Abstract Hybridization offers huge potential in domesticating species. Poplars are important for wood production and also ornamental uses. Only two poplar parents can generate by hybridization more than 500,000 different offspring phenotypes. The article reviews some international results and presents some Russian results of poplar hybridization, emphasizing the Central Chernozem Region of the European part of Russia. During 60 years 736 crosses were realized, resulting in 54,000 hybrid seedlings. In different field trials 243 superior clones were selected. For practical operations twelve cultivars of the most productive and frost resistant poplar hybrids were selected. Three of them are now approved as varieties by the state registration authorities. In order to mitigate the risks from unforeseen disease, injury or other adverse factors in defined environments several cultivars with close economic value but with different genetic composition should be available.


Aim: To study the effect of retinal laser photocoagulation on contrast sensitivity in diabetic retinopathy. Method: Prospective interventional study of all the patients with diabetic retinopathy presenting at our Institute of Ophthalmology with indications of Retinal Photocoagulation. Contrast sensitivity was assessed prior to laser and then again after 1 week of 1 and 2 sitting and after 6 weeks of 3 sitting of panretinal photocoagulation. The Contrast Sensitivity was statistically compared and he data collected was analyzed for statistical significance using SPSS version 20 by Repeated ANOVA test. Result: The contrast sensitivity improved in 24 eyes (68%), decreased in 2 eyes (6%) while it remained constant in 9 eyes (26%). Conclusion: Retinal Laser Photocoagulation causes statistically significant improvement in contrast sensitivity after a period of 6 weeks post laser in patients of diabetic retinopathy.


DESPITE the widespread despair of the twentieth century, or perhaps to some extent because of it, there has developed since the Second World War an increasing interest in the phenomenon of hope. In philosophy, Gabriel Marcel, the French Christian Existentialist, and Ernst Bloch, the German Marxist, have written significantly on the theme.' More recently, theologians from Europe and the United States have explored it in an effort to develop an eschatological theology of revolution while psychologists and social analysts have used it as a basis for the study and treatment of the mentally ill or as a platform from which to launch social change.2 Literature, too, especially prose fiction, reflects this inclination toward affirmation. R. W. B. Lewis, in his introduction to The Picaresque Saint, contends that the novelists of an older generation (Joyce, Proust, Mann), although men of incomparable literary genius "failed to attend to the visible life of men, to the shape of their actions, the motives of their hope."3 On the other hand, he continues, the novelists of the succeeding generation (Moravia, Silone, Camus, Faulkner, Greene and Malraux), while by no means facile optimists, have "centered not upon the ubiquity of sickness and death but on


This paper describes the structural interpretation and the anisotropy analysis performed to characterize the fracture network using 3D-3C seismic data acquired as part of a 67km² pilot survey in the Tin Fouye Tabankort-West field located in the Illizi Basin in the Algerian Sahara. The target horizon corresponds to the Ordovician reservoirs composed of low porosity gas bearing sandstones located at a depth of approximately 1950 m below surface. Well data show that the well performance is mainly controlled by the reservoir facies but faults and fractures are also thought to play a role in the gas production. Based on a well controlled 3D-3C acquisition and a careful processing sequence of the PP and PS waves, this multi-component survey is proved to provide a better resolution of subtle faults and lineaments than the conventional 3D data seismic set available in the area even though the noise level remains slightly higher. Furthermore, the PS wave processing shows the evidence of shear wave splitting which is compensated to obtain an optimum radial component stack. The PS wave anisotropy, found to be consistent with the faults and lineaments interpreted on the PP seismic data set and with the FMI information in the wells, is interpreted in terms of fractures. The promising results of this 3D Multi-component seismic pilot provide an encouraging basis for wider 3D-3C acquisitions in areas where faults and fractures play an important role in the hydrocarbon production.


Purpose - – The research practice in management research is dominantly based on structural equation modeling (SEM), but almost exclusively, and often misguidedly, on covariance-based SEM. The purpose of this paper is to question the current research myopia in management research, because the paper adumbrates theoretical foundations and guidance for the two SEM streams: covariance-based and variance-based SEM; and improves the conceptual knowledge by comparing the most important procedures and elements in the SEM study, using different theoretical criteria. Design/methodology/approach - – The study thoroughly analyzes, reviews and presents two streams using common methodological background. The conceptual framework discusses the two streams by analysis of theory, measurement model specification, sample and goodness-of-fit. Findings - – The paper identifies and discusses the use and misuse of covariance-based and variance-based SEM utilizing common topics such as: first, theory (theory background, relation to theory and research orientation); second, measurement model specification (type of latent construct, type of study, reliability measures, etc.); third, sample (sample size and data distribution assumption); and fourth, goodness-of-fit (measurement of the model fit and residual co/variance). Originality/value - – The paper questions the usefulness of Cronbach's


Despite India's long history of religious pluralism and relativistic patterns of thought and its declared policy of creating a secular and democratic society, religious strife has characterised all the major social upheavals in modern India. This paper examines the nature of Indian pluralism and secularism with a view to understanding why and how the two are not as congruent as they are held to be in the West. It focuses special attention on hierarchy as the specific modality of India's traditional pluralism, legitimated within the framework of a religiously sanctioned ideology. It argues that the present crisis in India's secularism is at on ce a crisis in India's hierarchical structure and a crisis in its religious culture. A genuinely democratic and socialist India requires a secularism that transcends the traditional Indian theory and practice of tolerant hierarchical pluralism and embraces a more universalistic, rational, humanistic, and nonreligious culture.


Stimuli‐responsive nanoscale porous carbon derived from ZIF‐8 (NCZIF) gated by DNA capping units is reported. The NCZIF is first obtained by calcination of nano‐ZIF‐8 crystals under an inert atmosphere. It is further conjugated with amine‐modified single‐stranded DNA after carboxylation (DNA/NCZIF). The guest molecules are sealed in the pore of NCZIF by the formation of a DNA duplex structure on the surface of NCZIF. As proof of principle, two systems that can be, respectively, used for controlled drug delivery and biosensing are introduced. In the first system, the drug model (rhodamine 6G, Rh6G) is locked in the NCZIF by the DNA capping units composed of rich‐G sequences and its complementary DNA strand. The in vitro cellular experiments reveal that DNA/NCZIF has good biocompatibility and can controllably release Rh6G upon the K+‐stimuli in cells. In the second system, the signal probe (methylene blue, MB) is locked in the NCZIF and then released after the unlocking of the pores triggered by the dissociation of the aptamer‐hybrid capping units. The MB‐loaded DNA/NCZIF can linearly respond to target molecules in the range from 1 × 10−9 to 10 × 10−6 m and has good specificity.


The aim of the work was to investigate the bromate minimization during the supported cerium oxidecatalyzed ozonation(O3/CeO2) of bromide-containing filtered surface water in continuous flow mode(CFM).Results indicated that the advantage of O3/CeO2 oxidation on minimizing bromate was still significant when NOM is present in CFM.Ozone dosage,bromide concentration and contact time were further studied for their effect on minimizing bromate during O3/CeO2oxidation in CFM.Results showed that O3/CeO2oxidation could significantly reduce bromate formation at all conditions applied in this experiment.Under high ozone dosage(5 mg/L),O3/CeO2oxidation caused a significant reduction of 73.8% for bromate concentration,compared with ozonation alone.Higher bromide concentration of the filtered water did not weaken the efficiency of O3/CeO2 on minimizing bromate with the bromide concentration ranging from 0 to 3 mg/L in this work.The O3/CeO2 oxidation would achieve higher efficiency on bromate minimization as the contact time extended to 9.8 min,and it was proposed that the contact time should be about 10 min in practice.


In alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), ovules closest to the stigma (apical) were more likely to be fertilized than the ones closest to the pedicellar end of the ovary (basal). Based on the hypothesis that basal ovules are fertilized by more vigorous microgametophytes, differential selective pressures for microgametophytic vigor were applied by selecting the basal seed and the apical seed in alfalfa pods. Ten pods containing at least eight seeds from each of 100 plants were used for each of three cycles. Plants from apical and basal seed were separately intercrossed [...]


The electric resonance method of molecular beam spectroscopy was used to observe the CsCl spectra arising from transitions of the type J,mJ→J,mJ′, where J is the rotational quantum number and mJ the electric quantum number. The following transitions were identified and studied : 2,0→2,1;3,0→3,1;4,0→4,1;4,1→4,2; and 5,1→5,2. An analysis of the spectra for several values of the electric field intensity gave the following molecular constants for the ground vibrational state of Cs133Cl35: μ0=10.46±0.14 debye; A0=(385±9)×10−40 g cm2; B0=(72.7±1.7)×10−3 cm−1; r0=(2.88±0.03)×10−8 cm. μ0 is the electric dipole moment, A0 is the moment of inertia, B0 is the rotational constant, and r0 is the internuclear distance. If μ is assumed to be proportional to the internuclear distance, and if the potential function is assumed to be a cubic, then the vibration‐rotation constant αe is calculated to be (0.53±0.08)×10−3 cm−1. From measurements of line widths it was possible to set upper limits on the quadrupole interaction co...


During the oxychlorination of ethylene, the composition of the catalyst, cupric chloride, is subject to change, and hence estimation of rate parameters considering the unsteady-state situation is more reliable than assuming steady state. In the present work, nonisothermal experimental data are collected in an unsteady-state fixed-bed reactor by changing the inlet temperature using a temperature-programmed preheater. The rate parameters are estimated by developing an unsteady-state model which takes into account not only the reaction temperature and gas-phase conversions but also changes in the solid-phase composition in the catalyst bed. The rate parameters estimated in this study are found to be different from the steady-state values reported in the literature. The disagreement in the rate parameters has been explained in terms of the properties associated with the solid phase. The most significant feature of this work is that the rate-temperature behavior, calculated using the present rate constants, co...


In Cystic Fibrosis (CF) inhalation of drugs to treat lung disease has been proven to be highly effective. An increasing number of drugs and devices have been developed for CF lung disease. In this article we will review the current status of inhaled medication in CF, including the various drugs, their modes of administration and indications, and their effects. We will address antibiotics, mucolytics/mucous mobilizers, antiinflammatory drugs, bronchodilators and combinations of solutions. We will review the current knowledge on devices for inhalation therapy with regard to optimal particle sizes and characteristics of wet nebulisers, dry powder and metered dose inhalers.


On the Physiological Value of Leucocytes of the Tonsils and Lingua! Glands. From experiment the author has determined that the tonsillar secretion, as well as that from the glands of the tongue, possesses a saccharifying power. lie further concludes that this power resides in the leucocytes, because the white corpuscles of blood and pus possess the same peculiarity.


The effect of a fixed pole concentric to a circular cylindrical buoy on the power absorption of the latter is investigated. The buoy, subject to gentle monochromatic waves, heaves in water of finite depth. A matched eigenfunction expansion procedure is used to find the radiation parameters and the vertical excitation force. Assuming a linear power takeoff, the power is then computed and presented in the form of plots along with the power density and the buoy displacement amplitude for chosen geometries. The results show that the effect of the pole is to increase the radius where the peak power occurs without changing the peak value. The pole is also seen to increase the power and power density at the high frequency end of the extracted power spectrum. Optimal geometry values for maximum power and power density are also presented for each frequency.


This book offers an analysis of Roman political culture in Italy from the first to the sixth century AD on the basis of seven case studies. Its main contention is that, during the period in which Italy was subject to single rule, Italy's political culture had a specific form. It was the product of the continued existence of two traditional political institutions: the senate in the city of Rome and the local city councils in the rest of Italy. Under single rule, the position of both institutions was increasingly weakened and they became part of a much wider institutional landscape. Nevertheless, they continued functioning until the end of the sixth century AD. Their longevity must imply that they retained meaning for their members, even when society was undergoing significant changes. As their powers and prerogatives shrank considerably, their significance became social rather than political: they allowed elites to enact and negotiate their own position in society. The tension between the fact that the institutions were at heart participatory in nature, but that their power was restricted, generated complex social dynamics. On the one hand, participants became locked in mutual expectations about each other's behaviour and were enacting social roles, while on the other hand they retained a degree of agency. They were encapsulated in an honorific language and in a set of conventions that regulated their behaviour, but that at the same time offered them some room for manoeuvre.


【Objective】 To investigate the effect of Cyclosporin A-loaded solid lipid nanopanicles(SLNCsA) in combination with Paclitaxel(PAC) on growth of humam Colon cancer cell line CCL187 and its apoptosis induction.【Methods】 SLN-csa was prepared in an aqueous system using Cyclosporin A as a model drug.CCL187 cells were treated with Cyclosporin A,PAC,SLN-CsA,Cyclosporin A combined with PAC and SLN-CsA combined with PAC respectively.Cell morphology variation and cell ultrastructure were observed;the apoptosis rate of CCL187 cell and the expression of apoptosis-associated gene proteins were detected.【Results】 Cyclosporin A-loaded solid lipid nanoparticals(SLN-CsA) could effectively inhibit CCL187 in a dose-and-time-dependent manner.The IC50 of Cyclosporin A-loaded solid lipid nanopanicles(SLN-CsA) to CCL187 was 38.25 μmol/L in 24 hours.Simultaneous administration of SLN-CsA and PAC resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity and apoptosis for CCL187 cells;the expression of Livin was down-regulated while the expression of Smac was up-regulated.【Conclusion】 The rate of cell proliferation inhibition and the rate of the CCL187 cell line apoptosis by SLN-CsA combined with PAC are significantly higher.The apoptosis is related to the down-regulation of Livin and up-regulation of Smac.


THE BRITISH .MEDICAL7OURNAL. [Jan. 29, I88r. authorities) the chief channels for the conduction of impulses of all kinds. We can readily believe that, if these channels be invaded by a chronic inflammatory process, such as occurs in sclerosis, the centrifugal nerves will be more or less affected, and paralysis and tension are likely to supervene. We can further understand that a lesion occupying the same region of the spine would prove a source of irritation to the centripetal nerves in their passage upwards. In this manner, the increased reflex movements we observe in percussing over the tendons of certairn muscles may be partially explained. But the investigations of Woroschiloff do not rest here. They go to prove that not only do afferent and efferent impulses travel along the lateral columns, but that here also (in part at least) lie the tracts which control reflex movements. If this be true, the sclerotic change may, by destroyin-g these tracts, cut off the inhibitory influence exercised by the brain on the reflex arcs of the spine; releasing these centres frorn the salutary control to which 'hey are normally subjected, and leaving the muscles a prey to every Passing stimulus.


A radiative-convective boundary layer model is used to assess the effect of changing sea surface temperature, pressure, wind speed, and the energy export from the tropics on the boundary layer equilibrium equivalent potential temperature. It remains difficult to reconcile the observations that during the last glacial maximum (18,000 yr BP) the snowline on the tropical mountains fell 950 m, while the tropical sea surface temperatures fell only 1-2 K.


Sustainable Construction (SC) occupies a significant place in the activities aimed at achieving the objectives of Sustainable Development (SD). The construction sector has been identified as one of six markets with high innovation potential and going to meet the challenge of taking a number of initiatives aiming to introduce principles of Sustainable Construction. One of the most dynamically developing SC initiatives is the implementation of international environmental certification of buildings. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is among the most popular ecological certification systems, which is designed to provide building owners and managers with a tool to identify and implement practical and measurable solutions in the field of environmentally friendly building design, their construction, use and maintenance. The authors of the article had the opportunity to cooperate with the contractor during the realization of the facility according to the requirements of LEED, observing the implementation standards processes to be met by a certified building during its construction. A building for office use was erected in the center of one of the cities in Poland and aspired for the highest, platinum level in the LEED classification. During the process of erecting, the authors could observe difficulties in realizing the assumptions that the object should meet. In this article, will be presented selected from the occurred implementation problems that took place in the indicated facility.


A recent Institute of Medicine report (1) highlights the disturbing trend of a net reduction in board-certified geriatricians and a reduction in the number of physicians entering geriatric fellowships. Clinical and leadership positions in nursing homes are often filled by geriatricians (2), and to address the shortage of geriatricians in nursing homes, the Institute of Medicine recommends expanding the role of midlevel providers, such as nurse practitioners. Rather than accepting that disengagement of physicians in nursing home practice is inevitable, we make the case here that quality of care in the nursing home is directly linked to physician practice, and that only by moving toward a nursing home specialist model will the needs of residents with complex postacute problems, who are burdened by multiple comorbid conditions, chronic illness, and functional limitations, be met. The Problem The nursing home population of the United States stands at 1.6 million and will double by the year 2030 (3). Even with declining disability rates and increases in housing options, the lifetime risk for nursing home admission remains high at 46% (4). Nursing homes have become an integral and unique component of the health care continuum in the United States, in part because they accommodate increasingly frail residents whose hospital stays have been dramatically shortened (5). This sicker-but-quicker trend has manifested as increasing functional dependence, comorbid conditions, and use of high-tech interventions in both short- and long-term nursing home residents (6). A large proportion of deaths overall occur in nursing homes (7), and expenditures currently exceed $120 billion per yeara figure projected to almost double by the year 2015with Medicaid footing 44% of these costs (8, 9). Of all Medicare fee-for-service dollars, 7% are spent in nursing homes (10). Despite these trends, the quality of care in nursing homes remains inconsistent and in many respects suboptimal (11). Nursing home practice is only 4% of work time among the 20% of physicians who practice in a nursing home, one third of whom are internists (12). Often rooted in reality, perceptions among nursing home physicians of excessive regulation, paperwork, professional liability, and lack of nursing support remain barriers to developing a widespread nursing home specialist culture (13). Perhaps more important, many physicians still find it difficult to overcome logistic challenges (for example, caring for a sufficient number of patients while traveling from one facility to another), even though reimbursement for nursing home visits has increased. Without salary derived from administrative duties associated with being a medical director, many practitioners find nursing home care untenable. Waning interest in primary care and geriatrics (14), coupled with few credible role models (15), further constrains physician involvement in nursing homes. In a survey of graduating residents, fewer than 15% felt very prepared to provide nursing home care (16). Finally, fear of cost increases and underappreciation of the link between physician care and quality may obviate support from the nursing home administration. A Possible Solution Taking a lead from the adult and pediatric hospitalist movements (17, 18), we propose that creating a nursing home medicine specialty would remedy the problems with care in skilled nursing facilities. On the basis of existing literature (1921), we propose that the specialty be characterized in 3 dimensions: the degree of physicians' commitment, physicians' practice competencies, and the structure of the medical staff organization in which they practice. Commitment is conceptualized as the physicians' degree of involvement in nursing home care, recognizing the links between quality of care and the time spent in a given nursing facility and with individual residents. We think that nursing home specialists could practice under many different models, ranging from a full-time practitioner to a primary care physician in the community who devotes 1 day per week to nursing home residents. However, we propose that nursing home specialists devote at least 20% of their practice to nursing home care. Recognizing that physicians may visit multiple facilities, the time spent in any given nursing home should equate to at least 4 hours a week. Arguably, this is the minimum amount of time necessary to become facile with processes of care and the site-specific culture. Competency in nursing home medicine would be defined by training or experience in handling complex medical care in a highly regulated, interdisciplinary care context that accommodates both postacute and long-term care. Training should be flexible enough to attract the broadest cross-section of primary care physicians, because limiting recognition initially to board-certified geriatricians or to certified medical directors would needlessly exclude other qualified practitioners. Future training might include an additional mastery year of residency training, flexible nursing home fellowships that would accommodate both early and midcareer candidates (22), or a certification process similar to that for medical directors. Examples of specific competency domains for training and certification include management of issues related to quality improvement, transitions of care, frailty, polypharmacy, and cognitive and behavioral disorders. Nursing home medicine would also require a more structured, closed medical staff model, which restricts privileges to a limited number of providers. Support for a structured model can be found in the work of Roemer and Friedman (23) and others (2426) who have shown an association between structured medical staff and quality of care. In our own work, which examines the impact of medical staff organization in nursing homes, physicians working within a closed staff model seemed to be more committed, knowledgeable about long-term care practice, and available (20). Existing policies, regulations, and care standards that define the role of the attending physician and medical director in the nursing home reinforce such a model (27, 28), as do programs for formal certification of medical directors (29). Challenges Change in the practice of nursing home medicine will occur only if organized medicine addresses several issues. Mainstream medicine must reinforce the nursing home as a legitimate medical practice site. Recruitment and retention of a competent, trained workforce will demand incentives (for example, loan forgiveness) and assurance of financial viability. In the Netherlands, nursing home physician specialists exist and are fully subsidized by the government (30). Health care reimbursement in the United States is clearly more complex than in the Netherlands, but options include increasing Medicare reimbursement for cognitive services, developing organizational efficiencies under the current reimbursement system, implementing new policies that reward providers for enhanced quality and cost savings (that is, decreased hospitalizations), and making pay-for-performance both equitable and feasible in nursing homes without electronic medical records. Market forces may eventually provide incentive to reward nursing home specialists for the value inherent in their practice specifically related to enhanced quality of care in the nursing home and during care transitions. Such organizations as the American Medical Directors Association and the American Geriatrics Society are critical in defining the physician's importance to the nursing home. Their efforts, however, must complement those of broader-based medical organizations, such as the American Medical Association, American College of Physicians, and American Academy of Family Physicians. These organizations, representing most primary care physicians in the United States, can enhance legitimacy of the nursing home specialist, help define career paths, establish curriculum, and craft relevant policy and regulations that preserve medicine's role in nursing home care. Nursing home practice accommodates a flexible rounding schedule and requires little overhead, in keeping with younger physicians' demand for worklife balance (31). The specialty could be marketed as having these attractive features coupled with the opportunity to manage a diverse patient population with postacute and long-term care needs in an easily navigable environment. Many of these same characteristics helped attract practitioners to hospital practice and fueled the growth of hospital medicine as a specialty. Conclusion Literature reporting on increased patient satisfaction and lower hospitalization rates in nursing homes that employ nurse practitioners and physician assistants have not considered physician involvement as a moderating variable (32). Physician care positively influences residents' hospitalization rates, functional status, and satisfaction (3335). Marginal physician involvement impedes communication and integration of the physician into the nursing home culture, with detrimental patient outcomes (3638). We contend that rather than accepting a diminished presence of physicians in nursing homes and finding alternative care models, it is time to fully consider, appropriately fund, and test the nursing home specialist model (39, 40). If nearly half of the baby boomers spend some time in a nursing home, the question Is there a doctor in the house? will take on new urgency and meaning.


Tips for students in American History with Ms. Lawson This page will have credible, authoritative and reliable resources for a variety of topics in Ms. Lawson's History classes.


This work opens up the subject of perhaps the most profound of Buddhist Tantras, The Guhyasamajatantra by shedding light on its relation with previous literature including the Brahmanical tradition and by revealing the elevated type of Yoga.


This paper identifies the component parts and uses of a chart designed to serve as both a teaching tool and analytical aid in the reading and discussion of marketing related materials. The chart is based on previous work in marketing education centered on the idea that marketing has four primary Demand Drivers that work in concert with the traditional four Ps, which basically represent what a firm will supply to the market. The use of the chart at both the principles and capstone levels is discussed. A process by which the chart is applied to Assurance of Learning at the capstone level is then described, and assignments for in-class use are discussed. ABSTRACT A well-defined and enforced corporate governance provides a structure that works for the benefit of everyone concerned by ensuring that the enterprise adheres to accepted ethical standard and best practices as well as to formal laws. One of the ethical standards of Corporate Governance is the practice of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by an enterprise. Considering the pharmaceutical industry, as a key player in the area of global health, the paper discusses CSR practices carried out by14 selected listed and unlisted pharmaceutical Indian companies. The different broad areas of CSR practices identified are Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives, Access Programme for Medicines, Patients Awareness Programme, Medical Education Programme (Doctors / Nurses / Para Medics), External Awards / Recognition, Capacity Building initiatives in Healthcare related projects in India and Collaboration or Partnership with Government, Public, NGOs and others. Key issues of CSR practices with respect to pharmaceutical industries are identified. The paper concludes with concerns arising from the study regarding CSR practices and suggestions for further CSR practices to meet the challenging issues. ABSTRACT This research aims to examine the demographic characteristics along with facilitating and deterring factors influencing online shopping habits of Chinese consumers. Focus group results indicate that Chinese e-commerce consumers are aware of risks associated with online shopping; however they believe that the possibility of negative consequences associated with online shopping is minimal. An


AbstractThe purpose of this paper is twofold: (a) to show that translating literature is different from translating other texts, simply because literary texts contain features that are not common to ordinary texts. (b) to illustrate and more importantly highlight these issues for the translator in general and the Arabic translator in particular in order to show complexities resulting from translating literary texts. To this effect, an extract from a poem by Philip Freneau was presented for the sake of exposition; this extract was interpreted, analyzed, and then translated in two different ways to show how effective a translation strategy can be in translating poetry.ResumeLe but du present article est double: (a) indiquer que la traduction de textes litteraires se distingue de la traduction d'autres textes a cause des caracteristiques particuliers a ces textes; (b) illustrer et souligner ces aspects a l'intention des traducteurs en general et des traducteurs arabes en particulier afin de faire apparaitre la complexite qu'implique la traduction de textes litteraires. Aussi l'auteur presente-t-il un extrait d'un poeme de Philip Freneau en guise d'illustration. Cet extrait est interprete et analyse pour etre ensuite traduit de differentes manieres en vue de demontrer dans quelle mesure une strategie de traduction peut etre efficace pour traduire de la litterature.


To meet the requirement of automotive intelligentizing,the next step in the direction of automotive bus is to support both time-and event-triggered communication services and to attain more flexible of design and scheduling.But controller area network (CAN) protocol is inefficient for time-triggered messages,while time-triggered controller area network (TTCAN) can efficiently fulfill joint support for both event- and time-triggered traffic but lacks flexibility in message scheduling.To these questions,a new dynamic planning-based protocol that is flexible in time-triggered controller area network (FTTCAN) is analyzed.And the elemen- tary cycle comprising of two phases and real-time analysis method for communications of messages in the two phases are explained. Then an FTTCAN-bus system of electric vehicle based on FTTCAN protocol is designed,and the scheduling strategy of signals based on dynamic planning is adopted.And performance analysis of the new system is carried out by comparing with CAN system. Finally,operation test of FTTCAN protocol is carried out on CAN bus development system.The comparison and test results verify that FTrCAN is a good way to design automotive bus system,which can meet the requirements of supporting both time-and event-triggered communication services and being flexible in design and scheduling.


OBJECTIVE
To observe the therapeutic effects of L-ornithine-L-aspartate on liver cirrhosis complicated by hepatic encephalopathy.

METHODS
Eighty-five patient with liver cirrhosis complicated by hepatic encephalopathy were divided into therapy group (n=45) and control group (n=40). Patients in the control group were treated with routine comprehensive therapy, and those in the therapy group received additional intravenous administration with 40 ml L-ornithine-L-aspartate in 250 ml 10% glucose and saline (once daily, 7 days for a treatment course).

RESULTS
L-ornithine-L-aspartase significantly decreased blood ammonia and improved hepatic function (P<0.05 or 0.01). The therapeutic effects of therapy group was better than that of the control group (P<0.05), and no significant side effect was observed in L-ornithine-L-aspartate treatment.

CONCLUSION
L-ornithine-L-aspartate is effective for hepatic encephalopathy and has not obvious side effect.


In the mid-1960s Ebashi and Kodama (Ebashi & Kodama, 1966) discovered that the Ca2+ regulation of muscle actomyosin ATP activity required the presence of the thin filament regulatory molecules, tropomyosin and troponin. Less than a decade later, Greaser and Gergely (Greaser & Gergely, 1973) determined that troponin consisted of three subunits, troponin T (TnT), troponin I (TnI) and troponin C (TnC), the latter being the only subunit with a high binding affinity for Ca2+. Canonically, TnC acts as a switch molecule, whereby Ca2+ binding triggers a series of allosteric interactions that initiates contraction and the reversal of these processes permits muscle relaxation. Mammalian striated muscle expresses two TnC isoforms, fast skeletal (fs) and slow skeletal/cardiac (ss/c) TnC. The fsTnC isoform has two N-terminal regulatory domains while the ss/cTnC isoform contains a single N-terminal regulatory domain and has a lower Ca2+ binding affinity than fsTnC. In this issue of The Journal of Physiology, Tikunova et al. (2018) investigated the consequences of expressing ss/cTnC carrying a Ca2+ desensitizing missense mutation on mouse soleus muscle properties. The D73N ss/cTnC mutation was previously shown to elicit cardiac muscle abnormalities similar to dilated cardiomyopathy including cardiac hypertrophy, increased chamber size, thinner walls and reduced ejection fraction (McConnell et al. 2015). Tikunova et al. tested the hypothesis that Ca2+ desensitization of ss/cTnC leads to alterations in skeletal muscle contractile properties that independently augment cardiac dysfunction morbidity. Experiments were designed to systematically examine soleus morphology and function at multiple levels of muscle organization. In accordance with the hypothesis, D73N ss/cTnC induced profound changes in skeletal muscle function, including the conversion of both contractile properties and fatigue profiles to ones more like fast-twitch muscle, which, indeed, could exacerbate morbidity associated with cardiac myopathies. However, as often occurs during rigorous assessment of molecule-to-organ-level studies, Tikunova et al. delivered the muscle research community two unforeseen outcomes. First, and perhaps most intriguing, slow-twitch fibres carrying the D73N ss/cTnC mutation displayed marked changes in morphology; the cross-sectional area (CSA) of these fibres was 60% of soleus slow-twitch fibres from wild-type mice. Interestingly, the size of the fast-twitch fibres in the D73N soleus muscle compensated with a 25% increase in average fibre CSA. Still the number of slow-twitch fibres was equivalent between groups and, consequently, the cumulative area occupied by slow-twitch fibres decreased in the experimental group. The higher fast-twitch:slow-twitch area ratio could account for the shift toward fast-twitch contractile properties (i.e. shorter times to peak twitch force and 50% relaxation); however, the fundamental question persists as to how a Ca2+ desensitizing ss/cTnC mutation causes such a profound change in skeletal muscle fibre morphology. The possibilities are many but clarification is limited and the question remains mostly unresolved. Some possibilities include (i) lack of normal fibre development, (ii) activation of muscle fibre atrophy pathways, (iii) shift in the set-point of the force–time integral homeostatic feedback system (Davis et al. 2016), (iv) activation of intracellular [Ca2+]-mediated gene expression processes, and, perhaps even, (v) myofilament regulatory proteins working as trans-activating gene expression factors (Zhang et al. 2013). Whichever fibre morphology control systems are involved, future studies in this regard could have therapeutic implications for muscle development deficiencies, disuse atrophy and ageing-related cachexia. Another exciting result was the marked improvement in relaxation during fatigue tests in D73N isolated soleus muscles. While the total force at the end of the stimulation protocol was lower in D73N soleus muscle, the traces clearly show improvement in the baseline force after each stimulus train over the final half of the fatigue test (Fig. 3 in Tikunova et al. 2018). The exact reasons for altered relaxation properties are unknown and while it could, at least in part, involve the increase in fast-twitch fibre:slow-twitch area ratio, this explanation seems insufficient since the soleus muscles still contained 34% slow-twitch fibres. It is becoming clear that striated muscle relaxation is a multifaceted, highly regulated process that involves the integration of three control processes: (i) intracellular Ca2+ decline, (ii) thin filament inactivation, and (iii) myosin cross-bridge interaction kinetics (Luo et al. 2002; Biesiadecki et al. 2014). The observed improvement in relaxation seems rather remarkable given that there was only 30% expression of Ca2+ desensitized ss/cTnC and this was in only a fraction of the fibres ( 34%) in the muscle. Such a finding offers a strong scientific premise for continued pursuit of targeting myofilament regulatory proteins as a means to treat diastolic dysfunction and depressed cardiac reserve capacity associated with restrictive cardiomyopathies. Overall, Tikunova et al. uncovered novel roles for TnC, ones that extend beyond its canonical Ca2+ switch role to dimensions where TnC regulates skeletal muscle fibre size and can re-orchestrate relaxation signatures of muscle containing mixed fibre types. The study also provides a robust example of how novel mechanistic insight can be gained from a rigorous and well-designed study that utilizes systematic biochemical and physiology assays across multiple spatial levels of organization. These types of mechanistic studies coupled with proof-of-concept studies showing improved ventricular function in diseased hearts by altering Ca2+ sensing molecules and thin filament activation (Shettigar et al. 2016) illuminate the potentially translational value of continued myofilament research.


Background: Deep neck space abscess is a life-threatening disease due to its complications. Several co-morbid effects on the successful management of deep neck abscesses. Comorbid kidney failure, one of which, causes uremia, resulting in an imbalance of pro and anti-inflammatory factors in patients with deep neck abscesses. Purpose: Knowing how to properly handle cases of deep neck abscesses with comorbid kidney failure. Cases: Reports serial cases of deep neck abscesses accompanied by kidney failure undergoing various therapies with varying results. Result: Three articles were found that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria that were relevant to the reported case series. The management of neck abscess accompanied by kidney failure begins with the management of kidney failure in advance according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) in 2012, followed by the management of deep neck abscesses, except in emergencies. Renal diagnostics and management require serial serum creatinine and monitoring the amount of urine. Conclusion: management of deep neck abscesses accompanied by kidney failure is given treatment first, followed by management of deep neck abscesses. Proper management of kidney failure will  reduce the morbidity and mortality of deep neck abscesses.


It is a main trend for the development of green concrete that discard material is taken advantage of to be deal with recycled aggregate into born concrete,which is included discard concrete,discard brick,discard mortar,glass,mineral waste and so on. And also it have social significance and accelerate function for sustainable development,saved society in future that there is in view of conservation of resources,protection of environment,lower the cost of engine.


Carbon nanotubes were prepared by catalytic decomposition of benzene using floating transition method with ferrocene as catalyst. The carbon nanotubes were straight with diameter 40-100 nm and length 50-1 000 μm.Co-P nanoparticles were deposited on the carbon nanotubes by electroless process after pretreatment.The Co-P/carbon nanotubes were characterized by TEM,XRD and magnetometer.The results show that the structure of particles was sosoloid of phosphorus dissolved in microcrystalline cobalt matrix with the size of 15-40 nm.The coercive force of carbon nanotubes coated with Co-P was very high,reached to 1.332×106 A·m-1.After heat-treatment at 400 ℃,the new phase of Co2P was formed.Correspondingly,the coercive force decreased and the magnetic susceptibility increased respectively.


The Directorate General for Civil Aviation requires that information must be obtained in real time regarding aircraft movements, in order to generate management and statistical reports in the air transport department in Ecuador. At present, there is duplication of information from aeronautical operations and commercial processes. In view of the above, it is necessary to develop a Proposed Solution for Decision Making Through Business Intelligence in the Air Transport Department of the Directorate General for Civil Aviation (DGAC) Propuesta de una solucion para la toma de decisiones a traves de Inteligencia de Negocios en el Area de Transporte Aereo de la Direccion General de Aviacion Civil (DGAC). Therefore an analysis was performed to file a technical proposal to obtain control panels, indicators, and centralized dynamic reports that will enable us to transform scattered data into managerial knowledge (Business Intelligence solutions) in order to share this information with governmental departments, airlines and international organizations. We have considered DGAC existing computer platform tools, budgetary constraints and government guidelines as the basis for this process. In conclusion, with the implementation of this Business Intelligence architecture, DGAC will be able to send information in a timely and reliable manner, which will have the potential of providing access to external users who require this information on dynamic control boards, and will not be limited merely to simple reports.


Osteoporosis is a major health problem because of the large health care costs associated with its clinical consequences. It is therefore of great importance to identify modifiable risk factors. We investigated association between fruit and vegetables intake and bone mineral density in rural population of Tehran surroundings. Subjects were a subgroup of a large study on prevalence and causes of vitamin D deficiency in rural population surrounding Tehran, capital of Iran. Fruit and vegetable intake of 82 subjects whose bone mineral density (BMD) was measured and had a 24 hour food recall, was assessed. Weight and height were measured by standard methods. BMD was measured by Dual X-Ray (DXL) (Calscan) method at the heels. Osteopenia and osteoporosis rate in women older than 50 years were 55.5% and 33.3% and in men were 69.2% and 7.7%, respectively. Fruit intake was not correlated with BMD. Vegetable intake was positively associated with BMD just in women. According to interquartile range of vegetable intake women were grouped as those consuming less than 1.5 servings of vegetables per day and those consuming more. The women reported consuming more than 1.5 serving of vegetables had significantly higher T-score (-1.1±0.8 compared with -1.9±1.0, P<0.01). Those consumed more vegetables had high intake of some nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin A, potassium, magnesium, zinc, folate, iron, sodium, calcium and phosphorus but none of them except for vitamin A (r= 0.03, P<0.05) was correlated with BMD. High consumption of vegetables positively affected bone mineral density in rural women and daily intake of at least 1.5 servings of vegetables could positively affect osteoporosis prevention.


In this paper, we have calculated the efficiency and I-V characteristic of a Quantum Dot (QD) Solar Cell (SC) based on multi-stacked different-sized InGaN QDs on GaN substrate. In order to engineering the confinement states of QDs, we have inserted different-sized QDs in i-region of a p-in structure which includes different layers. This leads to Rainbow SCs.


In terms of the scientific evidence concerning the association between IUD use and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Kaufman et al.s finding that the Dalkon Shield is associated with a 6.5-fold higher risk of PID compared with copper bearing IUDs and a 3.7-fold higher risk compared with the Lippes Loop is curious. This is particularly the case in view of the recent extensive review of the literature that showed a similar risk of PID for all types of IUD. The following findings of Kaufman et al. are puzzling. The relative risk of PID for Dalkon Shield users (11 cases 2 controls) was compared with that for copper bearing IUD users and Lippes Loop users. The authors state that "comparisons with other IUDs were not feasible because of small numbers" yet there were more Saf-T-Coil (8 cases 6 controls) than Dalkon Shield users. In both the initial report and the continuation study the same inclusion/exclusion criteria were used for cases and controls. In the 1983 report there were 3 fewer Dalkon Shield controls. The inclusion of these 3 "missing" controls would substantially reduce the estimated relative risk of PID to Dalkon Shield users. Women with previous PID were excluded from the case group but not from the control group. This deficiency was recognized in their 1980 report but no action was taken to obtain this information from controls to correct for this potential source of bias. All copper bearing IUDs were considered together. The differences between the copper IUDs are just as great as between Loops and Saf-T-Coils that were considered separately. The authors discuss selection bias (PID diagnosed preferentially in IUD users and in particular in Dalkon Shield users because of the adverse publicity given this IUD) and the bias introduced by not excluding controls with a history of PID. These sources of bias were dismissed as having little influence on results but no evidence of the magnitude of the biases was presented. It is difficult to understand why the authors did not evaluate their results in terms of those of cohort studies that have evaluated PID rates for users of different types of IUDs. The time is long overdue for a scientifically objective evaluation of the risks of PID associated with the Dalkon Shield.


This paper proposes a methodology for automated assessment of fatigue damage, which has been tested and validated with polycrystalline-alloy (Aℓ7075-T6) specimens on an experimental apparatus. Based on an ensemble of time series of ultrasonic test (UT) data, the proposed procedure is found to be capable of detecting fatigue-damage (at an early stage) in mechanical structures, which is followed by online evaluation of the associated risk. The underlying concept is built upon two neural network (NN)-based models, where the first NN model identifies the feature of the UT data belonging to one of the two classes: undamaged structure and damaged structure, and the second NN model further classifies an identified damaged structure into three classes: low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk. The input information to the second NN model is the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD), which is computed by the first NN model via linear regression from an ensemble of optical data, acquired from the experiments. Both NN models have been trained by using scaled conjugate gradient algorithms. The results show that the first NN model classifies the energy of UT signals with (up to) 98.5% accuracy, and that the accuracy of the second NN model is 94.6%.


Due to the dissolution of the lithiated nickel oxide cathode, the life expectancy of a molten carbonate fuel cell is reduced. The use of a Li/Na carbonate electrolyte is expected to lead to a higher voltage and a longer life expectancy due to its higher ionic conductivity and its lower nickel oxide cathode solubility. Using the Li/Na electrolyte, single cells have been tested to evaluate their performance and their life expectancy. Empirical equations for these cells have been presented to determine the temperature, the CO 2 partial pressure in the cathode gas, and the matrix thickness. The results prove that the life expectancy of LilNa cells is reduced by nickel short-circuiting in comparison to Li/K cells, for which the life expectancy is many times longer. The dependence of the nickel-containing particle distribution in the matrix on the temperature has been evaluated using an image processing method. At 973 K, most of the particle distribution moves toward the anode more rapidly than at 873 K, because the rate of particle growth is lower at the higher temperature, and the particles move toward the anode due to the convection of the molten carbonate in the matrix. The initiation time for nickel short-circuiting was derived from the results of this study to explain the relationship between the shorting conductance and the volume of nickel-containing materials in the matrix porosity. Moreover, the results show that the predominant element contributing to short-circuiting is the nickel oxide, and not the metal.


The objective of this report is to contribute to the independent assessment of the Space Shuttle External Tank Foam Material. This report specifically addresses material modeling, characterization testing, data reduction methods, and data pedigree. A brief description of the External Tank foam materials, locations, and standard failure modes is provided to develop suitable background information. A review of mechanics based analysis methods from the open literature is used to provide an assessment of the state-of-the-art in material modeling of closed cell foams. Further, this report assesses the existing material property database and investigates sources of material property variability. The report presents identified deficiencies in testing methods and procedures, recommendations for additional testing as required, identification of near-term improvements that should be pursued, and long-term capabilities or enhancements that should be developed.


The advantages of high voltage electron beam lithography in submicron VLSI fabrications have been established. By electron beam lithography with 50 kV acceleration voltage, vertically walled PMMA pattern is obtained at a relatively low dose, 50 µC/cm2. This fact, combined with the increase in beam current, brings about the improvement of throughput in 50 kV writing by a factor of 5 over 20 kV writing. Proximity effect is markedly reduced in 50 kV writing. The pattern size variation due to the proximity effect is within 0.05 µm for line patterns ranging from 10 µm to 0.25 µm. Vertically walled PMMA pattern of 0.25 µm space, which is equal in size to the beam spot, is obtained at 50 µC/cm2 in 50 kV writing. In addition, it is shown that radiation damage of MOSFET's due to the 50 keV beam is essentially the same as that due to 20 keV beam.


This paper is the first stage of an analysis of the determinants of productivity and productivity change throughout the channel of distribution. The model is related to the extant literature on productivity in distribution and to recent productivity trends in the American economy.


The invention discloses a method for preparing high optical pure (R)-2-octanol by a microbiological method, and a microorganism thereof. An immobilized-cell synthesis method of the invention has the advantages that: 1, an immobilization process is simple, and immobilized yeast cells have certain poison resistance, have excellent catalytic effect and can be repeatedly used in a reaction system; 2,the immobilized cells prepared by taking non-polar macroporous absorbent resin as a carrier are good in elasticity, strong in tolerance to temperature and pH, high in mechanical strength, stable in enzyme activity and long in half-life period; 3, as reaction is carried out in two phases of organic solvent/buffer solution, the toxic action of the organic solvent on the cells can be reduced, and the catalytic activity of the organic solvent is improved; and 4, the preparation of the optical pure (R)-2-octanol through the immobilized yeast cells is simple in process, free from need for no expensive coenzyme, mild in condition, short in reaction time, nearly free from byproducts, up to 90.25 percent e.e. in optical purity, simple in subsequent treatment, easy in product separation and friendly to environment.


in a thorough study of the language of the Asinus, v. neukamm (1914) found a considerable amount of lucianic idiom in the text, and for that reason concluded that it was written by lucian.* But he also had to reckon with a comparatively large number of non-attic usages, and these he explained as due to what W. schmid calls mimische Erzählung, the conventional adaptation of style to subject matter.1 many considerations have convinced me of the adequacy of this explanation; and therefore, on the linguistic side, i see no good reason for denying the lucianic origin of the Asinus, especially since neukamm's positive evidence is


Natural environment of the nest of L. olivacea is described. Grain size of
the nest and its moisture content and temperature, nesting season, clutch size,
incubation period and the orientation of the neonates are discussed.


A second generation automotive speed control system using electronic circuits to perform the necessary logic and memory functions is described. Important considerations, such as performance and environmental factors, are discussed in relation to their design implications. Component function and system operation are covered using generalized circuit concepts. The unique Philco-Ford electronic speed control system is described in detail.


At least five right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) were observed by the authors in the lower Bay of Fundy between August 22–31, 1971. Some limited notes on behavior and movements are recorded.


A video segmentation algorithm, which can extract objects even with non-stationary backgrounds, is proposed in this work. The proposed algorithm is composed of three steps. First, we perform an initial segmentation interactively to build the probability density functions of colors per each macro block via kernel density estimation. Then, for each subsequent frame, we construct a coherence strip, which is likely to contain the object contour, by exploiting spatio-temporal correlations. Finally, we perform the segmentation by minimizing an energy function composed of color, coherence, and smoothness terms. Experimental results on various test sequences show that the proposed algorithm provides accurate segmentation results.


We devised a rapid PCR-based method to screen for an A----G transition at nucleotide 8344 of the human mitochondrial tRNA(Lys) gene, which was recently reported, by Shoffner and co-workers, to be associated with myoclonus epilepsy and ragged-red fibers (MERRF), a maternally transmitted mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (Shoffner et al. 1990). We confirmed this association in five of seven Italian MERRF pedigrees. The mutation was specific for the MERRF trait, because it was never found in mtDNA of non-MERRF individuals, including 14 normal and 110 diseased controls. Our study corroborates the idea that the A----G(8344) mutation is the most frequent and widespread genetic cause of MERRF.


A process for refining molten copper matte in a re fractory-lined converter having at least one double tu yere located beneath the surface of the molten bath by injecting an oxidizing gas into the matte through the tuyere at a pressure in the range of 6 to 20 bars while also injecting therethrough a cooling agent peripher ally of the oxidizing gas. During a first phase of the re fining, the oxygen content of the oxidizing gas is var ied as necessary up to pure oxygen to maintain the temperature of the matte in the range of 1280 C to 1420 C and still promote sufficient stirring of the molten bath by the injected oxidizing gas. Thereafter, the matte is blown with an oxidizing gas highly en riched with oxygen for a second phase of the refining while still maintaining the temperature in the afore mentioned range by adjusting the oxygen content of the oxidizing gas.


The study aims to test the inhibition of 4 kinds of Eupatorium adenophorum organic reagent extracts on 2 kinds of plant pathogenic fungi of Fusarium gramincarum and Colletotrichum glycines Hori by growth rate methods.The result demonstrated that 4 organic reagent extracts had effective effects on the hypha growth of 2 kinds of plant pathogenic fungi and different organic reagent extracts had some kinds of differences against the same plant pathogenic fungi.And the effect decreased with the concentration of the same reagent extract reducing.The inhibition rate of ethanol,acetone and diethyl ether extracts could reach 100% at 100.00 mg/mL.Furthermore,ethanol and acetone extracts still had good inhibition effects at low concentration.Therefore,the ethanol and acetone extracts from E.adenophrum could be considered to develop the new plant source bio-pesticide.


The eyes are a rich source of information for gathering context in our everyday lives. Using eye-gaze information as a form of input can enable a computer system to gain more contextual information about the user's task, which in turn can be leveraged to design interfaces which are more intuitive and intelligent. With the increasing accuracy and decreasing cost of eye gaze tracking systems it will soon be practical for able-bodied users to use gaze as a form of input in addition to keyboard and mouse. Our research explores how gaze information can be effectively used as an augmented input in addition to traditional input devices. We present several novel prototypes that explore the use of gaze as an augmented input to perform everyday computing tasks. In particular we explore the use of gaze for pointing and selection, scrolling, application switching and password entry. We present the results of user experiments which compare the gaze-augmented interaction techniques with traditional mechanisms and show that the resulting interaction is either comparable to or an improvement over existing input methods. These results show that it is indeed possible to devise novel interaction techniques that use gaze as a form of input while minimizing false activations and without overloading the visual channel. We also discuss some of the problems and challenges of using gaze information as a form of input and propose solutions which, as discovered over the course of the research, can be used to mitigate these issues.


This paper presents results of calculation carried out in order to obtain heat that can be potentially generated in pneumatic pulsator nozzle during the work cycle. Pneumatic pulsators widely applied in industry where loose materials are stored and/or transported. In silos, where loose materials are stored, the phenomena of bridging creation can be observed. The bridgings are structures specific for loose material. They develop while cohesion forces are larger than gravity. Annihilation of these structures is crucial for plant fluent workflow. Therefore, the equipment for bridging creation prevention and/or bridging annihilation is widely utilize in loose material silos. The airflow is driven by pressure gradient towards the silo outlet. Inlet pressure is assumed to be timedependent and in consequence other quantities are also time-dependent. Air is modelled as compressible, thermodynamically ideal gas with invariant gas constant. The results of the simulation were the basis for calculation of heat generated during the airflow. Negative values of the heat indicates that the nozzle will be cooled during infinitely many work cycles. Nonetheless, the influence of the heat on the characteristics of the nozzle material remains unknown. Therefore, further work needs to be considered in order to investigate the nozzle stress durability. The values of the heat obtained in this study indicate that there is possibility of nozzle durability decrease.


A method is proposed for the purification of glycerin from palm oil biodiesel production to achieve the required standards, for use in applications non-requiring USP grade (United States Pharmacopoeia), particularly those defined by Colombian standards. A factorial design 2 3 was used with the three variables: type of acid (phosphoric or sulfuric acid), quantity of methanol and pH. It was found that the treatment with sulfuric acid, 50% methanol and pH of 6 gave the best results, and requires an activated carbon bleaching to meet the required color. Refined and bleached glycerin obtained meets the requirements of glycerin type 2 grades 1 and 2 according to the Colombian standard NTC1274.


School of Materials Science and Engineer China. E-mail: email@example.com 82317127 Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials T Storage, School of Chemistry and Chem Technology, Harbin 150001, China † Electronic supplementary information image of control composite of rGO/FC permeability (b), dielectric loss tangent reection loss of rGO/FCI composite, composite. See DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12984j Cite this: RSC Adv., 2018, 8, 2971


In this paper, we present the stability measure of grasping for multi-fingered robots. The stability measure of grasping is the resistance force and moment of multi-fingered robots that can withstand the external disturbance forces and moments. We calculate translational and rotational acceleration convex polytopes which are considered the properties of objects and robots. Therefore, we produce the resistance force and moment respectively which are absolutely stable about external disturbances in all directions. The effectiveness of this method is verified with an example.


In order to develop hob material which decreases wear, the influence of composition, heat treatment, hardness, and transverse rupture strength (TRS) of a hob on flank wear and crater wear was investigated in this paper. Experiments were carried out with a simple fly tool. Powder metal high-speed steel (PM-HSS) is better than normal HSS in decreasing wear. Among the materials tested, PM-HSS containing high vanadium and high cobalt performed best. The influence of heat treatment on hob wear is different according to the composition of the materials. At a low quenching temperature and a high tempering temperature for PM-HSS containing high vanadium and high cobalt, hob wear decreases. Corner wear and crater wear decrease with increasing hardness, and with decreasing TRS. Materials having more than 900 Hv hardness and 3 000 N/mm2 TRS are suitable for making hobs.


The authors previously have reported on the "ring gate delay" system which digitizes the infinitesimal time interval with the delay time of the inverter as the resolution, without using the high-speed reference clock [1]. A problem then is the improvement of the accuracy since the delay time of the inverter depends on various conditions such as the ambient temperature, the supply voltage, and the fabrication condition. To remedy this point, an LSI is constructed and the delay time of the original circuit is monitored continuously using the quartz oscillation clock of a relatively low frequency as the reference, and the time to be measured is digitized with a high accuracy based on the delay time. In this system, it is not necessary to control the delay time, which makes it possible to utilize the shortest delay time.

By a single measurement process using a single input port, up to four pulses can be measured consecutively. If the pulse interval to be measured in less than the specified time, the pulses are combined into a single pulse and an incorrect operation is prevented.

In this study, a sample device is constructed by a 1.5-μm CMOS process. The measurement range of 2200 ns (12 bit) with the time resolution 0.5 ns is achieved using the supply voltage of 5 V. The minimum pulse interval that can be measured is 55 ns (at 25°C). The reference clock used is 2 MHz. The number of transistors is 15, 000 and the chip size is 3.5 mm × 3.8 mm. The constructed LSI is composed totally of digital circuits. The operation is robust against the environmental condition, and a stable operation is realized for the ambient temperature of −35 to 140°C.


Aim: Nigella sativa oil has been shown to improve metabolic syndrome-associated dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. Effects of N. sativa oil on letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-associated hormonal, metabolic, redox, and lipid dysregulation in rats were investigated.
Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n=10 per group): control, PCOS, and PCOS treated with N. sativa oil (5 mL/kg/day or 10 mL/kg/day) once daily p.o. starting at day 7 after the commencement of letrozole (1mg/kg) until day 56. Body weight and estrous cycle were recorded starting from days 7 and 28 respectively until day 56. Rats were dissected and serum and ovaries were collected for biochemical and histomorphological assessments.
Results: N. sativa oil (10 mL/kg/day) treatment significantly increased: number of rats undergoing regular cycle (80% vs 20%; p< 0.05), average number of regular cycles (5.00±0.59 vs 0.20±0.42; p< 0.05), appearance of corpus luteum; but reduced number of cystic follicles (7.60±1.51 vs 6.10±0.19; p< 0.05) in PCOS rats. Body weight was also reduced by the oil in PCOS rats. However, ovarian weight, granulose and theca cells layers showed no significant change. The oil also restored altered circulating levels of gonadotropins, steroids and reduced fasting blood glucose. The ovarian total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, malondialdehyde were markedly reduced while insulin sensitivity and ovarian high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were greatly increased.
Conclusion: N. sativa oil improved polycystic ovarian-morphology and metabolic disorders via its anti-androgenic and insulin-sensitizing actions to ameliorate PCOS-associated dyslipidemia and redox disturbances.


During the weaning period after 18 hours of mechanical ventilation following open heart surgery, central haemodynamics, systemic oxygen transport and total oxygen consumption were assessed in a total of 17 patients, receiving continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. Three different means of providing CPAP were studied: an electronically controlled method (mode S); a method based on the Venturi principle along with a continuous flow of gases via the T‐piece connector attached to the intubation tube (mode B); and a method employing an elastic inspiratory gas reservoir (mode C). The inspiratory pressure plateau was adjusted to be equal under the different methods for CPAP. The airway pressure range, the expiratory and mean airway pressures and the mean oesophageal pressure were seen to be highest during mode S. The pulmonary vascular resistance was higher during mode S than during modes B and C, and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure was higher during mode S than mode C. While the cardiac index remained statistically unchanged under the three methods for CPAP, the stroke index (SI) and the left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) were higher during mode C than mode S. As the transmural right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were unchanged, these alterations in SI and LVSWI might be a consequence of airway pressure‐induced changes on the myocardial performance. Arterial oxygenation was good and unchanged during the study; mixed venous oxygen tension (Pvo2) was higher and the arteriovenous oxygen content difference (avDo2) was smaller during mode B than during mode C. During mode S, the total oxygen consumption was higher than during mode B. On the basis of the observations made, there seem to be no major differences in the effects of the three methods for CPAP on the parameters studied. The Venturi principle, employing a continuous flow of gases seems, however, to produce a slightly lower oxygen consumption, while the myocardial performance was best preserved with the system based on the elastic inspiratory gas reservoir.


This paper describes JSpy, a system for high-level instrumentation of Java bytecode and its use with JPaX, OUT system for runtime analysis of Java programs. JPaX monitors the execution of temporal logic formulas and performs predicative analysis of deadlocks and data races. JSpy s input is an instrumentation specification, which consists of a collection of rules, where a rule is a predicate/action pair The predicate is a conjunction of syntactic constraints on a Java statement, and the action is a description of logging information to be inserted in the bytecode corresponding to the statement. JSpy is built using JTrek an instrumentation package at a lower level of abstraction.


In order to understand the failure mechanism of slope due to rainfall infiltration, a soil-water-air seepage-deformation coupling finite element program is developed based on finite element-finite difference scheme. In the program, the unsaturated elastoplastic constitutive model using Bishop effective stress and degree of saturation as state variables, proposed by Zhang et al, is used to describe the mechanical behaviors of soil from unsaturated state to saturated state due to rainfall infiltration. Meanwhile, Green-Naghdi stress rate tensor is used in the program so as to be able to consider the finite deformation in the process of failure. The program can not only simulate the seepage of water due to rainfall, the change of the degree of saturation, the migration of the air pressure, but also can describe the mechanical behaviors of the unsaturated soil such as the deformation of the ground, the change of pore water pressure, the formation of the shear band occurred in the slope failure on the whole in a unified way. In addition, a laboratory slope model test is simulated by the proposed soil-water-air seepage-deformation coupling FEM. By comparing with the test results, the availability of the proposed numerical method is verified.


The dynamic transfer matrix of axially-loaded uniform Bernoulli-Euler thin-walled beam element was derived by solving the governing motion differential equation of beam. The effect of axial force on the natural frequency of thin-walled beam with bending-torsional vibration is discussed. The critical axial load corresponding to the zero frequency vibration (elastic buckling) was also obtained. The numerical example demonstrates that the accuracy and effectiveness of the present method are available in the adaptable range.


This article introduces Picturephone, a sketch-based game forcollectingdataonhowpeoplemakeanddescribesketches. The approach is based on the technique of human computation, where players provide information about drawings in exchange for entertainment. The system collects raw sketch input and associates it with human-provided text descriptions. Researchers may browse and download this data for their own purposes. The proposed sketching game has users describe drawings textually in one phase followed by another phase of drawing based on a text description. To score points, users must reconstruct a drawing based on a text description or vice-versa. A third phase asks users to judge the work of other players, which awards points appropriately. The Picturephone game system architecture is briefly described, followed by a discussion of future work on sketching games as a platform for researching sketch recognition and interaction. Author Keywords Sketch recognition, human computation, games, calligraphic interfaces


Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to achieve and maintain a steady erection for sexual performance. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is becoming more common in the general population, particularly among elderly men with lower urinary tract symptoms and those with benign prostatic hyperplasia. This rise in erectile dysfunction has also been attributed by several other aetiologies, which includes inflammatory, mechanical, psychological, occlusive vascular, trauma, endocrine, neurologic, chemical and extra factors (prostatectomy, old age). The purpose of the study was to assess erectile dysfunction in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia before treatment using international index of erectile function (IIEF) tool. Methodology: Hospital-based cross-sectional study from March 2021 to June 2022, which involved 188 patients clinically diagnosed with benign prostatic enlargement. Convenient sampling method was used to recruit participants and structured questionnaires were used to attain social demographic characteristics. The international prostate symptom score (IPSS) was used to assess, diagnose patients with BPH as well as the severity of LUTS and international index of erectile function (IIEF) was used to assess erectile dysfunction. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 27. Results: The proportion of ED in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia/LUTS using IIEF tool was found to be 154(82%) and those with no erectile dysfunction was 34(18%). The factors that were statistically associated with erectile dysfunction were age, marital status, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Erectile dysfunction is very common in men who have Benign Prostate Hyperplasia. The prevalence and severity of ED increased with age, diabetes, cigarette smoking, lower urinary tract symptoms, and hypertension, according to the study.


Analyzing the current situation of the rural land use in Linyi, the paper not only illustrates the lach of the researve cultivated land, but points out that the invalid occupation of the land and idle land still exist. Then it takes out 4 models of the rural land arrangement, and gives the key measure, including: implying financial support, strengthen planning administration and exerting the main influence of government.


A multivariate causal model of the influence of childbearing and early child rearing was developed to investigate the potential impact of teenage mothers upon their children. The model was evaluated as a system linear equation using data obtained from a sample of 62 women (15-34 years old) and their firstborn children. From the complex results of the analysis the 2 most important relationships were that socioeconomic status was the strongest single influence upon each variable in the model and the influence of maternal age consistently was in the opposite direction to that of socioeconomic status. The relevance of the analysis to future research in teenage parenting and to programs for teenage parents is discussed. The model used was not entirely satisfactory and suggestions for improvement are discussed. (authors)


Advancements in heterogeneous and pervasive computing introduce many dynamic features that require applications to be adaptive. To become adaptive, an application first needs to be aware of its computing environment characteristics (awareness) as well as its peer's awareness. The paper presents flexible awareness measurement and management architectures for adaptive applications in a pervasive computing environment. We investigate how our system can be beneficial to adaptive applications by providing an integrated interface (adding, deleting, and querying) to different types of awareness, measurement extensibility, and application controlled measurement behaviors. To manage awareness efficiently, we then discuss a pull/pull method, and flexible consistency management. A hybrid architecture is used to distribute awareness efficiently for both wired and wireless networks.


Fungal synthesis of kojic acid has gained more interest in these days as an alternative way to chemical synthetic. The aspect of the microbial fermentation process is to develop a suitable culture medium to obtain the maximum amount of kojic acid using statistical methods. In this study; different selected three isolates of Aspergillus flavus (No 1, 2 and 3) were screened for their ability to produced kojic acid and the isolate No 3 was the highest kojic acid producer one. The capability of A. flavus No 3 to produce kojic acid was improved using Plackett-Burman design. From ten different agro-industrial wastes cane molasses recorded the highest kojic acid productivity with 2.24 g/l-1 day-1 and was the most effective parameter plays a crucial role in Plackett-Burman design. Maximum kojic acid production (24.65 g/l) by A. flavus (No. 3) obtained under the fermentation conditions: incubation temperature at 25oC, incubation time 9 days, pH 3, inoculum size 0.5%, shaking rate at 150 rpm and medium constituents: Cane molasses 60 g/l, yeast extract 7 g/l, KH2PO4 2 g/l, ZnSO4·7H2O 100 µg/l and MgSO4·7H2O 1 g/l with regression analysis (R2) 99.45% and 2.33-fold increase in comparison to the production of the original level (10.6 g/l).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1211517


e15069 Background: Breast cancer has overtaken lung cancer as the most diagnosed cancer. Despite conventional treatment, metastases occur in 20-30% of patients, resulting in death. This study aims to screen of effective drugs by metastatic patient-derived organoid and the potential molecular mechanism. Methods: Breast Cancer patient-derived organoid (PDO) model was established from the patient who have multiple drug resistance, multiple visceral and contralateral breast metastases. The organoid morphologies was tested by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Then, pharmacological activity assay of 2370 natural product monomer (from Selleck) was performed with organoids. we modified the structure of harmine(HM) and screened the best active drugs. Cell proliferation assay and wound healing assay were used to detect LN435a anticancer activity in vitro. Orthotopic, Metastatic Xenograft and Patient-Derived tumor Xenograft(PDX) model of Breast Cancer were used to detect LN435a anticancer activity in vivo. In order to explore the anti-cancer target of LN435a, we used RNA transcriptome and proteomics sequencing. To further validate anti-cancer targets,TGFβ receptor 1 (TGFβR1), we used real-time quantitative qPCR, western blot, lentiviral packing and biolayer interferometry assay. To investigate whether LN435a inhabition of EMT and stem cell markers, we performed flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence. Results: We observe that organoid morphologies typically matched the histopathology, hormone receptor status, and HER2 status of the original tumor. In the first anti-cancer drug screening, HM showes the best effect on PDO. Because HM contains β-carbine alkaloids as the structural units, we designe a series of active drugs based on this and did anticancer screening. We find LN435a as one of the lead compounds exerting anti-metastatic activity in the nanomolar range in PDO and breast cancer cells. Proteomic and biochemical studies identify TGFβR1 as the direct target of LN435a. And then it inhibits EMT and stem cell markers. In parallel, loss of TGFβR1 or pharmacological inhibition of TGFβR1 by LN435a reduces breast cancer extravasation into the lung in an experimental metastasis mouse model, which reveals an essential role of TGFβR1 in breast cancer progression. Conclusions: Altogether, LN435a is a novel inhibitor of promising anti-tumor effects on breast cancer that works by blocking TGFβ signaling pathways.


We use sociometric trace data to create an index of dynamic group flow in collaborative design teams. Sixteen students in four teams worked on a collaborative engineering design task, while wearing sociometric devices to collect real-time data on team interaction. Results indicate that group flow as measured by dynamic trace data is partially correlated with self-reported flow. This finding implies the potential to use trace data to provide reliable and dynamic measures of task engagement during collaborative learning.


Full maximum entropy mobility spectrum analysis was carried out on the basis of temperature and magnetic-field-dependent Hall measurements to assess the transport properties of homoepitaxial metal organic vapor phase epitaxy zinc oxide layers. Two different conductivity channels were clearly identified and the channel with higher mobility and higher carrier concentration is associated with the epitaxial layer. Hydrogen impurity acting as residual donor and as a passivating species for acceptors is proposed to explain the higher carrier concentration and mobility in the epilayer. In contrast to heteroepitaxial layers, no conduction channel is observed from the substrate to epilayer interface.


Aim  We used microsatellite markers to determine the range‐wide genetic structure of Picea jezoensis and to test the hypothesis that the past population history of this widespread cold‐temperate spruce has resulted in a low level of genetic variation and in imprints of inbreeding and bottlenecks in isolated marginal populations.


Objective To investigate the factors associated with long-term survival in myasthenia gravis (MG) after thymectomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 155 cases of thymectomy performed at a single university hospital from 1988 to 2002. Logistic regression analysis model was used to analyze the association between factors (age, gender, disease history, Osserman classification and pathological types ) and prognosis at follow-up 0~2 years, 2~5 years and 5~10 years after thymectomy. Results Three factors (disease history, Osserman classification and pathological types) were associated with the long-term survival in the first 2 years of thymectomy. And during 2 to 5 years, the disease history and pathological types were related to long-term survival. After 5 years only pathological types was associate with survival. Conclusion Osserman classification, disease history and pathological type are associated with the prognosis of MG after thymectomy.


This article probes into aspects concerning knowledge economy and the reform of objective of athletes cultivating,knowledge economy and the reform of coaches cultivating,knowledge economy and the innovation of sports training methods,knowledge economy and the reform of the sports training system etc. It is proposed that only by the reform of the above four aspects can the Chinese sports training theories and practice conform to the development of the times.


The low-frequency region below several terahertz corresponds to intermolecular modes of complexes and intramolecular modes with a weaker potential force and/or larger reduced mass.Intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces and charge-transfer interactions play important roles in various chemical and biological processes. Moreover, the low-frequency spectra also reflect molecular dynamics on a time scale from picoseconds to femtoseconds. There has been dramatic progress in the generation and detection techniques of freely propagating THz radiation in the past two decades. THz radiation spectroscopy is an attractive method for studying dynamics in condensed phases with time scales of sub- picoseconds and picoseconds. We have widely applied this technique to investigate low-frequency dynamics of various kinds of condensed materials, including ionic liquids, solutions of non-polar solvents, proteins and polypeptides, and molecular crystals.


Comparative Policy and Performance in Mesa-Lago's Market, Socialist, and Mixed Economies: Chile, Cuba, and Costa Rica is part of the 2001 Annual Proceedings of The Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy.


A decade into Bashar al- Assad's rule, the Syrian economy is languishing. The police state Bashar inherited from his father Hafiz continues to obstruct any kind of reform whether in the political or economic spheres. Outspoken dissident Riad Seif, who as a member of parliament from 1 994 to 1 998, had firsthand exposure to the actual state of affairs, described the situation: More often than not, the discussions were prefabricated by the speaker as if we were in a theatre rehearsing a play with a crew of talented speech makers ... If any of the new members . . . insisted on going against the flow, he would be brought back to the "correct" path either through incentives if available or through terrorization and punishments if necessary.' Thus in 2008, Transparency International, the most respected index of perceived corruption, ranked Syria as second worst in the Middle East and North Africa, after Iraq,2 with marginal improvement in 2009.3 According to the World Bank, Syria ranks among the world's lowest in the ease of doing business - 143 rd out of 1 83 countries surveyed, a drop from a previous 1 3 8th place.4 The Syrian government persists in making superficial gestures of improvement, but most state initiatives are Potemkin reform at best, merely facades. While it is certainly possible to reform the Syrian economy, Damascus has little incentive to do so, monopolizing as it does the profits of widespread corruption. Absent pressure from external sources such as the U.S. government or the European Union, corruption - and security risks to the region and the West which derive from it - will worsen. The Syrian regime's primary goal is to stay in power and as long as this is so, its interest will never shift to economic growth and development. Syria's culture of corruption inherently blocks meaningful long-term domestic reform, and the regime instead will continue to focus on sponsoring terrorism and blaming Israel and the West for its woes. High hopes for a Damascus spring have ended in an ongoing winter. STATE OF THE ECONOMY Under the leadership of Hafiz al-Assad (1971-2000), Syria closed itself to the world. Even before the 1970 coup that brought him to power, the Baath party he would soon head had enacted an emergency law on March 8, 1963, that suspended basic constitutional rights such as freedom of speech and assembly5 Article 8 of Syria's 1973 Constitution, developed by the Assad regime, assigned all government posts to Baath Party members. The Syrian government soon put heavy and impractical regulations in place; any significant commerce required bribery of key officials.6 Although Syria struck oil in 1968, and high prices during the 1973-74 oil crisis boosted the country's economy significantly,7 by 1995, Syria's oil output began to dwindle due to technological problems and depletion of oil reserves.8 By 2007, Syria had become a net oil importer.9 To get an appreciation of the current state of the Syrian economy, it is instructive to look first at Syria's gross domestic income (GDI) per capita. According to the most recent International Monetary Fund (IMF) figures, that number was $2,579 in 2009. By comparison, Lebanon's GDI was $8,707 and Turkey's, $8,723. Israel's was $26,797 while two other authoritarian states, Libya and Iran, had a GDI of $9,529 and $4,460 respectively10 Inflation, while fluctuating, has increased in relative terms almost every year since 2000, Bashar's first year in power. It reached double digits in both 2006 and 2008, " and by 2007, Syrian newspapers were openly discussing the price of eggs almost as much as key economic issues.12 The unemployment rate has also increased dramatically While the government acknowledged a rate of around 8 percent in 2007, the International Labor Organization estimated the reality was more than double that.13 The IMF assessed Syrian unemployment at the end of December 2009 at close to 1 1 percent.14 In June 2005, the United Nations Development Program found that 30 percent of Syrians (more than five million) lived in poverty, with 1 1 percent (almost two million) in extreme poverty. …


Considering an anisotropic universe filled with a perfect fluid and a number of minimally coupled and massive scalar fields, we look for the necessary conditions on these fields such that the universe reaches an isotropic equilibrium state. Supernova data puts additional constraints on this final state.


Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major complications of anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy. Although it is generally accepted that screening all patients before initiation of TNF inhibitors decreases the risk for TB, controversies exist on the optimal management of patients who develop TB in the context of anti-TNF therapy. Some experts recommend withdrawal of anti-TNF agents upon diagnosis of TB (1), while others support their concomitant administration along with TB treatment (2). These therapeutic dilemmas were


With the McGrath, tracheal intubation took significantly longer during chest compressions (13.1 2.6 s) than without compressions (8.9 1.4 s; P< 0.05). In contrast, chest compressions increased intubation time slightly, but not significantly, with the AWS (during compressions, 9.2 1.1 s; without compressions, 8.7 1.5 s). Intubation time without chest compressions did not significantly differ between the McGrath and AWS. The time required for intubation was significantly shorter during chest compressions with the AWS than with the McGrath (P< 0.05).


Abstract Aim To investigate the efficacy and safety of evogliptin compared with linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods In this 12‐week, multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, active‐controlled, and 12‐week open‐label extension study, a total of 207 patients with type 2 diabetes who had HbA1c levels of 7.0%‐10.0% were randomized 1:1 to receive evogliptin 5 mg (n = 102) or linagliptin 5 mg (n = 105) daily for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline HbA1c at week 12. The secondary endpoint was the change in the mean amplitude of glycaemic excursion (MAGE) assessed by continuous glucose monitoring. In the extension study conducted during the following 12 weeks, evogliptin 5 mg daily was administered to both groups: evogliptin/evogliptin group (n = 95) and linagliptin/evogliptin group (n = 92). Results After 12 weeks of treatment, the mean change in HbA1c in the evogliptin group and in the linagliptin group was −0.85% and −0.75%, respectively. The between‐group difference was −0.10% (95% CI: −0.32 to 0.11), showing non‐inferiority based on a non‐inferiority margin of 0.4%. The change in MAGE was −24.6 mg/dL in the evogliptin group and −16.7 mg/dL in the linagliptin group. These values were significantly lower than the baseline values in both groups. However, they did not differ significantly between the two groups. In the evogliptin/evogliptin group at week 24, HbA1c decreased by −0.94%, with HbA1c values of <7.0% in 80.2% of the patients. The incidence and types of adverse events were comparable between the two groups for 24 weeks. Conclusion In this study, the glucose‐lowering efficacy of evogliptin was non‐inferior to linagliptin. It was maintained at week 24 with a 0.94% reduction in HbA1c. Evogliptin therapy improved glycaemic variability without causing any serious adverse events in patients with type 2 diabetes.


The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes of time series, the use by farm type and the causes of farm household debt. First, the mid and long term changes in farm household debt over the past 50 years have increased. Since 2010, the share of non-agricultural debt has exceeded the share of agricultural debt. Second, as a result of the analysis of the farm household debt use by farm type – full time&part time, farming type, land size, age, family members - there was a difference between the agricultural and the non-agricultural debt according to the type of farm household in a significant level of 1%. Finally, as a result of the cause analysis of the farm household debt, the related non-agricultural expenditure variables and the dummy variable of the manager's age, family mem-ber and land size has a common influence on the farm household debt increase.


Aim To observe the effect of edaravone on neurological rehabilitation after hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.Methods 82 cases of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage were divided into treatment group and control group randomly.On a general therapy basis,the treatment group was administered intravenously edaravone with a dosage of 30 mg twice a day for 14 days.The two groups were evaluated by ESS measurement at the beginning,the 7th and 14th day while BI score was measured at the beginning,the 14th day and a duration of 3 months follow-up,respectively.Results ESS was higher at 7th and 14th day than that of the control group(P0.01),and ESS at the 14th day showed a higher score than that at the 7th day(P0.05).the BI score of treatment group at 14th day and 3 month follow-up were higher than that at the beginning and that of the control groups(P0.01),and the BI score of treatment group at 3 month follow-up was higher than that at 14th day(P0.01).The score of ESS and BI of the control group revealed no obvious change at the 7th day and 14th day(P0.05).Conclusion Edaravone can improve both short and long-term effect on the disorder followed by hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.


In the article the author analyzes the theoretical bases of formation of professional competence of future medical professionals, highlights the work of scientists concerning the different aspects of the problem. It is stated that the professional training of future medical professionals at the current stage of development should be based on humanistic theory and the desire of the person for self-education, self-improvement and self-realization. The author focuses on the necessity for a systematic approach concerning the professional training of future physicians, a conceptual understanding of the main tasks of professional development of the person and their implementation throughout life. The peculiarities of professional training of future medical workers are revealed, the main directions of making changes and adjustments concerning the education in higher educational institutions are highlighted. The focus is on the competency-based approach in the educational process, the analysis of the positive results of the professional training as a result of its implementation in the institutions of higher medical education (IHME). The essence of the concepts "competence", "professional competence", "professionalism", "basic qualities" are clarified; its structural components and features are identified; stages concerning the formation in the process of professional training. The main attention is focused on professionalism as a reflection of professional competence, a holistic integrative characteristic of the subject of professional activity, which is manifested in perfect implementation and consistently high results of medical practice, ability to professional self-organization, self-actualization, professional self-development. It is emphasized that the main condition for the development of the personality of the future health care worker at the present stage is the re-orientation of the educational process of IHME from the narrow-subject nature of the study of educational disciplines onto the development of professionally-oriented, critical thinking; development of the creative potential of the person.