Network security is becoming an important issue in the field of information security. Hackers and Intruders can make many successful attempts to break down into networks or computer systems, and so overcome the need to create a powerful Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a primary need. IDS is the art of detecting attacks and any attempt to break down networks, also it"s an effective tool to prevent unauthorized access to any network by analyzing its traffic. The aim of this research is to build an Intrusion Detection Framework able to classify network activities, "Normal" or "Attack", using different Machine Learning algorithms, Random Forest (RF), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Library for Support Vector Machine (LIBSVM). The proposed model had been tested by using a common dataset called NSL-KDD. This paper investigates two techniques, the first technique is to apply the different Machine Learning algorithms over the NSL-KDD dataset, and the second technique used a Feature Selection algorithm called Correlation Feature Selection "CFS", to drop some irrelevant attributes in the dataset, to cut the time taken in the training and testing phases, Random Forest shows a superior response compared to the other algorithms, especially in terms of response time, detection rate and false positive rate.


Abstract English and French have been retained by Vanuatu's education system as the two media of instruction. Other languages are ignored and often explicitly banned by school policies. However, code-switching between the official and other languages is common, with particularly frequent use of Bislama, the national dialect of Melanesian Pidgin. While it is commonly thought that Bislama is only used in classrooms to compensate for inadequate levels of English, research carried out at one Anglophone secondary school reveals that this is not the case. Bislama is shown to be an additional learning resource, which students employ to help them complete academic tasks, making use of the natural tools of bilingualism that they possess. However, since code-switching conflicts with school language policy, such useful practices are often carried out covertly, and learning may actually thus be hindered by the language policy.


Effect of Gd addition(O~3.0%)on the mechanical properties of AZ Magnesium Alloy Die-Cast has been studied.The experimental results show that both the tensile strength and yield strength of Magnesium Alloy are improved firstly and then decreased with increasing Gd content.The mechanical properties are optimized at the content of 1.5%Gd,both room temperature and elevated temperature tensile strengths reach the maximum,which are 252.7 MPa and 218.5 MPa for AZ71-Gd Magnesium Alloy;275.3 Mpa and 220.6 MPa for AZ81-Gd Magnesium Alloy;238.6 MPa and 169.2 MPa for AZ91D-Gd Magnesium Alloy.Addition of Gd leads to an enhanced corrosion resistance for AZ Magnesium.


The cause of fetal death by sulfonylureas (SUs), used for diabetes in pregnancy in the early 1960s, remained unsolved for decades. In 1993, Nakanishi discovered constriction of ductus arteriosus (DA) strips in rabbit fetuses with glibenclamide, a SU and inhibitor of the KATP channel. Later, Momma showed dose-dependent fetal DA constriction by glibenclamide injected directly into the fetus in rats. Every first-generation SU constricted the fetal DA by oral administration to the pregnant rat. DA constriction with the clinical dose of these SUs was mild, whereas a 100 times larger dose was needed to close the DA completely. Coadministration of SUs and cylooxygenase inhibitors caused additive severe constriction and complete closure of the fetal DA. These data suggested that the aforementioned high fetal death rate (63% in 1962) with chlorpropamide was due to the coadministration of this SU and aspirin-like drugs.


The Western Australian government has committed itself to developing a sustainability assessment process for projects, plans, policies and programs, as well as legislation, Cabinet submissions, corporate plans and proposed government agreements. This article briefly reviews some of the challenges posed by sustainability assessment. It then presents an integrated approach for a process that could be implemented in Western Australia with minimal amendment to existing legislation and administrative bodies.


The cell–cell signaling process called quorum sensing allows bacteria to control behaviors in response to changes in population density. In Vibrio harveyi, the master quorum‐sensing transcription factor LuxR is a member of the TetR family of transcription factors that both activates and represses genes to coordinate group behaviors, including bioluminescence. Here, we show that integration host factor (IHF) is a key coactivator of the luxCDABE bioluminescence genes that is required together with LuxR for precise timing and expression levels of bioluminescence during quorum sensing. IHF binds to multiple sites in the luxCDABE promoter and bends the DNA in vitro. IHF and LuxR synergistically bind luxCDABE promoter DNA at overlapping, essential binding sites that are required for maximal gene expression in vivo. RNA‐seq analysis demonstrated that IHF regulates 300 genes in V. harveyi, and among these are a core set of 19 genes that are also directly bound and regulated by LuxR. We validated these global analyses by demonstrating that both IHF and LuxR are required for transcriptional activation of the osmotic stress response genes betIBA‐proXWV. These data suggest that IHF plays an integral role in one mechanism of transcriptional activation by the LuxR‐type family of quorum‐sensing regulators in vibrios.


In this study, structural, electronic and thermal properties of important polymers such as Perylene (PER), Polypyrrole (PPy) and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) commonly used in the production of metal-polymer-semiconductor (MPS) type Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBDs) were determined. Since the opto-electronic properties of the materials depend on the electronic band gap, the High Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Low Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) energies for the polymeric structures and the gap between of energy levels were calculated. In addition, entropy, heat capacity and total thermal energy values were calculated over a wide temperature range and it was determined how thermochemical properties of polymers were affected with temperature. The obtained results showed that while PER has a planar structure, PPy and PVA has a non-planar structure. PER also has the highest chemical reactivity among the polymers examined with large band gap calculated as 3.03 eV. In addition, thermochemical parameters of all polymers increase with increasing temperature almost as linearly.


A controversial concern for higher education today is that many young people are questioning its value either by not entering college or by enrolling in vocational training programs. 1 The transition from high school to college in the American society presents not only potentially stressful demands, but also a level of maturity for the adolescent to master certain tasks that are significant for his personal growth. These tasks may vary in salience and specificity in different contemporary cultures, but they are universally shaped by the functional requirements of maturation and socialization in human development. Havighurst contended that successful completion of a developmental task leads to satisfaction and success in later tasks, whereas failure leads to unhappiness in the individual, disapproval by society, and difficulty with later tasks.2 The freshman year in college can be viewed as the transition stage that can affect this success or failure for succeeding years in adult life. Higher education is the point at which there must be a systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and values. Learning is mediated by everything in the life of a student, e. g., courses and activities, teachers and administrators, academic stan-


Objective:To investigate the dynamic monitoring sepsis patients blood lactic acid of the clinical value of its prognosis. Method:Select the author of 50 patients with sepsis were admitted in the hospital, observe the dynamic change of blood lactic acid in different times.Result:In the hospital within 30 d, this group of patients with only 35 cases survived, the rest are dead. Patients survived, the value of blood lactic acid, restore normal within 48 h, death in patients with the blood lactic acid long time failed to restore to the normal range.Conclusion:Blood lactic acid value and the prognosis of patients with sepsis is close to the situation, belong to judge the prognosis of patients with important index.


The invention relates to a two-section rotary socket. The rotary mode of a steering seat of the socket is taken as the rotary mode, thus the socket has a double-electric-switch effect; also because the steering seat is provided with a resistance pathway, a certain force is required to be applied to convert the socket into to an electric conduction state, and two-section safe switch control can be achieved so as to prevent children from contacting a plug hole because of curiosity to cause electric shock; and the safety of the socket is improved greatly, and at the same time, and the design of a control switch and loop configuration can be saved, thus the volume of a socket body is reduced, and the cost of products is lowered.


A method for determining chemical oxygen demand of a water sample comprises the steps of (a) applying a constant potential bias to a photoelectrochemical cell, having a photoactive working electrode (e.g. a layer of titanium dioxide nanoparticles coated on an inert conductive substrate) and a counter electrode, and containing a supporting electrolyte solution; (b) illuminating the working electrode with a light source and recording the background photocurrent produced at the working electrode from the supporting electrolyte solution; (c) adding a water sample, to be analysed, to the photoelectrochemical cell; (d) illuminating the working electrode with a light source and recording the total photoelectrocurrent produced with the sample; (e) determining the chemical oxygen demand according to the type (exhaustive or non- exhaustive) of degradation conditions employed. An apparatus for carrying out the method is also claimed.


The main idea of this work is to try to connect the algorithm of the particle swarm and the graphical simulation of the work of the algorithm itself in the 3D space on the example of birds searching the space in search of fish. The simulation was made in the C++ programming language, the graphical interface of OpenGL and the Visual Studio 2017 development environment. Basic parts and concepts that are needed to make 3D space are applied, using modern OpenGL, the algorithm itself and graphic 3D model of Seagull.


Weighted quadrature formulas on the half line \((a,+\infty)\), \(a>0\), for non-exponentially decreasing integrands are developed. Such \(n\)-point quadrature rules are exact for all functions of the form \(x\mapsto x^{-2}P(x^{-1})\), where \(P\) is an arbitrary algebraic polynomial of degree at most \(2n-1\). In particular, quadrature formulas with respect to the weight function \(x\mapsto w(x)=x^\beta\log^m x\) (\(0\le \beta<1\), \(m\in \mathbb{N}_0\)) are considered and several numerical examples are included.


Parents' preparedness for parenthood and their parenting skills have important implications for child development and family functioning. Thus, there is great value in addressing parents' parenting skills via prevention and intervention. Yet despite a modest literature on the use of empirically validated parenting interventions with heterosexual couples, even less work has examined the utility or validity of empirically validated parenting interventions for lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer (LGBQ) parents. This chapter provides an overview of select research on LGBQ family building, the transition to parenthood, and parenthood, followed by a discussion of evidence-based parenting interventions. It attends to ways in which the LGBQ parenting research can inform unique considerations or modifications to existing intervention approaches. It concludes with a case study that illustrates some of the challenges that a lesbian couple might face in building their family and navigating parenting issues.


This paper was purpose to explore the relationship among the four dimensions of technology readiness index (optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, insecurity) and intention to use computer tablet that moderated by age. The data were analyzed  using multiple linear regression method with no moderating variables (t test) and multiple linear regression method with moderating variables (test of interaction). The result of analysis found that four dimensions of technology readiness index only optimism and innovativeness dimension has a significant influence, while discomfort and insecurity has not influence. The result of multiple regression analysis with moderation variable not found as a moderating variable. Keyword: demographic, age, technology readiness index, optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, insecurity, intention to use.


This paper studies the model predictive formation control problems of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). A two-layer model predictive control (MPC)-based formation control strategy is proposed. The proposed formation strategy artificially divides the model of each USV into two layers according to its kinematic model and dynamic model. Using the kinematic model, a distributed MPC algorithm is designed to ensure formation and coordination; with the generated command from the distributed MPC as tracking reference, an MPC is designed for the dynamic model to ensure optimal command tracking. Simulation and comparison studies show that the designed algorithm is computational more efficient in comparison with the centralized MPC formation algorithm.


We report a new population mechanism of Ar II energy levels in a high density current hollow cathode pulsed discharge which may be of practical interest in the investigation of population inversion and lasing of Ar II emission lines in the temporal afterglow plasmas.


The architecture of decentralization makes future wireless networks more flexible and scalable. However, due to the lack of the central authority (e.g., BS or AP), the limitation of spectrum resource, and the coupling among different users, designing efficient resource allocation strategies for decentralized networks faces a great challenge. In this paper, we address the distributed channel selection and power control problem for a decentralized network consisting of multiple users, i.e., transmit-receiver pairs. Particularly, we first take the users' interactions into account and formulate the distributed resource allocation problem as a non-cooperative transmission control game (NTCG). Then, a utility-based transmission control algorithm (UTC) is developed based on the formulated game. Our proposed algorithm is completely distributed as there is no information exchange among different users and hence, is especially appropriate for this decentralized network. Furthermore, we prove that the global optimal solution can be asymptotically obtained with the devised algorithm, and more importantly, in contrast to existing utility-based algorithms, our method does not require that the converging point is one Nash equilibrium (NE) of the formulated game. In this light, our algorithm can be adopted to achieve efficient resource allocation in more general use cases.


Background: Current guidelines for assessing the risk of experiencing a hospitalized CV event discourage stress testing of asymptomatic individuals; however, these recommendations are based on evidence gathered primarily from those aged 55 years without CV-related symptoms, but otherwise at increased risk for a future CV event due to pre-existing coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension or diabetes mellitus. After testing, personnel blinded to the stress test results contacted participants at 4-month intervals for the next 5 years to determine and verify the incidence of post-stress testing hospitalized CV events. After accounting for the Framingham risk score, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine...


Abstract This theoretical study aims at raising awareness of the existence of lexical false friends (FFs) in English and Arabic as genetically unrelated languages. It also provides a general categorization for FFs from a semantic point of view. A sample of more than fifty FF pairs is examined by contrasting their form, pronunciation and meaning. The analysis reveals that English Arabic FFs are of two types: Chance FFs (occur by coincidence) and semantic FFs(exist via lexical borrowing), the former being more frequent than the latter. This taxonomy is in line with those introduced by Chamizo-Dominguez (2008) and Roca-Varela (2015). Semantic FFs can be total (due to semantic shift, ellipsis, or figurative extension) or partial (through the process of semantic narrowing). Chance FFs are more problematic in the sense that they cause various degrees of embarrassment and confusion due to the fact that some constituents of FF pairs involve taboo and offensive words. Thus, such lexical FFs are considered potential agents that may create misunderstanding, miscommunication and confusion among L2 learners.


It is demonstrated that the signal intensity in a RARE (TSE, FSE…)‐sequence with low refocusing flip angle α can be significantly increased by setting the flip angle of the first refocusing pulse to 90°+α/2. In addition to the gain in signal intensity, the initial signal modulations over the first few echoes are reduced compared to a CPMG‐echo train with constant α. Magn Reson Med 44:983–985, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The United States is the worldly-known intellectual property power.Its powerful status on intellectual property benefits from the intellectual property strategy promoted by its government.In the Obama administration era,the intellectual property strategy in the United States has emerged with new changes and characteristics.Thus,making comprehensive comparison of Sino-American intellectual property strategies is beneficial for China to adjust its intellectual property strategic objectives,policies and measures,perfect its intellectual property legal system and fulfill the objective of building an innovative country.


Nomolt and Diaract, alone and tank mixed with NR 440 oil, were compared to Agri-Mek + NR 440 oil and Vendex for efficacy against the citrus rust mite. Treatments were randomly assigned to 4-tree plots and replicated 3 times in a 15-yr-old grapefruit orchard on a 24 ft × 24 ft spacing. Each plot was buffered by an adjacent tree row on either side left unsprayed to minimize cross-contamination of treatments. Treatments were applied on 16 May and reapplied on 13 July using a Hardie Super 40 air blast sprayer with nozzeling, pressure (140 psi) and speed adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. At each sample date 20 fruit/replicate (5 fruit/tree) were randomly selected and examined in situ for CRM with a 10X handlens. All live CRM were counted in 2, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. CRM feeding damage (% russet) was assessed on fruit (rom test trees at harvest. Sixteen fruit were randomly selected from each tree (64/replicate) and rated for mite damage. Fruit with a 50% surface russet was downgraded and marketable as US #2 fresh or usable only for processing.


This article studies whether audit committee members and chairpersons exhibit individual-specific "styles" that affect corporate financial reporting practices. I track 2,941 audit committee members and 683 chairpersons across firms over time, and test whether member (chair)-specific factors explain firms' accounting choices. I find that member and chairperson "style" (captured by fixed effects) is significant in explaining a firm's probability of accounting misstatements and earnings management, and the effects are not explained away by observable member (chairperson) characteristics found by prior literature, or by the effects of CEOs or CFOs.


When an emergent technology is brought to market, different possibilities regarding its diffusion arise. While some technologies spread quickly across an entire market, other technologies are first established in one market segment, and then move on to further segments. Knowledge about the diffusion of a technology can help managers with their assessment and is therefore of major importance. Recently, [1] suggested a method to measure diffusion by means of an informetric approach, namely the tf-lag-idf. Nevertheless, shortcomings such as a high degree of manual effort and subjective coding decrease the reliability of this method. As an alternative, we develop a method based on topic modeling in accordance with [2] and test our method by using the same dataset as [1]. Applying our method to the case of RFID technology produces application fields such as logistics, payment & finance, or medicine. Comparing the results of topic modeling and tf-lag-idf based on input and output criteria sheds some light on both methods. As a consequence, both approaches enable a semi-automated analysis of diffusion based on text-mining.


We revisit the additive model learning literature and adapt a penalized spline formulation due to Eilers and Marx, to train additive classifiers efficiently. We also propose two new embeddings based two classes of orthogonal basis with orthogonal derivatives, which can also be used to efficiently learn additive classifiers. This paper follows the popular theme in the current literature where kernel SVMs are learned much more efficiently using a approximate embedding and linear machine. In this paper we show that spline basis are especially well suited for learning additive models because of their sparsity structure and the ease of computing the embedding which enables one to train these models in an online manner, without incurring the memory overhead of precomputing the storing the embeddings. We show interesting connections between B-Spline basis and histogram intersection kernel and show that for a particular choice of regularization and degree of the B-Splines, our proposed learning algorithm closely approximates the histogram intersection kernel SVM. This enables one to learn additive models with almost no memory overhead compared to fast a linear solver, such as LIBLINEAR, while being only 5-6X slower on average. On two large scale image classification datasets, MNIST and Daimler Chrysler pedestrians, the proposed additive classifiers are as accurate as the kernel SVM, while being two orders of magnitude faster to train.


A formalization, in the COQ system, of deterministic labeled termgraphs is presented, after introducing a syntax and a mathematical structure of such graphs. We will formally describe a dynamic logic, introduced initially by P. BALBIANI, R. ECHAHED and A. HERZIG, which is useful to describe properties of termgraphs and for the characterization of transformations on those termgraphs, and then give the formalization of the syntax and the semantics of this modal logic close to the one for the graphs. We'll discuss issues and choices made to carry out such formalization, presenting in detail the development from the original mathematical concepts to an implementation in Coq, leading to a better understanding of the introduced objects and ideas and the way they could be defined and used with a computer.


Ultrasound has an established role in the detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Lack of uniformity in the appropriate age to perform studies in at‐risk children with a normal clinical examination at birth exists. Opening a new tertiary paediatric hospital saw a variety of referral time frames for initial screening ultrasound for DDH.


With the people's understanding to the significance of the brand deepening gradually,the evaluation of brand assets gets more and more attention.The article states the index system for evaluating brand assets based on analyzing the constitution of enterprise's brand assets.And then according to the basic principles of AHP(analytic hierarchy process) and the fuzzy mathematics,a model of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation which is viable and effective is given.It gives related information to the domestic enterprises for building their brands in the future.


ZnS thin film properties are overviewed in this research paper. These include absorbance, transmittance, optical band gap, refractive index and structure (on the basis of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy). It has been observed that these film properties are dependent on various parameters e.g. thickness of the film, deposition method, deposition rate, substrate material, substrate temperature, source temperature etc. In most of the studies ZnS thin films showed the best preferential orientation of crystallinity to (111) plane of cubic structure, however, hexagonal structure is also observed. ZnS thin films are found useful in various device applications.


What happens when disciplinary experience is perceived as an obstacle to collaborative, multidisciplinary learning? In this session, we use an unconventional SoTL case study to explore how  can help learners unpack their siloed disciplinary experiences to uncover cross-disciplinary commonalities where divisive differences were once perceived.


Objective  To identify factors which predict the blood glucose lowering effect of monotherapy with a 30‐day very low calorie diet (VLCD) in obese Type 2 diabetic patients. A responder was a priori defined as a patient with a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level < 10 mmol/l on day 30.


:Objective Toanalyze cDNA sequencing of DEL types and homology comparative modeling forthree-dimensional protein structure. Methods DEL mRNAs were amplified through areverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and then cDNAs were sequenced. A transcript of DEL9was compared as normal RhD protein through homology comparative modeling forthree-dimensional protein structure. Results Six kinds of transcripts were detected in theDEL individuals, but excluding the normal RhD isolation. The most similar one, DEL9transcript, however, showed the same α-helix structure with the normal RhD protein, especially itsextramembranous parts seemed absolutely consistent with the normal one. Conclusion DEL mayhave complete D antigen epitopes as the ones on normal D-positive red blood cells.

Key words:
Rh blood group; D antigen; DELphenotype; cDNA; Transcripts; Three-dimensional structure of protein


Free Health Service (LKC) Dompet Dhuafa Central Java is a health program that provides free health services for underprivileged communities. However, to ensure optimal service, it is necessary to optimize the service management of healthy outlets at LKC. The purpose of this study is to identify factors that influence the optimization of healthy outlet service management in LKC and design a theoretical framework that can help in improving the quality of health services in LKC. This study used a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews. The results showed that the factors that affect the optimization of healthy outlet service management at LKC include: human resource management, drug and medical device procurement management, data management, and community relations management. From the results of the analysis, a theoretical framework was designed which includes six components, namely: planning, organizing, procurement, implementation, supervision, and assessment. This theoretical framework can help in improving the quality of health services in LKC by providing systematic and comprehensive guidance for LKC management. In conclusion, optimization of healthy outlet service management at LKC needs to be carried out continuously to improve the quality of health services. The theoretical framework designed can be used as a reference for LKC management in improving and developing health programs for underprivileged communities.


This paper discusses the problem of whether it is possible to annihilate elements of local cohomology modules by elements of arbitrarily small order under a xed valuation. We rst discuss the general problem and its relationship to the Direct Summand Conjecture, and next present two concrete examples where annihilators with small order are shown to exist. We then prove a more general theorem, where the existence of such annihilators is established in some cases using results on abelian varieties and the Abel-Jacobi map. 1. Almost vanishing of local cohomology The concept of almost vanishing that we use here comes out of recent work on Almost Ring Theory by Gabber and Ramero 4]. This theory was developed to give a rm foundation to the results of Faltings on Almost etale extensions 3], and these ideas have their origins in a classic work of Tate on p-divisible groups 21]. The use of the general theory, for our purposes, is comparatively straightforward, but it illustrates the main questions in looking at certain homological conjectures, as discussed later in the section. The approach is heavily innuenced by Heitmann's proof of the Direct Summand Conjecture for rings of dimension three 8]. Let A be an integral domain, and let v be a valuation on A with values in the abelian group of rational numbers; more precisely, v is a function from A to Q f1g such that (1) v(a) = 1 if and only if a = 0, (2) v(ab) = v(a) + v(b) for all a; b 2 A, and (3) v(a + b) > minfv(a); v(b)g for all a; b 2 A. We will also assume that v(a) > 0 for all elements a 2 A. Deenition 1.1. An A-module M is almost zero if for every m 2 M and every real number " > 0, there exists an element a in A with v(a) < " and am = 0.


The DR-HVDC (Diode rectifier-based HVDC) transmission topology was recently proposed for integration on large offshore wind farms due to its low investment cost and high reliability. To further reduce the investment, a DC collection topology based on the series-connected diode rectifiers (DR) is proposed, where no offshore platform is needed. However, units of series-connected topology (SCU) show coupling issues, such as overvoltage, energy curtailment, and fault isolation. First, the coupling mechanism is analyzed, and a suitable operation mode for SCUs is selected to ensure the safe operation of the DC system. Then, the linear relationship of active power and output DC current and DC voltage of SCUs is analyzed, and a novel coordinate control strategy for DC wind farms is proposed, where an onshore converter adapts a DC current controller and wind turbines adapt a mediate output voltage control strategy. The mediate output voltage control strategy includes a triple loop with power loop, mediate output voltage loop, and current loop. Also, the DC open line fault, DC grounding fault, and AC grounding fault of the onshore grid are investigated, and a protection strategy is proposed. A 160 MW wind farm with a DR-SCU DC collection system is built in PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the validity of the proposed control strategy under unequal wind speeds, DC fault, and onshore AC fault, and the results validate the performance of the proposed strategy.


Incontinence is a frequent complication of continent urinary diversions and neurogenic bladder augmentations constructed from intestinal segments. Oxybutynin chloride was delivered intravesically and orally to six beagles 9 months after bladders were replaced by tubularized ileum (in three dogs) or sigmorectum (in three dogs). Intravesical oxybutynin produced greater bladder relaxation by urodynamic criteria. Measured oxybutynin chloride concentrations suggested that high tissue levels were achieved at low systemic levels. In two human patients with ileocecal urinary diversions, intravesical oxybutynin chloride decreased bladder pressure and decreased the number and magnitude of superimposed contractions. Intravesical application of oxybutynin chloride may produce local drug levels unachievable by oral administration and may better treat incontinence in patients who intermittently catheterize intestinal bladders or intestinally augmented neurogenic bladders.


Transformation from an all-around government to a limited government,and the development of market economy,have brought opportunities for the growth of social organizations which have been playing irreplaceable roles in social construction.Comprehensive changes brought by social transformation make problems of traditional social organization management more and more prominent.Associated social organizations have been built in Beijing,on the basis of which the mode of classified responsibility for social organizations is explored.


Logic has sometimes been seen as an alternative to metaphysics and to speculation. In this paper it is argued that a different story should be told when it comes to temporal logic and tense-logic in particular. A. N. Prior's first formulation of tense logic was mainly established in order to qualify the discussion of certain metaphysical and conceptual problems. Although temporal logic has now been developed in various abstract and rather technical ways, it may still serve as a great help for anyone who wants to clarify the discussion of important existential questions like the nature of time, determinism, future contingency or freedom of choice.


Africanized honey bees overlap in resource use with humans in urban environments, creating concerns over public health and safety. We obtained data on Africanized honey bee colony removals from water meter boxes in the greater Tucson metropolitan area from 1996 to 2008 to identify characteristics associated with the spatial distribution of Africanized honey bees across the city. Two generalized linear models were constructed to predict the occupation of water meter boxes based on land use, lot/structure characteristics, and the presence of colonies in neighboring water meter boxes. More than 8000 colonies were removed from water meter boxes during the 12-year study period. Colonies were more likely to occupy water meter boxes associated with residential (versus commercial) locations, smaller lots, older


We take issue with the main suggestion in Li and Maddala (LiMa) that bootstrapping residuals is always the preferred approach and question some of their guidelines. We show that it can be potentially misleading to mimic the autocovariance structure of residuals, since it can be very different from that of true errors. We emphasize that the residuals are sensitive to model misspecification and generally not a part of the information set. We make constructive suggestions and propose a semiparametric method.


Smooth transitions through the early years of education are recognised as pivotal to later personal and academic success. However, for children considered outside the mainstream, these transitions can provide extra challenge for them, their families and educators. This paper reveals the findings of two qualitative studies investigating early years' transitions. The first study focused on the transition of children with disabilities into early childhood education and care (ECEC) centres; the second explored transition to school for emergent bilingual children. These studies highlight 'strengths-based' perspectives (Perry, Dockett, & Petriwskyj, 2013), wherein participants are understood as experts in their own lives bringing strengths as well as challenges to the new context. Despite the differences in participants, timing and methods, key themes were evident across the studies: parent perceptions of transition; educator attitudes; and home/centre or home/school relationships. These themes are significant to all educational transitions for children considered outside the mainstream.


Wind energy is rapidly increasing area for energy sector. Dependency on fossil fuels and conventional energy resources is losing day by day. After seeing data of previous years energy sectors are started depending on this energy field. Renewable energy source (RES) markets already validate the importance of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS). In this paper performance and assessment of grid connected PMSG based WECS is inspected via back to back converters. Round rotor type synchronous generator has been used during analysis. In this paper zero d-axis current control (ZDC) and maximum torque per ampere control (MTPA) is used for analysis of round type, WECS based on PMSG. Similarly, at the grid end Voltage oriented control (VOC) is used.


The article under consideration deals with the problems of efficient medical discourse. Viewed against current trends professional competence of medical staff is considered to be much determined by their verbal behavior. With regard to many researches in Russia and abroad a deep insight into the problem of medical discourse provides the opportunity to reveal effective methods of a physician's influence upon a patient's condition. In this respect the article in question is aimed at analysis of speech strategies and tactics which can provide efficient communication between a doctor and a patient.


Colloidal bimetallic PdRh nanoparticles (NPs) of controlled size and structure were synthesized and tested as catalysts models in aqueous phase hydrodechlorination (HDC) (303 K, 1 atm) using 4-chlorophenol (4CP) as target compound. The colloidal bimetallic PdRh NPs were synthesized by chemical reduction, using methanol as reducing agent and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) as capping agent. Two methods of synthesis (co-reduction, successive reduction) and three different Pd/Rh nominal molar ratios (0.2, 1, and 5) were used. The NPs were characterized by means of TEM, HAADF-STEM/EDS and XPS. High 4-CP conversion values (85–100%) were achieved at very low metal concentration (1.23 × 10−3 g L−1). Phenol, cyclohexanone, cyclohexanol, and cyclohexene were the reaction by-products detected. Core–shell and cluster-in-cluster NPs structures were obtained by varying the method of synthesis and the Pd/Rh molar ratio. The activity was found to increase with the Pd/Rh ratio. Activity values up to 67.0 mmol g−1 min−1, which are significantly higher than those obtained in previous works with monometallic Pd (39.1 mmol g−1 min−1) and Rh (29.4 mmol g−1 min−1) under equivalent conditions, were achieved. Significant differences in activity and selectivity were found between the NPs with Pd/Rh ratios of 0.2–1 synthesized by co-reduction and successive reduction. The results indicate that the study of the performance of Pd/Rh bimetallic catalysts in HDC requires some consideration about the structure of the NPs, since the metal arrangement can determine an enhancement in the activity of the catalysts. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


OBTAINED BY heparin fractions nitrous depolymerization, containing at most 150 ppb TOTAL nitroso compounds, prepared by subjecting heparins DEPOLIMERIZADAS NITRITE BY ACTION TO UV RADIATION.


The article presents the results of a study of the adaptive dynamics of a live weight of native mares Khakass groups Orlov trotter, Russian trotter breed and Russian Heavy Draft. In horse breeding at the year-round grazing horses, the main problem associated with adverse to the body of animals and the longest winter tebenevochnym period. Quality wintering herd horses depends largely on the ability to retain fatness (conditionally resistance) during this difficult period. Applied today assessment of the herd of horses that are on tebenevke by visual inspection, does not allow to identify the start of a sharp loss of body weight, as a result of animals are depleted, which leads to an increase in the number of abortions in mares and waste both young and adult population. Investigations were carried out to study the adaptive dynamics of a live weight of mares in a year-round grazing for timely identification of the onset of critical changes. Degree horses adapt to seasonal rhythms in a year-round grazing animals reflects their annual dynamics of live weight. This indicator is one of the criteria for adaptation to breeding conditions. Comparative seasonal dynamics of the live weight of the mares of different genotypes studied by seasons by the formula AA Motorina [1]. During the year, the mares of different genotypes reacted differently to the drastically changing feed, temperature, physiological, and others. Factors. Hardier mare were Khakass groups. They are less than animals of other genotypes, react to the current level of feeding and management, sharp temperature changes. What does the change of body weight in the autumn-winter period (1.0-1.9 vs. 2.5-3.8%), autumn-spring (against 15,9-17,4 17,0-20,9) and autumn-summer (against 10,4-11,3 10,8-13,0%), indicating that a good adaptation mares Khakass groups to environmental factors.


There is a certain gap between China costume industry and the international Costume Industry because of the former's late developing.The development of China Costume Industry has been forced on a stage to produce goods with famous international brands as a strategy to meet the challenge of market economy.The unshirkable duty and the only way out is to establish the position of Chinese costumes in the international costume industry.


What the existing organization of schooling presupposes...is that in consumption terms, the world consists of equally powerful individual actors. Such, of course, is not the case in a hierarchically ordered capitalist system, where labour and capital, and indeed different forms of both, have differential access to resources enabling them to consume. By largely intervening only in provisional relations, the state fails to recognize the central dynamic of education ‐‐ that provision and consumption are not coterminous. In essence, state intervention does not go far enough. (Lynch, 1989, p.127)


Natural Language Processing (NLP) software represented in text or voice makes communication possible among people of different languages using their mother tongue. This paper describes the research progress in NLP, machine translation, and electronic language dictionaries commonly used for such communication among people and Internet users around the world who speak different languages. The problems of quality and accuracy in computer translation encountered in both stand-alone and web-based translation systems are described. The possible programming for electronic dictionary as basic tool for NLP applications is also put forward. This involves the creation of software, which will analyze and synthesize language based on the semantic representation of sentences and phrases, and still post considerable challenges to both computational linguist and computer scientists. processing result sometimes is not accurate enough (Grishman, 1989). With the cyberspace and Internet serving as the global information infrastructure, NLP is the medium that facilitates communication within this infrastructure. In this way, NLP can connect and even improve communication among all kinds of human activities. It is our challenge to make NLP system more reliable and easy to understand for many application systems such as, • Multilingual Information Service • Global Information System • Information Retrieval System • Knowledge-based Search Engine • Machine Translation System • Intelligent and Expert System. Although research on Natural Language Processing already began in the late 1940s, serious research activities on this subject are still being pursued in some countries for its own language. In 1980s, CICC (The Center of International Cooperation for Computerization) in Japan developed translation machine with "interlingua" approach. This translation system was not only one-to-one translation, but also capable for multilingual translation. The system developed in interlingua model covered five languages in the system: Indonesian/Malay, Thai, Chinese, Japanese as well as English. These all five languages can be set as either source or target language, and be connected each by English as interlingua base (central system). Lately, CICC interlingua considered also German and French to enable CICC interlingua developed not only to be Asiaversal (Uchida and Zu, 1990:31). The interlingua developed by CICC is different from another interlingua system such as ATLAS II, KMBT, PIVOT, etc. First, this model was developed to handle multilingual translation by computer. For this reason, each concept should be formulated as clear as possible in standardized forms. Secondly, CICC interlingua tries to describe semantic and pragmatic aspect of sentence with certain information category. To achieve this purpose, the system was not oriented on particular linguistics theory although certain linguistics terminology is still being used. On one hand, interlingua must contain all universal features of its member languages, but it must also maintain its simplicity to avoid cumbersome and unmanageable size. There is also the fact that natural language phenomenon is fully marked with variation. For this purpose, interlingua needs to be richer with rules compared to each individual language, not only in grammatical rules, but also in semantic and syntactic relation in between the languages. With five languages covered by the system in CICC, the interlingua should include the rules of all five languages and a set of correlation rules connecting them. In this case, interlingua system should cover all rules to include definite variation in each language member. So far, CICC interlingua didn't reach that level yet, and any exceptional variations are still handled manually in pre-editing and post editing phase (Yusuf, 1992). In any interlingua system, developing manmachine interface for certain application involves two main activities. As an example in 2000, P.T. Telkom (Indonesian telecommunication company) tried to develop text-to-speech for Indonesian language. First, P.T. Telkom tried to translate all computer terminology into Indonesian terms. Then, all these terminologies have to be synthesized into correct pronunciation. Almost all of computer terminology is absolutely new for Indonesian language and unfortunately this terminological policy has to go through Malay sound, which is a little bit different from Indonesian language. As consequences, some of Indonesian terminology was relatively longer than the original context and sometimes can't be accurately understood. Many efforts are still being undertaken to make the translation process more effective.


This experiment safety assurance package (ESAP) is a revision of the last mixed uranium and plutonium oxide (MOX) ESAP issued in June 2002). The purpose of this revision is to provide a basis to continue irradiation up to 52 GWd/MT burnup [as predicted by MCNP (Monte Carlo N-Particle) transport code The last ESAP provided basis for irradiation, at a linear heat generation rate (LHGR) no greater than 9 kW/ft, of the highest burnup capsule assembly to 50 GWd/MT. This ESAP extends the basis for irradiation, at a LHGR no greater than 5 kW/ft, of the highest burnup capsule assembly from 50 to 52 GWd/MT.


The knowledge and the control of fabrication tolerance are key issues to get the required traveling wave tube performance. The comprehension of the factors that mainly determine a yield degradation is required to avoid higher costs in the manufacturing process. This paper proposes a method to improve the yield of multi-section helix traveling wave tubes before the fabrication. Small-signal gain performance goal is assumed as the design target.


A computer simulation technique is suggested for calculating internal friction spectra due to stress-stimulated diffusion of hydrogen atoms in bcc solid solutions containing both interstitial and substitutional atoms. Account is taken of long-range pairwise interaction of interstitials with each other and with substitutional atoms. This interaction is assumed to produce short-range order in the arrangement of migrating hydrogen atoms and to change the energy of hydrogen atoms at both tetrahedral interstitial sites (before a jump) and octahedral interstitial sites (the saddle points of diffusion barriers). Therefore, the interaction affects hydrogen diffusion by producing local changes in the activation energy for diffusion. The relaxation strength is calculated from the local atomic displacement field around each migrating atom. Using a computer simulation, the mechanism of the Snoek-type relaxation due to hydrogen atoms is investigated in Ti(Zr)-Nb alloys and the energy of chemical H(D)-Ti(Zr) interaction in Nb is determined.


The symbol of the dragon is an important element of the cultural and historical identity of the Chinese people. This article attempts to analyze the symbol of the dragon in the genesis of Chinese philosophy, particularly in its cosmogonic and cosmological systems. The article shows that the mythological symbol of the dragon did not disappear at an early stage of the formation of Chinese civilization; on the contrary, it was fixed in the corpus of categories of philosophical thought and was used to express the cosmological laws and principles of Tao. The symbol of dragon can also be found in 4 symbols (or 4 images 四象, si xiang), 5 elements (五行, wu xing), 6 harmonies-correspondences (六合, liu he), 7 stars (七星, qi xing), 8 trigrams (八卦, ba gua) and 64 hexagrams (六十四卦, liu shi si gua). The article concludes that the symbol of the dragon lays at the very origins of Chinese culture since it expresses its main archetypal meanings; it embodies the naturalness (⾃然, zi ran) and the cycle of universal changes.


Two-dimensional electron gases have been the subject of research for decades. Modulation doped GaAs quantum wells in the absence of magnetic fields exhibit interesting many-body physics such as the Fermi edge singularity or Mahan exciton and can be regarded as a collective excitation of the system. Under high magnetic fields Landau levels form which have been studied using transport and optical measurements. Nonlinear coherent two-dimensional Fourier transform (2DFT) spectroscopy however provides new insights into these systems. We present the 2DFT spectra of Mahan Excitons associated with the heavy-hole and light-hole resonances observed in a modulation doped GaAs/AlGaAs single quantum well [1]. These resonances are observed to be strongly coupled through many-body interactions. The 2DFT spectra were measured using co-linear, cross-linear, and co-circular polarizations and reveal striking differences. Furthermore, 2DFT spectra at high magnetic fields performed at the National High Magnetic Field Lab (NHMFL) in Tallahassee, Florida will be discussed. The spectra exhibit new features and peculiar line shapes suggesting interesting underlying physics. [1] J. Paul, C. E. Stevens, C. Liu, P. Dey, C. McIntyre, V. Turkowski, J. L. Reno, D. J. Hilton, and D. Karaiskaj, Phys. Rev. Lett.116, 157401 (2016).


The Menderes Massif, Turkey, is a type locality for deciphering the plate tectonic response from collision‐ to extension‐driven exhumation. Conventional thermobarometry and garnet pressure‐temperature (P‐T) paths from isochemical phase diagrams were calculated across a major fault (Selimiye Shear Zone, SSZ) bounding the southern edge of the Menderes Massif. Both approaches yield similar garnet rim temperatures (from 555 to 671 °C), but estimated P differs by between 8 and 15 kbar. Three garnets north of the SSZ reveal N‐shaped P‐T paths, whereas paths from three samples south of the SSZ show a simple increase in P‐T. Monazite and zircon were dated in thin section from the same rocks using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry, respectively. Textural relationships of monazite within garnet appears indicative of post‐garnet growth. The amount of monazite common 204Pb and 137Ba+/Th+ significantly exceeds what is observed for the monazite age standard, suggesting their ages mark fluid‐driven events, loosely constrained to Late Eocene‐Early Miocene. Some zircon ages are consistent with Cambro‐Ordovician ages reported elsewhere in the region, and other ages are Neoproterozoic and Permian‐Triassic, a period not previously recognized in this area. Despite the lack of age constraints for the duration of garnet growth, we present a thermal model to understand the meaning of the N‐shaped path. These paths are best reproduced by thermal models incorporating SSZ thrusting before and after denudation. This paper presents an example of the insight from high‐resolution P‐T paths, and an example of denudation within a prograde metamorphic event.


Acquired deletions on chromosome 7 (monosomy 7/del7q) are common in myeloid neoplasms, especially pediatric MDS and AML. Although these tumors have historically been reported to occur within families, suggesting a genetic predisposition, the genetic lesion(s) that initiate these diseases has remained elusive until the last few years. Following a series of publications in which germline mutations in SAMD9 and SAMD9L were reported in a MIRAGE syndrome and Ataxia Pancytopenia syndrome, respectively, our group and others described similar heterozygous missense germline mutations in pediatric MDS, especially non-syndromic familial MDS with monosomy 7. Mutations in SAMD9 and SAMD9L have now also been reported in transient monosomy 7, inherited bone marrow failure and AML. Collectively, it is estimated that germline mutations in these genes are present in nearly 20% of children with MDS, with a strong enrichment in those with monosomy 7. Surprisingly, SAMD9 and SAMD9L are paralogous genes adjacently located on human chromosome 7 at band 7q21, and the monosomy 7 clone that expands in children universally lacks the pathologic germline variant. Expression of the mutant proteins in cells results in profound growth suppression, suggesting that there is strong selective pressure for hematopoietic cells to not express the mutant alleles. In addition to chromosome loss, additional methods that suppress expression of the pathologic allele have been described. These include copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH) with duplication of the wild-type allele or the somatic acquisition of additional mutations in cis with the germline mutation that counteract the growth suppressive effect of the germline mutation. The clinical phenotype is largely dictated by the revertant mutation in the dominant hematopoietic clone within the patient's bone marrow. Those with an expansion of a CN-LOH clone are more commonly asymptomatic, in contrast to those patients with a dominant monosomy 7 clone. Progression to higher grade MDS or AML is associated with the acquisition of additional somatic mutations including mutations in SETBP1, KRAS and RUNX1. The recognition of these germline mutations has had an immediate impact on the clinical management of children with MDS, including their family members, and ongoing clinical work in the pediatric MDS community is aimed at establishing guidelines for the pathologic diagnosis, clinical monitoring and treatment for these patients. In addition to these ongoing clinical pursuits, there is significant research interest in these genes, the function of their proteins in hematopoietic cells and how the germline mutations alter the function of the wild-type protein. The SAMD9 and SAMD9L proteins are largely uncharacterized and have been shown to be important in endocytosis, growth factor signaling and to have antiviral properties. Intriguingly, SAMD9 and SAMD9L are both induced by inflammatory signals, including interferons, suggesting a link between inflammatory stress and the disease phenotype. Ongoing studies are aimed at developing models, including in vitro and in vivo models, to understand the mechanisms by which these germline mutations can ultimately lead to the development of pediatric MDS and related disorders.

 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Shilpa S. Dhar, Sung-Hun Lee, Pu-Yeh Kan, Philipp Voigt, Li Ma, Xiaobing Shi, Danny Reinberg, and Min Gyu Lee Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, New York Univeristy School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA; Department of Biochemisty and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA


Lupus profundus (lupus erythematosus panniculitis) is an unusual clinical variant of lupus erythematosus (LE) in which the cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurs primarily in the deeper corium. The common clinical features of lupus profundus include asymptomatic, firm, and sharply defined nodules. The histologic findings are characterized by non-specific panniculitis composed of lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and histiocytes with varying degrees of necrobiotic changes with fibrinoid deposits (1). Subcutaneous dermatofibroma also presents with a depressed large subcutaneous nodule, in which fibrohistiocytic proliferation, storiform arrangement of spindle cells, sclerotic collagen, and interspersed trapping of collagen at the periphery of the lesion were the histopathologic findings (2). We report here a woman who had a hard and depressed gluteal lesion, which was clinically mimicking subcutaneous dermatofibroma, but histopathologically diagnosed as lupus erythematosus panniculitis.


This paper proposes an audio fingerprinting method called parallel double fingerprinting designed to improve the integrity of detected segments for short-duration audio indexing while ensuring robustness. The method generates two sets of fingerprints that are parallel in time by segmentation and Walsh transformation, which are binary coded. The two sets of fingerprints are matched separately when indexing, and the union of matching results is used as final result. We test our method on a data set of 100 hours TV programs recording and compare it with landmark-based fingerprinting system. The experimental results show that the overall performance of parallel double fingerprinting is improved by an average of about 3% compared to the landmark-based fingerprinting. In particular, our method has significant advantages in the integrity of matching segments. We also compared matching results of double fingerprinting with single fingerprinting, and the robustness of the double fingerprinting was significantly better.


Plasmonic metasurfaces are investigated that consist of a sub‐wavelength line pattern in an ultrathin (∼10 nm) silver film, designed for extraordinary suppressed transmission (EOST) in the visible spectral range. Measurements with a near‐field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) demonstrate that far‐field irradiation resonantly excites antenna‐like (bright) modes that are localized on the metal ridges. The re‐radiation of these modes into the far‐field interferes destructively with the transmitted wave, thus suppressing transmission almost completely. In contrast, a second type of mode, bound (dark) surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) launched from an NSOM tip, propagates well across the metasurface, preferentially perpendicular to the grating lines.


In this article, the pinning control problem is considered for the synchronization of switched impulsive complex networks (SICNs) with asynchronous switching. In order to reduce the communication burden, a pinning controller under the mode-dependent dynamic event-triggered (DET) scheme is designed to realize the synchronization. Unlike the conventional DET control strategies, this brief proposed one that simultaneously transmits the state and the switching information to the controller. Moreover, using the average dwell time method, a set of sufficient conditions for synchronization analysis is developed. Besides, the proposed control scheme can eliminate Zeno behavior effectively and even lessen the consumption of computing resources.


The story of the novel's emergence can be told differently depending on what you think a novel actually is. And depending on how you define the novel, you could attribute its emergence to the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern empire of the ancient Greeks or to England over a millennium and a half later. So the divergence is enormous, both geographically and temporally: on the one hand, the novel is the product of a culturally hybrid classical antiquity, and, on the other, the outcome of Britain's transition into a capitalist modernity. This chapter surveys some very different accounts of the origins of the novel, and it turns in closing to a follow-up question: why do we want to be able to pinpoint when, where, and how the novel emerged? Dates and definitions "This book is the revelation of a very well-kept secret," Margaret Anne Doody writes in the opening line of The True Story of the Novel (1996): "that the Novel as a form of literature in the West has a continuous history of about two thousand years." Doody goes on to offer a history of prose narrative which suggests that the novel is as old as Western civilization itself, beginning with ancient Greek fictions written around the time of Christ, among them those works that Bakhtin had considered when he sought to distinguish the irreverent novel from the stately classical epic. But are these all really novels ?


Two stroke spark ignition engines have high exhaust emissions and low brake thermal efficiency due to the short circuiting losses and incomplete combustion, which occur during idling and at part load operating conditions. To eliminate the short circuiting losses, direct injection has been developed. Electronic CNG injection system was developed for better fuel economy and reduced emissions. The fuel and time maps were generated for the various operating conditions of the engine using an electronic system. For the mapping, the visualization tool was used to estimate the fuel injection time and delivery quantity for required running conditions of the engine. Experiments were carried out at the constant speed of 3500 rpm with a compression ratio of 12:1. The performance and emission characteristics of direct CNG injection system and carbureted engine are described. The above studies indicate the improvement in brake thermal efficiency from 15.2% to 24.3%. This is mainly due to significant reduction in short circuit loss of fresh charge and precise control of air fuel ratio. The pollution levels of HC and CO were reduced by 79.3% and 94.5% respectively compared to a conventional carbureted engine. © 2008 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved


. – In this paper we present data on the nesting success and life history traits of the Scarlet-headed Blackbird ( Amblyramphus holosericeus ) nesting in the Argentinean pampas. During the 1995–1997 and 2001–2002 breeding seasons (September–December), we found 60 Scarlet-headed Blackbird nests. About 40% of these nests produced fledglings, and daily nest mortality did not differ among nesting stages (laying, incubation, nestling). Clutch size was 3 eggs, and the mean number of fledglings was 1.33 ± 0.78. Brood reduction was a common cause of nestling loss as 39% of nest with more than 1 nestling lost the last hatched one. Results obtained from experimental nests indicate that parent nest attention increases the probability of nest success as natural nests showed a lower predation rate. We suggest that the high nest attention detected in this species could be responsible for the higher nesting success compared to other sympatric marsh nesting species. However, high nest attendance could also imply an additional cost as it may constrain the time available to parents for foraging, thus limiting the food delivered to nestlings.


The present study considers, through the implementation of an optical river typology, the effect of the optical characteristics of different river plumes on estimates of Photosynthetically Available and Usable Radiation (PAR and PUR). The global distribution of waters influenced by the input of rivers is determined through the use of an Index of Fluvial Influence (IFI), which uses climatological salinity fields and hydrograph data for the world's 60 largest rivers. This IFI map is used as a template to extract spectral radiance data from ocean colour sensors. The radiance data is then analyzed using a fuzzy logic based classification scheme where the resulting classes are intended to represent the optical water types of globally distributed rivers. Each dataset of spectra clustered through the above classification, are inverted based on a nonlinear optimization routine and a multicomponent reflectance model including bidirectional effects. A second nonlinear optimization method using a published reflectance model was also included for comparison. The retrieved variables (backscattering coefficient at 555 nm, absorption of detrital material at 443 nm and the concentration of chlorophyll) provide the "typical" optical characteristics of the different water types to be used in the subsequent analysis. Typical Inherent Optical Properties (TOP) distributions and representative surface PAR distribution for subpolar, temperate and tropical regimes are used to estimate euphotic zone integrated PAR and PUR for the differing river optical water types. The effects of the TOPs in the differing water types affect two main aspects of PAR and PUR determination. The first influence is through the diffuse attenuation coefficient and thus the estimated euphotic depth itself, the second is the effect the relative proportions of different lOPs have on the conversion of downwelling irradiance to scalar irradiance (the relevant quantity for photosynthesis). Under certain, demonstrated, condition these two influences actually can counteract each other. Examples of high-resolution imagery, processed to retrieve derived PAR and PUR for three specific river plumes (Mississippi, Yangtze and Po), are also presented. Finally based on the above described sensitivity analysis, and using generic formulations for photosynthetic parameters, the impact of erroneously not accounting for the optical properties of river plumes in global calculations of primary production are estimated.


Service providers play a central role in organizations. This chapter integrates research on communication behaviors engaged in by providers in customer service interactions. Providers' customer service styles may reflect a combination of courteous, personalized, and manipulative communication behaviors. The exact behaviors demonstrated in any given service interaction are greatly influenced by the provider's status, the customer's status, and time pressure. Providers may engage in courteous service behaviors, including phatic speech, nonverbal immediacy, and verbal immediacy. They may also offer personalized service by demonstrating a customer orientation, interaction involvement, information sharing, and social support. In addition, they may engage in manipulative service through such behaviors as bureaucratization, interaction control, compliance gaining, and emotion management. Whereas courteous and personalized service practices appear to contribute to customer satisfaction and compliance as well as p...


Micro-contact printing (μ-CP) and liftoff techniques were employed to fabricate Au micro-patterns onto electro-active paper (EAPap) for biodegradable and flexible microelectromechanical system (MEMS) application. Conventional lithography and etching techniques cannot be utilized to fabricate micropatterns on EAPap having interesting actuating properties due to its hydrophilic and flexible characteristics. The cause of nanodefects on the Au pattern after the μ-CP process was investigated to enhance the pattern quality. Three different solvents were utilized to investigate the consequence of the solvent polarity during the 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) fabrication and after the μ-CP process. The defects, such as microcracks and nanograins, were closely related to the solvent polarity. The higher polar solvent turned out smaller defects than the lower polar solvent due to the reduction of the solvent swell onto the PDMS stamp during SAM layer formation. The liftoff technique exhibited a new way of fabricating various metal patterns on EAPap without any nanodefects.


The theory of atoms in molecules rigorously defines reliable, accurate, consistent and stable average atomic properties. Obtaining these properties poses a complicated integration which is revisited in this paper and critically examined ab ovo. An integration algorithm using an analytical representation of the interatomic surface is proposed. This new technique is implemented in the program MORPHY 2.0, allowing automatic integration of all atoms in one input deck without external topological information. The present algorithm is illustrated via a few selected molecules with emphasis on the accuracy of (high) atomic electrostatic moments. It is shown that the theory of 'atoms in molecules' yields sufficiently accurate moments to reproduce the exact ab initio electrostatic potential.


Motion estimation(ME) is vital to video compression.Due to the adoption of the high precision of motion vector(MV) in H.264 encoder,the computational cost increases rapidly,and ME takes almost 80% encoding time.In this paper,based on the UMHexagonS algorithm,an optimized algorithm is proposed based on the dynamic search range selection,big hexagon and small hexagon search mode respectively,which saves ME time effectively without quality loss.Experimenting with some typical video sequences proves that,compared to UMHexagonS algorithm,our optimized algorithm can save about 18.292% ME time and reduce the complexity of original scheme as well as enhance the real-time performance of the encoder but almost has no change in the reconstructed picture quality and bitrate.


Efforts are under way in the agricultural research for development community to employ crop growth simulation models for the ex-ante assessment of the impacts of agricultural technologies, in particular improved crop varieties. The approach, dubbed "virtual crop modelling", consists in the manipulation of genetic coefficients of the cultivars contained in crop growth models to simulate productivity effects of genetic improvements brought about by future breeding efforts and assesses the impacts of these improvements under field conditions. However, the suitability of the models for this purpose is not yet proven. In an effort to explore the suitability of crop growth models for virtual crop modelling, the DSSAT-SUBSTOR potato growth model, a model which simulates potato growth as a function of abiotic, but not of biotic factors, is used to carry out a sensitivity analysis of changes in genetic coefficients of a modern tropical potato cultivar. Yields are simulated across a wide range of genetic coefficients of the crop model at sites located in four contrasting tropical, subtropical and temperate environments. Simulation results show that the model responds to parameter changes as expected and that it gives meaningful results in all tested environments. Site characteristics appear to play an important role for potential simulated yield levels and for the responses of the model to changes in genetic coefficients. However, there is substantial unexploited potential for productivity growth from improved management practices. This potential appears to be greater than the benefits from genetic improvements that appear likely today. The analysis shows that, by helping to identify yield constraints for different environments, crop modelling can make substantial contributions to ex-ante impact assessment of agricultural technologies. Virtual crop modelling, however, is only a viable option if crop growth is actually constrained by those genetic factors which are represented by adjustable genetic coefficients of a given crop model. Furthermore, the scope of many crop models is limited to abiotic yield-limiting factors and an extension towards biotic factors, e.g. a linkage with disease models, might be necessary for some environments.


Based on the platform VC_(++)6.0,we make use of OpenGL,realize the simulation in three-dimensional and control the missile's movement by serial interface.The results show that this method solves the problem of modeling and real-time displav.


Social media has become an inseparable part of modern life, but concerns have arisen regarding its influence on mental health. This article aims to delve into the intricate relationship between social media and mental health, highlighting both the benefits it brings and the risks it poses. Drawing upon existing research, this study reveals that excessive reliance on social media can contribute to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, social isolation, and the spread of violent or hateful speech. Therefore, individuals need to be mindful of these potential hazards and take measures to protect their mental well-being. Through a comprehensive analysis of the positive and negative effects of social media on mental health, this article puts forward practical solutions to alleviate any adverse consequences. For instance, individuals are encouraged to use social media moderately, cultivate healthy digital habits, and limit their screen time. Moreover, governments and society as a whole should actively promote mental health awareness and reinforce regulations around social media usage to minimize potential negative impacts. In conclusion, while social media brings convenience and various benefits, it cannot be ignored that it also has the potential to impact mental health. By recognizing and addressing the associated risks, individuals, governments, and society can work together to foster a culture of healthy social media practices and safeguard mental well-being. The innovative approaches proposed in this article serve as a helpful guide for further exploration in this intriguing field.


This essay extends the theory of simple collective decision problems to spatial games in which (contrary to the traditional assumption) each agent's preferences are concave, in the sense that the alternatives that the agent does not prefer to any particular reference alternative together constitute a convex set. Such concave preferences might characterize decision problems in which, say, a site must be selected for some obnoxious facility, such as a prison, garbage dump, or facility for managing hazardous materials. The results indicate that, under these conditions, the (weak a-)core can be structurally unstable, changing discontinuously with apparently minor perturbations of the decision problem. The main theorem identifies a curious property of the core when the set of feasible alternatives is compact and convex and each agent's preferences are strictly concave. Namely, a point in the feasible set's interior can belong to the core only if there is no feasible alternative that makes every member of any winning coalition strictly worse off. In this sense, an interior point belongs to the core only if it lies in "the pits."


family line, leading, reuniting, and expanding their family. Viduvilt presents a very different approach to the Arthurian source material, but it is faithful to the source nonetheless, for the Viduvilt author draws on Wigalois as a model maintaining the diverse female roles but then makes unorthodox representational choices by granting them more power, thereby resolving the conflicted message around female gender roles of Wigalois. Oehme's close reading of these stories through the lens of adaptation studies allows her to reveal how subtle changes in the basic plot structure expose very different views on female gender roles and female agency, thereby making a significant new contribution to Wigalois scholarship. There are three areas where I wish Oehme to have elaborated more: first, the choice of her title; second, including the woodcuts she discussed in the Wigoleis chapter; and third, a more extensive contextualization of the historical differences around women's roles for each adaptation. The title choice "He should have listened to his wife!" raised specific expectations for me for what would follow, but the relevancy of this quote to each adaptation is not made clear. It is marginally addressed in the Viduvilt chapter where the story supports the claim, that Gabein should have listened to his wife's advice so that he could have returned to their kingdom and see his son grow up (see p. 52), whereas in Wigalois the audience receives the exact opposite advice, namely, that a wise man is not governed by a woman's advice. I found Oehme's discussion of the text-image relationship of Wigoleis a very interesting and important contribution, but it would have been enhanced significantly had either an image or information about how to access the woodcuts been included. Oehme does allude to some of the cultural, political and religious circumstances of the times in which each of the adaptations was created as they pertain to women's roles, but I found those too brief and not developed enough, especially since the book overall is relatively short. A more in-depth discussion of the socio-political, historical, and cultural contexts of each adaptation would have further strengthened her fascinating analysis of these differences and adaptations.


The 40-channel magnetograph is described. Special attention is given to details of the fiber-optic probe which dissects the Fraunhofer line image and provides for a choice of spectral and spatial resolution. Examples of magnetograms taken with the instrument are shown. Maps of quiet areas, made with long integration times to achieve a noise of 0.4 G, yet with 5 arc-sec resolution, indicate the presence everywhere of a minimum background field of average strength 2–3 G.


The theory of characteristic modes used in antenna analysis and design is usually more elegant than simple design formulas or purely numerical techniques. The predominant two characteristic currents and the corresponding characteristic patterns of a diversity wire antenna with two highly-isolated ports are given in this paper. The antenna's pattern and the current on it can be approximated by the combination of the characteristic modes 1 and 2.


The production and territorial planning of Agrarian Reform settlements has included the participation of settlers in their preparation. Thus, works have been developed to associate scientific and informal knowledge, under the agroecological perspective, reconciling demands of families and technical guidance for the work with the land. This study aimed to integrate Geoprocessing tools and environmental perception of the settlers from Olga Benario settlement Visonde do Rio Branco, MG - through the production of maps containing the environmental stratification criated by settlers and technicians. The data produced can be used by settlers and technicians in the production planning of the area, in progress, and assist the Agroecological management of the settlement resources. The material generated indicates the potential of the settlers' perception of the environments and the potential use of Geoprocessing in the construction of knowledge during the participatory planning.


(57) The invention relates to the field of railway transport and can be used in the construction of automatic coupling devices of cargo, in particular, long wheelbase, cars. The housing consists of the coupler shank (1) and with a large head part (2) and small (3) and the teeth of the centering projection (4). The longitudinal axis O-O coupler situated in the horizontal plane of symmetry of the shank (1). Small tooth (3) is adapted to impact a wall (3.1) and a lower portion disposed away from the longitudinal axis O-O to the bottom surface (3.2) and increased height relative to the top portion located away from the longitudinal axis O-O to the upper surface of the small tooth ( 3). Centering protrusion (4) has a horizontal base (4.1), an inclined surface (4.2) for centering adjacent autohitches height and a leading edge (4.3). A spigot (4) attached to the small tooth (3) direct adjacently below the inclined surface (4.2) to the bottom surface (3.2). Technical result: an increase in the strength of the coupler body.


Objective To make comparison and analysis of epidemic situation of injury-related behaviors between migrant works' children and urban children. Methods 926 students were investigated with anonymous questionnaire.The survey was conducted with stratified cluster sampling. Results The incidence for riding a bike with a person and crossing the road not following the crosswalk/overpass/underpass of migrant workers' children was nearly 50%.The incidences for injury-related behaviors of migrant workers' children were higher than those of local children.Compared with urban children,migrant workers' children were more vulnerable to falling(OR=1.508),maltreated(OR=1.977),cut or stabbed(OR=1.813),brain and neck injury(OR=3.882) and severe burns(OR=2.708). Conclusion Compared to urban children,migrant workers' children seemed the high-risk population for injury-related behaviors.The concept of injury prevention should be strengthened by migrant workers' children.


Aim:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of urinary tract stones in patients from Okinawa, the most southern island group of Japan.


The Music Apperception Test (MAT) asks respondents to "tell a story to the music." Brief compositions portray basic emotions followed by 30-s silent periods. The MAT relies on the emotional import of music, so narratives varyforcontent,settings,andoutcomes.Storiesarerecordedandtranscribedfor coding. Thirty-seven MAT variables in ten categories of response are described: Fluency, Latency, Time to Termination, Pace, Content, Interaction, Off-Task Response, Voice, Narrative Style, and Affective Fit. Provisional norms for children, adolescents, and adults, are based on 2,016 responses of 168 individuals. Split-half and test-retest reliabilities for quantitative variables, latency and fluency, exceed .90. Current research is summarized, clinical application is discussed, and recommendations are made for future research. Emotion and its cognates, mood and feeling, are central to mental status and human behavior. Emotion primes perception, attention, and thought processes. Negative emotions are associated with psychological conflict, interpersonal difficulties, and dysfunctional states of mind; and positive emotions, with healthy function. The effects of emotion may be subtle and unregistered by consciousness, but without emotion, judgment and decision processes are largely paralyzed (Damasio, 2005). Paradoxi- cally, given the importance of emotions, few clinical assessment tools systematically explore feeling, mood, or emotions. None aim to evoke the range of human emotions from joy and delight to anger and disgust.


Genomic disruption of Fyn has not been associated with an immune-deficient phenotype, notwithstanding the profound impairment in IL-2 production by T cells derived from Fyn-deficient animals observed in vitro. The results presented demonstrate that Fyn deficient animals succumb to influenza infection ahead of the protective expansion of lung infiltrating T cells and viral clearance observed in wild-type hosts. Formal proof that Fyn-dependent IL-2 production mediates T cell expansion in vivo is provided using a model of T cell induced enteropathy. Specifically, Fyn deficient naive T cells do not induce colitis in SCID animals due to their lack of expansion, and Fyn re-expression rescues both IL-2 production and its capacity to support in vivo expansion leading to colitis. These results reconcile the obligatory role of Fyn in T cell activation and autocrine IL-2 supported growth; and underscore the mechanism through which its function is integrated with and regulated by Lck.


Most European countries are formally building HTA into policy and reimbursement processes. The development of HTA in Europe has been a combination of scientific, political and practical steps in a region of the world that provides specific conditions for that to happen – the European integration and the EU. The strategic objectives of the European network for HTA (EUnetHTA) which started in 2006 were to promote more effective use of resources, increase HTA input to decision making, strengthen the link between HTA and policy making, and support countries with limited experience in HTA. The most innovative scientific and practical provision has been the HTA Core Model. It enables effective national and transnational production and sharing of HTA results in a common, structured format and represents a wide range of perspectives. Other results were a handbook on HTA capacity building, a toolkit for adapting existing HTA reports to other settings, and a database of studies for additional data collection on new technologies. In 2011 the EU Research Framework Programme 7 made a call for proposals in new methodologies for HTA based on a study of research needs. This is a major step in bringing HTA into the research agenda in Europe.


We have measured threshold photoionization spectra of benzyl+‐h7, benzyl+‐αd2, and benzyl+‐d7 in the ground electronic state (X+ 1A1) using resonant two‐photon excitation and detection of electrons by pulsed field ionization. The adiabatic ionization potentials of benzyl‐h7, benzyl‐αd2, and benzyl‐d7 are 58 468±5 cm−1, 58 418±5 cm−1, and 58 386±5 cm−1. Excitation through a variety of vibronically mixed A 2A2–B 2B2 neutral excited states allows observation of cation vibrations of both a1 and b1 symmetries. We directly measure in‐plane fundamentals and infer the frequencies of certain out‐of‐plane fundamentals from their involvement in combinations or overtones. By comparison with harmonic frequencies from ab initio calculations, we assign 35 of 48 observed levels in the ‐h7 isotopomer, 15 of 22 levels in ‐αd2, and 25 of 30 levels in ‐d7. Ab initio calculations permit a detailed comparison of the geometry, chemical bonding, and vibrational frequencies in the benzyl anion, neutral, and cation. The anion a...


This paper reports the quantitative experimental exploration of the performance space of a microfabricated singlet oxygen generator (muSOG). SOGs are multiphase reactors that mix H2O2, KOH, and Cl2 to produce singlet delta oxygen, or O2 (a). A scaled-down SOG is being developed as the pump source for a microfabricated chemical oxygen-iodine laser system because scaling down a SOG yields improved performance compared to the macroscaled versions. The performance of the muSOG was characterized using O2 (a) yield, chlorine utilization, power in the flow, molar flow rate per unit of reactor volume, and steady-state operation as metrics. The performance of the muSOG is measured through a series of optical diagnostics and mass spectrometry. The test rig, which enables the monitoring of temperatures, pressures, and the molar flow rate of O2 (a), is described in detail. Infrared spectra and mass spectrometry confirm the steady-state operation of the device. Experimental results reveal O2 (a) concentrations in excess of 1017 cm-3, O2 (a) yield at the chip outlet approaching 80%, and molar flow rates of 02(a) per unit of reactor volume exceeding 600 times 10-4 mol/L/s.


In an iron ore mining plant, in order to achieve the desired quality in the flotation concentrate, the operator took decisions based on the result of a laboratory analysis that took 2 hours minimum to be available. Such a long dead time made it difficult to put the plant in steady state when a variation in the feeding of the flotation occurred or when the output specification changes. Thus, the aim of the present work is to report a construction of a virtual sensor capable of estimating the SiO2 content and that allowed the operator to perform a responsive action in a shorter period. The high variability in feeding on top of the inherent difficulties in the prediction involving time-series made the project unique. Data mining techniques and feature selection were applied on a 03 months database covering Flotation as well as the Desliming variables, and different datasets were used in order to obtain the following three Machine Learning models: Random Forest, Gradient Boosted Trees and Multi-Layer Perceptron. The Soft Sensor based on artificial neural networks was more efficient in the test stage. In the online version, the low average absolute error obtained proved the robustness of the model, delivered agility to the operation and confirmed the power of this approach in industrial processes with high latency of laboratory results.


The electrostatic localization of excess protons at a water‐membrane interface has now been clearly demonstrated experimentally, which corrects the Mitchellian proton delocalization view. To demonstrate the fundamental behavior of localized excess protons in a pure water‐membrane‐water system in relation to the newly derived pmf equation, excess protons and excess hydroxyl anions were generated by utilizing an "open‐circuit" water‐electrolysis system and their distributions were tested using a proton‐sensing aluminum membrane. The proton‐sensing film placed at the membrane‐water interface displayed localized proton activity while that placed into the bulk water phase showed no excess proton activity during the entire experiment. These observations clearly match with the prediction from the proton‐electrostatics localization hypothesis that excess protons do not stay in water bulk phase; they localize at the water‐membrane interface in a manner similar to the behavior of excess electrons in a conductor. Proton‐electrostatics localization hypothesis predicts that high concentration of other cations such as Mg++, K+, or Na+ could partially delocalize the electrostatically localized protons. Therefore, determination of the cation exchange equilibrium constant is another significant way to test this hypothesis. Since protons are the smallest cations and can exist as part of the water molecules, the predicted equilibrium constant for protons to electrostatically occupy the cation sites at the water‐membrane interface is likely to be much larger than one. Results indicated that the equilibrium constant for protons (H+) to electrostatically occupy the cation sites at the water‐membrane interface was about 107 as predicted. Therefore, electrostatically localized protons at the water‐surface interface are quite stable. These findings have significance not only in the science of bioenergetics but also in the fundamental understanding for the importance of water to life in serving as a proton conductor for energy transduction.


Cotton is one of the important fiber crop, known as king of fiber and in recent times it is called as white gold. Cotton seed loses its viability and vigour rapidly in storage as being poor storer. The linted cotton seed hosts many pathogens and insect pests during storage and reduce the seed quality. According to Basu (1993) storing the seeds after treating with certain invigouration treatment for enhanced storage potential of seeds. The seed invigouration treatments includes any physical, chemical and physiological seed treatments (either wet or dry) with range of chemicals viz., Agrochemicals, fungicides, insecticides, growth regulators, vitamins, antioxidants, halogens etc. In 1973, Delouche stated that rapid loss of viability and vigour in storage leads to poor stand establishment of the crop and low productivity. Hence, storage of seeds after harvest till next sowing season is of prime importance for successful seed production programme and also an essential segment of seed industry.


Objective: To study the Total Antioxidant status, thyroid profile and lipid profile in patients of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Also to assess the sex differences in thyroid function and to compare our results to previously published reference data.
Results: In the present study 93.3% cases were females, suggesting hypothyroidism is more prevalent in the female population. The TAS levels were decreased in 20 cases(66.7%) and 1 control(5%). The difference was statistically highly significant (p


This project proposes smart power distribution system for optimal dispatch of power in residential and industrial areas. This project aims to develop decentralized methods to determine optimized real and reactive power set points for residential photovoltaic (PV) inverters. The secondary performance objectives such as voltage regulation and network loss minimization are not addressed by conventional PV inverters. This research work uses optimal power flow techniques to select the inverters for providing auxiliary services. Based on performance measures and economic objectives, it also aims to determine the optimal real and reactive power set points. The proposed method can be used in large distribution networks. The proposed decentralized strategy is also used for preparing an energy audit report which provides the real time monitoring of power consumption among various loads.


In this paper the author studies the problems of organized crime and its manifestations in correctional facilities of the penal system. Today, there are no concrete ways and methods to combat organized crime and its manifestations in the correctional system. Organized crime groups in correctional facilities are combated only by operational staff of those facilities. Meantime, the results of operational staff's work are not efficient enough. As distinct from other criminal groups, organized crime groups in correctional facilities of the penal system have their features in the criminal world, specific skills in their own criminal groups, own notions of criminal organizations and culture, own laws and individual criminal skills of each group member. Crime growth in the correctional system fell on the peak of organized crime combating in the USSR in 1930's when crime gangs, strengthening due to collectivization and famine, began getting into more organized groups. The basic uniting force in the criminal world was the trend to non-political antagonism and contumacy, while code-bound thieves in law became its elite, calling themselves the keepers of criminal tradition of the tsarist Russia.
In the course of writing this paper the author made comparative analysis of scientific achievements in combating organized crime in the penal systems of the CIS and foreign countries. While working on this paper the author visited correctional facilities of a number of Kazakhstan regions, spoke with convicted persons following members of organized crime groups, found out the opinions of correctional facilities' staff from various departments on that matter and analyzed them. As a result of the works carried out, the author came to the following conclusions: the problem of organized crime combating and liquidation of its manifestations in the penal system of Kazakhstan Republic still remains open. The problem of organized crime combating in Kazakhstan Republic' penal system is similar to that in the penal systems of all former Soviet Union states. Their similarity is accounted for the established punishment system under the codes of thieves in law, organized crime groups inside the penal system. It may be surely stated that only as a result of concrete combating organized crime in correctional facilities of the penal system and full liquidation of any manifestation of codes of thieves in law, other problems of the penal system may be solved. For instance, matters of rehabilitation of convicted persons, decrease of relapse into crime, easement of the conditions of convicted persons' social adaptation, equality of rights of convicted persons, etc. may be solved.


Mechanistic, individual‐based simulation models have been used for >25 years to overcome well‐known limitations of "habitat suitability" models. InSTREAM 7 is the latest of our individual‐based models for predicting the effects of flow and temperature regimes on stream salmonid populations. Unlike PHABSIM (or other methods based on habitat "quality," e.g., as net rate of energy intake), inSTREAM mechanistically represents specific effects of flow and temperature on all life stages, and how those effects combine into testable predictions of population measures such as abundance, relative abundance of multiple trout species, and persistence. InSTREAM 7 is the first version to also represent the daily light cycle (dawn, day, dusk, and night) and how feeding, predation risk, and individual behavior vary among light phases. An example assessment illustrates the importance of inSTREAM's multiple mechanisms: predicted trout population response to flow and temperature regimes depended on the effects of sub‐lethal temperatures on feeding behavior and effects of temperature on egg survival and development, as well as how depth and velocity affected growth and predation risk. While its input data requirements are comparable to PHABSIM's, inSTREAM provides a more comprehensive framework for thinking about and predicting specific, well‐known effects of flow and temperature. It has also proven useful for designing and evaluating restoration projects and for prioritizing alternative management actions. InSTREAM 7 is free, open‐source, completely updated with recent literature, and implemented in the popular NetLogo software platform that makes customization easy.


In spite of the extensive literature on malignant melanoma, little has been written on the typical course and prognosis of the patient who develops locally metastatic and recurrent manifestations such as regional satellitosis, except for unsupported statements that the prognosis is poor if not hopeless. Although employed frequently there seems to be no agreement as to what the term "satellite" means.