Scientific publication is a measure of the performance of a university. Universities that are owned and operated by the government and whose establishment is carried out by the President of Republic Indonesia are state universities (PTN). One of the efforts that can be made to determine the quantity and quality of state university scientific publications is to conduct PTN clustering based on the productivity of scientific publications. This clustering aims to see the position of state universities in Indonesia into 3 categories, namely "high", "medium", and "low". One of the clustering methods that can be used is cluster analysis. The cluster analysis used in this study is k-means and k-medoids with Silhoutte's validity. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the Silhouette k-means value (0.8018) was higher than the Silhouette k-medoids value (0.7281). Therefore, in this case, it can be concluded that the k-means method is better than the k-medoids. The results of cluster analysis using K-Means are 1) PTN with high productivity of scientific publications, namely ITB, ITS, UGM, and UI. The four PTNs are PTN as Legal Entity (PTN-BH) located in Java, 2) PTN with medium scientific publication productivity consists of 16 PTN which were dominated by PTN-BH and PTN as Public Service Board (PTN-BLU) with the largest location in Java, and 3) PTN with low scientific publication productivity consisted of 102 PTN which were dominated by PTN as general state financial management (PTN-Satker) with most locations outside Java.


Abstract : When calibrating gage blocks or when gaging objects with contact type comparators, local deformation occurs where the probe tip contacts the gaging surface. This deformation results in a measurement error only if the gage blocks or objects being compared are of different materials having different mechanical properties. This document presents formulas and nomographs for determining deformation magnitude, and instructions for applying deformation corrections. The formulas and nomographs are valid only for spherical probe tips. A method is given for evaluating tip geometry and it is recommended that non-spherical or flawed tips be replaced. (Author)


It has been suggested that magnesium deficiency has a role in inducing coronary spasm, which in turn figures importantly in the pathogenesis of variant angina. In this study, Goto and co-workers analyzed magnesium metabolism in 20 …


Current CNN-based deep feature learning methods for image classification are mainly focused on learning with two types of loss functions: the softmax loss and its variants with class-level labels, or the metric-learning losses with pairwise labels. The former regards the weight vectors of the last fully connected layer of CNNs as representations of the class centres and focuses on the similarity between a single feature and each weight vector. The latter aims at seeking appropriate distance metrics between features pairs to boost the CNNs by learning a discriminative embedding space. In this work, we propose a simple yet effective new loss function called angular joint loss (AJL) to exploit the best of both worlds. By integrating feature-weight angles with feature-feature angles, AJL inherits the simplicity of softmax loss and the power of pair-wise metric learning and enhances both the intra-class compactness and the inter-class separability. The proposed AJL is simple to implement and has no time-consuming mining of pair or triple samples. On some popular image classification datasets (CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and ImageNet), extensive experimental results show that the proposed AJL can achieve the state-of-the-art performance.


The UN climate talks in Bali during December 2009 witnessed how climate change is a justice issue already affecting many of the people all over the world. The main reason for protests was to highlight the problems with some of the false solutions to climate change such as the use of biofuels and carbon financing, as well as problems associated with the involvement of international financial institutions.


In this paper, we introduce a notion of property (T) for a C � -dynamical system (A ; G ; � ) consisting of a unital C � -algebra A , a locally compact group ∑ ∑ � ( )(� ) = �; ∑ ∑


An incisional hernia is a common surgical condition encountered in day to day practice. Based on national operative statistics, incisional hernia account for 15 to 20% of all abdominal wall hernias. Of all hernias encountered incisional hernias can be the most frustrating and challenging to treat. An incisional hernia had defined as a diffuse extrusion of peritoneum and abdominal contents through a weak scar of operation or accidental wound. As a result of advances in surgical knowledge, and an increase in the variety and number of abdominal incisions, the incidence of post-operative incisional hernias has increased rapidly. To solve the incisional hernia problem, first of all, methods of prevention are needed. Furthermore, once incisional hernia has developed. Ideally, methods of repair that do not lead to recurrence or other complications should be available. Mesh repair is the first-choice technique for incisional hernia treatment. The results of sublay technique are better than onlay technique. Several technical and patient related factors have linked to the occurrence of incisional hernias. There is no conclusive evidence that demonstrates the type of suture or technique of incisional closure at the primary operation, which affects hernia formation.


Heart disease is one of the most common causes of death worldwide and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are among the best tools currently available for diagonising heart disease by offering accurate data about heart performance and the circulatory system. Unfortunately, the linear-quadratic problem often arises, which is a serious problem affecting the estimation of any linear dynamic system's immediate state due to disruption with white noise due to the linear employment of information about state and white noise corruption. This can theoritecally be addressed by using a Kalman filter as a recursive estimator. However, all biomedical applications that generate electrical signals are disposed to creating different types of noise with fixed coefficients filters, due to the random nature of these signals, and these can cause inaccuracies over time. In this paper, a double Kalman filter is suggested for ECG signal denoising and estimation. Additive White Noise added to the original ECG signal to form a noisy signal, and Kalman filter was used initially to improve the quality of the ECG signal and to offer high performance convergence while increasing the SNR. The second step involved employing Kalman filter to estimate the new denoised ECG signal during a given time period, as accuracy in time is very important in medical applications. The results were satisfactory, offering highly recognisable estimations.


A cooperative compressed spectrum sensing with low cost is proposed.Each cognitive user derives the measurements as the sign information of the compressed samples by using 1-bit quantization.After receiving the sign information from different cognitive users,the fusion center will utilize two joint sensing algorithms to determine the occupancy of the spectrum.Simulations show that the proposed scheme has a preferable performance,which is not only better than that of independent sensing,but also better than the sensing scheme based on multi-bit quantization at low signal-to-noise ratio.


This research continues to focus on the idea using cyclotronic antineutrino source for purposes of neutrino physics. Long baseline experiments suffer from degeneracies and correlations between $\Theta_{23}$, $\delta_{\rm CP}$ and the mass hierarchy (MH). However the combination of a superconductive cyclotron and a big liquid scintillator detector like JUNO in a middle baseline experiment, which does'nt depend on the MH, may allow us to determine whether the position of the mixing angle $\Theta_{23}$ is in the lower octant (LO) or upper octant (UO). Such an experiment would improve the precision of the $\Theta_{23}$ measurement to a degree which depends on the CP-phase.


Abstract : The specification of a human-computer interface requires a language in which that interface is expressed. Such a language should have a number of properties: (1) It should not be so syntactically complex that programming nonspecialists who must author dialogues have difficulty learning and using it. (2) It must be expressive and concise so that complicated interfaces can have a simple definition. (3) It ought to model human reasoning processes so that unnecessary formalisms and constructs are not required of the dialogue author. A number of types of languages are available for specifying dialogues, including procedural languages, and rule-based languages. This report describes an implementation of a rule-based language related to PROLOG for the specification of human-computer interfaces. It is based not upon von Neumann computer architectures but rather upon Post production systems or Markov algorithms, which are the foundations of computer science.


The United States Supreme Court ruled against a high school teacher who claimed discrimination under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) after being fired from her lay position at a church-run high school. While the case ostensibly revolved around her claim for reasonable accommodation for a medical condition, the decision was based not on whether such an accommodation was both available and reasonable under the Act, but on whether the school had to provide one even if it were, holding that the Act exempted the school from such requirements merely because of its religious status. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 expanded the protections already available under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act banned discrimination on the basis of disability by the federal government, federal contractors, and any organization receiving federal financial assistance. The ADA covers not only these entities, but all state and local governments and even private businesses and employers that meet the definition of a "public accommodation," such as theaters, hotels, restaurants, hospitals and medical offices, office buildings, and similar arenas. The courts have allowed what was created as a seemingly narrow exception geared to protecting an institution's religious freedom to be broadened considerably. Today this exception is used to rebuff plaintiffs on issues that have little if any bearing to religion or religious freedom. After the introductory section, Part II of this article examines the myriad ways the courts have interpreted the constitutional avoidance doctrine to apply the religious exemption to non-discrimination statutes, including the ADA, on issues having virtually no relation to an institution's religious goals. This allows religious institutions to protect themselves from liability and, more importantly, to openly discriminate based on their own whims rather than constitutional necessity. Part III seeks a better resolution for those cases revolving around non-religious issues, even when involving a ministerial employee, and it recommends a narrower interpretation of the rule to effectuate fairness to both the institutions and their employees.


In What is Philosophy?, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari declare that the core programme of philosophy is 'to create concepts that are always new' (1994, 5). While this minimalist definition of philosophy retains the traditional objective that the tools of our understanding must be reliable and prevailing, it also points to the competitive forces in the economy of concepts: 'Concepts are not waiting for us ready-made, like heavenly bodies. There is no heaven for concepts. They must be invented, fabricated, or rather created and would be nothing without the creator's signature' (Deleuze and Guattari 1994, 5). It is an integral part of this philosophical language-game that concepts are being challenged – not only by rival philosophers but also other disciplines and discourses. Twentieth-century philosophy has been confronted in a series of turns by epistemology, linguistics, psychoanalysis and logical analysis. Malcolm Turvey's Doubting Vision: Film and the Revelationist Tradition follows the last turn. Doubting Vision is a philosophical book that challenges film theory by exposing its 'logical and empirical errors' (11) within a general framework of analytical philosophy. Turvey draws primarily on the insights of ordinary language philosophers Gilbert Ryle and Ludwig Wittgenstein, for whom clarity was the core programme of philosophy. The conjunction of logic and empiricism made famous by the Vienna Circle in the 1920s is necessary because logic is not a science but a philosophical method that clarifies the sense of a proposition or validates the method of a theory. Logically speaking, we cannot say why or say that a proposition is true, we can only show its meaningfulness by establishing external relations to so-called empirical observations. The theoretical claims subjected to Turvey's philosophical investigation maintain that film art is endowed with an 'awesome, even miraculous power that, rather than extending the power of the human eye, escapes its limitations and thereby has the potential to bring about a fundamental change for the better in human existence' (6). In classical film theory, this view is shared by filmmakers and critics as diverse as Jean Epstein, Dziga Vertov, Béla Balázs and Siegfried Kracauer. For Turvey they institute a canon of what he calls the revelationist tradition. Although they 'often clothed their work in scientific garb and compared artistic knowledge to scientific discovery' (129), their invocations of cinema go well beyond scientific uses of film. As Turvey observes, 'to varying degrees in their writings, they express near-religious extremes of euphoria about its


Kazakh sheep a local varieties,which widely distributed in Xinjiang.To buidl areasonable breeding system has a strong demonstration effect for native genetic resources utilization and development.Through Kazakh sheep's variety selection and breeding to take the advantage of its adaptability,good resistance and fast early growth,will provides good quality of germplasm resources to sheep industry development of Xinjiang,and provide useful information for other native resources development and usage as well.


The reliability assessment of ball grid array (BGA) components on system level for automotive applications requires a detailed simulation model, which describes the warpage behavior over temperature very accurately, for a credible reliability assessment [1]. However, in the product development process, detailed models of these complex components are not always available for a numerical investigation due to various reasons, e.g. missing information about material properties or stack up. The work presented in this paper advances the state of the art in solder joint reliability assessment under thermomechanical load by introducing a new load based metric. This approach facilitates the process of ensuring the reliability of BGA type packages on system level by aiming to use the easier accessible and experimentally quantifiable displacements of BGA component and printed circuit board (PCB) over temperature. To develop this metric, in a first step the deformations of individual solder joints, due to displacements from BGA and PCB, are investigated. A parameter related to the deformation of the solder joints is introduced and then correlated with crack growth data from a passive temperature cycling test. By showing the correlation between the deformation related parameter and experimental crack growth data, the basis is established to further develop the method and use displacements, measured on top of component and PCB, for the correlation with cycles to failure. The accuracy of the new metric is assessed by comparison with results from the state of the art reliability assessment approach on the basis of strain based damage related parameters obtained by means of the finite element method.


The present paper is dedicated to the numerical simulation of the aerodynamic structure of an arched roof obstacle with a height h=63 mm and a length L2=118 mm. The governing equations of mass and momentum in conjunction with the standard k-e turbulence model are solved using the software "Solid Works Flow Simulation". A finite volume discretization is used. The numerical results are validated with anterior results developed in a wind tunnel. The numerical simulations agreed reasonably with the experimental results and the numerical model was validated.


Collusion attacks are challenging to tackle in audio fingerprinting. A new direction to resist collusion attacks is to degrade the perceptual quality of the colluded files so that these files cannot be reused. The existing method in this direction has low embedding capacity and limited anti-collusion performance when the number of colluders is odd. In this letter, we present an anti-collusion mechanism that has a higher embedding capacity and can significantly degrade the perceptual quality of the colluded files regardless of the number of colluders. In the proposed mechanism, we first segment the host audio file into frames and perform the discrete cosine transform (DCT) on each frame. Then multiple fingerprint bits are embedded into each frame by reversing the DCT coefficients of the corresponding frequency band. As a result, when a collusion attack occurs, our proposed embedding mechanism can introduce perceptibly annoying differences between frames in the colluded file, which leads to severe perceptual quality degradation. Theoretical analysis and experimental results validate the superiority of the proposed anti-collusion mechanism.


About 20 years ago, I first joined the spasticity measurement research group at biosignal laboratory (leaded by Dr. Jia-Jin Jason Chen) of Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University. At that time, the limitation of clinical approach for spasticity evaluation was initially noted by the researchers [1]. We developed our first quantitative measurement system based on driven motor and torque sensor to precisely measure the reactive resistance of elbow flexors during constant-velocity stretches [2]. We also proposed a parameter (ASRT, averaged speed-dependent reflex torque) to overcome the gravity and inertia problems in vertical stretch circumstance and to quantify the elbow spasticity of stroke patients under the constant-velocity stretch. During the development of spasticity, the changes of ASRT and velocity sensitivity of ASRT (i.e. velocity-dependent properties) of the involved and the intact elbow joints are presented and discussed in the same article [2].


General Motors facilities are engaged in numerous pollution prevention activities and projects. GM has instituted pollution prevention, recyclability, and other manufacturing considerations into the design process of the vehicle. This approach is effective in reducing the total life-cycle impact of GM vehicles. For the purposes of this handbook, two broad-based initiatives that have applications outside of the automotive industry will be discussed. First, chemicals management is a new supplier relationship that reduces the overall chemical cost while providing incentives for the chemical supplier to find ways to reduce chemical usage. The second initiative, packaging reduction and recycling, has been a great success at many of GM`s facilities. The goal is to reduce the amount of packaging coming into a plant and to make sure that the packaging that is received is easily recycled or returned.


This article attempts to stabilize the concept of communicative meaning, responding to theorists who maintain that meaning has lost its moorings, that historical and linguistic forces disturb the idea of meaning so thoroughly it is impossible to achieve. In the first section, I argue that the assumption of semantic realism is necessary to any intellectual or disciplinary concept of communication. This section also distinguishes between meaning and significance: Meaning is a purposeful and constrained sharable message, and significance is the relationship of the message to other realms of importance. The second section outlines a coherentist epistemology for meaning by addressing issues in intelligibility, order, and verification. The final section contrasts a message perspective with a code perspective and explains how a theory of communication, not language, can use various considerations pragmatically (e.g., referential rules, intentionality, context) to bound meaning and keep it from slipping into incessant semiosis.


In Bashang Leymus chinensis grassland in Guyuan County in Hebei Province,the dry matter biomass in the experiment plots with controlled precipitation and moving intensity was survived,and the nine vegetation indices was calculated based on the spectrum data of ACS-430handheld spectroradiometer.The biomass estimation model was set up based on the correlation analysis on biomass and the vegetation index.The results indicated that the vegetation index and biomass were highly correlated(P0.01),which means the vegetation index was sensitive to grassland coverage.Finally,the NDRE was the best vegetation index to estimate the biomass according to the determination coefficient of the curve,and the estimation equation was(R2=0.675)


We present a numerical study of the dynamical effects following a sudden change of the transverse trapping frequency in an elongated Bose-Einstein condensate, which induces periodic oscillations of the radial density. At early times, we observe an exponential growth of the number of resonant longitudinal phonons, in agreement with the predictions of the Bogoliubov–de Gennes treatment. We then observe an ordered sequence of phenomena induced by the nonlinearities of the system. The first is a loss of the nonseparability of the resonant phonon pairs. This is followed by the saturation of the exponential growth and a strong depletion of condensed atoms. Notably, these effects are well described by effective one-dimensional dynamics, and are hardly affected by the damping of the radial oscillations. Finally, the atomic spectrum becomes broad, featureless and almost incoherent, in agreement with experimental results. The link between this sequence of events and the preheating scenario in inflationary cosmology is striking, as is the similarity of techniques used to study them.


A case of a 11 year old Boxer dog with hypertrophic osteopathy is presented. This is an uncommon pathological process characterized by bilaterally symmetric and generalized periosteal proliferative in long bones and falanges.


Abstract A simple and straightforward protocol has been accomplished for synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines by reacting 5-amino-1-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (1) and β-enaminoketones (2) promoted by Iron(III)chloride. This protocol was also able to produce quinolines (5) by the reaction of O-nitrobenzaldehydes and β-enaminoketones. Simple reaction conditions, high compatibility and excellent yields are the advantages of this protocol. Graphical Abstract


The present invention discloses a semi-active MRF dual mass flywheel, intended to overcome the problems of the prior art dual-mass flywheel damper uncontrollable problems, which comprises a primary flywheel assembly, the secondary flywheel assembly, two arcuate spring ( 11), and magnetorheological fluid excitation device (8). The secondary flywheel assembly by the slide bearings (15) set on the primary flywheel assembly on the left, between the primary and secondary flywheel assembly on the right side of the flywheel assembly to leave radial and axial clearance that is filled with magnetorheological fluid ( 8) sealed chamber, two arcuate spring (11) symmetrically mounted in the same configuration as the arcuate recess 2 of the primary flywheel assembly, one end of the two arcuate spring (11) abuts the same structure 2 the end face of the end portion of the arcuate groove, the other end of the two arcuate spring (11) sequentially in the side surface of the secondary flywheel assembly force transmission plate (13) of the same configuration as two ear fixing plate welded, excitation means secured around the secondary flywheel assembly.


"Peter Pan" is one of the most famous children's stories in which the eponymous hero leads the Darling children on a wild adventure to a magical land where they never grow up and which is peopled with fairies, pirates, redskins, mermaids and the infamous Captain Hook.


The invention provides a method for preparing a super-hydrophobic surface with ultrahigh adhesion. With cobalt sulfate heptahydrate as a reaction substrate, a zinc plate as a base and water as a solvent, the method comprises the following steps: firstly depositing cobalt on the surface of the zinc plate according to a chemical precipitation method, then immersing the zinc plate with cobalt deposited on the surface in an absolute ethanol solution of stearic acid to graft the stearic acid to the cobalt surface to obtain the super-hydrophobic surface. Contact angle measurement finds that the super-hydrophobic surface prepared according to the method disclosed by the invention has the contact angle of bigger than 150 degrees and the roll angle of 90 degrees to deionized water, and keeps good adhesion property as water drops can be firmly adhered to the surface of the zinc plate even if the zinc plate is inverted; and as a result, as a super-hydrophobic material, the super-hydrophobic surface prepared according to the method disclosed by the invention used has higher adhesion property, plays an important role in lossless delivery of a trace amount of liquid, and has great commercial prospect in the technical field of special infiltration interfaces.


This paper presents a design for an intelligent parking management system, based on the integrated RS485 and RFID. In this system, a vehicle can quickly and easily access to the car park. Such a system uses three-dimensional ultrasonic detection technology. Vehicles are interconnected via RS485 terminal that implements parking data reliable transmission of the information and combines with the RFID technology for vehicle access control. The system has been tested, and the results show that it can substantially optimize the management of car parks, save the administrative costs, and low cost, and it is a reliable system.


The scientificalness of the teachers' evaluation depends on the normalization, openness and efficiency of the evaluation procedures. In the preparatory phase of the evaluation the evaluators and the evaluation targets must make exchange and communication to form the cooperation, in the course of the evaluation, the evaluators should make observation in the classroom to obtain the direct, overall and true information, and in the generalizing phase of the evaluation the evaluators should represent properly and utilize rationally the results of the evaluation.


Background: Submandibular salivary glands are responsible for secretion of major amount of saliva which is important for normal oral environment of the oral cavity. Aim: to evaluate the effect of the Immunosuppressive drug Sirolimus on structure and immunohistochemistry of the submandibular salivary glands of the rats. Material and Methods Forty healthy adult male albino rats (body weight 150 -180 gram) were divided into two equal groups 20 animals each. Group 1 served as controls while group 2 were treated with the immunosuppressive drug sirolimus (rapamycin). Control group were subdivided into two subgroups subgroup 1.1: received ethanol and saline in comparable volume to group 2 and same route of administration while subgroup 1.2 were left untreated. After 3 months, rats were sacrificed and specimens of the right side of submandibular salivary glands were stained with H & E and Immunoperoxidase. While specimens of the left side were examined with transmission electron microscope. Results: Histologically, by H & E, both control subgroups showed normal structure of submandibular salivary gland. While, rats administrated sirolimus showed altered structure. Using TEM, the ultrastructural of submandibular salivary glands of both control subgroups showed normal architecture. While, sirolimus treated- group revealed degeneration in the glands acinar and ductal cells. Immunohistochemical findings showed normal staining reactivity of submandibular salivary gland of the control group while, sirolimus-treated group showed marked reduction in their staining reaction. Conclusion:Sirolimus administration cause structural and ultrastructural alterations in the parenchymal and stromal elements of the submandibular salivary gland that affect the salivary secretion and may lead to detrimental effect on oral health.


Findings of a stay that examined the progress of three Indiana schools (Beech Grove Senior High School, Indianapolis; Linton-Stockton Elementary School, southwestern Indiana; and Richmond High School) toward educational innovation goals under the 21st Century Schools Pilot Project are presented in this paper. Each school is described in terms of its vision and mission, changed features, actual progress to date, and obstacles to change. Although the school environments and goals differ, they share the following themes: clearly defined visions; site-based, shared decision making; and an understanding of restructuring as a learning process. Common obstacles include resistant teachers and a lack of time and training. A copy of the legislation for the 21st Century Schools Pilot Project and a description of six pilot schools' vision plans are included.


To ensure optimal auditory development for the acquisition of spoken language, children with hearing loss require early diagnosis, effective ongoing audiological management, well fit and maintained...


Abstract: Concrete's excellent structural strength and stability make it the most often utilised building material in the civil engineering sector. Directly releasing garbage into the environment might have negative effects on the environment. To use natural resources more effectively and preserve the environment from waste deposits, waste can be used to create new goods or used as admixtures. The importance of recycling waste has thus been highlighted. The performance of the concrete itself has less of an impact on the reinforced concrete composite material as a whole. This prompted the quest for fresh content. In this study, the mechanical characteristics of concrete are examined with the addition of aluminium fines and lithium salt in varying weight proportions to cement. the sector of concrete.


The utility model relates to an automatic windup device of a watch, which comprises a bottom frame, a main body, a cap equipped with a glazed window, and a plurality of spring watch supports equipped with fins. A rigid direct drive system drives a rotating disc. An electronic system controls the swing of the rotating disc according to the required process. When a drawer is used, a locking mechanism is utilized for preventing the automatic sliding of the drawer.


High-grade basement massifs exposed in the northern Andes and the buried basement of the adjacent Putumayo foreland basin contain a record of Amazonia's involvement in the supercontinent Rodinia. Metasedimentary granulites and orthogneisses, strongly deformed during at least one metamorphic episode dated at ca. 0.99 Ga, provide critical information on the pre-collisional history of the Mesoproterozoic continental margin. Here, new U–Pb, Lu–Hf, Sm–Nd and O isotopic data from outcrop samples of the Garzón and Las Minas Cordilleran basement massifs as well as fragments of drill-core recovered from the Putumayo basin basement are reported. We explore the application of a dual-ICP-MS approach to obtain concurrent U–Pb and Lu–Yb–Hf information on complexly zoned zircon from orogenic lower-crust, and demonstrate its use to retrieve reliable pre-metamorphic information despite possible complexities introduced by mixed-domain ablation and isotopic disturbance of the U–Pb system by thermally induced recrystallization. In combination with 18O compositions from the same zircon growth domains, and bulk-rock Nd isotope information, we reconstruct segments of the tectonic and crustal evolution of a longlived accretionary orogen that developed along the (modern) NW margin of Amazonia during most of the Mesoproterozoic. Inherited zircons in metaigneous samples from the Cordilleran massifs, with protolith crystallization ages in the range from ca. 1.47 to 1.15 Ga, have Hf–O compositions that indicate significant crustal reworking in their source region, but denote a trend of increasing 176Hf/177Hf with decreasing age that can be attributed to rejuvenation by progressive addition of radiogenic components during this time interval. Detrital zircons within this same age range found in metasedimentary granulites of the Garzón massif also follow this trend, further supporting previous inferences that their protoliths were deposited in arc-proximal basins with little to no coarse-grained detritus delivered from an older cratonic domain. A shift in orogenic deformation style starting at ∼1.15–1.10 Ga, inferred to be associated with the accretion of fringing-arc terranes against the continental margin, triggered an early amphibolite-grade metamorphic episode; this was accompanied by pervasive partial melting and migmatite development in fertile metasedimentary units and is interpreted to be responsible for enhanced crustal reworking evidenced 176 177 from the shallowing of Hf/ Hf vs. age trends in detrital and metamorphic zircons from the Garzón and Las Minas massifs. Convergent tectonism along the Putumayo margin came to an end during the final incorporation of Amazonia to the core of the Rodinia supercontinent, possibly during collision against the Sveconorwegian segment of Baltica at 0.99 Ga. Although the position and role of Amazonia within Rodinia remains controversial, the new Nd and Hf isotope data provide additional evidence to link the ∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.


Instabilities in a plasma containing electrons drifting relative to the ions and subjected to an intense ac electric field of frequency ω are investigated. The beat disturbance produced by the interaction of the driving field and ion density fluctuations of wavenumber ki accelerates electrons of velocity ω/ki. If this is larger than the electron drift velocity, the acceleration enhances the current, while the recoil momentum imparted to the ion fluctuation can cause it to grow. The process has been simulated on a one‐dimensional plasma model and it was found that the small amplitude growth is in agreement with a theory which is a minor modification of that for the anomalous high‐frequency resistivity. Nonlinear effects ultimately saturate the growth of the instability and the current enhancement, and some discussion of these is given.


Thermoelectric power (TEP) experiments on 4f  instability compounds are described down to very low temperatures. Above 1 K, the data are analyzed in a two‐band model; major features are the electron‐hole symmetry between cerium and ytterbium and the change of the sign on approaching the trivalent state. At very low temperature, for the trivalent heavy fermion compound CeAl3, a new inversion of the sign of the TEP is observed which is connected with the entrance in the Kondo lattice regime.


The present study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Justicia gendarussa methanolic leaf extracts from five different locations in Johor and also two standards flavonoids (naringenin and kaempferol) as these two compounds were detected in the chromatogram. In this study, leaf extracts and compounds were tested against various human cancer cell lines (HT-29, HeLa and BxPC-3) by using MTT assay. The results showed that methanolic leaf extracts from Mersing and kaempferol were very toxic against BxPC-3 and HeLa cells with IC 50 values of 16 µg/ml and 5 µg/ml, respectively. It is suggested that J. gendarussa leaf extracts from Mersing have potential cytotoxic activity on human cancer cell lines particularly BxPC-3 cells.


Globalization" is becoming an up-to-datetrend of thought. It seems to be easier for people tounderstand its meaning with the development ofeconomy, finance, science and technology. But,"cultural globalization"cannot hold water in anysignificance. The world cultural development in the futurewould probably be a result of conflict and conpromize,mutual motion and dialogue between "globalization"and "Iocalization". This paper points out that localculture is the "soul"of the city. We should have tounderstand the traditional local culture from threedifferent layers mentioned above, and to make effortson the "creative transformation"in our ancient culture,so that it could be of help for our current practice. Thispaper also introduced two excellent architecturalprojects as examples for the interpretation of "creativetransformation"


Typhoon 1112 crossed the Japanese Islands from 2 to 5 September in 2011, inducing more than 50 deep-seated catastrophic landslides of Jurassic to Palaeogene sedimentary rocks. These landslides hit houses, made landslide dams, or induced Tsunami by rushing into swollen rivers. The areas of landslides ranged from 36,000 m2 to 54,900 m2 and the maximum volume is estimated to be 15 million m3. Nine landslides have been surveyed by Lidar before the events as well as after the events, which clearly showed that eight of the 9 landslides had small scarplets near their future crowns beforehand as precursory topographic features. These scarplets are made by gravitational slope deformation that preceded the catastrophic landslides. The strains accompanying the deformation are estimated to be from 5 to 21 %, which suggests that these landslides were under the critical condition just before failure. Fourteen landslides we surveyed in the field had sliding surfaces along faults made during accretion or along bedding.Lower photographs are slope images of Akatani landslide, one of the largest landslides induced by the typhoon. Comparing these images, we clearly identify scarplets along the future crown, which is indicated by black arrows. The landslide slope had a failure at the lower part beforehand, destabilizing the upper portion of slopes. Similar scarplets have been identified in most landslides before the events. We acknowledge that the Kinki Regional Development Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport and Nara Prefectural Government to provide invaluable DEM data. Prediction of deep-seated landslides by heavy rainfall needs combination of two complementary approaches that focus on geological and geomorphological predisposition of hillslopes, and hydrological triggering of final slope destabilization. Analyses of topography and rainfall history will provide a clue to understand processes leading to deep-seated landslides in mountainous landscape. This study reports the case of deep-seated landslides caused by typhoon 12 in 2011, in Kii Mountains, Japan. A GIS-based topographic analysis revealed the distribution of potential hillslope instability in the terrain, and hence offered an interpretation for location of the landslides. Timing and motion of several landslides are reconstructed by seismic-wave records. We examined relationships between preceding rainfall and volume or speed of sliding mass to evaluate threshold conditions leading to landslides. Typhoon Talas passed Japan Island on September 3-4, 2011 and brought substantial rainfall in western part of Japan. Total rainfall by this typhoon exceeds 2000mm in Kii peninsula, which caused many landslides in Nara, Wakayama, and Mie prefec-tures. 73 people were killed and 19 were reported missing by this typhoon. The seismic signals due to these landslides are recorded by dense seismic network in Japan. The long-period surface waves are recorded by broadband seismic network (F-net) all over Japan (NIED, 2011), and short-period ground motions are recorded by the high-sensitive seismic network (Hi-net) as much as a few hundred km away. The landslide signals are usually tens of seconds long and have smooth onset, thus it is easy to distinguish to records of small earthquakes with couple of seconds duration. The typical landslide recordings are shown in Fig. 1, We applied back-projection technique (Spudich and Cranswick, 1984) to the records and determined the timing and location of each landslide signal. We successfully detected several landslides in the continuous seismic recordings, and large events with volume more than 1 million m3 were located by the back-projection method. The seismic waveforms are very characteristic, and composed of high-frequency ground motion (frequency > 1Hz) and low-frequency ground motion (frequency < 0.1Hz). This complicated waveforms reflects the actual mechanism of landslides, and helps to understand the mass movement in time series. The sequence of the landslides caused by Typhoon Talas can be located by the conventional source relocation technique in seismology. The seismic signal can tell the snapshot of the process of the landslides, which is rarely observed in visual (Suwa et al, Socio et al.). This is one of the most well-recorded landslide sequences all over the world. This seismic network is originally designed for locating seismic activities, but continuous records are very important to understand the mechanisms of the natural phenomenon as shown in this presentation. Distribution of convex slope breaks and fluvial knickpoints which are regarded as "erosion front" and deep-seated landslides induced by typhoon 1112 have been investigated to reveal how landslides develop in the context of long-term slope development. We analyzed mountain topography by using 10-m mesh DEM, topographic maps and aerial photographs in the central Kii Mountains, southwest Japan. We found that convex slope break is widely distributed about 200m above the present riverbed in study area, and it divides the area into lower dissected area and upper palaeosurface. Dissected area is divided into lower and upper parts by at least one slope break. These slope breaks were formed by active incision, and the incision dissected palaeosurface and propagated main stream to tributaries and downstream to upstream. Deep-seated landslides tend to occur in slopes with these slope breaks, because undercut slopes are unstable and partly suffered gravitational deformation. Topographic analysis by erosion front has the potential to identify the landslide-susceptible region roughly but widely. Serious landslides occurred in Leye region near Alishan, Taiwan in 2009 during Typhoon Morakot struck. This study investigated the mechanism of the Leye landslides and the characteristic of the nearby geological characteristics in the landslide area. The fluvial processes of the Tsengwen River should influence the landform thereby also influence the development of the Leye landslides. The landslide is triggered by the intense rainfall of Typhoon Morakot. Also, in the sedimentary formation of Leye region, the geological structures, such as synclines, anticlines and dip slopes control the displacement of the landslides. The mitigation works maybe helpful to retard possible complex the hazards in recent coming years. Emergency evacuation could be a better solution to mitigate the hazards in the Leye landslide area. At least 11% of the upper Shihmen Reservoir catchment is affected by gravitational slope deformation in the northern part of the Hueshan Mountain Range, Taiwan, where is underlain by Oligocene and Miocene sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. The gravitational slope deformation has occurred as a response to the propagation of new incision waves to palaeosurfaces. Therefore, landscape evolution must be accounted for to predict and to evaluate potential sites of catastrophic landslides, most of which are preceded by gravitational slope deformation. Geomorphic analyses combined with cosmogenic nuclide dating revealed that at least three phases of transient waves of incision have propagated into paleosurfaces with a minimum age of ˜140 ka. Tec-tonically induced base-level fall triggered the first incision wave around ˜120 to 140 ka, dissecting palaeosurfaces and inspiring gravitational slope deformation. The second incision wave probably driven by global sea-level lowering during last glacial age has reached to the catchment around ˜13 to 15 ka with an enormously rapid incision rate of 20 mm a-1, inducing slope move-ments. Climate forcing such as increasing monsoonal precipitation during the last glacial-to-interglacial transition may have been another cause of the rapid incision. The third incision wave is apparently associated with a local base level change. The trigger and its initiation are as yet unknown This younger incision made steeper slopes (avg. 39.8 degree), over several tens to a few hundred meters above current river bed. These are small landslide-prone slopes since numerous numbers of smaller landslides are concentrated on the lowest steep part of the river-side hillslopes. Surface a late the deep-seated slope in millions of years) for the subsequent landslide activities since the paleosurface has been dissected by the first incision wave. Recent catastrophic landslides had been preceded by gravitational slope deformation of rocks with adverse geological structures, suggesting that major-landslide prone slopes are dip-slopes of alternating beds of sandstone and mudstone at the margins of the paleosurface. Recently, rainfall-induced landslides occur frequently. In order to mitigate landslide disasters, understanding of the landslide process and developing of early warning is important. In this study, self-potential (SP) approach has been attempted to develop an early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides. The laboratory experiments of landslides under the controlled artificial precipitation and a sandbox have been performed. Their results show the capability to monitor the subsurface water condition using the self-potential method. However, laboratory experiments have limitations in scale and soil layers. Therefore, it is neces-sary to verify the obtained results by a field (in-situ) experiment and we selected landslide site in Pelabuhan Ratu, Indonesia as a field experiment site. result of groundwater flow. In order to check the groundwater flow, we calculate the electrical potential differences between neighboring two electrodes. The groundwater flow almost vertical direction in low rainfall day. In heavy rainfall day, the lateral flow dominates in the slope profile. And we calculate the hydraulic gradient using SP data and electrokinetic coupling coefficient. The hydraulic gradient of lateral direction tends to increase associated with heavy rainfall. From the indoor landslide experiment, the groundwater flow changes from vertical direction to lateral dir


The purpose of this study Was to assess the degree to Which behavioral intervention studies conducted With children diagnosed With autism operationally defined the independent variables (IVs) and evaluated treatment integrity (TI). The study replicated the criteria from Gresham, Gansle, and Noell (1993) and focused exclusively on research studies conducted With children diagnosed With autism Who Were age 18 years or younger. Results indicated that of the 60 studies that Were critically revieWed, 11 operationally defined the IVs and assessed TI. Conversely, the majority of the studies (n = 41) operationally defined the IVs yet did not assess TI. Last, 3 studies operationally defined the IVs and referred to TI Within the paper but provided no data, and 5 studies did not define IVs or assess TI.


In this study, the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite material was drilled using different parameters (118∘ and 140∘ Point Angle, 30, 60 and 90m⋅min−1 cutting speed and 0.06, 0.08 and...


Each method can be used as an independent forecast tool focussing on different spatial and temporal scales. The statistically based forecast will be locally applied, whereas the Eulerian transport model will predict the large scale development of ozone patterns. Ideally, the combination of deterministic transport modelling with statistical or fuzzy methods would improve the forecast performance. Hence, in the framework of a neuro-fuzzy module, the large scale ozone forecast of the photochemical transport model will be used as an additional parameter for the site related statistical models.


1. A method for producing cyanoacrylate monomer, comprising the steps of: (A) interaction between a cyanoacetate and formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde in the presence of a base or amine catalyst to form α-cyanoacrylate prepolymer or oligomer mixture; ! (B) the interaction of α-cyanoacrylate prepolymer or oligomer mixture to a substrate having free acid group, the acid group derivative, or free aldehyde or ketone groups to remove the catalyst and obtain purified α-cyanoacrylate prepolymer or oligomer; ! (C) depolymerization of purified α-cyanoacrylate prepolymer or oligomer to produce α-cyanoacrylate monomer. ! 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the α-cyanoacrylate is selected from the group consisting of alkiltsianakrilatov, alkoksialkiltsianakrilatov, alkoksikarboalkiltsianakrilatov and combinations thereof. ! 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the basic catalyst is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate or bicarbonate. ! 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the basic catalyst is selected from the group consisting of sodium or potassium hydroxide, sodium or potassium methoxide, sodium ethoxide or potassium tert-butoxide or potassium carbonate sodium or potassium bicarbonate and sodium or potassium. ! 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the amine catalyst is a primary, secondary and / or tertiary amines. ! 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the amine catalyst is selected from the group consisting of alkylamine, dialkylamine, trialkylamine, cyclic amines, piperidine, aromatic amines and hydroxylamines. ! 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the substrate having free acid


Journal article developed from this OAPS paper: Fan, H., Li, M., Sun, X., Wan, P. J., & Zhao, Y. (2014). Barrier coverage by sensors with adjustable ranges. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN), 11(1), 14. doi: 10.1145/2629518


Late Cretaceous [open quotes]source rocks[close quotes] from Costa Rica, western and eastern Venezuela, and Trinidad were studied using organic and inorganic geochemistry, biostratigraphy, and sedimentology in order to determine their depositional environments. Bulk mineralogy and major element geochemistry for 304 samples were combined with Rock Eval data and extract biomaker analysis to infer the types and distributions of the various Late Cretaceous productivity systems represented in the dataset. When data from this study are combined with published and proprietary data from offshore West Africa, Guyana/Suriname, and the central Caribbean, they show that these Late Cretaceous units can be correlated by their biogeochemical characteristics to establish their temporal and spatial relationships. Paleogeographic maps constructed for the early to late Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian to middle Santonian, and late Santonian to latest Campanian show that upwelling and excessive fluvial runoff were probably the dominant sources of nutrient supply to the coastal productivity systems. The late Santonian to Maastrichtian rocks examined in this study indicate that organic material was poorly preserved after deposition, even though biologic productivity remained constant or changed only slightly. A rapid influx of oxygenated bottom water may have occurred following the opening of a deep water connection between the Northmore » and South Atlantic oceans, and/or separation of India from Africa and the establishment of an Antarctic oceanic connection. This study suggests that the most important factors that controlled source rock quality in northern South America were productivity, preservation, degree of clastic dilution, and subsurface diagenesis.« less


Electrocution on power lines is an important human‐related cause of bird mortality and an important conservation issue worldwide. Besides impacts on bird populations, electrocutions cause power outages, resulting in damage to power line network integrity. However, there is a general lack of knowledge on the risk of bird electrocution, especially in developing countries. Generating information over large scales without resorting to local mortality data can be useful for the development of regional management strategies, particularly in countries where electrocution is poorly documented. Here, we developed a framework to model the risk of bird electrocution as an interaction between the species‐specific exposure to power lines (pole density within a species distribution range) and susceptibility (morphological and behavioral traits associated with electrocution hazards). We applied this framework to Brazil, identifying 283 species that face a risk of electrocution, of which 38 were classified as higher risk, mostly raptors (76%). The Pantanal (a large wetland biome) concentrates the greatest cumulative susceptibility due to the high number of species vulnerable to electrocution (i.e. large species using power lines for perching or nesting), while the Atlantic Forest region has a higher risk for electrocution, due to the spatial overlap between the presence of vulnerable species and high exposure to power lines. Furthermore, our study identified spatial patterns of bird electrocution, highlighting priority areas for electrocution susceptibility and electrocution risk to be further investigated, and where measures to mitigate bird electrocutions should be applied on new and existing power lines. Our framework allows a preliminary assessment aimed at identifying areas of higher risk of electrocution, to highlight species vulnerable to this threat and to improve power line routing. This approach can be replicated to other understudied areas of the world where the same information is available.


Effect of source honesty and appropriateness on effectiveness of rumor denial was tested. When the source was perceived as high on honesty, the denial was more successful in reducing belief and anxiety associated with the rumor. Source appropriateness (operationalized as a combination of source knowledgeability and status) did not have a main effect on belief or anxiety reduction. Honesty and appropriateness had an additive effect, such that the denial was most successful in reducing belief when the source was perceived as high on both honesty and appropriateness.


Rechargeable aluminum based batteries and supercapacitors have been regarded as promising sustainable energy storage candidates, because aluminum metal is the most abundant metal element in the earth crust, and it delivers very high volumetric capacity and acceptable gravimetric capacity. This mini review presents the brief development of Al-based primary batteries, and introduces the latest advances of rechargeable Al-based energy storage systems with both nonaqueous and aqueous electrolytes.


We study numerically the overdamped motion of particles driven in a two-dimensional ratchet potential. In the proposed design, of the so-called geometrical-ratchet type, the mean velocity of a single particle in response to a constant force has a transverse component that can be induced by the presence of thermal or other unbiased fluctuations. We find that additional quenched disorder can strongly enhance the transverse drift at low temperatures, in spite of reducing the transverse mobility. We show that, under general conditions, the rectified transverse velocity of a driven particle fluid is equivalent to the response of a one-dimensional flashing ratchet working at a drive-dependent effective temperature, defined through generalized Einstein relations.


In this letter, a technique for enhancement of bandwidth along with gain is proposed here. This article deals with design, modeling and simulation of slotted antenna. A star shaped parasitic patch is introduced in the centre of antenna to improve the gain along with the bandwidth by exciting additional resonances. For enhancing bandwidth, a slotted approach is used in ground of antenna along with rotation in patch and a simple 50 Ώ microstrip line fed is used to excite the slot in the antenna. Simulated results shows that a good amount of bandwidth (approx. 2.89 GHz) and gain (approx. 8.05 dB) is achieved ranging from 2.37 to 4.55 GHz using Ansoft HFSS software. The proposed antenna shows its application in WIMAX and WLAN bands along with comparative analysis between parasitic patch and without parasitic patch at the last.


Varying torque propeller loads likely to be encountered in a main propulsion system of a ship in a seaway were simulated as loads on a propulsion gas turbine engine with a constant gas generator speed governed system. The effect on the engine torque and other engine parameters of variations in load magnitude, period of load oscillation, drive train inertia, and engine operating point was investigated and equations of load oscillation, drive train inertia, and engine operating point was investigated and equations derived relating these variables.


The essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill (Apiaceae) fruits was extracted by hydrodistillation. The residue of the fruit treated with hydrochloric acid and again hydrodistilled to extract volatile compounds. The components of obtained oils were identified using GC and GC-MS. Antibacterial activity of the oils and pure thymol were examined against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis as well as two isolated bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli, from diseased hen, using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. The fruit of the plant yielded 3.5 and 2.4 mL oils, with thirteen and twenty-four identified compounds in the oil before and after acid hydrolysis, respectively. Thymol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene were the major components of the both oils. All the tested bacteria sufficiently suppressed by the oils with inhibition zone (IZD) diameters ranging 26.6-50.3 mm with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <0.02 μL/mL. Thymol inhibited growth of the bacteria with concentration of 100 mg/mL. The results of present study revealed that the fruit of T. ammi could serve for production of supplements or therapeutic agents for poultry industries.


Selenium is an essential trace element important to human health. Nonetheless, supra‐nutritional selenium intake is reported to be associated with insulin resistance and may therefore increase the risk of diabetes and disrupt endothelial function (ED), the initial step in atherosclerosis development. However, the underpinning molecular mechanisms are not clear. High selenium concentrations cause apoptosis in cancer cells through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a mechanism also involved in the pathogenesis of ED. Therefore, we hypothesised here that high selenium intake could cause ED through the activation of ER stress response.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been associated with type II diabetes (T2D) and obesity in several epidemiologic studies. To determine whether AD neuropathology can cause peripheral metabolic impairments, we investigated metabolic parameters in the triple‐transgenic (3xTg)‐AD mouse model of AD, compared with those in nontransgenic (non‐Tg) controls, at 6, 8, and 14 mo of age. We found a more pronounced cortical Aβ accumulation (2‐and 3.5‐fold increase in Aβ42 in the soluble and insoluble protein fractions, respectively) in female 3xTg‐AD mice than in the males. Furthermore, female 3xTg‐AD mice displayed a significant deterioration in glucose tolerance (AUC, +118% vs. non‐Tg mice at 14 mo). Fasting plasma insulin levels rose 2.5‐fold from 6 to 14 mo of age in female 3xTg‐AD mice. Glucose intolerance and cortical amyloid pathology worsened with age, and both were more pronounced in the females. Pancreatic amyloidopathy was revealed and could underlie the observed deficit in glycemic response in 3xTg‐AD mice. The present results suggest that AD‐like neuropathology extends to the pancreas in the 3xTg‐AD mouse, leading to glucose intolerance and contributing to a pathologic self‐amplifying loop between AD and T2D.—Vandal, M., White, P. J., Chevrier, G., Tremblay, C., St‐Amour, I., Planel, E., Marette, A., Calon, F. Age‐dependent impairment of glucose tolerance in the 3xTg‐AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J. 29, 4273‐4284 (2015). www.fasebj.org


Let A be a maximal subdiagonal algebra of a von Neumann algebra M with respect to a faithful normal expectation . Then we show that if ' is a faithful normal state of M such that ' = ', then A is ' t -invariant, where { ' t }t2R is the modular automorphism group associated with '. As an application, we prove that every -weakly closed subdiagonal algebra of B(H) is a nest algebra with an atomic nest.


Femtosecond laser pulses are used to understand fading of art chromophores across more than 20 orders of magnitude in time, provide sophisticated approaches for material processing, and as a relatively straightforward tool for device development.


Background: Under the New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules -2019 that came into force on 14th September 2019, all Ethics Committees (ECs) reviewing biomedical and health research should register with the authority designated by the Central Government of India. Study Objective: We investigated the status of registration of ECs in the Department of Health Research (DHR) to date. Materials and Methods: The data collection was started on 1 April, 2021 and was last updated on 10 April, 2022. The ECs registered with DHR were extracted from NAITIK online portal. The ECs were segregated according to the state and Union territories, medical colleges, dental colleges, and hospital and research institutes. Results: Total of 836 registered ECs were uploaded on the DHR website to date. Out of which, 822 (98.32%) were Institutional and 14 (1.67%) were independent. Among total ECs, 518 (61.96%) were in hospitals and research institutes, 231 (27.63%) in medical colleges, and 73 (8.73%) in dental colleges. 76 (9.09%) got the final certificate after completion of a provisional period of two years. Among 606 medical colleges and 316 dental colleges, 38.11% and 23.10% of colleges had registered ECs respectively. Maharashtra has the highest number with 129 (15.43%) registered ECs whereas Gujarat is number one (53.33%) in terms of percent registered ECs in medical colleges of particular states. Conclusions: Timely registration of ECs should be encouraged by the concerned stakeholders and try to make a robust mechanism for bringing transparency, uniformity, and accountability to the ECs across the states.


Different physical quantitative observations are presented for water flowing continuously through a Pulsed Electric Field chamber with a volume of 2 cm/sup 3/. The effects of flow, pressure, voltage and pulse frequency on temperatures measured at different locations, and on the occurrence of partial discharges is reported. Results are presented for the most commonly used cofield geometry, with the electric field and flow directions parallel to one another.


In this paper the robust droop controller based virtual synchronous machines are implemented in a complete system level simulation to validate their active participation in the power system regulation and the benefits they can bring to the power grid. The IEEE 12-bus system with four conventional synchronous generators are adopted as the test system. The system structure and the robust droop controllers are briefly introduced. The simulations are carried out where the entire system operates in the normal condition and after the disturbances. The simulation results are discussed and the advantages of the virtual synchronous machines are illustrated through comparisons.


A quadruped robot driven by hydraulic cylinders has advantages for heavy loads, but the nonlinear and uncertain dynamics of the hydraulic actuators have to be considered. In this paper, a multi-strategy combination fuzzy sliding mode controller is adopted for the dynamic force control of a hydraulic servo system. First, a nonlinear mathematic modeling of a hydraulic actuator is given. Based on the modeling, a sliding mode controller is designed using the Lyapunov techniques. Second, a fuzzy scheduling mechanism is designed for boundary layer width tuning to reduce the chattering. Finally, a set of experiments were performed to analyze the effect of variation in given force, hydraulic parameters, supply pressure and environmental stiffness. The results show that the proposed fuzzy sliding mode controller is effective for a nonlinear hydraulic system, and makes the system response robust in presence of uncertainties.


1. Several types of facilitation of evoked synaptic responses were investigated in the CA1 region of the in vitro rat hippocampus. Homosynaptic paired‐pulse facilitation and heterosynaptic frequency facilitation were characterized and found to be differentiable processes on the basis of several characteristics.


The forms of state relations with civil society: from their complete merger to opposition and separation have been reasoned. It was substantiated that non-distinction of civil society and the state is explained by the power of by the power of the Unique and Total in classic metaphysics. And, on the contrary, metaphysics deconstruction in the style of philosophic thinking promoted elimination of state power towards civil society. The conclusion was drawn that specific character of different forms of relations of the state and civil society effect the features of civil society subject becoming. The subject as a free individuality was called as a criterion of civil society. Historical stages of becoming subject free individuality were introduced. Ancient Greek culture create «communitarian-ethatic individuality», net time «individualistic-instrumental, modern age free individuality.


This paper investigates the puncturing pattern design of Hadamard codes. When designing the puncturing patterns, the minimum Hamming distance property and cross-correlation property of the punctured Hadamard codes are considered. The theoretical upper bound of the minimum Hamming distance is derived for the punctured Hadamard codes and an algorithm is subsequently proposed for searching punctured codes with the minimum distance approaching the bound. Another approach to design the punctured codes is to minimize the cross-correlations between punctured codewords. A new metric is defined to measure the overall severity of the cross-correlation based on which punctured codes with the "lowest" cross-correlations are found. Simulation results show that both techniques are effective in searching for good punctured Hadamard codes. As expected, moreover, the punctured codes found by minimizing the cross-correlation outperform those optimized by maximizing minimum Hamming distance when a-posteriori-probability decoding is used.


Professionalization training offered in French universities is increasing. Students are attracted to sectors that are more explicitly professionalizing. There are features that, for students completing a bachelor's degree, build a professionalized image at university. Findings show a positive overall social representation, in which work placement is particularly appreciated. However, for the students interviewed, expectations remain unmet.


1. French M. Immune restoration disease in HIV-infected patients on HAART. AIDS Reader 1999, 9:548–562. 2. John M, French MAH. Exacerbation of the inflammatory response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis after antiretroviral therapy. Med J Aust 1998, 169:473–474. 3. Stone S, Price P, Brochier J, French M. Plasma bioavailable interleukin-6 is elevated in human immunodeficiency virusinfected patients who experience herpesvirus-associated immune restoration disease after start of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2001, 184:1073–1077. 4. Lawn S, Shattock R, Acheampong J, Lal R, Folks T, Griffin G, Butera S. Sustained plasma TNF-Æ and HIV-1 load despite resolution of other parameters of immune activation during treatment of tuberculosis in Africans. AIDS 1999, 13: 2231–2237.


The utility model relates to a horizontal-type internal combustion fire tube hot water boiler capable of achieving flameless combustion in a compact arrangement mode. The boiler comprises a boiler shell (2), boiler furnaces, a combustor (1), a smoke box (5), a flue tube convection bank (6) and a boiler flue gas outlet (7). The combustor (1) is a flameless combustor; the boiler furnaces include the one-return-stroke boiler (3) and the two-return-stroke boiler (4), the one-return-stroke boiler (3), the two-return-stroke boiler (4) and the flue tube convection bank (6) are all arranged in the boiler shell (2), the smoke box (5) is arranged on the front portion of the boiler shell (2), the boiler flue gas outlet (7) is formed in the rear portion of the boiler shell (2), the two ends of the two-return-stroke boiler (4) are communicated with the one-return-stroke boiler (3) and the smoke box (5) respectively, the flue tube convection bank (6) is arranged below the two-return-stroke boiler (4) and the two ends of the flue tube convection bank (6) are communicated with the smoke box (5) and the boiler flue gas outlet (7) respectively. The boiler is high in combustion efficiency and small in occupied area, service life of a heated surface is long, and exhausting of NOX and CO is effectively controlled.


chapters are more rhetorical in their support for local participation, in their acceptance that top-down planning is bound to fail. In practice, of course, that is exactly the way that most Latin American administrations have been moving since the conference was held. In a sense, governments have had community participation thrust upon them. Increasingly vociferous demands have been made for services, employment and justice by local communities long disillusioned by governmental neglect. But governments have also accepted this kind of approach because they recognise that they are unable to satisfy community demands in any other way. They need local communities to help resolve the very problems that those communities are complaining about. At one level, this means that the poor have a greater say in the way in which resources are spent. But, at another, it means that they have to pay more taxes and higher public service charges, that they have to contribute directly to solving their own problems. Clearly, a major outcome of austerity is that urban governments have been forced to recognise community involvement as both a political and a financial necessity. Although the book is accurate in predicting this outcome, in other respects its contents appear to be rather dated. Its problem is that the world has changed since the conference was held. In 1986, austerity was the dominant word in the Latin American vocabulary. Since then economic growth has returned to many countries in Latin America. Democratic regimes have also been established sufficiently long to be disappointing some of their erstwhile supporters. In places, presidents are being impeached and democratic institutions are being subjected to embarrassing questioning; the military is beginning to flex its muscles. Liberalisation, modernisation and privatisation are by now well established in several countries. As a result, the book looks a little dated and perhaps a new conference is now required both to think more deeply about some of the more innovative ideas raised here and to adapt those ideas to a different Latin American reality.


In this paper, we propose two image transmission schemes driven by energy efficiency considerations in order to be suitable for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The first one is an open-loop image transmission scheme while the second one is closed-loop. Both schemes are based on wavelet image transform and semi-reliable transmission to achieve energy conservation. Wavelet image transform provides data decomposition in multiple levels of resolution, so the image can be divided into packets with different priorities. Semi-reliable transmission enables priority-based packet discarding by intermediate nodes according to their battery's state-of-charge. Such an image transmission approach provides a graceful trade-off between the image quality played out and the sensor nodes' lifetime. An analytical study in terms of dissipated energy is performed to compare our two schemes to a fully reliable image transmission scheme. Since image processing is computationally intensive and operates on a large data set, the cost of the wavelet image transform is considered in the energy consumption analysis. Results show up to 70% and 90% reductions in energy consumption with the open-loop and closed-loop schemes, respectively, compared to a non-energy-aware one, with a guarantee for the image quality to be lower-bounded.


The troubleshooting in daily application of Gel Permeation Chromatography( GPC) were simply described. Some experiences combined with our work in daily maintenance were introduced. Respectively,we had summarized from five aspects which were the solvent storage system,transportation system,injection system,separation system and detection system. In our testing work,the correct use of instruments,and as far as possible to avoid the wastage of the equipment or consumables,can not only save the cost of testing,but also extend the life of the instrument.


Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Cranzt) is an important food security crop for resource poor rural communities particularly in Africa. Little is however known about molecular diversity of Kenyan cassava germplasm. This led to a study whose objective was to identify genetic constitution of cassava accessions from different regions of Kenya using molecular tools. Seven pairs of micro satellite (SSR) primers previously developed from cassava were used to detect polymorphic 21 alleles in a sample of 69 accessions. The cluster analysis of similarity matrix obtained at 68% with SSR data showed that the 69 accessions were grouped into five marker based groups. This study proved that SSRs could be used to identify cassava accessions as well as in the assessment of level of genetic relatedness among accessions. Keywords : Cassava, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, genetic diversity.


Global increases in energy demand will inevitable lead to increased oil and gas exploration in areas not considered economically viable today. In these areas with large depths and hostile conditions subsea system solutions will be beneficiary. Modifications of power electronic components not intended for subsea use might yield good solutions with decreased overall cost. One suggested solution for subsea converters is to encapsulate the power electronics in a vessel with flexible walls and filled with dielectric oil, allowing the pressure on the inside to equal the ambient pressure at sea bed. This solution will reduce overall cost and increase gas field recovery. Theoretical studies on various topics associated with subsea power electronics have been carried out. Among these are topics about subsea processing systems, considerations of condition assessment and working principle of semiconductors with emphasis on the insulated gate bipolar transistor, IGBT. The switching characteristics, including turn-on and turn-off transients and power loss calculations, of an IGBT module operated with two different gate drivers are obtained from double pulse tests with high voltage and current in an H-bridge leg converter set up. Thorough testing of the IGBT module and documentation of results have been performed to achieve well documentation of how the module behaves in air to use as a reference for later testing purposes with module submerged in dielectric oil and high pressure.


The invention discloses a natural polymer modified coated controlled release fertilizer and a preparation method thereof. The fertilizer comprises a fertilizer core layer and a coated layer positioned on the outside of the fertilizer core, wherein the material of the fertilizer core layer is formed from fertilizer particles, and the coated layer which is one layer or two layers and is a two layered coated controlled release fertilizer is a cellulose layer and a hydrophobic film. The coated controlled release fertilizer provided by the invention has a good controlled release performance, and simultaneously the film material has biodegradability, so an environmental problem brought by the controlled release film material is solved. A natural product cellulose is adopted to get rid of the dependence of the coated material on a petrochemical resource, so the sustainable development of the coated material is realized. The coated controlled release fertilizer, which has the advantages of improvement of the fertilizer utilization rate, environment pollution reduction, sustainable development, and the like, has a wide application prospect.


The objective was twofold: (1) to estimate for each individual the body mass index (BMI) which is associated with the lowest risk of death, and (2) to study variants of the BMI formula to determine which gives the best predictions of death.


Collecting energy from body movements to supply power for equipment is an important method to rapidly develop wearable intelligent equipment. This method places high requirements, such as being lightweight and stable, on a nanogenerator. Herein, a bioinspired helical triboelectric nanogenerator (BH‐TENG) that realizes energy acquisition through the intensity and frequency of body movement is designed based on the helical structure of DNA. The helical structure facilitates more contact areas and provides increased stability to complete the power generation process than the simple structure with planar electrodes and functional layers in the same volume. It is found that when the frequency is 4 Hz and the impact load is 50 N, the output current reaches 17 µA and the voltage reaches 300 V with a charge transfer capacity of 371 nC. When the BH‐TENG is fitted in the sole of a shoe, it can light 120 LEDs when a subject is walking. After simple rectification output and capacitance matching, the BH‐TENG is verified to work independently and stably for 20 min to provide power for small digital thermometer. The above experiments show the advantages of the BH‐TENG in acquiring body motion energy.


This text exposes the field of higher education as a haven for many dysfunctional bureaucrats, who focus on their own self-interest rather than the institution they are supposed to serve. The author presents examples and proposals for reform.


The self-contradiction which is described by Han Feizi is a logical paradox contradiction,and a misuse that it is used as a unity-opposites contradiction leads to the absence of logical paradox contradiction in the field of materialist dialectics.The linguistic cause of misuse and absence is caused by equating unity-opposites of German and Russian to contradiction.The Chinese native cause which self-contradictory-logical paradox contradictory can not be brought to the main current of philosophy and morale culture is the traditional idea of harmoniousness makes it out of Chinese mainstream in philosophy and morality.We can not accept its semantic meaning when it was disseminated from western countries to China except its form.As a logical paradox contradiction,self-contradiction is universal.Therefore,it is necessary to introduce it into the category of materialist dialectics,which makes materialist dialectic contradiction develop with the dual meanings of unity-opposites and self-contradiction.


The Kamojang field is the first operating geothermal field in Indonesia, and is currently operated by Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) Area Kamojang. PGE Area Kamojang has been implementing an environmental management system (EMS) according to the ISO 14001 Standard since 2002. The Standard is currently undergoing an extensive revision for 2015, including a new concept of "risks and opportunities that need to be addressed" to ensure the EMS can achieve its intended outcomes. This case study examines and explores the implications, strengths and weaknesses associated with several potential approaches for addressing this new concept. The methodologies provide for enhanced consideration of the organization's internal and external context, environmental conditions capable of affecting or being affected by the organization, and the needs and expectations of interested parties in order to determine actions needed to address risks and opportunities that can affect its EMS.


The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees set a 10-year timeline in 2014 to prevent childhood statelessness. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees believes this is possible if the following four steps are taken. First, it urges all States to allow children, who would otherwise be stateless, to gain nationality in the country where they are born. Secondly, it urges States to reform citizenship laws that discriminate on the ground of gender, so that mothers are able to pass nationality to their children on an equal basis as fathers. Thirdly, it calls for the elimination of laws and practices that deny children nationality because of their ethnicity, race, or religion.  Lastly, and most importantly, it calls on States to ensure universal birth registration to prevent statelessness. The specific focus of this paper will be to examine the risk of childhood statelessness in South Africa. This paper will begin by providing an explanation of statelessness, followed by the causes and consequences of statelessness. It will briefly comment on the two Statelessness Conventions and examine the extent to which the right to nationality in international human rights laws can protect the stateless child. South Africa has not ratified either of the two Conventions on Statelessness, but it believes its citizenship laws are sufficient to prevent childhood statelessness. This article aims to interrogate whether South Africa's laws can protect children at risk of being born stateless and provide adequate solutions to this problem. Through this analysis, the four steps identified by the UNHCR to prevent statelessness will be tested against South African law. This paper utilises a child-centred approach, thereby viewing children as beings with rights and not merely as objects of protection, as with the State-centred approach.


Some Methods for Studies of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Pharmacology, R.J. Lukas, J.D. Fryer, J.B. Eaton, and C.L. Gentry Presynaptic Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Subtypes Mediating Neurotransmitter Release, S. Wonnacott, A. Mogg, A. Bradley, and I.W. Jones Nicotinic Receptors in the Periphery Effects of Nicotine on Dopaminergic Neurotransmission, P.P. Rowell Nicotinic Receptors in the Periphery, S. Jones, H. Lo, and S.A. Simom Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors as Targets in Pain Control, M.I. Damaj and C.M. Flores Mouse Models to Evaluate Genetic Influences on Responses to Nicotine, M.J. Marks and A.C. Collins Nicotinic Involvement in Cognitive Function in Rats, E.D. Levin and A.H. Rezvani Nicotine and Cognition in Young and Aged Nonhuman Primates, J.J. Buccafusco and A.V. Terry, Jr. Evaluation of Pharmacologic Treatments for Smoking Cessation, J.E. Rose Nicotine and Schizophrenia, J.P. McEvoy Nicotinic Medications and Tourette's Disorder, R.D. Shytle, A.A. Silver, M. Newman, B.J. Wilkinson, and P.R. Sandberg Nicotine Effects on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, E.D. Levin Clinical Methodologies in the Examination of Nicotinic Effects, A. Potter and P.A. Newhouse Nicotinic Systems: An Integrated Approach, E.D. Levin


To bring about social change in land management behaviour requires careful thought about how best to manage the process of change. While there has been a concerted effort to bring about changes in land management practices across Australia, particularly in the Decade of Landcare, a federal initiative between 1988 and 1998, recent evaluations indicate that awareness has been raised but land degradation continues unabated. Communicators are key players in the process of change and can make a significant contribution through effective analysis of needs in the process, management during change, and the provision of quality communication. It is suggested that four areas of communication that require more attention for application to land management change are: managing the process of change and personality types, the role of constructive dialogue between stakeholders and their level of power in decision making, the role of community in research programs to inform decision making, and the use of social marketing. Managing the change process and personality types are discussed in this paper. The other three areas of communication will be the subject of future papers. It is suggested that fresh and analytic approaches are needed, and that communicators can benefit by using ideas from a range of disciplines. This is necessary if the challenge of creating a sustainable agricultural system in Australia is to be realised.


This first account of some birds of the high mountains of New Ireland is based on twelve days' collecting in the Hans Meyer Range, in February 1976. Seventy-two specimens were collected and observations were made on forty-one species of birds. Eighteen species were found in stunted mossy forest above 1,200 metres but only one, Turdus poliocephalus, appears to be confined to it. Lowland species, typified by Philemon eichhorni and Dicrurus megarhynchus, have invaded the high mountains, where the avifauna is depauperate. Eleven of the eighteen species in the high mountains are derived from lowland forms. New records for New Ireland are Columba vitiensis and Turdus poliocephalus. The endemic Lorius albidinuchus is reported only for the second time and was common in the upland forests, living sympatrically with D. hypoinochrous only between the altitudes of 500 and 750 metres.


The objective of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, to present a coherent framework regarding theformal logic of value production in, or through, organizations (Mella); on the other, to show how the newlogic of Economic Value Added and Activity Based Costing must be united in order to strengthen thecognitive activity of organizations in order to make the production of value maximally efficient(Moisello). The subject matter is developed along the following guidelines:1 – the processes for the production of value are carried out by permanent production organizations, inparticular Business Value-Creating Organizations (BVCO) or "production organizations"), as well as byfor-profit business organizations (or "capitalistic firm");2 – the production of value takes place through a network of efficient production, economic and financialtransformation processes guided by laws that determine the stable equilibriums;3 – from an internal point of view, BVOCs are operationally-closed systems that are at the same timestructurally and behaviourally coupled to the environment; through (and to the extent of) their owncognitive and computational resources they perceive disturbances such as external stimuli, process these,and act (react or pro-act) to balance the network of vital processes;4 – in BVOCs the internal cognition - data gathering processes, strategies, decisions, planning andcontrols – are carried out by the management, which produces the thought of the organization (rationalcalculations for decision-making, strategies, programmes and controls) from which the organization's actions derive; the production, economic and financial processes, which are instrumental for theproduction of value, are carried out by the effector organs that produce the action of the system;5 - in this sense BVCOs can be conceived as "conscious cognitive systems" that link themselves to theenvironment through a system of processed, up-dated, and evaluated information which we can define asthe representation of the external world;6 – from an external point of view BVCOs are teleonomic systems that can continue to exist only as longas their performance as systems for the production of value is appreciated by the environment, accordingto a coherent system of performance indicators for the production of value (productivity, quality,economic efficiency, returns, Economic Value Added and Economic Value of the Firm); BVCOs allowmanagers to continually modify the network of autopoietic processes on the basis of the disturbances fromenvironmental changes.7 - the culture of value is diffused, and BVCOs not only have the maximization of value as their objectivebut must translate this into an operative approach to management problems. This approach emphasizesthe capacity of BVCOs to generate an adequate cash flow for new investment and to insure a remunerationat rates that exceed the cost of capital, in order to have available resources for organizational expansion aswell. Management must transform itself into a Value-Based Management (VBM) that must not onlymanage its normal activities but also the value of the organization as a whole;8 –The appearance of new Web-Based Information Technologies that favor and strengthen theglobalization process, as well as the growing role of financial markets, bring out more clearly the problemregarding the application of traditional decision-making, planning and performance-measuring models.This implies a reorientation of cognitive activity toward managerial models that favor the understandingof the driver of value and permit objectives to be set and performance to be measured in a manner whichis coherent with the expectations of stakeholders.


Objective:To evaluate curative effect of the treatment on the extension type supracondylar fracture of humerus by revolving,and bending elbow and fixing with paper splint. Methods:Thirty-five children with supracondylar fracture of extension type included 26 boys and 9 girls with an average age of 5.8 years,ranging from 2.5 to 10 years. The tine from injury was 0.5 to 18 hours. The elbows were flexed in 90°,forearm was rotated,and fixed with paper splint. Results:According to the elbow joint functional evaluation of JOA:25 patients had 100 scores,5 patients had 95 to 99 scores,3 patients had 90 to 94 scores,2 patients had the scores lower than 90. Conclusion:The manual reduction and external fixation with paper splints is easily handled,and it can increase the success rate of restoration steadily and safely.


This case documents an unusual case of Moyamoya disease in a 5 year old girl who presented with chief com- plaint of seizures since two years. MR angiography reveals stenosis and irregularity of the both supraclinoid ICAs and non-visualization of bilateral MCAs and ACAs with extensive basal collateralization giving the characteristic "puff of smoke" appearance consistent with Moya Moya.


Over the course of recent decades, agricultural and industrial activities have led to a considerable pollution in rivers. To control the river pollution level, the waste water discharge should be regulated. Pollutions have been dispersed in longitudinal, lateral, and vertical direction. The longitudinal dispersion of pollutants in river is important. In this study, a comprehensive equation was proposed for longitudinal dispersion coefficient using dimensional analysis. Dimensional and statistical analysis indicated that longitudinal dispersion coefficient depends on roughness coefficient and the ratio of width to depth of river. Sensitivity analysis indicated that roughness coefficient had the highest effect on longitudinal dispersion coefficient. The proposed methodology is a new approach to estimate dispersion coefficient in streams and can be implemented into mathematical models of pollutant transfer.


Introduction Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a focal dilatation of the abdominal aorta, characterized by a slow degradation of the aortic wall that can lead to sudden death upon rupture. Currently the only criterion to decide whether to perform surgical intervention on AAAs is its size. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a noninvasive technique that provides a surrogate measure for aortic stiffness, and might prove an added value to characterize AAAs. However, accurate determination of PWV is not straightforward, especially in mice due to the high resolution needed in both time and space. We propose a robust technique to determine aortic PWV in mice noninvasively. We applied the technique in a proof-of-concept study to assess the potential of PWV to differentiate between aneurysmatic and nonaneurysmatic aortas in a AAA mouse model.


The growing demand for increasingly more cost and energy effective electronics components is a challenge for the manufacturing industry. To achieve higher thermal conductivity in telecom components, an aluminum alloy with a composition of Al-2Si-0.8Cu-0.8Fe-0.3Mn was created for rheocasting. Yield strength and thermal conductivity of the material were investigated in the as cast, T5 and T6 heat-treated conditions. The results showed that in the as-cast condition thermal conductivity of 168 W/mK and yield strength of 67 MPa was achieved at room temperature. A T5 treatment at 200°C and 250°C increased thermal conductivity to 174 W/mK and 182 W/mK, respectively, while only a slight increase in yield strength was observed. Moreover, a T6 treatment resulted in similar thermal conductivity as the T5 treatment at 250°C with no significant improvement in yield strength. Therefore, the T5 treatment at 250°C was suggested as an optimum condition for the current alloy composition.


A field experiment was conducted during 2003-05 at Hisar to study the response of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntz)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system to farmyard manure and increased seed rate. Incorporation of 10 tonnes/ha farmyard manure in pearlmillet increased grain yield of both pearlmillet and wheat, net return, evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency over the recommended dose of fertilizers to both crops. Incorporation of farmyard manure in pearlmillet and 30% higher seed rate to pearlmillet and wheat increased all parameters, viz grain yield of pearlmillet and wheat (9.88 and 4.26 %), net return (13.66 and 6.33 %), evapotranspiration (4.85 and 2.58 %) and water-use efficiency (4.95 and 1.66 %) over both recommended fertilizers application alone or with 10 tonnes farmyard manure to pearlmillet.


This Commentary highlights a brief technical report by Iwashi and colleagues (J Mol Diagn 11: JMD08–0118) that describes an enhancement to an antibody-based ELISA assay for the detection of the FMR1 protein (FMRP) in peripheral blood.


The survivability of IP over WDM network gains importance as the volume of traffic to be transported by the network keeps growing. In this article we investigate the restoration schemes for handling dynamic traffic demand failures in IP/MPLS over WDM networks. We classify the various restoration schemes into two broad categories: recovery at the lowest layer and recovery at the highest layer. Six specific restoration schemes will be introduced and analyzed. Simulation will be performed to compare the network utilization of the six restoration schemes.


Novel soluble conjugated phenothiazine-N-piperidine substituted triazine copolymer, (P(PH-TZ)) has been designed and synthesized via Suzuki coupling reaction. The electronic properties of the copolymer were investigated by employing density functional theory (DFT) in the periodic boundary condition (PBC) formalism at HSE06 and B3LYP level of theory. The copolymer showed good solubility in common organic solvents like chloroform, tetrahydrofuran and chlorobenzene. Polymer showed broad absorption spectrum with wavelength maximum at 395 nm with optical band gap of 2.5 and 2.3 eV in THF solution and as thin film, respectively. The theoretically calculated values were in good agreement with experimental results. In thin film, the energy gap tends to narrow and the absorption and emission peaks are red shifted to longer wavelengths due to the increase in planarity of the copolymer in thin film. The copolymer, P(PH-TZ) showed third-order non-linear optical susceptibility and optical limiting threshold of 1.27×10-11 esu and 0.22 GW/cm2, respectively.


A marine bacterium M44 was separated from 30 m deep seawater in the East China Sea (26° 28.3′ N 122° 29.0′ E) in 2006. 16S rDNA gene sequence comparison showed that the strain M44 was a member of the genus Sulfitobacter and highly similar to KMM 3554T. A series of experiments demonstrated that this strain M44 had many distinctive characteristics: its cells were gram-negative and mesophilic; its colonies were slightly yellowish, round, convex, and smooth; and it could grow at 10–28°C, pH 6.0–10.0, and in the presence of 0–12.5% (w/v) NaCl; the optimum growth conditions were 25°C and pH 7.0, and the optimum Na+ concentration was 2.5%. In addition, strain M44 contained 18 : 1 ω7c, 11 methyl 18 : 1 ω7c and 16 : 0 fatty acids as major fatty acids, and the genomic DNA G+C content was 58.04 mol%. According to our results of the secondary metabolites, six cyclodipeptides were isolated from the strain M44, which were Cyclo (Val-Leu), Cyclo (Phe-Val), Cyclo (Phe-Leu), Cyclo (Leu-Ile), Cyclo (Phe-Ile), and Cyclo (Trp-Pro). It is the first study of secondary metabolites isolated from this genus.


Manufacturers of materials to replace asbestos fiber have formed the Alternative Materials Institute (AMI) to strengthen their case in the Environmental Protection Agency's mandate to replace and phase out asbestos in cases where workable substitutes exist. In addition to Du Pont, manufacturer of aramid fiber, initial membership in AMI includes the Carborundum division of Sohio, a ceramic fiber manufacturer; carbon fibers division of Ashland Oil; Union Carbide, manufacturer of expanded graphite sheets; and Rhodes American, a metal fiber manufacturer. All of these companies supply substitutes for asbestos for uses including friction materials, gaskets, adhesives, and cements. In recent years, asbestos has been labeled a carcinogen because the tiny asbestos fibrils have a tendency to attach themselves to lung tissue. However, use of asbestos has persisted because the fiber is economical, durable, and thermally stable. According to Richard Gould, a senior Du Pont marketing specialist and chairman of the new ...