The high-pressure phases CsClO4 IV and CsBF4 IV have been quenched to atmospheric pressure at 100°K. The powder patterns can be indexed on the basis of tetragonal cells with a0 = 12.965, 12.728 Å, c0 = 5.230, 5.126 Å, respectively, containing eight formula weights. The cell volumes are in excellent agreement with the values expected from direct measurements of the III (barite)/IV transition volume changes. Arguments are advanced to show that these high-pressure phases, slightly more densely packed than the scheelite structure, probably contain the large cations in eightfold sites, the smaller ones in tetrahedral sites, and have cation-cation coordination numbers of approximately eight


Under the influence of the traditional education, practice teaching links of mechanical engineering are completed through some fixed experiments, formatting graduation design and course design and formal visit internship, so they can not achieved very good teaching effect. On the contrary, they allow students to generate resentment and lose confidence on the specialty. Based on the analysis of the problems in current practice teaching of mechanical specialty, the paper puts forward some feasible solutions according to teaching experience.


Objectives Our aim was to run a successful quality improvement project and improve patient care over two inpatient wards at The Meadows Community Psychiatric Hospital, Stockport. Background There is an average of 38,000 falls each year in community hospitals across the UK which Results in high levels of morbidity and mortality. We noted that the quality of post-falls reviews taking place by doctors at The Meadows varied greatly and were often not meeting NICE guidance on multifactorial risk assessments for falls, potentially leading to patient harm. Methods Initially, we reviewed 34 inpatient falls by retrospectively analysing patients' notes in January 2018. Following this a post-falls pro forma was designed and implemented to guide doctors when performing their reviews. Feedback was collected, education sessions delivered and changes made accordingly. We then reviewed a further 20 falls on the same wards over March-April 2019 and improvements over 11 NICE standards were recorded. Results The quality and consistency of falls reviews improved in all but 1 of the 11 NICE standards and 5 categories achieved 100%. These included receiving a medical assessment < 12 hours post fall, sending for a CT head if appropriate, performing neurovascular and cardiovascular examinations and recording medical observations post-fall. In addition, 85% now met the standard of having a medication review as part of the intervention to prevent further falls when using the pro forma (compared to 24% when the project started.) Conclusion Our project highlights that junior doctors can effectively lead and manage a successful project to improve patient care. Despite our junior status within the team, we were able to implement strong leadership and management skills and are currently expanding the project from its original objective to a Trust-wide project, reflecting its success.


The synchronization of activities still comprises a major difficulty for the management of simultaneous engineering processes. Aiming at intensifying the consideration of product-related cycles in process planning, the temporal dynamic behavior of product models (PM) is being addressed in this paper. An analysis of established process models reveals the deficiency of dynamic aspects of the representation of PM. A development project has been conducted serving as data basis for the currently ongoing analysis of the used PM. The potentials of this analysis are outlined by initial results.


in contemporary Athens as patroness of such functions, on whom Attic women called especially when most oppressed by wSlvcuv re K<XI afooovvas (Eur. Hipp. 164 ff. rav 8' euAo^ov ovpavlav j Toijwv fieSeovaav avrevv / Zlprefiiv KTX : cf. Callim. H. 3. 21-2, fr. 79 and Diegesis, schol. Theoc. 2. 66). Although Galanthis first acts in opposition to the Moirai and Eilithyia (Ant. Lib.), Lucina (Ov.), the Pharmacides (Paus.) and so incurs the fiijvis 'EKOLT^ (Ael. 15. 11), in her weasel metamorphosis she becomes the Upa SHIKOVOS of Hecate herself (Ant. Lib.), a function of the weasel in later black magic (cf. Apul. Met. ii. 21 ff.). The resulting juxtaposition of Uprefus AKaXavdls, though a pseudo-cult title for a comic purpose, may be compared to a genuine one with—perhaps— a similar background, the interesting Juno Historia of an inscription from Castrum Novum (C.I.L. xi. 3573) which was interpreted by M. Renard as a further extension of the Galanthis-Hecate relationship, but with the name Historia ( = Historis of Pausanias' version) added to that of Juno who (as with Hera in the Greek myth) is potent in the regulation of Alcmena's labour.


C have become the top carnivores in most metropolitan areas across North America. Rarely seen and occasionally heard, coyotes generally avoid humans, even when they inhabit largely urban and suburban areas. Consequently, many coyotes live in close proximity to people without ever being noticed. However, as coyote populations begin to thrive in urban areas, so have reports of conflicts with people. Originally from the open grasslands and deserts of Mexico and Central North America, coyotes have expanded their range across North America and now are found in an increasing number of cities in the United States and Canada. Despite thriving in urban areas, coyotes tend to avoid humans, shifting a majority of their activity to evening hours and spending most of their time in wooded patches and shrubbery rather than in residential, commercial, and industrial areas. Because coyotes are opportunistic creatures, their behaviors can vary from individual to individual. Consequently, some coyotes are able to thrive in urWhat Does a Coyote Look Like?


The modern neural network, as a prototype of artificial intelligence, becomes not just an assistant in student learning, but its co-author, co-creator, a partner and a mentor. The ever-increasing and less-controlled capabilities of artificial intelligence in the field of collecting and analyzing information, organizing experiments, modeling and forecasting, generating original content, call into question the very principle of freedom of human creativity. The concept of "digital freedom" is introduced in the article to describe the new conditions of students' creative activity. The information environment is considered as a resource and, at the same time, a barrier for traditional approaches, which are adopted in pedagogy, to project creative activities of students. In the situation of digital freedom, new effective models and strategies for organizing, conducting and evaluating student projects arise. The article provides a review and comparative analysis of group and individual design strategies, introduces and describes new strategies for project activities based on collective leadership and co-creation with artificial intelligence. The experiences of project creative work performed by bachelor's students and master's students of the Higher School of Journalism of the Institute of Social and Philosophical Sciences and Mass Communications, the Institute of International Relations and the Institute of Psychology and Education of KFU were analyzed.


The comparative evaluation of the quality of different Ambisonic decoding strategies presents a number of challenges, most notably the lack of a suitable reference signal other than the original, real-world audio scene. In this paper a new test methodology for the evaluation of Ambisonic decoders is presented, using a virtual loudspeaker, binaural rendering approach. A sample study using a MUSHRA test paradigm and three different types of Ambisonic decoders was conducted and the results analyzed using a variety of different statistical approaches. The results indicate significant differences between decoders for some attributes and virtual loudspeaker layouts.


Renal pressor activity was measured in rats with the different types of experimental hypertension using a direct method for the evaluation of the role of the renal pressor material in the production and the maintenance of high blood pressure. Renin content was increased in the constricted kidney and decreased in the contralateral of renal hypertension, and also decreased in adrenal regeneration hypertension. In coarctation of aorta and neurogenic hypertension, renin content in the kidneys was within normal range. High blood pressure could be maintained independently of an increase in renin concentration of the kidneys. Renal renin content seems likely the result of the sodium situation of animals and the circulation in one kidney. It still remains possible that a small change in renin formation and secretion, not detectable by the present method, might affect the reactivity of the vascular smooth muscle to the sympathetic neurohumoral agent.


The fusion of multiple Computer Aided Detection/Computer Aided Classification (CAD/CAC) algorithms has been shown to be effective in reducing the false alarm rate associated with the automated classification of bottom mine-like objects when applied to side-scan sonar images taken in Very Shallow Water (VSW) environments. This paper reports on the application of such CAD/CAC Fusion algorithms to the shallow water environment, using sidescan sonar data taken in the Gulf of Mexico during April 2000. The fusion algorithm accepts the classification confidence levels and associated contact locations from two different CAD/CAC algorithms, clusters the contacts based on the distance between their locations, and then declares a valid target when a clustered contact passes a prescribed fusion criterion. Two different fusion criteria are evaluated: the first based on the Fisher Discriminant, and the second based on a constrained optimization approach, which minimizes the total number of false alarms over the clustering distance and cluster confidence factor thresholds for a given probability of correct classification. The Fisher-based fusion provided an 82% probability of correct classification at a false alarm rate of 0.034 false alarms per image per side (port or starboard). This performance represented a 2:1 reduction in false alarms over a single CAD/CAC algorithm at this same probability of correct classification. The cluster confidence fusion algorithm performed nearly as well, yielding the 82% correct classification probability at a false alarm rate of 0.039 false alarms per image per side.


A guide for acting one (TH141) students to find a monologue by post-1950 American playwrights. An explanation of Library of Congress call numbers


BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) leads to moderate to severe pain in the patient. Pain severity is directly proportional to the functional limitations and depression in the postpartum period, making it essential to provide good pain relief after surgery. Maternal wellbeing and better nursing care of newborn requires good postoperative analgesia with minimal side effects. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of intravenous low-dose ketamine, when administered pre-emptively, in patients undergoing caesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia.
METHODOLOGY: Two groups were made, each with 50 full-term pregnant females with a plan of caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Group-A received spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine 0.5% along with intravenous placebo of 2cc normal saline, whereas group-B received 0.5mg/kg ketamine intravenously after administration of spinal anesthesia but before the start of surgical incision. Pain intensity was monitored using a visual rating pain scale (VRS), till the need for the first analgesic dose postoperatively.
RESULTS: Both groups were comparable in terms of age and weight. Analgesia was markedly prolonged, and postoperative pain scores were significantly less in Group-B (ketamine group) as compared to Group-A; with p-value< 0.001, demonstrating analgesic properties of ketamine when administered pre-emptively as an intravenous dose.
CONCLUSION: Our study concluded that pre-emptive analgesic dose of ketamine (administered before surgical incision), leads to prolong analgesia in post-operative period in patients who underwent LSCS under spinal anesthesia.


Distributed generation such as photovoltaic and wind power has uncertainty and randomness, and easily leads to power quality problems such as current limits and voltage limits. In many documents, the voltage characteristics of the distributed photovoltaic power generation system are studied and analyzed, and a large number of strategies to solve the voltage limit are put forward. The scheme is designed to quickly and effectively control the power of the photovoltaic power generation system into the distribution network, so as to solve the problem of the voltage limit of the distributed PV system in the grid connection.


E-commerce of agricultural products can reduce logistics costs, increase farmers' income, and enable large-scale production of agriculture. Therefore, the study of e-commerce of agricultural products is very meaningful. In addition to agricultural products, e-commerce in Fujian has developed very well. However, the development of e-commerce for agricultural products very slow, therefore, it is necessary to study the factors restricting the e-commerce of agricultural products in Fujian. The purpose of this research project is to find out the factors that restrict the development of e-commerce of agricultural products in Fujian, and formulate development strategies according to these constraints. In this study, a large amount of literature was consulted , and through the network to find the relevant agricultural e-commerce data, summarizes the development status of Fujian agricultural products e-commerce, and summarizes the existing problems of e-commerce of agricultural products, our conclusion is: the level of awareness of farmers of e-commerce of agricultural products is low, standardization construction lags behind, rural logistics system is imperfect, and rural informatization foundation is weak. Our research shows that the Fujian provincial government and enterprises adopt some corresponding strategies will break through the bottleneck of development. Keywords—E-commerce; agricultural product; development; countermeasure


It is very important to get the postgraduate students involved in the mathematical teaching courses,on conditions to maintain the theoretical property and systematicness of mathematical teaching course for both postgraduate and undergraduate students. Thus the students are encouraged to study with the great passion and innovative spirit. And with mathematical modeling and the teacher resources as a platform,the students are able to study their mathematical courses by the way of participatory learning independently. The primary capacities of the mathematical modeling and scientific research for students are trained in the course.


This article studies the outcomes of the 2008 labour-migration policy change in Sweden, when most state control was abolished and an employer-led selection was introduced. The main goal was to increase labour migration from third countries to occupational sectors experiencing labour shortages. The article compares the volume, composition and labour-market status of labour migrants who arrived before the change in the law with those who arrived after. Labour migrants from EU countries are used as a control group to assess any eventual influence from non-migration policy determinants. The main outcome of the policy change is that non-EU labour migration increased – an effect entirely due to the rise in labour migration to surplus occupations. Changes in the composition of the labour migrants explains why those who came after the law change have, on average, a worse labour market position.


Reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS) has proven to be a successful method for improving the performance of a cross population and to increase the heterosis between populations. However, RRS has not been widely adopted by the commercial breeders because RRS is not as efficient to recover inbred lines as other methods of inbred development. Use of two inbred lines as testers instead of the opposite population as reciprocal tester in a modified RRS (MRRS) scheme could overcome this limitation. A breeding research program was initiated in 1974 at Iowa State University to evaluate the modified RRS procedure and RRS in BS21 and BS22 maize populations. The modification used inbred line A632 as tester for BS21 and inbred line H99 as tester for BS22. After six cycles of selection were completed in BS21 and BS22 using MRRS and RRS, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the response to selection. The populations per se, testcrosses to inbred testers, and crosses between cycle populations of RRS and MRRS were evaluated in replicated yield trials. There were significant increases in grain yield in all six cross populations as a consequence of selection. The rate of direct response was greater for the RRS procedure than for the MRRS [4.4, 1.6, and 2.8 %cycle*' for BS21(R)xBS22(R), H99xBS22(HI), and A632xBS21(HI), respectively]. RRS was as effective as MRRS for improving the grain yield of the populations in crosses with the inbred lines, but MRRS was not as effective as RRS in the improvement of the cross population BS21xBS22, with a significantly lower rate of increase in yield of 1.6%cycle'V Realized heritability and response to selection for yield were 25 to 50% of their predicted values.


ABSTRACT We evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of interferon α-2b, pegylated interferon α-2b, poly(I · C), and Ampligen against Modoc virus encephalitis in an animal model for flavivirus infections. All compounds significantly delayed virus-induced morbidity (paralysis) and mortality (due to progressive encephalitis). Viral load (as measured on day 7 postinfection) was significantly reduced by 80 to 100% in the serum, brain, and spleen in mice that had been treated with either interferon α-2b, pegylated interferon α-2b, poly(I · C), or Ampligen. We also studied whether a combination of interferon α-2b and ribavirin (presently the standard therapy for the treatment of infections with hepatitis C virus) would be more effective than treatment with interferon alone. However, ribavirin did not enhance the inhibitory effect of interferon therapy in this animal model for flavivirus infections.


For the study of various retinal diseases, an accurate quantitative analysis of the retinal layer is essential for assessing the severity of the disease and diagnosing the progression of the disease. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images can clearly show each layer of the retinal structure and detect subtle early lesions, thus providing a gold standard for the diagnosis of retinal diseases. In this article, we propose a coarse-to-fine retinal layer boundary segmentation method based on the embedded residual recurrent network (ERR-Net) and the graph search (GS). Considering the integrity of information transmission and the dependence of features, we first design a novel end-to-end residual recurrent network to roughly segment the retinal layer boundaries. The proposed ERR-Net not only solves the gradient problem brought by the depth but also fully captures the global spatial structure of the image. Second, we employ a GS algorithm for boundary continuous to make the layer boundary segmentation results more accurate. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method on three publicly available datasets and compare it with the state-of-the-art methods on each dataset. The quantitative results and visual effects show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in the segmentation of retinal layer boundaries in OCT images. Moreover, the results also show that the proposed method has good algorithm stability on three datasets with different sizes, characteristics, and segmentation difficulties.


Commemorating Adorno's 100th birthday, these two volumes consider the German writer's stillradical theory that capitalism feeds the people the products of a "culture industry"-the opposite of "true" art-to keep them passive and politically apathetic. Volume 1, collected essays, focuses on aesthetic, cultural, historical and theological aspects of his theories; Volume 2 documents the exhibition, which featured Bruce Nauman, Ad Reinhardt and Louise Lawyer, among other artists.... Download ebook, read file pdf


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer an insight into the relevance for managers and leaders of what Huxley termed the "perennial philosophy", a commonality of teachings found within the spiritual and indigenous traditions of all ages and all parts of the world.Design/methodology/approach – The paper proposes the use of a thought experiment to explore the subjective experience of the individual who works in a way that is aligned to the perennial philosophy. The purpose of the experiment is to assess the value of the philosophy to the practical dimensions of management.Findings – The thought experiment uses an account of an ancient craft worker, working in a manner prescribed by perennial wisdom, as the basis for extrapolating, to a modern situation, the potential fruits of such work. Greater mental clarity and a greater ability to see potential and "unimpededness" are recognized, as is a natural elegance in the products and services that result.Research limitations/implications – The "thought ex...


Human capital obtained through education has been shown to be one of the strongest drivers of entrepreneurship performance. The entrepreneur's human capital, though, is only one of the input factors into the production process of her venture. In this paper we will analyze to what extent the education levels of other (potential) stakeholders affect the entrepreneur's performance. The education level of consumers may shape the demand function for an entrepreneur's output, whereas the education level of employees may affect the entrepreneur's productivity and thereby shape her supply function. Based on this, we hypothesize that the performance of an entrepreneur is not only affected positively by her own education level but in addition, also by the education level of the population. We find empirical support for this hypothesis using an eight years (1994-2001) panel of labor market participants in the EU-15 countries. An implication of our finding is that entrepreneurship and higher education policies should be considered in tandem with each other.


The main objeetive ofthe EC project ONSITEFORMASONRY is the development and improvement of methodologies for the evaluation of the strueture and material properties of historie masonry Cultural Heritages. These methodologies are based on non-destruetive (NDT) and minor destruetive (MDT) testing methods like radar, sonies, microseismie, impaet-eeho, ultrasonies and aetive thermography which are adapted and optimised to assess seleeted damages and testing problems. In this paper, the so far achieved results of the projeets are outlined.


Because of the letter, and intent, of laws, the petroleum exploration industry, just as other ocean users, has a special responsibility relating to the fauna which inhabits the environment in which we work. Laws that especially focus on marine mammals are the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and international treaties such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species and Wild Fauna and Flora. Additionally, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act denotes the special relationship between the purposes of that act — to develop the minerals potential of the OCS — and marine mammals. These include species that reside in a defined area throughout their lifespan, and those that migrate between breeding and feeding grounds. It is therefore necessary to consider the possible effects of marine operations on resident populations as well as on migration paths and migratory behavior.


Parents of very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs) experience long-term stress associated with their child9s birth and upbringing, a study in the February Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine reported. Despite medical coverage through the Canadian comprehensive health care system, 96 Manitoban parents with VLBWIs studied, had significantly greater financial, familial and personal stress than parents of full-term, matched controls, researchers reported. Parents of VLBWIs reported lost wages due to inability to work, and difficulty in arranging child care and health-service transport. Although control and VLBWI parents agreed that cost should not factor into VLBWI treatment decisions, half of each group reported that trying to save every small infant born was inappropriate.


This paper describes the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of a Demod/Remod detector matched to a magnetic recording playback signal with partial erasure (PE) having d=0 run-length-limited (RLL) coded data. Previous work on Viterbi detection with PE is extended by the discovery of a 10-state detector and by generalizing the technique to an EPR4 partial-response target. A Demod/Remod detector is described which approximates the EPR4/PE detector with lower complexity. BER performance results are given for this detector on data taken from a commercially available magnetic disk drive.


This study examines how local population, tourists and farmers relate to rural landscapes, by exploring visual landscape preferences and the influence of everyday landscapes on the research subjects. Results point towards an immense variability in visual landscape preferences amongst user groups living in or visiting the study area (Plana de l'Empordà, Girona, Spain). Tourists rate grasslands at the top of their preference list, local residents prefer orchards, and farmers favour fields of irrigated herbaceous crops; showing, altogether, that the user's relationship with the landscape determines their visual preferences. Results show that farmers prefer agriculture dominated scenes while local residents and tourists prefer scenes with equilibrium between agricultural and natural elements. Likewise, the presence of margins is widely appreciated aesthetically by all respondents. Furthermore, results underline the importance of landscapes that are familiar to the respondents. Highlights:  Surveys to explore visual landscape preferences were conducted on user groups.  We used photos and aerial images of agricultural landscapes to support the questionnaires.  We found differences towards aesthetic preferences across respondents groups.  We found consensus for presence of margins among respondents.  Certain importance of familiarity and respondents' attachment to place was found. INTRODUCTION Agricultural landscapes in the Mediterranean region have adopted a new socio-economic scenario (Claval, 2005), where agriculture is no longer the economic base of the local economy and farm managers make up a relatively small part of the population that either own or actively manage the land (Surová et al., 2011). Today, agricultural landscapes are everyday landscapes for many people and this is why these landscapes have to provide Unauthentifiziert | Heruntergeladen 14.09.19 19:42 UTC Soy-Massoni E., Varga D., Sáez M., Pintó J.: Exploring aesthetic preferences in rural landscapes and the relationship with spatial pattern indicesaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 6 ecological as well as social functions (Buijs et al., 2006). This new socio-economic situation in a rural and agricultural context has an impact on the demand for landscape services and values from different stakeholders with varying interests. Different polices have recognized the key role of human perceptions and attitudes as the drivers of landscape change and preservation of sustainable landscapes, and as a component of determining appropriate land use policies (Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy (Council of Europe, 1996); European Landscape Convention (Council of Europe, 2000)). In the management of many landscapes, great difficulty exists in reaching a consensus guaranteeing results to be environmentally sustainable, socially acceptable, easily comprehended and economically feasible (de Val et al., 2006). Sullivan et al. (2004) have demonstrated that conflicts appear when the visual appearance of a landscape opposes public preferences. Identifying specific cohorts of population with similarities in terms of landscape preferences will assist the development of general guidelines for landscape design (Strumse, 1996). Nowadays, the integration of people's preferences is a critical component of landscape planning (Lindemann-Matthies et al., 2010). It contributes to avoiding conflicts between opposing groups by encouraging landowners to manage farmland in a socially desired manner, through the introduction of incentives and mitigation measures in regional policies and landscape development instruments. The visual quality of landscape can be considered a key aspect for the interaction between people and landscape. A wide range of previous studies focusing on variation in social preferences towards aesthetic rural landscapes is available. For instance, people-place relationship appears to be a significant element influencing visual landscape preferences (Walker & Ryan, 2008). But landscape preferences are not only influenced by physical characteristics such as the heterogeneity of landscape, they are also influenced by socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, formal education, familiarity and experience with a certain landscape type (Gobster et al., 2007), farming background (Van den Berg & Koole, 2006) and people's environmental values (Howley et al., 2012). Visual preferences for landscapes are also influenced by feelings and imagination that landscape elements evoke in a viewer such as peacefulness and freedom (Nohl, 2001). Moreover, people might prefer familiar landscapes or landscape elements which they have experienced for some time, regard them as typical (Nohl, 2001; Van den Berg & Koole, 2006), or depending on people's involvement, i.e. either active or passive (Buijs et al., 2006). Traditional farming landscapes seem to be more valued in terms of identity for local communities (Howley et al., 2012) and modern agricultural landscapes are associated with more homogeneous structures which are assumed to be visually less attractive (Hietala-Koivu, 1999). Land-cover structure plays a significant role in the visual quality of landscape (de Val et al., 2006). This study examines how local population, tourists and farmers relate to rural landscapes, by exploring their visual landscape preferences and the influence of their everyday surrounding landscapes. The study approach develops the assessment of landscape aesthetics carried out by the general public, i.e. no experts or judgements (Misgrav, 2000). As photographs have been found to be acceptable surrogates of real vistas for the study of visual quality (Bergen et al., 1995; Bulut & Yilmaz, 2008; Bulut & Yilmaz, 2009), we used landscape photos as landscape surrogates and we conducted an analysis of the individuals' ratings of a variety of landscapes images. Our goal is to provide better understanding and to account for the relationships between rural farming and non-farming populations, and tourists, and agricultural landscape through the lens of aesthetic preferences. The three specific objectives consist in: 1) the characterization of respondents, 2) visual landscape preferences regarding the most representative agricultural uses, 3) visual landscape preferences regarding different Unauthentifiziert | Heruntergeladen 14.09.19 19:42 UTC aaaJournal of Landscape Ecology (2016), Vol: 9 / No. 1 7 agricultural landscape structures and compositions, and 4) relationship between current living landscape and landscape preferences. The study focused on the following questions: 1) Will aesthetic preferences differ among respondent groups (local residents, farmers and tourists) and among place characteristics? 2) Will consensus among respondent groups in terms of visual preferences be found for any given landscape use or landscape structures and compositions? 3) Will familiarity with types of landscape result in higher preferences for local residents (farmers and non-farmers)? 4) Will personal characteristics, such as age, gender and farming familiarity, play a significant role in explaining individual's preferences regarding rural landscapes? 5) Is the use of landscape photos and aerial images a good method to test aesthetic landscape preferences? METHODS Study area The study was performed in the Plana de l'Empordà landscape unit, located in the north east of Girona, Spain (Figure 1). The area covers 415 km 2 and has 132,168 inhabitants. The region has a typical Mediterranean climate, with an average precipitation of 474.4 mm per year and an average annual temperature of 14.7 oC. Fig. 1: Study area Plana de l'Empordà, Costa Brava (Spain): Location, protected areas and sample points Unauthentifiziert | Heruntergeladen 14.09.19 19:42 UTC Soy-Massoni E., Varga D., Sáez M., Pintó J.: Exploring aesthetic preferences in rural landscapes and the relationship with spatial pattern indicesaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 8 The predominant feature of the landscape is growing crops (76.64% of the study area), mostly irrigated herbaceous crops (36.2%) and dry herbaceous ones (33.2%); both of which occupy 69.8% of the agricultural area. Other crops found to a lesser extent are fruit trees (5.7%), olives (Olea europea) (4.4%), grapes (Vitis vinifera) (3.8%), grasslands (3.24%), horticulture (1.16%), and nut trees (0.11%). Agriculture is present on 318 km 2 of land, but only 0.7% of the population is engaged in the agriculture sector (IDESCAT, 2013). The study area is a popular holiday and recreation destination, mainly on the coast but also the traditional structures of the villages are attractive for domestic and international tourists. 14% of the study area is protected and includes Mediterranean mountains, wetlands, coastline and agricultural lands. The Aiguamolls de l'Empordà Natural Park (PNAE) is the largest protected area in the study area. Currently one the most visited natural parks in Catalonia, it was created in 1983 and is composed of a combination of wetlands and grasslands, known as "closes" (Llausàs et al., 2009). Data collection We conducted a face-to-face survey on 251 respondents at 21 different locations, including urban zones, rural villages, beaches and the Aiguamolls de l'Empordà Natural Park. The population sample included randomly selected local residents – non-farmers, local residents farmers and tourists. All respondents were at least 18 years old. The survey was conducted from March to May 2013 and the response rate of the surveys was 100%. The questionnaire was divided into three sections in line with the first three specific objectives: (1) socio-demographic information of the respondents, (2) aesthetic preferences in agricultural uses, and (3) aesthetic preferences in landscape structures and composition. In the first section, we assessed the respondents' socio-demographic characterist


Copolymer purposes hairstyle comprising colloidal silica and a monomer portion copolymerized of - at least one soluble monoolefin monomer water A, and - at least one monomer monoolefin B silane wherein the portion by weight of monomer B is less than 1% of total weight of the monomer portion.


In this paper, we shall introduce the extension of recently introduced concepts of Wijsman I−lacunary statistical convergence of order α and Wijsman strongly I −lacunary statistical convergenceof order αto double sequences.


Mobile IP Low Latency Handoffs(l) allow greater support for real-time services on a Mobile IP network by minimizing the period of time when a mobile node is unable to send or receive IP packets due to the delay in the Mobile IP Registration process. However, on Mobile IP network with AAA servers that are capable of performing Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting(AAA) services, every Registration has to be traversed to the home network to achieve new session keys, that are distributed by home AAA server, for a new Mobile IP session. This communication delay is the time taken to re-authentication the mobile node and to traverse between foreign and home network even if the mobile node has been previously authorized to old foreign agent. In order to reduce these extra time overheads, we present a method that performs Low Latency Handoffs without requiring further involvement by home AAA server. The method re-uses the previously assigned session keys. To provide confidentiality and integrity of session keys in the phase of key exchange between agents, it uses a key sharing method by gateway foreign agent that performs a trusted thirty party. The proposed method allows the mobile node to perform Low Latency Handoffs with fast as well as secure operation.


In this paper we estimate the separate impacts of upfront fees, grants and maintenance loans on UK higher education participation. We use the panel data element of Labour Force Survey data on the university participation decisions of 18 year olds, covering the period 1992-2007, which saw great variation in HE finance, most importantly the introduction of up-front tuition fees and the abolition of student maintenance grants in 1998 and major reforms of 2004 in which maintenance grants were re-instated and up-front fees were replaced with deferred fees of £3000. We create a pseudo-panel of participation by UK region over time and test a number of specifications. Our findings show that tuition fees have a significant negative effect on participation, with a £1,000 increase resulting in a decrease in participation of 3.7ppt. Upfront non-repayable support in the form of grants has a positive effect on participation with a £1,000 increase in grants resulting in a 2.2ppt increase in participation. Repayable support in the form of loans also has a positive effect on participation of a similar magnitude to grants, with a £1,000 increase resulting in a 2.1ppt increase in participation. These findings are comparable, but of a slightly lower magnitude to those reported in the related US literature.


Purpose: To report upon two cases of anterior capsule opacification (ACO) proliferating into the pupillary region of the anterior surface of a single piece acrylic AcrySofⓇ intraocular lens (IOL) (SA60AT, Alcon Laboratories, Inc., USA). The surgical removal of the ACO was also reported. Methods: An 80-year-old woman and a 75-year-old woman underwent phacoemulsification with implantation of a single piece foldable AcrySofⓇ IOL in the posterior capsular bag. ACO proliferating from the opposite sides of the IOL along the central axis were found three months after surgery. To recover visual acuity in the 80-year-old woman's eye, ACO was surgically removed with a Sinskey hook and irrigation and aspiration system. Results: The patient's visual acuity was recovered after surgical removal of the ACO. Histopathologic findings of the removed tissues revealed fibroblastic proliferation of lens epithelial cells. The ACO in 75-year-old woman's eye was not treated, as it was not associated with a visual disturbance. Conclusions: In eyes containing an AcrySofⓇ IOL, clinically significant ACO proliferation into the pupillary region along the central axis can occur. Surgical removal can be beneficial for recovery of visual acuity.


The goal of this paper is to analyse optimal nitrogen rate in corn production that will produce
maximal profitability. Main objective of corn production is high and stabile yield and consequently
generating maximum return for the producer. In order to achieve this, an adequate set of agrotechnical
measures has to be applied in the production process. Application of optimal quantity of
nitrogen is important in order to increase profitability from corn production, and second, to avoid
environmental pollution. During period 2005- 2007 a research was conducted to determine
influence of nitrogen application rate (control – without fertilisation, PKNfon, PKN60, PKN120 and
PKN180) and different FAO group hybrids (ZP-SC 434, ZP-SC 578 and ZP-SC 677) on production profitability. Increase of nitrogen fertilizer tended to raise grain yield. In a dry year of 2005, high additional return of 257.04 $/ ha was with nitrogen fertilization rate of 120 kg/ha. The highest return
in 2006 and 2007, was with moderate nitrogen rate of 60 kg/ha. Despite yield increase, excessive use of nitrogen can result in decrease of gross return due to rise in fertilization costs, which happened in 2007 where use of 180 kg/ha resulted in a loss of 210 $/ha.


This work proposed a memetic version of Artificial Bee Colony algorithm, or called LSABC, which employed a "shrinking" local search strategy. By gradually shrinking the local search space along with the optimization process, the proposed LSABC algorithm randomly explores a large space in the early run time. This helps to avoid premature convergence. Then in the later evolution process, the LSABC finely exploits a small region around the current best solution to achieve a more accurate output value. The optimization behavior of the LSABC algorithm was studied and analyzed in the work. Compared with the classic ABC and several other state-of-the-art optimization algorithms, the LSABC shows a better performance in terms of convergence rate and quality of results for high-dimensional problems.


In this paper, the configuration parameters of pre-designed composite patch repair are optimized with the aim of achieving the highest level of stability of crack growth in aluminum in the presence of some constraints such as weight, load sustainability, shear stress in the adhesive layer and maximum stress in the patch. For this purpose, the patch is modeled in full scale by ABAQUS, a commercial finite element code. The crack growth process is simulated with the extended finite element method under uniaxial tensile loading, and the Cohesive Zone Model is used to model the progressive damage in the adhesive of the composite patch repair. Also, sensitivity analysis is performed on the configuration parameters and it is shown that three parameters, i.e. width, stiffness ratio, and height of the patch are more important. Nonlinear fracture mechanics concepts have been used in calculating the stability of crack in the cracked aluminum plate. The results show that optimization based on the method proposed in this paper causes the stability of crack growth to increase by 21% while the patch weight is reduced by 52%.


The analysis of the peculiarities of the work of the balancing group of electricity producers from renewable energy sources in terms of the distribution of the cost of imbalances. Prerequisites for the introduction of a mechanism to support producers in the form of Feed-in-premium are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of independent participation of the producer in the wholesale electricity market are analyzed. The calculations show that when leaving the balancing group of SE "Guaranteed Buyer" it is advisable to form a new balancing group. A method of centralized adjustment of producers' forecasts is proposed in order to reduce the cost of covering the imbalances of the members of the balancing group. The method is based on the use of coefficients calculated by optimizing the objective function, which takes into account the interest of the balancing group as a whole and each individual participant. Calculations have shown that the application of this method reduces the cost of imbalances for most model balancing groups. References 9, figures 2.


Background: Discharge planning is still become a problem for health services in hospital. Hospital discharge is a complex and challenging process for healthcare professionals, patients, and their family. Providing suitable health information is an important part of disease prevention and health promotion. Aim: This study aimed to assess nurses, approaches regarding discharge planning for patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based. A total of 60 nurses were selected using convenient sampling method; data were collected using interview questionnaire and analyzed by a descriptive statistics using frequency and percentages through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: Ninety-six point seven of nurses educated patients about signs and symptoms and complication of MI, 90% of nurses gave nutritional counseling, 40% of nurses counsel MI patients about sports, 43.3% of nurses informed patients' that, in case of dose missing, they should take the dose whenever they remember. Conclusion: Nurses had acceptable knowledge about discharge planning for patient with MI. Overall, nurses knowledge was 50.43% which considered acceptable.


Abstract In the present work ceramic Al2O3 was brazed to Nb using Cu -Ti- Zr as filler metal. The morphologies and chemical compositions of the phases formed were studied by SEM combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was found that the interfacial structure of joints brazed with Cu70Ti25Zr5 filler metal at 1293 K for 10 min was Al2O3/Cu2Ti4O/Nb solid solution/CuTi/Cu solid solution + CuTi with the formation of the new phases Cu2Ti4O, Ti solid solution, and CuTi. The joint strength was investigated using a tensile/shear testing machine. According to the experimental results, an Al2O3/Cu70Ti25Zr5/Nb joint brazed at 1293 K for 10 min can support a stress of 162 MPa. For lower contents of Ti and lower bonding times, or higher contents of Ti and higher bonding times, the strength of the joint was lower than the above value.


In a previous paper one of the authors, A. Naruse, formulated the relation between the dimensions of the throat of a glass tank furnace and the maximum velocity of the current passing through it. And the present one contains the result of a series of model experiments carried out in order to built up a sound experimental background for the theory postulated before, and if necessary, to modify it.A transparent plastic model throat, 6cm long, 5cm wide, and variable height 1-4cm, having the dimensions as a whole which satisfy the similarity conditions to actual tank as far as possible, was used for the experiments. The model was immersed in a water bath which was composed of three compartments so that the temperature of either one of both end-sections may be fixed at a desired point. Furthermore, in order to set up the necessary temperatures at the principal points, the melting chamber was heated electrically with a hot plate, while the working chamber was cooled with water.As a liquid medium was used 83% glycerin, and as the traces for observing the flow of liquid were used the coloured oil droplets having the specific gravity well matched with that of the medium. At regular time intervals a fine line of coloured oil was drawn through the liquid, which immediately afterwards disperse into minute droplets. The velocity of flow at every level was determined from the photographic records taken at regular time intervals. The observations were carried out under the conditions both with and wothout pull.A fairly good agreement of the experimental values with those calculated by Peyches' formula was proved. And, if the correction for the friction at the side walls was introduced, the agreement became excellent.As long as the throat is not too high the velocity distribution in existence of pull was also in good agreement with the theory.The co-existence of the convection and the pull currents in a throat makes the forward current stronger, while it makes the backward current to run down gradually until it finally vanishes.This limited velocity Wc may be expressed asWc=1/72⋅ρ0ρbgk/η⋅Δθ/l⋅fh4When the height of the throat is changed keeping the pull velocity constant the limiting height having the same meaning as above may be represented as follows:f1/4hc=2.91(Wηl/ρ0ρbgkΔθ)1/4The symbols used in those equations are referred to the table of nomenclatures in the text.From the technological point of view the authors maintain their opinion that both figures give the corresponding optimum values which reduce the velocity of erosion of refractories to the minimum.


Molecular dynamic simulation is carried out for Sodium tetra-silicate (NS4) melt at 1873 K and pressure of 0.1 MPa. The diffusion mechanism of Na atoms is investigated in terms of Voronoi polyhedron around network former and displacement of Na atoms between them. The simulation shows that Na atoms are not uniformly distributed through polyhedrons, but they mainly gather in nonbridging oxygen (NBO) and free oxygen (FO) polyhedrons. More than 75.22% of total Na atoms are place in NBO polyhedrons, although the number of NBO polyhedrons is only 22.27%. The two motion types give mainly contribution to Na diffusion: hopping of isolated Na atom or collective displacement. During 150 ps, the system comprises two separate regions: Na-poor regions formed by Si-O subnets and Na-rich regions formed by O2 clusters. The two regions have strongly different chemical composition, the density of Na atoms as well as motion type of Na atoms.


Objective: Although blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment has been reported in HIV-infected individuals, characterization of this impairment has not been clearly defined. Methods: BBB integrity was measured by CSF/plasma albumin ratio in this cross-sectional study of 631 HIV-infected individuals and 71 controls. We also analyzed CSF and blood HIV RNA and neopterin, CSF leukocyte count, and neurofilament light chain protein (NFL) concentrations. The HIV-infected participants included untreated neuroasymptomatic patients, patients with untreated HIV-associated dementia (HAD), and participants on suppressive antiretroviral treatment (ART). Results: The albumin ratio was significantly increased in patients with HAD compared to all other groups. There were no significant differences between untreated neuroasymptomatic participants, treated participants, and controls. BBB integrity, however, correlated significantly with CSF leukocyte count, CSF HIV RNA, serum and CSF neopterin, and age in untreated neuroasymptomatic participants. In a multiple linear regression analysis, age, CSF neopterin, and CSF leukocyte count stood out as independent predictors of albumin ratio. A significant correlation was found between albumin ratio and CSF NFL in untreated neuroasymptomatic patients and in participants on ART. Albumin ratio, age, and CD4 cell count were confirmed as independent predictors of CSF NFL in multivariable analysis. Conclusions: BBB disruption was mainly found in patients with HAD, where BBB damage correlated with CNS immunoactivation. Albumin ratios also correlated with CSF inflammatory markers and NFL in untreated neuroasymptomatic participants. These findings give support to the association among BBB deterioration, intrathecal immunoactivation, and neuronal injury in untreated neuroasymptomatic HIV-infected individuals.


Field studies were conducted over 2 yr and two locations per year in soft red winter wheat to determine the efficacy of thifensulfuron and thifensulfuron plus DPX-L5300 (2:1 ratio) on all wild garlic reproductive bulbs. The herbicide formulations controlled wild garlic equally. Aerial bulblet control was excellent (>90%) with either herbicide regardless of application timing (March 21, April 8, and April 29) and significantly better than the standard treatment of the butoxyethanol ester of 2,4-D. Control of developing underground offset bulbs was less complete compared to aerial bulblets, and was found to depend on application time. Offset bulbs were controlled better when herbicides were applied in late March or early April compared to the April 29 treatment date. The rate response (9 to 70 g ha-1) was positive for the control offset bulb production at the two earlier dates but not at April 29. These herbicides also adversely affected the germination and viability of the bulbs that were produced.


The utility model discloses a novel numerical control vertical lathe base structure; and the novel numerical control vertical lathe base structure comprises a seat body, a rotating shaft module and a workbench transmission part, wherein the rotating shaft module is arranged in the seat body in a rotatable way; the workbench transmission part is used for transmitting torque to the workbench; one end of the rotating shaft module is connected with the workbench transmission part in transmission and used for transmitting the torque of a spindle servo motor to the workbench transmission part; the rotating shaft module is provided with a first working mode and a second working mode; and the transmission ratio of the first working mode is different from that of the second working mode. According to the utility model, through the switching of the rotating shaft module between the first working mode and the second working mode, gearboxes can be reduced, so that a lathe has compact structure and small volume; meanwhile, during machining the base, holes for mounting the rotating shaft module can be simultaneously machined at one time, so that the part cost and machining cost are reduced and the machining accuracy of parts is also enhanced.


Landsonar,which is based on the principle of elastic reflection wave,is a method for geological forecasting in tunnel construction.In more than 20 objects the Landsonar was successfully used to explore karst caves,which demonstrates the peculiarity of landsonar resulting from nearly zero source-detector distance and very wide receiving frequency band of 10 Hz to 4000 Hz.Landsonar shows great superiority not only in exploring karst caves on the earth's surface but also in geological forecasting during tunnel construction.


Purpose
This paper aims to present an adaptive method based on finite element analysis to calculate iron losses in switched reluctance motors (SRMs). Calculation of iron losses by analytical formulas has limited accuracy. On the other hand, its estimation in rotating electrical machines through fully dynamic simulations with a fine time-step is time-consuming. However, in the initial design process, a quick and sufficiently accurate method, i.e. a value close to that of iron losses, is always welcome. The method presented in this paper is a semi-analytical approach. The main problem is that iron losses depend on d B/d t. Therefore, the accuracy of the calculation of iron losses depends on the accuracy of the calculation of the first derivative of the flux density waveform. When adopting a magnetostatic model to estimate the iron losses, an important question arises: by how many magnetostatic simulations can the iron losses be estimated within the desired accuracy? In the proposed algorithm, the aim is not to accurately calculate the value of iron losses in SRMs. The objective is to find a numerical error criterion to calculate iron losses in SRMs with a minimum number of magnetostatic simulations.

Design/methodology/approach
A finite element solver is developed by authors in MATLAB to solve the 2 D nonlinear magnetostatic problem using the Newton–Raphson method. A parametric program is developed to create geometry and mesh. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB using the developed solver. Counterpart simulations are done in the ANSYS Maxwell software to validate the accuracy of the results generated by the developed solver.

Findings
The performance of the proposed method is studied on a 12/8 (500 W) SRM. Three scenarios are studied. The first one is the calculation of iron losses by uniform refinement, and the second one is by adaptive refinement, and the last one is by adaptive refinement started by particular initial points (switching points). According to the results, the proposed method substantially reduces the number of magnetostatic simulations without sacrificing accuracy.

Originality/value
The main novelty of this paper is introducing an error criterion to find the minimum number of magnetostatic simulations that are needed to calculate iron losses with the desired accuracy.


This paper is a charter presenting a scientific posture shared by signatories in the use of simulation tools when dealing with complex systems. This posture is based on a cycling approach, in interaction with field processes, including discussion of assumptions and feedbacks on the field process. Confrontation between field and modelling processes has to be permanent because of openness and uncertainty features of these systems. This approach is used with two possible aims: learn on systems or support collective decision processes in these systems, which corresponds to an objective of increasing knowledge either for the scientist or the field actors, always through an interaction between them mediated by an evolutionary model. Both aims lead to different implementations of this companion modelling approach, but each one is side effect of the other one, and has to be taken in account as such. Scientists ready to work in that way and make this posture alive are kindly invited to join. (Resume d'auteur)


Abstract : Under Public Law 92-297, air traffic control specialists (ATCS or controller) are required to retire at age 56. A review of the literature relevant to the mandatory retirement of controllers was conducted. The scope of the review was limited to studies relevant to the specific rationales proferred in support of mandatory separation of controllers at age 56. The review was not a comprehensive examination of the extensive literature on aging, health, stress, shiftwork, cognitive abilities, or job performance, including errors, as related to the air traffic control specialist (ATCS) occupation. The testimony offered in 1971 before the U.S. Congress did not explicitly describe why age 56 was chosen. The argument for mandatory retirement appears to have been that (a) the mid-50s were the ages in which "burnout" was likely to occur among controllers as a result of job stress, (b) age 56 would allow a controller to accumulate 25 years or more of creditable service if hired at the proposed maximum entry age of 31, and (c) age 56 was a young enough age to allow a "burned out" controller to pursue an alternative career, if desired. Studies of self-reported symptoms of stress, biochemical markers or indicators linked to stress, medical disorders, and disability retirements among controllers were cited in testimony as evidence of the need for the early retirement of controllers. Overall, the evidence available in 1971, when carefully reviewed, was not as strong as characterized in testimony. The studies and statistics cited suffered from various defects that, in retrospect, make them less persuasive as the scientific foundation for the "ATCS Age 56 Law." Moreover, research since 1971 does not support the inherent stress rationale articulated in 1971 for the "ATCS Age 56 Law."


Aberrant system oscillations cause electrical network components to malfunction in a catastrophic way. Additionally, this results in saturation of the ferromagnetic core components. These variables cause a significant increase in voltage and/or current, as well as aberrations in the waveforms of voltage and current. The contribution of Distributed Generation (DG), to the decrease in ferroresonance investigation in the distribution zone, is discussed in this paper. A new method to reduce ferroresonance using the High Ohmic Reactor (HOR) as a Shunt Limiter (SL) is presented. It is based on the measurements of the negative-sequence components. The proposed HOR-SL reduced the ferroresonance occurrence in the Distribution System (DS) by a time value of no more than 23 milliseconds. The proposed HOR-SL method is compared with the Series Resistance (SR) and Series Tuned LC Limiter (STLCL) methods. The results obtained using the proposed HOR-SL are better than the ones obtained using SE and STLCL. In terms of the voltage and the time taken to mitigate the ferroresonance. The ferroresonance phenomenon is modelled with the help of the PSCAD/EMTDC software. The results obtained demonstrated the effectiveness of implementing the suggested HOR-SL for suppressing ferroresonant oscillations to restore the original state of stability of the distribution network. Case studies strongly proved the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method in reducing ferroresonance oscillations and maintaining the security of the electrical components in the distribution network.


This study aims to investigate whether shareholders are convinced by earnings management. This study also explores how board gender diversity (the presence of female directors on the board) may influence the extent to which shareholders are convinced by earnings management.,The authors estimate the stock market reactions to the September 11 terrorist attack using the standard event study methodology. The authors then run a cross-sectional analysis to investigate whether the market reactions are influenced by the extent of earnings management. Furthermore, the authors test how board gender diversity affects the degree to which earnings management influences the stock market reactions.,The study results show that the market reactions to the attack are substantially mitigated for firms that exercise more upward discretionary accruals, implying that earnings management is successful in convincing shareholders. Additional analysis corroborates the results, including propensity score matching, instrumental variable analysis and using Oster's (2019) method for testing coefficient stability. Crucially, the authors find that board gender diversity helps shareholders see through earnings management better. The presence of female directors significantly weakens the extent to which shareholders are persuaded by earnings management.,This study is the first to explore the effect of earnings management on shareholder wealth using the September 11 terrorist attack. The research design is less vulnerable to endogeneity and is thus much more likely to show a causal effect of accounting accruals on shareholder wealth.


perceptive comment but also to some very one-sided criticism. Is it really, for example, true that the popularity of Huckleberry Finn " is evidence of a much greater cultural appetite for darkness and ambiguity than is generally allowed " ? Surely criticism of American literature, at least since the mid-fifties, has done little else but point to such an appetite. We are constantly being told of critics' reluctance to see this or that but, even in the footnotes, no adequate survey of Twain criticism is attempted to demonstrate these blind spots. We are told that "we" often collude with Tom or Huck; that "we" share the "bad faith" of the characters: but who is involved here ? Has not Twain's readership changed radically over time? Are only American readers envisaged? (It seems so, for Professor Robinson's emphasis is on a national cultural sickness). Moreover, the scheme obviously works more easily with the later novel so that Robinson's insistence on the "darkness" of Tom Sawyer, devoid of any context of children's books or cultural stereotypes, becomes increasingly wearing. One example will indicate the cultural weight the book is being asked to bear. Tom and Becky, lost in the caves, are seen poignantly: "They rose up and wandered along, hand in hand and hopeless." This is claimed as an echo of the ending of Paradise Los/: " For if Tom and Becky are to overcome the perils that threaten them, they must leave the garden of childhood innocence and enter the fallen world of adult society and adult consciousness." But they do not.


he number of elderly people in the United States is growing, and every one in the field of health care is affected by this phenomenon. T Preparing practicing physicians and future physicians to care for the geriatric population will require different attitudes and abilities than those required to care for the general population. In this presentation I shall consider, from an ethical perspective, the main changes that are required in the formation of young men and women preparing to serve as physicians to an aging population.


Many international agreements, from routine trade deals to high-stakes nuclear agreements, are negotiated in secret. However, we have a limited understanding of how secrecy in a negotiation shapes attitudes towards the agreement. Public opinion matters because it informs government decisions about when to conceal or reveal information during a negotiation. In a survey experiment of U.S. adults, I first examine overall attitudes towards secrecy in security and economic agreements. I then randomize government justifications for negotiating in secret: improved success, protection of sensitive information, and anticipation of criticism from domestic and international opponents. I find that respondents are generally averse to secrecy in international negotiations, but there are justifications for its use that they perceive as more legitimate. Secrecy is more permissible when negotiations contain sensitive information or when it improves the likelihood that agreements are reached. It is less permissible when governments negotiate in secret to avoid domestic criticism.


The strain growth and D ribose synthesis by Bacillus subtilis strain D201, a transketolase deficient D ribose producing mutant was studied.It was discovered that adding sorbitol, aromatic amino acid or KH 2PO 4 would stimulate the growth of Bacillus subtilis strain D201. Specially, adding sorbitol could reduced lag phase. When D glucose was quantitatively replaced by D gluconic acid, the D ribose production was enhanced. Fermentation with mixed carbon sources of glucose and gluconic acid could make the yield of D ribose as high as 52g/l.


We consider the problem of maintaining a data file which must be distributed among disks, each controlled by a processor and residing in a different site. The pairs, of disks and processors, are connected via a local broadcast network. A simple and practical method for maintaining such a file is presented and analyzed.


In order to evaluate diets with high nutritional density, with or without industrial amino acid supplementation, adjusted at net energy base, it was used 80 pluriparous lactating sows with the same genetic pattern, distributed in an experimental block design composed of four diets, 20 blocks, considering each sow an experimental unity. The criteria used for formation of the blocks were the weight and parity order. Diets were formulated by the combination of four levels of crude protein (18.33; 15.23; 19.63; or 16.59%), four levels of metabolizable energy (3,344; 3,293; 3,480; and 3,440 kcal/kg), two of digestible lysine (0.85 and 0.95%) and two levels of net energy (2,519 and 2,636 kcal of NE/kg) and the supplementation with industrial amino acids up to the digestible triptofano:lysine relationship of 18%. There was no effect of the diets with high nutritional density, with or without amino acid supplementation, on the average daily intake of the ration. The diets did not influence weight, loss and changes on weight, the internal weaning-to-estrus interval neither the estimate of milk production of the sows during lactation period. Diets of high nutritional density (lisyne and energy) for lactating sows are efficient in reducing mobilization of body reserves and they do not affect productive and reproductive performance of the sows.


Masonry structures have been the primary building typology for millennia in many countries and also nowadays many masonry buildings are realized. Seismic events have shown their vulnerability to in-plane actions even if they behave properly for gravity loads. This often requests to retrofit masonry walls for in-plane loads and a sound solution is provided by fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials. FRP have emerged as a valid alternative to traditional materials used for retrofitting unreinforced masonry (URM) walls. Recent guidelines give information on the use of such FRP systems and recommendations on the design and construction of FRP systems used to strengthen URM structures. URM walls are usually strengthened applying FRP strips along the diagonals of the wall or in the direction parallel to the mortar joints. The shear resistant mechanism of strengthened walls with FRP strips along the diagonals of the wall is also discussed in this paper. The lateral strength of FRP strengthened walls can significantly increase if anchor systems are installed at the ends of FRP strips. This is due to the fact that the failure mode of strengthened walls could change from intermediate to end debonding if FRP strips present anchors at the ends. An assessment of design formulas for evaluating lateral strength of unreinforced and FRP reinforced masonry walls is presented. A comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental data is performed using outcomes of shear-compression tests on URM and FRP strengthened masonry available in literature. The study points out that the evaluation of the design FRP strains at failure could be dependant also on the masonry typology.


To further validate the quantitative use of flow‐sensitive four‐dimensional velocity encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging (4D VEC MRI) for simultaneously acquired venous and arterial blood flow in healthy volunteers and for abnormal flow in patients with congenital heart disease.


Brachyury (T) is involved in mesoderm induction during early mouse development. We analyzed the region regulating expression of T in embryonal carcinoma P19 cells, which differentiate into mesoderm derivatives in vitro. Transfection of plasmids encoding reporter genes under the control of the 5'-flanking region showed positive regulatory elements between -298 and -129 bp are responsible for driving T expression in mesodermal cells.


AIM
The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of a hot/wet climate on thermoregulation and cardiac responses during a prolonged effort in natives to tropical climate.

METHODS

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
22 healthy trained subjects volunteered to perform 3 trials of submaximal cycling of 1 hour each. Two of the trials were performed in a cool environment and the third, in tropical conditions.

MEASURES
during all trials, we measured the evolution of tympanic temperature, water loss, heart rate performance.

RESULTS
The results showed 1). a significant increase in core temperature (p>0.001), heart rate (p<0.0001), sweat rate (p<0.0005) and water loss (p<0.0001) and 2). a significant impairent in performance, estimated at 27.7% (p<0.01), in tropical conditions as compared with a cool environment.

CONCLUSION
We concluded that intensive and prolonged exercise in a hot/wet climate induces an overload regarding thermoregulatory and cardiac responses even in natives to tropical climate. The impaired physiological responses constitute a limiting factor for aerobic performance.


15 Gut health is intimately linked to dietary habits and the microbial community (microbiota) 16 that flourishes within. The delicate dependency of the latter on nutritional availability is also 17 strongly influenced by symbiotic relationships (such as, parasitic or mutualistic) between the 18 resident microbes, often affecting their growth rate and ability to produce key metabolites. 19 Since, cultivating the entire repertoire of gut microbes is an infeasible task, metabolic models 20 (genome-based metabolic reconstructions) could be employed to predict their growth patterns 21 and interactions. Here, we have used 803 gut microbial metabolic models from the Virtual 22 Metabolic Human repository, and subsequently optimized and simulated them to grow on 13 23 dietary compositions. The presented pairwise interaction data (https://osf.io/ay8bq/) and the 24 associated bacterial growth rates are expected to be useful for (a) deducing microbial 25 association patterns, (b) diet-based inference of personalised gut profiles, and (c) as a 26 steppingstone for studying multi-species metabolic interactions.


Taking the recreation facilities construction in Taiwan Alishan Forest Recreation Area for example,this paper discussed the two aspects of the present situation,the development course of recreation areas and the recreation facilities construction,then selected 9 kinds of typical recreation facilities cases to analyse,mainly from the perspectives of function,location and size,layout,and style, for grasping the principles and basic characteristics of recreation facilities construction in forest parks to promote the recreation facilities construction development in forest parks in our country.


In each of the past six years Brookings has published a Setting National Priorities volume, providing an analysis of the President's budget proposals for the forthcoming fiscal year. In 1976 this series is continued, but with a different format and approach. This book examines a set of major national problems from a longer-range perspective, not restricted to the current Federal budget. The first part deals with foreign policy and national defense. It addresses four major topics: U.S. foreign policy and national security, with emphasis on averting military conflict; the policy issues raised by the growing economic interdependence of industrial countries; the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons; and the problems of managing U.S. foreign policy. The second part discusses domestic policy issues: the prospects for improving the nation's economic performance, particularly with respect to inflation and unemployment; the past and prospective size, growth, and composition of the public sector of the economy, and the fiscal relations among Federal, state, and local governments; Federal regulation of economic activity in such fields as environmental protection, energy, consumer product quality, and occupational health and safety, with emphasis on more efficient methods of attaining national goals in these fields; and trends in income distribution, coupled withmore » an analysis of alternative future strategies for governmental income-maintenance programs. The book concludes with an examination of congressional-executive relations, and of the problems of formulating and carrying out increasingly complex national programs in a government of divided powers.« less


This report presents techniques for the analysis of capacity and performance of traffic at unsignalised roundabouts. Performance measures considered include delay, queue length, effective stop rate, proportion queued and queue clearance time. Basic principles of modelling the capacity and performance of roundabouts are discussed, the models used in the SIDRA software package are presented and data requirements are described in detail. The report extends several aspects of the SIDRA version 5.1 performance models, especially in introducing the effect of an initial queued demand in the capacity and performance models. Alternative capacity and delay models including the Australian Austroads and old NAASRA models, US Highway Capacity Manual and the UK Transport Research Laboratory models are given, model comparisons are presented including real-life cases, and various issues arising from model comparisons are discussed. Capacity model comparisons indicate that there is an overall agreement amongst various models based on gap-acceptance and other methods. However, basic comparisons as well as case studies given in the report show that various models can produce substantial differences under certain circumstances, especially under heavy and unbalanced demand conditions at multi-lane roundabouts. Recommendations for future research are presented, and a list of useful publications for those involved in research and practice related to roundabouts is given. (a)


Non-wood raw materials are an essential fiber source in regions where forest resources are limited. Therefore, chemimechanical high-yield bagasse pulp was prepared and then bleached with a dithionite bleaching agent. Oneand twostage bleaching of the pulp was carried out by using sodium dithionite (Y) as a sole bleaching agent, or after bleaching with hydrogen peroxide to achieve high brightness for the prepared pulp. Different parameters, such as consistency, concentration, temperature, time and pH were investigated. The effect of various additives, such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as chelating agent or Zn compounds and hexamethylenetetramine to stabilize the bleaching solution, was studied. The effect of dissolved oxygen in liquor was also considered.


Abstract The variation in the order parameter with the ethylene glycol/water ratio was determined by deuterium HMR groups in ethylene glycol were determined in an L liquid crystalline phase of lecithin, water and ethylene glycol. In addition, the interlayer spacing was determined by small angle X-ray diffractometry. The results were described using a simple two-component adsorption model and showed no substantial variation between water and ethylene glycol of their binding affinity to the polar groups of the lecithin 31P NMR results supported earlier proton NMR spectra interpretation of an increased disorder of the amphiphiles with greater amount enhanced of ethylene glycol/water ratio.


In recent years, relative clauses with Verb Second (V2) have received a lot of attention. This is due to their peculiar syntactic and semantic properties. On the one hand, the content of the relative clause is asserted, indicating – given certain theoretical assumptions further addressed below – its non-subordinated status, on the other hand, they allow for a restrictive interpretation, indicating its subordinated status, since the restrictive reading under standard assumptions requires that the relative clause is interpreted within the DP heading it. Moreover, V2 has been argued to be a root phenomenon and clauses containing V2 should thus display root-like properties. One important property of root clauses is that they – contrary to regular embedded clauses – can represent different types of speech acts: assertions, questions, commands and so on. It thus comes as little surprise that the best analysis of V2relatives on the market, namely that by Gärtner (2001, 2002), posits an analysis in which two (main) clauses are coordinated, explaining the presence of V2 in the relative clause and relating it to the proto-assertional force of the relative. This syntactic analysis renders the semantic interpretation of V2-relatives a rather complex issue, since the content of the relative clause must be integrated into the interpretation of the DP heading it during the computation of the matrix clause to derive the correct restrictive interpretation. We propose an alternative account that assumes that V2-relatives are regular subordinated relative clauses that due to the specific property of embedded V2 need to be extraposed and are interpreted in a high-adjoined position in the matrix clause. The restrictive interpretation of the relative clause will be argued to be derived from a matching analysis of relative clauses in which (weak) quantifiers contained in the head NP are interpreted in the embedded clause whose interpretational properties follow from the information structural properties of the main clause and the specific contribution of V2 in the relative clause. 1 The phenomenon: subordination or coordination? As is well-known, Standard German is characterized by an 'asymmetric' V2system, in which main clauses generally display a Verb-Second (henceforth, V2) arrangement implying movement of the finite verb to some position in the left periphery (C° in a pre-Rizzi 1997 framework), while it remains in some lower head position in embedded clauses, generally identified as I°, which determines the so-called Verb-final (henceforth, Vfin) word order.1 * Nicholas Catatsso is responsible for chapters 1, 2 and 3 and Roland Hinterhölzl for chapters 3, 4 and 5. 1 Some cases apparently contradicting this generalization, which are not discussed here, are e.g. so-called insubordinated constructions (cf. Evans 2007, Truckenbrodt 2013, D'Hertefeld / Verstraete 2014), a phenomenon present in German, as well as in many other languages whereby a clause introduced by a complementizer and displaying a verb-final word order (e.g. Dass du mir Nicholas Catasso & Roland Hinterhölzl 100 However, in colloquial German we find a class of relative clauses that may optionally exhibit a V2 word order (cf. Curme 1922, Sandig 1973, for a much more formal approach Gärtner 2001, 2002, Den Dikken 2005, Endriss/Gärtner 2005, Ebert, Endriss/Gärtner 2006), as in (1): (1) Es gibt Menschen, die hängen sich Plakate ans Fenster EXIST people that.NOM hang REFL posters at-the window 'Refugees welcome'. refugees welcome 'There are people who put posters in their windows 'Refugees welcome'.' (DLF, Febr. 25th, 2015)2 The structures introduced by the d-pronoun above are referred to as V2relatives, or short V2Rs, in the present paper. The pronominal element occurring in clause-first position does not seem to be subjected to any case restrictions and may bear nominative as in (1), but also accusative and dative, or be part of a complex relative PP in which it receives the case assigned by the preposition selecting it. Stating the optionality of verb raising in V2-relatives basically amounts to the admission that the same structure in (1) may occur with Vfin, apparently without any significant change in meaning, as (2) illustrates: (2) Es gibt Menschen, die sich Plakate ans Fenster hängen. Since V2 is a so-called root phenomenon and given that root phenomena occur in clauses that represent speech acts and the latter are generally taken not to embed, the following questions arise: (i) Are V2Rs subordinated or coordinated? (ii) Do they represent separate and independent speech acts? These questions are rather crucial for understanding what the trigger of V2 movement in embedded clauses is and how syntax and semantics interact at the interface in general. It is also important to address the question of whether V2 is a core property of V2Rs from which other properties follow, or whether the properties of V2Rs follow from its syntactic analysis as a coordinated structure, as has been proposed by Gärtner (2001) and became the standard analysis of V2-structures in other embedded clause types (cf. e.g. Antomo/Steinbach 2010, Freywald 2008, 2009, 2014 for causal and concessive adverbial clauses). To answer these questions, let us briefly discuss the core properties displayed by V2Rs. In fact, V2Rs exhibit an intriguing combination of formal and bloß nicht zu nahe kommst! ('Don't come too close!')) is conventionalized as a main clause; and complementizerless dass-clauses (Ich glaube, du spinnst ('I think you're mad')), which exhibit a matrix-clause order but are doubtlessly dependent on the preceding portion of syntactic structure (cf. Auer 1998). 2 The original empirical data for contemporary German discussed in the present paper are drawn from attested sources, primarily from transcribed interviews conducted by the German broadcast stations Deutschlandfunk and Hessischer Rundfunk, as well as German and Austrian newspapers e.g. tlz, derwesten, Wiener Zeitung. Occasionally, the data come from direct speech contexts in literary sources. The diachronic attestations were collected from selected works on the basis of their historical collocation. Subordination or coordination in V2-relatives in German 101 distributional properties that make a coherent categorization extremely difficult. Gärtner (2001: 98–105 and subsequent work) points out that V2Rs, although not implying any substantial semantic interpretation per se, present at least four restrictions that crucially distinguish them from canonical relative clauses: (i) they may only appear sentence-finally, i.e. they are obligatorily extraposed (3); (ii) they may not appear in the scope of a negation or a question operator (4); (iii) they only modify indefinite, wide-scope nominal expressions (5); (iv) the pronominal d-element must be weak (6): (3) a. Ich habe Unternehmer kennengelernt, die machen Milliarden I have entrepreneurs got-to-know who make billions Euro Umsatz pro Jahr. euro turnover per year b. *Ich habe Unternehmer, die machen Milliarden Euro Umsatz I have entrepreneurs who make billions euro turnover pro Jahr, kennengelernt. per year got-to-know 'I met entrepreneurs who record billions euro turnover per year.' The first distributional feature is insofar curious as (restrictive) Vfin relative clauses, in short VfRs, in German may in general be extraposed, but also retain the structural DP-adjacent position in which they are base-generated. However, this is not the case in V2Rs, as the contrast between (3a) and (3b) shows. The exclusive linearization in a position following the matrix clause is also a property affecting other V2 clause types introduced by canonically subordinating elements: V2 clauses introduced e.g. by weil ('because'), obwohl/wobei ('although') and dass ('that'), as well as dependent complementizerless object clauses cannot be topicalized or moved to any other position either3 (cf. e.g. Antomo/Steinbach 2010, Auer 1998, Freywald 2008, 2009). The same goes for Danish and Frisian object clauses with V2 (cf. Vikner 1995: 85 and De Haan/ Weerman 1986: 84, respectively)4. As (4) shows, V2 leads to ungrammaticality if the clause occurs in the scope of a negative or interrogative operator (the NEG quantifier kein 'no' in (4a) and the silent INT SpecCP feature in (4b), respectively).5 3 This holds in the case of biclausal utterances. However, complementizerless object clauses may be topicalized together with their matrix element, be it a DP or a clause (cf. Reis 1997, Freywald 2013). The latter are cases of pied-piping of an extraposed clause that is subject to reconstruction. V2Rs will be argued to extrapose for semantic reasons, cannot be reconstructed at LF and are therefore argued to be different from standard cases of extraposition. 4 This restriction also affects Dutch causal clauses introduced by omdat 'because', a complementizer that apparently allows for both V2 and Vfin word orders with implications very similar to those in German weil clauses: cf. We hebben deze personage gekozen, omdat ze was een keizerin/*Omdat ze was een keizerin, hebben we deze personage gekozen 'We have chosen this personage because she was an empress.'. 5 This does not hold for V2-arguments which are fine in interrogatives, as is illustrated by Glaubst du, die Leute kaufen das? (cf. Gärtner 2002 for some discussion). Nicholas Catasso & Roland Hinterhölzl 102 (4) a. Kein Professor mag eine Studentin, die {*zitiert} ihn no professor likes a student.FEM who cites him nicht {zitiert}. NEG cites 'No professor likes a student who doesn't cite him.' (Gärtner 2002: 107) b. Mag Professor Müller eine Studentin, die {*zitiert} ihn likes professor Müller a student.FEM who cites him nicht {zitiert}? NEG cites 'Does Professor Müller like a student who doesn't cite him?' This also seems to be a general restriction on V2 embedding in German, which has tentatively been ascribed to an assertive, epistemic feature possibly related to the not


Because the impact of ocean current on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) navigation is greater than the impact of wind on ground mobile robot, there is the essential difference between underwater environment and ground environment. Ocean current and obstacles must be considered for AUV path planning in underwater environment. In this paper, a novel kind of AUV path planning algorithm is proposed by combining the velocity synthesis algorithm and artificial potential field method. Firstly, the improved artificial potential field method is used to avoid obstacles effectively. Then according to the characteristics of AUV navigation, the velocity synthesis algorithm is used to achieve the optimal path. Finally, the problem of path planning for AUV in ocean current environment with obstacles is solved. Simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm is effective.


Bill of sale from George L. Leigh to John A. Bonnell acknowledging the sale of land and 110 heads of cattle. The note goes on to say that this "transfer and Bill of Sale is made on the following terms and conditions to secure the payment of a promissory note for $782.66" from Bonnell, payable on May 1, 1887. The check included in the record is worth $716.66 from John A. Bonnell to Edward A. Leigh.


This book reflects the changes that have taken place in the nature conservation movement over the last decade. It includes essays on issues of nature conservation itself, rather than on environmental issues. Habitats, elements of the ecosystem, and some of the political and organizational activity currently of interest are covered.


The reaction of allyl phenyl ether with a mixture of bis (1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel and PPh3 leads to the oxidative addition of the ether involving the PhO–C bond cleavage to afford Ni(η3-C3H5)(OC6H5)(PPh3) 1. Similar reactions of diallyl ether with Ni(cod)2 in the presence of PR3 (R = C6H5, cyclo-C6H11) give uncleaved π-type complexes formulated as Ni(π-allyl ether)(PR3).


'Steroid cell tumors not otherwise specified (SCT-NOS)' are rare sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary with malignant potential, accounting for less than 0.1% of all ovarian tumors with the highest incidence in premenopausal women. These tumours represent a unique cause of female virilization. We present a case of a 48-year-old post-menopausal lady with bleeding per vagina and a 2-year history of truncal obesity and hirsutism. Past history was unremarkable. Examination revealed feature of obesity, virilization and clitoromegaly. Serum testosterone was 3.62 μg/L& CA-125 was 40.67. CECT gave the evidence of adnexal tumor, but histopathology confirmed SCT-NOS. Total abdominal hysterectomy(TAH) and bilateral salpingoophorectomy(BSO) was performed. Post-operative period was uneventful. This case is being reported for its rarity of occurrence and challenges faced in diagnosis of this case.


ABSTRACT The study focuses on answering the question regarding how the positive parenting (PP – praising) made by parents determines teenagers' self-efficacy and mental health, as well as whether the positive effect of it will be discernible in later years. The study involved 255 adolescents (51.4% females), who completed twice (ages 13 and 18 years) three questionnaires: GSE (General Self-Efficacy Scale), GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire) and APQ-9 (Alabama Parenting Questionnaire). Analyses confirmed a direct prediction of fathers' PP in adolescence on adolescents' self-efficacy and mothers' PP in adolescence on adolescents' mental health; mothers' PP in early adulthood on mental health and self-efficacy of young adults. Self-efficacy in adolescence was a mediator between fathers' PP and mental health in adolescence. Gender differences were identified. Our results suggest that policy initiatives focusing on the improving PP of adolescents may have far-reaching effects on adult mental health.


The year 2004 marked the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. A significant landmark in the development of a coherent strategy for the promotion and protection of women's human rights, it established the principle that for women to enjoy equal rights, they needed an extra layer of 'protection'. More importantly, it detailed states' legal obligations in the area of women's rights. Since then, the development of women's human rights has continued to challenge the boundaries between the public, the private and the international. It was in this context that the Beijing women's conference (1995) created a climate of expectation among women's groups and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that the project to advance women's human rights in practice might gather and sustain momentum. Yet, it is evident that there remains an enormous gap between the rhetoric and realities of women's human rights, whereby women's rights continue to be contested in countries across the world and governments are often unwilling to fulfil their international obligations.


The transcription factor Asr1 (ABA, stress, ripening 1) plays multiple roles in the plant responses to abiotic stresses as well as being involved in the regulation of central metabolism in several plant species. However, despite the high expression levels of ASR1 in tomato fruits, large scale analyses to uncover its role in fruits are still lacking. In order to study its function in the context of fruit ripening, we performed a multi-omics analysis of Asr1-silenced transgenic tomato fruits at transcriptomics and metabolomics levels. Our results indicate that ASR1 is involved in several pathways implicated in the fruit ripening process, including cell wall, amino acid, and carotenoid metabolism as well as abiotic stress pathways. Moreover, we found that Asr1-silenced fruits are more susceptible to the infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. A literature search suggested that Asr1 could be regulated by the fruit ripening regulators NOR, CNR and FUL1/2, among others, which allowed us to situate it in the regulatory cascade of red ripe tomato fruits. These data thus extend the known range of functions of ASR1 underlying it to be an important auxiliary regulator of tomato ripening.


Over a 5‐year period, 58 patients with oesophageal or gastric malignancy underwent surgical resection with oesophagogastric or oesophagojejunal anastomosis. All were fed temporarily with a catheter feeding jejunostomy placed at the time of surgery. All patients tolerated the feeding well. There were no catheter‐related deaths and only one serious complication, formation of an abscess following catheter dislodgement. Experience with this technique suggests that it is a safe and cheap method of feeding patients after oesophagogastric surgery. Such patients are particularly suitable for a feeding jejunostomy as they are frequently malnourished, rarely have prolonged postoperative ileus and may develop complications that delay the onset of oral intake.


In recent years, several Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been proposed in extreme value analysis (EVA) for assessing the flood risk in a certain location. In this study, the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) method was employed to obtain the approximations to the posterior marginal distribution of the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) model by using annual maximum discharges in two major river basins in Bangladesh. As a comparison, the well-known Metropolis-Hasting (MH) algorithm was also applied, but did not converge well and yielded skewness values opposite those of HMC and the statistical characteristic of the data sets. The discharge records of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers in Bangladesh for the past 42 years were analyzed. To estimate flood risk, a return level with 95% confidence intervals (CI) has also been calculated. Results show that the shape parameter of each station was greater than zero, which describes the heavy-tailed Frechet cases of the GEV distributions. One station, Bahadurabad in the Brahmaputra river basin, estimated 141,387 m3·s−1 with a 95% CI range of [112,636, 170,138] for the 100-year return level, and the 1000-year return level was 195,018 m3·s−1 with a 95% CI of [122,493, 267,544]. The other station, Hardinge Bridge at the Ganges basin, estimated 124,134 m3·s−1 with a 95% CI of [108,726, 139,543] for the 100-year return level, and the 1000-year return level was 170,537 m3·s−1 with a 95% CI of [133,784, 207,289]. As Bangladesh is a flood-prone country, the approach of Bayesian with HMC in EVA can help policy-makers to plan initiatives that could result in preventing damage to both lives and assets.


The right to a fair trial by an impartial jury of one's peers is guaranteed under the 6th and 14th Amendments of the United States' Constitution. Jury selection is accomplished through voir dire ("to speak the truth"), a process where potential jurors are questioned by attorneys and/or the judge in order to ascertain their suitability to serve on the jury. The goal of voir dire is to eliminate potential jurors who are ineligible due to statutory regulations, insurmountable biases, or refusal to apply the law as it is written. In the past 30 years, scientific jury selection (SJS), the process of applying scientific research methodology and psychological theory to jury selection, has become increasingly prevalent.

Keywords:

courtroom;
jury;
law;
United States;
voir dire;
criminal justice;
reasoning


Background: Human T cell leukemia virus type 2 (HTLV-2) encodes a viral transactivator Tax. Results: HTLV-2 Tax efficiently immortalizes human memory T lymphocytes with distinct T cell subtypes. Conclusion: HTLV-2 Tax connects IκB kinase complex to autophagy pathways for promoting T cell survival and proliferation. Significance: Learning the oncogenic potential of HTLV-2 Tax is critical for understanding HTLV-2 pathogenesis. Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 and type 2 (HTLV-1 and -2) are two closely related retroviruses with the former causing adult T cell leukemia. HTLV-2 infection is prevalent among intravenous drug users, and the viral genome encodes the viral transactivator Tax, which is highly homologous to the transforming protein Tax from HTLV-1. However, the link between HTLV-2 infection and leukemia has not been established. In the present study, we evaluated the activity of HTLV-2 Tax in promoting aberrant proliferation of human CD4 T lymphocytes. Tax2 efficiently immortalized CD4+ memory T lymphocytes with a CD3/TCRαβ/CD4/CD25/CD45RO/CD69 immunophenotype, promoted constitutive activation of PI3K/Akt, IκB kinase/NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and STAT3, and it also increased the level of Mcl-1. Disruption of these oncogenic pathways led to growth retardation and apoptotic cell death of the Tax2-established T cell lines. We further found that Tax2 induced autophagy by interacting with the autophagy molecule complex containing Beclin1 and PI3K class III to form the LC3+ autophagosome. Tax2-mediated autophagy promoted survival and proliferation of the immortalized T cells. The present study demonstrated the oncogenic properties of Tax2 in human T cells and also implicated Tax2 in serving as a molecular tool to generate distinct T cell subtype lines.