The migration dialkyl phthalate was tested in volunteers who chewed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) toy products under controlled conditions. The PVC toy samples consisted of ball A containing 100 and 185 mg/ g di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) respectively, and ball B, containing 256 mg/g diisononyl phthalate (DINP). The migration of dialkyl phthalate into simulated saliva was also tested in vitro by shaking toy samples. The migration rates of DBP, DEHP and DINP from balls A and B were 11.7, 44.4 and 78.0 µg/10 cm 2 /hr, respectively, in vivo, and 339, 315 and 535 µg/10 cm 2 /hr, respectively, in vitro. The presence of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) in saliva collected after chewing ball A was confirmed by GCMSSIM. Human saliva which collected from volunteers incubated with DBP and DEHP at 37°C over 60 min, hydrolyzed these compounds to their monoesters.


The Ecuadorian Andes feature a hotspot of biodiversity. At the same time Ecuador has the highest deforestation rate of South America. In order to develop sustainable counteractive measures, it is important to locate and quantify the ongoing changes on a regional scale. In this study we present a cost-effective remote sensing based change detection algorithm suitable for application in a tropical mountain rainforest landscape. We show that the deforestation in the study area is closely linked to the existence of roads but topography also influences the spatial distribution of land cover change.


This paper presents a framework called GOOFI (Generic Object-Oriented Fault Injection) for experimental dependability validation of embedded computer systems using fault injection. GOOFI is designed to be adaptable to various target systems and different fault injection techniques and is highly portable between different host platforms since it relies on the Java programming language and a SQL compatible database. The most recent version of the framework supports four different techniques for fault injection. They are software implemented fault injection, scan-chain implemented fault injection and fault injection via two on-chip debug interfaces known as BDM (Background Debug Mode) and Nexus (a recently introduced standard interface). Work has also been started on adding support for simulation based fault injection in VHDL models as well as function-level models.


In this paper we present a modelling framework for portfolio credit risk which incorporates the dependence between risk-free interest-rates and the default loss process. The contribution in this approach is that { besides the traditional diffusion based covariation between loss intensities and interest-rates { a direct dependence between interest-rates and the loss process is allowed, in particular default-free interest-rates can also depend on the loss history of the credit portfolio. Amongst other things this enables us to capture the effect that economy-wide default events are likely to have on government bond markets and/or central banks' interest-rate policies. Similar to Schonbucher (2005), the model is set up using a set of losscontingent forward interest-rates fn(t; T) and loss-contingent forward credit protection rates Fn(t; T) to parameterize the market prices of default-free bonds and credit-sensitive assets such as CDOs. We show that (up to weak regularity conditions), existence of such a parametrization is necessary and sufficient for the absence of static arbitrage opportunities in the underlying assets. We also give necessary conditions and sucient conditions on the dynamics of the parametrization which ensure absence of dynamic arbitrage opportunities in the model. Similar to the HJM drift restrictions for default-free interest-rates, these conditions take the form of restrictions on the drifts of fn(t; T) and Fn(t; T), together with a set of regularity conditions.


Paleomagnetic samples were collected from Mid-Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian red argillaceous cherts at two localities of the Slide Mountain terrane: 18 sites from the Sylvester allochthon in northern British Columbia and 11 sites from Sliding Mountain in central British Columbia. A secondary component of natural remanent magnetization in the Sylvester samples yields a paleomagnetic pole that can be brought into coincidence with the Jurassic portion of the North American apparent polar wander path by inferring vertical-axis rotation during obduction of the allochthon. Both localities yield a characteristic component (ChRM) with unblocking temperatures from 650 to 680 °C. After structural correction for bedding tilt, all inclinations of ChRM are negative, consistent with magnetization during a reversed-polarity interval in the northern hemisphere. Site-mean ChRM directions show consistent inclinations but distinct stratigraphic groupings of declinations. Inclination-only statistics indicate that the ChRM p...


Abstract We investigate the conditions under which the accounting-based acquisition goodwill represents an economic asset. Analysis of the stock market reaction to 2123 acquisitions suggests that although investors perceive 41% of the acquisitions to have a negative net present value consistent with overpayment for the target, the acquirer records positive accounting goodwill. Adjusting the goodwill to eliminate any overpayment results in a better prediction of future operating performance. As a thought experiment, we also increase the recognized accounting goodwill for the remaining 59% of the sample. Again, we show that this goodwill construct is a better predictor of future operating performance.


Developments of model reduction techniques for fluid dynamics applications have been widely analyzed, motivated mainly by the need to develop low costs effective computational models capturing as much of the flow physics as possible. In this paper, we investigate the efficiency of the proper orthogonal method's application in the reconstruction of the swirling flow velocity field in a particular hydraulic machinery problem. The example show that the basic flow characteristics can be successfully regained using the POD procedure with limited computational and storage capabilities.


Embodied learning defines a contemporary pedagogical theory focusing on ensuring an interactive learning experience through full-body movement. Within this pedagogy, several studies in Human-Computer Interaction have been conducted, incorporating gestures, and physical interaction in different learning fields. This paper presents the design of a multimodal and adaptive space for embodied learning. The main aim is to give students the possibility to use gestures, body movement, and tangible interaction while interacting with adaptive learning content projected on the wall and the floor. Thus, this study aims to explore how tangible interaction, as a form of implementing embodied learning, can impact the motivation of students to learn compared to tablet-based learning. Eighteen primary school students aged nine and ten years old participated in the study. The average percentages of answers on the Questionnaire on Current Motivation (QCM) pointed out a higher motivation among students learning via tangible objects. Results revealed a positive score for the Interest of learning abstract concepts using a tangible approach with a mean score of 4.78, compared to 3.77 while learning via a tablet. Furthermore, Success and Challenge measures, with a mean score of 4.67 and 4.56 indicate that physical interaction via tangible objects leads to significantly higher motivation outcomes. These findings suggest that learning might benefit more from a multimodal and tangible physical interaction approach than the traditional tablet-based learning process.


A novel host behavior classification approach is proposed as a preliminary step toward traffic classification and anomaly detection in network communication. Although many attempts described in the literature were devoted to flow or application classifications, these approaches are not always adaptable to the operational constraints of traffic monitoring (expected to work even without packet payload, without bidirectionality, on high‐speed networks or from flow reports only, etc.). Instead, the classification proposed here relies on the leading idea that traffic is relevantly analyzed in terms of host typical behaviors: typical connection patterns of both legitimate applications (data sharing, downloading, etc.) and anomalous (eventually aggressive) behaviors are obtained by profiling traffic at the host level using unsupervised statistical classification. Classification at the host level is not reducible to flow or application classification, and neither is the contrary: they are different operations which might have complementary roles in network management. The proposed host classification is based on a nine‐dimensional feature space evaluating host Internet connectivity, dispersion and exchanged traffic content. A minimum spanning tree (MST) clustering technique is developed that does not require any supervised learning step to produce a set of statistically established typical host behaviors. Not relying on a priori defined classes of known behaviors enables the procedure to discover new host behaviors, that potentially were never observed before. This procedure is applied to traffic collected over the entire year of 2008 on a transpacific (Japan/USA) link. A cross‐validation of this unsupervised classification against a classical port‐based inspection and a state‐of‐the‐art method provides assessment of the meaningfulness and the relevance of the obtained classes for host behaviors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We presented a comprehensive analysis of soil microbial communities and soil nutrients along a vegetation restoration gradient in a karst area,and explored the relationship between soil microbial communities and soil nutrients.The findings are as folowings.(1)Vegetation restoration had strong efect on soil nutrients(p<0.05),soil nutrients gradualy decreased in the order of primeval forest>secondary forest>shrubland>grassland,while soil pH and soil bulk density gradualy decreased.(2)Soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus decreased in the order:primeval forest>secondary forest>shrubland>grassland,and there was no significantly difference between secondary forest and shrubland.MBC/MBN gradualy decreased and BC/MBP,MBN/MBP gradualy increased with the vegetation restoration development.(3)There was a large number of bacteria in different vegetation restoration,and the number of the total soil microbes,bacteria and fungi decreased in the sequence:primeval forest>secondary forestland>shrubland>grassland.(4)Vegetation restoration had strong effect on soil microbial communities,species richness index(H),evenness index(E)and carbon source utilization richness index(S)decreased in the order:primeval forest>secondary forest>shrubland> grassland,while dominance index(Ds)showed the opposite change trend with no significant difference(p> 0.05).(5)Correlation analysis showed that soil nutrient,soil microorganism quantity and soil microorganism quantity were significantly related to soil microbial diversity,and soil microbial biomass had the important contribution to soil microbial diversity,while MBN,SOC and the number of bacteria can be regard as the main driving factors on the pattern of soil microbial community in a karst area.


Interference cancellation (IC) is a well-known technique for improving bandwidth utilization in wireless networks. In this paper, we evaluate the practical residual interference of IC with constant envelope modulation in a flat fading environment for a low-power wide area wireless sensor network application, both analytically and experimentally. We propose a new model for the residual interference power, which is the power of the packet being canceled times a random variable. We derive the mean, variance, and distribution of the random variable considering the arbitrary overlapping scenario between two packets with one-time IC. Then, we show how the method can be applied recursively to model the residual interference power when multiple packets are canceled in ordered successive IC. In contrast to the conventional model, we find that this factor varies for different overlapping scenarios and is a function of the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio of the preamble of the packet being canceled and of the overlapping degree. The theoretical statistics of the residual interference assume maximum likelihood estimation of synchronization offsets.


Psychosocial and health-related effects of living under the nuclear threat were investigated based on data from two studies of West German adolescents aged 8 to 20 (N = 3499) and 8 to 14 (N = 540), respectively. Structural analyses were conducted to generate hypotheses on the interrelatedness of political anxieties, factual knowledge on nuclear issues, coping strategies, and political action (Study A), as well as on the relationship of political anxieties with manifest anxiety and mental health (Study B). Main results were that (a) factual knowledge had no effect on the amount of political anxieties, (b) active coping with the nuclear threat may lead to less personal but more political anxieties, and (c) high political anxieties may even serve as a protective factor for adolescents' mental health. Furthermore, strong gender differences were found, girls always expressing more anxieties, be they personal or political.


The article examines two popular Soviet works for teenagers — the short story by Arkady Gaidar "Timur and his team" (1940) and the trilogy "Vasek Trubachev and his comrades" (1947–1951) by Valentina Oseeva. Both pieces depict the teenage community as a "school" of discipline and leadership. The article focuses on the analysis of the images of girls in these texts and their role in the group of comrades. A close analysis of the texts allows us to come to the following conclusions: although the Soviet teenage community admits and even assumes the participation of girls, their functions in the team are specific and refer to the traditional female roles in a patriarchal society: mother, helper, nurse of mercy, and mourner. Therefore, girls cannot pretend to be a leader in a team of friends. This role is a tabooed for them, at least in these two especially popular children's texts, which certainly formed young readers' role models, social expectations, and gender stereotypes. To a certain extent, they have been preserved to these days.


Interactive stereo displays allow for the existence of a natural interaction between the user and the stereo images depicted on the display. In the type of display discussed here, this interaction takes the form of tracking the user's head and hand/arm position. Sensing the user's head position allows for the creation of motion parallax information, an immersive depth cue that can be added to the binocular parallax already present in the display. Sensing the user's hand or arm position allows the user to manipulate the spatial attributes of virtual objects and scenes presented on the display, which can enhance spatial reasoning. Moreover, allowing the user to manipulate virtual objects may permit the creation of a sense of spatial relations among elements in the display via proprioception, which may augment the two parallax cues. The congruence among binocular parallax, motion parallax, and proprioception should increase the sense of depth in the display and increase viewing comfort, as well as enhance the ability of our intuitive reasoning system to make reasoned sense out of the perceptual information. These advantages should make interactive stereo displays, which may be classified as a form of cognitive enhancement display, the display of choice in the future.


An observational campaign of the five Uranian major satellites was carried out during the period 1998-2007. A total of 2358 satellite observations in 1025 CCD frames were taken at two observational stations near Beijing and Shanghai with two telescopes of 0.8 and 1.56 m diameter. The observed positions were compared to the two Uranian satellites' recent ephemerides GUST06 and LA06. The result of this comparison has shown that the accuracy of our observations is about 100 mas for all the satellites. The satellite theories GUST06 and LA06 appear to be quite reliable for the first four satellites, with an accuracy of about 50 mas, but for Miranda the accuracy is only about 200 mas. Moreover, we have found a systematic error between the two planetary ephemerides DE405 and DE421 of about 80 mas for the period of our observations.


Populus x canescens (grey poplar) is a spontaneous hybrid of P. alba and P. tremula with a fast growing ability and early reproductive maturity. Marginal population of grey poplar (Populus x canescens) is uniquely located in floodplain forest at Dyjákovice village (South Moravia, Czech Republic) which belongs among the most threatened ecosystem in Europe. To protect and extend this grey poplar population, characterization of genetic variation among the individuals and gene introgression of parentals was followed. Data from nuclear microsatellites analysis revealed clonal identity in all individuals of grey poplar with the heterozygous genotypes from Dyjákovice village. The polymorphic character of analysed loci have been confirmed base on comparison with another population of grey poplar. The investigation of chloroplast microsatellite markers suggested in accordance to nuclear microsatellites analysis genetic divergence of parental species with the more conserved DNA polymorphic loci detected in Populus tremula. FPS COST Action FP1202 Strengthening conservation: a key issue for adaptation of marginal/peripheral populations of forest trees to climate change in Europe (MaP-FGR)


We propose abnormal fourth quarter capital expenditures as a proxy for managerial agency conflicts in investment decisions. In line with this interpretation, we document a negative link with future stock returns. Interestingly, the performance of the resulting zero-investment portfolio closely resembles the investment factor, which has become part of standard asset pricing models. Cross-sectional tests show that high cash flows, low dividend yields, and low debt levels aggravate the reported effect. Our analysis provides new evidence in support of an agency interpretation for the investment factor.


The field of molecular diagnostics, as it pertains to dermatology, has truly exploded in the last decade, according to one expert.


In this paper, we propose an extension of this method for the case where several longitudinal profiles are recorded for the same individual. When dealing with more than one longitudinal variable, we have to take the correlation between these variables into account in our classification. A full multivariate model would be the natural choice, but given the complexity of the data, computational issues are commonly present during such modeling exercise. Therefore, we are proposing to use a pairwise pseudo-likelihood modeling approach [2] combined with smoothing techniques such as splines, to model the multivariate longitudinal characteristics. While the computational issues are overcome by this modeling approach, others arise, since the fitted covariance matrix obtained from the modeling approach is not always positive definite. To obtain a classification rule, we propose to calculate the average of the distance between a new observation and the classes in the training dataset for each pair of variables. The performance of this procedure is established through simulation studies, using different number of classes, covariates and observations. The procedure is also applied to a real-life dataset where psychotropic drugs need to be classified according to their main indication in psychiatry based on electro-encephalograph (EEG) data [3], which can be used to determine sleep-wake architecture, when carried out in conjunction with movement monitoring and a socalled electromyogram (EMG) recording muscle activity. This clearly defines states of vigilance (in particular 6 sleeping stages) that can be separated out and used to classify psychotropic agents. In this data we deal with 6 longitudinal variables to be used to separate out 5 psychotropic drug classes. The performance is evaluated based on the classification error using a train-test setting, indicating a good performance of the procedure.


BACKGROUND To study the curative effects of urokinase for the tuberculous and fibrous thoracic hydrops. CASE REPORT Under the regular chemotherapy in 26 cases tuberculous and fibrous thoracic hydrops, 50 thousands unit per day of urokinase were infused into the thoracic cavity. DISCUSSION The quantity of drainage could be increased and pleural thickening can be abated by the treatment of regular chemotherapy with the urokinase infused into the thoracic cavity of tuberculous and fibrous thoracic hydrops.


August 2, I was asked to see a boy suffering with a sore neck and back, which his father regarded as being myalgic in nature. On arriving at the bedside at 10 A. M. my attention was at first attracted to a sore foot protruding from beneath the bedclothes. On inspection the wound proved to be an ugly laceration on the sole, over the base of the fifth metatarsal bone, which was carefully sealed up with court plaster, care being taken that none of the pus should escape. I at once tore off the plaster and pushed my thumb deeply through the foul wound, preparatory to sterilization. While scraping out the wound with my thumb the boy, to my surprise, suddenly assumed the position of opisthotonos, no part of the body touching the bed except his heels and the back of the head, the body being arched almost to the extent


We develop a previously proposed algebraic technique for a Hamiltonian approach to evolution systems of partial differential equations including constrained systems and propose a defining system of equations (suitable for computer calculations) characterizing the Hamiltonian operators of a given form. We demonstrate the technique with a simple example.


At this cultural moment, as we ricochet between diasporic diffusions and intense national affiliations, issues of translation take on special urgency. In the ongoing press of mass immigration, refugeeism, and displacement, the complexities of translation and its concomitant misunderstandings are a constant source of both energy and confusion.


Several total system PA analyses have been completed to investigate the performance of light water reactor (LWR) SNF or alternative waste forms in a geologic repository. These analyses contained either no modeling or simple modeling of fracture flow and transport; and none considered radio-colloid facilitated transport. This paper summarizes the work completed to develop a transport model which considers fracture, matrix, and radio-colloid transport; this model is used to evaluate the transport of SNF radionuclides at the Yucca Mountain site.


In this article, the authors explore the nineteenth-century British reception of Gibbons through a number of closely related images, objects and texts, frequently focusing on the bodies of dead birds. The article commences with Allan Cunningham's pivotal 1830 account of Gibbons at the start of his Lives of the Most Eminent Sculptors, which made the influential claim that the sculptor was the heir to a 'natural' decorative carving tradition and father to an indigenous British school, resistant to the idealism and allegory that characterized continental classicism. The authors go on to explore Gibbons's key status in Francis Chantrey's contemporaneous Woodcocks (c. 1829-34) for Holkham Hall, which employed Gibbons's idiom to emphasize Chantrey's related status as a paradigmatic British sportsman and sculptor. The article then examines how these characterizations of Gibbons took hold at the mid-century Great Exhibitions and at the Victoria and Albert Museum, before concluding with a close reading of an obscure, but deeply revealing 1857 meditation on Chantrey's Woodcocks, and on Gibbons before him, that reveals the complex attitudes the Victorians had in relation to the spectacle of dead animals.


Free / Libre / Open Source Software (FLOSS) data, such as bug reports, mailing lists and related webpages, contains valuable information for reusing open source software projects. Before conducting further experiment on FLOSS data, researchers often need to download these data into a local storage system. We refer to this pre-process as FLOSS data retrieval, which in many cases can be a challenging task. In this paper, we proposed a crawler framework to ease the process of FLOSS data retrieval. To cope with various types of FLOSS data scattered on the Internet, we designed the framework in a scalable manner where a crawler program can be easily plugged into the system to extend its functionality. Researchers can perform the retrieval process on datasets of various types and sources simply by adding new configurations to the system. We have implemented the framework and provided basic functions via web-based interfaces. We presented the usage of the system by a detailed case study where we retrieved various types of datasets related to Apache Lucene project using our framework.


In this paper, we introduce a multi-objective optimization methodology under uncertainty to design office lighting. It is aimed at identifying the value ranges of decision variables (i.e. physical properties) that realize the best possible trade-offs between various preferences on visual attributes.


SYNOPSIS. Sponges [Porifera] are the phylogenetically oldest metazoan phylum still extant today; they share the closest relationship with the hypothetical common metazoan ancestor, the Urmetazoa. During the past 8 years cDNAs coding for proteins involved in cell-cell-and cell-tissue interaction have been cloned from sponges, primarily from Suberites domuncula and Geodia cydonium and their functions have been studied in vivo as well as in vitro. Also, characteristic elements of the extracellular matrix have been identified and cloned. Those data confirmed that all metazoan phyla originate from one ancestor, the Urmetazoa. The existence of cell adhesion molecules allowed the emergence of a colonial organism. However, for the next higher stage in evolution, individuation, two further innovations had to be formed: the immune-and the apoptotic system. Major defense pathways/molecules to prevent adverse effects against microbes/parasites have been identified in sponges. Furthermore, key molecules of the apoptotic pathway(s), e.g., the pro-apoptotic molecule comprising two death domains, the executing enzyme caspases, as well as the anti-apo-ptotic/cell survival proteins belonging to the Bcl-2 family have been identified and cloned from sponges. Based on these results—primarily obtained through a molecular biological approach—it is concluded that cell-cell-and cell-matrix adhesion systems were required for the transition to a colonial stage of organization, while the development of an immune system as well as of apoptotic processes were prerequisites for reaching the integrated stage. As the latter stage already exists in sponges, it is therefore likely that the hypothetical ancestor, the Urmetazoa, was also an ''integrated colony.'' INTRODUCTION The origin of Metazoa is to some extent still enigmatic despite the progress that has been achieved in the last years by molecular studies. The evolution of the Metazoa from unicellular/colonial organisms occurred some 1,300–600 Myr ago in the pre-Ediacaran period (Conway Morris, 1998). Morphological contributions to understanding of the transitional stages to the Metazoa suggest a colonial origin of Metazoa (see Dewel, 2000). This view implies that, based on the Beklemishev's cycles of duplication and individuation (Beklemishev, 1969), after duplication of an individual and the formation of a colony this entity has to undergo individuation again. It has been pointed out that two such cycles were necessary in early evolution for the emergence of Metazoa: first the transition to mul-ticellular organisms, with the sponge grade of organization , and second the change to the modularized ancestor of the Bilateria (Dewel, 2000). Recent phylogenies based on rDNA have suggested, that the Metazoa are …


This report formalizes the problem of human-interaction with bio-inspired robot teams (HuBIRT) and then systematically explores properties of various biological collectives that allow human interaction. The goal is to identify models, topologies, and control strategies that allow a decentralized agent collective to be appropriately influenced by a human. Evidence is provided that nearest neighbor topologies are more likely to be more cohesive than metric-based topologies but are less expressive. Importantly, randomly dynamic topologies appear to be as expressive as metric-based topologies and open up the possibility of probabilistically connected topologies, but this is not explored further in this report. Evidence is also provided that when nominal agents use switching-based control to respond to predators and leaders, the resulting behavior can be effectively influenced by a human and that this influence is more effective when using leaders than predators; however, the influence is obtained at the cost of changing the dynamic structure of the collective. Using non-switching controllers allows a human to influence the collective while retaining the collective's structure, but this requires more than one leader and risks fragmenting the collective. Finally, evidence is presented that groups of stakeholders, which seek both to influence and to be influenced by other agents, can sustain influence over certain types of collectives more effectively than cohorts of leaders.


This study aims to determine the role of psychiatrists in the judicial process in determining the inability of responsible perpetrators of criminal acts, the status and legal force psychiatrists as Information Expert/Expert in criminal proceedings. The method used is empirical juridical with descriptive research. The data source consists of primary data is the result of interviews and secondary data is data of primary and secondary law. Data were collected by interview and observation and then analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that the role of psychiatrist doctor is important in the avoidance of doubt the law enforcement agencies in determining the mental state of the offender. Notch specialists psyche as one of the five legitimate evidence in accordance with Article 184 paragraph (1), while the legal force of a psychiatrist is just as consideration of judges, because that determines the perpetrators of the crime in a criminal or not is judge.


This paper discusses the design and development of Base Map Input and Publish System for Land and Estate from the following aspects: the overall design principles of the system,the overall structure of the system,the components of the system functions,the relations among the components of system and the procedure of each components of the system,the selection of development environments for the system,etc.


Embodiments of the invention will be described at least one system utilizing a camera and a display to make the objects and situational awareness system (object and context aware system). Embodiments of the invention utilize the camera to sense the surroundings of the system, and the recognition logic or the module detection and recognition of objects in the system above (on) and the ambient (around) using. System applications and also to act on the sensed data using a display of the system as a means for interacting with a user system provides visual feedback and an interactive element.


Foreign body ingestion is a common problem in children. The most commonly ingested objects are coins, toy parts, bones, pins, and disc batteries. The radiolucency of the pull-tabs or stay-tabs of Cola cans constitutes another difficulty. In cases with ingested Cola can stay-tabs, as was in our patient, diagnosis should be confirmed at least by oesophagogram to avoid potential complications.


Photodetectors (PDs) as image sensors have been widely used in imaging system due to their outstanding photosensitivity. The improvement of imaging quality (signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) can be realized by reducing the dark current of PDs. Conventionally, interfacial engineering can effectively suppress the dark current of PDs. Nevertheless, these techniques are hard to be applied in practical imaging systems owing to their complicated process. In this work, we proposed a facile method to reduce the dark current of Cu2O/Au Schottky PDs, and further demonstrated its application in high SNR imaging system. By applying a small external bias of −120 μV, the dark current of PDs decreases from 27 nA to 0.6 nA, with 4023% improvements of ON/OFF ratio. Additonaly, a model based on free carriers generated by rich trap-state and thermal excitation under asymmetric internal electric field was proposed to understand this phenomenon. Finally, a high-resolution image with high SNR (48 dB) was acquired, which is close to that of commercial Si-CDD and CMOS. Our results provide a convenient way to reduce the dark current and improve the image quality, also suggest Cu2O is potentially an attractive candidate to be applied in optical imaging applications.


Thank you for reading neural networks in chemical reaction dynamics. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their favorite books like this neural networks in chemical reaction dynamics, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful bugs inside their laptop. neural networks in chemical reaction dynamics is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our digital library saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the neural networks in chemical reaction dynamics is universally compatible with any devices to read.


Introduction: A large number of papers on a two unit standby redundant systems have appeared because of the large number of parameters governing system behavior and the complex environment with uncertainties. In this paper we have taken open failure mode which is caused error. When the main unit fails then cold standby system becomes operative. SH temp. cannot occur simultaneously in both the units and after failure the unit undergoes very cost technique with renewal process theory the various reliability parameters of interest and profit analysis have been evaluated. Keyword : Cost benefit, steep high temperature A large number of papers on a two unit standby redundant systems have appeared because of the large number of parameters governing system behavior and the complex environment with uncertainties. In this paper we have taken open failure mode which is caused due to steep high temperatures (SH temp.) and other failure mode due to human error. When the main unit fails then cold standby system becomes operative. SH temp. cannot occur simultaneously in both the units and after failure the unit undergoes very cost ly repair facility immediately. Applying the regenerative point technique with renewal process theory the various reliability parameters of interest and profit analysis have been


In this article we consider the evolution of the plastic cards systems as a result of the genesis and the following transformation of AmEx's travellers cheque system. The principles of infrastructure organzation are assumed as a basis for AmEx's travellers cheque system.


Bentonite exhibt a range of industrial applications moving millions of dollars on the market per year. Among several applications if highlights it is use for petroleum drilling fluids. Thus, this work aims to characterize physical, mineralogical and technologically, the bentonitics clays of Sossego County, Paraíba, Brazil. Mineralogical characterization of clays was done through the following techniques: particle size analysis by laser diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, chemical analysis and x-ray diffraction. The clays were turned in by treatment with sodium in Na2CO3 and then determined whether the apparent viscosity, plastic and volume of filtrate of clay-water dispersions. The results showed that the samples are of polycationic, showing levels of MgO, CaO and K2O, similar to those from Boa Vista County, Paraíba, Brazil, and consist of clay mineral kaolinite, quartz and esmec. The clays showed rheological properties that indicate potential for use in drilling fluids.


Quality Assessment or Quality Assurance (QA) in PACS has its roots in QA procedures which have been developed in the course of many years of radiology practice. The need for QA in all aspects of radiology is being escalated by more complex technology, administrative controls, and economic factors. Growth in PACS is leading to increased demand for QA at the system level, as well as for individual PACS components and modalities.


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Abstract The prediction of shrinkage and warpage of crystalline polymers is quite difficult. This is because of the complications of the crystallization process and associated material property changes. Particularly, the pVT behavior is dependent on the cooling rate during injection molding. Traditionally, the pVT data were measured in a device where the cooling rate is very slow compared to that in the actual injection molding process. This cooling-rate dependent pVT data is considered to affect the shrinkage and warpage calculation significantly. In the present study, a method has been developed to obtain pVT behavior at the same cooling rate as in the actual injection molding process. Obtaining other material data such as viscosity, thermal conductivity and heat capacity at the cooling rate of the actual injection molding process has also been considered. Injection-molding experiments have been conducted to measure the shrinkage of a part using semi-crystalline polymers. The polymers used in this study are polyamide 66 (PA 66) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Simulation has been done to calculate the shrinkage using the cooling-rate dependent material properties. Using the fast-cool pVT behavior, the agreement between the simulation and the experiment improved significantly compared to the traditional approach.


Intravenous drug use is the primary risk factor in 17% of the cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reported in the United States and intravenous drug users constitute the 2nd largest risk group after homosexual men. Recently antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus Type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) were also detected in as many as 87% of patients undergoing drug detoxification who did not have diagnosed AIDS. Most AIDS cases associated with intravenous drug use however have occurred in the northeastern United States with the greatest concentration in the New York City-New Jersey area. Similarly most seroprevalence studies of intravenous drug users have been performed in the same region. Epidemiologic data from the state of California 2nd only to New York in the total number of reported AIDS cases have attributed only 1.8% of AIDS cases to parenteral drug use. To date there have been few reports on the prevalence of HTLV-III/LAV antibodies in intravenous drug users in California. This letter reports the preliminary results of a study of the prevalence of AIDS virus antibodies among 345 intravenous drug users attending state-licensed treatment centers in 7 counties of California. In June 1983 we initiated a multicenter study of intravenous drug users enrolled in state-licensed methadone or alternative-treatment programs in California. Entry into the study was voluntary and participants were given the option of being informed or not about the results of their serologic testing. Serum samples were screened for antibodies to HTLV-III/LAV at the University of California AIDS Diagnostic Laboratory Davis with use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure developed and produced in our laboratory. All positive results were confirmed by indirect fluorescence assay and Western blot analysis. The 1st 345 samples analyzed represented a spectrum of urban and rural northern and southern regions with a wide range of reported incidences of AIDS. Only 1.7% of the total (6 of 345 samples) were positive according to ELISA and confirmatory tests. All the positive serum samples came from San Francisco and constituted 4.7% of the samples tested from its county. 37% of the samples came from San Francisco but only 4.3% from Los Angeles. Approximately 80% of the respondents reported having shared needles and other drug paraphernalia. Although these data are preliminary and underrepresent southern California at this time our results indicate that AIDS virus infection among intravenous drug users in California has not yet reached the alarmingly high levels observed in the northeastern United States. The high prevalence of needle sharing in this study however suggests that drug-taking behavior in CAlifornia is not significantly different from that of East Coast drug users. On the basis of sequential serologic studies from the United States and Europe one can predict a steady increase in the rate of seropositivity among intravenous drug users in California unless preventive measures are taken. The current low level of infection however provides this state with an opportunity to avert the serious problem currently faced by public health officials in the northeastern United States. (full text)


This work describes, analyses and interprets the main trends that can be found in the evolution and development of the Spanish economy from 1960 to 2018, in order to localize the fundamental causes and consequences of such behaviour which, in turn, will help to build up the main guidelines to follow for the future improvement of the Spanish economy. Through a deep analysis of various indicators and an historical account of the Spanish economy, we will find that the main cause for many of the anomalies, deficiencies and problems faced by the Spanish economy in the last decades was the conscious creation, development and consolidation of an economic system primarily based on a low-productivity service sector, cheap tourism and, very especially, a Great Real Estate and Housing Bubble. Other indirect causes were the availability of cheap capital and plenty of financing opportunities derived from the entrance of Spain in the European Community and the European Monetary Union, financing that was, for the most part, badly used. Finally, a profound reform of the Spanish economy needs to be undertaken if Spain wants to maintain a path of long-term economic growth and prosperity while maintaining the sustainability of the State and, more importantly, the Nation.


The complex stability constants (KS) and thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and TΔS°) for 1:1 intermolecular complexation of water-soluble calix[4]arene tetrasulfonate (CAS) and thiacalix[4]arene tetrasulfonate (TCAS) with pyridinium guest ions 1–10 have been determined by means of titration calorimetry in an acidic buffer solution (pH = 2.0) at 298.15 K, and their binding modes have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Possessing a smaller cavity and a higher π electron density than TCAS, CAS affords the stronger binding abilities for all guests examined, giving an exciting molecular selectivity of up to 354 for the 2,6-dimethylpyridine/2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid pair. The high binding affinities, attributed to the favorable enthalpic gains, are comprehensively discussed from the viewpoint of π–π stacking, electronic effect and size-fit relationship between host and guest. The thermodynamic parameters that have been obtained, together with the NMR results, jointly demonstrate that the position, number, and type of substituent groups introduced onto the guest molecule are the key factors controlling the structural-energetics correlation for the molecular selective binding of water-soluble calixarenes. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)


The analysis for some common problems which are easy to get wrong in the design of the residential buildings is designed to improve the design level on condition of satisfying the requirements for auditing departments at all levels and different kinds of standards,so as to create applicable,safety,economical and artistic works.


In order to obtain reliable information from measured Auger peaks concerning the chemical state, it is necessary to extract the true lineshape from experimental data. To achieve this, a method involving a background correction using the Bethe formula followed by a correction of the Auger electron inelastic interactions using fast Fourier transformation is described. With this procedure one obtains the true Auger lineshape on a flat background, enabling normalization of the peaks to the same area and a correction of different intensities due to diverse primary beam currents, the channeltron response or physical influences of the sample. The described method has been applied to spectra obtained from three different forms of carbon.


This paper addresses an adaptive fuzzy feedback controller design problem for finite-time Mittag-Leffler synchronization (FTMLS) of fractional-order quaternion-valued reaction-diffusion T-S fuzzy molecular modeling of delayed neural networks. A novel approach is proposed to effectively deal with the joint effects from fuzzy rules and reaction-diffusion terms for the class of T-S fuzzy fractional-order reaction-diffusion delayed quaternion-valued neural networks (FORDDQVNNs) under consideration. By employing Lyapunov stability theory, Caputo fractional derivative, several algebraic criteria are established to guarantee the FTMLS of T-S fuzzy FORDDQVNNs via designed fuzzy feedback controller. Moreover, the adaptive controller and parameter update laws are designed via adaptive control methods. Compared with existing results in the literature, we also show that our results are less conservative than existing ones with these illustrative T-S fuzzy FORDDQVNNs. A numerical example is presented to verify the analysis results and illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed FTMLS conditions.


The Ottoman Empire, established in the high Middle Ages, was the last great Sunni empire. (It actually abolished the institution of the caliphate in the early 20th century.) By the late Middle Ages, however, the position of caliph was mainly honorific, as opposed to the title of a real political or spiritual authority. In spite of grand notions of universal community, which may pertain more to ideological identity than ethnic or political identity, throughout the history of Sunni Islam the concept of community has been fiercely local. Year of publishing: 1755.


1. In the central Luangwa Valley in Zambia, the relationship between the illegal killing of elephants and resource allocation to law enforcement in terms of manpower and budget was investigated for the period 1988-95. 2. Five out of nine predictor variables related to resource allocation, i.e. bonuses paid (cash rewards on arrest of poachers or confiscation of firearms or trophies), scout density, effective investigation days, the total law-enforcement budget and the budget related to personal emoluments, showed a significant relationship with the numbers of elephants found killed illegally (response variable). 3. Two minimal adequate models explained most of the variation in the numbers of elephants found killed illegally. The first model used bonuses paid with effective investigation days as the predictor variable, while in the second model effective investigation days was replaced by km 2 carriers Through correlations, bonuses paid reflected the variation in the average bonus rates paid for claims and the total manpower input. 4. For this study area, the optimum levels of law-enforcement input are estimated at one scout per 23.8 km 2 and an expenditure of 582.2 per km 2 per annum. 5. In the central Luangwa Valley in Zambia, fluctuations in the numbers of elephants found killed illegally from 1988 to 1995 can be attributed solely to resource allocation. Therefore, there is no need to invoke any effect of the international ivory ban to explain the fluctuations in elephant poaching in this study area.


Currently, it is necessary to share and exchange drawing information between 2D and 3D data in AEC(Architecture, Engineering & Construction) fields. The authors suggest an information model framework to express IFC(Industry Foundation Classes)-based drawing of 3D AEC products as 2D drawing. In this study, 1) an information framework has been developed to enable sharing and exchange of AEC product model by adding various information factors, 2) standardized APIs and an IFC2DBrowser are developed.


This paper proposes a sequence of analyses allowing the designer to quantify the changes in the structural response due to the temperature variation. This is illustrated for a case study on a railway bridge. The SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) system installed on the bridge consists of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors. A numerical model of the bridge was created. The plot of the daily variation of the vertical displacement of a node, when numerically computed for a temperature field interpolating the readings of the temperature sensors, shows a curve similar to the recorded history plot, but the latter one is delayed. This delay is due to both the thermal inertia of the deck, the reinforced concrete of the superstructure, and the actual temperature distribution across and along the deck. Thus, a refined study of the temperature time histories was conducted by a suitable thermo-mechanical model driven by the temperatures measured at the sensor locations. The obtained field of temperature is then used as input for a stress-strain analysis. The resulting displacements are eventually compared with the measured values. Using a first set of data, the numerical model parameters are calibrated, while a second set of data is used for a validation of the whole procedure.


Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Tibiotalocalcaneal(TTC) arthrodesis is a salvage procedure for patients with complex disease of the ankle and subtalar joints. Despite the clinical efficacy and mechanical advantage of intramedullary nails, complications, such as nonunion, are not uncommon. It may be possible to sustain compression in the face of bone resorption and implant loosening over the course of healing using a novel pseudoelastic intramedullary nail. Methods: We identified 15 patients (age+54.7+/-20.0 years) who had undergone a tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis using a pseudoelastic intramedullary nai. Serial radiographs were used to determine the amount and rate of Nitinol element migration over time. Results: Three months after surgery, there was at least 2.38mm of Nitinol element migration proximally with mean of 5.58mm(range: 2.38 to 8.11mm). Average follow up time was 195 days (range: 89 to 490 days). Conclusion: The Nitinol element recovers distance when stretched intra-operatively and maintains moderate compression in response to bone resorption. Further studies are needed to assess if this increased compression lends itself to higher fusion rates than traditional IMN's.


Objective To analysis the causes and high risk factors of large-scale cerebral infarction.Methods The clinical data of 40 severe traumatic brain injury patients were retrospectively studied,logistic regression was executed to analysis the risk factors for inner and outer infarct artery such as the outside factor of mechanical compression on the artery(hernia cerebri),and the factor of blood flow in the blood vessels(shock,hypotension during operation,plasma osmotic pressure,serum sodium,blood sugar and age).Results Large-scale cerebral infarction occurred in 27 patients mainly was relevant to hernia cerebri,shock and hypotension during operation instead of plasma osmotic pressure,serum sodium blood sugar and age.Conclusion There are lots of risk factors inner and outer infarct artery which result in large-scale cerebral infarction occurred after severe traumatic brain injury,such as mechanical compression after hernia cerebri,cerebral hypovolume and hypoperfusion after shock and hypotension during operation.


Cholinergic therapy by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is known as the best developed and most successful approach to slow down the progression of Alzheimers disease (AD). Galanthamine is the only one of acethylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) which based on plant-derived. High purity and completely free from toxic residues of galanthamine are required to fulfil the pharmaceutical industry requirements. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) extraction is the only method which can meet this requirements; it is an environmentally friendly modern technology and has advantages over the conventional extraction methods for isolation of natural compounds, i.e. selectivity and providing higher purity. Here we briefly summarize our studies on alkaloid extraction from Narcissus pseudonarcissus bulbs by SC CO2 concerning galanthamine. Higher selectivity for galanthamine was found by using SC CO2 as an extraction method compare to other methods. However, other alkaloids of N. pseudonarcissus were found when other extraction method was applied as well as water extraction.


of ulcerative enteritis when yolk sac cultures were fed to quail. The organism was reisolated from quail which died following oral administration of yolk cultures. The bacterium was also pathogenic for quail by the intramuscular and intraperitoneal routes. Yolk cultures heated at different temperatures up to 80 C for varying periods up to one hour remained pathogenic for embryos. Yolk cultures remained pathogenic for quail after storage at 20 C for 12 months.


The NSPCC has analysed evidence from serious case reviews to identify learning. This issue summarises risk factors and lessons for improved practice around parental substance misuse


We present an updated version of COMPTEL's 1.809 MeV sky survey. Based on eight years of observations we compare results from different imaging techniques using background from adjacent energy bands. We confirm the previously reported characteristics of the galactic 1.809 MeV emission, specifically an extended galactic ridge emission, mainly concentrated towards the inner galaxy, a peculiar emission feature in the Cygnus region, and a low-intensity ridge extending towards Carina and Vela. Because this gamma ray line is due to the decay of radioactive 26Al, predominantly synthesized in massive stars, one anticipates flux enhancements aligned with regions of recent star formation. This is born out by the observations. In particular the Cygnus feature, first presented in 1996 based on three years of COMPTEL data, is confirmed. Based on the stellar population we distinguish three prominent areas in this region, for which we separately derive fluxes, and discuss interpretations.


In a certain sense all theology is mystical, inasmuch as it shows forth the divine mystery: the data of revelation. On the other hand, mysticism is frequently opposed to theology as a realm inaccessible to understanding, as an unutterable mystery, a hidden depth, to be lived rather than known; yielding itself to a specific experience which surpasses our faculties of understanding rather than to any perception of sense or of intelligence. If we adopted this latter conception unreservedly, resolutely opposing mysticism to theology, we should be led in the last resort to the thesis of Bergson who distinguishes, in his Deux Sources, the 'static religion' of the Churches from the 'dynamic religion' of the mystics; the former social and conservative in character, the latter personal and creative.


The Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) protocol is designed
to allow entities with knowledge about the network infrastructure to
export such information to applications that need to choose one or
more resources from a candidate set. This document provides motivation
for using ALTO in a Virtual Private Network (VPN) environment. We
discuss use cases, requirements, and possible extensions to the base
ALTO protocol that will be needed to support VPN services.


This paper is an empirical investigation of the relationship between exchange rate volatility and international trade, focusing on East Asia. It finds that intra-East Asian trade is discouraged by exchange rate volatility more seriously than trade in other regions because intermediate goods trade in production networks, which is quite sensitive to exchange rate volatility compared with other types of trade, occupies a significant fraction of trade. In addition, this negative effect of volatility is mainly induced by the unanticipated volatility and has an even greater impact than that of tariffs.


drove people to follow Paula still lingers. Paula's son David would seem to be moving to occupy the position of the revolutionary left vacant by Cephas' seizing power. When mother and son argue vehemently about the direction he should take, she advises him that fidelity to the event is more important than the state: "Politics is like an event, as unrepresentable as all the hard work, in the theater, that ends up making the play we see before us a mysterious, one-time thing" (113). David, finally understanding his mother, witnesses the eclipse of the old subject, and in its eclipse, the possibility of a new subject—of truth. In his introduction to the play, Kenneth Reinhard has provided a thoughtprovoking, crystal-clear, and, at several moments, witty overview of the play and its place in Badiou's thought and work. Susan Spitzer's translation is supple and adroit, attendant to the themes of the play while keeping an eye on Badiou's particular jargon; she retains the formality of speech that Badiou has taken from Claudel but renders the text more legible, and more playable. The Incident at Antioch has yet to receive a complete production. I would say that a realistic approach to its staging would be deadly. But it certainly speaks, in a crucial way, to the crises of the state currently unfolding in several parts of the globe. In the right hands, it could be very gripping theatre event.


This paper is concerned with optimal control problems for systems governed by mean-…eld stochastic di¤erential equation, in which the control enters both the drift and the di¤usion coe¢ cient. In these problems the coe¢ cients depend not only on the state but also on on the distribution of the state process. These equations are obtained as the limits of some interacting particle systems and play an important role in game theory. We study the relaxed model which is a natural extension of the initial problem, in the sense that the two problems have the same value function,. in which the admissible controls are measure-valued processes. We prove that the natural relaxed state process is a stochastic di¤erential equation driven by an orthogonal martingale measure, whose quadratic variation is exactly the relaxed control. We prove the existence of an optimal relaxed control, by using tightness properties and Skorokhod theorem. Moreover we give necessary conditions for optimality in terms of two adjoint processes in the form of Peng's maximum principle. It should be noted that there is no way to obtain this maximum principle with just the …rst order adjoint process. Key words: Mean-…eld stochastic di¤erential equation, relaxed control, martingale measure, approximation, tightness, weak convergence, adjoint process, maximum principle. MSC 2010 subject classi…cations, 93E20, 60H30. 1 Introduction In this paper we bring the necessary corrections to a paper published in Automatica.....by Adel Chala. This paper is concerned by mean …eld-control problems, where the state process is governed by a stochastic di¤erential equation of mean-…eld type (MFSDE in short) given by: dXt = b(t;Xt; E ( (Xt)) ; ut)dt+ (t;Xt; E ( (Xt)) ; ut)dWt X(0) = X0: (1.1) The objective of the controller is to minimize over a set of admissible controls, the following mean-…eld cost functional


We studied the interaction between Eucalyptus saligna woodlots and maize crop in southern Rwanda. Three sites were selected and in each, a eucalypt woodlot with mature trees and a suitable adjoining crop field of 12.75 m × 30 m was selected. This was split into two plots of 6 m × 12 m and further subdivided into nine sub-plots running parallel to the tree-crop interface. Maize was grown in both 6 m × 12 m plots and one of these received fertiliser. Soil moisture, nutrients and solar radiation were significantly reduced near the woodlots, diminishing grain yield by 80% in the 10.5 m crop-field strip next to the woodlot. This reduction however affects only 10.5% of the maize crop field, leaving 89.5% unaffected. Spreading the loss to a hectare crop field, leads to an actual yield loss of 0.21 t ha−1, equivalent to 8.4%. Expressing yield loss in tree-crop systems usually presented as a percentage of yield recorded near the trees to that obtained in open areas may be misleading. Actual yields should be reported with corresponding crop field areas affected. Variation in grain yield coincided with those for soil moisture, soil N and K; all increasing from the woodlot-maize interface up to 10.5 m and remaining similar to the values in open areas thereafter. Solar radiation continued to increase with distance up to 18 m from the woodlot-maize interface. Harvest index in unfertilised maize exceeded that in the fertilised treatment reflecting the crop's strategy to allocate resources to grain production under unfavourable conditions. Fertilisation increased maize yield from 1.3–2.6 t ha−1 but the trend in the woodlot effects on maize remained unaltered. © 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.


To the Editor.— The quantum yield of fluorescence from neutral red is determined by several factors including the solvent in which the dye is dissolved and the pH of the solution. The pH of 0.1% neutral red in both aqueous and ethanol solution is approximately 4.5. Therefore, the pH variable is eliminated and the solvent factor is pertinent. A solvent may induce radiationless (nonfluorescent) transition of an excited molecule to its ground state by enhancement of predissociative transition (dissipation of energy via breaking chemical bonds) or by interaction with the excited molecule and dissipation of its energy as heat. The fact that neutral red fluorescence is quenched in water but not in ethanol is not surprising. Many substances are known to fluoresce in one solvent but not another. However, the fluorescence of neutral red in alcohol and the lack of it in water probably is not pertinent to the


The onset of the Neolithic period in Berkshire, has by far the best legacy from the Mesolithic period within the Solent-Thames region as a whole. This le gacy stems from the position of the now small county (since 1974 reorganisation) dominated by the major river valley of the Thames and its significant tributaries, the Kennet, Loddon and Col ne. This riverine bias, as Clark identified some 80 years ago (Clark 1934) and as detailed by Chisholm (this volume), in particular the middle Kennet Valley, have a wealth of mesolithic evidence, compr ising stratified assemblages with faunal, floral, environmental and scientifically dated assemblages (not of course forgetting the lithics). This eviden c is less detailed for the Thames Valley and Loddon V alleys (Ames 1993; Harding and Richards 1993; Ford 1997). Another significant issue with regards to legacy is that the county is particularly favourably placed in terms of systematic large scal e fieldwalking survey data from other geological outcrops away from the major river valleys (Gaffney and Tingle 1989; Ford 1987a; Ford 1997; Lobb and Rose 1996). These fieldwalking surveys, whilst necessarily dealing with unstratified and plough dispersed material, are nevertheless particularly a dept (and perhaps the only systematic way) of findi ng comparable Mesolithic material away from the buried valley sites. That a significant proportion of our neolithic evidence is recovered from the downlands of West Berkshire and Wessex beyond, it is rather valuable that the mesolithic legacy in these latter ar as is assessed in a comparable way. It is perha ps at locations such as Churn Plain at the headwaters of the river Pang now just within Oxfordshire where there is evidence for a coincidence of Mesolithic a nd early Neolithic where the direct transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic could be explored directly. It is rather ironic and perhaps of great significa n e that the middle Kennet Valley where the greatest co ncentration of Mesolithic sites to be found, is so woefully represented in the earlier Neolithic (Ford 2002). This topic will be returned to.


Ozone is an unusual trace gas in the atmosphere, presenting a challenge for risk assessors and risk managers. The challenge can be traced to the gas' complex chemistry in the atmosphere (exposure), toxicology in biological systems (response), and the fledgling enterprise of risk assessment for widely distributed, highly reactive pollutants. This paper addresses the (i) co-evolution of the scientific data underlying ozone risk assessment on human health, natural resources (crops and managed forests), and unmanaged ecosystems, (ii) similarities and differences in risk assessment among these receptors, and (iii) utility of indicators in risk assessment. The scientific community has developed a sound database to underpin the ozone risk assessment, although the breadth and depth differ markedly among the three receptors. There are similarities in ozone risk assessment among human health, natural resources, and ecology, including features of exposure (e.g., temporal variation), response of plants and humans (e.g., sensitive cohorts), and integration of exposure and response (e.g., importance of peak and cumulative exposures). Equally important are the notable differences, and the more prominent are scaling of exposure-response relationships, air quality monitoring, economic valuation, and models to complement more traditional experimental approaches. Of the three receptors, the status of indicators for conducting ecological ozone risk assessment is the weakest.


On November 17, 2022, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced major food package revisions to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) (USDA/FNS, 2022). This proposed rule adopts many recommendations from an expert panel of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) and is the first major revision of the WIC food benefits in over a decade (NASEM, 2017). Before these changes can be implemented, a public comment period will be open through February 21, 2023. This is an opportunity for USDA to gather feedback from practitioners and researchers on their proposal, and then revise the final WIC food package, which impacts the nutrient intake and dietary quality of millions of women, infants, and children from low-income families in the United States.


Depending on the typical traditional equestrian sports of northeast minority nationalities as the cutpoint,the paper,by adopting literature material and field investigation and interviewing experts and inheritors,analyzes the historical origin,present development situation,protection and inheriting respectively.The paper suggests the protecting and inheriting measures by depending on the diverse development modes of other industries.


On a terracotta tomb relief of the Trajanic period from Ostia a blindfolded horse can be seen turning a grain mill. The mill occupies the center of the composition, while the horse walks towards the viewer on the left. On the opposite side, whip in hand to goad the horse, a slave can be seen, walking away from the viewer and so showing only the back of his head; quite literally, the slave is faceless. A famous banqueting scene painted on a wall from a house in Pompeii also includes a slave, or rather several slaves: one, perhaps a boy, bends down to remove the shoes of one of the diners while another offers him a cup from which to drink; a third is helping another of the diners into a cloak, and a fourth assists another banqueter with a vomitorium. In a third image, from the lower panel of the stele of the freedman M. Publilius Satyr from Capua of the late Republic or early Principate, yet another slave appears, a man who, facing the viewer, is clothed only in a loincloth. This time the slave occupies the center of the scene: he is on the auction block, the object of a transaction between the two figures on either side of him, the seller, to the left, wearing Greek dress, the purchaser, to the right, a Roman toga. ' Such images help bring to life the hundreds of references in conventional literary and documentary sources first to the jobs, often of a menial and demeaning kind, filled by slaves in Roman society, and secondly to the traffic in human merchandise that was such a routine aspect of the commercial life of the cities, towns, and villages of the Roman world. At times the fit between the iconographic and the conventional can be very close. Thus when Lucius the ass in Apuleius' Metamorphoses is put to work turning a grain mill he too is blindfolded, just like the horse in the scene from Ostia (Met. 9.11, uelata facie). Apuleius' description (9.12) of Lucius' fellow slaves and their conditions of labor, which especially because of its reference to the slaves' brutalized bodies is one of the most harrowing descriptions of its kind in all of classical literature, assumes a greater degree of authenticity as a result: the millhands wear nothing but rags, not unlike the slave in the Ostian relief who is shown wearing just a very short sleeveless tunic.


Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is an opportunistic infection of the oral mucosa caused by the commensal fungus C. albicans. IL-17 receptor signaling is essential to prevent OPC in mice and humans, but the individual roles of its ligands, IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-17AF, are less clear. A homozygous IL-17F deficiency in mice does not cause OPC susceptibility, whereas mice lacking IL-17A are moderately susceptible. In humans, a rare heterozygous mutation in IL-17F (IL-17F.S65L) was identified that causes chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, suggesting the existence of essential antifungal pathways mediated by IL-17F and/or IL-17AF. To investigate the role of IL-17F and IL-17AF in more detail, we exploited this 'experiment of nature' by creating a mouse line bearing the homologous mutation in IL-17F (Ser65Leu) by CRISPR/Cas9.The resulting Il17fS65L/S65L mice showed increased susceptibility to OPC, but only in homozygous, not heterozygous, mutant mice. The mutation was linked to impaired CXC chemokine expression and neutrophil recruitment to the infected tongue but not to alterations in antimicrobial peptide expression. These findings suggest mechanisms by which the enigmatic cytokine IL-17F contributes to host defense against fungi.


The localization of coat protein and putative viral replicase proteins (130 kDa and 180 kDa) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tobacco protoplasts was examined at different post-inoculation intervals, using specific antibodies and protein A-gold complex. Gold labels specific to antiserum against virus particle were first detected 4 hr postinoculation (p. i.) in small areas of the cytoplasm, where virus particles were not initially observed. At 6-15hr p.i. when virus multiplication was active, virus particles were accumulated and formed a paracrystalline array in the cytoplasm. Specific labels were found only on the crystalline aggregates and in the cytoplasm near the aggregates. Many virus aggregates were observed in each section of protoplasts at this stage. At 24 hr p.i., larger aggregates of virus particles were heavily labelled, while areas of the cytoplasm, where no virus particles were evident, were labelled scarcely. Nuclei, plastids and mitochondria were free of labels throughout the infection stages. Gold labels for 130 kDa protein were first detected on small TMV-specific inclusions in the cytoplasm at 4 hr p.i.: Thereafter, these inclusions grew both in number and size, and occurred frequently in the vicinity of virus aggregates. Labels were localized on the inclusions but not on virus aggregates throughout the infection stages. Those inclusions have dense labels and grew a little further in size, though virus replication at this stage declined to a low level. Gold labels for 180 kDa protein on the inclusions and other parts of protoplasts at each stage were observed similarly as the labels for 130 kDa protein. These observations indicate that replication of genomic RNA, synthesis of coat protein and subsequent virus assembly do take place at limited areas in the cytoplasm, where virus particles appeared and formed crystalline aggregate at later stages.


The main objective of this paper is the simulation and analysis of a dual star induction machine (DSIM) with speed regulation using fuzzy logic controller (FLC). This drive system supplied by two voltage source multi-level converters (MLC) and controlled under indirect field oriented control (IFOC) technique. Furthermore, the multi-level converter is used to reduce the harmonic currents and torque pulsations. The FFT spectrum of the currents and output voltages is presented and analyzed to show the reduction of harmonics. So, they showed that the total harmonic distortion (THD) decreases as the number of levels increases. Moreover, a substantial reduction of the magnitude of the electromagnetic torque pulsations and stator currents rating is observed with the multi-level converter compared to the conventional converter.


To transition from stationary ECG monitors to portable ones, traditional Ag/AgCl wet electrodes must be replaced with more robust and flexible sensors that can be integrated into wearable textiles for long-term monitoring. Flexible polymer composites embedded with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an ideal candidate for this application due to their low reactivity and desirable mechanical properties. However, these composites may need to be incorporated directly into textiles and clothing, which often have mechanical properties that vary greatly from the polymeric electrode. Here, we study the mechanical and electrical properties of three different polymers, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and styrene-butadine-styrene (SBS) under varying loading of CNTs when integrated into clothing as an ECG electrode.


Experience: The effect of the action of vibration in pain analgesia is relatively well established, however little is known about the real effect of vibration on pain reduction. Objective: To compare children's reactions when undergoing dental local anesthesia using an anesthesia device that produces micro-vibrations. Method: Thirty children underwent two types of anesthesia: with and without vibration. The anesthetic procedures were filmed and consisted of maxillary posterior infiltration anesthesia. A combination of tests was used to evaluate the multidimensional character of fear, anxiety, and pain. The tests were applied before and after the anesthetic procedures. At the end of the second anesthesia session, the children reported their preferences regarding the use of vibration or not. Results: It was found that 90% of the children preferred anesthesia with vibration. A statistically significant difference was found in the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) when comparing the mean values (p=0.04) using selective criteria at a 5% significance level. Conclusion: Vibration seems to have a positive influence on the children's perception during local anesthetic procedures.


The rice variety Jiajing3768 is susceptible to neck blast at the booting stage (BS) but resistant at the full heading stage (FHS). This variety was used to analyze the inducible expression of defence genes and activities of antioxidant enzymes in the necks, at both the BS and FHS, after inoculation with Magnaporthe oryzae. We found that defence genes PR1b (pathogenesis-related class 1b), PBZ1 (probenazole-inducible gene), PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), and CHS (chalcone synthase) may play roles in the resistance difference to neck blast between the BS and FHS in Jiajing3768. No significant differences were observed between the BS and FHS in the inducible expression of PR1a, PR4, and JIOsPR10 (jasmonic acid induced PR 10). The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and malondialdehyde coordinately participated in the stage-dependent resistance difference in Jiajing3768, and that oxidative damage is lower in the necks at the FHS than at the BS.


Modern statistical models are often intractable, and approximation methods can be required to perform inference on them. Many different methods can be employed in most contexts, but not all are fully understood. The current thesis is an investigation into the use of various approximation methods for performing inference on latent variable models. Composite likelihoods are used as surrogates for the likelihood function of state space models (SSM). In chapter 3, variational approximations to their evaluation are investigated, and the interaction of biases as composite structure changes is observed. The bias effect of increasing the block size in composite likelihoods is found to balance the statistical benefit of including more data in each component. Predictions and smoothing estimates are made using approximate Expectation- Maximisation (EM) techniques. Variational EM estimators are found to produce predictions and smoothing estimates of a lesser quality than stochastic EM estimators, but at a massively reduced computational cost. Surrogate latent marginals are introduced in chapter 4 into a non-stationary SSM with i.i.d. replicates. They are cheap to compute, and break functional dependencies on parameters for previous time points, giving estimation algorithms linear computational complexity. Gaussian variational approximations are integrated with the surrogate marginals to produce an approximate EM algorithm. Using these Gaussians as proposal distributions in importance sampling is found to offer a positive trade-off in terms of the accuracy of predictions and smoothing estimates made using estimators. A cheap to compute model based hierarchical clustering algorithm is proposed in chapter 5. A cluster dissimilarity measure based on method of moments estimators is used to avoid likelihood function evaluation. Computation time for hierarchical clustering sequences is further reduced with the introduction of short-lists that are linear in the number of clusters at each iteration. The resulting clustering sequences are found to have plausible characteristics in both real and synthetic datasets.


A 14-year-old otherwise healthy Scandinavian boy with Down syndrome (DS) accompanied his parents on summer vacation in the Austrian Alps. He had never been at moderate altitude before. Four hours after ascending to 2700 m altitude by cable car and moderate hiking on a plateau, he deteriorated clinically. His resting heart rate was 130 beats/min and his respiratory rate was 25 breaths/min. He had lung crackles on auscultation, his lips were blue, and he had disproportionately low oxygen saturation relative to moderate altitude (SaO2 70%). He was immediately taken back to the valley by cable car and improved rapidly after descent. All signs and symptoms of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) resolved within 1 hour. He did not return to moderate altitude again, and the rest of his vacation passed uneventfully. Four years later, he developed increasing dyspnea at exercise and went through a thorough medical evaluation in his home country. Chronic pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed but without any evidence of primary heart disease. We suspect that HAPE may have been the first evidence of chronic pulmonary hypertension in this patient. Echocardiographic evaluation for possible evidence of pulmonary hypertension in this patient would have been interesting immediately after the occurrence of HAPE but was unfortunately not performed because he had recovered completely so quickly. Congenital heart anomalies (15.8%) and pulmonary hypertension (7.8%) are common in patients with DS.1 Persistent pulmonary hypertension in patients without congenital heart disease has been reported but is a rare condition.2 Down syndrome is not considered a classical risk factor for primary pulmonary hypertension. A retrospective review by the Children's Hospital in Denver, CO, revealed a total of 52 children with HAPE, 6 of which also had DS.3 Three of these children had chronic pulmonary hypertension, and 4 had either an existing cardiac defect with left-to-right shunt or previously had a defect with left-to-right shunt that had been repaired. One child had Eisenmenger syndrome with chronic right-to-left shunting of blood. Children with DS are living longer and are increasingly participating in recreational activities. Care should be taken in mountaineering with children with DS at altitude.


There are no algorithms that generally perform better or worse than random when looking at all possible data sets according to the no-free-lunch theorem. A specific forecasting method will hence naturally have different performances in different empirical studies. This makes it impossible to draw general conclusions, however, there will of course be specific problems for which one algorithm performs better than another in practice. Meta-learning exploits this fact by linking characteristics of the data set to the performances of methods, adapting the selection or combination of base methods to a specific problem. This contribution describes an approach using meta-learning for time series forecasting in the NN GC1 competition. In order to generate bigger and more reliable meta-data set, data of the past NN3 and NN5 competitions have been included. A pool of individual forecasting and combination models are combined using a ranking algorithm with weights being determined by past performance on similar series.


Ford Foundation, A Time to Choose, which was pessimistic and anti-market. One can conjure up the image of some fickle energy policy elite that lurches from alarmism to complacency and from government interventionism to the free market much as jet-set celebrities switch favorite discotheques. RFF's redundancy and inconstancy need not worry the reader. Either book serves as a good primer of the energy basics. Both begin with discussions of demand and supply of all fuels, giving oil the heavier emphasis it deserves, then both go on to discuss conservation, environmental impacts, and new energy sources, and finally both consider how to make decisions and what those decisions ought to be. While in both books the exposition is clear, the sheer mass of facts eventually overwhelms the reader. As with a science textbook, the novice must plow through these volumes slowly and careful-


Improved agricultural nutrient management could improve stream water quality by reducing phosphorus levels, but rising temperatures and rainfall due to climate change might offset improvements.


In this study we investigate whether sector-specific unemployment in Turkey is explained by natural rate of unemployment or hysteresis hypothesis. We employ sectoral unemployment rate in nine Turkish leading sectors covering the period 1988-2008 and test the stationarity of unemployment rates. For the test we use a recently developed panel unit root test which allows for different number of structural breaks in unemployment series in different dates. Unlike the other studies, the results obtained in this study show that the sectoral unemployment can be explained by a special case of the natural rate of unemployment hypothesis.


The premise that it is logically necessary for a necessary condition of value to be valuable is sometimes used in metaethics in support of the claim that agency, or some constitutive condition of agency or action, has value for all agents. I focus on the most recent application of this premise by Caroline T. Arruda and argue that the premise is false. Despite this defect the relevant evaluative step could still work just in case of agency if an additional condition were satisfied.


Tourist travel path's unseemliness will result in serious of problems, such as expenses, comfort level, travel safety, etc. This paper analyzed the NP hard problem of travel optimal path, proposed an improved ant colony algorithm. Firstly, distance matrix was constructed, the travel spots' initial order were represented by subscript randomly. Secondly, the path choose model was proposed by travel example, and analyzed the simulation result based on the improved ant colony algorithm; Finally, this paper analyzed the influence of parameters with path result, the simulation result proved the validity of the algorithm, which could plan the travel path reasonably, would assist travel agency to formulate probe travel strategy, and improved the travel cost and traffic for tourist


In musculoskeletal modeling, isometric muscle strength has been primarily determined based on muscle size. Specifically, the maximum force a muscle can produce may be calculated as: Display Formula(1)FMAX=MMS×PCSA where FMAX is maximum isometric muscle force, MMS is maximum muscle stress, and PCSA is muscle physiological cross-sectional area. In general, modeling studies have selected a constant value of MMS, and applied it to all muscles in the model. However, the values reported in the literature for MMS vary widely [1, 2], from as little as 23 N/cm2 up to 137 N/cm2. Furthermore, MMS is likely lower in older adults than young adults, as age-related declines in muscle strength are significantly greater than declines in muscle mass [3], and the specific tension of gastrocnemius fascicles is 30% lower in elderly men than young men [4]. In addition, MMS is not constant between muscle groups. For example, the MMS of the elbow flexors is much greater than that of the elbow extensors [1], while the MMS of the ankle dorsiflexors is more than twice that of the ankle plantar flexors [5]. Thus, the use of a single constant for MMS in musculoskeletal models does not account for differences between individuals or muscle groups, and there is a need for a quantitative approach to assign different values of MMS to muscles in musculoskeletal models.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


Two thermal summation models were constructed for predicting the mean time of emergence of the adult western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens. The first model uses the basic day-degree computation, where the daily thermal sum is computed as the difference between the average of the maximum and minimum daily temperatures and the lower developmental threshold temperature. The second model more accurately estimates the area under the daily temperature curve, bounded by both upper and lower developmental thresholds. Although the simple thermal summation model provides a less accurate estimation of the area under the temperature curve, it was found to be nearly as accurate in predicting the mean time of emergence of adult R. indifferens.

Zusammenfassung

Vergleichende Untersuchung uber die Brauchbarkeit zweier Temperatursummen-Modelle zur Vorhersage der Schlupfzeit der Westlichen Kirschfruchtfliege, Rhagoletis indifferens Curr. (Dipt., Tephritidae)

Es wurden 2 Temperatursummen-Modelle zur Vorhersage der mittleren Schlupfzeit der Adulten der Kirschfruchtfliege Rh. indifferens konstruiert und verglichen. Das 1. Modell berechnet die tagliche Temperatursumme als Differenz zwischen den Mitteln der maximalen und minimalen Tagestemperatur und der unteren Entwicklungstemperatur. Das 2. Modell berechnet genauer das Areal unterhalb der taglichen Temperaturkurve und oberhalb der unteren Entwicklungsschwelle. Obgleich das einfache Temperatursummen-Modell eine weniger genaue Schatzung des Areals unterhalb der Temperaturkurve lieferte, ermoglichte es eine fast genaue Vorhersage der mittleren Schlupfzeit der adulten Rh. indifferens.


The report is part of the Sight 2006 project initiated by the Academy of Finland the aim of which is to support the development of the Finnish research system and the impact assessment of the Academy. The report presents the results of a study carried out to generate information on the approaches of impact assessments adopted internationally in organisations similar to the Academy. The purpose of the study is to provide information on the methods and indicators with which the impacts of basic research, as well as the impacts of the operations of a research funding organisation, have been assessed. The study analyses twelve evaluation projects carried out in foreign funding organisations. Based on the results of these analyses, the report provides recommendations for developing impact assessment activities at the Academy of Finland on three different levels, i.e. at the national, Academy operations and instrument levels. At the national level, the accent of the evaluation activity should be shifted towards identifi cation of development needs in the research system. This would provide more information for steering the Academy's funding allocation towards areas with more potential for impacts in relation to observed societal needs. At the level of Academy operations, the evaluation activity is infl uenced by the need for developing indicators that measure the Academy's productivity and performance in relation to its target outcomes. The development process should emphasise the validity, relevance and stability of indicators. Atthe instrument level, the main emphasis of the Academy's evaluation activity should be on the qualitative assessment of research impacts and the mechanisms that promote the generation of these impacts.


This study aimed at exploring the status of needed information and its availability to educational administrators in Pakistan. To achieve these objectives, literature reviews and a questionnaire survey were conducted. For this survey, the educational administrators (i.e., principals of schools and colleges and Registrars/Deans/Chairpersons in universities) were identified as the target population and were selected through cluster sampling. The respondents were from the Punjab Province and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT). In total, 297 (99%) responses were received and analyzed quantitatively. Recommendations and conclusions were drawn in the light of the findings of this study. The study is the first one of its type that attempted to probe the status of needed information and its availability to educational administrators and planners in Pakistan. The findings of the study can be useful to design information services and facilities for educational administrators not only in Pakistan but also in other countries of the world with similar conditions.


T he reverse 8-stirruptaping technique originally was designed for the care and prevention of eversion ankle sprains (4). Recent investigations have shown that this taping technique significantly decreases the amount of maximum pronation and the degrees of total rearfoot movement when compared to using no support in the training shoe (5). Also, there was no significant difference between a prescribed semi-rigid orthotic and the reverse 8-stirrup for the treatment of excessive pronation (5). Our data indicate that the reverse 8-stirrup is a possible treatment for excessive pronation in runners (5). Clinical observation indicates that athletes with excessive pronation can participate pain-free when using this taping technique. Therefore, the following detailed procedure is presented as an acceptable technique for treating the vari-


The conflict in the former Yugoslavia was characterised by extensive war crimes committed by all parties in the conflict. Two international courts, The International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, have both judged if a genocide was committed in this conflict. This paper examines how these two courts relates to each other concerning their legal judgement of the crime of genocide. Two cases are analysed; the judgement of Radislav Krstic´ at the ICTY and the case Bosnia and Hercegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro at the ICJ. For the first time a state was beeing accused for beeing responsible for genocide. Krstic´ was the only person convicted for the crime when the dispute between Bosnia and Serbia was beeing settled. The international court and the tribunal came to the same conclusion that genocide was only committed in the town of Srebrenica during the summer of 1995. The relationship between these two forums are examined from the theory of forum shopping in international law. From the perspective of these two judgements the conclusion is drawn that the these two forums cooperates in their judgement of genocide.


This paper investigates the relationship between stock returns and changes in oil prices for USA. Based on the original paper of Jones and Kaul (1996), we examine whether oil shocks affect stock returns significantly or not. We also examine whether the reaction of stock returns to oil shocks can be justified by current and future changes in real cash flows and/or changes in expected returns. Our findings suggest that oil shocks have had a significant and detrimental effect on the stock market of USA. The findings also suggest that these oil shocks are correctly evaluated by the stock market. However, taking into consideration any changes in expected returns induced by oil shocks, the results are puzzling, leading us to the upshot that we cannot decide confidently whether stock market is rational or not.


In this thesis, we consider a spatially closed FRW universe, in which we study the propagation of gravitational waves. At first, we describe the wave equation in a general curved space-time with a homogeneous matter distribution. After that, we use that wave equation for the spatially closed FRW universe. A key interest of this project is to find an analytic solution for waves in the aforementioned universe. So we consider two different types of matter content. In the first case, the universe
expands with constant velocity. In the second case, the universe expands for some time and then collapses after attaining a certain size. We find that for an ever-expanding universe the gravitational waves damp as time flows, and for another case, we observe that for a comoving observer, the amplitude of the gravitational wave decreases while the universe expands and again increases while the universe
contracts. The cause behind these types of evolution is also briefly discussed.


Abstract We associate a formal power series with integer coefficients to a positive real number, we interpret this series as a "q-analogue of a real." The construction is based on the notion of q-deformed rational number introduced in arXiv:1812.00170. Extending the construction to negative real numbers, we obtain certain Laurent series.


Jaggery is the common sweetener in almost all kitchens. Ayurveda has given much more importance since the ancient period. Ancient literature explained multiple uses of guda in terms of food as well as medicinal products.1 Jaggery is a traditional unrefined non-centrifugal sugar mostly consumed in Asia, Africa as it has types of minerals and vitamins and it is considered as the healthiest sugar in the world since ancient times.1 It is available in various types out of these here we concern about jaggery which is prepared from sugar cane and solid jaggery. Jaggery is available in three forms; solid, liquid, and granular.2 Jaggery contains glucose and sucrose while white sugar contains glucose and fructose. Apart from these jaggery contains minerals like calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, iron, a trace of zinc, copper, and vitamins.3 In the current era very few people have the patience to get the desire or ideal quality of any drug material or it may unavailable as a result they used which is available in the market at that time. Acharyas may have this vision at that time hence mentioned about abhavpratinidhidravya. The reference in this study is taken from Bhaishajya Ratnavali. It is a rasa granth of a recent era that includes most of kalpas in Samhita. It mentioned in AbhavPratinidhi chapter at 4th number. It is specifically mentioned in Bhaishajya Ratnavaliabhavprakaran that when Puran Guda is not available then keep Naveen Guda in high (Tivra) sunlight for 4 Yama (12 hrs) before use, it serves properties like Puran Guda. The term "Suryatapi" is not mentioned in the literature but it is derived to denote the said description given in one word. Considering the need of today's era, it may be the authenticate solution to prepare kalpa of Puran Guda. Our acharyas have given qualities of Naveen and purana Guda as guru, abhishyadi, ahitkara, etc., and Laghu, anabhishyandi, hitkara, respectively. These properties itself denote specific use either in medicine or food. The current study is based on simple panchabhutikshabdadi observations to established guru and laghuguna of guda. . ABSTRACT


The pathogenic nature of asbestos has become an established fact in environmental science. This is particularly true for the injury of epithelial cells. Although speculation exists as to the involvement of the fibrous nature of asbestos silicates, and/or the adverse oxidative properties of any ferrous components, as of yet, no concrete mechanism has been discerned for this pathogenic interaction. It should be apparent, however, that since the silicates are apparently altering the chemical and structural properties of the cells, stoichiometry requires some type of corresponding chemical alteration in the properties of the asbestoses. In the present case, we report on a variety of interesting results centered around the latter "reverse mechanism." In these studies, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy or electron speetroscopy for chemical analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance were employed to track the behavior and alterations of the chrysotile silicates immersed in select cell c...