Forced degradation is a powerful tool used routinely in pharmaceutical development in order to develop the stability indicating method that lead to quality stability data and to understand the degradation of new drug substance and drug product at condition more severe than accelerated condition. In addition, the regulatory guidance is very general and does not explain about the performance of forced degradation study. There is not much regulatory guidance available, which can provide step-by-step detail on stress testing. Therefore, in present review paper we described the extensive overview of forced degradation studied. ICH guideline demonstrates certain degradation condition like light, oxidation, dry heat, acidic, basic, hydrolysis etc. These studies are mainly used for the determination of stability of molecule under accelerated condition


Abstract : The Armstrong Laboratory, the Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center, and the Center for Naval Analyses are committed to enhancing the overall efficiency of the Services' selection and classification research. This means reducing redundancy of research across Services and improving inter-service research planning, while ensuring that each Service's priority needs are served. The Roadmap project products describe across-service military classification research issues. This report serves two purposes. First, it is a reference document that selection and classification experts in the Services can use in making decisions about predictor measures. It provides information about operational and experimental predictors. Second, it refines and supplements predictor-related research objectives that emerged from the Services! current selection and classification practices and interviewing military selection and classification experts to identify selection and classification research objectives. Measurement, Individual differences, Roadmap.


Using theEscherichia coli lacZ geneproduct ,-galactosidase asan indicator ofgene expression, we analyzed sequencesthat arerequired forexpression oftheRoussarcoma virus (RSV)genome inaviancells. TheRSV longterminal repeat(LTR)andleader region were sufficient todirect thesynthesis ofhighlevels of enzymatically active gag-lacZ fusion proteins. A portion ofU3greater than140nucleotides upstreamfromthe capsite was essential forgeneexpression. Thiselement functioned ineither orientation, butitsactivity was attenuated whenitwas relocated further away fromthecap site. Theinsertion ofexogenous LTRs3'oflacZ augmented theexpression ofthat genebyincreasing thelevel ofstable gag-lacZ transcripts. Furthermore, 3' LTRscould partially compensate forcertain defects within the5'LTR.Insertion ofvarious fragmentary LTRs allowed theidentification ofat least three synergistically acting domains within the3'LTRthatinfluence gene expression. Interestingly, thegag-lacZ expression was onlystimulated bya 3'LTR whentheexogenous 3'-untranslated region was adjacent. Ourresults implythatthetwoLTRsofa provirus interact ina complex manner topromotehighlevels ofstable transcripts. Itwas also found that gag-lacZ expression was independent ofviral geneproducts, suggesting thattrans-activation isnota keymechanism regulating RSVexpression in avian cells.


For a long time, scruple about the toxicity of ozone had restricted its clinical usage. Until now, its dual toxic/ therapeutic effect has been well revealed and depends on ozone concentration. With appropriate concentration, ozon may induce a mild and transient oxidative stress response. Such long-term and iterative stimulation helps body to establish a new oxidation/antioxi-dation balance, exerting favourable therapeutical effects. Once the exogenous oxygen free radical generated from high concentration of ozone overwhelms the endogenous antioxidative ability, deleterious consequences occur.

Key words:
Ozone;  Oxidative stress;  Antioxidants;  Ozone tolerance


Abstract : A method for the separation and detection of 1-acetyloctahydro-3,5,7-trinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (SEX), 1-acetylhexahydro-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (TAX), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. A RAD-PAK A C18 column was used. A water/methanol mobile phase employing a gradient elution was used. The detector was set at 240 nm. With HPLC the separation of the different compounds was accomplished in 28 minutes. The detection limits were 0.2 ug/mL for SEX, HMX, TAX, RDX, and TNT. The method is simple, quick, and reproducible. (Author)


The relationship between human and environment was first introduced in the declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1972. Later, the Rio Declaration 1992 strengthens the relationship with the concept of sustainable development. However, the word of 'environmental rights' was not explicitly mention. Examining both susbstantive and procedural environmental rights, this paper discusses the concept and recommends the practicability of having it.


In the last few years the number of women who practise sport activities has substantially increased and this has led to an increase in the incidence of ACL tear in females. The aim of this study is to assess outcome differences at a minimum 3-year follow-up after ACL reconstruction in women using either a patellar tendon (BPTB) or a quadrupled-looped hamstring (DSTG) autograft fixed with modern devices. Fifty women with a chronic, isolated ACL tear were randomised to receive a DSTG or BPTB graft for ACL reconstruction. Both groups were comparable as to age, injury-surgery, activity level, meniscal tears, surgical technique and reabilitation. All patients were prospectively evaluated by an independent observer using the IKDC form, the FKSAKP Score, the KT-1000 arthrometer and the Cybex NORM dynamometer. A radiographic study was performed to investigate tunnel widening. All but two patients were satisfied with the reconstruction. The average side-to-side difference in anterior tibial translation was 2.4 mm in the BPTB group and 2.5 mm in the DSTG group. The final result was A (normal knee) in 56% and in 60% of the BPTB and the DSTG knees, respectively. A failure (4%) was present in each group. Muscle strength deficits at 60°/s, 120°/s and 180°/s were within 10% for extensors and within 5% for flex-ors in both groups. No statistically significant differences were found in terms of subjective satisfaction, objective evaluation, knee stability and muscle strength recovery. The BPTB group showed a higher incidence of postoperative kneeling discomfort (p Using strong and stiff fixation devices, ACL reconstruction in women is not influenced by the graft choice.


The digital characters recognition method based on the combined feature which is used as input layer feature vector in Bp neural network is proposed.First,segment feature,which is introduced in this paper,and the ranks of the statistical characteristics of the numeric characters are combined as a new feature.Then,Bp neural network classifier is designed according to the combined new feature.Finally,when the training sample set is trained according to the training method of the BP neural network,the recognition results of the test sample set can be acquired.According to the result,the recognition rate can reach at above 94%.


Image mosaicing is a method for partitioning an input container image into small image tiles. Human-crafted image mosaics usually respect not only local image features such as object silhouettes but also the global features such as image gradation. This is also justified because high-level human vision perceive rather global image gradation while low-level one identifies local image edges [M. J. Jones and Poggio 1997].


In recent times, the challenges faced in the culinary field include uncontrolled food quality, inadequate nutrition supplements, limited knowledge in food processing, low dieting awareness, increase of fast foods, and loss of culinary knowledge. The purpose of this study therefore is to determine the technological component in learning culinary processes. Data was obtained through an exploratory method from literature reviews of previous researches. Furthermore, the findings indicated that individual motivations were obtained from both internal and external factors. Adequate infrastructure in terms of networks, technology, hardware and software, has the ability to enhance knowledge sharing in the cooking field.


e19537 Background: Nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane) has demonstrated anti-tumor activity in a murine model of MM. We report the results of a single arm phase II trial in RR-MM patients (pts). Methods: Eligibility criteria were: ≥ 18yo, M spike ≥ 1g/dL, > 200mg of monoclonal protein/24 hr UPEP, or serum FLC > 10mg/dL and abnormal kappa/lambda FLC ratio; ANC ≥ 500/mm³, platelets ≥ 25000/mm³, Hb ≥ 6 g/dL, Bili ≤ 2.5x ULN, AST/ALT ≤ 5x ULN, creatinine ≤ 3mg/dL; ≥ 3 prior therapies; negative pregnancy test. Treatment consisted of: 100mg/m2 nab-paclitaxel IV and dexamethasone 20mg on days 1, 8, and 15 (28d cycle) for up to 12 cycles. The primary endpoint was response rate. Results: Thirteen patients were enrolled (median age of 70 years; range 46-81) and 10 were male. Pts were heavily pretreated (average of 7.6 prior therapies; range 3-12) and were refractory to bortezomib (100%), lenalidomide (100%), pomalidomide (77%), and carfilzomib (84.6%). 10 patients had prior SCT. A quantifiable decline in serum FLC and M spik...


Personal preferences in the development of categorical folders for bookmarks are examined in terms of both the choice and definition of folder domain and the overall structure of the folder system. Study participants from the financial industry were asked to organize the same set of finance-related bookmarks from a given list, as opposed to describing their organizational approaches using their own personal bookmarks, so that the organizational systems could be compared across the sample. The selection of folder domain is influenced by contextual factors such as intended use and relevancy to current projects. Similarly, the structure of the overall folder system was determined in part by participants' navigational preferences. While the majority of participants created folders that cover the topics of finance, government, accounting, news, law, and tax, the actual definition of these folders and the criteria for inclusion vary across the sample. Furthermore, these criteria cannot be readily discerned from the folder system itself. Variation in folder domain and definition could adversely affect the utility of bookmark management systems for multiple users that involve some degree of standardization. The same variation in interpretation of seemingly identical folders suggests that systems with automatic categorization would not provide users with enough flexibility in how they could organize and access their bookmarks.


[Objective] To study the effect of cigarette smoking on expression of VCAM-1 on cerebrovascular endothelium in rats for investigating one of molecular mechanisms of cerebral infarction induced by smoking. [Methods] Laboratory animals were grouped randomly into large-dose smoking, small-dose smoking and normal control. Then rats smoking models were made and immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of VCAM-1 on cerebrovascular endothelial cells in smoking rats. [Results] The cerebrovascular endothelial cells were all expressed with positive signal (brown granules) in all three groups, which was to say they were all expressed with VCAM-1 protein. By one way analysis of variance, two of three groups have marked statistical difference (P 0.05) separately on average gray value of VCAM-1 staining in vascular cellular endo the lium. And the mean gray value between large-dose and small-dose also included statistical difference. [Conclusions] Cigarette smoking can increase the expression of VCAM-1 in cerebrovascular endothelial cell; increasing expression of VCAM-1 in cerebrovascular cell may be one of the molecular mechanisms of cerebral infarction caused by smoking .


In order to further facilitate the remote control and flexible management of city lighting equipment,improve the precision and efficiency of management,reduce management cost and save energy etc.,Combining with the present situation of domestic city lighting management,using Sqlite embedded database,taking Goahead Webserver as the service unit,the city lighting intelligent control system was designed,which based on VxWorks operating system.First,this scheme introduces software and hardware environment of system operation,second,the key technologies and design philosophy was discussed in detail in its development process.The experimental results showed,the system not only realizes some real-time monitoring functions,such as dynamic web page data exchange,data query and information graphics,but also has the advantages of simple structure,economical and practical,and it may has a good application value and market prospect.


Since 2009, the SNSF has financed a portion of the indirect research costs incurred by SNSF-funded projects at research institutions. In 2021, 102 million Swiss francs are available for these "overhead" costs.


The Covid-19 pandemic struck Indonesia and also the rest of the world, which has a huge impact on the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). It is necessary to have a big movement to revive the economic passion in Indonesia, especially MSMEs, one of which is by utilizing e-commerce. E-Commerce is one of the means in the process of buying and selling products produced with a system that includes the use of the web online. The boutique is a fashion store that sells a variety of high-quality and exclusive clothing and accessories, customers can directly view the products being sold, register personal information, make orders, pay for goods. E-Commerce is created using the PHP programming language and MySQL database, using the Web Modeling Language (WebML) methodology. It was obtained that the E-Commerce data presented can increase the value of sales in the covid-19 pandemic with the use of E-Commerce makes it easier for consumers to choose items to be consumed or used without face-to-face or meeting between sellers and buyers. The online process is much more efficient compared to visitors coming directly to the store.
Keywords: "E-Commerce", "Web Modeling Language (Web ML).


In this survey we study some roles of metric partial entropy along unstable lamination, a notion firstly defined and used by Ledrappier and Young [5]. In the first section we recall the definitions and the basic properties of metric and topological unstable entropies. Let f be a diffeomorphism and F an expanding (or non-uniformly as in Ledrappier-Young context) expanding invariant foliation and ξ a measurable incresing partition sub-ordinated to F , then hμ(f) = Hμ(f −1ξ|ξ).


Background: Facultative microorganisms such as Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli and even Candida albicans have been considered to be the most resistant species in the oral cavity and a possible failure causes of dental decay conservative treatment . Antibacterial action of Glass ionomers and the reinforced Glass ionomer by different amount of hydroxyapatite is important property for the filling restoration to prevent secondary caries and to evaluate these materials to be used as sealer in root canal filling in which the antibacterial activity is important property for successful root canal treatment ,- The objective of this study was , in vitro analysis of antimicrobial activity of Glass ionomers and Glass ionomer reinforced by different amount of hydroxyapatite.


In electric double layer transistors with SrTiO3 single crystals, we found distinct differences between electrostatic charge accumulation and electrochemical reaction depending on bias voltages. In contrast to the reversible electrostatic process below 3.7 V with a maximum sheet charge carrier density, nS, of 1014 cm−2, the electrochemical process causes persistent conduction even after removal of the gate bias above 3.75 V. nS reached 1015 cm−2 at 5 V, and the electron mobility at 2 K was as large as 104 cm2/V s. This persistent conduction originates from defect formation within a few micrometers depth of SrTiO3.


Half of the known peptide hormones are C-terminally amidated. Subsequent biogenesis studies have shown that the immediate precursor is a glycine-extended peptide. The clinical interest in glycine-extended hormones began in 1994, when it was suggested that glycine-extended gastrin stimulated cancer cell growth. Accompanying findings of gastrin gene expression in common cancers spurred the interest. The interest is now accompanied by skepticism, which is due to failure to demonstrate truly specific receptors for glycine-extended peptides and failure to demonstrate separate physiological and clinical effects of glycine-extended precursors for most other amidated hormones than gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK). The idea of glycine-extended peptides as independent messengers was interesting. But clinical science has to move ahead from ideas that cannot be supported at key points after decades of research.


When I discussed the value of art in Chapter 2, I put forward the idea that the value of art lies, at least in part, in the knowledge it conveys. I rejected the view – at least in its simple form – on the grounds that conveying such knowledge would be an instrumental value and the value of art (when considered as art) is non-instrumental. The reason for returning to this question is because a puzzle remains. There are reasons for thinking that engaging with art exercises not only our sensations and our feelings, but also our cognitive selves: art broadens the mind. Walking around a gallery is hard work; engaging with paintings can be exhilarating, but it is also tiring. Furthermore, we sometimes feel as if we have understood something. Spending time among paintings by masters such as Rembrandt or Turner seems to teach us things. However, what it teaches us oft en remains elusive. We could gesture at it: it teaches us something about mortality, perhaps. However, once we press harder and ask for specifics – what do we know now that we did not know before? – we are hard-pressed to give an answer. Hence, there is a question prior to that of whether teaching us is part of the value of art; we need to sort out whether art is able to teach us at all (Gaut 2003: 436).


We study the quantum-statistical mechanics, at low temperatures, of a one-dimensional antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model with two anisotropies. In the weak-coupling limit we determine the temperature dependences of the soliton energy and the soliton density. We have found that the leading correction to the sine-Gordon (SG) expression for the soliton density and the quantum soliton energy comes from the out-of-plane magnon mode, not present in the pure SG model. We also show that when an external magnetic field is applied, the chain supports a new type of kink, where the sublattices rotate in opposite directions.


Introduction: with the expanded application of ERP system, business process model-ing, as an essential part of the ERP system implementation, has already attracted in-creasingly attention from the ...


In the literature, few constructions of $n$-variable rotation symmetric bent functions have been presented, which either have restriction on $n$ or have algebraic degree no more than $4$. In this paper, for any even integer $n=2m\ge2$, a first systemic construction of $n$-variable rotation symmetric bent functions, with any possible algebraic degrees ranging from $2$ to $m$, is proposed.


A comparison of ship and satellite measurements of cloud properties in the southeast Pacific stratus deck M. A. Brunke, S. P. de Szoeke, P. Zuidema, and X. Zeng The University of Arizona, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA Oregon State University, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon, USA University of Miami, Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida, USA Received: 20 October 2009 – Accepted: 12 January 2010 – Published: 8 February 2010 Correspondence to: M. A. Brunke (email@example.com) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.


This study was conducted for vulnerability assessment of regional forests in Jeollabuk-do. The purpose of this study was performing the vulnerability assessment, the preceded process, which was needed to maximize the effectiveness by preparing the proper adaptation for region to climate change policy. Therefore, weight of variables for vulnerability assessment, showing the specificity of the region, was calculated through the Delphi Survey, targeted the group of forestry practitioners in Jeollabuk-do. From the results of analysis on the weight of variables for vulnerability assessment according to the proxy variables in details, the most effective variable was climate exposure, and the second and the third were sensitivity and ability of adaptation respectively. In addition, from the results on the forest vulnerability assessment, vulnerability was predicted to decrease from 2000s to 2020s, but to increase from 2020s to 2050s, and to decrease again from 2050s to 2100s in most ranges of vulnerability of the forest in Jeollabuk-do. Hence, the period showing the highest vulnerability was 2050s. Therefore, if the local government policy of adaptation of climate change, based on the result of vulnerability assessment of forest in Jeollabuk-do with the weight considering the regional characteristics, was established, the policy to maximize the effect would be formulated, and the management of forest according to the climate change would be achieved appropriately.


In a recent editorial in this journal Ian Morrison and Richard Smith commented on doctors' dissatisfaction with not having sufficient time for their patients and suggested the need to redesign care to better meet the needs of patients.1 Yet to address such a redesign requires a sound factual basis. Although the consensus in the United States has been that managed care has required substantial reductions in the time that patients spend with their doctor, consultation time increased between 1989 and 1998 for prepaid and non-prepaid visits, primary and specialty care, new and repeat visits, and visits for common problems as well as for serious illness.2 Studies of how primary care doctors worked in the United States and in the United Kingdom over the past several decades can contribute to a more refined diagnosis.

#### Summary points

Doctors in both the United Kingdom and the United States believe that they have less time for each patient, yet time with patients is increasing in both countries

Doctors feel stressed because there is now so much more they can do, patients and the public expect more, and there are more external forces impinging on their practice

Personal continuity of care between doctor and patient builds trust and allows doctors to use available time more productively

Email communication with patients, properly structured and with adequate safeguards, helps maintain continuity of care, provides opportunities to deal expeditiously with routine matters, and allows more time for meaningful communication

I have drawn on 35 years of studying medical practice in the United States and United Kingdom, my reprint collection, and searches of Medline and other databases dealing with physician time and uses of the internet for health purposes.

In 1966 I surveyed a random sample of 995 general practitioners in England and Wales and asked them about 26 …


Fracture of the neck of the femur is a grave condition, and gives rise to considerable anxiety both to practitioner and to surgeon. No one can accurately foretell the final result as to either bony union or good function. Further, there is no fracture which has been more neglected. There are thousands of students and practitioners who have never had an opportunity of following a case through its various phases from beginning to end, but we have all seen several instances of the inefficiently treated and neglected case. Such fractures are very rarely treated in teaching hospitals; as a rule, they are sent off to Poor Law institutions because of scarcity of beds and the inevitably prolonged course to recovery. This has given rise to quite an uninecessary spirit of pessimism. We are apt, in the case of the aged, to conclude that the endresult is almost inevitably bad, and that if they escape death from chest complications they are fortunate and should be grateful, no matter how crippled they remain. But this is not all, for adequate treatment is withheld on the plea that it adds to the risk of death. I hope to show how wrong it is to take this view, and that we have every right, with modern knowledge, to expect a good functional result in a large majority of cases in spite of old age and feebleness. Even in the neglected case surgical procedures are at our command whereby pain and severe crippling can be overcome.


1. Illumination of the isolated outer segments of rod photoreceptors loaded with 42K or 86Rb reduces the efflux of these ions.


A new method to extract the minutiae from a gray-level fingerprint image is presented in this paper. The proposed method determines the minutiae by examining the relationship between the ridges and furrows. The minutiae change the relationship between the ridges and furrows, so the minutiae can be detected by finding the relationship change. By following the ridges and furrows along the local direction, the relationship change can be extracted. Experimental results demonstrate that the method developed based on the new approach is insensitive to noise and hence extracts minutiae better.


Estimates of the employment effects of statutory minimum rates of pay are derived for Great Britain. Using a constant elasticity of substitution production function, the author estimates the partial elasticities of substitution in those industries covered by statutory minimum rates to be between 0.45 and 0.85. He then develops a bargaining model and estimates that the elasticity of the average wage rate in these industries with respect to the statutory minimum rate is zero for men and between 0.07 and 0.15 for women. Combining these estimates yields -0.06 as the approximate total employment elasticity of statutory minimum rates. Copyright 1989 by Royal Economic Society.


Impedance-based criteria are often used for assessing the stability of cascaded converter systems. In this paper, it is pointed out that the switching ripple interaction (SRI) between the source converter and the load converter in a cascaded system would change the gain of the pulsewidth modulation of the source converter, causing the cut-off frequency and the phase margin of the source converter to change accordingly. Thus, even if a cascaded system is shown to be stable under an impedance-based criterion, it can, in fact, be unstable due to the SRI. This paper proposes an adaptive modulation sample-and-hold method for eliminating the effect of the SRI. A 48 V–12 V–5 V cascaded system consisting of two buck converters is tested for verification.


The Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment, IZT, has developed an "Integrated Roadmapping" methodology, that is capable of linking different innovation contexts, integrating stakeholders, activating learning processes and that has a midto long-term time horizon. In co-operation with the German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers' Association, ZVEI, the IZT created an "Integrated Roadmap Automation 2015+". The project aimed to develop a sustainability-oriented innovation strategy for the automation industry and to identify sustainable future markets in the application areas food industry, energy generation and distribution, railway infrastructure, automotive manufacturing, and water supply and sewage management. Among the most important impacts of the "Roadmap Automation 2015+" are indirect impulses for self-organisation, by empirical involvement of stakeholders: 40 interviews with experts on future automation needs in the respective application areas, 150 replies to an online survey among ZVEI member companies on the use and market potential of different automation solutions, and a series of five workshops on pictures of the futures of the five application areas, bringing together automation industry and users. The roadmapping process unveiled a clear need to put more emphasis on the public profile of the automation industry and to look for a common voice to contribute to public sustainabilityoriented research programmes.


This paper determines how the scatter of the points where the normals to a second-order nonspherical surface of revolution intersect the optical axis depends on the angle between the normal and the axis. It is shown that the scatter of the points where the normals to the surfaces of an ellipsoid and a paraboloid of revolution intersect has a fairly monotonic character, whereas it is determined by an alternating series in a hyperboloid of revolution, and this determines the requirements on the correction possibilities of the optical system of a compensator when the compensation method is used to monitor the shape of nonspherical surfaces.


A biological mechanism for nitrogen removal from leachate was investigated using a semi-aerobic aged-refuse bioreactor.The quantity and microbial community structure of denitrifier at various heights of the bioreactor were studied using the most probable number method,a series of biochemical tests and microscopic photos.The results showed that the average quantity of nitrosobacteria,nitrobacteria,anaerobic and aerobic denitrifying bacteria were 5.3 × 106,7.5 × 106,6.9 × 103 and 2.5 × 105 per gram,respectively.Nitrosobacteria,nitrobacteria and aerobic denitrifying bacteria were mostly found at the surface and bottom of the bioreactor,while anaerobic denitrifying bacteria were mostly at the middle.Finally,three strains of nitrosobacteria,six strains of nitrobacteria,five strains of anaerobic denitrifying bacteria and six strains of aerobic denitrifying bacteria were isolated from the bioreactor.Thus,the biological mechanism could be explained by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification,and its action zones were mainly presented at the surface and bottom of the bioreactor.


Potassium channels that respond to acidification and the anesthetic halothane become electrically silenced when SUMOylated. Silenced by SUMOylation K2P channels consist of two subunits that form a K+ selective pore and establish the resting membrane potential. The TASK (two–P domain, acid-sensitive K+) channel subunits K2P3 or K2P9 are activated by decreases in pH (such as those that occur during oxygen deprivation), noxious stimuli, and volatile anesthetics such as halothane. Plant et al. found that the K2P1 subunit coassembled with K2P3 or K2P9 at the surface of cerebellar granule neurons. When ectopically expressed, the responses of these heteromeric channels to halothane or decreases in pH were suppressed by SUMOylation of K2P1, an effect that was reversed by application of a deSUMOylating enzyme. Because K2P1 is found in many of the same tissues as K2P3 and K2P9, SUMOylation could be a widespread mechanism to suppress the activity of heteromeric channels containing K2P1 and the TASK channel subunits. The standing outward K+ current (IKso) governs the response of cerebellar granule neurons to natural and medicinal stimuli including volatile anesthetics. We showed that SUMOylation silenced half of IKso at the surface of cerebellar granule neurons because the underlying channels were heterodimeric assemblies of K2P1, a subunit subject to SUMOylation, and the TASK (two–P domain, acid-sensitive K+) channel subunits K2P3 or K2P9. The heterodimeric channels comprised the acid-sensitive portion of IKso and mediated its response to halothane. We anticipate that SUMOylation also influences sensation and homeostatic mechanisms in mammals through TASK channels formed with K2P1.


Objective To explore the clinical value of serum tumor markers in diagnosis,assessment of illness and curative effect,and prognosis of gastric carcinoma.Methods All 96 patients with gastric carcinoma and 36 patients with benign gastric disease were selected,and 6 kinds of serum tumor markers including CEA、CA50、CA15-3、CA19-9、CA125、CA242 were detected respectively.And patients with gastric cancer were followed up for 2 years.Results Four kinds of serum tumor markers including CEA、CA50、CA19-9、CA125 in gastric carcinoma group were significantly higher than control group(P0.01).Simultaneously combined assay can raise sensitivity(88.5%),and serial combined assaycan raise specificity(90.5%).Four kinds of tumor markers were higher in cases of phase Ⅲ and Ⅳ than in those of Ⅰand Ⅱ(P0.05).Also 4 kinds of tumor markers in group of relapse and metastasis were higher than that without relapse and metastasis(P0.05),and the level were rising gradually with prolonged follow-up.Conclusion It has some clinical value on diagnosis,assessment of illness and curative effect,and prognosis of gastric carcinoma by combined assay of serum tumor markers including CEA、CA50、CA19-9、CA125.


The surgical management issues of 73 cases of trigeminal neurinoma treated over a 12-year period were analyzed. The case records and radiologic material of 73 patients with trigeminal neurinoma operated on in the Neurosurgery Department at King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College, Mumbai, between the year 1989 and 2001 were retrospectively analyzed. The appropriateness of the selected surgical route is studied. Apart from the other typical presenting features of trigeminal schwannoma, 9 patients presented with the rarely reported symptom of pathologic laughter. Three approaches were found appropriate to treat these tumors: the infratemporal fossa interdural approach, the lateral basal subtemporal approach, and the retrosigmoid approach. In 51 (69.9%) cases, total tumor excision was achieved. Two patients died during the postoperative period. During an average follow-up of 38 months, there has been a recurrence in 1 case and 71 patients are leading an independent and active life. Radical surgery is associated with an excellent clinical outcome and long-term tumor control. A majority of tumors, even those that are large and multicompartmental, can be removed in a single surgical stage and exposure.


This paper gives an introduction and research results on the Nd-doped fiber amplifier. We have constructed calculation models and programs of the Gain and Noise Figure with changing pump power, signal power, number of doped ions per unit volume, and fiber length using MATLAB. When the pump power or ion concentration increases, or the signal power decreases, the Gain has an increasing trend as presented in the research results. The Gain reaches a maximum when the fiber length is 1.35m. The Noise Figure decreases with increasing signal power or decreasing ion concentration. It reaches a minimum with a high pump power and a fiber length of 1.4m.


In this paper, we presents the applications and results obtained by a direct resolution of the model MHD coupled with the Comsol Multiphysics software for the oil cooling of a high voltage transformer and another cured transformer (toric core) fed in low voltage cooled by forced air, on which our numerical models will be implemented and validated.


In this paper a pre-assessment activity of Newtonian mechanics for 17 year-old students is analyzed. In the activity, students need to use Newtonian mechanics to formulate hypothesis, justify predictions and draw conclusions based on the results of an experiment. The analysis of these justifications helps to identify some of the difficulties that the students encountered. The assessment of metacognitive reflection about how theoretical concepts are used is also analyzed. Results show that when students use metacognitive strategies, a deeper understanding of the ideas, as well as a better coherence in between the mental model and the observation, is identified.


Grid-connected inverter, as one of the core components of power system, plays an important role in renewable energy generation. Many control methods for inverters are widely studied. Among them, finite control set model predictive control (FCS MPC) has many advantages, such as fast transient response, simple implementation and convenience to consider nonlinear and constraints. However, FCS MPC also has some shortcomings, one of which is that the performance of predictive algorithm is easily affected by the system model. The performance of the traditional FCS MPC algorithm is susceptible to model errors and parameter variations. To solve this problem, an adaptive FCS MPC algorithm is designed in this paper. The single-phase inverter with LCL filter is selected as the control plant. Since the use of sensors will increase the cost of system, how to reduce the number of sensors is also researched. The traditional FCS MPC and proposed adaptive FCS MPC algorithm with fewer sensors are simulated respectively. The effectiveness of proposed method is confirmed by the results.


We have developed an x–y–z scanning stage for mechanically scanned microscopy. The stage is constructed of ''double‐S'' mode piezoelectric bimorphs. The prototype unit has a deflection sensitivity of 0.3 μm/V and a travel in each of the three axes of ±60 μm. The lowest mechanical resonances of the stage are at 190, 220, and 360 Hz, corresponding to the x, y, and z axes of the stage, respectively. The noise level of the stage, when mounted on an isolation table, is ∼0.1 nm. The performance of the stage can be understood in terms of a simple lumped element model which can be used to optimize such stages for particular applications.


In the industry, drilling method is used to both assemble materials with bolts, rivets and pin joints and to create holes on them. Burring, delamination and material splintering are observed during the drilling of composite materials. Machining parameters, mechanical properties of the drilled material and drill point angle are the most important factors affecting the hole quality. In this study, the effect of the addition of nano-sized additive to glass fiber reinforced composite plates and the effect of these materials on drillability were investigated. It has been observed that the addition of nanoparticles to the laminated glass fiber composite materials plays an effective role in the strength of the material and affects the quality of the holes. Drilling operations which used by constant spindel revolation, if feed rate increases, burring also increases. It is also clear that drilling point angle increase caused drilling hole diameter increment. It was seen that the epoxy layer was separated from the block-shaped glass fiber layer at the outlet of the holes drilled using 90 ° and 140 ° angle drills.


Preface Acknowledgements Landscapes of Religion or Belief Religion and Culture Make a Difference Social Injustices of Religion or Belief The Trouble with Multiculturalism The Problem with Religion Towards Equality of Religion or Belief Notes Statistical Appendix


fabrication (fab) facilities are designed as fast track designbuild projects and redefine the term fast track to hyper track. It is not uncommon for mill order drawings to be produced within the first couple of weeks of design for advanced mill order of rolled shapes. Microelectronics facilities are classified by the Uniform Building Code as hazardous occupancy facilities. This hazardous occupancy classification can lead to explosion venting design and damage limiting construction for areas used for storing volatile gasses subject to conflagration. Further, the code requires an importance factor of 1.25 be used in the seismic analysis of the structure. Dynamic analysis are not immediately required due to the H occupancy classification but may be required due to building stiffness irregularities.


The global surge in internet purchases not only drives economic growth but also contributes significantly to the improved living standards of developed countries. This unprecedented e-commerce boom, facilitated by the convenience of round-the-clock online shopping, has reshaped consumer behavior. Within this landscape, educational level emerges as a prominent demographic determinant influencing online purchasing patterns. The Slovak Republic has experienced an upward trajectory in internet purchases across various educational segments, highlighting a growing preference for online shopping experiences. However, it's important to note that a discernible gap in online shopping behavior persists between these educational strata. Moreover, Slovakia's successful achievement of its convergence goal, aligning with the European Union's admission-average, underscores its commitment to growth and development. This accomplishment not only highlights the nation's progress but also reflects the pivotal role of e-commerce in shaping economic trajectories. In an era where online interactions and transactions have become integral to daily life, the nexus between educational attainment, online purchasing behavior, and economic advancement demands continued research and analysis.

Keywords: E-commerce, Education level, Slovak Republic, Internet purchases, Convergence


The embodiment of the invention discloses a method and device for processing an electronic mail. The method comprises the following steps of: analyzing head information of the electronic mail; obtaining transmission path information of the electronic mail, wherein the transmission path information comprises an IP (Internet Protocol) address of a mail sending server on a transmission path of the electronic mail; according to the IP address of the mail sending server on the transmission path of the electronic mail, obtaining a domain name of the mail sending server on the transmission path of the electronic mail; in the event of determining that the domain name said by a sender of the electronic mail is not matched with the domain name of the mail sending server, analyzing and processing the text of the electronic mail; and then determining whether the electronic mail is a Phishing email. According to the technical scheme of the embodiment of the invention, the electronic mail can be effectively processed, and the efficiency for processing the electronic mail can be improved.


In this article, we investigate the dynamics of a stochastic HIV model with a Hill-type infection rate and distributed delay, which are better choices for mass action laws. First, we transform a stochastic system with weak kernels into a degenerate high-dimensional system. Then the existence of a stationary distribution is obtained by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function, which determines a sharp critical value $ R_0^s $ corresponding to the basic reproduction number for the determined system. Moreover, the sufficient condition for the extinction of diseases is derived. More importantly, the exact expression of the probability density function near the quasi-equilibrium is obtained by solving the Fokker-Planck equation. Finally, numerical simulations are illustrated to verify the theoretical results.


We are developing a next-generation 3D display which offers natural 3D images by projecting a number of directional images. We have already demonstrated a prototype 3D display which generates 64 directional images simultaneously by using 64 LCD panels. In this study we developed a 3D interactive processor which can process 64 directional images simultaneously by using a PC cluster. The PC cluster consisted of 64 small PC's. The image synchronization mechanism was implemented to update 64 directional images at the same time. We made the commands to control the system and the API used for programming. The processor can display moving 3D images with 30 fps. The 3D images can be interactively updated according to the 3D mouse. We also developed the interpreter programs for the DXF and VRML data so that the 3D interactive processor can deal widely-used 3D data in the DXF and VRML formats.


Knowledge management is a subject that becomes more and more important in large organisations. Many computer-based applications are today developed to support the processes of keeping and organising knowledge within companies. A Knowledge Warehouse is a system for storing and accessing large quantities of knowledge. This thesis contains requirements and design of a Knowledge Warehouse and investigates feasible technologies for a multitier system architecture of this kind. J2EE and .NET are found to be two candidate frameworks together with Web services. The main requirements are scalability and flexibility, both are able to be met by using the given frameworks. A system prototype was implemented together with a basic web client to test and validate the design. The main conclusion is that J2EE is a feasible platform for Knowledge Warehousing in the sense of scalability and flexibility, although it is found to be complex to produce a good design and it requires a lot of knowledge from system administrators.


An 8-year-old girl with a history of chronic constipation presented to a gastroenterology clinic for followup. She had an extensive previous workup for constipation, including serum tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A, total immunoglobulin A level, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and complete blood count which were all within normal ranges. Her parents provided the history that the child had passage of meconium on the third day of life, but only after rectal stimulation. The pediatric gastroenterologist arranged for an anorectal manometry (ARM) study, which demonstrated pelvic floor paradoxical contractions but was not suggestive of Hirschsprung's disease, with rectoanal inhibitory reflex present at 60 mL. Sitz marker radiographic studies showed prolonged passage of stool suggesting poor colonic motility. The patient was instructed to do weekly oral cleanouts and daily polyethylene glycol, with a plan to perform colonic manometry at a later time. A barium enema was ordered after the bowel cleanout but never completed. At the next clinic visit 4 months later, the patient reported having a bowel movement every 2 to 3 days and new periumbilical abdominal pain for 1 month. The pain was worse at night and after doing her weekly cleanouts. She was eating well and gaining weight appropriately. On examination, there was a very firm, nonpainful, mobile mass in the left lower quadrant. Abdominal radiography was performed and showed a large stool burden and a 6.4-cm left lower quadrant mass with peripheral calcifications. The patient was admitted for workup of the calcified mass. Computed tomography revealed that the mass was a peripherally calcified fecaloma in the sigmoid colon (Figures 1 and 2). She received polyethylene glycol and several enemas, but she did not pass the fecaloma. Colonoscopy confirmed that it was mobile, but attempts to remove the fecaloma were unsuccessful because of its size and density. Ultimately, she was taken to the operating room with pediatric surgery for a manual disimpaction under general anesthesia. A full-thickness rectal biopsy was then obtained to assess for Hirschsprung's disease despite negative results on ARM. 1081822 CPJXXX10.1177/00099228221081822Clinical PediatricsCalhoun et al research-article2022


The invention relates to the field of design of storages in integrated circuit auxiliary design software tools. In storage design, due to the fact that hardware designers commonly have no software developing capabilities, development of constructing storage compiling software is often relegated to software designing companies which are expensive. The invention designs and realizes a storage compiler descriptive language suitable for hardware engineers, and layout splicing, net-list connection and simulation measuring can be described effectively by the language, the programs are packaged to generate a storage compiler, and the GDSII layout, CDL net-list and Lib delay files of a storage are generated by the compiler. By the storage compiler descriptive language, the development difficulty of the storage compiler can be lowered greatly, the hardware engineers can complete the compiler development, the convergence process of storage design is accelerated greatly, and development cycles and cost are reduced.


The main early method for preparing enantiomerically pure clopidogrel is the separation of the desired enantiomerically pure compound from a racemic mixture.In recent years,the asymmetric synthetic method for preparing(S)-clopidogrel with chiral building blocks has developed rapidly.In this paper,the major methods for the synthesis of(S)-clopidogrel,and their merits and shortcomings are introduced and compared.


Assuming that a short segment of observed speech signal can be modeled as the noisy impulse response of a linear system we obtain the pole locations of the system from the zeros of a polynomial. The coefficients of the polynomial are accurately determined by two methods using eigenvalue-eigenvector decomposition of an estimated correlation matrix. The speech-like signal is used in the reversed time direction to identify the signal related zeros of the Polynomial from the rest. Experimental results comparing the accuracy of the Pole parameters obtained by different methods are given.


Osteoporosis is a pandemic class disease, it has been up until today the main cause for fractures in the elderly, and perhaps the main cause of disability and loss of life quality in older people. It also represents a cause for the loss of billions of dollars worldwide attending its complications. It has been managed until today performing tests looking for bone density for its diagnosis and treatment, with very poor success rates. The bone cell "osteocyte" is the functional unit of the bone, and even though its function has not been well studied, osteoclasts and osteoblasts have been extensively studied. It is my belief that the cause for this disease has a closer relationship to this cell than to osteoblast–osteoclast activity. We will evaluate the number of osteocytes found in the lacunae of the bone and its relationship with the trabecular patterns. The hypothesis for this study is that osteocyte death decreases the number per square millimeter of its population so bone architecture suffers and this causes bone to be more fragile.


T cell development requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling with contributions from both the class IA, p110δ, and class IB, p110γ catalytic subunits. However, the receptors on immature T cells by which each of these PI3Ks are activated have not been identified, nor has the mechanism behind their functional redundancy in the thymus. Here, we show that PI3K signaling from the preTCR requires p110δ, but not p110γ. Mice deficient for the class IB regulatory subunit p101 demonstrated the requirement for p101 in T cell development, implicating G protein–coupled receptor signaling in β-selection. We found evidence of a role for CXCR4 using small molecule antagonists in an in vitro model of β-selection and demonstrated a requirement for CXCR4 during thymic development in CXCR4-deficient embryos. Finally, we demonstrate that CXCL12, the ligand for CXCR4, allows for Notch-dependent differentiation of DN3 thymocytes in the absence of supporting stromal cells. These findings establish a role for CXCR4-mediated PI3K signaling that, together with signals from Notch and the preTCR, contributes to continued T cell development beyond β-selection.


In a further study of serially treated cases from a Welsh town, the results achieved for crowding, tooth alignment, residual spacing, tooth rotation, arch dimension, and centre line discrepancy are examined. The initial stability of the treatment change in these variables is also presented.


The ability of docking to predict angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory dipeptide sequences was assessed using AutoDock Vina. All potential dipeptides and phospho-dipeptides were docked and scored. Peptide intestinal stability was assessed using a prediction amino acid clustering model. Selected dipeptides having AutoDock Vina scores ≤ -8.1 and predicted to be 'stable' intestinally were characterised using LIGPLOT and for ACE-inhibitory potency. Two newly identified ACE-inhibitory dipeptides Asp-Trp and Trp-Pro having Vina scores of -8.3 and -8.6 gave IC 50 values of 257.93 ± 4.23 and 217.27 ± 15.74 µM, respectively. LIGPLOT analysis indicated no zinc interaction for these dipeptides. Phospho-dipeptides were predicted to have a good affinity for ACE. However, the experimentally determined IC 50 results did not correlate since, for example, Trp-pThr and Pro-pTyr having Vina scores of -8.5 and – 8.1, respectively, displayed IC 50 values > 500 µM. While docking allowed identification of new ACE inhibitory dipeptides, it may not be a fully reliable predictive tool in all cases.


A FPGA-based design approach of NMR spectrometer signal gain and phase skewing calibration is presented,which depends on spectrum analyzer of the NMR dual-channel.The design and realization methods of the FFT algorithm with FPGA is expounded in particular.The FFT processor in the module is implemented based on multiplexing of 64-point parallel modules.The complex multiplication is completed by shifters and adders.As a result the portability and the power dissipation are improved.The noise imported by effective word length effect is reduced effectively by optimized measure.The results show that the design greatly improved both accuracy of signal detection and ease of use.


This study aimed to find out English skills that the student needs in Pharmacy classes at Bengkulu University and design the appropriate English syllabus for the students according to their needs. This research method applied research and development (R&D). The population of this research consisted of 350 Pharmacy students, 1 Pharmacy lecturer, 1 English lecturer and 2 Pharmacists. Random sampling was used to select a sample of 50 pharmacy students and the total sampling technique was to take 2 lecturers and 2 pharmacists. The data were collected from a questionnaire adapted from Jatmiko, S.B. (2016) and an interview. The researcher analyzed the data by counting the percentage. The results of this research showed that listening skills gained 23%, speaking skills gained 28%, reading skills gained 25% and writing skills gained 24%. From this data it can be seen that the highest percentage is in speaking, but the percentage among other skills is not much different. Therefore, it can be concluded that according to the results of data analysis, the syllabus is designed based on an integrated approach that has been validated and discussed with several experts. Based on the results of the data analysis, a syllabus was designed based on an integrated approach which has been validated and discussed with several experts. It is suggested that further researchers can develop English for pharmacy materials based on the integrated English syllabus from this study


Babies of HIV-positive mothers are at no excess risk of transmission of the virus if exclusively breastfed, according to South African researchers.


The faecal, intestinal and mucosal microbiome, and manipulation of it, is the subject of intense categorisation, collation and study. Advances have been aided by novel culture-independent analytical techniques and a focus on how aberrations in the microbiome are associated with many diseases. Dramatic manipulation of the microbiome is possible using faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). FMT has been shown to have a definite clinical role in treating recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, and there is accumulating clinical data for a possible role in treating ulcerative colitis. FMT preparation can only take place in a laboratory with licensed facilities and equipment allowing safe treatment and processing of appropriate donor samples. The future of FMT treatment may involve diseases of extra-intestinal origin. This review clarifies recent developments in research and provides a how-to guide for interested clinicians.


The paper is a study of the urgent problems of Erbil city - the issue of Transportation System. The paper analyzes traffic data in one of the main entrances street of the city, offers a model based on the theory of time series, to solve problems and improve the Erbil city's transportation system. There is verifying the behavior of the traffic flows and propose the best model for the traffic. Then offer an optimal forecast model. The models will help to structure the problem, to reorganize the transportation system and manage the endless process of development based on the principles of forming continuity. It is trying to predict transport traffic, which is a significant interest in areas such as traffic monitoring, control traffic flows, and management. Carefully forecasting and selected model can identify and predict the most important characteristics of traffic flow in the city.


The author defines what resident engineers are by briefly explaining their qualifications, duties, administrative responsibilities and compensation with respect to construction projects. To improve his/her effectiveness, a resident engineer must provide an adequate staff in the field.


The invention relates to a method for preparing graphene oxide, belonging to the technical field of preparation of graphene oxide. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing graphite oxide by adopting a chemical treatment method for natural crystalline flake graphite; then, separating and purifying the graphite oxide; and finally, mixing the purified graphite oxide with water, carrying out ultrasonic dispersion to obtain stable dispersion liquid, and spraying and drying the dispersion liquid to obtain graphene oxide powder. According to the method for preparing graphene oxide, effective separation of graphite oxide solid and aqueous liquor is realized by room-temperature natural settling of graphite oxide suspension, most of inorganic ion impurities generated in a preparation process are removed with supernatant liquid, so that a washing step is simplified. Moreover, a centrifugal washing method of absolute ethyl alcohol is adopted, solid-liquid separation in a centrifugal process is very easy to implement, a problem that solid-liquid separation is difficult in a water-washing process is overcome, time is greatly saved, and efficiency is improved.


Introduction:
 Few large-scale genome wide association studies (GWAS) of angiographically derived burden of coronary atherosclerosis have been reported to date. The yield of this approach relative to case-control GWAS of coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear.

 Methods:
 We used the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking Program, a national quality and safety organization for invasive cardiac procedures, to conduct the largest ever GWAS of burden of coronary atherosclerosis involving participants of the Million Veteran Program (MVP). Obstructive disease of a native major vessel was defined as the presence of at least one obstruction >50% of the luminal diameter, or a prior revascularization procedure, involving the main artery and/or its major branches. Non-obstructive disease was defined as one or more vessels having one or more obstructions of >20% but none more than 50%. We classified an individual's extent of disease as normal, non-obstructive, one vessel, two vessel, or three vessel / left main CAD. GWAS was performed stratified by racial/ethnic group using linear regression in REGENIE, with age, sex, and genetic principal components as covariates. Stratified results were then combined through meta-analysis using GWAMA.

 Results:
 The extent of disease was quantified in 49,213 non-Hispanic White, 11,326 non-Hispanic Black, and 4,058 Hispanic MVP participants, a majority of which were subjects with clinical CAD. Forty-three loci reached genome wide significance including 27 among Whites, four among Blacks at
 SORT1
 ,
 LPL
 ,
 COL4A2
 , and
 LDLR
 , two among Hispanics at
 CDKN2B-AS1
 and
 NRG4
 , and an additional 13 through meta-analysis of all three strata. Two loci,
 HHEX
 and
 NRG4
 , have not been previously established as susceptibility loci CAD.

 Conclusions:
 Large-scale GWAS of burden of coronary atherosclerosis complements discovery efforts of case-control GWAS of CAD. Despite substantially smaller sample sizes, this quantitative approach recapitulated many established loci for CAD, uncovered novel loci, and identified several known susceptibility loci in admixed Black and Hispanic populations. The latter required a remarkably larger sample size to achieve through GWAS of clinically defined events alone.


The aim of this article is to show that there are two distinct ethical theories in the writings of Bishop Butler. This is something that his critics do not seem to have realized. One or two of them have seen that the Dissertation on Virtue contains ideas which do not harmonize very well with those of the Rolls Sermons, but no one has made a detailed study of the differences. It has been usual to dismiss them with the remark that Butler is an inconsistent writer and we should not worry too much over details.


The paper deals with the ? + ? titanium alloys, due to their good properties such as low specific weight and high values of mechanical properties have found wide application as a construction material. Their disadvantage is high price and complicated production of the basic material � titanium but also alloying components (molybdenum, chromium), associated with high energy demand and undesirable effects on ecology. The inhomogeneity of the deformation with formation of deformation bands are typical for these alloys, which can significantly deteriorate the properties of forgings. The recycling of such products is complicated and energy-intensive. The goal of the presented work is to establish a regression equations that defines the forging parameters, in which deformation inhomogeneity - bands do not arise or their character does not significantly deteriorate the property of final product. It can be considered as a novelty of research. Used linear regression takes into account the forming temperature, the strain rate, and the degree of strain. It is possible to predict the mechanical properties of the structure that will be created in this way: strength, hardness, and plastic properties.
The contribution of the authors lies in the practical implementation of deformation experiments, measurement of mechanical properties and metallographic analysis of forgings and the resulting summarization of the knowledge obtained in this way in the form of regression equations.


Critical SRAM yield evaluation/analysis for more robust design optimizations against variation is presented based on comprehensive physical modeling and statistical analysis of transistor intrinsic fluctuations for 65 nm-node and beyond MOSFETs. Predictive atomistic-3D-TCAD simulations reveal the origins of the non-Gaussian Vth-distribution that causes large sigmaVth deviation from the Pelgrom-relationship for specific small gate length devices. By using realistic statistical compact-modeling and fast Monte Carlo circuit simulations, it was demonstrated that the appropriate cell-design recognizing the anomalous sigmaVth enables to rescue significant possible yield loss caused by the particular behaviors of the intrinsic transistor fluctuations.


Thin ( 2 (quartz) by photodissociating GeH 4 in He at 248 nm (KrF laser) exhibit grain sizes of 0.3 – 0.5 μm that increase only slightly up to the pryolytic threshold for GeH 4 (280°C). On (100) NaCl, however, Ge films grown at a substrate temperature of 120°C are expitaxial. The activation energy for the LCVD growth of Ge films (from GeH 4 ) on SiO 2 is measured to be 85 ± 20 meV which suggests that germanium is arriving at the substrate in atomic form. The wavelength and intensity dependence of the initial film growth rate supports the conclusion that this process is photolytic and is initiated by the absorption of a single photon.


Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray powder diffractometry (WAXD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to investigate the crystallization behavior of PHB granules from Alcaligenes eutrophus isolated by enzymatic purification. TEM examination of freeze dried granules after mortar and pestle grinding at liquid nitrogen temperature revealed that the dry granules have a non-crystalline core/crystalline shell morphology. TEM micrographs sections of PHB granules showed that upon annealing, the non-crystalline molecules in the core transform into stacks of lamellar crystals with a thickness of ∼ 100 A. The FTIR results revealed the presence of bound water in a sample of freeze dried granules and WAXD of the same sample showed an increase in crystallinity after removal of this water by vacuum drying. The WAXD diffractograms showed an increase in crystallinity of PHB granules when going from the in vivo to the dry state. In spite of the possibility of deforming them at very low temperatures (liquid nitrogen temperature) the glass transition temperature (Tg) of nascent PHB granules, as revealed by the DSC thermograms, was in the range −0.5−4°C. These results suggest that water is responsible for keeping the core of nascent PHB granules in a non-crystalline state. A model for biosynthesis where emerging PHB chains in an extended conformation are simultaneously hydrogen bonded to water molecules is proposed.


: Signal control is an important part of the transportation system and it plays an important role in improving the capacity of intersections. This paper proposes a new traffic time division method for multi-period fixed-time control strategy. Firstly, we put forward a new concept-transportation overlap rate, in order to complete the clustering of daily traffic flow patterns. Then, all the daily traffic flow data belonging to the same category are composed into a matrix, which is converted into the corresponding image later with the aim of using the Fast and Robust Fuzzy C-Means Clustering (FRFCM) method to segment it. Finally, the traffic time division and breakpoints location are obtained through further analysis and processing of the segmentation results. For each period, the optimal signal cycle and green split are separately calculated by Webster's signal timing method, in order to satisfy different traffic demands of each period and effectively improve the operation efficiency of the intersection. The simulation results at a certain intersection in Mianyang city demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method.


As it is known, the violence towards woman and child are quite widespread all over the world today. Our country is not excluded from this unfortunate application. This article deals with the basic reasons for these kinds of negative attitudes towards the weak. It discusses that the reasons for applying violence to woman and child is the unbalances between the knowledge and the desire of having something. It suggests that in order to solve this problem, there must be a balance between the material and spiritual values and the understand-ing/philosophy of need that means this balance should be taught to all people in the society through various educational channels.


In the February issue of the AJNR , two groups described a technique for access to the subarachnoid space with catheters inserted via a simple lumbar puncture ([1][1]–[3][2]). They used percutaneous intraspinal navigation to produce cerebral vasospasm by placing a microcatheter into the cisterna


Analysing protein–protein interactions is critical in proteomics and drug discovery. The usage of 2‐Hybrid (2λ) systems is limited to an in vivo environment. We describe a bacteriophage 2‐Hybrid system for studying protein interactions in vitro. Bait and prey are displayed as fusions to the surface of phage λ that are marked with different selectable drug‐resistant markers. An interaction of phages in vitro through displayed proteins allows bacterial infection by two phages resulting in double drug‐resistant bacterial colonies at very low multiplicity of infections. We demonstrate interaction of the protein sorting signal Ubiquitin with the Vps9‐CUE, a Ubiquitin binding domain, and by the interaction of (Gly‐Glu)4 and (Gly‐Arg)4 peptides. Interruptions of the phage interactions by non‐fused (free) bait or prey molecules show how robust and unique our approach is. We also demonstrate the use of Ubiquitin and CUE display phages to find binding partners in a λ‐display library. The unique usefulness to 2λ is also described.


Heavy metal concentrations in the environment are of great concern due to their serious effects through the food chain on animal and human health. In this study, 26 water samples and 26 sediment samples were collected from the 13 site in Lake Quaron Protected area during summer and spring seasons with 40 fish samples of four species (Atherinasp. Tilapia zillii, Mugil cephalus and Solea vulgaris) were examined for evaluation of heavy metals pollution. The results revealed that the annual average concentrations (µg/l)of  the heavy metals in water samples were in the following order;  Zn > Fe >Ni >Mn >Cu >Pb > Cd and within the permissible limits , the annual average concentrations (µg/g)of  the heavy metals in surface sediment samples were in the following order; Fe >Mn> Zn >Pb>Cu > Ni > Cd and within the permissible limits of  Sediment quality guide lines except Cu was higher and the levels of heavy metals in fish were in the following order ;Atherina sp.> Tilapia zillii>Mugil cephalus>Solea Vulgaris. The evaluation of examined heavy metals pollution in Lake Quaron showed that Lake Quaron protected area suffers from a serious pollution problem.


Objective To study the relevant factors affecting the result of endoscopic variceal liga-tion ( EVL). Methods EVL were performed in five hundred and twenty patients of liver cirrhosis with esoph-ageal variceal bleeding ( EVB). The patients were divided into three groups; liver cirrhosis group 332; liver cirrhosis with HCC group 70; portal azygos disconnection group 118. The results of EVL in different groups were compared and the relevant factors affected on the final outcomes were observed. Results Total eradication rate of EV was 42. 2% , 27. 1% and 89. 8% in three groups respectively. The rate of long-term recurrence of EV was 24. 1% , 42. 9% and 8. 5% , short-term recurrence of EVB was 3. 0% , 21. 4% , 4. 2% ; long-term rebleeding rate was 12. 0% , 20. 0% and 3. 4% respectively. Patients with HCC had a significant higher short-term rebleeding rate compared to those with liver cirrhosis only (P 0. 05 ). Compared with non-operation group, the eradication rate was higher and rebleeding rate was lower in portal azygos disconnection group (P 0. 05). The recurrent and recrudesce rate of EVB was higher if the hepatic function was worse before ligation (P 0. 01 ). The patients had a lower recurrent and recrudesce rate of EVB and higher survival rate after ligation if propranolol was used ( P 0. 01). In EV recrudesce patients, the widened left gastric vein and fastened mainly efferent blood flow were seen. Conclusion EVL, an effective and safe measure should be the first choice in treating EVB, but the result is closely associated with some factors.


Teaching EFL writing has been one of the most trending research fields recently. Among the techniques being tested, using instructional rubrics has drawn much attention from researchers and teachers. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using rubrics in enhancing students' writing skill and the students' attitudes towards this technique. The study used the experimental research design. The participants were thirty English-majored eleventh-grade students (N=30) in a high school in Can Tho City, Viet Nam. The main research tools included two guiding rubrics, one writing pre-test, two writing post-tests, and a questionnaire. Holistic and analytic rubrics were used in the teaching of writing skill to the participants to help them understand the targets for learning and the standards of quality for their writing work.  Data from the pre- and post- writing tests indicated significant changes in students' writing performance after using both holistic and analytic rubrics. Besides, the results of the questionnaire revealed learners' positive perceptions of this technique. It could be suggested that high school teachers should take into account the use of rubrics in teaching writing for EFL students.  Article visualizations:


Patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) are at risk of sleep disturbance; however, to the authors' knowledge, the mechanisms by which ADT may affect sleep are not well understood. The current study compared objective and subjective sleep disturbance in ADT recipients and controls and examined whether sleep disturbance in ADT recipients is attributable to the influence of ADT on hot flashes and nocturia.


Based on the testing results of the micro- hardness, abrasion resistance , porosity of high velocity arc spray coatings, the optimization of arc current and arc voltage parameters of high velocity arc spray process was carried out. Using the orthogonal experiment method. This result can be a reference for determining the parameters in high velocity arc spraying process.


MM5and PAFOG models were run to forecast daily regional fogs in eastern China from October to November of 2010.PAFOG model was run at each observational station with the initial and boundary conditions(IC/BC)from MM5model.Fog was diagnosed based on the multi-variables of MM5model output and forecasted by the visibility of PAFOG model.The results were evaluated against 3h(or 6h)routine observations at all stations of China Meteorology Agency(CMA)observational net works by calculating a set of scores for eastern China and Anhui Province,respectively.The evaluated results show that:(1)Both methods have a certain capability of forecasting the regional fog,with the common shortcoming of high false alarm rate.The values of TS/ETS from based on MM5model are 0.075/0.065for eastern China and 0.094/0.081for Anhui Province,and the hit rate is 0.296for eastern China and 0.378for Anhui Province.(2)The TS/ETS values from based on PAFOG model for eastern China and Anhui Province is0.038/0.027and 0.053/0.038,respectively,lower than those of MM5model;however,the hit rates is0.387for eastern China and 0.517for Anhui,higher than those of MM5model.(3)Based on the daily statistic,MM5 model outperforms PAFOG model in eastern China,while PAFOG model outperforms MM5model slightly in the inland province(Anhui Province);and PAFOG model tends to over-predict fog occurrence more than MM5model.(4)If the weather records of the past 1hwere used for model evaluations,the validation results for both methods would be improved.


Papal "pronouncements" have been a major cause of the Philippines' increasing poverty, and of its failure to promote the only method proved to limit the spread of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Kenya has a growth rate of 3-4% and will double its population in 17 years. The UK has an average family size of 1.8 children. This is due to contraceptive usage. The poor lack knowledge and funds to ignore the rulings of the Catholic Church. Families will have 7 or more children without access to modern contraceptives. The Philippine elite are 90% Catholic, and disregard church policy and use contraceptives. Therefore, they have small families. Abortion is widely used in Latin America. It is the leading cause of death of women aged 15-39. The Philippines is industrializing rapidly; businessmen, however, do not see a future in producing condoms here. Widespread availability of condoms would limit the spread of AIDS. Mainly surveys show that in 1989 only 5 to 10/1000 prostitutes were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other Asian countries have shown large increases in HIV infection occurrence in 2-3 years. Pope John Paul has been telling young people in Burkina Faso that they "must face the plagues of modern times." He did not identify these plaques. However, Monsignore Carlo Cafara, dean of John Paul II's Institute for Marriage and Family Studies at the Vatican, told a recent conference that when 1 partner of a married couple is positive for AIDS, it is preferable to risk catching the AIDS virus than to use condoms. St. Paul would have approved the use of modern contraceptive methods.


The purpose of this study is, to know the application of agreement "Pola Kemitraan Budi Daya Ayam Pedaging" between "Gema Usaha Ternak" Company as "inti" and the breeders as "plasma", to know the responsibility of parties, to know the application of guarantee laws for breeders who aplly guaranteed things and also to know the solving of problem between "Gema Usaha Ternak" company dan breeders as a member of organization.
The research method, which is used in this research is "EmpiricalYuridisch". With "Porpusive Non-Random Sampling" sample And the analysis used is "Qualitative Analysis"
The result wich is found that agreement "Kemitraan Budi daya Ayam Pedaging" between "Gema Usaha Ternak" company and part is "Standard Agreement"", the concept of this agreement decided by the company, because the application of Guarantee laws is not applied so "Gema Usaha Ternak" company is not only as "Preference Creditor" also as "Concuren Creditor". By negotiation that problem is solved by both parties "Gema Usaha Ternak" and breeders as the member of organization, because the position of Gema Usaha Ternak company in law is weak so it must the rule of breeders as a debitor.

Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan Perjanjian Pola Kemitraan Budi Daya Ayam pedaging antara PT. Gema Usaha Ternak selaku Inti dengan para peternak rakyat selaku plasma. Untuk mengetahui tanggung jawab para pihak dalam pelaksanaan perjanjian kemitraan, untuk mengetahui penerapan Hukum Jaminan dalam rangka pelaksanaan persyaratan bagi peternak yang harus meyerahkan barang jaminan, dan untuk mengetahui penyelesaian sengketa antara PT. Gema Usaha Ternak dengan para peternak anggota kemitraan.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah "Yuridis Empiris". Penentuan sample secara "Purposive Non-Random Sampling" Analisa yang digunakan adalah "Analisa Kualitatif'.
Dan hasil penelitian, didapatkan bahwa Perjanjian Kemitraan Budi Daya Ayam Pedaging antara PT. Gema Usaha Ternak dengan para peternak rakyat merupakan perjanjian balm, konsep perjanjian ditentukan oleh pihak perusahaan. Penerapan Hukum Jaminan tidak dilaksanakan sehingga PT. Gema Usaha Ternak bukan sebagai "Kreditur Preference" tetapi hanya sebagai "Kreditur Kongkuren". Penyelesaian sengketa antara PT. Gema Usaha Ternak dengan peternak anggota kemitraan dilakukan dengan jalan negosiasi, posisi PT. Gema Usaha Ternak selaku kreditur lemah dan harus mengikuti kemauan peternak selaku debitur.


Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have earned their place along with aspirin, β-blockers, and thrombolytic agents as medical therapies proven to reduce mortality rates in acute myocardial infarction.1 The results of well-conducted, randomized, controlled clinical trials have been so consistent and so conclusive that the emphasis now shifts from research to implementation. Because the trials demonstrated that the oral use of an ACE inhibitor can save lives, the pragmatic questions of who and when to treat are left to the frontline physicians. Unlike the clinical trial experience with its protocol-directed inclusion and exclusion criteria, time window for initiation, and the informed consent process, the practicing physician must make decisions on the basis of his or her current assessment of the relative merits as well as the potential for harm by an ACE inhibitor for individual patients. Because any further major placebo-controlled trials of ACE inhibitors in acute myocardial infarction are not likely, physicians must use the sum of the currently available information to make the best choices for their patients.2

The leaders of major trials of antiplatelet3 and thrombolytic4 therapies in acute myocardial infarction have formed collaborative groups that pool their collective data in an attempt to better understand the safety and efficacy information of their combined experience. This collaborative approach goes a step beyond routine meta-analysis because the group not only attempts to develop more uniform definitions but, importantly, pools their individual data to derive more reliable life-table experiences and projections. An ACE Inhibitor Collaborative Group was convened with these same objectives in the hope of developing a consensus for recommending ACE inhibitors in patients with acute myocardial infarction. One of the group's initial decisions was to categorize the ACE inhibitor trials of myocardial infarction into those that were early-onset, broad-inclusion and short-term trials or selective-inclusion, long-term …


Two different processes of producing spinning PP resin, loop hydrogenation and degradation, are introduced .The influence of two processes to the property of products is contrasted, especially the influence to MWD, and the influence of changing Huproperty index of the resin to the result of spinning process. The advantages of producing spinning PP resin by degradating are stated, in respect to resin production,, product application and econoic and social benefit. etc. The necessisity of developing the degradation spinning resin is proved by the above contrast.


A total of seven shots were fired at the HyperSpectral Sciences, Inc. firing site in Cinebar, WA, in support of the program to elucidate the internal electric breakdown phenomena. Three experiments were full-up HFCG shots. All of the HFCG shots broke down, while the last one exhibited the clearest example of "classical" breakdown. The correlation of the computer model threshold calculation with the last shot is quite good. The use of framing and streak cameras as a diagnostic has proved viable; the contact point as well as the breakdown are very visible. It was found that the electrical arcs that result from the breakdowns do not move. They are overrun by the contact point. The compressed gas in the interior of the HFCG must be taken into account. While it seems quite evident that the breaks are from the stator to the armature, our evidence cannot prove the point. Details of the firing arrangements, the data recovery methods, and the results with comparisons to theory [1], [2], and [3] are presented.


This paper studies the determinants of organizational forms by looking at the case of Mexico, a Civil Law country, between 1886 and 1910. Using a newly assembled dataset of chartered companies, we run Multinomial Logit models to determine the importance of firm characteristics in the election of particular organizational structures. Our findings suggest that although some companies took advantage of the set of organizational options only available in Civil Law countries, these structures had a negligible effect in terms of capital formation. In contrast, the organizational forms associated with the Common Law system emerged as the dominant organizational features. 1 Aldo Musacchio would like to thank the support of the Social Science History Institute and the Center for Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, both at Stanford, and the Institute for Humane Studies, George Mason University. The authors of this paper would like to thank Lucia Madrigal for excellent research assistance for this project. All the errors are responsibility of the authors.


In the present work, we propose a hybrid architecture for automatic alignment of speech waveforms and their corresponding phone sequence. The proposed architecture does not exploit any phone boundary information. Our approach combines the efficiency of embedded training techniques and the high performance of isolated-unit training. Evaluating on the established for the task of phone segmentation TIMIT database, we achieved an accuracy of 83.56%, which corresponds to improving the baseline system's accuracy by 6.09 %.


As clearing bankers seek ever more cost-effective methods of funds transmission the wider introduction of cheque truncation is under detailed consideration. Certain legal barriers prevent inter-bank cheque truncation at present, however, and representation must be made to the Banking Law Review Committee so that changes in legislation can be made. The Committee will find that truncation itself poses other legal and practical problems which must be overcome by the banks and by the legislators. In due course Parliament will need to balance possible statutory control of the hitherto private clearing system against an erosion of the traditional protection afforded to bank customers.


Locomotor behaviour varies between two subspecies of the Spanish wall lizard Podarcis hispanica. One subspecies inhabits the Columbretes islands, the other lives on the Spanish mainland. Size standardized voluntary speeds (as measured in unrestrained laboratory conditions) are lower in the island population (P. h. atrata) than in the mainland population (P. h. hispanica). Maximal running performance (when chased) is much higher in the mainland population than in the island population. High speed video recordings show that subspecies diVer in gait characteristics: individuals from the mainland modulate running velocity primarily by modifying stride length, individuals from the island primarily by altering stride frequency. P. h. hispanica's strategy for modulating speed probably allows this mainland subspecies to attain higher maximal speeds than the island subspecies P. h. atrata. Theoretical considerations suggest that at high speeds, P. h. hispanica's running style is energetically more favourable, but this hypothesis awaits experimental verification. We suggest that the diVerences in locomotion eYciency between the subspecies result from diVerences in predation pressure between the mainland and the island. The mainland study site has a higher predator diversity and oVers less hiding opportunities to the lizards.


Abstract This paper presents two approaches to the error estimation for an approximate solution of Abel equation under the condition that the exact solution belongs to a compact set. The algorithms to find an error of finite dimensional approximation and to construct an area to which the exact and all approximate solutions of the problem belong are provided. As examples, compact sets of bonded monotonic or convex functions are considered. We have concluded that in certain cases it is more preferable to utilize one approach over the other.


In order to discuss the effect of different levels of dietary supplemental Pectinase on digestion and absorption of Ca,P and fiber in geese,twenty-four-month-old Wulong geese were selected and divided into four groups at random. The proportion of Pectinase in each experiment diet was 0,0.1%,0.2% and 0.3%.Total feces collection method was adopted to determine the nutrients in feed and feces to confirm their digestions.The results showed that,under the same content of CP and ME,with the increase of Pectinase content,the digestion of CF,NDF and ADF was 20.55%—37.59%,38.74%—55.62% and 34.03%—47.98% respectively;The digestibility of Ca and P increased by 1.81%—7.04% and 5.51%—8.38% compared to the control group.So,the appropriate dietary addition of Pectinase could improve the digestibility of Ca,P and fiber in geese.


Abstract This paper describes an easily programmable procedure for solving the problem of determining lot sizes for n products to be produced on a single machine. The procedure is based upon the extended basic period approach of Elmagrahby. Feasible solutions are obtained by restricting the number of periods between runs for each product to the powers of 2. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated by solving six problems originally solved by Fujita. Significantly better answers were found for five of the six while in one case the procedure generated a solution that was only slightly inferior.


To address the need to develop improved hybrid biopolymer composites, we report on the preparation of composites that contain chitosan and pectin biopolymers with tunable adsorption properties. Binary biopolymer composites were prepared at variable pectin–chitosan composition in a solvent directed synthesis, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) versus water. The materials were characterized using complementary methods (infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, pH at the point-of-zero charge, and dye-based adsorption isotherms). Pectin and chitosan composites prepared in DMSO yielded a covalent biopolymer framework (CBF), whereas a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) was formed in water. The materials characterization provided support that cross-linking occurs between amine groups of chitosan and the –COOH groups of pectin. CBF-based composites had a greater uptake of methylene blue (MB) dye over the PEC-based composites. Composites prepared in DMSO were inferred to have secondary adsorption sites for enhanced MB uptake, as evidenced by a monolayer uptake capacity that exceeded the pectin–chitosan PECs by 1.5-fold. This work provides insight on the role of solvent-dependent cross-linking of pectin and chitosan biopolymers. Sonication-assisted reactions in DMSO favor CBFs, while cross-linking in water yields PECs. Herein, composites with tunable structures and variable physicochemical properties are demonstrated by their unique dye adsorption properties in aqueous media.


: In the context of computer vision, object tracking is a crucial challenge. Image noise, variations in backdrop illumination, dynamic object motion, and partial and complete occlusion of objects all add to the complexity of object tracking. i.e. video of poor quality. Despite the impressive outcomes of deep learning, there has been less emphasis on low-resolution object recognition as compared to high-resolution images. We proposed a framework for reducing model size state-of-the-art single stage detector i.e. YOLOv4 with pruning and Kalman filtering for tracking the low quality video. The framework addresses compression in the following stages: Sparsity Induction, Filter Choice, and Filter Pruning. The detector model for detecting object is sparsified in the Sparsity by using a better global threshold. In the Filter Selection & Pruning stage, we choose and remove filters based on sparsity metrics of filter weights in two subsequent convolutional layers. As a result, the model is smaller than the majority of compact designs available now on the market. We test our framework's performance with a MSCOCO datasets. The model with compressing algorithm with having Kalman filter to produce good quality image representation on the low-quality input image or video feed analysis proposed for the condition. The models size examines for the inferences and the analytical framework for the better represent for the detection stages and evaluation results.


Alzheimer's disease(AD)is syndrome which begins with memory loss and visuo-spatial problems.With an increase of elderly population in our country,incidence in AD will grow.Subsequently,a series of medical and social-economic problems are caused by it.Up to now,there is no effective treatment for AD.It is a good choice of making an early diagnosis of AD to take active intervention to improve survival.Pathology,etiology,current status of diagnosis of AD,advance and application of PET in diagnosis of early stage AD are included in this article.PET,which is a functional imaging tool,can be used to diagnose and identify early AD。With the development of new radio-tracers and improvement of quantitative analysis,PET will play a more and more important role in study on AD in the future。


We characterize the optimal policy-mix towards R&D activity and output production in the simultaneous moves mixed and private duopolies, as well as in the Stackelberg mixed duopoly. Our findings suggest that the government will opt for implementing jointly a tax on R&D with a subsidy on output to tackle the underlying market failures. Moreover, the optimal output subsidy, R&D investment, output and welfare are identical irrespective of whether the public firm: (i) moves simultaneously with the private firm, (ii) is Stackelberg leader in R&D and/or output, or (iii) is privatized and acts simultaneously with the private firm to maximize profits. Privatization reduces the optimal tax on R&D, but leads to an increase in firms' profits. Finally, Stackelberg output leadership by the public firm induces an increase in R&D taxation, which is accompanied by a decrease in profits.


Gustav Ranis addresses our recent article in this journal where we argued that foreign aid is unable to solve the economic problem and thus unable to make poor countries rich (Skarbek and Leeson 2009). The following quotations from his article summarize his main objections to our argument: "Instead of the MCC's [Millennium Challenge Corporation's] present grants-for-projects approach, favored by Easterly and Skarbek and Leeson, policy-based program lending or grants should be relied upon.Skarbek and Leeson are ready to throw the baby out with the bath water. While foreign aid as presently practiced is admittedly flawed, there is no reason not to encourage at least this promising new window [a modified MCC] as a potentially valuable component of our long-term foreign policy arsenal [Ranis 2011]."We have two replies to Ranis's remarks. First, while we cannot speak for William Easterly, we can speak for ourselves. And we can say unequivocally that neither of us favors a grants-for-projects approach to foreign aid. Second, we question the ability of a modified MCC to address the plight of poor people in developing countries.


Special Health Authority created to facilitate learning from patient safety incidents that occur in the NHS. The NPSA helps the NHS learn from things that go wrong and develops solutions to prevent harm in the future. It does this by working with patients and staff locally and nationally to foster a culture where errors can be investigated and innovative solutions developed. It also collects and analyses information from staff and patients via the National Reporting and Learning System. The NPSA promotes an open and fair culture across the health service, with an emphasis on understanding the 'how' rather than the 'who' when things go wrong. The NPSA works across all health care settings and over the last three years has developed a robust mental health programme of work. The aim of this article is to provide details of this work and work planned for 2006/2007.


Various significant and influential music education approaches emerged during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Two of these, those of Emile Jaques-Dalcroze (1865-1950), and Zoltan Kodaly (1882-1967) are being practised widely today in the schools of Australia and Taiwan. These approaches have been widely adapted and translated from the original Swiss and Hungarian versions of Dalcroze and Kodaly respectively. For Australian and Taiwanese contexts, textbooks have been published in English and-Chinese, including Heather Gell's Music, Movement and the Young Child and, Hoermann and Bridges' A Developmental Music Program Stages One to Three of Teacher Manuals in Australia, and Mindy H. M. Shieh's. Dalcroze Eurhythmics Monthly Journal, and Fang-Ching Cheng's Kodaly Method in Taiwan. Developmental research demonstrates distinct differences in the social, cultural, and musical environments between students from Australia and Taiwan. These furthermore differ again from those of the Swiss and Hungarian students for which the methods of Dalcroze and Kodaly were originally created. This paper involves an examination of the adaptations made to the music education approaches of Dalcroze and Kodaly for Australian and Taiwanese students. In both cases, these adaptations have contributed to making the approaches more widely known and used. It is also insightful to consider the extent to which the music educators in Australia and Taiwan have modified the approaches. My research reveals that this was undertaken with both an awareness of the academic levels of their audiences and an understanding of their cultural and educational environments. These successfully modified approaches therefore illustrate the adaptation of a program to suit the specific cultural, educational and teaching environments of their country.


The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, enacted in 2008, recognizes the protection of personal data in its chapter on "Freedom Rights", but the global framework has developed scenarios that the law had not initially contemplated, mostly thanks to the technological advances, that presuppose risks for the people, given the manipulation of their personal data.This risk arises from the advances made on the Internet, a network that allows access to data and information of various kinds at any time and at any place, and which has changed the paradigm of memory. This is what has generated a latent risk for people but, given its dynamism, the law has managed to evolve and adapt to generate instruments that protect people to protect their personal data. The analysis of international legislation, as well as different jurisprudence, has allowed to establish the emergence of a new figure such as the right to digital oblivion (right to be forgotten), applicable in Ecuador, using the elements contained in the current constitutional framework, as well as the normative Existing, but changing the vision of a reactive action towards an inherent right to the people. The people, in the Ecuadorian territory, already enjoy the protection of their personal data, but the right to be Forgetten, marks a new milestone in this field, allowing people that no person anywhere in the world can access to them. Even in the opposition of rights, as well as freedom of information and expression, is a solution to protect those who are victims of inappropriate treatment, to say the least, of their personal data, and thus feel violated their rights. Thus the right advances and confronts technology, surpassing it, in order to better conditions for human beings, for ecuadorians