: Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of spherically propagating premixed turbulent hydrogen flames were carried out to clarify the influence of turbulence scale on propagating hydrogen/air flame. In a previous study (1) , results suggested that an optimum integral length scale exists to promote flame propagation, with which the maximum burning velocity was obtained. This study investigates the influence of variation of turbulence scale on turbulent flame propagation and burning velocity within multiple turbulent flame radii. Results of the work suggest that an integral length scale was found where the maximum turbulent burning velocity exist. Also, it got larger as flame propagated.


Conformationally-rigid para-sulfonato-calix[4]arene (C28H24O16S4) was isolated. The NMR parameters of the structure of calix[4]arenes have been compared. The study of organic structures to form nanoporous materials is a well-known chemical phenomena (supermolecular chemistry) that is necessary for finding the crystal forms of calix[4]arenes. We investigated and compared the hydrogen bonding, oxygen, and sulfur atom effects on calix[4]arene via Hartree-fock(HF) theory by the Gaussian 98 of program package.


In this paper, the authors propose an algorithm for automatic operational flood detection of the Amur River basin based on data from the MSI instrument installed on the Sentinel-2 satellite. To solve the problem, a U-net convolutional neural network is used, improved due to the specifics of the data by adding an additional layer that reduces sampling and normalization layers after each neuron activation. As a training set, Sentinel-2 Level-2A data was used, which underwent the atmospheric correction procedure and represents 4 channels of the MSI instrument with a spatial resolution of 10 m, as well as index images built on their basis. As reference information, vector maps of river floods were used, built in an interactive mode by decoder specialists from the Far-Eastern Center of State Research Center for Space Hydrometeorology "Planeta". The results of the neural network algorithm after the learning process were evaluated according to the metrics that amounted to: Precision – 94.91%, Recall – 90.76%, F1-measure – 92.79%. High accuracy ratings and fast operation speed make it possible to use the developed algorithm for automatic operational flood detection of the Amur River basin floods in the tasks of integrated monitoring of flood conditions. The work is a complete technical solution and has been put into trial operation at the Far-Eastern Center of State Research Center for Space Hydrometeorology "Planeta". In the future, the results obtained by the authors are planned to be adapted to the data of the Russian satellite of the Meteor-M series with the KMSS-2 multi-zone satellite imagery complex installed on board. The expected results will improve the quality of the thematic products provided and will make it possible to switch over to the use of domestic data when creating our own technologies for processing satellite information.


A computational model which is based on the classical homogenous nucleation theory was developed to analyse the alumina inclusion-nucleation process in molten steel in this paper. The idea, 'pseudomolecules', proposed by Lifeng Zhang[1,2], was cited as the basic unit of the physical process of nucleation. However, the nucleation stage was evolved to be controlled by the diffusion of pseudomolecules groups than single pseudomolecule, which is much closer to the actual situation. The differential equations of different pseudomolecules size distribution were given and calculated by computer programs using Runge-Kutta method. Some key parameters, such as supersaturation, nucleation rate, and inclusion population were calculated and compared with some others' conclusion.


Streets should be designed as spaces in town where people feel both efficiency for travelling and attractiveness for rambling. By predicting people's distribution and walking around activity in cities, urban planning will become more successful. We investigate a shopping district arround the suburb railway station in Japan, and propose two models for predicting people's activity. The first model is a pedestrians distribution prediction (or postdiction) model by multiple regression analysis using space syntax indices of urban fabric and people's distribution data obtained from the field-survey. The second model is a street choice model uging Logit model. We performed a questionnaire survey on the field and investigated 46 visitors' strolling routes and obtained totally 1211 street choices in thier routes. A utility function, sum of weighted space syntax indices and other indices, is made and the parameters for weights were estimated by maximum likelihood. These models take account of both street networks (Integration Value, distance from the destination) and other spactial compositions (amount of pedestrians, cars and shops, road width, altitude). First model explained the characteristics of the street where a lot of people tend to walk or stay. The parameters of large weight were "near from the station", "wide", "with many stores", and "near to centricity (high Int.V)". Second model clarified differences of weights of street choice parameters between the attributes such as gender, the existence of destinations, number of people, and so on. There are many findings such as followings; males tend to choose the street which has relatively low Int.V, many cars; couples tend to choose the streets which have few pedestrians; people without destination tend to choose the streets which have high Int.V, a lot of pedestrians, narrow width, and few shops; people who move in a group tend to choose the streets which have few cars, many shops, wide width.


To get good result in learning process, teacher should be able to improve herself  by using many kinds of methods so that the result can be improved and students can be active in teaching learning process. The purpose of this research is to know whether the use of discussion and giving task can improve learning achievement in a material of economic growth at the class of XI IPS 4 SMAN 1 Punggur year 2015/2016. To get good result in learning process teacher should be able to improve herself  by using many kinds of methods so the result can be improved and students can be active in teaching learning process. The purpose of this research is to know whether the use of discussion and giving task can improve learning achievement in a material of economic growth at the class of XI IPS 4 SMAN 1 Punggur year 2015/2016. The location of this research is in SMAN 1 Punggur. It is done for 3 months , August to October 2015. Subject of this research is Class XI IPS 4 of  SMAN 1 Punggur in the academic year of 2015/ 2016.  Technique of collecting data used are : observation, documentation and data analysis interview by using qualitative descriptive analysis. Research procedure uses classroom action research method that consists of 2 cycles. The result of the classroom action research shows that In pre cycle, students who pass / succeed are 10 from 31 students or 32.14% and fail students are 21 from 31 students or equal to 6.86 %. After getting treatment in the first cycle, passed students increases to 22 from 31 students or 75% while fail students decrease 10 from 31 students or 25%. In the second cycle, passed students increases to 29 from 31 students or 92.86% while failed students only 2 from 31 students. Based on the data above it can be concluded that by using discussion method and giving task can improve thestudents' economy achievement with economic growth material at the XIGrade of Social Science 4 in SMAN 1 Punggur on odd semester in the academic year of 2015/2016is true. Keyword s : Discussion method and giving task, Learning achievement.


A warning device comprises a touch switch used for controlling on and off of an integral circuit, image recording equipment used for recording a peripheral instantaneous image when the circuit is switched on, an alarm used for alarming when the circuit is switched on, a mobile communication device, a receiving end and an energy supply device, wherein the mobile communication device is used for sending alarm information, geographic position information and the image recorded by the image recording equipment; the receiving end is used for receiving the information sent by the mobile communication device; and the energy supply device supplies energy. The warning device has the advantages that: the warning device is simple in structure, can record the peripheral instantaneous image when the warning device is turned on and send the geographic position simultaneously, is convenient to ascertain where the responsibility lies and find out who is responsible, has powerful functions, is high in security performance, can shoot a picture of a person who opens the turnover box when being applied to the turnover box, sends the picture and the geographic position to a receiving end mobile phone simultaneously, is high in practical performance, can effectively avoid the situation that the turnover box is opened by other people in transit and goods are taken away, and avoids economic loss.


Measurements of atmospheric lead at Bermuda during the Atmosphere-Ocean Chemistry Experiments (AEROCE) in 1993–1994 showed that annual-mean concentrations had decreased by an order of magnitude from the 1970s and by a factor of 4 since the 1980s. Seasonal patterns had changed as well, with lead no longer being highest during winter. Both changes are consistent with decreased use of leaded gasoline in North America. Pollution-derived zinc and antimony also decreased, probably because of reduced smelting in the United States or changed atmospheric transport to Bermuda. Lead/aluminum mass ratios depended on direction: 0.04 with western air-mass trajectories (pollution from North America) versus 0.0001 and 0.0003 with eastern trajectories. The eastern Pb/Al ratios were indistinguishable from typical crustal values of 0.0002. The lower eastern ratio probably represents pure Saharan dust, while the higher ratio may indicate minor amounts of superimposed pollution aerosol, possibly from Europe or the Mediterranean area. Crustal lead was not evident in the 1970s because more lead was emitted from gasoline and dust transport from the Sahara was weaker.


The paper deals with the management of supply chain and the problems concerned,and discusses how to use the supply chain to manage the mobility of materials.


The paper compares lithic technology of a special type (the
Levallois-leptolithic) and its expansion during the time of the
Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition and the dispersal of
anatomically modern humans. It focuses on the regions of
central and eastern Europe and northern Asia.


The HLA-based simulation application system is an efficient approach to increase the efficiency of the combat simulation and an effective efficacy approach to check the weapon system does battle.The structure and characteristics of the Anti-radiation UAV vs.radar system simulation system are analyzed first;Then the FOM/SOM table of the system is presented,the general process of developing the HLA-based simulation application system is studied,the design of the Anti-radiation UAV vs.radar combat simula- tion system is given.


In this paper, a micro SLAM system based on ORB features for RGB-D cameras has been proposed. With only a RGB-D sensor, this method can be applied in small environment for localization and mapping. Furthermore, the task of 3D reconstruction can also be accomplished by using the approach. The pose graph based on Bundle Adjustment is adopted for reducing the estimation error. In order to further speed up computing to meet the requirement of real-time, we have proposed the piecewise optimization strategy. The approach is evaluated on public benchmark datasets. Compared with several state-of-the-art scheme, this method has proven to work well in these environments.


Plant‐mediated interactions between phytophagous insects are ubiquitous. Silicon (Si) accumulation can defend plants against chewing insect herbivores, although sap‐feeders are comparatively less affected. It remains unknown how Si impacts interspecific interactions between chewing and sap‐feeding insect herbivores when sharing a host plant. We grew the model grass Brachypodium distachyon with (+Si) or without (−Si) Si and assessed the impacts of Si supplementation on the contemporaneous performance and interguild interactions between a chewing (Helicoverpa armigera) and a sap‐feeding (Rhopalosiphum padi) insect herbivore. We further performed dual‐choice tests to assess insect preferences for +Si or −Si plants with or without prior insect attack. Si reduced the relative growth rate (RGR) of both separately and contemporaneously fed caterpillars (H. armigera). Conversely, aphid abundance was higher on +Si plants compared to −Si plants. Caterpillar RGR and aphid abundance were negatively correlated on shared host plants. Furthermore, decreased caterpillar RGR on +Si plants benefitted aphid colonisation, indicating the plant‐mediated effects of Si on interspecific competition between the two insects. Attack by caterpillars induced leaf Si accumulation, regardless of aphid presence. In dual‐choice tests, caterpillars preferred aphid‐attacked −Si plants to aphid‐attacked +Si plants, whereas aphids preferred caterpillar‐attacked +Si plants to caterpillar‐attacked −Si plants. Our results provide the first evidence for plant‐mediated effects of Si on interspecific competition between two insect herbivores. We suggest that the dissimilar effects of Si against different feeding guilds of herbivores may promote asymmetry in interspecific competition when sharing host plants, potentially impacting insect abundance and distribution.


ZZ3192L3811F Styer truck of Lunan Mining Co.,Ltd.serving as sample,the maintenance cost per steering mileage(or period)was taken as the primary objective as well as employment reliability of engine lubricant and steering security of vehicle as the secondary objectives,the optimal second level maintenance period of the Styer trucks was determined with the mathematical model of truck maintenance period,thus the most economical and safety maintenance period was obtained.


Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to determine the sources and factors affecting farm revenue variation on crop and livestock farms in the Northern Great Plains. Design/methodology/approach - – A two method approach is used. Variance decomposition analysis is completed on an 18-year balanced panel data set of North Dakota producers to determine the sources of farm revenue variation. The second component of this research uses a random effects estimator to determine the effect of farm characteristics on farm revenue variation measured by coefficient of variation. Findings - – Crop revenue is the largest source of farm revenue variation, with crop insurance being the largest source of revenue variation diversification. Small market crops and corn were found to increase revenue variation compared to those operations that received the largest sum of their revenue from wheat. Government payments and insurance payments were also found to increase farm revenue variation indicating they may provide an incentive to plant more risky crops. Originality/value - – This analysis examined specific enterprises that affect farm revenue variation, which has not been examined in earlier work. This distinction allows for focus on potential policy implications of small market crops and new crops in "transitional planting zones".


After the earthquakes of Kobe (1995) and Northridge (1994) many research efforts have focused the attention on the seismic behaviour of partial strength beam‐to‐column joints because, in these seismic events, brittle fractures of welds of full‐strength joints belonging to MRFs have been observed. One of the most popular solutions developed in the aftermath to overcome the drawbacks of the typical welding joint details consisted in the adoption of the so‐called Reduced Beam Section (RBS) strategy. With this strategy beam ends are weakened into areas located sufficiently far from the column in order to reduce the stress concentration in the welds. Nevertheless, while many experimental efforts have been devoted to this connection typology, the available experimental results on full‐scale structures are still quite limited.


The paper is aimed to introduce the application of the Cognitive Maps concept to the web design interfaces. Cognitive Maps allows the graphical representation of the information architecture highlighting the hierarchies, the nodes the physical (hypertextual) and conceptual connections between site contents. The interaction with the Information is based on a generative dynamics of ryzomatic connections where the cognitive and perceptive richness Human User is evident, giving a more direct representation than the usual static structure tree. Multimedia Authoring software tools are exploited to produce Multimodal cognitive Maps. The experimental Project Designing-X (design of a biomorphic Web Site) shows a practical, specific realization of the concepts the paper is based on. 1 MUI and cognitive maps: new paradigms in interface design. The application of Multimodal Interfaces, based on the simultaneous exploitation of a multiple communicative channels and on a spatial and visual representation of the information is an emerging challenge to the presently used GUI and a possible future evolution. Cognitive Maps allows the multimodal representation of the information architecture highlighting the hierarchies, the nodes the physical (hypertextual) and conceptual connections between site contents. The interaction with the information is based on a generative dynamics of ryzomatic connections where the cognitive and perceptive richness Human User is evident, giving a more direct representation than the usual static structure tree (Bollini, 2003). Asubel introduced the cognitive (or conceptual) maps investigating the human learning (Ausubel, 1968). Conceptual maps are a tool to schematize and articulate those units; the maps also make evident the connections used to organize the units on hierarchy and pertinence criteria. Furthermore they make evident the key concepts and the prepositions linking the concepts; the maps use the visual communication channel to improve the learning and the retaining of the concepts. Verbal communication and the related verbal transcription are a sequential, linear process. The cognitive maps have a mesh-like and hierarchical structure, where the typical hierarchical structure of an hypertext is reproduced. The learning principle stated by Ausubel can be transferred also to the dynamical cognitive model for the learning the Website exploration: this is a continuous, dynamical and interactive process. The concept has been revised and developed by Novak and Gowin in the seventies; the proposed and developed the application in order to produce a graphical representation of the knowledge. As a geographical map allows to be directed inside an unknown land, in the same way a conceptual …


Using known results in Steiner's problem, suboptimal algorithms are advanced for routing single nets subject to the minimum length constraint and multinets subject to the minimum length and maximum allowable channel capacity constraints. Implementation of the algorithm on a large number of randomly generated examples indicates feasibility of fast CPU execution time and good quality of solution in comparison with other existing algorithms.


The Vetiver System (VS), which is based on the application of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.), was first developed by the World Bank for soil and water conservation in India in the 1980s. In addition to its very important application in agricultural lands, scientific research conducted in the last 20 years has clearly demonstrated that VS is also one of the most effective and low cost natural methods of environmental protection. Historically, the order of development of the five main applications of VS is: 1. Soil and Water Conservation in Agricultural Land In agricultural land, vetiver hedges provided a very effective and low cost method of soil and water conservation on sloping land, resulted in significant crop yield improvement. 2. Stabilisation of Infrastructures Its extensive and deep root system provides an ideal tool for erosion control of unconsolidated soil and the stabilisation of steep slopes such as road and railway batters, dam wall, river and canal banks and landslips. 3. Environmental Protection  Phytoremediation of wastewater: The Vetiver System can dispose and/or treat wastewater by reducing the volume or improving the quality of polluted water  Phytoremediation contaminated lands: Vetiver grass has been used successfully for rehabilitation of mine overburden and phytoremediation of mine tailings. 4. Socio-economic impact on rural community  Poverty alleviation: Providing income through supply planting materials and handicraft production  Rural employment to rural community particularly women and children


Brugada syndrome is an arrhythmic syndrome characterized by right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation in the precordial lead (), and sudden death caused by ventricular fibrillation, but with no evidence of an underlying structural heart disease. We report one case of spinal anesthesia for an appendectomy in a 44-year-old male patient diagnosed as having Brugada syndrome by characteristic ECG findings without untoward cardiovascular events.


Network coverage rate is crucial to environment monitoring, in order to improve coverage rate, we impose a network coverage enhancement algorithm based on artificial fish-swarm algorithm. It bases on 3D directional sensing model, and decreases the overlap among sensors to increase coverage rate by optimizing sensors orientation angle. The simulation indicates that this method can improve coverage rate effectively. The optimized network coverage rate is growing about 4.4% compared with PSO and more nearer to the academic value.


A high pressure CO 2 -based post-etch-residue removal method is described. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) mixtures containing methanol and water were used as cosolvents with CO 2 . The effect of process parameters such as temperature, time, and cosolvent composition on the residue removal was investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the samples. A 12% w/w of a 4:1 volumetric mixture of 25% TMAH in methanol and deionized water in CO 2 at 3000 psi and 70°C was effective in removing the residue; under these conditions, more than one phase was observed in the CO 2 -based mixture. Mechanisms that account for the film and residue removal are proposed.


In 2000, a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) was undertaken between the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Catalytica Energy Systems Incorporated (CESI) to determine the properties of current metallic catalyst supports and examine new candidate alloys for this application. A team was established at ORNL to examine oxidation-limited lifetime of these thin-walled metallic components using standard lifetime models and to measure the mechanical properties of the foils (40-200:m in thickness) which can differ substantially from bulk properties. Oxidation experiments were conducted on foil specimens at 700/-1100/C in laboratory air and in air with 10 vol.% water vapor to better simulate the combustor environment. At the higher test temperatures, time to oxidation-induced (i.e. breakaway oxidation) failure was determined in 1h cycles in order to verify predictions from a standard reservoir-type oxidation lifetime model. Selected specimens were run for >10,000h in 100 or 500h cycles at lower test temperatures in order to determine the oxidation kinetics for the model. The creep properties of selected foils were measured for 4,000-8,000h at operation-relevant stresses and temperatures. None of the new candidate alloys significantly out-performed currently used alloys in laboratory testing, particularly in oxidation lifetime testing. Therefore, engine testing was not performed on any of the new candidate alloys. Both the oxidation- and creep-resistance of FeCrAl alloys was more » greater than expected and the results of the CRADA allowed CESI to extend life or increase operating temperatures for these lower cost substrate alloys in the next generation of catalyst modules. « less


interpretation-based static analyzers. This insight provided a way of extracting the common patterns in the design and implementation of static analyzers and led to the idea of considering abstract interpretation as a particular case of computational effects, which can be abstracted over using a concept of monads from functional programming. This idea was presented in my work on monadic abstract interpreters [14] that described a unifying implementation methodology for static analyzers, which allows one, by changing a representation monad, to recover a spectrum of analyses. Modular, higher-order cardinality analysis. When a static analyzer is a part of a production compiler, its precision takes a back seat to scalability: large programs should be analyzed and compiled within a reasonable time. The scalability has been a guiding principle in my work on designing a novel cardinality analysis for Haskell programming language [13], which provided a practically satisfactory solution to a 25-years old problem of soundly and efficiently identifying and exploiting program parts that are used only once in lazy functional programming languages. The resulting analysis procedure was simple to implement (it added 250 lines of code to a 140,000 line compiler) and gave real improvements, making uncharacteristic Haskell programs, already aggressively optimized by dedicated Haskell hackers, run 2% faster at average, and GHC (i.e., a state-of-the-art Haskell compiler, written in Haskell) run up to 4% faster. The developed analyzer has been included into GHC since version 7.8. Structured mechanized verification of concurrent programs In the past decade, significant progress has been made towards design and development of efficient fine-grained (i.e., lock-free) concurrent data structures and algorithms, which take full advantage of parallel computations. Due to sophisticated interference scenarios and a large number of possible interactions between concurrent threads, manipulating with the same shared data structures and employing fine-grained synchronization primitives (e.g., compare-and-swap command), reasoning about fine-grained concurrent programs is challenging and error-prone. Logic-based approach to concurrent program verification Program logics are an appealing way to specify the behaviour of concurrent programs as well as to verify that a program is correct (i.e., obeys its specification). A well-designed logic formalism is: • Expressive: Program specifications and their proofs can accommodate modern programming paradigms, such as higher-order code, locally-created threads, etc. • Structured: A proof of a program's correctness can be carried out mechanically, basing on the program's syntax, via a number of syntax-oriented inference rules, provided by the logical framework. • Compositional: Once a library is given a suitable specification and verified against it, its code is not required to be re-examined ever again: all reasoning about the client code that makes use of that library can be done solely using the specification. • Foundational: A program logic can be efficiently embedded into a general-purpose mechanized mathematical framework. With such embedding, the fact of absence of bugs in the logic itself is supported by a mechanized formal proof. Furthermore, the framework hosting the logic can be employed to write programs and verify them, therefore conflating programming and proving.


Objective:To study the effect of anisodamine combined with dexamethasone on multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and its potential mechanism.Methods:MODS models were reproduced in rabbits and rats,and animals were treated with anisodamine combined with dexamethasone.Changes in endothelin1 (ET1) mRNA expression,plasma gastrin,motilin,tumor necrosis factor (TNF),lipid peroxidation(LPO) levels,and pH values in gastric mucosa were observed in the present study.Results:Following treatment with anisodamine combined with dexamethasone,plasma TNF levels decreased from (147 23±43 93)μmol/L to (64 91±20 18)μmol/L,LPO levels from(8 05±2 18)μmol/L to (2 02±0 64)μmol/L,but pH values in gastric mucosa increased from 6 90±0 10 to 7 30±0 10.Meanwhile,plasma gastrin levels decreased from (406 3±50 6)pg/L to (210 4±43 8)pg/L,motilin levels from (225 6±41 6)pg/L to (143 6±35 4)pg/L,and ET1 mRNA expression in kidney form 0 59±0 15 to 0 39±0 08.The mortality of rats in which endotoxin were injected after 72 hours decreased from 60% to 30%.Conclusions:The combined use of anisodamine with dexamethasone can inhibit inflammatory mediator formation and attenuate multiple organ damage,and it may be a useful method for treatment of MODS.


Adolescents are susceptible to negative influences and activities via social media, surroundings and peers. Cyberbullying, dangerous online games, accessible pornographic content are some examples of negativities which adolescents tend to be drawn into, either knowing or unknowingly, without giving much thought to the consequences of their actions/engagements. To address this, a self-empowerment program has been developed and tailored for school teens. This program covers faith, positivity, social relationship, role-modeling and self-reflection. A total of 219 teenagers aged between 12 to 17 years old participated in this study. 61 out of the 219 teens formed the control group. Adolescents under the control group did not participate in the self-empowerment program whilst the rest of the 158 teens underwent the program. A survey was carried out to both the control and non-control groups of teenagers to measure the acceptance and the projected impact on the teens who participated in the program. Overall, positive responses were recorded with an average score of 5.10/6.00 for the non-control groups and 4.81/6.00 for the control group.


There is insufficient evidence to guide the treatment of persistent or intractable hiccups; to date, no studies have involved advanced neuro-oncological patients who have experienced persistent hiccups with the aim of understanding their experience, gaining insights, and contributing to knowledge in the field. A purposeful sample of 5 consecutive patients suffering from more than 1 persistent hiccup experience lasting more than 48 hours and persisting for less than 1 month, aged at least 18 years, able to answer open-ended questions, and who had given informed consent were invited to participate. Recruitment ended when data saturation was achieved. According to the patients' experience, living with persistent hiccups was characterized by 3 main themes: (a) resignation to its unpredictable nature; (b) despair that there is nothing worse than hiccups; and (c) learning to control the pauses. Persistent hiccups have a negative impact on patients' and families' quality of life, leading to extreme anguish and to a feeling of powerlessness when it becomes clear that there is no useful pharmacological therapy. In trying to interrupt hiccups, patients learn to control their pauses, lengthening the interval between 1 spasm and the next. Adopting this palliative effort, patients might reach 4 hiccups/min, with 1 every 15 seconds, achieving an acceptable level of symptom discomfort.


The Southeastern offshore Brazilian Basins (SOBB), including Espírito Santo, Campos and Santos, is the most important petroleum province in Brazil. In those basins are found oils of different types accordingly to their respective sources. For an appropriate understanding of those petroleum systems, the discrimination of each oil type is crucial. In this context, carbon isotopic ratios (δC) are important subsidies for understanding and interpreting the origin, generation, and post accumulation changes in oils. Variations in δC in petroleum and bitumen are related primarily to the organic matter type (O.M.). Thermal maturity levels and secondary alterations (e.g. biodegradation) can also alter the isotopic signature of petroleum in much less intensity. δC is also an effective tool for geochemical correlation between petroleum and its respective source rock. Interpretations are strengthened if supported by other independent data, such as biomarker ratios.


Our experiences in two cases of recurrent deep orbital dermoids, manifesting clinically as 'periorbital' dermoids, are presented. Their surgical management and possible problems are discussed. Though lateral orbitotomy has been usually advocated for such cases, the anterior approach is equally, if not more, effective if done with caution. It enables access almost to the orbital apex with lesser technical problems and morbidity. The apparently superficial 'periorbital' position of a deep orbital dermoid may be clinically very misleading to the unwary.


porated into the 3-HPA moiety in etamycin, one of the virginiamycin B group.4) In the case ofetamycin, as the incorporation of 14C-labeled L-lysine was extremely low (approx. 0.15%) and the incorporation time was very long (approx. 72hr), it has not been confirmed that llysine is the precursor of the 3-HPA moiety in etamycin. As a consequence, we have attempted to determine the biosynthetic origin of 3-HPA in etamycin in a short term of incubation. Streptomyces griseoviridus P8648, one of etamycinproducing micro-organisms, was employed in this study. Cultivation was carried out as described previously.5) L[14C-(U)]lysine (300 mCi/mmol) and L-[14C-(U)]-aspartic acid (200 mCi/mmol)were added to the culture at 72hr after inoculation at the concentration of 0.04 /xCi/ml each. At an appropriate time, 2 ml of the broth was sampled and subjected to analyses of the antibiotic production, incorporation of the labeled amino acids, and distribution of the radioactivities by the methods described previously.5) For determination of the biosynthetic pathway of 3-HPA from L-lysine, various compounds listed in Table II were added to the culture at 1 hr before the addition of the labeled L-lysine, and their effects on etamycin production and the incorporation of labeled L-lysine into the antibiotic were determined at 24hr after the addition of the labeled L-lysine. The incorporation of 14C-labeled L-lysine into the antibiotic was compared with that of 14C-labeled L-aspartic acid (Table I). Time course of the incorporation of the labeled L-lysine is shown in Fig. 1. In addition, there was no radioactive residue except 3-HPAdetected in etamycin (data not shown). These results sustain the idea that llysine but not L-aspartic acid is one of the precursors of 3HPAin etamycin. Wehave tried to elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of 3-HPA in etamycin from L-lysine. The results are shown in Table II. S'-2-Amino-ethyl-L-cysteine, one of the L-lysine analogs, caused a great reduction of not only antibiotic


A quantum system is called inseparable if its density matrix cannot be written as a mixture of product states. In this Letter we apply the separability criterion, local filtering, and Bennett et al. distillation protocol [Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 722 (1996)] to show that any inseparable $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ system represents the entanglement which, however small, can be distilled to a singlet form.


TiN Nano-film was prepared on Si wafer by low-energy ion beam aided deposition technique. The effect of ion beam flux density and the temperature of Si substrate on the properties of the film was investigated. The results show that the nano-hardness and the wear resistance of the film increase with an increase in ion beam flux density although the film-substrate bonding strength varied little. However, with the temperature of Si substrate increasing, the film-substrate bonding strength and wear resistance of the film decrease although its nano-hardness increases.


J H Albany (ed) 1979 Bristol: Institute of Physics xii + 583 pp price £32 (IOP members' price £24) The international conference in Nice was the tenth in this important series and the papers presented make it clear that the field is as lively as ever. So many of the properties of semiconductors are controlled or affected by the presence of defects that the understanding of them has been a major aspect of semiconductor science.


Addition of dilute trypsin to the maintenance medium of Vero cell cultures made them far more susceptible to certain strains of parainfluenza type 1 (HVJ) and influenza A and B viruses. These findings are in line with those already reported on parainfluenza type 1 (HA-2) and type 4 viruses. To other virus strains belonging to myxo, picorna, reo, arbo, adeno, herpes, papova and poxvirus groups, the susceptibility was not enhanced by this manipulation. The difference of infectivity titers between those measured in Vero cell cultures under the trypsin-added condition (Vrt) and the ordinary ones (Vro) was taken as a criterion for the enhancement. In the serial passage tests of selected viruses in Vrt, most of viruses with the above titer-enhancement was proved transferable in the trypsin-added system, but remained nontransferable in Vro even after the passages in Vrt. Consequently, a possible emergence and selection of variants specially adapted to Vero cells is unlikely to occur in the Vrt system. Therefore, the present observations were considered on the basis of modified viral susceptibility of the cell culture.


The experiment used phenolic resin as the basic resin bond. In this paper,the effect of corundum coating on the performance of resin diamond abrasves was studied in comparative experiment,by measuring mechanical properties and grinding performance of different coating test strips,and,in addition,the paper explored the advantages of inorganic coating and it's applications in the field of superhard materials. The experimental results showed that, under the condition that the content of the diamond,phenolic resin,chromium oxide,PTFE was determined,resin abrasive with diamond coated corundum had a relatively high grinding ratio,reaching to 4. 074,higher than Ti's by 17. 7%. resin bond had best mechanical gripping force for diamond,abrasive had good performance with better sharpness and wear resistance.


The HEAO A2 experiment data was systematically searched for unresolved galactic disc emission. Although there were suggestions of non-uniformities in the emission, the data were consistent with a disc of half-thickness 241 + 22 pc and surface emissivity (2-10 keV) at galactic radius R(kpc) of 2.2 10 to the minus 7th power exp(-R/3.5) erg/sq cm to the (-2)power/s (R 7.8 kpc). giving a luminosity of approximately 4.4 10 to the 37th power erg S to the (-1) power. If the model is extrapolated to radii less than 7.8 kpc, the unresolved disc emission is approximately 1.4 10 to the 38th power erg S to the (-1) power (2-10 keV) i.e., a few percent of the luminosity of the galaxy in resolved sources. the disc emission has a spectrum which is significantly softer than that of the high galactic latitude diffuse X-ray background and it is most probably of discrete source origin.


Filtering of the wanted signal from the noise caused by power lines, magnetic pickup, interference from body movement, etc. in the field of medical data processing is a weighty problem of cardiography. To date, different types of digital filters have been used to clear the signal from unnecessary frequency bands. This paper presents the results of the filter simulation in MATLAB package.


Manganese nodules made of radiating rods of well crystallized birnessite were sampled at 8° 481.2'N, 103° 53.8'W, 1875 m below sea level by a dredge that also collected hyaloclastite and basaltic talus. The nodule field is on the floor of a caldera within a young tholeiitic seamount and was discovered and photographed during a deep-two survey. It is interpreted as a brecciated hydrothermal deposit, crystallized from an amorphous manganese oxide precipitate that formed when seawater-based hydrothermal fluids mixed with oxidized seawater. The nodules and surrounding igneous rocks have subsequently been encrusted with hydrogenous ferromanganese oxides.


The use of deep eutectic solvents and hydrotropes as a "post-treatment" for mechanical pulp to increase the ease of enzymatic hydrolysis.


Dusts produccd in electric are furnaces (EAF) are hazardous residues containing signiticant amounts of zinc, moslly in the form of zinc oxide. A process to recover zinc from EAF dusts involves the reduction of zinc oxide with the metallic iron produced by the prereduction of iron oxide contained in the dusts. When iron is used as a reducing agent, the gas volume generated in the reactor is smaller and, since CO and co2 are not present, the condensation of zinc may be enhanced. ln addition, the oxidized iron can be recovered by recycling the residue in the plant. ln this work, the reduction of zinc oxide by iron was studied using a thermogravimetric technique. Briquettes of zinc oxide and iron powders were reacted in the temperature range of 900-1050 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The etlect of temperature on the reaction rate was determined . The experimental findings were analyzed with the aid of a simplc kinetic model that provided an adequate lit for the data.


WLAN-based mesh networking is being developed with the benefit of easy deployment and easy configuration to overcome the limitation of a single-hop communication in terms of coverage, cost, capacity, scalability, etc. Wireless mesh networks(WMN)' distributed and dynamic characteristic needs an distributed authentication scheme which supports the mobility of the mesh points(MP). In this paper, we propose an efficient distributed authentication method which significantly eases the management burden, reduces the storage space on mesh points, and support the mobility of the MP.


This three-day course represents a joint effort of the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery at UCLA and Society for Vascular Surgery as they have merged their two programs. This program will offer an in-depth review of our specialty for those preparing to take the vascular board examinations as well as providing the basic didactic education for the vascular residents and fellows in training. The course recognizes four major pillars of vascular surgery practice, which include (1) conventional open operations, (2) catheter-based intervention (endovascular surgery), (3) the medical aspect of patient management, (4) diagnostic imaging and noninvasive testing.


In order to know the situation of kernel hardness and allelic distribution of puroindoline genes in Xinjiang winter and spring wheat cultivars.The kernel hardness was tested by SKCS and variations of puroindoline genes were identified with molecular marker in total of 121 Xinjiang wheat cultivars including 51 landraces and 70 bred cultivars.The results indicated that the range of kernel hardness was much wider in Xinjiang wheat regions,hard wheat was the predominate types with frequency of 61.2%.The average kernel hardness index of winter landraces was higher than that of spring landraces,and kernel hardness of winter bred cultivars was similar to that of spring bred cultivars.The allelic variations of puroindoline genes in Xinjiang wheat cultivars was rather abundant,six puroindoline genotypes,including wild type(Pinb-D1a),Pina-D1b,Pinb-D1b,Pinb-D1p,Pinb-D1ab and Pinb-D1ac,were presented in Xinjiang wheats.Pina-D1b,Pinb-D1p and Pinb-D1b were the most popular genotypes in hard wheat with frequencies of 33.8%,31.1% and 28.4%,respectively.Three puroindoline genotypes were presented in winter landraces,and Pina-D1a / Pinb-D1b was the predominant genotype.Four puroindoline genotypes were presented in spring landraces,and Pina-D1a / Pinb-D1a(wild type) was the predominant genotype.Four common puroindoline genotypes were presented in winter and spring bred cultivars,and Pina-D1a / Pinb-D1b was the predominant genotype with a frequency of 39.5% in winter bred cultivars and Pina-D1b / Pinb-D1a(PINA null)was the predominant genotype with a frequency of 59.4% in spring bred cultivars.In addition,4 winter landraces hold genotype of Pina-D1a / Pinb-D1ab and 1 spring landrace holds genotype of Pina-D1a / Pinb-D1ac,the rare mutants of puroindoline gene.There were difference in the kernel hardness among different puroindoline genotypes,the kernel hardness index of mutant Pinb-D1ab was the highest and that of Pina-D1a / Pinb-D1a was the lowest in all genotypes.There were not significant difference in the kernel hardness index among genotypes of Pina-D1b,Pinb-D1b and Pinb-D1p.


Recent discoveries of terrestrial exoplanets distant from our solar system motivate laboratory experiments that provide insight into their formation and thermal evolution. Using laser-driven shock wave experiments, we constrain high-temperature and high-pressure adiabats and the equation of state of ${\mathrm{MgSiO}}_{3}$, a dominant mantle constituent of terrestrial exoplanets. Critical to the development of a habitable exoplanet is the early thermal history, specifically the formation and freezing of the magma ocean and its role in enabling convection in the mantle and core. We measure the adiabatic sound speed and constrain the melt transition along the Hugoniot and find that the adiabats and melt boundary of silicate magmas are shallower than predicted. This suggests that small changes in the temperature of a super-Earth mantle would result in rapid melting and solidification of nearly the entire mantle.


Bioverativ and Bicycle Therapeutics will work together to develop treatments for hemophilia and sickle cell disease. Under the pact, Bicycle scores $10 million up front and $4 million in research funding from Bioverativ, a blood disorder company that was spun off of Biogen earlier this year. Bicycle will develop chemically constrained peptides, which combine the target specificity of an antibody with the tissue penetration of a small molecule, through lead optimization. Bioverativ will handle preclinical and clinical studies.


This paper presents Healthcare Big Data Normalization using Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) and application of Graph Theory. This is the process of entering physician orders directly into an electronic health record (EHR). CPOE replaces traditional pen and paper, email, fax, and telephone ordering methods. CPOE is an integral part of electronic medical records and a mandatory component for achieving Meaningful Use Stage 2 certification in health care. CPOE is vital because it helps reduce medical errors that can lead to morbidity and mortality and lowers health care costs. Relational databases are the most common type of database used in healthcare settings. The advantages of using a Relational Database Management System for CPOE are discussed, as well as the disadvantages. The Entity-Relationship diagram and schema for a medication CPOE system used in a small ambulatory medical clinic are provided. We also briefly discuss the potential use of a CPOE application and a NoSQL Open Source database, such as OrientDB, along with the benefits and challenges.


In work attempt of generalisation of results of numerous researches on influence of the raised temperature of air on degree of toxicity of industrial poisons in relation to live organisms is undertaken. Affirms that in the conditions of the raised temperature of air degree of toxicity of industrial poisons increases. In work quantitative dependences allowing are received to consider change of parametre LD50 depending on air temperature that can be used at rationing of the maintenance of harmful substances in industrial conditions


Technological advances, exploding amounts of information, and user receptiveness are fueling augmented reality's (AR) rapid expansion from a novelty concept to potentially the default interface paradigm in coming years. This article briefly describes AR in terms of its application in natural Web interfaces. The authors discuss key concepts involved in AR, and the technical and social challenges that remain.


This paper introduces the principle of the basin confluence and the method for predicting the flood processing in the outlet of the basin with the unit line method, and expounds the concept of the unit line, the predicting method and time transforming in the practical application and puts forward the problems noticed in applications.


ABSTRACTJohn Chambers, CEO of Cisco Systems Inc. recently stated, "Video is the new voice... If a picture is worth a thousand words, a multimedia video is worth a million words" (Jander, 2010). This assertion is consistent with the increasing use of video in the business world. Today businesses are using video for everything from video conferencing to public relations. This paper describes the ways the "Big Four" public accounting firms are currently using video as a recruitment tool. This evidence suggests that global public accounting firms are relying on video as an important medium for communicating with college students. Further, employees at all levels of public accounting firms are being called upon to communicate through videos. Thus, the ability to communicate using the video medium is a relevant skill for accounting majors. Expanding the communication experiences of students by incorporating the video medium requires minimal resources, but nevertheless there is scant evidence that video assignments are being used to any great extent in accounting courses. Our descriptive analysis of both the extent and nature of the video content used on Big Four firms' recruiting websites makes a compelling argument for incorporating student-produced videos into accounting curricula. Doing so requires little investment but has the potential to better prepare students for both initial interviews and performance at various levels in public accounting firms.INTRODUCTIONThe "Big Four" public accounting firms (Deloitte, Ernst & Young (EY Rose 2007). This is remarkable given that accounting was long regarded as a solid, if unexciting, profession dominated by "bean counters" (Baldvinsdottir, Burns, Norreaklit & Scapens, 2009). Now, accounting firms are sharing space on the list of "hot" jobs with the firms like Apple, Google, Walt Disney, and the Peace Corp.The Big Four public accounting firms clearly have incentives to invest in building images that are attractive to college students. These firms operate in a professional service industry where recruiting and retaining talent is critical to success. Each of these firms hires thousands of new college graduates every year (Gilmore, 2010), and thus each is constantly engaged in recruitment. Image or branding is very important in these recruiting efforts (Furness, 2008). PwC, for example, conducted a "Personal Brand Week 2.0" in 2011 and provided a variety of daily online content related to the idea of branding (PwC, www.pwc.com/ us/en/careers/pwctv/personal-brand-week.jhtml). While helping students to become more aware of their personal brand, the emphasis on branding makes it clear that PwC is quite aware of its own brand. Although the Big Four public accounting firms use a variety of methods of communicating with students and new college graduates, they are increasingly incorporating video as a recruitment tool. This is consistent with a focus on being innovative in trying to cultivate a youthful recruiting image and making use of a variety of online recruitment channels (Rose, 2007; Ruiz, 2007; Peacock 2008). Since the accounting profession has identified communication as a core competence (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 20062010), understanding the ways that accounting firms are using video as medium for communication is relevant to accounting faculty who are responsible for developing curricula designed to prepare students for careers in public accounting. …


Aerated concrete (AC) is lightweight concrete in which air voids are captured in the mortar by means of the addition of an aerating agent to meet specific requirements of density and strength. Aerated concrete displays brittle failure in tension, however, and thus an alternative solution to make the concrete more ductile and reduce the problem of cracking is to add steel bars or steel fibre. The aim of this study is thus to investigate the effect of steel fibres on the compressive strength, flexural strength, stress-strain relationship, modulus of elasticity, density, sorptivity, and water absorption of aerated concrete with such fibres as compared to plain aerated concrete. End-hooked steel fibres with lengths of 35 mm and 60 mm with aspect ratios of 64 and 67 respectively were used in this study, with a volume friction (Vf) of 1.5%. The results showed that the effect of the aspect ratio (Lf/df) on flexural strength was most prominent, and that the compressive strength of the fibre reinforced aerated concrete (SFRAC) increased significantly and the density increased slightly, while the water absorption was decreased. The sorptivity of the SFRAC with short fibres was similar to that of standard AC, with this being increased slightly with the longer fibres. However, the stress-strain relationship in tension increased most significantly. Overall, 1.5% of steel fibre of 60 mm length provided the highest flexural strength at 28 days.


The purpose of this research was to investigate the difference of personality development of elementary school student who participates in Wu-Shu practice according to the degree of participation. This study researched 400 elementary school students by questionnaires. 369 papers were actually analyzed in this study. For the date process, I used t-test, One-way ANOVA and Scheffe for after verification to prove the hypothesis of this study. This conclusion from the above mentioned results are as following. First, There was the difference of personality development according to the daily training duration of Wu-Shu practitioner. It showed that more than 1 hour was higher than less than 1 hour in life habit, self-establishment, etiquette, community consciousness. Second, There was the difference of personality development according to the training period of Wu-Shu practitioner. It showed to be the highest in more than 2 years and it showed highly in the order of observance from more than 1 year to less than 2 years, less than 1 year in life habit, self-establishment, etiquette, community consciousness. Finally, There was the difference of personality development according to the training weekly frequency of Wu-Shu practitioner. It showed more than five days a week was higher than less than five days a week in life habit, self-establishment, etiquette, community consciousness.


The study investigated the skin temperature (Tsk) at sixteen points, Stratum Corneum Water Content (SCWC) and Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) at fourteen points over the ventral and dorsal surfaces, during submaximal cycling exercise in an ambient temperature of 25 ◦C, and a relative humidity of 60%. Nine healthy competitive males completed a 20 min rest on the cycle and 5-min warm-up, followed by a 30 min of cycle exercise at 70% maximal heart rate and 30 min recovery. Average mechanical power output and pedaling rate were 150 W and 70 rpm. The results showed that the ventral and dorsal skin temperatures were significantly decreased from a minimum of 0.68 ◦C up to 3.48 ◦C than those measured at rest before cycling. In accordance with the regions of declines in skin temperatures, the values of SCWC and TEWL almost attained 120 A.C.U. and 40∼60 g/h.m2. Meanwhile, the subjects produced 0.45 L/h sweating throughout the experiment. The distribution state of Tsk, SCWC and TEWL could be visualized directly by a novel color mapping of human body. The results obtained suggest that during the submaximal cycling exercise, the reduction of skin surface temperature is associated with the evaporative heat loss due to skin sweat.


Short-lived radionuclides (SLRs) with mean lives τ of a few to hundreds of Myr provide unique opportunities to probe recent nucleosynthesis events in the interstellar medium and the physical conditions in which the Sun formed. Here we quantify the uncertainty in the predicted evolution of SLRs within a parcel of interstellar gas given the stochastic nature of stellar enrichment events. We assume that an enrichment progenitor is formed at every time interval γ. For each progenitor, we randomly sample the delay time between its formation and its enrichment event, based on several delay-time distribution (DTD) functions that cover a wide range of astrophysical sites. For each set of τ, γ, and DTD functions, we follow the abundances of SLRs for 15 Gyr and repeat this process thousands of times to derive their probability distributions. For τ/γ ≳ 2, the distributions depend on the DTD function, and we provide tabulated values and analytical expressions to quantify the spread. The relative abundance uncertainty reaches a maximum of ∼60% for τ/γ = 1. For τ/γ ≲ 1, we provide the probability for the SLR abundance to carry the signature of only one enrichment event, which is greater than 50% when τ/γ ≲ 0.3. For 0.3 ≲ τ/γ ≲ 2, a small number of events contributed to the SLR abundance. This case needs to be investigated with a separate statistical method. We find that an isolation time for the birth of the Sun of roughly 9–13 Myr is consistent with the observed abundances of 60Fe, 107Pd, and 182Hf in the early solar system when assuming τ/γ ∼ 3 for these isotopes.


4092 Background: Perioperative chemotherapy is a standard treatment for localised gastric/OGJ adenocarcinoma. B is a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor A. Addition of B to CX chemotherapy improves response rate and PFS in advanced gastric cancer. ST03 is an ongoing randomised phase II/III trial of perioperative ECX +/- B in pts with operable gastric or OGJ adenocarcinoma.

METHODS
Pts receive 3 preoperative and 3 postoperative ECX+/-B 7.5mg/kg, then 6 maintenance B (investigational arm only). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50% is required for eligibility and re-measured before surgery and after postoperative ECX+/-B. The primary endpoint of the phase II study (n=200) is safety and feasibility of preoperative ECX+B.

RESULTS
200 pts were randomised to ECX+/-B Oct 07-April 10. Median age 63, 78% male, gastric:OGJ 107:93, Stage Ib:II:III 20:68:109. All cycles of preoperative chemotherapy were received by 91/101 ECX (90%) and 86/99 ECX+B pts (87%), 13 pts (6 ECX, 7 ECX+B) stopped due to toxicity. Pre-defined primary endpoint events by treatment are shown in the table. Venous thromboembolism (TE) any grade occurred in 10 ECX, 8 ECX+B, other arterial TE in 1 ECX+B (post op CVA), grade 3/4 hypertension in 2 ECX+B and grade 3/4 proteinuria in 1 ECX+B. Asymptomatic drops in LVEF to <50% and/or ≥15% occurred in 8 ECX and 13 ECX+B pts. Drops of ≥10% and to <normal occurred in 6 ECX and 9 ECX+B. E+/-B was stopped for asymptomatic LVEF drop in 4 ECX, 11 ECX+B pts. HF in 1 pt (ECX+B) was associated with sepsis, venous TE and MI; LVEF recovered. LVEF also recovered to ≥50% in 3/7 ECX and 4/7 ECX+B whose LVEF fell <50%, with no follow-up LVEF results for the remaining 7 pts.

CONCLUSIONS
The rate of complications in the 2 arms is similar. Accrual continues to the phase III study and 338 of the planned 950 pts have been randomised so far. [Table: see text].


Biomass transfer using fertiliser tree species is a more sustainable means for maintaining nutrient balances in maize based production systems. This research investigated the combined effects of incorporation of leafy biomass of fertilizer trees as organic fertilizer and urea as inorganic fertiliser for sustainable food production viz-a-viz maize-based crop in semi-arid, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out as 3 x 4 x 2 factorial in a split-split plot design with three replicates. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at p =.05. Albizia lebbeck amended plots consistently had significantly higher values in 2014, 2015 and combined means (12.8 kg ha-1, 13 kg ha-1, 12.9 kg ha1) of cob length, (345.8 kg ha-1, 311.8 kg ha-1, 328.8 kg ha-1) of grains per cob and grain yield (2097.3 kg ha-1, 1667.7 kg ha-1, 1881.9 kg ha-1) throughout the cropping seasons and combinedeffect respectively compared to Parkia biglobosa. Positive significant correlation was experienced between the growth and yield components. Inclusion of nitrogen fertilizer and fertilizer trees improved the production of these maize varieties compared to control. It is therefore concluded that incorporation of Albizia lebbeck with up to 40 kg N ha-1 rate of nitrogen fertilizer into the soilimproved its quality for better yield of both 2009 EVAT and DMR-ESR-7 maize varieties.


This study aimed to obtain evidence about the influence of investment decision, corporate social responsibility disclosure to the firm value with company growth as a moderate variable. The population of this research was company's manufacturing base and chemical industry listed in Indonesia Exchange Stock (ISX) 2014-2016. The sample of this research using purposive sampling method. There were 32 companies which fulfilled criterion as the research sample. For the method of data analysis used is moderated regression analysis used SPSS 23.0. The results showed that investment decision has influence on the firm value, corporate social responsibility disclosure does not have influence on the firm value, company growth is not able to moderate the effect of investment decision on the firm value, as well company growth is not able to moderate the effect of corporate social responsibility disclosure to the firm value.


There are many problems to be satisfied the various commercial demand in the present VRML node, and the VRML-based system by the contact with other technology is burdened with the direct participation of developer related with it. In this study, remote control and monitoring system using EAI(External Authoring Interface) is reposed to overcome the limit of VRML. In other words, This study is about mechanism of interaction between control and monitoring subject in real world and object in virtual world mapped with it. Object oriented method by one to one mapping of the Java class which have VRML virtual world and the object control is proposed. Introduction method of video monitoring through method of image synthesis and the integrated development environment is described. Finally automobile-gate control system based on the development method of Internet virtual reality-based system which is proposed in this study is described.


Dear Editor, Although a worldwide phenomenon, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection is apparently less severe in some parts of the world with some countries presenting a surprisingly low death toll (https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ map.html; in 6 May 08:53 a.m.). No one would argue that a specific treatment with a well-defined mechanism would be the best approach to fight this pandemic. However, given the urgency, clinical trials based on pragmatism, using the prima non nocere principle, may be justified. Epidemiological observations coupled with sound basic evidence may thus provide clues in the search for such strategies. Turmeric (Indian saffron), a much-appreciated spice, has India as by far the greater producer and consumer, together with Pakistan, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, China, Burma (Myanmar), and Indonesia (http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Har vest_Compendium_-_Turmeric.pdf downloaded in 21 March 2020). Curcuma or curcuminoids isolated from Turmeric have long been reported to have antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. Due to its low bioavailability, alternatives to improve turmeric absorption have been developed. Although edible consumption may provide health benefits, pharmaceutical preparations increase curcumin absorption thus allowing pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data on the serum levels of curcuminoids (Aggarwal, Gupta, & Sung, 2013). A world map of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) reveals that countries in Southeast Asia, which are the largest producers and consumers of curcumin, have shown a very low number of deaths attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Our attention was driven to the death toll from the COVID-19 because the number of infected people is likely underestimated. We excluded Taiwan from our analysis given the apparently efficient strict rules for isolation implemented there as well as its presumed disposal of adequate health facilities. As of 23 April, the total death toll from COVID-19 reported in India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Burma was 3.424, being 1,695, 895, 526, 186, 107, 9, and 6 in each country, respectively (https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html downloaded in 6 May, 08:53 a.m.). Let us not forget that the sum of the population in those countries represents over one quarter of the world population. At the same time, it was interesting to note that Iran has a COVID-19 death toll of 6.418 as of 6 May. Curiously, Iran, once a greater consumer of Turmeric, has experienced a shortage of this product in the last years due to economic sanctions (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ news/economy/foreign-trade/turmeric-exports-hit-by-us-sanctionsagainst-iran/articleshow/70446034.cms?from=mdr; downloaded in 6 May 2020, 08:53 a.m.). Community isolation has been hard to implement in those Southeast Asian countries which, like Iran, do also experience a shortage of health facilities and supplies to face this epidemic. We were also impressed by the great difference between the number of deaths attributed to COVID-19 in those heavy curcuminconsuming countries and those in some western European countries. We should also consider that some of those European countries have implemented severe rules restricting social activities as an attempt to mitigate disease spreading, in addition to having far better health systems available. We started this observation in the early days of March 2020, but the death toll is persistently very low in those Southeast Asian countries, thus reinforcing its relevance. There are a lot of possible confounders impacting this epidemiological observation. Why would more people die from COVID-19 in such wealthy countries and why would Iranians be so heavily penalised? Considering the excellence of health systems in most western European countries, we may assume they provide more accurate data on diagnostic testing, which are lacking in those Southeast Asian countries as well as in Iran. Thus, counting the number of deaths attributed to COVID-19 might better illustrate the burden of this disease across different populations. Although ethnicity could play a role, the large variability across those heavy curcumin consumers both within and between countries make it unlikely to be relevant. The vast geographical area at stake argues against environmental issues including temperature, altitude, and other weather conditions to explain this consistently sustained very low death toll among the curcumin consumers.


. Space technology requires a rational and accurate icy of materials and processes selection. Due to limited volume, space technology does not genera]]y fund new material and process developments, but tries to select among the advanced commercial products those which, after suitable modification and testing, will provide the requi red performance and re]iabi lity. reviews Some areas of space technology where materials and process problems have occurred in past years and shows how these were solved or how they wi<l1 hopefu,lJy be solved in the future. These "critical ll areas cover clean"'-satellites, new thermal control materials with el-·· ectrical conductivity, advanced structures and reusable hardware. No technology can be developed or even survive without acquiring a rational and precise policy in the selection of materials and fabrication processes. One can illustrate this truism by the following sequence:


Food processing wastes are the end products of various food processing industries that have not been recycled or used for other purposes. These agri-horticultural wastes constitute a big problem in municipal landfills due to their high rate of biodegradability. In other words, they are the non-product flows of raw materials whose economic values are less than the cost of their collection and recovery; and therefore discarded as wastes. Several scientific studies have shown that these wastes could be considered as valuable by-products in the form of phytochemicals and nutraceuticals if they are treated scientifically and technically. Numerous researchers have worked on generation of phytochemicals, antioxidants, dietary-fiber, food ingredients like pectin, natural colour, vitamins, antibiotics and proteases apart from ethanol or biogas from waste generated from fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses milling, coffee processing units [45].


This paper presents a pedagogical processor model, intended for teaching fundamental concepts about von Neumann machines. A general discussion of the desirable pedagogical properties is given, and a specific one address machine is defined. The machine has a simple architecture, supports four addressing modes, and uses a small number of hierarchically organized, fixed-field instructions. Debugging capabilities are included in the definition and can be accessed by executable instruction.


: The dynamics of the power electronic transformers (PETs) have brought great challenges to stability analysis of the AC/DC hybrid distribution network with PETs. In this study, a large disturbance stability analysis method is proposed for the AC/DC hybrid distribution network with PETs, based on the mixed potential function (MPF) theory. Firstly, the simple average models of the converters based on the controlled sources with the control links are presented to describe the dynamic characteristics of the AC/DC system, which are suitable for the MPF theory. Subsequently, the method of constructing the MPF for the non-linear links in PET is proposed to derive a stability criterion for the AC/DC hybrid distribution network. The effects of the AC and DC dynamic characteristics and the non-linear control links are both included in the criterion. Multiple scenarios of the faults or the large disturbances are used to investigate the effect of the stability criterion, and the results show that the stability state of the multi-PET distribution network could be reflected by the stability criterion under various large disturbances. Finally, the parameter-influence analysis method is proposed to improve the stability of the system.


This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge in Proactivity at work; Making things happen in organizations on 01/12/2016, available online: http://www.routledge.com/9781848725638


The relationships between media and the Judiciary throughout history have never beent linear. The communicating vessels between them bring out the tensions emerging from society in the context of culture and values. As regards legal discourse, that interplay is usually permeated by different legal precepts which put into play the signifiers of truth and justice. From that standpoint, this test seeks to analyse the dialectics between truth and falsehood of some perceptions of history, so as to identify the current state of the art of ethics and transparency by means of a comparative examination focused on the current Brazilian constitutional system.


Independent director system is introduced into Chinese listed companies as an important measure to promote the corporate governance.Independent directors stand for the benefits of minority investors,and they are considered to assume a sunshine profession which brings both fame and gain.However,while listed companies all rush to hire independent di- rectors to satisfy supervisors'need,we find some independent directors send their resigna- tions,and this situation is becoming more and more significant.What's more,many inde- pendent directors hold a post at a new listed company after they have resigned from the old listed company.How to explain this phenomenon? What do independent directors look for, more reputation incentive or more economic incentive? This paper analyzes the real motivation behind independent directors'post selection,using 75 independent directors'job-hopping cases from the year 2001 to 2005.Firstly,we recall the past research results,and raise an analy- zing frame based on reputation incentive and economic incentive.Economic incentive includes salary earning and realistic cost payout,while reputation incentive includes the brand aware- ness of the enterprise,the rank the enterprise belongs to,and the risk one should take after assuming the post.Then we do an empirical study on job-hopping behaviors of independent directors.The results show that comparing to salary earning and realistic cost,independent directors take the enterprise's fame and the risk they will take after assuming the post as their foremost consideration.At last,we come to the conclusion that economic factors can not in- centive independent directors enough,but reputation factors can do better.In order to make better use of independent director system,firstly we should solve the problem of original in- centive and establish an independent directors'performance evaluation system and a fame in- centive restriction mechanism.Only by this way can setting up independent directors mar- ket and improving companies'performance become possible.This paper not only enriches the literature about corporate governance,but also provides some empirical evidences for perfec- ting the incentive mechanism of independent directors.


Abstract. The transmission line matrix (TLM) method in conjunction with the genetic algorithm (GA) is presented for the bandwidth optimization of a low profile patch antenna. The optimization routine is supplemented by a system identification (SI) procedure. By the SI the model parameters of the structure are estimated which is used for a reduction of the total TLM simulation time. The SI utilizes a new stability criterion of the physical poles for the parameter extraction.


The paper offers a new methodology of designing in CMOS technology analogdigital artificial neurons learnable to arbitrary logical threshold functions of some number of variables. The problems of functional ability, implementability restrictions, noise stability, and refreshment of the learned state are formulated and solved. Some functional problems in experiments on teaching an artificial neuron to logical functions are considered. Recommendations on selection of testing functions and formation of teaching sequences are given. All results in the paper are received using SPICE simulation. For simulation experiments with analog/digital CMOS circuits, the transistor models MOSIS BSIM3v3.1, 0.8μm, level 7 are used. Key-Words: artificial neuron, CMOS implementation, learnable synapse, excitatory and inhibitory inputs, learning process, learning sequence, refreshment process, test function, threshold logical element, threshold logical function, Horner's scheme, Fibonacci sequence.


The acute toxicity of danofloxacin in Kunming mice was studied.Adopt simplified probability unit method determined the LD 50 ,LD 50 ,LD 90 and 95% confidence of LD 50 of danofloxacin in mice by oral administration,intraperitoned injection and intravenous injection respectively.The value of oral administration were 2251.88,1025.26,4207.11 and 1829.28~2674.32 mg/kg respectively.The value of intravenous injection were 52.02,47.26,57.29 and 50.43~53.57 mg/kg respectively.The results showed that the toxicity of danofloxacin was low.


The study justified the veracity of National Industrial Court (NIC) in playing role of final arbiter in industrial matters. The National industrial Court was essentially established to adjudicate on all issues emanating from industrial relations and labour market breakdown.NIC combines the rule of law applicable in conventional law courts with flexibility, expediency, reliability and affordability often associated with specialized courts.The potency of NIC was demonstrated in this study with clarity in its resolution of three industrial disputes among numerous others. Ultimately, hydra-industrial conflict which is an unavoidable phenomenon in the world of work now becomes resolvable with the machinery of NIC when properly explored. Keywords: National industrial conflict, conflict resolution, employees' union, labour dispute. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-5-12 Publication date: February 29 th 2020


Field plot experiment was carried out to study the effects of sediment by surface runoff on nitrogen loss in the paddy field under natural rainfall conditions.The results showed that total quantity of the sediment reached 5113.63 kg hm-2 during the whole paddy season in the treatment of conventional fertilization conditions(T0).While wheat straw returning(T1) and wheat straw returning and reducing fertilizer(T2) significantly reduced 6.02% and 7.18% of the sediment compared to T0.And,T1,T2 and fertilizer application(T3) treatments decreased the average concentrations of total nitrogen(TN) and available nitrogen(AN) by 0.46%,6.46%,0.47% and 5.57%,18.67%,13.98%,respectively.Furthermore,the total quantity of TN loss reached 14.24 kg hm-2(T0) during the whole paddy season,while T1 and T2 treatments significantly reduced the quantity of TN loss compared to T0 by 7.58% and 14.10%,respectively.Meanwhile,in comparison with T0,T1 treatment significantly decreased 7.58% TN loss;however,T2 treatment significantly increased 7.37% TN loss.


While creativity is often seen as an indispensable quality of engineering design, individuals often select conventional or previously successful options during the concept selection process due to the inherent risk associated with creative concepts. Surprisingly, prior research has shown that this preference for conventional design alternatives is often done in an unconscious manner and is attributed to people's inadvertent bias against creativity. While we know that designers may prematurely filter out creative ideas, little is actually known about what factors attribute to the promotion or filtering of these creative concepts during concept selection. The current paper describes an empirical study conducted with 19 first-year engineering students aimed at investigating the impact of individual risk aversion and ambiguity aversion on the selection and filtering of creative ideas during the concept selection process. The results from this study indicate that individual risk attitudes are related to both creative ability and creative concept selection. However, an individual's ability to generate creative ideas was found to be unrelated to their preference for creative ideas during concept selection. These results add to our understanding of creativity during concept selection and provide guidelines for enhancing the design process to encourage design creativity.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


The selection committee for the Test of Time Award will be composed of four members of the SIGMETRICS performance evaluation community. The chair of the committee will be appointed by the SIGMETRICS Executive Committee, with the additional members selected by the Chair and approved by the Executive Committee. The membership of the committee will be renewed annually. Former members are eligible for reappointment to the award committee.


Along with the reform and open continuously deepening, China enters the complex and changeable social transitional period, among them during this period the system of units is of great significance. The former economic and cultural basis which promoted forming the system of units have disappeared or are clearing up, and this condition of clearing up is mutual unified course of modernization in China from reason of value (essential reason) to reason of value and reason of instrument (reason of aim), it embodies the circulating and developing logic of the society in contemporary China.


This is both a specific study of conversion in a corner of the Spanish Empire, and a work with implications for the understanding of European domination and native resistance throughout the colonial world. Dr Clendinnen explores the intensifying conflict between competing and increasingly divergent Spanish visions of Yucatan and its destructive outcomes. She seeks to penetrate the ways of thinking and feeling of the Mayan Indians in a detailed reconstruction of their assessment of the intruders.


Common to different versions of social constructionism is the definition of discourse as taking place between persons. Experiences that take place in the absence of immediate others, such as thinking to oneself or reading a text, are treated as secondary phenomena, as introjected versions of social utterances/gestures. This article asserts that representative constructionist articulations of between-person relationality rest on abstractions masking a more primary locus of sociality. I offer an alternative formulation of the social as the embodiment of sensate experience, borrowing from Merleau-Ponty's and Gendlin's accounts. Sensate experience is already radically relational before and beyond any notion of sociality as between-person voices/gestures, generating more intimate and mobile possibilities of interpersonal understanding than are offered via discursive readings of terms like `social', `language' and `embodiment'.


This research is based on the importance of logical-mathematical thinking skills in solving logical-mathematical problems. The research purpose is to describe high school students' logical thinking abilities on geometric transformation material in terms of mathematical self-concepts. The research used a qualitative approach, with the research subject as many as six students of 12th grades science class from one of Bandung Regency high schools selected by sampling technique. Students' logical thinking ability is known from the test scores in solving compiled problems. The score refers to logical-mathematical thinking ability indicators, and the problem-solving technique refers to the Polya stages. Data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation, descriptive statistical calculations, and conclusions/verification. The results showed that the overall students' logical-mathematical thinking ability in the geometry transformation material is in the medium category. In the self-concept category, subjects with high self-concept can fulfil logical thinking questions based on Polya stages. As for subjects with moderate self-concept, the students can only fulfil several indicators of logical-mathematical thinking skills with problem-solving techniques. The result is still not perfect refer to the Polya stage. As for the subject with low self-concept, almost all Polya stages are not fulfiled. The students in the low self-concept category answered the questions incompletely. They had difficulty understanding the problem and planning a solution so that their answers did not match the questions.


Comparison of numerical performances of two methods for coefficient inverse problems is described. The first one is the classical Gel'fand-Levitan-Krein equation method, and the second one is the recently developed approximately globally convergent numerical method. This comparison is performed for both computationally simulated and experimental data.


Soil Cd anomaly is ubiquitous in alluvial plains along rivers. Cereal produced in these areas is one of the major contributors to the dietary intake. A number of soil factors have been shown to affect the availability of soil Cd to crops. In order to determine the most notable factors affecting Cd concentration in crops, paired soil and paddy or wheat grain samples were collected from a large number of field sites that encompassed a wide range of soil types within the suburb of three cities in Jiangsu province. The statistic results showed that soil pH and total soil Cd content were the significant affecting factors (P0.01) though cation exchange capacity, salinity, organic carbon content and clay content also played some roles in controlling Cd concentration in the two crop grains. Using multiple regression analysis which included the factors of soil pH and total soil Cd content only, the best-fit predictive models for paddy and wheat were developed: log(rice Cd)=-0.369-0.068 pH+0.153 log(soil Cd), and log(wheat Cd)=0.624-0.164 pH+0.421 log(soil Cd). Compared with the measured Cd concentration in grains, the predicted Cd concentrations in paddy and wheat grain from the two models were well fitted.


The aim of this qualitative study is to describe teachers' perceptions and roles in prayer education in TALI day schools in Israel, using in-depth oral Interviews, written questionnaires and written materials of the schools' network. Two educational ideologies were identified: Belonging to the Jewish collective and Personal-spiritual ideology. While participants perceive the aim of Jewish education as enhancing students' belonging to the Jewish collective, prayer education introduces a personal-spiritual aspect that was not typically a part of teachers' discourse on Jewish education.


The consumption of domestic energy by the use of domestic appliances every day increases in all parts of the planet in an excessive way, affecting the energy sector in the field of meeting demand. For this reason, it is important to use renewable energies that do not affect the environment and have the potential to replace conventional energies; One of the most abundant and easy to take advantage of is solar energy that, depending on its use technology, can be used as solar thermal energy or photovoltaic solar energy.
Because of its geographical position, Ecuador is a privileged country for the use of solar energy and easily accessible for use in both rural and urban areas.
One of the applications of the use of solar energy is absorption cooling.
Considering the problem of electrical consumption and alternative use of solar energy, the design and simulation of a refrigerator per ammonia-water absorption cycle coupled to a solar collector of intermittent type with a cooling capacity of 10 W. is carried out. Through research, study and simulation, with an efficient alternative through obtaining a prototype that reduces the impact of environmental contamination and can satisfy the need for refrigeration in isolated parts of the country.
The result of the main components of the prototype is done through the use of design and simulation software, obtaining conclusions about behaviors of various parameters such as pressures, temperature, speed, etc., as well as engineering concepts. The use of materials under norms allows to guarantee the functioning and correct performance of the system, as well as its elaboration.


Background: Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressant agent that is frequently used to prevent rejection of solid organs upon transplant. However, nephrotoxicity due to apoptosis and inflammatory response mediated by FK506 limit its usefulness. Fucoidan (FUC) is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory sulfated polysaccharide compound from brown seawood. In the present study, the protective effect of FUC against FK506-induced damage in LLC-PK1 pig kidney epithelial cells was investigated. Methods: LLC-PK1 cells were exposed to FK506 with FUC and cell viability was measured. Western blotting and RT-PCR analy-ses evaluated protein or gene expression of HO-1, superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2), Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were assessed. The number of apoptotic cells was measured using an annexin V/PI staining with flow cytometry. Results: Reduction in cell viability by 50 mM FK506 was ameliorated significantly by cotreatment with FUC. COX-2, iNOS, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, increased markedly in LLC-PK1 cells treated with FK506 and significantly decreased after cotreatment with FUC. HO-1, SOD-2, and Bcl-2 significantly increased in LLC-PK1 cells treated with FK506 after cotreatment with FUC. More-over, flow cytometry assay showed that


The fly ash(FA)was melted in the self- developed swirling melting furnace system.At different temperature,the physical changes of microstructure and behavior of heavy metals were investigated during fly ash melting process.The results show that the design of the experimental system design is reasonable,and the running stability are verified.The swirling melting process technology would effectively immobilize the heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI).The sample happened to sintering reaction or part melting reaction at the lower range melting temperature between 1250 to 1300℃.The fly ashes samples would be transformed to the glassy state at the higher melting temperature above 1350℃.The melting temperature range is between 1250 to 1400℃,the fixation rates of Ni,Cr,Cu,Co,and Mn are slowly increased with melting temperature enhancement during melting process.The changes of melting temperature have marked affect on the fixation rates of Ad,Pb,Cd,and Zn.Vitrification of fly ash results in a decrease of the leaching of heavy metals(Zn,Cr,Pb,Cu,Cd, and Hg)to much below the EPA regulatory limit values.


Rice varieties possessing short slender grains with aroma is highly preferred by the farmers. Most of the non-basmati rice varieties are traditional genotypes possessing poor yield and undesirable characteristics like lodging, susceptibility against pests/diseases/abiotic stresses which necessitates accelerating development of such varieties. The present study was undertaken with an aim of validating SSR markers linked to grain length in an F2 population derived between Pusa Basmati 1 (long slender grain) and CBMAS1405 (short slender grain). Genotyping and phenotyping of F2 progenies revealed that two SSR markers viz., RM11 and RM336 were found to be linked to qGRL7.1 and qGRL7.2 respectively with a phenotypic effect (R2) of 7.9% and 16.5%. Genotyping and phenotyping of F2 progenies of CBMAS14065 x Pusa Basmati 1 led to the identification of two agronomically superior lines viz., 224-7 (5.2 mm) and 224-9 (7.7 mm) harboring short grains with aroma and high yield potential.


A novel one-step synthesis route to ordered mesoporous silica-pillared clay (SPC) with cantonic−anionic mixed-gallery templates has been successfully established. This approach involves the type and formation of surfactant mixture for SPC through intragallery ammonia-catalyzed tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The formation of a precursor with a micromesoporous framework is a result of TEOS hydrolysis and the presence of surfactant micelles in the gallery regions under ammonia-catalyzed conditions. The type of structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and low-temperature N2 physisorption. Addition of the anionic surfactant resulted in changes of the layered structure and ratio of micropores to mesopores. The formation mechanism of SPC derivatives is proposed.


Feraferia, 'a love culture for wilderness', is a contemporary Pagan religion that celebrates humans' erotic union with Nature. It was the brainchild of artist, Frederick Adams (1928–2008), who in 1956 had a vision of a universal goddess and subsequently devoted himself to the divine feminine as a 'Maiden Goddess of the Wilderness' called Korê. Formally incorporated in 1967, Feraferia became the second Pagan church in US history, and it is still active today. Herein I examine Feraferia through an ecocritical lens, with a particular focus on the role of trees, the anthropomorphisation of nature envisioned as a young female body, ecosexuality, and the construction of henges; circular structures aligned with local topography, used as seasonal and astronomical calendars wherein ritual magic and 'faerie enchantment' are employed in order to heal and revitalise the natural world. I demonstrate that Feraferia's enchanted approach to the world resonates with contemporary ecological activist thought, particularly ecofeminism and ecosexuality. I conclude that many of Feraferia's ecospiritual concepts have value today because they can heighten conscious awareness of human situatedness within the real physical world, both on our own planet as well as within the wider surrounding space of our part of the universe.


Tobacco control measures carried out in the countries can affect social inequalities in the smoking habit. This study aimed to examine the 20-year trends in social patterning of daily smoking in Lithuania.

 The data were obtained from 11 biannual cross-sectional postal surveys of Lithuanian Health Behaviour Monitoring, beginning in 1994. Each survey used a randomly selected nationally representative independent sample of 3000-4000 inhabitants aged 20-64 drawn from the population register. In total, 8738 men and 11822 women participated in the surveys. The analysis of daily smoking involved the respondents who had smoked daily for at least one year.

 The prevalence of daily smoking was increasing up to the year 2000, especially among women, while a decreasing trend in men and levelling off a trend in women was observed afterwards. In the last survey, 33.3% of men and 12.5% of women were daily smokers. The proportion of daily smokers was higher among younger than older participants; however, the age difference in smoking decreased over time. The highly educated men and women smoked less than those with low education. The odds ratio (OR) of smoking in men with university versus lower education was 0.42 (95% CI 0.37-0.47) and in women - 0.68 (95% CI 0.60-0.78). The proportion of smoking men decreased in all educational groups; however, the differences in the smoking prevalence remained. Since 2000, the educational gradient in smoking among women was increasing due to a decline in smoking prevalence among women with university education. More women living in big cities than in non-urban areas were daily smokers (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.15-1.44). Over 20 years, no consistent difference in the smoking trends by place of residence was found in both genders.

 The 20-year trends in social patterning of daily smoking differed between men and women. Inequalities in daily smoking by age and education remained in both genders.

 In Lithuania, the trends and social differences in daily smoking were related to gender. Comprehensive tobacco control measures targeting young and lower educated groups should be implemented aiming to reduce social inequalities in smoking.


The significance of opening lab is introduced,and the function and design frames of selecting subject system for opening lab are recommended.Dreamweaver,ASP,VBScript servers and ACCESS database are used to build this kind of system,which can promote standardization and information of the management of labs,develop the quality of management of experimentation,and make contribution to the opening teaching mood.


The use of molten salt as the solvent made it possible to carry out the carbonization process throughout in the liquid state. The process proceeded at a lower temperature than conventional ones, resulting in higher yields. The carbon was deposited from the reaction mixture as powder or flakes; it was similar to "raw coke" in its composition. Thus, 12.8 g of naphthalene was treated in a mixed melt (mp 95 °C) of AlCl3, NaCl, and KCl (60:26:14 mol%) at 300 °C for 10 h, yielding 11.3 g of carbon. Anthracene, phenanthrene, substituted naphthalene, and biphenyl also gave carbon in yields 69–99% of the theoretical yields, while N-containing heterocycles hardly reacted at all. The X-ray parameters of the carbons, the d002 spacing and the crystal thickness, Lc, varied with the kind of compound used and with other factors; after heat-treatment at 2800 °C, these values were 3.37–3.52 and 20–700 A respectively. As the mode of reaction, an acid-catalyzed ionic mechanism was proposed, and the role of hydrogen-dispropor...


#### Summary points

Most melanomas that are detected and treated early are cured. However, advanced disease carries a dismal diagnosis, and timely intervention from members of the multidisciplinary skin cancer team at all stages of the disease is essential to maximise cure rates. The management of patients with incurable disease is highly specialised and requires the input of surgeons, medical and clinical oncologists, palliative care teams, and clinical nurse specialists. In the second of this two part series on melanoma we review its management from primary lesion through to metastatic disease.

#### Sources and selection criteria

We used Medline (1966-2008), Cochrane Library, and Embase (1980-2008) to identify studies and meta-analyses for this review. The search string included the terms melanoma, adjuvant and metastatic therapy, wide local excision, and sentinel lymph node biopsy. We accessed the websites of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, National Cancer Research Network, and National Cancer Research Institute for guidelines and current trials in the United Kingdom.

In the past, suspicious lesions were often removed in primary care. However, recent national guidance recommends that patients with suspicious pigmented lesions are referred to a specialist member of the hospital based skin cancer team using the two week cancer wait procedure.1 2 This has been the subject of much debate and if fully implemented will result in a change in practice for many general practitioners.

Primary melanoma is often difficult to diagnose, even for those with a specialist training. A prospective study showed …