Joint measurement is necessary for studying joint laxity. Joint laxity in elbows is a problem which normally comes with age. However, it can increase to critical levels with rupture or damage to the ligaments of the elbow and affects the stability and capabilities of the joint, interfering even with daily activities. A new Stewart platform based elbow joint measurement was developed. The study focused on flexion, extension, valgus and varus motions and all experimental data were taken from a real experimental setup. The centre of rotation and motion of the angles of the forearm were found by the kinematics of the Stewart Platform Mechanism with a simmechanics based program algorithm. The joint motions of two male subjects were measured and the results of these measurements were compared with graphs. Comparisons demonstrate that the Stewart platform based measurement device sufficiently measures all motions of the elbow with six axes.


Bipolar disorder is the 6th leading cause of disability worldwide and causes substantial morbidity and mortality among its sufferers. The estimated costs of bipolar disorder are enormous, approaching $50 billion annually in the United States alone. The societal and personal suffering caused by this condition is immeasurable. Nonetheless, despite its public health significance, bipolar disorder remains difficult to diagnosis and complicated to manage. A major factor contributing to these difficulties is that there is no established neurophysiological model for bipolar disorder. Such a model might provide objective measures for diagnosis, as well as physiological parameters to monitor and predict treatment response. Since the first edition of this text, neuroimaging and genetic techniques continue to advance new leads toward clarifying the neurophysiological basis of bipolar illness. In the absence of meaningful animal models of this uniquely human condition, neuroimaging has truly revolutionized the study of bipolar disorder. Moreover, because bipolar disorder is clearly familial, genetic studies are critical to define the complex molecular basis of the condition. Consequently, we are at a point in which integration of neuroimaging and genetic findings is possible and may position us to identify these very neurophysiological models needed to support the next generation of research. The goal of this 2nd edition is to provide an updated review of neuroimaging and genetic research in bipolar disorder to provide a model of illness that might inform future studies. We hope that the reader finds it useful.


Abstract Background Self-reported unprotected sex validity is questionable and is thought to decline with longer recall periods. We used biomarkers of semen to validate self-reported unprotected sex and to compare underreporting of unprotected sex between 2 recall periods among female sex workers (FSW). Methods At baseline of an early antiretroviral therapy and pre-exposure prophylaxis demonstration study conducted among FSW in Cotonou, Benin, unprotected sex was assessed with retrospective questionnaires, and with vaginal detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and Y-chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (Yc-DNA). Underreporting in the last 2 or 14 days was defined as having reported no unprotected sex in the recall period while testing positive for PSA or Yc-DNA, respectively. Log-binomial regression was used to compare underreporting over the 2 recall periods. Results Unprotected sex prevalence among 334 participants was 25.8% (50.3%) according to self-report in the last 2 (or 14) days, 32.0% according to PSA, and 44.3% according to Yc-DNA. The proportion of participants underreporting unprotected sex was similar when considering the last 2 (18.9%) or 14 days (21.0%; proportion ratio = 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.72–1.13). Among the 107 participants who tested positive for PSA, 19 (17.8%) tested negative for Yc-DNA. Conclusions Underreporting of unprotected sex was high among FSW but did not seem to be influenced by the recall period length. Reasons for discrepancies between PSA and Yc-DNA detection, where women tested positive for PSA but negative for Yc-DNA, should be further investigated.


The spread of COVID-19 has caused irreparable and enormous damage to many families around the world, so using mathematical models to further study the changing pattern of the infection's population caused by the spread of the coronavirus can help people to predict the trend of its changes. In this paper, on top of the logistic growth and classical SIR epidemiological models, the author develops a new SIRV model, including the effect of reinfection and breakthrough infection, to illustrate some properties of the spread of COVID-19. This study identified several fundamental properties and basic reproduction numbers of this SIRV COVID-19 model and further searched for the steady-state or equilibrium point of the model using dimensionless methods. This study demonstrated the following: first, the author proved that the solution of the model is positive under non-negative conditions. Second, the author applied the next generation matrix method to determine the basic reproduction number of the COVID-19 virus in the model and found that the calculation of the basic reproduction number in the model is the same as in the classical SIR model. Finally, the author used the dimensionless method to obtain expressions for the equilibrium points of the model in both disease-free and diseased cases.


The present study was designed to investigate the erythrocytic changes caused by hyperlipidemia in rats and to evaluate the possible protective effects of curcumin and ginger supplementation. Forty male albino rats were assigned into four equal groups. Group I (control group), rats were fed basal diet. Group II (high-fat diet, HFD group), rats were fed HFD. Group III (curcumin supplemented HFD group), rats were fed HFD contain 0.2% curcumin. Group IV (ginger supplemented HFD group), rats were fed HFD contain 4% ginger. After 2 months, blood samples were collected from retroorbital venous plexus for determination of osmotic fragility of erythrocytes, membrane phospholipids composition and serum lipid profiles. The obtained results revealed that feeding HFD to rats significantly increased serum TC, TAG, LDL-C and phospholipid (phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl ino sitol) concentrations and significantly decreased hemolysis % at 0.4 and 0.5 % Na Cl concentrations as compared with control group. Whereas these changes ameliorated by dietary supplementation of curcumin and ginger as feeding HFD supplemented with 0.2% curcumin or 4% ginger significantly decreased TC, TAG, LDL-C and phospholipid concentrations and significantly increased hemolysis % at 0.4 and 0.5 % Na Cl concentrations as compared with high fat diet fed group. We concluded that supplementation with ginger and curcumin to HFD rats resulted in a significant decrease in serum lipid concentration, lowering membrane phospholipid and beneficially decreased mean cell fragility of erythrocytes thus restored the normality of erythrocyte fluidity in high fat diet fed rats.


A simple method is presented for performing soft-decision demodulation and decoding of trellis-coded phase-difference modulation. The results are given for trellis-coded M-ary differential phase-shift keying and M-ary double-differential phase-shift keying, each with soft-decision demodulation and decoding. The performance of these combinations of coding, modulation, demodulation, and decoding is presented for channels which may introduce a phase ramp in the modulated signal.


Let B(D) denote the class of all bounded holomorphic functions on the connected open subset D of the Riemann sphere, and call a boundary point ZQ of D removable if every fÇzB(D) has a holomorphic extension to an open set which contains D and z0. Boundary points which are not removable are called essential. I t is known [4] that if So is an essential boundary point of D> then there exists /£I*(.D), with | | / | |D = 1, whose cluster set at z0 is the entire closed unit disc. (The symbol ||/ | |s denotes the supremum of the numbers \f(z)\ as z ranges over the set S.) Thus, from one standpoint at least, it appears that every essential boundary point z0 of D has associated with it some f(E.B(D) whose singularity at zQ is as bad as a singularity can be at any boundary point. Nevertheless, there are situations in which a set of essential boundary points has many of the properties that are usually associated with interior points. The following construction illustrates this. Let E be a nonempty compact subset of the real axis R, subject to only one condition: we require that m ( E ) = 0 , where m denotes one-dimensional Lebesgue measure. Let Xo, Xi, X2, • • • be positive numbers such that Xo < 1, X*—;> <*>, and


Predicting plant responses to changing atmospheric CO 2 and to the possible global warming are important concerns. Effects of CO 2 on developmental events are poorly documented, as is the interaction of CO 2 and other major climate variables on crop development. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of an altered CO 2 environment and interactions of CO 2 and temperature on pima cotton developmental rates. Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L. cv. S-6) was grown from seed in sun-lit plant growth chambers. Air temperatures were controlled from 20/12 to 40/32°C (day/night) in 5-degree increments. Daytime CO 2 was maintained at 350 or 700 μL L -1 . In a second experiment, the temperature was maintained at 30/22°C day/night and the plants were grown in 350, 450, or 700 μL L -1 CO 2 . Days required to develop nodes on the mainstem, days from emergence to first square, number of vegetative and fruiting branches, number of fruiting sites produced, number of bolls and squares produced, and number of bolls and squares retained by the plants were determined. Rates of mainstem node formation and the time required to produce the first square and first flower were not sensitive to atmospheric CO 2 , but were very sensitive to temperature. Prefruiting branch nodal positions required longer to develop than nodes with fruiting branches. Carbon dioxide levels did not affect the time required to produce nodes. Number of branches produced was sensitive to both temperature and CO 2 . The larger number of bolls set on the lower branches of plants grown at high CO 2 provided a larger sink for photosynthate than plants grown at low CO 2 This may be the reason for the observed reduction in number of fruit at the upper nodes of highCcO 2 -grown plants. More bolls and squares were produced and retained on plants grown in high-CO 2 environments, except that none were produced in either CO 2 environment at 40/32°C. Our results indicate that high-temperature-tolerant cotton cultivars would be more productive in the present-day CO 2 world, and they would be essential in the future if global temperature increases.


We model capital flows among Chinese provinces using a theory-based variance decomposition that allows us to gauge the importance of various channels of external adjustments at the regional level: variation in intertemporal prices domestic and international interest rates and the real exchange rate and intertemporal variation in quantities (cash flows of output, investment and government spending). We find that our simple framework can account for around 85 percent of the variation in regional capital flows over the 1985-2010 period. Our results suggest that the relative importance of private and state-owned enterprises, a province's level of integration into the world economy and its sectoral composition play an important role for external adjustment vis`a-vis the rest of China and the world. Specifically, we find strong empirical support for the view that differential access of private and state-owned enterprises to finance is a key driver of China's surpluses. We discuss implications of our results for global imbalances in capital flows. | T H E A U S T R A L I A N N A T I O N A L U N I V E R S I T Y


First wave" educational reform has resulted in various state and local incentive and pay-for-performance programs, such as Tennessee's career ladder program offering extended contract opportunities for teachers and administrators achieving a certain performance status. While the intent was to reward excellence, offer supplemental pay through additional employment opportunities, and allow teachers to focus on students' special needs, the present extended contract program did not prove to be an incentive for excellent performance. In reaponse to educator dissatisfaction, the Tennessee General Assembly called for a reexamination of the career ladder program and for development of methods for enhancing extended contract activities. Based on the 1987 study's findings, the 1988 legislation advocated that all future extended contract efforts focus directly on meeting student needs and indirectly on developing appropriate incentives for educators. State directives also charged the study team to explore alternative incentive programs for teachers, schools, and school systems. This report includes the methodology, findings, and recommendations of the 1988 career ladder study as related to extended contracts and alternative incentives; the methodology, findings, and recommendations of the 1988 career study considering alternative options; and the guidelines for alternative incentive programs to be implemented during 1989-90. The 1988 study discloses research on types of incentives (intrinsic and extrinsic) and unit size (individual, group, and organization). The alternative incentive study recommended: (1) expanding the local educational agency's role; (2) developing an integrated approach; (3) capitalizing on intrinsic incentives; and (4) providing a variety of incentives. (43 references) (MLH) * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. * ALTERNATIVE INCENTIVE PROGRAMS FOR


This controlled human clinical trial has examined the efficacy of orally consumed Lycium barbarum fruit (goji) as a standardized juice (GoChi™) in healthy adults (average age = 35) on waist circumference after consuming 120 ml daily for 14 days. All subjects were required to engage in a daily 15‐minute walk and to curtail caloric intake after 7 PM during the test period. The daily GoChi dose was divided as 90 ml in the morning and 30 ml taken before retiring. Average waist circumference in the GoChi group (N = 14) on day 15 was reduced significantly by 5.54 cm from day 1. All other parametric data (body weight and others) were not different between groups or between day 1 and day 15 for either group. Additional subjective indications rated 0–5 were significantly different between day 1 and day 15 in the GoChi group in increased ratings for athletic performance, sleep quality, ease of awakening, stamina/endurance and calmness. GoChi also significantly reduced fatigue, tiredness, weakness, procrastination, headache, depression, daydreams, shortness of breath, backache, stiff shoulder, cold hands and feet. In contrast, the placebo group (N = 14) showed no significant changes in any parameters including subjective indications. These results indicate that daily consumption of GoChi for 14 days reduces waist circumference and increases general well‐being, improves neurological performance and muscular skeletal functions.


Purpose
The primary objectives of this study are to (1) highlight subsectors and industry groups of the construction sector that are most vulnerable to weather-related disasters (with highest labor cost escalation) and (2) analyze how immediate this labor wage escalation happens in different subsector of the construction sector.

Design/methodology/approach
The research methodology consists of three steps: (i) integrating various data sources to enable measurement of the county-level labor wage changes following large-scale weather-related disasters; (ii) measuring postdisaster labor wage changes at the county level; and (iii) comparing amount and timing of postdisaster labor wage changes among all sub-sectors (and industry groups) of the construction sector.

Findings
The results show that among the three construction subsectors (Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction subsector, Construction of Buildings subsector, and Specialty Trade Contractors sub-sector), Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction subsector is the most vulnerable to weather-related disasters. The industry groups under the Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction subsector showed the same vulnerability level; however, under the Construction of Buildings subsector, Industrial Building Construction industry group showed to be the most vulnerable; and under the Specialty Trade Contractors subsector, the Building Foundation and Exterior Contractors industry group is the most vulnerable. The results also showed that in approximately 75% of the damaged counties, there were increases in wages of all construction labors, over the following three quarter after the disasters. In average, labor wages in Construction of Buildings subsector and the Specialty Trade Contractors subsector decreased by 0.6% and 0.8%, respectively, in the quarter of disaster and gradually increased by 4.4% and 4.6%, respectively, in the following three quarters. On the other hand, Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction's labor wages did not experience this decrease right after the disasters; wages increased immediately after disasters hit the counties and continually increased by 8.6% in three quarters after the disasters. It is expected that the results of this study will help policy makers, cost estimators and insurers to have a better understanding of the post-disaster construction labor wage fluctuations.

Originality/value
This study is unique in the way it used construction labor wage data. All data are location quotient, which makes the comparison among the affected counties (with different construction size) feasible.


Using black liquor(BL) of paper pulp plant as catalyst,the steam gasification kinetics of four high metamorphosed anthracites were investigated by isothermal thermo-gravimetric analysis under ambient pressure.The relationships of coal conversion(x) versus reaction time(t) were obtained from 750 ℃ to 950 ℃ under reaction control.The shrinking core model was modified by catalyst effective factor.The modification shrinking core model and the modification volumetric model were used to well correlate the relationship between x and t.Therefore,the reaction rate constants,the reaction activation energy(Ea) and the pre-exponential factor were obtained.The Ea,ranging from 112.838 kJ/mol—204.566 kJ/mol was estimated by this study.Compared with the ks of Na2CO3,those of BL were higher except for Yongan Jiashai coal which has the highest ash concentration.


We aimed to analyze the body concepts from students on people having any deficiency in an inclusive and non-inclusive context. The study was taken on students from the 8th years in public schools in Santa Maria, and involved two schools: one in the inclusive context, in which participated one class having deficient student included, and another class were not; and other school were there was no deficient student included, joining only one class. We used a form with semi-structured asks. Was identified that in all three classes, the importance of the body was related to well being, where the school having inclusion, well being was related to the concept of aesthetic and beauty standards. In the three classes the concept better punctuated on deficient people were positive, whereas students believed in the possibilities of success and happiness of this people, ins spite of their body resemblance. The class in which there was one included deficient student, body with deficiency was regarded with high relevance to ugly and imperfect body, what could be related to the fact that they see the limitations and difficulties their colleague faces daily. We conclude that body concepts here presented had positive interference in the inclusive context, because it was linked to factors beyond appearance/aesthetic, making worthy the person based upon the personality and attitudes, and considering that deficient people have the right to join the Physical Education as well as to practice general physical activities. Also, we highlight the need of Physical Education professionals to know the body concepts of their students, because they interfere in the classes, in practices and in the very same school inclusion.


Objectives To study on the change of subtype of T-lymphocyte in the critical cases with severe pneumonia. Methods The lymphocytes were marked and counted with mono antibodies CD 3 +?CD 4 +?CD 25 +?CD 95 +?CD 3 +/CD 25 +?CD 8 +/CD 28 -.Results In severe pneumonia cases,CD 3 +?CD 95 +?CD 3 +/CD 25 + were decreased(P0.01,P0.05),CD 4 +?CD 25 + had not obvious changes(P0.05),CD 8 +/CD 28 - was increased(P0.01).Conclusions In severe pneumonia cases,the total amount of T-lymphocyte decreased heavily as the result of great apoptosis,the immune functions was disordered due to the change of subtype of T-lymphocyte,therefore,the immune functions of the patients should be adjusted during the course of the clinical treatment.


Excessive transient inrush current occurs during transformers energization, especially when the transformer core has remnant flux that adds to the flux build-up after switching. System voltage sag due to inrush current affects the power quality of the network in proximity of the transformer. The extent to which power quality is degraded depends on short circuit MVA at the source bus, and the magnitude and decay time constant of the transient current. This paper investigates the application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) at the line ends to mitigate the impact of transformer inrush current on power quality. First, it describes the influence of TCSC on the short circuit MVA at the source bus, and then the mechanism by which the TCSC is able to mitigate voltage sags. It also investigates and illustrates different TCSC's modes of operation on transformer inrush current. The ability of TCSC to limit fault currents by developing high inductive impedance under fault conditions with respect to transformer inrush current is also investigated.


Objective To explore the risk factors of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS)caused by sepsis.Methods The clinical data of 196 septic patients who were treated in our department from August 2006 to December 2009 were retrospectively analyzed.The univariate analysis and binary Logistic regression analysis were performed to screen the associated risk factors.Results Of these 196 patients,153 patients(78.1%)suffered from sepsis,among whom 7 patients(4.6%)died;43 patients(21.9 %)had MODS,among whom 27 patients(62.8%)died.The mortality rate was significantly different between the two groups(P0.05).Univariate analysis showed that the risk factors included age,APACH Ⅱscore,serum creatinine,blood pH level,mean arterial pressure,blood sugar,chronic diseases,germiculture results,and electrolyte imbalance(P0.05).Binary Logistic regression analysis identified four significant risk factors,which were APACH Ⅱscore,chronic diseases,creatinine,and germiculture.Conclusion APACH Ⅱ score,chronic diseases,serum creatinine,and positive germiculture results are risk factors of MODS caused by sepsis.


Foam has an especially large inter-phase contact surface which allows using it as a coolant. Characteristics of one type of foam – statically stable foam – demonstrated its perfect availability for this purpose. Our previous investigations of heat transfer processes in statically stable foam flow showed that large heat transfer intensity may be reached at a small mass flow rate of the foam. Statically stable foam flow is the two–phase system that has number of peculiarities: drainage of liquid from foam, diffusive gas transfer and destruction of inter-bubble films. Those phenomena are closely linked with each other and make extremely complicated an application of analytic methods for the study of heat transfer in foam. Thus experimental method of investigation was selected in our work. Experimental investigation of the heat transfer process from the in-line tube bundle to the vertical statically stable foam flow was performed. Dependency of heat transfer intensity on flow parameters and on tube position in the bundle was determined. The results of the experimental investigation are presented in this paper.


The Callovian and Oxfordian marine sediments of the Jaisalmer Basin constitute the uppermost part of the Jaisalmer Formation, which comprises the Kuldhar and Jajiya members. In the present paper the authors illustrate retrogradational-progradational, more or less symmetrical cycles representing lowto high-energy marine environments. Despite an incomplete sedimentary record in a profile disrupted by a number of omission surfaces, it is possible to distinguish seven such sedimentary cycles in less than 24 m of sedimentary succession. The cycles, often bearing in their upper parts a thick-bedded well-cemented calcareous sandstone/packto rudstone, or hummocky crossstratified beds indicative of storm events, are occasionally topped by hardgrounds. Hardgrounds provide well-defined boundaries useful for delineating correlative/bounding surfaces, identified here with sequence boundaries (3rd order cycles). Maximum flooding surfaces characterized by richly fossiliferous marly wackestones provide additional correlative horizons. Within these sequences, subordinate cycles can be tentatively distinguished, some of them may represent parasequences. The stratigraphical significance of correlative surfaces and sequences is tested by their fossil content, and these surfaces can be used for regional correlations with neighbouring basin. 1 Department of Geology, university of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India; e-mail: email@example.com 2 Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chi-Ming-Ssu, Nanjing 210008, China; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


The purpose of this study is to highlight the dynamic relationship between the cardiotocographic signals: intrapartum fetal heart rate and uterine pressure, for normal and hypoxic fetuses. The database used in our study contains 531 normal or abnormal recordings (abnormal recordings are considered those with pH value under 7.15). We have used the partial directed coherence (PDC) method to obtain the correlation parameter values and to investigate the coupling between fetal heart rate and uterine contractions for normal and abnormal recordings. To determine the difference between the coupling levels we divide the database into two groups: 100 normal recordings as a control group, and the remaining 431 normal or abnormal recordings as a test group, in order to apply the t-test with p<;0.05 for the correlation parameters obtained. We computed the standard deviation and Shannon entropy of the correlation parameters obtained with the PDC method to highlight the complexity of the correlation.


The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) postcutting treatment on fresh-cut 'Sinta' papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. 'Sinta') in maintaining its storage quality using two packaging forms commonly used commercially namely PET plastic tray wrapped with LDPE stretchable plastic film, and PET clamshell plastic containers. Freshcut 'Sinta' papaya cubes at Peel Colour Index 5 (yellow with tinge of green) were packaged using plastic tray wrapped with plastic film and clamshell plastic containers.1-MCP gas was introduced post-cutting inside the packaging to a final concentration of 2.5 nL L-1. The freshcuts were stored at 100C and 95% RH. Samples were evaluated for headspace C2H4 (HS-C2H4), headspace CO2 (HS-CO2), polygalacturonase (PG) activity, total reducing sugars, firmness, color (as luminosity), water-soaking, visual quality rating (VQR) and microbial load. In both packaging types, lower PG activity and total reducing sugars were observed in 1-MCP treatments compared with controls at certain storage days. In plastic tray-film packaging, lower HS-C2H4 levels were observed in 1-MCP treated fresh-cuts compared with the control. In clamshell packaging, significant differences in water-soaking, luminosity and VQR at days 2 and 3 were observed between 1-MCP treated and control fruits. All of the treatments, on day 2 of storage, complied with European Union countries' limits on aerobic plate counts (7 log), yeasts and molds counts (5 log) and coliform counts (3 log). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the efficacy of 1-MCP post-cutting treatment on fresh-cut papaya of the 'Sinta' variety and also the use in a 1-MCP study of the packaging forms mentioned.


After the analysis of the copper-bearing porphyry characteristics,rock earth chemical characteristics and the diagenesis and mineralization environment in Harizha of Qinghai,it is found that Harizha copper-bearing porphyry is composed of the altered granodiorite porphyry and belogs to the K calc-alkaline rock type with the crust molten mineralization characteristics under the mantle-derived magmas.The copper-bearing porphyry is with an intense quartzsericitization,kaolinitization and mineralization.The preserved position of ore bodies is equivalent to the joints of kaolinized zone and quartz-sericite zone and its characteristics in typical alteration and location are similar with the porphyry copper deposit in Dexing and Yulong with a very good diagenesis and mineralization environment and prospecting potential.


Avalanches form a threat to people travelling in mountainous regions as well as for infrastructure and buildings. They cause around 250 fatalities annually worldwide. To limit the number of future fatalities, forecasting services are interested in knowledge on avalanche activity to verify their warning system. They rely on information about the frequency, location and extent of debris fields, as provided by avalanche experts. As avalanche terrain is mostly remote and inaccessible, it can be dangerous or even impossible to obtain necessary field information. This information is especially crucial to gain during strong winds and blowing snow when an increased avalanche danger is present. By applying Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), large areas can be monitored at once with both high spatial resolution and high acquisition frequency. It also has the advantage of being daylight- and weather independent. The area of interest, Nordenskiold Land on Svalbard, experiences over four months of polar darkness per year. Consequently, the most applicable technique for avalanche monitoring is SAR. Avalanche debris has an increased surface roughness compared to the surrounding unperturbed snow causing a higher backscatter signal. Therefore, the debris fields appear bright in SAR images. The main goal of this research project is to optimise avalanche detection in SAR images by exploring the option of automatic detection of debris fields. Hence, we present a method to automatically detect avalanche debris fields in SAR images. It is designed and tested on both RADARSAT-2 Ultra Fine (UF) mode and Sentinel-1A Extra Wide swath (EW) mode images. Sentinel-1A has the advantage of obtaining images twice per day over Svalbard and is made available for free. Due to the high costs to acquire RADARSAT-2 data over Svalbard, these images have a low acquisition frequency. The UF mode images are geocoded to a pixel spacing of 3m compared to 40m for the EW mode images. Both modes detect the location of debris fields, but the extent is only clearly distinguishable in the UF mode images due to the fine resolution. In case of automatic detection, the backscatter coefficient of the debris fields is compared to the backscatter coefficient from a reference image. This reference image should be obtained during dry snow conditions or during a snow-free summer. The difference in backscatter coefficient between the two images is determined by subtracting the reference image from the avalanche image. By applying a threshold on the difference image debris fields are successfully located. However, to eliminate areas above the threshold value but not considered as avalanche, a filter is applied. Two filters are tested; a median filter and a Remove Small Objects (RSO) filter. For the RADARSAT-2 UF mode images the best result is obtained by using a median filter and a threshold value of 1.9dB, while for the Sentinel-1A EW mode images a RSO filter in combination with a threshold value of 3.4dB resulted in the optimum detection. None of the designed automatic detection methods resulted in a 100% probability of detection and zero false alarms, but they do confirm that automatic detection of avalanches in these SAR images is possible. They also show that the automatic detection method is depended on the characteristics of the input data. By combining a regular detection of the whole of Svalbard by the coarse Sentinel-1A EW mode images and a more specified forecasting using the fine RADARSAT-2 UF mode images avalanche maps can be created indicating both location and extent of debris fields. These maps can be of great value for avalanche warning services, although further research is necessary before automatically generated avalanche maps can be included in daily operations.


introduction to the theory and design of active filters is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our books collection spans in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the introduction to the theory and design of active filters is universally compatible with any devices to read.


The international logistics is to international trade transaction and with settlement and insurance it joins in and the one element it composes. Namely, the trade transaction is the seller with the buyer the place where it is this direct person concerned, to this seller and buyer for it is a third party of a carrier, the bank and insurance company etc. intervened and it forms the relationship of social division. Specially the transportation condition of transportation mode and the delivery place etc. is to trade contract and it is greatly exerting an influence on the price. It follows in one side economic environment change and also the logistics environment of the enterprise changes and also the demand of enterprise against a insurance in relation to the logistics is changing a lot. The cargo insurance which is intended the risk of the loss and damage of the goods accompanying to the logistics is operating which principle from under free ratio and free condition it fixes in enterprise demand. Accordingly, it is accomplished in provision and demand of the easily understandable insurance products at above than until now and it confronts to be soft and undertaking which is various is demanded. The purpose of this paper aims to analyse the demand against a cargo insurance based on the change of the international logistics, further the insurance company against it provides the device and added value service of the what kind of insurance products.


Objective To investigate and quantify the potential dose-response association between egg consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Design Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Data sources PubMed and Embase prior to June 2012 and references of relevant original papers and review articles. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Prospective cohort studies with relative risks and 95% confidence intervals of coronary heart disease or stroke for three or more categories of egg consumption. Results Eight articles with 17 reports (nine for coronary heart disease, eight for stroke) were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis (3 081 269 person years and 5847 incident cases for coronary heart disease, and 4 148 095 person years and 7579 incident cases for stroke). No evidence of a curve linear association was seen between egg consumption and risk of coronary heart disease or stroke (P=0.67 and P=0.27 for non-linearity, respectively). The summary relative risk of coronary heart disease for an increase of one egg consumed per day was 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.15; P=0.88 for linear trend) without heterogeneity among studies (P=0.97, I2=0%). For stroke, the combined relative risk for an increase of one egg consumed per day was 0.91 (0.81 to 1.02; P=0.10 for linear trend) without heterogeneity among studies (P=0.46, I2=0%). In a subgroup analysis of diabetic populations, the relative risk of coronary heart disease comparing the highest with the lowest egg consumption was 1.54 (1.14 to 2.09; P=0.01). In addition, people with higher egg consumption had a 25% (0.57 to 0.99; P=0.04) lower risk of developing hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusions Higher consumption of eggs (up to one egg per day) is not associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease or stroke. The increased risk of coronary heart disease among diabetic patients and reduced risk of hemorrhagic stroke associated with higher egg consumption in subgroup analyses warrant further studies.


Would it surprise you to know that there is almost no relationship between the way the economy grows and the stock market's performance? If you are spending time worrying about the economy when making your investment decisions, it is likely that you are wasting your time.


The title compound, a charge-neutral bis{5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ato)-6-(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine}iron(II) dimethanol dichloroform solvate, is a high-spin complex with a distorted pseudooctahedral coordination environment of the metal ion. Due to the tapered shape and polar nature, the molecules stack in one-dimensional columns that are bound by weak hydrogen bonds into layers, which, in turn, are arranged in a three-dimensional network without interlayer interactions below van der Waals radii.


The organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) with the Al, Mg-Ag and LiF/Al cathodes were fabricated by the vacuum sublimation technique, and the effect of the cathode materials on the electroluminescence (EL) characteristics of OLEDs were investigated in terms of the optical and electrical properties. The experimental data and calculation results demonstrate that the electrical and luminescent performance of OLEDs is strongly dependent on the property of cathode material and the characteristics of the cathode/organic interface. The EL characteristics of device with the LiF/Al cathode is better than those of devices with the Mg-Ag and Al cathodes. The device with LiF/Al cathode exhibits highest EL luminance and efficiency, and smallest turn-on voltage and driving voltage. Such an improvement in the device performance can be attributed to the more efficient electron injection at cathode/organic interface, and the better balanced hole and electron recombination in the light-emitting layer, and the fewer accumulated charges near the organic/organic interface.


Introduction: Klotho is a single-pass transmembrane protein with a long extracellular domain and short cytoplasmic tail that appears to modulate aging. Objectives: This cross-sectional investigation was conducted at a tertiary care centre to find the possible correlation of serum Klotho with various biochemical parameters in Indian chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted in 80 CKD patients (58 males, 22 females). Mean age was 54.21 ± 14.08 years (25-90 years). Participants included 55 CKD- hemodialysis (HD), 10 CKD- peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 15 CKD-non-dialysis (ND) patients. Results: Serum Klotho (sKlotho) in CKD-HD patients ranged from 0 to 374.36 ng/mL with a mean of 13.76±4.3 ng/mL (median: 0.0174 ng/mL). In PD patients, sKlotho ranged from 0 to 374.36 ng/ mL with a mean of 37.58 ± 6.56 ng/mL (median of 0.0087 ng/mL). In ND population, sKlotho ranged from 0 to 7.01 ng/mL, with a mean of 0.73 ± 0.01 ng/mL (median of 0.1687ng/mL). In CKDHD and CKD-PD patients, sKlotho was positively correlated with the fibroblast growth factor 23 (pg/mL) (P<0.001). Conclusion: Serum Klotho levels show significant positive correlation with FGF23 levels in HD and PD patients. The findings of the study indicate that high Klotho and fibroblast growth factor 23 levels may be associated with worse outcomes in chronic renal failure patients.


It is considered a notion and content of the material evidence, their place in the system of proving. There is studied correlation of criminalistical and criminal procedural aspects of the material evidence, terms of their admissibility. It is stated an author's point of view on definitions' essence containing in criminal procedural law.


Abstract: By calculating the energy-saving benefits of a variable-speed pump, the relation between back pressure and energy-saving benefits is analyzed. Based on the energy-saving benefit calculation for four different pump types using a non-dimensional method, it is shown that when the non-dimensional back pressure, h, and the non-dimensional flow, Q, are equal, then the corresponding non-dimensional energy-saving benefit Ω of variable-speed control are quite close each to other, thereby advancing a forecasting method of energy-saving benefits of variable-speed control. When the method is used to forecast the energy-saving benefits of pumps whose specific speed is between 15 and 190 and the flow – between 5 and 200m/h (subject to the condition h≤ 0.9, Q≥ 0.5), the error will not exceed 6.55% and thus the method proves to be of reference value for the evaluation of the variable-speed energy-saving benefits of other pumps.


Erytlienia fixum is a drug reaction that was described by Brocq2 in 1894 under the name eruption erythemato-pigmentee a l'antipyrine. Since then this reaction has been described as the side-effect of many different drugs.1' 3'• ^ '̂ 1̂ The most common of them are barbiturates, phenolphtalein, aminopyrine, phenylbutazone, phenacetin, salicylates, sulphonamides, sidphones, arsenicals, iodides, mercurials, quinine, gold salts, tctracycline and penicillin. The most characteristic form is a sliarj)ly circumscribed round or oval eczematous or erythematous plaque. It recurs exactly at the same site on the skin when the drug in question is readministered.'"* This drug reaction seldom appears on the nuicous membranes; if it docs, it may ix;semble virus stomatitis or if seen on the genitals, a venereal disease may be suspected. During the last five years 46 patients with erythema fixuin were treated in the Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Finland. Ten of these had symptoms on the genital areas or the mucous membranes. These cases are discussed in the following section.


This study of research is to optimize and evaluate the technical performance of irrigation management in Jambo Ayen and Alue Ubay Irrigation Area in North Aceh District, so that the existing water resources system and the advantages of the two irrigation areas can be known. The experimental design used in this study is by literature study, and secondary data collection at several agencies. The results of this study indicate that the optimization of the average value of total efficiency ratio of water demand volume to water intake volume in Jambo Aye Irrigation Area is 81% and Alue Ubay 69%. Optimization of relative water supply in Jambo Aye irrigation area shows an average value of 2.82, irrigation area of Alue Ubay 2.33. The irrigation areas of Jambo Aye and Alue Ubay have average RPPA values with good category, that is 0.8-1.1. the indicator of maintenance of building effectiveness in Irrigation Area of Jambo Aye and Alue Ubay is 1. So it can be concluded that the optimization of the mean value of the total efficiency ratio of the volume of water demand to the volume of air intake is obtained to exceed the standard value of the technical irrigation network level.


In the Netherlands many farmers assume pasture grazing for dairy cows to be less efficient in terms of mineral utilisation than indoor housing systems. The gross annual grass yield is assumed to be lower as well. Since 2016, Dutch dairy farmers are obliged to use the ANCA-tool (Annual Nutrient Cycling Assessment) to show the mineral efficiency of their farms. Farmers claim that pasture grazing leads to a worse ANCA performance than indoor housing. This claim puts pressure on pasture grazing. Therefore, a study was performed to analyse the effect of grazing on mineral efficiency. The analysis of a dataset containing 2,725 ANCA results of Dutch dairy farms showed that the average phosphorus and nitrogen excretion for farms that apply pasture grazing for their cows for less than 1000 hours cow-1 yr-1 were not significantly different from the indoor housing systems. On farms that apply grazing for more than that, the mineral excretion was higher. Measures were identified to improve the mineral efficiency, e.g. less young stock, feeding additional roughage and concentrate low in protein and phosphorus. This study shows that farms with restricted grazing can combine grazing and mineral efficiency.


The decay kinetics of the excitonic luminescence observed at 2.5 eV in AgCl after pulsed lacer irradiation was measured in wide temperature (10-200 K), time (20 ~S-IO-~ s) and luminescence intensity intervals. It is shown that, at IOW temperatures, the decay ofluminescence is due to the static tunnelling recombination of unidentified shallow electron centres (with a wavefunction radius of abmt 30 A) with immobile self-trapped holes. At temperatures above 80 K the relevant luminescence decay stms to differ from that at LO K and does not obey the usual exponential or second-order kinetics; it was interpreted as diffusioncdntralled annihilation within close (geminate) Frenkel pairs of radiation defects. These latter are assumed to be Ag*+V; and intentitid silver atoms A$, respectively. Silver atoms are characteazed by the 0.15 eV activation energies of hops and a small wavefunction radius of about 1 A. Thermal quenching of this luminescence is discussed; its activation energy (0.33 eV) corresponds to cation vacancy migration.


Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-hiv Part of the Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, Health Policy Commons, Immune System Diseases Commons, International Public Health Commons, Maternal and Child Health Commons, Medicine and Health Commons, Public Health Education and Promotion Commons, Virus Diseases Commons, and the Women's Health Commons How does access to this work benefit you? Let us know!


 Abstract— Web Service is a software component invoked over the Web via an XML(1) message that follows the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP(2)), which is a simple XML based protocol to let applications exchange information over HTTP and to transport the messages using open protocols standard. Web Services are based on distributed technology and provide standard means of interoperating between different software applications across and within organizational boundaries with the use of XML. The purpose of web service selection is to select optimal web service for a particular task. When dynamic discovery is used in Web Services, it is common that the result of the discovery contains more than one provider. The purpose of this work is to develop an approach for secured, dynamic and transparent service selection and to evaluate the proposed architecture in terms of what selection techniques should be applied.


Violence against women is a public health problem that must be addressed from a preventive, multidisciplinary and comprehensive scope. Despite the large number of measures implemented and existing resources, there are, even today, few studies examining the effectiveness and impact of such resources on victims and society in general. The objective of this paper is threefold: (1) to assess the impact of legislative measures and preventive actions from the Organic Law 1/2004 on Comprehensive Protection Measures against Gender Violence, (2) to determine the degree of utilization of these resources and (3)to  identify potential needs for intervention. To this end, a detailed analysis of the resources available after the adoption of the Law is performed, taking into account the level of prevention to which these resources are targeted. We have used the Statistical Site of the the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality  as information source. The differences between complaints of gender violence and 016 calls between 2004 and 2015 are ( Ley Organica de Medidas de Proteccion Integral contra la Violencia de Genero, 1/2004 de 28 de diciembre )analyzed . Finally, we conclude about the social impact of the measures developed from the approval of the Organic Law 1/2004.


The need for effective information retrieval systems becomes increasingly important as computer-based information repositories grow larger and more diverse. In this tutorial, we present the key issues involved in the use and design of effective interfaces to information retrieval systems. The process of satisfying information needs is analyzed as a problem solving activity in which users learn and refine their needs as they interact with a repository. Current systems are analyzed in terms of key interface and interaction techniques such as querying, browsing, and relevance feedback. We discuss the impact of information seeking strategies on the search process and what is needed to more effectively support the search process. Retrieval system evaluation techniques is discussed in terms of its implications for users. We close by outlining some usercentered design strategies for retrieval systems.


The paper aims to examine the characteristics and factors that constrain the growth of SMEs that are operating within and outside production networks. Based on a survey of 101 firms, the analysis shows that SMEs are not homogeneous. While they share certain characteristics such as age, Filipino ownership, and foreign equity share; they differ in terms of performance export intensity, interest rates on borrowings, major sources of finance, and other economic indicators. The results also show that participation in IPNs benefits SMEs particularly parts and components makers in the electronics and auto industries. In terms of performance, IPN firms have higher mean growth rate and mean labor productivity than non-IPN firms. In terms of barriers to growth, IPN firms are primarily concerned with product and price barriers and difficulties in establishing and maintaining trust with business partners while non-IPN firms' major concerns are tax, tariff and nontariff barriers and the country's deteriorating business environment. Two themes dominate SMEs' concerns on the type of assistance needed. For IPN firms, financing assistance would be crucial while for non-IPN firms, technology development would be the most important.


This article assumes that the Puritan ethic, as an expression of value and attitudes to the general ascetic Protestantism would become primarily responsible for the English scientific development in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This construction, developed by Robert K. Merton in his article Puritanism, pietism and science had as background the work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism by Max Weber published in 1904. On that article Merton aimed to highlight some particular characteristics of the social behavior arising from the Puritan ethos which were clearly associated to the conduct of English scientists. In our construction we aimed to draw a parallel between the reflections of Merton and the reading of the "world system" present in the structure of Newtonian science. Finally we have sought to understand how Newtonian space ended up influencing the English Geography.


Accurate and rapid diagnosis of dermatophytosis, a disease whose prevalence has been steadily increased, is important for successful treatment. Current laboratory methods for diagnosing dermatophytosis rely on KOH mount and fungal culture method. However, these methods have low sensitivity and are time-consuming (2~4 weeks to diagnosis). In our previous study, a rapid molecular diagnostic assay (PCR-reverse blot hybridization assay, REBA) was developed to identify the following 6 main species of dermatophytes: Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, and Epidermophyton floccosum. However, the REBA required more evaluation to validate its use in clinical examinations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and validate the ability of the PCR-REBA to successfully identify dermatophytes in clinical isolates from dermatophytosis patients. Both conventional identification methods and the PCR-REBA were used to assess the presence of species of dermatophytes in 148 clinical isolates. The results of the two approaches were compared, and discrepancies between the two approaches were resolved by fungal ITS1 sequence analysis. T. rubrum was the most prevalent dermatophyte identified by conventional identification methods (118/148, 79.7%) and the PCR-REBA (131/148, 88.4%). The overall rate of consistency between conventional identification methods and the PCR-REBA was 79.0% (117/148 samples). Fungal ITS1 sequence analysis showed that PCR-REBA results were correct for 93.5% (29/31) of the discrepant samples. The PCR-REBA is rapid, sensitive, and highly specific compared with conventional identification methods. Thus, the PCR-REBA is a potentially useful tool for identifying dermatophytes in clinical settings.


A method for adjusting a ship's service speed to allow for variables such as the increase in fuel costs, wages, freight rates and depreciation. The optimum type and rating of machinery, ship's speed, hull form and the additional initial investment required for increased automation and improved maintenance are briefly mentioned.


The debate over the advantages and limitations of film as a medium for communicating history has taken new directions in the twenty-first century. While scholars are increasingly open to a complementary model of history that incorporates a variety of traditional and unconventional genres, others are still concerned by the effects of narrative constraints and lack of historical rigor perceived in many feature films. As one of the means of gauging cinema's cultural status lies in classifying its self-awareness of formulaic conventions, it is indicative of new attitudes that directors have begun to understand themselves as cinematic historians, incorporating scholarly concerns into their own productions. By dramatizing the choices that directors must make in the process of producing film, film-makers critique the ways in which history can be altered or misrepresented. After briefly tracing the change in perception of the term 'cinematic historian,' this article analyzes Bollaín's (2010) film Even the Rain by focusing upon its complication of the category of cinematic historian.


We designed and built an application-specific digital architecture aimed at mining fuzzy databases. The semi custom chip set is fully functional, and a 16-unit system provides a speedup of 500 times over the algorithm (in software) running on a Sun Sparc2 workstation.


Two major topics related to water resources management in coastal areas due to the impact of sea level rise are drainage problems/flood control and change of estuarine processes. Issues are identified. Managing strategies and possible engineering control methods are discussed.


Sensors can measure both strain and temperature or measure force without affecting touch Electronic skins (e-skins) are flexible electronic devices that emulate properties of human skin, such as high stretchability and toughness, perception of stimuli, and self-healing. These devices can serve as an alternative to natural human skin or as a human-machine interface (1–3). For on-skin applications, an e-skin should be multimodal (sense more than one external stimulus), have a high density of sensors, and have low interference with natural skin sensation. On pages 961 and 966 of this issue, You et al. (4) and Lee et al. (5), respectively, report advances of skin-like electronic devices. You et al. present a stretchable multimodal ionic-electronic (IE) conductor–based "IEM-skin" that can measure both strain and temperature inputs without signal interference. Lee et al. describe an ultrathin capacitive pressure sensor based on conductive and dielectric nanomesh structures that can be attached to a human fingertip for grip pressure and force measurement without affecting natural skin sensation.


Background: Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a peroxisomal disorder that leads to the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in the body. Younger males typically present with a catastrophic cerebral demyelinating disease, while adult males tend to develop a progressive myelopathy and neuropathy. Methods: Case presentations and literature review. Results: Case1: A 58-year-old male with a three-year history of unsteady gait. His MRI showed multiple T2-hyperintensities most prominently in the posterior corpus collosum (which progressed over time) as well as spinal cord atrophy. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) was suspected. Case 2: The patient's bother, a 49-year-old, had a ten-year history of difficulty walking. MRI findings included a single large T2 hyper-intensity spanning the anterior aspect of the corpus collosum and an atrophic spinal cord. Given the family history, both brothers were investigated for and diagnosed with ALD. Conclusions: Both cases are of males presenting with a progressive myelopathy in middle age. In the first case, the history, physical exam, and imaging findings were most consistent with PPMS. However, the second case was less typical for MS prompting further investigations. These cases highlight the need to have a broad differential when confronted with atypical cases of MS and reminds the clinician of the phenotypic variability of ADL.


Youth unemployment is an issue that is in the heart of the concerns for European Union (EU). Young people face specific problems on the labor market, constituting a risk group, regardless of their qualifications. The main barrier for young people in finding a job is the lack of work experience. The paper includes an exploratory approach of quantitative and qualitative research, having as a main objective assessment of social perceptions on possible measures to facilitate the insertion of the labor market. The main dimensions of research considered in sociological investigation has in view the behavior of young people who seeking employment and evaluation of a set of seven measures proposed to increase the employability of young people active in Romania. Measures to increase the employability of young people in crisis, considered in this paper are beneficial for both young workers and employers, mostly in terms of obtaining a stable position on the labor market for young workers and in terms of training the future workforce and increasing external flexibility, for employers. The general conclusions of the paper are considering methods of searching for a job, the most common reasons for vacancy and a summary of the measures panel tested. Recommendations include five main policy areas of action of representatives of governments, employers and workers organizations to increase youth employability.


Abstract: A total of 80 free-range Iberian pigs reared with acorns and grass in eight different free-range systems (n = 10) in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula were used to determine the relationship between fatty acid, tocopherol, and neophytadiene subcutaneous fat composition. The pigs were fed extensively for 79.1 ± 9.5 d from 110.9 ± 11.9 kg live weight at the beginning of the final fattening phase to 175.0 ± 15.9 kg slaughtered weight. Quercus suber and Quercus rotundifolia acorns were characterised by a high content of C18:1n-9 (58.3 and 63.1%, respectively) and γ-tocopherol [43.7 and 43.0 mg kg−1 dry matter (DM), respectively], while grass exhibited a high content of C18:3n-3 (42.5%), α-tocopherol (366.5 mg kg−1 DM) and neophytadiene (136.2 relative area units). The C18:1n-9 (54.4%–57.7%) and γ-tocopherol (2.7–4.1 mg kg−1 DM) contents in subcutaneous fat from Iberian pigs differed (p < 0.001) between the free-range systems studied. Pasture intake had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on subcutaneous fat content of C18:3n-3 (0.5%–0.8%), α-tocopherol (7.8–13.1 mg kg−1 DM) and neophytadiene (2.6–6.3 relative area units). However, the results demonstrated no correlations between accumulated levels of these compounds throughout the free-range period. In conclusion, the absence of correlations corroborated the heterogeneity of extensive rearing systems, with variations between years and geographical areas where the Iberian pigs were reared.


We study a discrete dynamic on weighted bipartite graphs on a torus, analogous to dimer integrable systems in Goncharov-Kenyon 2013. The dynamic on the graph is an urban renewal together with shrinking all 2-valent vertices, while it is a cluster transformation on the weight. The graph is not necessary obtained from an integral polygon. We show that all Hamiltonians, partition functions of all weighted perfect matchings with a common homology class, are invariant under a move on the weighted graph. This move coincides with a cluster mutation, analog to Y-seed mutation in dimer integrable systems. We construct graphs for Q-systems of type A and B and show that the Hamiltonians are conserved quantities of the systems. The conserved quantities can be written as partition functions of hard particles on a certain graph. For type A, they Poisson commute under a nondegenerate Poisson bracket.


T800/high-temperature epoxy resin composites with different hole shapes were subjected to hygrothermal ageing and thermal-oxidative ageing, and the effects of these different ageing methods on the open-hole properties of the composites were investigated, including analyses of the mass changes, surface topography changes (before and after ageing), fracture morphologies, open-hole compressive performance, dynamic mechanical properties and infrared spectrum. The results showed that only physical ageing occurred under hygrothermal ageing (70°C and 85% relative humidity), and the equilibrium moisture absorption rate was only approximately 0.72%. In contrast, under thermal-oxidative ageing at 190°C, both physical ageing and chemical ageing occurred. After ageing, the open-hole compressive strength of the composite laminates with different hole shapes decreased significantly, but the open-hole compressive strength after thermal-oxidative ageing was greater than that after hygrothermal ageing. Among the aged and unaged laminates, the laminates with round holes exhibited the largest open-hole compressive strength, followed by those with the elliptical holes, square holes and diamond holes. The failure modes of the laminates were all through-hole failures. The unaged samples had a glass transition temperature (T g) of 226°C, whereas the T g of the samples after hygrothermal ageing was 208°C, which is 18°C less than that of the unaged samples, and the T g of the samples after thermal-oxidative ageing was 253°C, which is 27°C greater than that of the unaged samples.


This paper mainly introduces some important technology and standards,basic working principles and methods of compressde coding about digital TV source coding of digital compression equipment on broadcasting TV ground satellite station,also the formation of MPEG-2 bit stream is presented.


Abstract A Monte-Carlo approach based on the Q-state Potts model is developed to simulate dynamic hysteresis of ferroelectric Potts lattice against periodic time-varying external field E. The dynamic responses of the hysteresis dependent of frequency ω of applied field and domain size R are studied. The P-E loop exhibits very different patterns in various ranges of frequency. Its area can be scaled with Ω-ω1/3 at low ω The remnant polarization Pr shows a maximal as a function of ω At small domain size, the dynamic hysteresis is significantly compressed, predicting ferroelectricity weakening effect at small domain size.


To enhance tax compliance and domestic revenue mobilization, it is critical to understand the factors that influence tax morale in a country. To this end, this study sought to examine the influence of fiscal exchange, tax expenditure and selected fiscal factors on tax morale in Kenya. The study employed desk research and survey design covering the Kenya Revenue Authority regions across the country. Stratified random sampling was employed in coming up with thesample of 1,100 taxpayers, out of which 955 responded. The taxpayers were categorized into five KRA regions and then into type of taxpayers (large, medium and small/individual taxpayers). The survey data collected was analyzed using probit model. The results show that the factors that significantly influence tax morale in Kenya are individuals' age, gender, level of education, trust in KRA, fiscal exchange between the government and the taxpayers, tax expenditure,accountability for taxes paid and satisfaction with democracy in Kenya. To improve on tax morale in the country, the study recommends enhanced tax education targeted at the primary and secondary school levels, and enhanced civic education and sensitization to the public on tax issues. To boost tax morale in the country, the study also recommends enhancing of fiscal exchange, reduction of tax expenditures, enhanced accountability and transparency in use of taxes andreducing the perceived level of corruption in the public sector.


In the present paper, a Finsler space Fn whose Cartan's second curvature tensor P\(_{jkh}^i\) satisfies \(P_{jkh|l|m}^i=a_{lm} P_{jkh}^i, P_{jkh}^i\) ≠0, where \(a_{lm}\) is non-zerocovariant tensor field of second order , is introduced and such space is called as Ph–birecurrentspace and denoted briefly by Ph–BR–Fn. The aim of this paper is to obtain some birecurrent tensors in this space. Also, we introduced Ricci birecurrent space. We proved the projection of some curvature tensors on indicatrix are birecurrent.


Editor, Leprosy is more a medico-social problem than a disease. As a medical problem, the incidence of the disease has decreased slowly since the introduction of MDT. Although leprosy is no longer a public health problem in many endemic countries, the social aspects in terms of stigma, discrimination, poverty, disability, deformity and loss of self-con®dence are still major hurdles to be overcome. In this regard, unfortunately, almost all leprosy elimination programmes fail to provide adequate emphasis on the social aspects, especially deformity care and rehabilitation. Recently, however, the effectiveness of MDT, which caused a dramatic decline in leprosy prevalence, has created interest in providing welfare and rehabilitation activities to leprosy affected persons. With this view, a CBR programme is being implemented by Modi®ed Leprosy Control Units in Koduvayur and Nemmara, Palakkad District, Kerala State, South India. This programme was implemented through the People's Planning Programme, which aims at decentralization of power to the grass root level. Here people discuss and plan their needs and requirements and execute them with the help of the local administrations, namely Grama Panchayats. A CBR programme implemented by this project for poor, disabled leprosy affected persons is presented here. This programme was implemented in six Grama Panchayats (each covers one SET centre, which is the basic unit of leprosy Survey, Education and Treatment) in two modi®ed leprosy Control Units. A project report emphasizing the importance of rehabilitation of former leprosy patients was prepared by the local leprosy staff under the leadership of the Medical Of®cer and submitted to the Grama Panchayat authorities. The report was then discussed by an expert committee and returned to the Grama Panchayat with a passing order. The project submitted in this CBR programme was for supplying goats, cows and residential houses to our patients. The funding was allocated by the Panchayat, with the future process of implementation being done by a purchase committee, headed by the Veterinary Surgeon as the convenor. This committee is responsible for purchasing the goats and cows and for future follow-up. All bene®ciaries were instructed on how to protect and preserve the goats and cows and to use them as a means for their livelihood. The selection of bene®ciaries was based on the following criteria: 1) cured leprosy patients, 2) persons with disability, 3) ®nancially backward persons, 4) heads of families and 5) persons who were willing to use the assistance given as a means to make their living in future. Forty-eight leprosy affected persons were given 87 goats and two cows and two were given small residential houses. The total amount utilized for the whole project was Rs.185,000. After 1 ́5 years of follow-up, the goats and cows had increased to 238 and four, respectively, with a value of Rs.402,050. The last follow-up took place in August 2000 (Table 1). The average cost of one goat was Rs. 1225 and that of a cow was Rs. 6000. The total amount utilized for the two houses was Rs. 70,000. This study shows that when an individual is given two goats, this number can be expected to increase to seven within a period of 1 ́5 years. The individual will then be allowed to sell four goats, keeping back two or three for his own use. This process will continue, and will produce a regular income. The houses were constructed under the supervision of the local engineer. Lepr Rev (2002) 73, 88±89


Spasm and mucosal deformity in the prepyloric segment of the stomach are among the most common abnormal manifestations observed by radiologists in examination of the upper gastro-intestinal tract. Antral gastritis has been described in detail by Golden (4), and the radiographic findings have been elaborated by Arendt (9). Forssell (1) performed exhaustive studies of the radiographic appearance of the mucous membrane of the gastro-intestinal tract. Wolf and Wolff (5) reported observations on healthy gastric mucosa, made in a patient with a large gastrostomy. It will be our purpose here to correlate the findings of these investigators with those in our own series of 1,519 upper gastro-intestinal studies performed on 1,289 patients, with special reference to an abnormal state of the distal segment of the stomach which we call "prepyloric local gastritis." This redundant term was selected to emphasize the primarily local nature of the disturbance, as contrasted with the more generalized types of gastritis whi...


Applications of the principle of microscopic reversibility are considered for reaction rates measured in experiments that reveal some of the dependence on the rotational, vibrational, and/or translational states of the reactants or products. Each type of measurement establishes a characteristic set of quantum states for the reactants and products, suggesting that removal of trivial statistical factors (densities of states) from the data to retrieve a purely dynamical quantity ω(E), the state‐to‐state reaction rate suitably averaged over the initial and final sets of states at fixed total energy E. This quantity is fully symmetric with respect to the direction of the reaction—either the forward or reverse rate coefficient can be obtained by multiplying ω with the proper density of final states. Thus ω reflects the intrinsic probability of the process, disregarding the statistical bias introduced by the nature of the experiment itself. Methods of accurate computation of state densities appropriate to sev...


A reduction in the power consumed by motors is required for energy saving in the case of electrical appliances and electric vehicles (EV). The motors used for operating these apparatus operate at variable speeds. Further, the motors operate with small load in stationary mode and with large load in start-up mode. A permanent magnet motor can operate at the rated power with a high efficiency. However, the efficiency is lower at small load or high speed because the large constant magnetic force results in substantial core loss. Furthermore, the flux-weakening current that depresses voltage at high speed leads to significant copper loss. Therefore, we have developed a new technique for controlling the magnetic force of permanent magnet on the basis of the load or speed of the motor. In this paper, we propose the novel motor that can vary magnetic flux and we clarify the principle.


Introduction. The following study focuses on the efficacy of the IORT (14.4 izoGy2.0) as part of conservative surgery with adjuvant EXRT (50 Gy in 25 fractions) for low risk 109 early breast cancer patients and 106 intermediate or nonlinear high risk patients with adjuvant chemoradiation or chemotherapy followed by the EXRT. Material and methods. The accumulation of the rates of local recurrences (LR) and distant metastases (DM) are characterized by nonlinear but two-phase curves. Results. During the first 5 years, 67% of all LR, and only 43% of all DM occurred, and between the 8th and 10th years the LR curve steeply increases by 25% and the DM by 48%. Conclusion. This suggest that a 5-year follow-up is too short and should be extended to 10 years. Among the analyzed prognostic factors, the time interval (TI) between IORT and adjuvant EXRT has occurred the major prognostic risk factor. If the TI is extended over 60 days (delayed EXRT), the LR and the DM risk undergoes a3–10 fold increase. Concurrent CH-EXRT significantly lowers local and distant failures, compared with delayed EXRT after completing CHT. Therefore, delayed EXRT completely ruins the expected efficacy of the IORT.


In this paperweshall consider some of the recent work on the vibrational problern in molecules with nearly free internal rotation. The paper will be divided into two parts. In the first part we shall consider some of the group theoretical ideas currently being applied to the problem. In the second part we shall consider how normal modes can be algebraically described in such a molecule. To make the discussion more specific, we shall take as an example the dimethylacetylene molecule. In both parts of the paper we shall be concerned with the differences between the techniques suggested for dealing with dirnethylacetylene-like molecules and the techniques employed for ''ordinary'' molecules.


We reported a case of cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in a 26-year-old previously healthy male patient who presented to the emergency department with a history of fever, shortness of breath, and hemoptysis. After extensive investigations, including bronchoscopy and autoimmune screening, he was diagnosed with the renal-pulmonary syndrome. The diagnosis of CYP-related PRES was based on the development of a neurological clinical picture supported by magnetic resonance imaging findings. The dose of CYP was decreased to 75 mg/day, and the patient's symptoms improved after 3 days.


Technology for supporting people in their daily lives such as personal assistant agents and smart homes carry great potential for making our lives more connected, healthy, efficient and safe by executing tasks on our behalf and guiding our actions. We make two key observations: 1) supportive technology is inherently social in the sense that its support to a user is subject to norms from people in the user's social context (e.g., family members and caregivers), and 2) existing supportive technology is rigid in its realization of this social nature by hardwiring norms into the technology. This rigidity leads to violation of unsupported norms and inflexibility in dealing with violation of supported norms. In this paper we argue that supportive technology should be able to adapt to diverse and evolving norms of people in unforeseen circumstances, in order to better support people in their daily lives. We conceptualize this vision by proposing the novel concept of a Socially Adaptive Electronic Partner (SAEP), and outlining interaction, reasoning, and ethical challenges that need to be addressed to realize the creation of SAEPs. This requires techniques that span the areas of normative agents, human-agent teamwork, and ethics of AI, putting the multi-agent systems field in a unique position to do this.


AIM: To elucidate the effect of p27 KIP1 on cell cycle and apoptosis regulation in gastric carcinoma cells. METHODS: The whole length of p27 KIP1 cDNA was transfected into human gastric cancer cell line SCG7901 by lipofectamine. Expression of p27 KIP1 protein or mRNA was analyzed by Western blot and RNA dot blotting, respectively. Effect of p27 KIP1 on cell growth was observed by MTT assay and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Tumorigenicity in nude mice was used to assess the in vivo biological effect of p27 KIP1 . Flow cytometry, TUNEL, and electron microscopy were used to assess the effect of p27 KIP1 on cell cycle and apoptosis. RESULTS: Expression of p27 KIP1 protein or mRNA increased evidently in SCG7901 cells transfected with p27 KIP1 . The cell growth was reduced by 31% at 48 h after induction with zinc determined by cell viability assay. The alteration of cell malignant phenotype was evidently indicated by the loss of anchorage-independent growth ability in soft agar. The tumorigenicity in nude mice was reduced evidently (0.55±0.14 cm vs 1.36±0.13 cm, P<0.01). p27 KIP1 overexpression caused cell arrest with 36% increase (from 33.7% to 69.3%, P<0.01) in G 1 population. Prolonged p27 KIP1 expression induced apoptotic cell death reflected by pre-G1 peak in the histogram of FACS, which was also confirmed by TUNEL assay and electron microscopy. CONCLUSION: p27 KIP1 can prolong cell cycle in G1 phase and lead to apoptosis. p27 KIP1 may be a good candidate for cancer gene therapy. Effect of p27 KIP1 on cell cycle and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells.


Abstract The process of temperature gradient metamorphism in snow strongly affects the microstructure and associated mechanical properties of the snow. The purpose of this study was to: (1) examine the temporal variations in three-dimensional snow microstructure under the influence of a strong temperature gradient for 6 days using X-ray computed microtomography (μCT); and (2) numerically simulate the linear elastic properties of snow from microtomographic data using a voxel-based finite-element technique. The temporal changes in the snow structure were analyzed in terms of density, specific surface area (SSA), thickness distribution of ice matrix and pores, structure model index and mean intercept length (MIL) fabric tensor. The structural indices and orthotropic elastic compliance matrix were computed over several sub-volumes within the reconstructed volume to account for statistical uncertainties. The mean density increased by about 14% on day 1 and no significant trend was observed thereafter. The SSA decreased by 22%, whereas both the ice and pore thickness distributions widened with time. The computed Young's moduli were 1.5–4 times larger than previously published dynamic measurements and found to be significantly correlated with ice volume fraction and MIL fabric measures. The increasing trend in computed moduli during the experiment is consistent with the observed development of thicker vertical ice structures. Multiple linear regression models of elastic compliances using fabric tensor formulation and ice volume fraction could explain 89.9–93.0% of the variance. Our results suggest a strong dependence of elastic properties on both density and microstructural fabric.


Using the factor decomposition of micro data, in this paper we examine the validity of the SBTC (skill-biased technological change) and the outsourcing hypotheses regarding the continued rise in wage inequality that first emerged within each age group at the end of the 1990s in Japan. We conclude that these hypotheses are invalid. In Japan, the labour market liquidity is low and wages are chiefly determined on the basis of the wage system of each enterprise; although the demand shifts towards skilled labour owing to information technology (IT) and globalisation, this shift is not likely to directly lead to the wage increase of skilled workers. The influence of IT and globalisation on wages is mainly reflected in the institutional reactions of enterprises. These institutional reactions are influenced not only by IT and globalisation, but also by various internal and external changes in the enterprise, such as ageing of the employees and deregulation. We present the following institutional hypothesis to explain the cause of the rising income inequality since the end of the 1990s in Japan. The most important cause is the reforms in the wage system, such as the introduction of a performance-based wage system and the weakening of the spring labour offensive system. We examine the validity of this 'wage institution view' using the factor decomposition of micro data.


Objective To investigate the activity and mRNA expression of plasminogen autivator inhibitor (PAI 1) and tissture plasmin activator (tPA) stimulated by low density tipoprotein (LDL) on cultured human proximal tubular cell (HKC), which was a cell line of human proximal tubular cell. To show whether LDL can lead to the activation of nuclear factor κB NF κB, and weather the effect can be reversed by Lovastatin, a kind of 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme, a reductase inhibitors (HRI). Methods Chromogenic substance was used to show the activity of tPA and PAI 1, RT PCR showed the mRNA expression of PAI 1 and tPA. The expression of P65 in nuclear was showed by Laser confocal microscopy. Results LDL could up regulate the activity of PAI 1 , down regulate the activity of tPA, which was decreased from 6.22±0.52 IU/ml to 4.9±0.11 IU/ml (in control vs LDL, P 0.05). The expression of PAI 1 mRNA was increased to 2.5 times respectively in LDL. Co cultured with Lovastatin (1 μmol/L) and LDL, the activity of PAI 1/tPA, and even the mRNA expression of PAI 1 could be reversed completely. P65 subunit of NF κB were increased significantly in LDL, and could be decreased by Lovastatin, Mevolin could partly recover the effect of Lovastatin. Conclusion LDL could influence the activity and mRNA expression of PAI 1 and tPA. It may be connected with the activation of NF κB


Abstract : Streptavidin (SA) biotin interactions are used in many aspects of bioanalysis and molecular biology. The biosensor of the Bio-Chemical Detector (BCD) employs SA biotin-mediated filtration-capture onto nitrocellulose membranes in its immunoassay procedures. During the development of immunoassays for the BCD biosensor, systematic variations in the background and the sensitivity were observed. The results presented in this work indicated that the cause of these variations was nonspecific interaction of SA with one of the components of the reagent mixture, a urease-conjugated antibody. The variations could be diminished by allowing the reagents to stand at room temperature for two to three hours prior to use.


Rice bran is a rich source of bioactive compounds. It is an underutilized agro-industrial residue for human consumption. Solid-state fermentation has been employed as a processing technique to increase the content of functional components from rice bran. This study was carried out to examine the effect of solid state fermentation (SSF) by Rhizopus oryzae on the content of polyphenols and carotenoids, their bioactivity, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of rice bran of 4 different varieties (Bg 352, Bw 367, Bg 406 and H 4). In vitro digestion with dialysis was carried out and methanolic extracts and digested fractions of fermented and unfermented rice brans were analyzed for total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TF), total carotenoids (TC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using total antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging assays. Anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties were assessed using protein denaturation and α-amylase inhibition assays respectively. The results indicated that TPC, TF, TC, TAC, total antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing power of Bg 352 and Bw 367 has increased with SSF. The radical scavenging ability and antiinflammatory properties of all samples have increased with SSF whereas anti-diabetic properties of all samples have decreased with SSF. Among the unfermented rice bran samples, highest bioaccessible phenolic (93.32%) and flavonoids (40.8%) were observed in Bg 352, whereas highest bioaccessible anthocyanin (20.89%) and carotenoids (78.72%) were observed in Bw 367 and H 4 respectively. With fermentation, bioaccessible and bioavailable percentage of phenolic and flavonoid has increased in Bg 406 and H 4, whereas bioaccessible percentage of anthocyanin and carotenoid has increased in Bg 406, Bw 367 and Bg 352. With SSF, radical scavenging ability of digested fractions of all rice bran have decreased and the total antioxidant capacity of dialyzed fractions of all samples have increased. Among all samples, highest reducing power was expressed by fermented Bg352. Among unfermented samples, Bw 367 expressed highest anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic property in all phases of digestion whereas with SSF, H 4 expressed highest antiinflammatory property and Bg 406 expressed highest anti-diabetic property in all phase of digestion. The results of this study indicate that SSF can be used to enhance the phenolic content, carotenoid content, total antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing power, radical scavenging ability and anti-inflammatory property of Bg 352 and Bw 367.


Phosphonium salt-containing compound and preparation method and use dual metallocene phosphorus ylide carbene precursor, belonging to the field of organic synthesis, using the following technical solution: phosphonium salt compound containing a phosphorus ylide bis cyclopentadienyl ring carbene precursor, the general formula: wherein R is an alkyl or aryl group, X is selected from F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, PF6-, BF4-, SbF6-, ClO4- or N3-. The preparation steps phosphonium salt compounds are: 1,1'-ferrocene bis take mercury compounds, tertiary phosphine PR3, and palladium chloride were added to an organic solvent, heated to reflux under N2 atmosphere for, after the reaction was filtered, evaporated to dryness and recrystallized to give the phosphonium salt compound. Further, the present invention also phosphonium salt compound is used as the catalyst ligand, alpha] aryl derivatives with a metal salt interacts step catalytic synthesis of carbonyl compounds. Application showed that, compared with the conventional N- heterocyclic carbene ligand of the phosphonium salt compound, having excellent catalytic activity.


We study the thermal entanglement and quantum teleportation using quantum dot as a resource. We first consider entanglement of the resource, and then focus on the effects of different parameters on the teleportation fidelity under different conditions. The critical temperature of disentanglement is obtained. Based on Bell measurements in two subspaces, we find the anisotropy measurements is optimal to the isotropy arising from the entangled eigenstates of the system in the anisotropy subspace. In addition, it is shown that the anisotropy transmission fidelity is very high and stable for quantum dot as quantum channel when the parameters are adjusted. The possible applications of quantum dot are expected in the quantum teleportation.


Beninseed oil was extracted using soxhlet extraction method and transesterified to biodiesel using sodium methylate. The oil and its biodiesel were characterized according to American Society for Test and Materials (ASTM) protocols; the fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography analysis method, the glycerine content was measured to estimate the completeness of the reaction while the mineral contents were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results obtained shows that the properties are within the ASTM limits and similar to those of diesel fuel which led to the conclusion that is can be used as alternative fuel for diesel engines. Of particular interest is the cetane index of 50, which is higher than that of diesel which will allow it to be used neat in diesel engine except that the viscosity of 32 mm2/s is too high for direct use in diesel engine. The oil is 83.948% unsaturated and consists mainly of 35.075% oleic acid and 45.78% linoleic acids.


Abstract This investigation examined the effect of activity involvement and place attachment on leisure satisfaction among three groups of hikers along the Appalachian Trail (AT). The three groups differed in the type of setting they perceived they had visited along the AT; wilderness, semi‐wilderness, and undeveloped recreation area (p<.05). It was hypothesized that the opportunity to enjoy the activity and setting would be sources of satisfaction among respondents. It was also hypothesized that these effects would be strongest among wilderness hikers. Results indicated that only the attraction dimension of activity involvement and place identity dimension of place attachment were significant predictors of hikers' satisfaction (p<.05). Further, the type of setting visited did not impact the strength of these effects. These results illustrate that the intrinsic elements of the activity and setting can be a source of satisfaction alone.


Looking back, I believe that a lot has been accomplished. The new Statutes and Rules of Procedure, which inevitably took up a lot of our energy, have delivered most of the objectives which the Working Group, chaired by Warren Horton, who sadly died recently, envisaged. The postal ballots, introduced by the new Statutes, ensured a much greater participation in the Presidential and Governing Board elections. Our President and President-Elect are the first from outside Europe and North America. We have a Governing Board which reflects more closely the diversity of our membership than its predecessors, with members from Argentina, Australia, Botswana, China, Egypt, Estonia, Kenya, the Russian Federation and South Africa, as well as from West-


Let $G$ be a compact $p$-adic analytic group with no element of order $p$ and $H$ be its maximal uniform normal subgroup. Let $K$ be a finite extention of $\mathbb{Q}_p$. We show that the Grothendieck group of the completion of the algebra of locally analytic distributions on $G$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}^c$ where $c$ is the number of conjugacy classes in $G/H$ relative prime to $p$, provided that $K$ is big enough. In addition we will see the algebra $K[[G]]$ of continuous distributions on $G$ has the same Grothendieck group.


Traditional approaches have long considered situations as "noise" or "error" that obscures the consistency of personality and its invariance. Therefore, it has been customary to average the individual's behavior on any given dimension (e.g., conscientiousness) across different situations. Contradicting this assumption and practice, recent studies have demonstrated that by incorporating the situation into the search for consistency, a new locus of stability is found. Namely, people are characterized not only by stable individual differences in their overall levels of behavior, but also by distinctive and stable patterns of situation-behavior relations (e.g., she does X when A but Y when B). These if … then … profiles constitute behavioral "signatures" that provide potential windows into the individual's underlying dynamics. Processing models that can account for such signatures provide a new route for studying personality types in terms of their shared dynamics and characteristic defining profiles.


There are several ways to introduce fluorine into carbohydrates. Some typical fluorinations are 1) the reaction of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) or tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) with the hydroxyl or sulfonylated hydroxyl groups, respectively, 2) ring opening of the oxirane or epimine with the olah reagent or potassium hydrogen fluoride (KHF2), 3) addition of fluoroxytrifluoromethane (CF3OF), acetyl hypofluorite (CF3CO2F), or xenon difluoride (XeF2) to the vinyl ethers (for example, glycals), 4) fluorination of carbonyl compounds with DAST or F-containing Wittig reagents, and 5) substitution of active groups by fluorine with appropriate reagents. For structural elucidation of the fluorinated carbohydrates, 19F-NMR spectroscopy gives a very useful tool by showing rather simple signal pattern in comparison to that of the 1H-NMR spectrum of the same compound. The 3JH, F values, which vary greatly with the : change of the stereo- and electro-chemical environments, are also useful.


This thought-provoking book addresses challenging questions raised in light of the aftermath of the global financial crisis that saw an accelerated rise in the economic growth of China and other emerging market economies, while the US, Japan and Europe have laboured under the great recession.


Based on self-designed uniaxial tensile test equipment,a series of reactive powder concrete(RPC) uniaxial tensile tests,Vf =0,Vf =1%,Vf =2% respectively,are completed.In order to solve the stress concentration problem,a dumbbell-shaped specimen combined with variable-thickness copper sheet is used in the test and gains a satisfied effect.The test shows that the tensile failure mode of RPC changed from brittleness to ductility before and after steel fiber being added.The test also reveals that the complete uniaxal tensile stress-strain curve of RPC(Vf =1%,Vf =2%) can be obtained through a universal testing machine without any stiffness-strengthen devices.


This study was performed to investigate the physiochemical properties and anti-diabetic effect of yacon vinegar by two-step fermentation. Yacon was matured at room temperature for 20 days. The sugar content of yacon juice prepared from mature yacon was approximately . In the first stage, yacon wine was produced from the juice at for 6 days. In the second stage, acetic acid fermentation was conducted at and 200 rpm for 6 days to produce yacon vinegar with 4.75% acidity. The major free sugars of yacon vinegar were glucose and fructose at 2,072.12 mg% and 463.95 mg%, respectively. The acetic acid content was the highest of the major organic acids at 3,881.44 mg%. The total free amino acid content was 62.88 mg% with the main free amino acids being proline, -amino-n-butyric acid and ornithine. The major minerals of yacon vinegar were Ca, K and Mg. The in vivo anti-diabetic activity of yacon vinegar was investigated in high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Diabetic mice were administered orally with 10% yacon juice and two yacon vinegars (5% and 10%) at a dose of 7 mL/kg body weight once per day for 4 weeks. Five% yacon vinegar improved the fasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance test significantly compared to the diabetic control group (p


This chapter examines the different writing cultures in secondary and upper secondary Danish schools and investigates the issue of transitioning between these two writing cultures by focussing on the experiences of one adolescent student writer, Sofia. The study elucidates the writing cultures and the "possibilities of selfhood" (Ivanič, 1998) experienced by Sofia, and examines her responses to these shifts in her written papers as well as in interviews. A focal point in the shift in subject writing culture is the use of texts in assignments; in the study of Danish as a subject at lower secondary texts are meant to provide models for student writing whereas in upper secondary Danish, close analysis of texts is expected. Further, whereas lower secondary students are positioned as personally reflective writers, in upper secondary, they are positioned as objectively reasoning writers. Through close analysis of two selected "constellations of writing" comprising prompt, student paper and teacher response, combined with interviews, Sofia's transition between the two writing cultures is explored. The analyses document that Sofia is a proficient writer with extraordinary textual resources who identifies strongly with the possibilities of selfhood as a writer offered in lower secondary school Danish. In her first upper secondary paper, she draws on these resources only to find that they do not promise success in the new context, as she fails to decode the new text analytical genre expectations. Whereas the lower secondary paper is interpreted as a key incident in Sofia's trajectory as a writer in Danish, representing what may be termed a long term 'Bildung' experience, the transition paper is interpreted as an experience of unsuccessful institutional and disciplinary transition which may have contributed to limiting Sofia's potential for writing and writer development.


The Colonial Harem. By Malek Alloula. English translation by Myma Godrich and Wlad Godzich. Introduction by Barbara Harlow. University of Minnesota Press. 1986. 121 pages. Notes. Bibliography.


This paper introduces several oxygen supply measures for submarine′s airtight cabin,and introduces the principle,the virtue and the defect to the every measures . This paper analyses the develop process,the technique up to data and the develop direction of the oxygen supply measures for submarine in overseas . The conclusion the advice can be as a reference for the people who research and design the submarine .


In order to investigate the effect of salt stress on growth and sodium and potassium ion content of barley (Hordeom vulgare, L.) plants, four cultivars were subjected to salinity levels (control, 50 and 100 Mm) in hydroponics. Salt stress was imposed to cultivars in root establishment stage (4 leaves). Results showed that under stress condition, growth of seedlings decreased dramatically. Ion content of barley cultivars changed in salinity conditions. Na+ concentration were increased with increasing NaCl levels, whereas K+ concentration and K+/Na+ ratio were decrease with rising of the NaCl level. Significant differences were observed between barley cultivars for various salt tolerance-associated traits under salinity stress. The results clearly showed that Lisivy cultivars had the highest salt tolerance compared with the other three.