations ranging from 6 to 30 mg/L. A nine-member trained panel scaled the bitterness intensity of all samples in five replicated testing sessions. Humulinones were found to be 66% as bitter as iso-α-acids (±13%), and hulupones were found to be 84% as bitter as iso-α-acids (±10%). The results of this study suggest that humulinones and hulupones are more bitter than was previously suspected.


In research on European foreign policy two important axes of debate have been running relatively independently of each other for more than a decade: the study of the European Union as a normative power (NPE) and the study of external perceptions of the EU. However, the studies of external perception offer some findings that are central for the NPE debate. This article's argument is that the external perceptions literature points to a limited (if still identifiable) perception of the EU as a normative power depending on the geographical area. By comparison, the image of a powerful economic actor is prevalent. The article raises the question of whether the thin and geographically varied character of the perceptions relating to the EU as a normative power justifies the general designation of NPE. A new agenda focusing on geographical differences and interaction with other sources of power is outlined.


According to higher vocational food microbiology and inspection technology curriculum teaching present situation,the reform measures are proposed from three aspects of the theoretical teaching,practical teaching and assessment methods,and the achievements and shortcomings of reform are summarized.


Network connectivity is paramount for multi-agent systems with limited sensing and communication capabilities, since agents need to coordinate and communicate to make appropriate decisions in formation control. The goal in this work is to steer a group of agents to a desired configuration from any given initially connected graph in a decentralized manner, without partitioning the underlying network, and avoiding collision with other agents and moving obstacles. To maintain network connectivity, an information flow is proposed to specify the communication among agents. The underlying network graph is connected as long as all the information flows are maintained. Based on the approach of information flow, each agent is able to choose a short path to reach the desired agent in the information graph by dynamically building new communication links or breaking existing links. A navigation function formulation is used to maintain the information flow among agents, and guarantee the convergence of the system to the desired configuration.


This paper presents a low-power true single-phase clock 2/3 prescalers at 1.2 V supply voltage. The true single-phase clock divider was developed to help achieve low power and highspeed. All simulation results have been carried out by using Hspice program simulator based on 0.13μm CMOS technology. The power consumption of the proposed circuit is less than that of the previous circuits. The prescaler is capable of operating from 0.5 to 9.7 GHz.


The purpose of this research is to analyze the role of motivation factor of worker, community participation, community behavior and support of government policy toward performance of municipal waste management in Makassar City. This study used quantitative methods. Data collected from the respondents as a sample on the area of Makassar City as a research location with the distribution of questionnaires. The data obtained were analyzed using the statistic method approach of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS). Result was constructed by modeling the relationship of exogenous variables (X): Motivation Variables (X1) and Policy Variables (X2); while Endogen Variable (Y) consisted of Variable of Participation (Y1), Variable of Behavior (Y2) and Variable of Performance (Y3). The results showed that effective waste management was determined by work motivation and municipal waste policy through community participation. Work motivation and a good waste policy had a significant effect to the community participation. Activities in waste management involving community participation were shaped by willingness, solidarity, trust and sensitivity. Those all are considered as social capital for sustainable management. Community participation shaped community behavior through experience and equipment. Both of these were strongly influenced by educational and training factors.


The paper considers methods of mathematical modeling based on the use of the theory of cellular automata as the main tool for modeling the processes of public opinion formation. As the object of modeling was chosen social behavior in the context of the acceptance of educational material in the science-centered approach. The theory of cellular automata was chosen as a modeling tool because it is a relatively simple and at the same time effective method for modeling the interaction of single-type objects. The developed basic cellular automata of the model has extended rules of determination of cell state and determination of cell vicinity. It has also been derived the dependence of the information perception coefficient on the difference between the state of the cell and its surroundings. These improvements allow the model to be used to predict changes in social group preferences.


This paper deals with a multiperiod portfolio selection problem in an uncertain investment environment, in which the returns of securities are assumed to be uncertain variables and determined by experts' subjective evaluation. Based on uncertain theory, we present a novel multiperiod multiobjective mean–variance–skewness model by considering multiple realistic investment constraints such as transaction cost, bounds on holdings, cardinality, etc. For the proposed solution, we first apply a weighted max–min fuzzy goal programming approach to convert the proposed multiobjective programming model into a single-objective one. After that, we design a novel hybrid of an imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) and a firefly algorithm (FA), termed ICA–FA, to solve it. Finally, we provide a numerical example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and corresponding algorithm.


Significance
 However, early hopes that digital technology would rapidly overcome the continent's infrastructural weaknesses and enable governments to achieve 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals have proven overly optimistic.

 Impacts
 Access to uncensored and affordable internet will drive deeper divides between civil society advocates and authoritarian governments.
 Without concerted state action, further technological advances, particularly automation, will reduce employment.
 Digital technology will reduce the impact of pandemics and health crises on public services.


This work presents a fuzzy mechanism for selecting the optimum cluster head (CH) inside a cluster. During the preliminary simulations, different parameters with different weights are taken into account to make sure that the best CH is chosen, which ameliorates the wireless sensor network (WSN) lifetime. Fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering is used in the proposed work to select a CH based on the remaining energy ratio, the distance to the sink, the node history, and the node degree. By varying the weights for the above parameters using a brute-force approach, the best-performing weights have been acquired that extend the longevity of a WSN. The simulation results confirm that by incorporating the above-mentioned parameters, network stability is improved by 140.10% and 45.09% as compared to LEACH and FCM, respectively.


A survey of the different approaches to the determination of the glass-forming ability of substances is given. A generalized criterion for glass formation, based on the kinetics of the overall crystallization process, is used to calculate the minimum cooling rate for glass formation. This criterion accounts for non-steady-state effects in nucleation and for the presence of active substances and surfactants in the melt. The classical structural criteria for glass formation are derived as limiting eases of the generalized kinetic treatment. The glass-forming ability of a number of substances (metals, halides and liquified noble gases) is discussed.


This article mainly analyzes the application of magnetic powder detection in pressure vessel inspection from the principle of magnetic powder detection, advantages and disadvantages, classification, and compaason with other surface nondestructive testing methods,etc.


The paper presents a general method of large strain determination over the deformed surface of a sheet metal stamping. It is demonstrated that the conventional degenerated shell element with two normal rotation degrees of freedom is not suitable for large deformation, especially when large element rotation is present. This inaccuracy is primarily caused by the fact that the displacement field description used in the degenerated shell element is only a first-order approximation with respect to the two rotation degrees of freedom, and is therefore suitable only for small rotation angles. The new method presented in this paper replaces the two rotation DOFs with three new degrees of freedom to describe the rotation of the surface normal so that the element deformation can be accurately described with no limitation on the amount of deformation and rotation involved. The advantages of this new method are: (i) a linear and accurate expression of the displacement field in terms of nodal DOFs is obtained; (ii) the formulation is easily incorporated into any existing degenerated shell elements; (iii) the strain calculation is accurate for any amount of element rigid body rotation; (iv) if the method is used in surface grid analysis, the algorithm will not only provide correct surface strains, but also their variation through the thickness direction, i.e. the bending deformation.


The paper expounds the rationality of the "two rights" separation mechanism introduced by the market-oriented reform of China rural land system in the initial stage of reform and opening up,analyzes its historic performance and institutional defaults,points out that the market-oriented reform of China rural land system should keep constantly reform the property structure so as to accommodate to the needs of development.


In recent years, the concepts of imperialism, global capitalism, and capitalist empire have become increasingly relevant to critical globalization studies. Within the context of this discourse, this paper explores whether contemporary society can be characterized as a new form of the Marxist notion of imperialism and as informational/media imperialism. In an attempt to answer this question, I employ Vladimir Lenin's analysis of imperialism as it relates to contemporary capitalism. Paying particular attention to the relevance of media and information, I test Lenin's theory against macroeconomic statistical analysis of existing data. My analysis is structured according to Lenin's five characteristics of imperialism: 1) the role of economic concentration; 2) the dominance of finance capital; 3) the importance of capital export; 4) the spatial stratification of the world as result of corporate dominance; 5) the political dimension of the spatial stratification of the world. The results demonstrate that Lenin's theories continue to provide value to the discussion of contemporary imperialism, and that they should be retooled and "reloaded" for critical globalization studies and contemporary media, information and communication studies.


This paper proposes a humanistic approach to architectural design, which puts people at the center of the designer's thoughts. Understanding how the built environment influences people's behavior, emotions and activities should be the starting point of design. This implies a reflection on the way space can convey meanings – in its denotative and connotative components. Then, the techniques to collect information from the real and supposed users and to include such information in design have been assessed to highlight the advantages and the issues of putting into practice the idea of a people-centered design. The discussion is focused on the supposed loss of autonomy of designers, on the timing of introducing user's derived data, and on the consequences of including such data in normal design practices.


Objective To evaluate the compatible stability of Rhubarb Injection with Folium Perillae Injection at room temperature. Methods After Folium Perillae injection and Rhubarb injection were prepared,quality control was conducted according to the"Pharmacopeia of China 2005". Appearance,absorbability value,pH value and particles of mixture of the two injections within 6h were detected by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer,pH meter and microscope. Results No significant change was observed in appearance,particles,pH value and absorbability value of the mixture at room temperature. Conclusion Rhubarb injection mixed with Folium Perillae injection has good stability and the two injections can be mixed to use.


PurposeThis paper aims to examine the effectiveness of control mechanisms in promoting collaborative performance by exploring the moderating effects of formal institutions (government support and legal enforcement in this study) and informal ties (business ties in this study) on the relationship between control mechanisms and collaborative performance.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual model is developed with the direct effects of contractual execution and relational norms on collaborative performance and the moderating effects of government support, legal enforcement and business ties on the above relationships. Hierarchical regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses based on 393 responses from Chinese computer and computer components distributors.FindingsThe empirical results generally support the conceptual model. First, consistent with most previous studies, both contractual execution and relational norms contribute to collaborative performance. Second, government support and business ties weaken the role of contractual execution, whereas legal enforcement strengthens it. Third, business ties enhance the effects of relational norms, and, unexpectedly, government support also fosters the relationship between relational norms and collaborative performance.Originality/valueFirst, this study solves the problem of conflicting findings on the relationship between contract and performance by examining the effect of contractual execution, rather than contract design, on collaborative performance. Second, this study contributes to institutional theory by examining the moderating role of formal institutions. Third, this study deepens the understanding of the role of business ties by exploring its moderating effect on the relationship between control mechanisms and collaborative performance.


In global manufacturing system, reduction of weight for automobile components is the main concern in automotive manufacturing industries. This research work focuses to improve the high strength ratio by reducing the weight of steel plate composite cart spring. The objective is to investigate the total load carrying capacity, stiffness and weight savings of composite cart spring and compare with that of steel cart spring at specified loading and over loading conditions. The examination was done for the cart spring made up of steel and composite materials of epoxy resin, e-glass fiber and nano particles. The specimens were fabricated by laminated composite with two dissimilar wagering progressions of resin with clay and nanoparticles. The constant thickness and width for cross section was maintained on the moulding techniques. The proposed design of multi level composite cart spring was modeled through PTC developed software of Pro Engineer and imported in simulation and 3-D design software of ANSYS R16.0. The existing measurements of a multi level cart spring was considered for modeling and investigation of a proposed laminated composite cart spring under same loading conditions. From the results it was found that, about 80% of the weight was reduced in the proposed laminated composite cart spring by replacing steel plates with composite materials.


The problem of the absence of Chinese Culture in college English education always exists. Teachers teach English language skills and Western culture,but rarely introduce Chinese culture. This article discusses the current situation of the absence of Chinese culture and urges that English teachers undertake the important task of introducing traditional Chinese culture and achieving successful intercultural communication.


New updated! The latest book from a very famous author finally comes out. Book of the complexity of cooperation agent based models of competition and collaboration, as an amazing reference becomes what you need to get. What's for is this book? Are you still thinking for what the book is? Well, this is what you probably will get. You should have made proper choices for your better life. Book, as a source that may involve the facts, opinion, literature, religion, and many others are the great friends to join with.


Simple Summary The American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines recommend that hematology reference intervals (RIs) should be established based on specific animals in specific regions. However, the information on hematology RIs is still lacking for Chinese dairy cows, which account for a total number of more than 3 million. Thus, the aim of this study is to establish hematology RIs for Chinese dairy cows using a large sample size. After the collection of blood samples from 786 Holstein cows, we generated hematology RIs according to overall animals, different ages, different parities and different lactation stages. Our results provide important hematologic information for both clinicians and researchers to approach the health surveillance of Holstein cows in southern China. Abstract Hematology RIs help clinicians and researchers determine whether a hematology parameter is abnormal, which plays an important role in animal health surveillance. China is one of the largest dairy producers in the world, with millions of Holstein cows. However, there has been no published data on hematology RIs for dairy cows in China yet. Therefore, the aim of this study is to establish updated and accurate RIs for Holstein cows in southern China. To increase the accuracy of the RIs, we collected blood samples from 786 Holstein cows and analyzed 25 hematologic variables. The RIs for Holstein cows were established using the 95% percentile RIs according to the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. The effects of different ages, parities and lactation stages were also checked in this study. The data of 21, 22 and 19 out of 25 hematology parameters were significantly different between different ages, parities and lactation stages, respectively. Furthermore, the hematology RIs of separate subclasses according to different ages, parities and lactation stages were generated. Hematology RIs according to ages and lactation stages, as well as parities and lactation stages, were also assessed. Together, our results confirm that hematology RIs for cows vary by ages, parities and lactation stages. The present study helps to fill the gap in hematology RIs for Holstein cows in southern China, and our data may serve as a very useful tool for monitoring the health and welfare of dairy cattle in China.


Formulation of the problem. The Dniester Regional Landscape Park (DRLP) is a natural protected area of Ukraine that extends along the right bank. Dniester, within the Tlumatsky and Gorodenkovsky districts of Ivano-Frankivsk region, covers an area of 19 656 ha. It was founded by the decisions of the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Council on July 15, 1993 and December 3, 2016, when the park was named after Sergiy Didych. The objectives of the park are: conservation of valuable natural and floristic-cultural complexes; creation of conditions for efficient tourism and recreation; adherence to the regime of protection of protected objects; promotion of ecological and educational work; maintaining an overall environmental balance in the region.

The research methodology performed by the specialists of the Department of Ecology of the Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas was based on a component assessment of the ecological state of the geological environment, relief, water resources, atmospheric air, soil and vegetation, sociosphere and technosphere by selection construction of databases and ecological and technological-geochemical maps of the state of the environment.

As a result of studies of the geological environment, geomorphosphere and soil cover, their changes under the influence of natural (planar, linear and bright erosion, villages, landslides, landslides, landslides, etc.) and technogenic (quarries, drilling wells, etc.) factors are still negligible - from 0.0015 to 0.04% of the area and volume in the model areas. Surface water pollution in the Dniester River and its tributaries is average, and groundwater – from normal to satisfactory. Only in places where the polluted water is discharged is it difficult and unsatisfactory. Ecological condition of atmospheric air, precipitation of rain and snow, vegetation cover – normal and only about mm. Interpreter and Gorodenko – satisfactory and complex. On the whole, according to the assessment of all environmental components, the environment of the DRLP is still in good condition, but requires the implementation of the measures recommended by the authors.

The scientific novelty of the environmental research of the DLRP is that the authors of the article first performed their own field environmental studies on the monitoring system of each component of the landscape, and the results using GIS technologies to build a summary ecological map.

The practical significance of the work is to provide the DPRL with a scientific basis for the creation of a permanent ecological monitoring network and the dissemination of the methods of ecological assessment developed by the authors to other nature reserves and sites - nature monuments, reserves, national nature parks, nature reserves, biosphere reserves and reserves.


Remote user authentication scheme has been widely adopted in the cyberworld to provide security and privacy because of various online threats and insecure communications. In the past few decades, many smart card-based authentication schemes are put forward. In such schemes, a user only need to maintain an identity and a password and employ a smart card to fulfill the authentication with a remote server. In 2014, Lee et al. put forward an authentication scheme using smart based on the hash function. However, we find that novel as it is, the scheme still has some severe security and performance weaknesses such as a verification table should stored in their scheme, it is easy to suffer the stolen verifier attack. Besides, it has the problem of synchronization between the server and users, failure of protecting users' anonymity and it is unfriendly to users since the inability of supporting changing the password freely. In this paper, we propose an improved authentication scheme supporting the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol using hash functions and the ElGamal cryptosystem. Besides the drawbacks in Lee et al.'s scheme, our proposed scheme overcomes the offline password guessing attack, man-in-the-middle attack and so on. At last, we show that our scheme is more suitable and secure for practical use.


This paper is devoted to design and implement a non-holonomic wheeled mobile robot that possesses dynamic object-tracking capability by using real-time image processing. Two motion control laws are proposed using Lyapunov's direct method and computed-torque method. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the developed schemes. The overall experimental setup of the mobile robot developed in this paper is composed of a Windows based personal computer, Programmable Interface Controllers, a mobile robot, and an omni-directional vision system. Finally, the image-based real-time implementation experiments of the mobile robot demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed schemes.


The search for strategies that contribute to circular economy, based on the valorization of by-products of the most diverse industries and processes, is one of the main environmental objectives at present. This study aims to evaluate the possibility of valorizing by-products from the gasification and carbonization of polymeric residues and biomass of natural origin through their application in adsorption processes. The selected residues and carbon by-products resulting from thermochemical conversion by the gasification and carbonization processes, after their physical and chemical characterization, presented improved structural and chemical properties which allow their application in adsorption processes. The characterization of the materials and samples prepared in this work involved a variety of analytical techniques, such as thermogravimetric analysis, polarized attenuated Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, ultimate analysis, and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. It was possible to observe that the material has between 40% and 50% volatile matter, and when carbonized, these values decrease to the range of 5% and 10%. The BET surface area analysis of these chars shows values between 100 and 400 m2g−1. For the chemically activated samples and for the phenol molecule, the samples with the best results are those that were prepared using olive prunings as a precursor. For the physically activated samples and also for phenol adsorption, the samples that showed the most potential were the ones prepared via air activation. Regarding the gasified samples, the best results were achieved with the samples without the incorporation of waste-derived fuel.


The article shows the assessment of the contact surface temperatures of the cutting tool during the reprofiling of the wheelpair tread surface at different values of the wheel hardness and cutter geometry. Based on the thermomechanical approach, that consider the properties alteration of the processed material at the high strain rate, with varying strain and temperatures, specific for the turning process. The article states the methods for decreasing the thermal factor of the prismatic plate of hard alloy metal T14K8О with different geometry of the cutting head, used in cutting tools for rolling stock wheel repair.


Water resources education at the undergraduate level must change to properly prepare professionals for the 21st Century. While few changes are needed in technical content, graduates must be explicitly prepared to function as a part of a much more heterogenous work force and to thrive within a global economy.


Corn-soybean meal diet was fermented by mixed strains via solid state fermentation to remove the anti-nutrient factor.The results showed that antigen proteins in fermented feed were degraded sharply.The relative molecular weight of proteins after fermentation were gathered below 18 kDa,and peptides below 5 kDa were increased from 1.35% to 3.60%,accordingly the protein digestibility in vitro was increased 4.0%.Besides,raffinose family oligosaccharides were degraded thoroughly,while the starch content decreased 3.5%,the amylose increased 4.13%,organic acids content including lactic acid reached to 2.78%,and the pH decreased to 4.43.


CoO/Ni composite particles were prepared by the advanced mechanical-coating method called Mechanofusion™. These composite particles were composed of nickel particles uniformly covered with fine CoO particles. A new cathode structure for molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs), where the NiO core was coated with an outer layer of lithiated cobalt and nickel solid-solution oxide (Li(Co,Ni) oxide), was formed by oxidation and lithiation using these CoO/Ni composite particles. The solubility of nickel in this Li(Co,Ni) oxide layer into carbonate melt decreased to two-thirds of that of NiO when used as a cathode for MCFCs.


Reduced light leakage phenomenon, and a method and a liquid crystal display device of the image quality produced by the color filter substrate with improved color filter substrate, a simplified process is started. The color filter substrate includes a substrate, a color filter, a light shielding member and a plurality of (Granular Masking Spacer) particulate shading spacer. The substrate includes a light blocking area for blocking light. The color filters are arranged on the substrate. The light blocking member is disposed in the shading area on the substrate. The light-blocking particulate spacers are disposed in the light blocking region. Thus, the reduction in light leakage and improving the image quality and the manufacturing process is simplified.


Controversy continues unabated over the question left unresolved by DeFunis v. Odegaard:1 whether in its admissions process a state law school may accord preferential treatment to certain racial and ethnic minorities. In the pages of two journals published by the University of Chicago, Professors John Hart Ely and Richard Posner have established diametrically opposed positions in the debate.2 Their contributions are of special interest because each undertakes to answer the question within the framework of a theory concerning the proper distribution of authority between the judiciary and the other institutions of government. In the earlier article, Professor Ely defends the constitutionality of racial preferences, essentially on the ground that the equal protection clause should not be read to prevent a majority from discriminating between itself and a minority only to its own disadvantage. The predicate for an active judicial role is lacking, Ely essays to demonstrate, when the issue is whether a majority may "discriminate against itself," and, he concludes, resolution of the issue therefore ought to be left to the political process.' Professor Posner, on the other hand, argues that the equal protection clause should be read to prohibit "the distribution of benefits and costs by government on racial or ethnic grounds."4 Ironically, Posner defends this judicial limitation of legislative power in part by arguing that a decision sustaining the constitutionality of minority preferences would intolerably augment the power of the judiciary to determine the direction of social policy. Courts must limit legislative power, as it were, in the service of democratic ideals.


In the paper the pseudorandomness of binary sequences defined over elliptic curves is studied and both the well-distribution and correlation measures are estimated. The paper is based on the Kohel-Shparlinski bound and the Erdos-Turan-Koksma inequality.


Multi-color photometric light curves of NO Camelopardalis in V, R-C, and I-C bands are obtained and analyzed simultaneously using the Wilson-Devinney program. The solutions suggest that NO Cam is an A-subtype overcontact binary with a mass ratio of q = 0.439 and a contact degree of f = 55.5%. The small temperature difference (Delta T = 44 K) between its two components indicates that the system is under thermal contact. The high orbital inclination (i = 84.degrees 5) strengthens our confidence in the parameters determined from the light curves. All available times of minimum light are collected and period variations are analyzed for the first time. The O-C curve reveals that its period is increasing continuously at a rate of dP/dt = + 1.46 x 10(-9), which can be explained by mass transfer from the less massive component to the more massive one. After the upward parabolic variation is subtracted, the residuals suggest that there may be a cyclic variation with a period of 2.23 yr and an amplitude of A(3) = 0.00153 d, which may due to the light-travel-time effect arising from the gravitational influence of a close-in tertiary component. The close-in companion reveals that early dynamic interaction among a triple system may have played a very important role in the formation of the WUMa-type binaries.


ABSTRACT This article focuses on the nationwide wave of municipal consolidations in Japan that took place from 2003 to 2006 and examines why some municipalities merged but others did not. The central government did not legally force consolidations but instead provided municipalities with fiscal incentives. I argue that small municipalities were reluctant to merge because they would lose generous transfers from the central government as well as decision-making powers once they unified with their larger neighbors. Fiscal incentives by the central government significantly raised the cost of remaining intact and induced a large number of fiscally weak municipalities to merge.


Edge computing is considered as a promising technology to solve the problem of extreme asymmetry between the volume of communication data and the network architecture. The limited storage capacity of edge servers can only cache part of the network, and how to develop an efficient caching policy becomes an urgent problem.We propose a context-aware caching policy based on mobility prediction. The context-aware caching based on user preferences clusters users based on their contextual information and learns local user interest preferences in terms of clusters, which is applied to a multi-arm slot machine algorithm to implement caching decisions.SBS uses LSTM to predict the base stations that users are likely to visit based on their historical trajectories and pre-stores content on the base stations in advance to realize the mobility-aware caching. Simulation results show that the caching strategy has good caching performance.


Background: Cerebrospinal fluid leakage and other complications followed from transsphenoidal surgery when removing pituitary tumours are rare but serious. Through studies and clinical trials, Tachosil® has proven to be an effective sealing agent, thus in preventing complications. Methods: Data of 82 patients that underwent transsphenoidal surgery for removing pituitary tumours in Ulleval University Hospital in the years 2006-2008 was collected. Statistical tests were performed to test the differences between the sealing techniques used during surgery in terms of patient characteristics, complication rates and length of stay. Costs expressed in 2009 NOK of the sealing agents (Tachosil® and Neuro-Patch®), intensity care unit and standard ward care were identified. Results: The complication rate was 25% in the Neuro-Patch® group and 23% in the Tachosil® group (p=0.726). The mean ICU LOS in the Tachosil® group was 1.42 days and SWC LOS was 5.92 days, while the numbers were 1.93 and 7.93 in the Neuro-Patch® group. The differences between the two groups according to length of stay were not statistically significant. The mean ICU cost of a patient in the Neuro-Patch® group was NOK 52,200 and NOK 38,250 in the Tachosil® group (p=0.265). The mean SWC cost in the Neuro-Patch® group was NOK 38,080 and NOK 28,400 in the Tachosil® group (p=0.856). The mean cost of the sealing product was NOK 394 in the Neuro-Patch® group and NOK 1,261 in the Tachosil® group (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study do not provide any evidence that Tachosil® is superior in terms of complications or length of stay.


The paper describes the development of simulation of an SRC-II plant. The simulation considers all the significant units in the process flow sheet and also contains independent computational units to represent each combination or splitting of process streams. The simulation requires definition of only 6 independent variables to yield the specific flow rates and compositions of all the streams. The effect of changes in the values of the important variables on total liquid production rate and liquid yield is evaluated, and it is shown that by making relatively small changes in the operating conditions, the liquid production rate can be increased by more than 40% over those normally achieved. Difficulties in obtaining complete conversion of liquefiable organic matter in coal are discussed.


Abstract The inhibition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation by "green" additives has been examined in aqueous solution. It has been found that additive performance as CaCO3 inhibitor depends upon additive architecture. The influence of surfactants containing different functional group has also been investigated. Results on the evaluation of surfactants suggest that compared to carboxyl group containing additives, surfactants are ineffective CaCO3 inhibitors. Performance data on the impact of cationic surfactant (e. g., cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, CTAC) suggest that CTAC exhibits an antagonistic effect on the performance of polymers. The antagonistic behavior shown by CTAC on the performance of additives has been explained in terms of cationic – anionic interactions. SEM study shows that presence of low concentration of additive exhibits marked influence on the morphology of CaCO3 crystals formed in presence of additives.


A subclass of efficient simulation-based sequential test generation procedures are guided by information about primary input values that effective test subsequences should use. This information is represented by a primary input cube c. In all the earlier procedures that are based on this concept, the computation of c is fault-independent. This paper introduces an approach for a fault-dependent computation of c. This allows the test generation procedure to generate test subsequences that match the detection conditions of specific faults, thus increasing the fault coverage that it can achieve. The computation of the primary input cube c for a fault f is based on a process that unspecifies a primary input subsequence, which does not detect f, in order to identify values that need to be avoided in a test subsequence for f. These values are used in the construction of c for f. The paper also discusses the applicability of the fault-dependent primary input cubes to the built-in generation of functional broadside tests.


Many products which have to be conveyed are friable. Pneumatic conveying systems, although the preferred method for conveying many bulk particulate materials, are probably the most aggressive of all transport systems. This is particularly the case in dilute phase conveying. There is, therefore, a need to find ways and means by which the damage to products can be minimised. The results of a comprehensive programme of tests are presented in which particles were impacted under controlled conditions against impact surfaces. Particle velocity, type and diameter, impact angle, and target material are some of the variables investigated. The application of these results will enable the relative influence of straight pipeline and bends to be assessed. In particular it will be shown how bend geometry can influence the problem, and how the position of bends in a pipeline contributes to the overall degradation of a product in a pipeline system.


The present invention relates to a novel electrochemical battery architecture (A) metal ion, with areas devoid of rigid electrode materials themselves and preferably also devoid of separator material. These areas are flexible and thus define the accumulator fold lines which allow a high flexibility of the accumulator by elastic deformation of the flexible package, the current collectors substrates and optionally the separator and according to multiple configurations possible from a same basic geometry.


Contents: Preface. Beauty as the Beast: traditional and postmodern expressions: Beauty and the postmodern Beauty as the beast in Christian traditions Hebrew and Christian iconoclasms. Beauty as Being: The Irrepressible Character of Beauty: The 'great theory of beauty' The Olympian cosmogonies The Platonic tradition The 'great theory' in the Middle Ages The process transmutation of the great theory of beauty beauty as being. Beauty as Sensibility: Precursors of the 18th-century turn The new problematic of beauty in the 18th century The psychological relocation of beauty The problem of taste The sublime Legacies and ambiguities. Beauty as Benevolence: Primary and secondary beauty Beauty as community Beauty and God The problem of objectivity Beauty and self-transcendence. Beauty in Human Self-Transcendence: Human self-transcendence without beauty Self-transcendence as passionate subjectivity Self-transcendence as intentional meaning Self-transcendence as radical responsibility The aesthetic aspect of self-transcendence Beauty as a transcendental condition of experience Beyond self-preoccupation through beauty The beauty of the graceful body Summary. Paths to Beauty in 20th-Century Theology: Anti-aesthetic Protestant approaches to beauty 20th-century Catholic theologies of beauty. The Beauty of Human Redemption: The image of God as self-transcendence Formal and ethical self-transcendence The image of God as potentiality and actuality The imago dei as beautiful The despoiled image The beauty of redemptive remaking Redemptive self-transcendence Surmounting the dichotomy of the ethical and the aesthetic Faith's aesthetic sensibilities. Beauty, Pathos and Joy: Beauty and pathos Joy: beyond the dichotomy of rigorism and satisfaction Faith without beauty The arts in the life of faith. Synopsis: Aesthetics Beauty The western story of beauty Theological aesthetics and redemptive transformation Index.


The content and distribution of immunoglobulins IgA and IgG in gastric mucosa were correlated in 55 individuals with gastric histology, circulating parietal cell antibodies (PCA) and intrinsic factor antibodies (IFA) in serum and the output of intrinsic factor (IF) in the stomach.While a small amount of IgG and IgA is found in normal gastric mucosa, these immunoglobulins (mostly IgA) increase in gastritis, especially in its chronic atrophic form, without metaplasia. The immunoglobulins, mainly IgA, are here contained within the round cell infiltrates. There is a gross parallelism between the amount of round cells infiltrating the gastric mucosa and the content of immunoglobulins therein.No correlation was found between the presence or absence of circulating PCA and IFA in serum and the content of immunoglobulins in the gastric mucosa. No PCA could be detected in the gastric mucosa of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis with or without intestinal metaplasia by the method used.No correlation was found ...


Sir: Lymphoma of the urinary bladder is a rare tumour, accounting for less than 1% of malignant bladder lesions. It may occur as a disease localized to the bladder (primary bladder lymphoma), as the site of first evidence of a disseminated disease (non-localized bladder lymphoma), or as a secondary involvement in patients with a previously diagnosed lymphoma (secondary bladder lymphoma). Most lymphomas involving the bladder are B-cell nonHodgkin's lymphomas. Among primary bladder lymphomas low-grade marginal zone lymphoma of the MALT type is the most frequent type, and diffuse large Bcell lymphoma is the most common histotype in cases of secondary dissemination to the bladder. Urinary bladder involvement by Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is extremely rare; the literature contains only two reports of primary HL of the bladder, and occasional reports of secondary bladder infiltration in patients with a history of nodal HL. 6, 7 We report herein the cytological and pathological findings in a patient with classical HL presenting as a bladder mass. A 81-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presented with hematuria, asthenia, anorexia and worsening general condition. Physical examination revealed bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. Laboratory tests revealed a moderate anemia, a normal white blood cell count with slight hypereosinophilia and an elevated platelet count, increased inflammatory tests, and normal lactate dehydrogenase levels. A voided urine specimen submitted for cytologic examination showed marked cellularity composed mainly of inflammatory cells admixed with normal urothelial cells and scattered isolated large cells exhibiting large irregularly shaped hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli (Figure 1), interpreted as highly suspicious for malignancy. An abdominal CT-scan demonstrated thickening of the bladder wall, dilatation of the right ureter and prominent bilateral iliac and inguinal lymphadenopathies ; the liver and spleen appeared normal. There was no mediastinal enlargement on chest X-ray. Scintigraphic bone scanning showed no evidence of tumor dissemination to bone. Cystoscopy disclosed a large ulcerated tumor. Pathological examination of the bladder biopsies showed mucosal ulceration by a diffuse and vaguely nodular tumor infiltrate extending downwards to the muscularis propria, consisting of large pleomorphic atypical cells suggestive of Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells admixed with an inflammatory background composed of lymphoid cells, histiocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils (Figure 2, A-B). The tumor contained areas of coagulative necrosis. By immunohistochemistry, the large atypical cells were strongly positive for CD30 and Pax-5 and variably positive for CD15 whilst being negative for CD20, CD3, CD5, CD45 and pALK (Figure 2 C-E). In situ hybridization for EBERs gave a strong positive signal in most HRS cells (Figure 2F). PCR for EBV typing showed an A-strain virus and no deletion within the LMP-1 gene. PCR for immunoglobulin heavy chain and TCR gamma chain rearrangements showed a polyclonal pattern. As a result of these findings, a diagnosis of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma was rendered. Given the poor general condition of the patient, no treatment was administered, and she died shortly after of a femoral neck fracture. Extranodal presentation of HL is extremely rare, estimated to account for less than 1% of all HL cases in nonAIDS patients. Thus, because of the rarity of true extranodal HL, it has been recommended that stringent morphologic and immunophenotypic criteria be used before establishing this diagnosis with certainty. In that respect, the diagnosis of HL in the two earlier case reports of primary bladder HL remains in our opinion quite uncertain. Indeed, the first case was categorized as Hodgkin's paragranuloma on morphology alone and the second report of a mixed cellularity HL contains no detail of the pathological findings. In the current case, the morphological, immunophenotypical and molecular findings are typical for classical HL and unequivocally establish the diagnosis of non-localized bladder HL. The most common extralymphatic sites for HL are the lung and the bone. Primary gastrointestinal involvement by HL is quite rare, but seems to occur in a specific clinical setting. Indeed, most intestinal cases have been reported in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), in particular Crohn's disease. Interestingly, EBV positivity has been documented in all intestinal cases tested for EBER reactivity. Thus it has been suggested that HL in that clinical setting occurs as the result of an EBV-driven lymphoproliferation, similar to lymphomas arising in immunodeficient states, and that immunologic defects inherent to IBD, immunosuppressive therapy and ongoing chronic inflammation may contribute to its development. In the case of bladder lymphomas, chronic antigenic stimulation has also been postulated as a pre-


ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of advanced glycation endproducts(AGEs) on CD40 expression in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells and the interference effect of adiponectin(APN) in this process.Methods① HUVEC-12 cells were cultured and incubated with AGEs at different concentrations(0,100,200,400 and 800 mg/L).RT-PCR and Western blotting technology were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of CD40 in different groups.② Pretreated with adiponectin at different concentrations(0,5,10 and 15μg/mL),HUVEC-12 cells were cultured with AGEs(400 mg/L) for 24 h.The mRNA and protein expression of CD40 in different groups were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively.ResultsThe expression of CD40 was significantly increased in a dose dependent manner by AGEs within 0~800 mg/L for 24 h.Pretreatment with APN at different concentrations attenuated the increased expression of CD40 induced by AGEs in a dose-dependent manner.ConclusionAdiponectin can suppress AGEs induced CD40 high expression in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells.


In order to solve the existing problems of the isolation of different equipment monitoring systems and the data incompatibility in electric power communication network, Web GIS is adopted to develop the realtime monitoring system. Each realtime data of monitoring system will be reflected to GIS in unison form. Systematic operation state and relevant information can be shown in a more intuitional manner. The unified management of electric power communication network is realized.


Fabrication of metal/semiconductor ("hybrid") nanoparticles is still a challenge due to the absence of methods of a metal core coating by crystalline semiconductor shell. We propose a novel principle of formation of a core-shell nanoparticle made of liquid silicon and gold droplets. Molecular dynamics simulations of the droplets behavior demonstrates that the core-shell structure with a gold core and a silicon shell can be formed if the droplets remain in the liquid state until final material redistribution. The main driven force in this process is surface tension governed by surface energies of the droplets, where silicon tends to cover gold due to lower surface energy. Taking into account this mechanism of core-shell nanoparticles formation, we provide numerical modelling, which demonstrates the resulting nanoparticle posses enhanced local electromagnetic field, high Purcell factor and flexible power patterns of scattered light.


We study finite size effects in the variance of the displacement of a tagged particle in the stationary state of the ASEP on a periodic lattice in 1D and find that size effects interplay with the non-equilibrium character of the dynamics to bring in interesting dynamical phenomena. The variance of the displacement of the tagged particle, averaged with respect to an initial stationary ensemble and stochastic evolution, grows linearly with time at both small and very large times. We find that at intermediate times, it shows oscillations with a well defined size-dependent period. These oscillations arise from sliding density fluctuations (SDFs) in the stationary state with respect to the drift of the tagged particle, the density fluctuations being transported through the system by kinematic waves. In the general context of driven diffusive systems, both the Edwards-Wilkinson (EW) and the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) fixed points are unstable with respect to the SDF fixed point, a flow towards which is generated on adding a gradient term to the EW and the KPZ time-evolution equation. We also study tagged particle correlations for a fixed initial configuration, drawn from the stationary ensemble, following earlier work by van Beijeren. We find that the time dependence of this correlation is determined by the dissipation of the density fluctuations. We show that an exactly solvable linearized model captures the essential qualitative features seen in the finite size effects of the tagged particle correlations in the ASEP. Since the ZRP undergoes a non-equilibrium phase transition, it is interesting to ask about how the dynamics of fluctuations in the steady state get affected by the phase transition. We address this issue by studying the steady state fluctuations in the integrated current across a bond in the ZRP on a periodic onedimensional lattice. This quantity is related to the tagged particle correlation in the equivalent ASEP-like model through interpreting the ZRP sites as particles in the ASEP while the particles at a ZRP site become holes preceding the corresponding ASEP particle. Our study shows that very different physical processes govern the dynamics of fluctuations in the disordered and the condensed phases. In the disordered phase, the behavior of integrated current fluctuations is similar to that of the tagged particle correlations in the ASEP discussed above, and is dictated by the movement of density fluctuations around the system as a dissipating kinematic wave. In the condensed phase, on the other hand, this wave is only present in the bulk as it cannot pass through the condensate. The dynamics of fluctuations is governed by the relocation of the condensate from site to site. This relocation occurs through a slow process of transfer of particles from site to site, thereby contributing enhanced fluctuations to the particle current across the intervening bonds. REFERENCES


This paper has proposed and implemented a new approach to detect MPEG-2 header errors using a MD5 hash function and information hiding technique. The video picture header information is protected by a MD5 hash technique, and any change in the header level is detected immediately. The information hiding technique is used to locate the error block number in the corrupted MPEG-2 video. The results show that the new approach can detect 100% of header error at both block level and higher levels without increasing the transmission bit rate.


Abstract Based on extensive experience, the writers present relationships (1) between the porosity and depth of burial, and (2) between the permeability and depth of burial in undercompacted thick argillaceous sequences. They also explain the formation of abnormally high formation pressures (AHFP) and mode of oil/gas migration and accumulation. Special emphasis is placed on petroliferous deposits of Azerbaijan.


This chapter considers how the role of the judiciary changes when the judge enters the arena in order to balance the position between conflicting parties. It investigates how judicial independence may suffer when one litigant is unrepresented. As a result of reductions in public funding the number of unrepresented litigants is likely to increase further. The chapter considers in some detail how the role and independence of the judge may be affected in such circumstances of inequality of arms. Judicial independence is under attack from within the system and judges have little training and ability to carry out the different roles simultaneously or even sequentially. Knowing and acknowledging the effects on judicial independence are an important first step in maintaining judicial approach and status. Keywords: judicial independence; judiciary changes; litigant


Background/Aim: Chronic inflammation generates large quantities of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that damage DNA. DNA repair is important for cellular viability and genome integrity. Materials and Methods: Expression levels of the DNA repair proteins OGG1, XPA, MLH1, PARP1, and XRCC6, which function in base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, single-strand break repair and double-strand break repair, respectively, were assessed using immunohistochemistry in ulcerative colitis and sporadic colorectal cancer biopsies. Levels of oxidative/ nitrosative stress biomarkers were also assessed. Results: Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer lesions expressed significantly higher levels of all DNA repair proteins and oxidative/ nitrosative stress biomarkers compared to normal colonic mucosa. Ulcerative colitis had the highest XPA and XRCC6 expression. Conclusion: Oxidative/nitrosative stress is prevalent in the colon of both diseases. Nucleotide excision repair and non-homologous end-joining double-strand break repair may be compromised in colorectal cancer, but not in ulcerative colitis.


Energy and transportation are topics of great importance to global sustainable development.  Tesla Motor Corporation is an electric vehicle company with the objective to "accelerate the world's tra ...


This study examines the influence of corporate governance practices on cash holdings of Sri Lankan listed companies. It develops hypotheses about the relationship between cash holding and corporate governance practices such as size, frequency of meetings, independence, independent chair and gender diversity. Using multiple regression analysis on data collected from the corporate annual reports of 90 listed companies, the study finds that corporate governance practices such as board size and gender diversity have a significant negative influence on cash holdings as well as independent chair has a significant positive influence on cash holdings. However, there is no evidence that board meetings affect cash holding in Sri Lankan companies. The study contributes to the literature on the factors that make variation in the amount of cash holding of the listed company and it may be useful for financial managers, business analyst, financial controller, operations managers, investors, financial management consultants and other stakeholders.


Mintang 96-1409,selected from the cross combination Minxuan 703(Co1001)×Yacheng 73-226 is a new sugarcane variety with early maturity,high yield,high sucrose content and wide adaptability.The test results at different sites for several years showed that the mean cane yield was 113.492 t/hm2,which was 8.27% and 29.6% higher than that of ROC10 and ROC16,respectively.Mean sucrose content of cane(absolute value) from Nov.to Jan.was 16.16%,which was 1.40%,0.70% higher than that of ROC10 and ROC16,respectively.Sugar yield was 17.112 t/hm2,which was 19.1% and 32.7% higher than that of ROC10 and ROC16 in Fujian province,respectively.


The use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is effective in stimulating regeneration processes of damaged tissues, such as facial lipoatrophy, which is characterized by the reduction of facial subcutaneous adipose tissue and frequently affects people living with HIV. However, reports of the use of PRP in people living with HIV are not frequent and in general the description of adverse events related to their applications and ozone use in different pathologies is also unusual. A 55-year-old male patient, diagnosed with HIV seropositive in 2002 and with clinical manifestations of facial lipoatrophy, was included in a study evaluating the effect of the application of ozonized PRP for the treatment of facial lipoatrophy. The patient received a total of six applications separate for 45 days each one. Safety was assessed by monitoring some clinical laboratory parameters and physical examination of the patient before and after each intervention. In the fifth application of the ozonized PRP, the patient presented an inflammation in the treated area of greater intensity and duration than expected. This manifestation was exacerbated in the next application, so the treatment was interrupted. The sign disappeared between the fourth and fifth day after last treatment. No modifications of the clinical parameters evaluated were observed. The PRP and ozone use have proven to be safe and effective, however in some cases adverse events of hardwood intensity such as inflammation can occur and aggravated if treatment is not interrupted.


Legal translation implies a lot of difficulties regarding its teaching and learning due to the great variety of textual genres together with the complexity of legal terminology. In the present work we will deal with the meaning of legal translation, sworn translation, legal language and the main types of translating mistakes made by translation students in the language pair German - Spanish. Nowadays and due to the great demand of legal texts translations in the labour market, the professional training of legal and sworn translators and interpreters should play an important role in the curriculum of Translation Degrees. The explanation of the differences between the main figures of this specialty and their text typology is a very important factor in order to be introduced in this knowledge. Furthermore we have to consider the kind of mistakes made by our students in order to teach and assess them better. With this aim, we will study the main mistakes made by our students related to the pair of languages German-Spanish and the translation specialization.


Lomerizine hydrochloride was synthesized from bromo bis(4 fluorophenyl)methane by consecutive condensation with piperazine and 2,3,4 trimethoxybenzaldehyde to obtain the product of cry stal typeⅡ, which underwent crystal transformation by recrystallization in acetonitrile to get the effi cacious crystal of typeⅠ in an overall yield of 25%.


Cu(I)-catalyzed anti-S(N)2'-type reduction of internal propargylic carbonates with hydrosilanes affords various di- and trisubstituted allenes with high regioselectivities; the reactions are compatible with functional groups and work efficiently for the synthesis of optically-active allenes.


. We prove that S 2 × S 2 satisfies an intermediate condition between Ric > 0 and sec > 0. Namely, there exist metrics for which the average of the sectional curvatures of any two planes tangent at the same point, but separated by a minimum distance in the 2-Grassmannian, is strictly positive. This can be done with an arbitrarily small lower bound on the distance between the planes considered. Although they have positive Ricci curvature, these metrics do not have nonnegative sectional curvature. Such metrics also have positive biorthogonal curvature , meaning that the average of sectional curvatures of any two orthogonal planes is positive.


An equation-oriented approach was developed for steady state flowsheeting of a commercial methanol plant. The loop consists of fixed bed reactor, flash separator, preheater, coolers, and compressor. For steady sate flowsheeting of the plant mathematical model of reactor and other units are needed. Reactor used in loop is a Lurgi type and its configuration is rather complex. Previously reactor and flash separator are modeled as two important units of plant. The model is based on mass and energy balances in each equipment and utilizing some auxiliary equations such as rate of reaction and thermodynamics model for activity coefficients of liquid. In order to validate the mathematical model for the synthesis loop, some simulation data were performed using operating conditions and characteristics of the commercial plant. The good agreement between the steady state simulation results and the plant data shows the validity of the model.


How planning is performed forecasting the future reasons for failure in planning the planning task why we use models genetic algorithms where we need to go from here paradign shifts.


The microstructures and corrosion resistance of the anodic oxide films formed on AZ31B magnesium alloy by anodizing under continuous sparking in alkaline phosphate electrolyte (Na3PO4) were investigated. Basically, voltage-current characteristic of AZ31B in Na3PO4 solution was the same to that obtained in other sodium salt electrolytes such as Na2SiO3 and NaAlO2. However, the anodic films formed in Na3PO4 solution exhibited the higher corrosion resistance than that of the films formed in other electrolytes because of the incorporation of substantial amount of magnesium phosphate. The microstructures (e.g., diameter and number of pores) of the anodic films formed under sparking accompanied by current or voltage oscillation and gas evolution were strongly affected by the degree of sparking such as size, number, and appearance frequency, not by the formation voltage itself. X-Ray diffraction analysis revealed the incorporation of crystalline Mg3(PO4)2 into the anodic film formed under the sparking condition of dielectric breakdown.


Little is known regarding the impact of electronic cigarette (e‐cig) usage in the human body. However, emerging literature suggests that vaping results in endothelial cell mediated vascular impairments, altered thrombosis, and depressed immune function (similar to that observed with smoking). Since e‐cigs are marketed as a 'safer' alternative to traditional cigarettes, it is important to characterize mechanisms through which e‐cigs may induce cellular insult. It is known that traditional cigarette use results in systemic accumulation of biomolecular free radicals (BFR), thus we sought to determine whether exposure to e‐cig vapor will result in significant systemic increases in BFR. We hypothesize that vaping will increase the relative amount of BFR accumulation in vital tissues in a time‐dependent manner.


Fluorophores have become a ubiquitous and powerful tool for life science researchers. They may be used as reporter groups of fluorogenic substrates needed for the determination of enzyme activities. These substrates are nonfluorescent in their initial "structure" and only through enzymatic cleavage have their fluorescent properties become apparent. Thereby, they are very sensitive and suitable to detect even very low enzyme activities. If fluorogenic substrates are designed for very specific research purpose, they are often very expensive or limited in quantity.


Assertive behavior is positive personal development including honest (straightforward) behavior, direct and respectful expression of thoughts, feelings and desires by considering the feelings and rights of others (Ribha 2017). However, the reality in the field is found in many students who have low assertive behavior, especially in the field of learning, such as not being open in learning, easily anxious in facing exams, having strong principles in learning and not easily influenced. Then it will have an impact on the learning process that is not optimal and students do not have psotif developments in learning so it needs an effort to improve students' assertive behavior in learning. Many things can be done to improve students' assertive behavior in learning one of them with psychodrama techniques. This study aims to: (1) test students' assertive behavior in learning before being given classical service treatment with psychodrama techniques, (2) testing students' assertive behavior in learning after being given classical service treatment with psychodrama techniques, (3) differences in students' assertive behavior in learning with psychodrama techniques before and after the classical service treatment was given with psychodrama techniques.This research uses a pre-experimental type of experimental approach using the one group pretest-posttest design. The sample in this study was a seventh grade UNP Laboratory Development Middle School student C. The instrument used was a questionnaire about students' assertive behavior in learning. The data collected was analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test formula with the help of the Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 20 program.The results showed that classical services with psychodrama techniques can improve students' assertive behavior in learning with 79% pretest results in the low category and posttest increases to 68% with high categories.


One primer is designed to obtain the xylitol dehydrogenase gene conserved sequence motifs in C.shehatae HDYXHT-01,which has the similar structure of Pichia.stipitis and Candida tropicalis.This amplified fragment is about 1 095 bp.The sequence was analyzed by the following methods,the homology sequence analysis,amino acid composition,hydrophobicity analysis,predicition of phosphoralation sites,conserved domains analysis and secondary structure.The results show that the fragment is xylitol dehydrogenase gene in C.shehatae HDYXHT-01.


In myeloid cells, oxidative stress can induce the activation of caspase-1 through canonical inflammasome signaling, which leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β/IL-18 and a potentially damaging inflammatory response. However, little is known about the role of caspase-1 in the liver after oxidative stress. This is especially true for the hepatocyte, a cell type that expresses and can activate the inflammasome but produces low levels of IL-1β and IL-18. Paradoxically, during hemorrhagic shock with resuscitation (HS/R) in an in vivo mouse model associated with severe hepatic redox stress, caspase-1 activation is protective against liver injury independent of IL-1β and IL-18. We also demonstrate that caspase-1 activation protects against cell death after redox stress in hepatocytes induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation in an in vitro model of HS/R. Mechanistically, we show that caspase-1 activation leads to reduced mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by increasing mitochondrial autophagy and subsequent clearance of mitochondria in hepatocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation. During redox stress, caspase-1 increases autophagic flux through upregulation of the autophagy initiator, beclin1.
Although others have shown that ROS generated by damaged mitochondria activate the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome, caspase-1 activation in the liver after oxidative stress was independent of NLRP3. We show that while the NLRP1 inflammasome is responsible for caspase-1 activation in immune cells that leads to IL-18 release after HS/R, the protective effect of caspase-1 in hepatocytes is due to the formation of an AIM2-initiated inflammasome. Our in vitro results also suggest that AIM2 is essential for the upregulation of beclin1 and mitochondrial clearance during redox stress in hepatocytes. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a universal sentinel for nucleic acid-mediated innate immune responses. We found that HMGB1 associates with AIM2 and it is required for caspase-1 activation in hepatocytes after redox stress.
Our findings suggest a novel role for the AIM2 inflammasome and caspase-1 in regulating cellular responses to oxidative stress. We provide an important advancement in our understanding of how AIM2 and caspase-1 activation is linked with mitochondrial function and stress-induced autophagy as protective mechanisms in cells where IL1β/IL18 are not highly expressed.


Microeconomic reform in the transport area is high on the agenda for improving the economic well-being of Australia. Road upkeep and maintenance standards and strategies have a significant effect on transport efficiency and costs. To date there has been little, if any, economic appraisal of road maintenance from the aspect of total community costs. Poorly maintained roads mean direct out of pocket costs to road users. Damaged tyres, steering alignments, broken shock absorbers, crashes are typical, direct costs that can be shown to road users. Other costs such as increased fuel and maintenance are more difficult to see but no less real. The vehicle fleet costs much more than the roads both initially and in upkeep and maintenance. However, road user costs are often left out of the road maintenance decision process and this must result in less than optimum economic outcomes. For this reason the economic appraisal of standards and strategies should be part of all road upkeep and maintenance decision making process. There is a need for a more integrated approach between economic appraisal models and road pavement upkeep and maintenance management systems. If it is not instigated by those responsible for road maintenance it will be forced on them by the community who are "demanding value for money". This paper discusses this issue.


The presence of the internet and the development of technology make information exchange faster so that consumer preferences for products quickly change. This has an impact on increasingly shorter product life cycles. The company needs to improve the efficiency of supply chain performance in order to have competitive competitiveness. Supplier selection is one of the important activities in the purchasing process and has an impact on the design strategy of supply chain design. This research presents a literature review of supplier selection decision making methods for single sourcing and multiple sourcing cases by collecting articles from relevant international journals from 2010 to early 2020 to find research recommendations for supplier selection in the future. From the results of literature studies that have been carried out, it is necessary to develop a decision-making method that combines qualitative and quantitative criteria to select potential suppliers. The process of selecting suppliers that not only ranks but also determines cut-offs to distinguish which are included in the category of potential suppliers and which are not.


The synthesis and characterization of a cationic molybdenum pyrrolidine complex are described that exhibits significant coordination-induced N–H bond weakening. The N–H bond dissociation free energ...


Abstract : A method of analysis is presented by means of which certain missile parameters, in particular the vacuum specific impulse, may be calculated using only the telemetry record of longitudinal acceleration. The accuracy of the method is discussed on a statistical basis and graphs are provided which may be used to predict the accuracy of calculation for a missile of known nominal performance.


The paper presents the research of experimental study carried out on a EQ6100 gasoline engine in improving the idling emissions without penalty on engine power output,fuel econmy and 9 mode emissions by adopting smaller valve overlap and new cam profile.


Abstract. A preliminary investigation into the use of slitless spectroscopy for characterization of geosynchronous satellites is described. A 100  line/mm diffraction grating is used as the dispersing device, and the spectral data obtained are compared to a model with good results. A method used to collect and calibrate slitless spectral observations accounting for pixel to wavelength conversion, pixel response as a function of wavelength, and solar features is presented. Observations of several geosynchronous satellites throughout a night reveal reflectance with noticeable and different profiles indicating that slitless spectroscopy offers the potential for another modality for identifying and discriminating satellites.


A method of optical profilometry by phase measurement with a CCD array sensor is applied to the study of cavitation erosion phenomenon. 3D data extracted from the impact patterns yield the extracted matter volume, the main erosion directions the distribution of impacts, etc. Different digital operators are applied. The optical method used and the digital image processing are quite general and can easily be extended to other erosion phenomena.


This study attempts to uncover the influence of Islamic work ethic (IWE) on employee voice, which has never been explored before. The model was developed by placing IWE as an antecedent of voice behavior, and affective commitment was tested as a mediator. Data were collected using a purposive sample of 100 respondents, and PLS-SEM analyzed the data. The analysis results show that IWE positively and significantly impacts affective commitment and employee voice behavior. Affective commitment is positively related to voice behavior and may mediate the relationship between IWE and voice behavior. The results of this study are preliminary, so further research is needed to retest the resulting model.


Objective The purpose of this study is to determine whether the quantitative parameters of salivary gland scintigraphy are useful in the diagnosis of Sjgren's syndrome(SS).Method Forty patients with SS and 29 control subjects underwent salivary gland scintigraphy.Two indices,uptake ratio and maximum se- cretion were mearsured.The optimal cut-points of both indices were derived from receiver operative character- istic curve(ROC).The diagnostic value of the indices was assessed by the area under ROC curve(AUC~(ROC)). Results The optimal cut-point of uptake ratio was 5.5~5.7.The optimal cut-point of maximum secretion was 0.20.The sensitivities of both indices were 86.2%~89.7%.The specificity of uptake ratio was 63.4%~65.9%. The specificity of maximum secretion was 82.9%~85.4%.The AUC\+\{RoC\} of uptake ratio was 0.780/0,776.The AUC\+\{ROC\} of maximum secretion was 0.905/0,899.Conclusion The quantitative parameters of salivary gland scintigraphy may be useful in the diagnosis of Sj(?)gren syndrome.


A 39-year old female with a history of Type 2 Diabetes for the last two years was admitted with progressively worsening shortness of breath, nonproductive cough and right sided pleuritic-type chest pain of two-days. She was a non-smoker and denied history of fever, night sweats, or tuberculosis exposure. She had lethargy, loss of appetite and unexplained loss of weight over the last month. She denied a history of haemoptysis, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or leg swelling.


According to the characteristics of city lighting engineering and lighting project with the city to explore some examples of lighting projects in various stages of the implementation of cost management approach and the need to focus attention.


In this work, we are concerned with a class of nonlocal non-autonomous linear fractionalorder delay differential equations with different delays, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution. Also we study the uniformly stability of the solution.


It is important of the calculation of missile intercept point for the fuze-warhead integration design besides analysis and evaluation of damage effect.In this paper,we take fragmentation warhead used widely in the anti-aircraft missiles and air-to-air missiles for an example,establish the mathematical model to solve intercept point,research an influence on factors of the missile intercept point and finally come to obtain the relevant parameters required in ideal intercept distance using the Matlab by controlling the variables.Thereby,the necessary foundation for damage assessment and the fuze-warhead integration design are established.


Implementation of cooperative problem base learning models in developing creativity,  democracy and improve student learning outcomes in chemistry have been conducted in this study. There are 132 students as research subject from 5 high school located in the province of North Sumatera. The study was conducted with a quasi-experimental approach. Instruments are standardized tests used to measure student learning outcomes, while the instrument is used to measure the development of students' creativity and democracy with the observation sheet with standardized indicators. The results showed that the Cooperative Problem Base Learning Model can significantly improve student learning outcomes of chemistry (sign. 0,000). In addition, this learning model can develop students' creativity and democracy to the effectiveness of 84.1 % and 86.4 % . Keywords : Learning model, creativity, democracy, student learning outcome.


Objectives: Epidemiological studies support the hypothesis that Parkinson' s disease (PD) may be caused by environmental factors, but etiology of PD is still uncertain. It is also widely accepted that there is a genetic component of the disease and the earlier the age of onset, the greater the likelihood that genetic factors play a dominant role.We initiated this study to detect possible neurotoxic influence on clinical course, disease characteristics and morphology of Substantia Nigra (SN) as detected by transcranial sonography (TCS) in PD patients. Methods:Our study included 47 PD patients with PD diagnosis based on Parkinson' s disease Society Brain Research Centre clinical criteria. Severity of the disease was recorded according to Unified Parkinson' s Disease rating Scale (UPDRS) and HoehnY 26 PD patients without any data about exposure to known PD related toxins, 15 PD patients occasionally exposed and 6 patients professionally daily exposed to numerous neurotoxic potent chemicals.Epidemiological screen data included exposure to pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals (manganese, mercury, lead, iron, zinc), organic solvents, head trauma, smoking, rural living and well water drinking. All patients underwent complete neurological and sonographic examination. Each patient underwent brain parenchyma sonography and hyperechogenicity of SN was measured by standardized protocol. Results: Our results showed younger age of PD onset (p<0.05), the fastest development of late motor complications (p<0.001), rigor as dominating symptom, and UPDRS and H&Y score showing higher motor disability (p<0.05) in highly exposed group. However, sonographic examination revealed no statistically significant difference in SN echogenicity between groups. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that exposure to toxins could cause younger age of onset of PD, acceleration of PD progression and higher incidence of motor disability. However, it appears like toxic influence does not have influence on SN size as detected by sonography.


The misuse of the terms transport demand, transport flow and traffic flow have prompted the writing of this paper. The paper will attempt to make a complex and interconnected description of transport demand transport and traffic flow. Transport demand is physically characterized by transport links, value and temporal characteristics. On the other hand, transport demand is commercially characterized by reliance on the quality of service, the level and structure of the transport system load, reliance on the mode split and route choice in the conditions of a unique, multimode transport market, with interchangeable, complementary or independent services.


This paper presents Bibliometric study of The Indian Journal of Economics during the period of 2012 to 2019.Researcher has to examined 229 articles has been published during the period of study. The paper examined year wise distribution of articles, subjectwise distribution of articles, in Authorship pattern 397 author was dected, 229 articles have received 3529 citations, Subject facet highest no of articles published i,e. 64 papers have published in commerce. Singh D V is the most prominent author he published 14 authors during the study. Such as Geographical distribution of publication New Delhi is the top total 27 articles published, highest length of articles is 64 pages during the span of study have been analyzed.

Keywords: Bibliometric study.


Health Information Technology (HIT) is becoming popular these days because of its immense benefits such as improving quality, efficiency and healthcare delivery. HIT can be used to provide medical services to patients from a distance typically via Internet or mobile phone services like SMS. Similarly, remote patient monitoring is a form of HIT that brings together the fields of information technology and medical sciences. Remote patient monitoring allows patients suffering from different diseases particularly chronic to be monitored, in order to have constant care. With remote patient application cost involved in managing a disease can be reduced and at the same time overcome the limitation of lack of specialists, resources, etc. Remote patient monitoring will be more interactive if it utilized Electronic Health Record (EHR) and Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS), because very often a response or decision is required when patients send their data to the healthcare centre in case of emergency. Also time spent on patients will be reduced, since the system will help doctors in making decision about their patients. However, nearly all the available remote monitoring applications are based on architectures that do not include CDSS feature, or are based on architectures that separate between Electronic Health Record (EHR) and CDSS module which are normally associated with interoperability problems. In this work we propose a complete remote patient monitoring architecture which uses EHR to make decision about patients suffering from diabetes.


8 ASUBTITLE: IN TRIALS AT GLASGOW, SECURITY CHECKS OF HOLD BAGGAGE HAVE BEEN INTEGRATED INTO THE BAGGAGE HANDLING SYSTEM -- THE RESULT, FASTER THROUGHPUT AT LOWER COST AND LESS INCONVENIENCE TO THE PASSENGER: IS THIS THE PATTERN OF THE FUTURE?


We used a new sonographic technique, real‐time contrast‐enhanced harmonic sonography at low acoustic energy, to evaluate liver perfusion and liver metastases from colorectal cancer in a 73‐year‐old woman after chemotherapy. After 6 weeks of chemotherapy, liver metastases that had been clearly visible on conventional sonography before chemotherapy were no longer detectable on conventional sonography but were still evident on contrast‐enhanced sonography. At about 6 months after initiation of chemotherapy, the lesions were all visible again on conventional sonography and had become significantly larger, although some no longer showed contrast enhancement during the arterial phase. In this case, changes in arterial perfusion over time did not parallel the response of liver metastases to chemotherapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:387–391, 2003


The objective of this meta‐analysis of observational studies was to evaluate the association between simple renal cysts (SRC) and presence of aortic pathology such as aortic aneurysms and dissection.


The article describes the results of sociological investigation. It deals with public opinion about social adaptation of the disabled children and orphans. There are different points of view about the problem that should be studied to find the opportunities to solve it. We concluded that public opinion reflects rather contradictory positions.


Objective: This research has been applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method of action research. Method: The method of collecting information was using a new approach of combined research method. The research site was one of the elementary schools in Birjand in the academic year 2014-2015. The research sample was selected by purposeful sampling method. In this research, after proving the existence of anxiety and anxiety of the sixth-grade student in the evaluation of math lesson, using scientifically and creatively collected evidence and information, scientific and creative methods were used to reduce anxiety and anxiety. Research tools included qualitative methods such as peer evaluation, observation and interview with parents, as well as quantitative methods such as Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) for data collection. Results: Recommended solutions to the present study include: examining the student's nutritional status and improving it as one of the most important prerequisites for learning, examining the history of fear in math through conversation with the student and his parents focusing on the principle of succession fear, helping students to volunteer in situations The course was anxious, offering a few simple exercises to the student before the main assessment in the math bell and so on. Conclusion: After implementation of these solutions, the student's anxiety was assessed again with the help of combined research method. The results showed that students' anxiety was reduced in math lessons.


We study the existence and uniqueness of fixed point for isotone mappings of any number of arguments under Geraghty-type contraction on a complete metric space endowed with a partial order. As an application of our result we study the existence and uniqueness of the solution to a nonlinear Fredholm integral equation. Our results generalize, extend and unify several classical and very recent related results in the literature in metric spaces.


Objective: We compared blood-based DNA methylation levels of endoglin (ENG) and transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFβR2) gene promoter regions between women with clinically-overt preeclampsia and women with uncomplicated, normotensive pregnancies. Methods: We used EpiTect Methyl II PCR Assays to evaluate DNA methylation of CpG islands located in promoter regions of ENG (CpG Island 114642) and TGFβR2 (CpG Island 110111). Preeclampsia was diagnosed based on blood pressure, protein, and uric acid criteria. N = 21 nulliparous preeclampsia case participants were 1:1 frequency matched to N = 21 nulliparous normotensive control participants on gestational age at sample collection (±2 weeks), smoking status, and labor status at sample collection. Methylation values were compared between case and control participant groups [(ENG subset: n = 20 (9 cases, 11 controls); TGFβR2 subset: n = 28 (15 cases, 13 controls)]. Results: The majority of the preeclampsia cases delivered at ⩾34 weeks' gestation (83%). Average methylation levels for ENG ([M ± (SD)]; Case Participant Group = 6.54% ± 4.57 versus Control Participant group = 4.81% ± 5.08; P = .102) and TGFβR2 (Case Participant Group = 1.50% ± 1.37 vs Control Participant Group = 1.70% ± 1.40; P = .695) promoter CpG islands did not differ significantly between the participant groups. Removal of 2 extreme outliers in the ENG analytic subset revealed a trend between levels of ENG methylation and pregnancy outcome (Case Participant Group = 5.17% ± 2.16 vs Control Participant Group = 3.36% ± 1.73; P = .062). Conclusion: Additional epigenetic studies that include larger sample sizes, investigate preeclampsia subtypes, and capture methylation status of CpG island shores and shelves are needed to further inform us of the potential role that ENG and TGFβR2 DNA methylation plays in preeclampsia pathophysiology.


The goal of this research is to design, build and test a phoswich-based radiation detector for simultaneously monitoring all radioactive components in the effluent resulting from the cleanup of nuclear waste


Microscopic studies of human adrenal glands from 58 autopsy specimens, ranging in age from one month gestation to 69 years, revealed a pertinent developmental pattern in the establishment of definitive zonation. This pattern was established using the following criteria: (1) relationship of age to the developing zones; (2) times of formation of definitive zonation; and (3) the morphological determination of developmental patterns based on staining characteristics.


The purpose of this paper is to remedy a deficiency of most textbooks by providing a detailed discussion of the hydrogen molecule, using the SCF LCAO MO formalism.


Moisture damage is one of the main deteriorations of asphalt pavement which can be analyzed based on surface free energy theory.For liquid or solid materials,surface free energy is the excess value of surface molecules compared with the internal ones. Adhesion model and moisture damage model of asphalt and aggregate were presented based on surface energy.Tendencies of adhesion and moisture damage were analyzed by taking surface energy parameter index into the models.And the influence of parameters of asphalt and aggregate was discussed.The adhesion model and the moisture damage model can be used to provide a more rational approach for the match of asphalt and aggregate,and have important theoretical significance and engineering value.


This study aims identify the existing occupational risks an dairy industry located in the south of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Through the industrially process and visits to the industry, observed the risks and analise according harzadous chemical agents. The study intend to understand all datails of the process and to list all the production areas since raw material arrival to stock at the finish product, to check machines and equipments envolved in the activities; worker and environmental exposure that is important questions to this study about Larbor Safety. Observing any facts, for example, the lack training, no utilizing protective equipament that are condition that put in risk the worker health and accidents. The risks occupational at the industry are physical, ergonomic and accidents.


Within the last two decades, theorizing and research on language teaching and teachers have witnessed a fundamental shift of attention and orientation towards socio-cognitive aspects of teaching. This epistemic shift has been paralleled by the global reach of the English language, inspiring scholars to call for a paradigm shift in Applied Linguistics to drift away from Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) to Global Englishes (GE) Language Teaching (GELT). While the expanding body of the literature on GE pedagogy has focused on different aspects of this fundamental transformation, teachers' voices and cognitions have been often neglected in such discussions, despite their being an important element involved in the process. Against this backdrop, and guided by an activity-theoretic perspective as its analytical framework, the present qualitative study explored two Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers' cognitions about GE and GELT using semi-structured interview, stimulated recall protocol, and non-participant classroom observation. Despite differences in the cognitions of our participants regarding GELT, the results generally indicated that both teachers tended to prioritize the use of standard American or British English in their teaching practice, bearing testimony to the fact that there is still a theory-practice schism between disciplinary reality and folk reality when it comes to GE-related issues in the English language teaching (ELT) enterprise. Our analysis offers a depiction of the challenges related to introducing GELT into the curriculum. The results are deliberated in relation to the feasibility of GE-oriented pedagogy, questioning whether it is achievable or is merely an idealistic notion. Implications of the findings for second language teacher education are discussed in the end.


of the Polish diplomats in the Austrian service was not affected by their nationality. Among three physicians from Galicia who unsuccessfully applied for professorships at the University of Vienna and became victims of the "Nebenfront des Nationalitatenkampfes in der Habsburgermonarchie" (107), Abraham Eitelberg was treated the worst. Wakounig does not explain whether he was a Jew or whether that fact had something to do with Eitelberg's failure. One could discuss several other details of the presented papers, but it does not change the fact that Polen im Allen Osterreich is an important contribution to studies of the common Polish-Austrian history. It would be impossible to write a synthesis or even monographs without numerous books similar to the presented collection of papers.


The aim of this paper is threefold. First, to detect and categorize Croatian financial consumers' financial literacy and analyze whether the different levels of financial literacy is statistically significant in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. The second objective is determining whether a respondent's debt behavior differs based on their financial literacy. Further, the paper aims to examine sources of different debt behavior in relation to financial literacy. Cluster analysis is used to categorize financial literacy and determine whether a respondent's financial literacy differs due to gender and level of disposable income. Here, the nonparametric chi-square test is applied. The effects of financial literacy on debt behavior are investigated using a rank-based nonparametric test, specifically the Kruskal Wallis H test. Finally, the paper will examine the source of differences in debt behavior based on different levels of financial literacy, and a post hoc analysis using Dunnett's C test will be conducted. The results suggest that respondents exhibit different debt behavior due to different levels of financial literacy. In addition, the level of disposable household income per household member was found to be statistically insignificant with respect to different levels of financial literacy, while such levels were found to be statistically significantly different when compared to a respondent's gender.


social Polgári to provide scholarly assessments of economic and social developments in Hungary and of the country's history, and to explore its relationship to the rest of the world, with special focus on European identity and our relations with the European Union. this the board has placed a study penned by academician Gábor Hamza about Robert Schuman's intellectual oeuvre and relations with Hungary first in this 3rd issue Volume 15. gives a brief outline of the milestones in Schuman's life and eventful political career. The purpose of Schuman's activity was the restoration and reinforcement of peace between peoples and nations. Some of his views remains rel-evant today. The study shows his intellectual oeuvre and relations with Hungary.


Aims—The relation between lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and invasive breast cancer is unresolved. In an attempt to establish whether LCIS is a precursor of invasive cancer the mutational status and the expression of E-cadherin was analysed in LCIS and associated invasive breast carcinoma in 23 patients. Methods—Foci of LCIS and associated invasive carcinoma were individually microdissected from tissue from 23 patients. Exons 4–16 of the E-cadherin gene were analysed using single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP); protein expression and the localisation of E-cadherin and β-catenin were assessed with the use of immunohistochemistry. Results—Immunohistochemistry revealed a lack of expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in most LCIS samples and invasive foci. In all but four cases, the staining pattern was identical in the LCIS and associated invasive areas. When E-cadherin was absent, β-catenin was also undetected, suggesting a lack of expression of alternative classic cadherin members in these lesions. Coincident E-cadherin mutations in LCIS and associated invasive carcinoma were not identified in this series of patients. However, mutational analysis of E-cadherin in multiple foci of carcinoma in situ surrounding an invasive lesion provided evidence to support ductal carcinoma in situ as a precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma. Conclusion—These data support the hypothesis that LCIS is not a precursor of invasive breast carcinoma but a marker of increased risk of developing invasive disease.