The studies on nutrition counseling and screening have been based on stand-alone program. This study introduces the nutrition counseling and screening management system. This system offers convenient user interface and the synthetic results of counseling and screening with various utilities. The system for nutrition counseling and screening consists of the general information of clients, the anthropometry data, the calculation of obesity and body mass index, the state of eating habits, the computation of calorie expenditure, the clinical symptoms, the convenient method for analysis of calorie and nutrients, nutrition prescription and alcoholism screening tests. Having interoperability, these functions preserve the information of clients and manage the historical data. The system inserts, stores and generates the synthetic information of clients, so it is able to provide suitable and efficient counseling to clients. The proposed system gathers various information of clients. With accumulated client data, it does the nutrition education, screening and counseling simultaneously. Managing clients' information connected to database, it can provide systematic and formal information. It is possible for the system to retrieve information and counsel in real time. It is expected that the nutrition counseling management system can improve the national health with animated nutrition counseling.


Human skin physiology changes during the course of life involving age-related changes in skin appearance. It has been suggested that eggshell membrane, a natural ingredient containing collagen, hyaluronic acid, elastine, among others, can be used for improving skin. However, there are limited clinical studies using eggshell membrane as a dietary supplement to study skin health. The efficacy of Ovoderm®, an oral supplement from eggshell membrane, on skin biophysical parameters related to cutaneous aging was evaluated.


Abstract Every substance has the "bulk" which occupies almost all its content and the "surface" which is very thin layer enveloping the former. When two or more substances are in contact, the boundary layer constitutes the "interface." Although the mass of the surface o r interface is negligibly small compared with that of the bulk, the ability of the interface in chemical reactions is far more significant than that of the bulk, because a number of chemical reactions initiate from the interfaces and the reaction rates can be controlled by the use of specifics of the surfaces, especially in catalytic and electrode reactions. Therefore, it is very important to investigate fully the structure and property of the surfaces or interfaces, which must be definitely different from those of the bulk, for elucidation of chemical behavior of materials. The clarification on bulk materials are extensively developed by spectroscopic and diffraction methods. However, as regards the features of the interface, much less kn...


The embodiment of the invention discloses an information processing method based on augmented reality, an information processing device based on augmented reality and a mobile terminal. The method comprises the following steps of: acquiring characteristic information of a target object; determining the state information of the target object according to the characteristic information, wherein the state information comprises emotion information and/or health degree information; determining corresponding augmented reality contents according to the state information; and displaying the augmented reality contents. By use of the method, an existing augmented reality content acquiring method can be optimized, and the augmented reality content range can be enlarged.


This paper presents a driving simulation platform for the development of Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) with the main purpose of promoting the testing of DAS hardware and advancing the verification of DAS performance. The platform uses a combination of two simulation loops, Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) and Driver-In-the-Loop (DIL). Its hardware consists of a simulation computer, a monitor computer, a vision computer, DAS actuators as well as a dummy car. Its software components include several specific ones. When designing its monitor software, a GUI-Driven-by-S-Function (GUIDSF) method is proposed to eliminate the delay in the displaying of the simulation data. The vision rendering software uses adjustment based on the principle of optical projection, considerably improving the driver's perception of being immersed in the virtual traffic scene. The success of the developed platform is demonstrated by HIL experiments of actuators and DIL experiments of ACC. They demonstrate that the proposed actuator control algorithm possesses good tracking capability and ACC is capable of improving ride comfort and reducing driver workload, and consequently, the platform is capable of speeding up DAS development.


An efficient route for the condensation of aldehydes with dimedone in the presence of Zn[(L)Proline]2 in water has been reported. Hydrophilicity of the catalyst is the main attribute of this reaction. The water-mediated reaction using catalytic amounts of recyclable catalyst avoids the use of expensive, corrosive reagents and toxic solvents and provides operational simplicity. Moreover, column chromatography and recrystallization of product are not required as the crude products itself are very pure and hence can be used for target-oriented synthesis on a large scale. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In the text,direct-drive in machinery equipment has been discussed from the field of principle,classification,and the application status.With the improvement of the structure,technology,material,and the controlling function of motor,the electromagnetic direct driving and the near-zero transmission would be the trend in the development of machinery equipment.


This paper offers a DRT-based analysis of epistemic specificity. Following Farkas (1996), we distinguish between scopal, partitive and epistemic specificity. After arguing in Section 1 that the three main variants of specificity are irreducible to each other, the paper then focuses on epistemic specificity. In the analysis of epistemically specific indefinites we distinguish between specific use and specific interpretation. Specific use is defined as a relation between (the semantic representation of) a linguistic form and (the representation of) the speaker's mental state: In the speaker's state the sentence containing the relevant indefinite corresponds to a singular proposition. Specific interpretation is in a sense a derivative notion: It characterises the representation constructed by the hearer just in case he construes an indefinite as having been used specifically by the speaker, and builds his own representation accordingly. The representation language we employ is a descendant of the original DRT-language presented in Kamp and Reyle (1993). This framework is tailor-made for the representations of attitudes of cognitive agents (for a recent discussion see Kamp (2013)); in the analysis reported in the present paper it enables us to distinguish between (i) the representation of an utterance that is derived via (standard) linguistic analysis, and (ii)– (iii) the representations that the individual discourse participants have or construct for this utterance. The key concept of the analysis is the notion of an anchored entity representation: Anchored entity representations are constituents of mental states that are causally linked, via their anchors, to the entities that they represent. In general, when a speaker uses a noun phrase to refer to an entity represented by one of her entity representations and thereby activates an entity representation in the mind of the hearer, the anchor of the hearer's representation, ERH , will often be structurally different from that of the speaker's own entity representation ERS, although normally the two representations will be coreferential. There will be a structural difference in particular when the speaker refers to the entity represented by ERS through making a specific use of an indefinite noun phrase. If the hearer takes her to have used the indefinite specifically, he will construct an entity representation ERH whose anchor links it to its referent as the entity represented by the speaker's representation ERS. Anchors of this type are called 'vicarious anchors'. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the linguistic status of epistemic specificity. Data from English have been taken to suggest that specificity is an epiphenomenon, viz. that it need not be captured at the level of grammatical representation. But data from Romanian appear to suggest otherwise: The behaviour of Romanian indefinites marked with the Accusative preposition pe suggests that the specificity properties of these indefinites need to be marked at the level of (compositional) semantics, viz. at the level of those representations that are obtained directly from syntactic input. Our (tentative) conclusion is that the linguistic status of specific indefinites can be subject to cross-linguistic variation. Preface This paper is the result of reduction twice over. The 'grandmother' document was put together for a course on indefinites that we offered at the European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information in Helsinki in 2001. These notes cover the range of different uses of indefinites from specificity all the way to those that the literature often treats as cases of incorporation. The first 1 half of these notes, concerned just with specific indefinites, we subsequently revised and expanded, so much so that it has grown into a book length manuscript, and is thus is no longer suitable as a journal article. The present paper covers part of the contents of the latter manuscript. It focuses on our own proposal for an analysis and formal treatment of what Farkas has termed 'epistemic specificity' (Farkas (1996)). The proposal builds on a DRT-based account of propositional attitudes and attitude reports, of which an unpublished manuscript has been circulated since the mid-nineties. A German translation of most of this document can be found in Kamp (2003). A somewhat condensed version, but with additional material on shared attitudes, which is relevant to the proposal in this paper, is part of Kamp et al. (2011). For an early, less formal version of most of the core ideas see Kamp (1990). In recent years the representation formalism we will be using has been referred to as 'MSDRT' (for 'Mental State DRT').


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of peer-to-peer (P2P) supply chain financing on companies' innovation efficiency.Design/methodology/approachThis study takes the core companies that invest in the P2P platform as the research background and uses data for Chinese companies and the systematic Generalised Method of Moments (the systematic GMM) to explore the relationship between the improvement of supply chain efficiency, research and development (R&D) investment, and innovation efficiency.FindingsThis study indicates that core enterprise investment in P2P can cause a significant improvement in the efficiency of the supply chain and that this improvement can significantly motivate enterprises to increase R&D investment. Although the improvement of supply chain efficiency has no significant effect on improving companies' innovation efficiency, it can have a positive impact on innovation efficiency through the regulating role of R&D investment.Research limitations/implicationsThis research shows several limitations such as single industry and few companies involved, but it analyses the impact of P2P supply chain financing on R&D investment, and companies' innovation efficiency and broadens the research field of P2P supply chain financing.Practical implicationsThis article provides a theoretical direction for listed companies to invest in P2P platforms and achieve supply chain management. The research on the regulating role of this article provides a new way of thinking for the study of enterprise innovation.Originality/valueThis paper analyses the impact of the core enterprise investment in P2P on R&D investment and its subsequent impact on the companies' innovation efficiency, thus broadening the research field of P2P supply chain financing.


As is evident by this issue, JTATE publishes works that include rich data evidence, regardless of the method used in the research design. Detailed and careful research analyses, as well as purposeful design and construction of the write-up are critical to building a strong foundation of educational technology literature. Researchers in educational technology and technology and teacher education more specifically, who decide to follow a platinum standard for research publication, are strengthening and broadening the credibility of a relatively young field. The JTATE editors promote this line of thinking, encouraging editorial board members, reviewers, and authors to assist with this important goal.


Previous work in our laboratory and others have demonstrated that spoof fingers made of a variety of materials including silicon, Play-Doh, clay, and gelatin (gummy finger) can be scanned and verified when compared to a live enrolled finger. Liveness, i.e. to determine whether the introduced biometric is coming from a live source, has been suggested as a means to circumvent attacks using spoof fingers. We developed a new liveness method based on perspiration changes in the fingerprint image. Recent results showed approximately 90% classification rate using different classification methods for various technologies including optical, electro-optical, and capacitive DC, a shorter time window and a diverse dataset. This paper focuses on improvement of the live classification rate by using a weight decay method during the training phase in order to improve the generalization and reduce the variance of the neural network based classifier. The dataset included fingerprint images from 33 live subjects, 33 spoofs created with dental impression material and Play-Doh, and fourteen cadaver fingers. 100% live classification was achieved with 81.8 to 100% spoof classification, depending on the device technology. The weight-decay method improves upon past reports by increasing the live and spoof classification rate.


The garden of delights and a panopticon prison are very similar actually: being inside walls, being protected, is central. Many archaic ideas of happiness are depicted in enclosed safe spaces. That idea presupposes that the outside is a place of danger and corruption and the inside is safe and good, also morally good, where virtue resides and vice is left outside. The typology of a panopticon implies the creation of a new world in which it is assumed that human nature can be engineered, perfected or corrupted. The panopticon, as a building, is an instrument of reformation. A piece of architecture with such claims is unique and too good for an architect not to have a peak into a scary reality, a peak at what it would be like if it was in his hands to transform human beings with such disciplinary mechanisms. How to tune the prison so that it becomes its opposite, a space of selfgovernance and responsibility, of freedom, by tweaking the architecture of a panopticon? If a prison can have people bound, and under permanent surveillance and oppressed, can we design a building with sovereign users? From being under control to being in control. The new building excavates under the center of the main tower, thereby literally blinding the all-seeing eye of the panopticon. It brings light in and darkness out by inserting light wells in the digged out spaces. It introduces an omnipresent thin column grid which breaks the binary system of controllers versus controlled to introduce homogeneity, autonomy and, eventually, responsibility. That is achieved with the program, an academy of builders who work interdisciplinary towards a rational industry.


With bigdata development in healthcare communities, patient's disease is predicted at the earlier stagefor providing better patient care and community services. Prediction analysis is the method of extracting the information to forecast the future outcomes. Disease prediction is considered as important topic in the research area.Disease prediction identifies the abnormal condition of individual which not matches the bodily functions with specific symptoms and signs. Disease prediction with healthcare data using machine learning techniques isbecoming challenging task for past decades. Many researchworks have been introduced using data mining techniques for predicting specific diseases. But, diseaseprediction accuracy was reduced and quality of medical data remained incomplete. In order to address these problems, existing disease prediction techniques are reviewed in this work.


For things in common, nothing matters whether to exchange or not, whereas for something different, it is necessary to exchange. Cultural differences in different nations not only cause the necessity of cultural exhange, but also form communicative barriers. As a result , during the process of translating, we often have to deal with untranslatability. This paper discusses untranslatability between English and Chinese from the standpoint of culture and language.


The behavior of light in optically active complex nonlinear compounds known as random lasers can be thoroughly described by  statistical mechanics of multi-body interacting systems with disordered couplings. The theory explains the onset of lasing at a given threshold of the externally pumped power and predicts a mode-locking behavior akin to the one occurring in standard ultrafast multimode lasers, though self-starting, without the presence of any nonlinear device [1]. Furthermore, the random laser regime is proved to be glassy, on femto-, pico-, and nano-second scales. In particular, Replica Symmetry Breaking is shown to occur hinting the presence of many degenerate random light mode states and a hierarchical organization of their possible mutual overlaps, whose distribution is the order parameter of the glass and spin-glass transitions [2,3,4]. Series of measurements on random lasers can be easily performed, that are very fast from the point of view of the material dynamics, but not of light mode dynamics. This allows to realize real replicas of quenched disordered nonlinearly interacting networks of modes and opens the possibility to actually measure the inner parameters of Replica Symmetry Breaking theory, i. e., the complete overlap distribution. In this talk, we will show the basic experimental properties of  random lasers, the fundamental elements of their statistical mechanical representation and how this has led to explicit measurements of (i) the self-starting mode-locking in random media [5] and of (ii) the non-trivial overlap distribution P(q) yielding evidence of Replica Symmetry Breaking [6,7]. [1]  Antenucci, F., Conti, C., Crisanti, A. & Leuzzi, L. General phase diagram of multimodal ordered and disordered lasers in closed and open cavities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 043901 (2015). [2]  Antenucci, F., Crisanti, A. & Leuzzi, L. Complex spherical 2+4 spin glass: A model for nonlinear optics in random media. Phys. Rev. A 91, 053816 (2015). [3]  Antenucci, F., Crisanti, A. & Leuzzi, L. The glassy random laser: replica symmetry breaking in the intensity fluctuations of emission spectra. Scientific Reports 5, 16792 (2015). [4]  Gradenigo, G., Antenucci, F. & Leuzzi, L. Glass transition and lack of equipartition in a statistical mechanics model for random lasers (2019). arXiv:1902.00111v1. [5]  Antenucci, F. et al. Observation of nonlinear mode locking in random lasers (2019). Submitted. [6]  Ghofraniha, N. et al. Experimental evidence of replica symmetry breaking in random lasers. Nat. Commun. 6, 6058 (2014). [7]  Tommasi, F. et al. Statistical outliers in random laser emission. Phys. Rev. A 98, 03816 (2018).


Latitudinal patterns of diversity (number of species) vary widely for 13 families and one genus comprising about 50% of California coastal fishes. Clustering based on the presence or absence of species in bays, or at intervals of latitude in California (32-420 N), was used to produce dendrograms of 224 bay-occurring species, of 280 non bay-occurring species and of approximately 500 species in toto; these in turn served to identify three distributional regions in California waters: (1) southern (32-330 N); (2) central (approximately 34-360 N); and (3) northern (approximately 37-420 N). Mean latitudinal dissimilarity was greatest (53%) for the bay dendrogram and least (10%) for the non-bay dendrogram. Although the Point Conception area (34.50 N) was the most distinct faunal boundary in all three dendrograms, analysis of southern and northern end points of ranges for the 500 coastal species showed that Point Conception is more of a boundary for southern species than for northern ones. An ordination two-way table produced by principal coordinates analysis was consistent with the results of the end point analysis and illustrated the high degree to which latitude accounts for the distribution patterns. Greater 'activity' with regard to range terminations occurs in southern California and Baja California than in central and northern California and is in agreement with the pattern of decreasing diversity with increasing latitude in California. Faunal discontinuities in the eastern North Pacific, based on distributions of California fishes, are similar, with few exceptions, to those recognized in studies of benthic molluscs and other marine invertebrates, and apparently reflect marine climate patterns. The results of the analysis emphasize the complex and dynamic character of the Californial coastal fish fauna.


Grazing management is concerned with managing the interactions between plants and animals. Two management factors that require consideration are the optimal grazing time and the effect of grazing severity on subsequent regrowth. The objective of the current study was to quantify the effect of grazing severity in winter on leaf appearance rate , herbage accumulation and quality, and plant energy reserves. Ten pasture areas were grazed to two different residual masses (1260 ± 101 and 1868 ± 139 kg dry matter (DM)/ha, Severe and Lax, respectively) over five consecutive days by dry dairy cows. Neither growth rate (average 15 kg DM/ha/day), nor leaf appearance rate (average 16 days/new leaf) differed between treatments. As a result, herbage accumulated over the 49-day regrowth period was similar between grazing treatments (736 and 715 kg DM/ha for Severe and Lax, respectively), although herbage mass when three new leaves had emerged on regrowing tillers (third leaf stage) was greater on the laxly grazed treatment. Perennial ryegrass plants defoliated more severely displayed a trend for lower levels of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) than plants defoliated more laxly, but this difference had disappeared by the third leaf stage of regrowth. Pasture quality was improved in the severely defoliated treatment, with higher digestibility, WSC and metabolisable energy (ME) concentrations, and (ADF) lower acid and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations.


The right to abortion is a human right and as such occupies an important role in public discourse. In the study, its authors point to the history of Polish abortion law, outline the current legal status in this respect, paying attention to the provisions penalizing abortion related crimes.


According to modern education theory, the paper construct a WBCL (Web Based Collaborative Learning) model based on the stereotype of CSCL. Besides, we construct a Web based multimedia discussion system named virtual classroom based on WBCL, according to the design theory and technique standard in CSCL.


Rotational augmentation is a well-known phenomenon of rotating aerofoils on wind turbines and helicopters where the lift or torque is improved compared to that of stationary aerofoils. We present an analysis which is based on the concept of a developing boundary layer and the Ekman boundary layer using a 3D Finite-Element Analysis of the developing laminar boundary layer over a flat plate in a rotating frame of reference. A parametric analysis addresses the Reynolds number, the Ekman number and the speed ratio in turn. The results demonstrate that the surface's rotation limits the boundary layer to the thinner of the two boundary layers, and that it induces a span-wise flow in the radial direction which in turn leads to Ekman suction. This Ekman suction provides a mechanism to counteract an adverse pressure gradient and thus prevent stall. The criterion derived from this was successfully applied and tested against observations and full CFD results.


In the article is considered more affective prediction of motional abilities of athletes with use of complex pattern including pedagogic, morphological, functional and mental behaviors, what is exercise a significant influence on the athletic achievements. The most effective sports selection is attained at use of complex modelling performance. It includes pedagogical morphological, functional and mental methods.


Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterized by a gender ratio skewed heavily towards males. To effectively address this discrepancy, the nature of sex and gender differences in ASD is examined. Sex and gender differences are distinguished with multidisciplinary references. A theoretical and definitional groundwork takes into consideration the dynamic and multi-levelled nature of developmental influences. Establishing distinctions between sex and gender while recognizing their interrelatedness aids in clarifying the specific nature of these influences; genetics and the environment are similarly conceptualized. Through this lens, Extreme Male Brain Theory (Baron-Cohen, 2009), is critically examined. Baron-Cohen's theory, while containing some merit, requires further revision keeping in mind the many influences upon development as well as distinctions between gender and sex. New directions are proposed for research into gender and sex differences in ASD, with the identification of sensory processing as a promising avenue.


ED FROM Stanley MA, Wilson NL, Novy DM, et al. Cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder among older adults in primary care: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2009;301:1460–7. Correspondence to: Melinda A Stanley, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Centre for Quality Care and Utilization Studies (MEDVAMC 152) 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA. firstname.lastname@example.com Sources of funding: National Institute of Mental Health and Houston VA Health Services Research and Development Centre of Excellence. Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most common anxiety disorder in primary care (~7% prevalence) and is associated with poorer clinical outcomes, including cognitive impairments in older adults. Few GAD treatment trials have been conducted in primary care settings,1 and the only one that involved older adults relied on pharmacotherapy2 which many older adults are reluctant to use. Stanley and colleagues report the fi rst effectiveness trial of a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention for primary care patients with late life GAD. Several trial features strengthen their fi ndings, including its randomised design; broad subject inclusion criteria that allowed concomitant use of psychotropic medications; high treatment fi delity; use of an 'enhanced' usual care (EUC) control condition to partly offset for the extra attention received by CBT patients; follow-up assessments to assess the 12 month durability of their intervention; low subject attrition rate; and intention-totreat and other appropriate statistical analyses of subject dropouts. At 3 months, intervention patients had a mean of 7–8 face to face CBT sessions yet reported a large effect size improvement on their primary outcome. Moreover, 40% versus 22% of EUC patients met the criteria for a treatment response (numbers needed to treat 5.6) and these improvements were sustained 12 months later. By comparison, improvements observed in a trial of escitalopram versus placebo for late life GAD were much smaller.2 Although a substantial proportion of GAD patients failed to meet criteria for treatment response, it is noteworthy that a relatively brief course of expert delivered CBT provided relatively speedy (<3 months) and durable symptom relief. While it remains to be established in head to head trials, CBT may also provide better and more durable symptom relief than pharmacotherapy.2 Additional data describing the impact of the intervention on health services utilisation and costs would be useful to support Stanley and colleagues' treatment strategy in 'real world' settings. Indeed, many elderly patients, particularly those with a signifi cant burden of medical comorbidity and transportation challenges, are either unwilling or unable to adhere with multiple face to face counselling sessions with a therapist. Thus, testing other CBT delivery modalities, including telephone and internet,3 holds great promise to expand access to evidence based care. Bruce L Rollman, MD, MPH Center for Research on Health Care, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; email@example.com Competing interests: None 1. Rollman BL, Belnap BH, Mazumdar S, et al. A randomized trial to improve the quality of treatment for panic and generalized anxiety disorders in primary care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:1332–41. 2. Lenze EJ, Rollman BL, Shear MK, et al. Escitalopram for older adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:295–303. 3. Marks I, Cavanagh K. Computer-aided psychological treatments: evolving issues. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2009;5:121–41. CO M M EN TA RY 16_EBMH1012.indd 20 1/20/2010 7:24:36 PM


Explore colorants quantitative analysis method two components of mixed fiber layer feasibility.Weighing 10 different respectively proportion of polyester,cotton fiber,the mixed after carding machine on the comb got its color with dyeing cotton content increased and the cotton/polyester fiber gradually deep layer,experimental data show that polyester/cotton hybrid fiber layer in the white degree after dyeing accidents and proportion of the linear relationship between cotton was good,correlation coefficient of 0.98.


We consider a parametrize family of JRd—valued Markov chains with parameter £, with with an invariant probability r)e. Suppose that if converges in distribution to the Dirac mesure if e tend to 0. Using Malliavin calculus, we give sufficient conditions to obtain an asymptotic expanding for the density f€ of the invariant probability 77e, manely : r(y) = I c ^ { c t o ( y ) + cci(y) + • • • + e NcN(y) + e N+1R(e, y)}.


Every important revolution and every material progress in £ho pathological knowledge of the different epochs in the history of medicine has been preceded and initiated by anatomical discov eries, revealing previously unknown facts in relation to the organ ization and structure of the human body. The first system of medicine, that of Galen, in the first centuries of the Christian Era was already based upon the imperfect anatomical ideas of the Alexandrian School, and when medical science, after the long continued tethargy of all mental pursuits during the middle ages, began to revive again, it received its principal stimulus by the labors of Vesal, (1845-65), the founder of anatomy, and the anatomical discoveries of Harvey, (1576-1679), Aselli, Malphigi> and others. When Bichat at the commencement of this century made the first effort to establish a system of general anatomy by


Though using parallel evolutionary algorithm to solve large-scale TSP problems is efficient, the parallel computer costs too much and the algorithm is not easy to expand. To address this issue, I propose a parallel genetic algorithm based on a gene pool under the existing network. To replace the group-genes in the evolutionary algorithm with the genes from the gene pool, the algorithm conducts greedy algorithm. The host process conducts greedy algorithm and improved evolutionary algorithm of Inver-over operator while the child process performs the improved hybrid genetic algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate that this algorithm achieves a better solution.


Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) osteogenic differentiation plays an important role in Osteoporosis (OP). LncRNA DGCR5 participates in OP development. However, LncRNA DGCR5's effect on BMSCs in osteoporosis rats and related mechanisms have not been elucidated. SD rats were
 divided into control group and OP group. Rat BMSCs were cultured and transfected with LncRNA DGCR5 siRNA followed by analysis of LncRNA DGCR5 expression by Real time PCR, cell proliferation by MTT assay, Caspase 3 activity, of ERK/P38 signaling pathway protein expression by Western blot, ALP
 activity, and the osteogenic genes Runx2 and OC expression by Real time PCR. LncRNA DGCR51 expression was increased in BMSCs of OP rats. Compared with control group, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited, Caspase 3 activity was increased, p-ERK1/2 and p-P38 were downregulated, ALP
 activity, Runx2 and OC expression was decreased (P < 0.05). DGCR51 siRNA transfection into OP rat BMSCs significantly reduced DGCR51 expression, promoted cell proliferation, decreased Caspase 3 activity, increased p-ERK1/2 and p-P38 expression, increased ALP activity, Runx2 and OC
 expression compared to OP group (P < 0.05). LncRNA DGCR51 expression is increased in OP rat BMSCs. Down-regulation of LncRNA DGCR51 promoted the activation of ERK/P38 signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the apoptosis of BMSCs and promoting proliferation and osteogenic differentiation
 of BMSC in OP rats.


The utility model discloses a wind wheel of a range hood. The wind wheel comprises an upper blade fixing ring, a lower blade fixing ring and a chassis arranged on the lower blade fixing ring, wherein a circle of blades are uniformly arranged between the upper blade fixing ring and the lower blade fixing ring at intervals, and the blades arranged between the upper blade fixing ring and the lower blade fixing ring are arranged in a slant manner. By adopting the structure, the wind wheel provided by the utility model has the advantages that the centrifugal force is large in rotation, and a smoke absorbing effect of the range hood is improved.


The invention aims at providing a superior light reflectance, light resistance, electric insulating property, light reflecting apparatus using the light reflector and the light reflector has a form retaining property, according to the configuration, a protective layer on at least one surface of the porous resin sheet as a stacked optical reflectors, the porous resin sheet, the polyolefin resins are based on 100 parts by weight containing the fine powder form of inorganic filler parts 100 to 300 parts by weight, and the times 1.5 to 20 stretched by an area ratio, and also, a wavelength of 550nm light reflectance this is over 95%, the light, characterized in that with the light reflector, and, those of the light reflector, characterized in that the rigidity of the light reflector is at least 50mm as a light reflective sheet under the lamp Holter recording and / or light guide plate of a liquid crystal display device to obtain a reflecting device.


The utilization and operation of a set of six computer programs for the prediction of panel flutter at supersonic speeds by finite element methods are described. The programs run individually to determine the flutter behavior of a flat panel where the finite elements which model the panel each have four degrees of freedom (DOF), a curved panel where the finite elements each have four DOF, and a curved panel where the finite elements each have six DOF. The panels are assumed to be of infinite aspect ratio and are subjected to either simply-supported or clamped boundary conditions. The aerodynamics used by these programs are based on piston theory. Application of the program is illustrated by sample cases where the number of beam finite elements equals four, the in-plane tension parameter is 0.0, the maximum camber to panel length ratio for a curved panel case is 0.05, and the Mach number is 2.0. This memorandum provides a user's guide for these programs, describes the parameters that are used, and contains sample output from each of the programs.


The computation of units in algebraic number fields usually is a rather hard task. Therefore, families of number fields with an explicitly given system of independent units have been of interest to mathematicians in connection with the computation of • inhomogeneous minima of number fields; • unramified extensions of number fields; • capitulation of ideal classes therein; • complete solution of Thue and index form equations, etc.


With the growing interest in Immersive Analytics, there is also a need for novel and suitable input modalities for such applications. We explore eye tracking, head tracking, hand motion tracking, and data gloves as input methods for a 2D tracing task and compare them to touch input as a baseline in an exploratory user study (N=20). We compare these methods in terms of user experience, workload, accuracy, and time required for input. The results show that the input method has a significant influence on these measured variables. While touch input surpasses all other input methods in terms of user experience, workload, and accuracy, eye tracking shows promise in respect of the input time. The results form a starting point for future research investigating input methods.


Objective
To explore the association, treatment options and outcomes of patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and concomitant vesicourethral reflux (VUR).

Methods
We reviewed the clinical records of 5 children with UPJO and concomitant VUR at our hospital between January 2011 and December 2012. Presentations included prenatal hydronephrosis, urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal retardation. The diagnosis of UPJO was based on ultrasonography and diuretic renography. Voiding cystourethrography was performed in all patients to detect vesicourethral reflux. Two patients underwent concomitant pyeloplasty and ureteroneocystostomy (Lich Gr goir repair). One patient underwent heterochronic pyeloplasty plus ureteroneocystostomy. One patient with low-grade VUR had pyeloplasty and the symptoms disappeared 6 months later. And another patient of laparoscopic pyeloplasty was followed up.

Results
All symptoms improved or disappeared. And renography showed better renal functions and excretion curves.

Conclusions
The coexistence of UPJO and VUR may be attributable to a single developmental abnormality. And UPJO is probably due to ureteral kinking and inflammation caused by VUR. Voiding cystourethrography is routinely recommended for detecting VUR in children with UPJO. The indications for voiding cystourethrography in children with UPJO should be limited to those with dilated ureters, UTI and renal retardation. High-grade reflux coexisting with UPJO requires pyeloplasty and ureteroneocystostomy. Low-grade reflux coexisting with UPJO may be managed with initial pyeloplasty and subsequent medical observations.

Key words:
Hydronephrosis; Vesicoureteral reflux; Abnormalities


Sung Wan Kim, 79, died on Feb. 24 in Salt Lake City. "Dr. Kim has been a pillar of the University of Utah and is recognized nationally and internationally as a pioneer in the field of pharmaceutics...


This paper offers a novel argument against the eating of meat: the zoopolitical case for vegetarianism. The argument is, in brief, that eating meat involves the disrespect of an animal's corpse, and this is respect that the animal is owed because they are a member of our political community. At least three features of this case are worthy of note. First, it draws upon political philosophy, rather than moral philosophy. Second, it is a case for vegetarianism, and not a case for veganism. Third, while it is animalfocussed, it does not rely upon a claim about the wrong of inflicting death and suffering upon animals. The paper sets out the argument, responds to two challenges (that the argument is merely academic, and that the argument does not go far enough), and concludes by comparing the case to Cora Diamond's classic argument for vegetarianism.


MORPHOLOGICAL analysis of values is a time-honored philosophical concern. Among the value typologies proposed across the ages, two seem to be central. In one values are classified according to their realms; and in the other they are classified according to their status. The former type of morphology posits two realms of value, that of theory, on the one side, and that of practice, on the other, conceiving pure contemplation of ideal objects as the highest value of theory, and justice-or the principle of rendering each man his due-as the highest value of practice. A morphology of this kind can leave the topographical division of realms at that and need not necessarily proceed to arrange a hierarchy of values in which the values of one realm are allotted a position superior to that occupied by the values of the other realm. There are, of course, topographical value morphologies which do take the division into realms as a point of departure for arranging values on a graded ladder. The latter variety of topographical morphology, which couples hierarchical arrangement of values with realm classification is illustrated, for example, by the threefold division of values (utility values, vitality values, and spiritual values, such as holiness) proposed by Max Scheler.' In addition to delineating the broad realms of value, that is, the realm of theory and the realm of practice, this morphology subdivides the realm of practice into different planes according to the diverse kinds of objects toward which the activities in this realm are directed. Whereas the one major type of value morphology classifies values according to realms or planes of activity, the other wellknown morphology classifies values according to the status they occupy in relation to each other. Here the principle of classification is that some values are intrinsic or terminal whereas others are extrinsic or instrumental. Extrinsic values, according to this approach, owe their status to the role they play in facilitating the realization of intrinsic values. Were one to apply this principle of classification to Aristotle's teaching, one could say that in his system contemplation occupies the position of an intrinsic value whereas health and leisure occupy the position of extrinsic values.2 The thesis propounded in the present note neither conforms to these morphologies nor does it take issue with them but rather proposes still another principle of classification on the basis of still another possible approach. This approach considers values neither from the angle of their realms nor from the angle of their rank but from the angle of the diverse modes in which they are realized. The method of the morphology here proposed is phenomenological, not doctrinal. Its motive is to analyze the diverse modes of relationship obtaining between the concrete nature and patterns of human life and activity, on the one side, and values, on the other. The problem to be explored concerns the nature of the relation between concrete existence and values. Controlling the exploration is the fundamental assumption3 that values are principles of conduct operative in reality and that as such they constitute a formative element of actions, realms of conduct, inclinations, etc.


In this paper, the power of the energy harvesting circuit using the PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric sensor transformed by vortex was analyzed. For power analysis, a general bridge diode rectifier circuit and a P-SSHI (Parallel Synchronized Switch Harvesting on Inductor) rectifier circuit with a switching circuit were used. The P-SSHI circuit is a circuit that incorporates a parallel synchronous switch circuit at the input of a general rectifier circuit to improve energy conversion efficiency. In this paper, the output power of general rectifier circuit and P-SSHI rectifier circuit is analyzed and verified through theory and experiment. It was confirmed that the efficiency was increased by 69 % through the experiment using the wind. In addition, a circuit for storing the harvested energy in the supercapacitor was implemented to confirm its applicability as a secondary battery.


Two new species of the family Nemouridae, Indonemoura trichotoma sp. n. and I. voluta sp. n., are described from China, and the redescription is provided for Indonemoura longiplatta (Wu, 1949), comb. n. Their relationships with related species are discussed.


Abstract Quantitative results of the Trichoptera emergence, obtained by the greenhouse method, in two mountain streams in southwestern Lower Austria in 1972-74 are presented and discussed. The total biomass of emerging insects lies between 20 and 30 Kcal/m


The article discusses the museum status of motor road vehicles. The museal significance of various objects can be constructed from different foundations. For motor vehicles  this foundation typically lies in maintained usability. Returning a museum vehicle into working condition can lead to problematic results, as the resulting vehicle may end up in a state of being it never had, while it was used. In such a process of functional restoration, traits of use and adaptation may be lost. Meanwhile for museum objects, continued functionality is a secondary consideration. For them these traits of past use are of major significance.
This article explores these themes through the archives and history of the Finnish road and waterway management agency TVH. Some of its road vehicles have been preserved in Mobilia Museum collections alongside their archival sources, thus constituting a historically significant collection.


WC ccmsidw u chi+,illof t?li+s(,ic[Iiertzian) grains that repd npw CWII.WImmrdi ng lU tlw potwtid V = d", ?). > 2, where t k the owrhqJ Lwlwwn t]w gra~ nfi. 1% prweIIt numericrd and ana.!ytic.d rmuhs to show lhn.t ii,ll im puiw init iatec.1 at an end of a chcain of Hcrtzian grain~ in mm (.iitl. wwt.ua.l ly propagates as a scditon for all n >2 aTId l.h;d, m) SC)l iL(JIIS are p(wji b]e for ?1< z. [j llhke contlmlous, wc find l.hal, coiiid iit~ solitcms in discrme media inilia,l.c WI] liplc WA soli t[JfIs at the point of crossing. ~ On ieave of absence from INFIM, 13uchwwt, Rr.m,wia


The invention discloses flower-flavor nutritional glutinous rice flour and a processing method thereof. The flower-flavor nutritional glutinous rice flour is prepared from following raw materials comprising, by weight, 300-450 parts of glutinous rice, 10-15 parts of rose petals, 10-15 parts of lily, 8-12 parts of roxburgh rose flowers, 10-20 parts of sweet pepper, 3-6 parts of sea cucumber powder, 10-20 parts of sago, 5-8 parts of defatted soybean protein, 2-4 parts of pomegranate seeds, 2-3 parts of evening primrose, 1-2 parts of moutan barks, 1-2 parts of smilacina japonica, 2-4 parts of stevia rebaudiana, 10-20 parts of grenadine syrup, 20-30 parts of fistular onion stalk powder, 10-15 parts of koelreuteria paniculata, 5-8 parts of allium tenuissimum, 8-10 parts of leek flowers, a proper amount of coix seed oil and 8-15 parts of a food additive. The flower-flavor nutritional glutinous rice flour is prepared with addition of drug-and-diet petal ingredients, is rich in nutrition and meanwhile is enhanced in smell and flavored in taste, in improved in health-caring value, has effects of face beautifying and skin nourishing, and engendering fluid and being appetizing, is reasonable in compatibility, is rich and balanced in nutrition, can promote digestion, supply nutrient and meanwhile can eliminate fatigue and soothe spirit.


This paper addresses some key aspects of the quantitative measurement of land deformations using differential SAR interferometry. In the introduction, the most important quality aspects of deformation monitoring, i.e. the precision, accuracy and reliability of the estimates, are concisely described. Then a description of the main DInSAR techniques proposed in literature is given, addressing the fundamental aspect of the selection of the most suitable observations for the deformation estimation. This is followed by a discussion on the DInSAR capability to support a quantitative monitoring of deformations. In the last part is illustrated an example of DInSAR subsidence estimation based on multiple ascending and descending ERS SAR images, where the results obtained independently with the ascending and descending data are compared. Furthermore, the analysis of the atmospheric component performed over a stable area, is illustrated.


The preparation of the title compound [Co(NH3)6] (CrO4)Cl,3H2O is reported together with the determination of its crystal structure at 295(1) K. Crystals are orthorhombic, Pcmn, a 8.594(5),b 8.598(5), c 18.126(9) A, Z 4.


This paper presents a file sharing traffic analysis methodology for Server Message Block (SMB), a common protocol in the corporate environment. The design is focused on improving the traffic analysis rate that can be obtained per CPU core in the analysis machine. SMB is most commonly transported over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and therefore its analysis requires TCP stream reconstruction. We evaluate a traffic analysis design which does not require stream reconstruction. We compare the results obtained to a reference full reconstruction analysis, both in accuracy of the measurements and maximum rate per CPU core. We achieve an increment of 30% in the traffic processing rate, at the expense of a small loss in accuracy computing the probability distribution function for the protocol response times.


The results of a study of one unit block of Pile Graphite Grade A' are reported. The open porosity is high approximates 19%, most of which is located beyond entrances with diameters in the range 0.1 to 58 mu . Many of these entrances lead to pores appreciably wider than themselves and some 80% of the open porosity appears to be located in macro-pores with diameters > 10 mu . This macro-strulcture, however, accounts for only a small part (5%) of the accessible surface area ( approximates 0.2 m/sup 2//g); on the other hand there is little or no internal surface or volume associated with open pores having diameters of molecular size. The material possesses an appreciable porosity ( approximates 4%) closed to helium; the surface area of these closed pores, some of which must be very fine, is relatively high, more than 4 m/sup 2//g. The lump density varies across the cross section of the block, falling towards the center, and also it varies along the extrusion direction. A summary of the results is included. (auth)


The effects of different varieties, sowing time and pollination on the selective abortion of seed in buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) were studied. The results showed the different varieties of seed sterility showed insignificant difference while time of sowing and pollination had obvious effect on selective abortion of seed in buckwheat. Artificial assistance pollination could significantly increase the seed setting rate.


Dry transportation of semisubmersible drilling units has become common practice in recent years. The paper reviews the merits of this mode of transportation and the technical problems which have to be overcome in the engineering of the transport.


Photovoltaic Systems (PV) are the most widely used renewable energy source in the Republic of Croatia but with a modest share in the total energy balance. EU energy policy encourages PV installation in building elements such as facades, roofs or separate constructions with the aim of achieving zero-energy buildings. Whether an integrated or stand-alone system during their lifetime requires periodic maintenance. In a normal operation, it is necessary to carry out a visual inspection twice a year before and after the winter period to determine the condition of the equipment, connecting lines and supporting structures. In the case of a significant deviation from the normal production, the inspection must be done as soon as possible. Most commonly, the problems of the unmaintained system cannot be perceived as long as the PV system is in an operational state. Dropping of dust, bird droppings or shading over a longer period may lead to system components being damaged and to necessary repair costs that can be prevented by regular maintenance procedures, including regular surface cleaning of photovoltaic panels. Infrared thermography is a fast method of detecting heat sources due to shading or defective photovoltaic module elements. The paper provides visual examples of thermal spots that can be observed during the infrared thermographic inspection of photovoltaic systems, as well as a review of their impact on the system.


Six new citreoviridins (citreoviridins J–O, 1–6) and twenty-two known compounds (7–28) were isolated from the deep-sea-derived Penicillium citreonigrum MCCC 3A00169. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, including the HRESIMS, NMR, ECD calculations, and dimolybdenum tetraacetate-induced CD (ICD) experiments. Citreoviridins J−O (1–6) are diastereomers of 6,7-epoxycitreoviridin with different chiral centers at C-2–C-7. Pyrenocine A (7), terrein (14), and citreoviridin (20) significantly induced apoptosis for HeLa cells with IC50 values of 5.4 μM, 11.3 μM, and 0.7 μM, respectively. To be specific, pyrenocine A could induce S phase arrest, while terrein and citreoviridin could obviously induce G0-G1 phase arrest. Citreoviridin could inhibit mTOR activity in HeLa cells.


Handwashing is the best defense against communicable infections due to lack of good personal hygiene practices. The objective of the study is to evaluate the change in knowledge and practice of hand hygiene among the children living in a foster care home of Bengaluru city.

A pre-tested, closed-ended, and structured questionnaire was administered in local language among 98 children, aged 8–16 years, residing in a foster home for boys in Bengaluru city to assess their knowledge and hand hygiene practices before and after a community-based intervention of handwashing technique which was done.

The present study showed a significant improvement in knowledge among majority of the children regarding hand hygiene before and after meals, usage of toilet post-intervention. About 96.9% of the children started practicing handwashing using handwash solution and water.

Behavior change through communication campaigns improves safe hand hygiene practices on long term.


The ground state electronic structures of [FeIIIX(LISQ)2]0 where X is a halide (F−, Cl−, Br−, I−) or pseudo‐halide (N3−, NCS−) and (LISQ)1− is the o ‐iminobenzosemiquinonato π‐radical ligand, have been calculated using DFT at the B3LYP* level of theory. The modified functional with 15% Hartree‐Fock exchange is required to successfully reproduce the spin ground state of the complex as either S =3/2 for X=F−, Cl− and NCS−, or S =1/2 for X=Br−, I− and N3−. The difference in ground state stems from an S Fe=5/2→S Fe=3/2 spin transition at the iron ion, prompted by the donor properties of the apical ligand. The computational methodology was validated through accurate calculation of the Mossbauer parameters. The redox chemistry of the o ‐aminophenolate ligand was examined for the putative five‐membered electron transfer series for [FeIIIF(LISQ)2]z and [FeIIII(LISQ)2]z (z =2+1+, 0, 1−, 2−). The redox chemistry is entirely ligand‐centered with retention of the ferric ion, where only the strong ligand field provided by a fully reduced o ‐anilinophenolate(2−) ligand in conjunction with a soft apical donor will support an intermediate‐spin Fe(III) central ion.


Infamously known as the "Butcher of Baluchistan" and the "Butcher of East Pakistan", he was a graduate of Dehra Dun and was commissioned in 1939. (...)


Traffic sign detection can be used in intelligent transportation system to improve the safety.Traffic signs have special shapes and colors,but most detecting methods ignores color information or just segmentated with const threshold values,which resulted in loss of adaptability and robustness.This paper presents an SVM based method using color and shape information for detection of traffic signs.This method is mainly carried are in two steps.First,it segments the image using SVM,then detects the traffic sign by SVM and the shape information.The methods by detecting blue designation traffic sign are tested.The experiments show the good robustness and high detection accuracy.


The Edge Organization is currently a primary research and experimentation agenda within the C2 research community. By combining the Experiment Laboratory for Investigating Collaboration, Information-sharing, and Trust (ELICIT) Multiplayer Intelligence Game with the use of CHAT, we designed an experiment to explore the effect of different rules of information-sharing, communication, and decision-making on the performance and behavior of three different permutations of Edge versus Hierarchical Organizations. Our main findings suggest that when an intelligence organization is tasked to analyze incoming data and decide on an interpretation of these data, the edge organization outperformed both the traditional hierarchy and the edge-hierarchy hybrid over decision speed, decision 2 The International C2 Journal | Vol 3, No 2 accuracy, and level of shared correct awareness of the threat situation. The hybrid organization and the traditional hierarchy performed equally well on decision accuracy and shared awareness, but the former made decisions faster than the latter. One possible explanation for our results is that in the hierarchical structure, the processing of information takes place in two different levels subsequent to each other in time, but in the Edge there is only one processing level.


Electronic commerce systems (retail, auction, etc.) are good examples of data-based systems that operate under correctness and resilience requirements of a transactional nature but go beyond conventional databases, as they are formed by the aggregation of heterogeneous, autonomous components. We introduce a framework to specify, analyze and reason about the behavior of such systems, focusing on how they are designed to make consistent progress in spite of failures. The contributions are: (a) the introduction of the Guarantee abstraction to deal with transactional applications; (b) a framework based on guarantees and protocols to specify the behaviors of systems and their components and reason about the properties of systems and their components; and (c) application of the framework to a common e-commerce scenario. The framework allows the hierarchical composition of transactional systems and their properties, as well as the proofs of these properties: we specify a system's behavior at its most abstract level, and proceed to decompose the specification mirroring the structure of the system's components, considering the role of guarantee-preserving component systems and recovery in each case. In particular we show how the lower-level properties are supported by the component systems, which we also characterize within the same framework.


In this paper a new technique for echocardiogram compression is proposed. The traditional video compression algorithms used in echocardiography compress the entire video in the same way and the particular characteristics of the operation modes are not considered. In a general way, the operation modes can be divided into two groups, the sweep modes and the 2D modes, which have particular characteristics in the way of displaying the ultrasound. For this reason, the proposed approach takes into account their particular characteristics and different compression techniques are applied to each display mode. For all modes of operation the new technique has been compared with other compression methods like H.264 and XVID, widely used in echocardiography. Lower transmission rates are achieved with the same Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) supporting the use of the proposed approach.


Hybrid silicon solar cells have been fabricated by the spin coating of conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a p-type contact on textured n-type crystalline silicon wafers. The effect of adding co-solvents, ethylene glycol (EG) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), to PEDOT:PSS improves its conductivity which translates to the improved performance of solar cells. Transfer length measurements were conducted to realize optimal contact with minimal losses between the front metal contact (silver) and PEDOT:PSS. From the conductivity and device results, a 7% EG with 0.25 wt% Triton (surfactant) blend of PEDOT:PSS is found to be optimal for these cells. This current approach with a few changes in the device architecture will pave way for the further improvement of PEDOT:PSS based hybrid silicon solar cells.


Aceclofenac, a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase which is responsible for the production of prostaglandins. It is the glycolic acid ester of diclofenac. The present work is based in designing effervescent tablets of aceclofenac. The aceclofenac effervescent tablets were prepared by wet granulation method. The alterations in the effervescence time of the prepared tablets were studied by varying the concentrations of acid and base materials, i.e. citic acid, sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid. On the basis of the effervescence time, an optimum formulation was chosen. The results revealed that the formulated batch which consists of 20% w/w, 50.85% w/w and 25.58%w/w of citric acid, sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid respectively was chosen as an optimum formulation with effervescence time of 276.5 seconds. And as we increase or decrease the amount of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate from the amount used for the optimum formulation, the effervescent time tend to increase as observed in formulations. So the concentrations of the citric acid and sodium bicarbonate must be as that of F8 (optimum formulation) to get the better effervescent time. Therefore, aceclofenac effervescent tablets can be prepared by wet granulation method.


When the substation DC system grounded though a high resistance, the inrush current is too small to be detected and this status will be kept without operation. But it brings a hidden danger to the substation, when the resistance bridges in the insulation monitoring device open and close, the voltage fluctuation of relay coil affected by the system parameters may lead to relay misoperation and power interruption. The authors researched the relationships between the relay misoperation phenomenon and various system parameters with RT-LAB software. They built a model of DC system with positive pole high resistance grounding, as well as physics experiments were carried out to verifiy the accuracy of simulation. By changing the system parameters from zero to infinite, characteristics curves of system parameter and relay voltage were obtained, the conclusion is given to report the contribution to the relay misoperation caused by increasing system parameter values, and it is useful for avoiding relay misoperation by adjusting system parameter values in a proper way.


The impression that works of art reproduce or imitate reality is widespread among readers of all levels and all times. Behind it there is, of course, an unspoken ethical assumption: that reproducing or imitating reality is the duty of writers and artists. Readers (and critics) often get angry when this duty is not fulfilled; and, more importantly, they are usually sure they can recognize when it is. This widespread impression is clearly at odds with the results of thoughtful critical research.


Objective:To investigate the expression and significance of PI3K/Akt pathway related proteins in gastric MALT lymphoma.Methods:Expression of PTEN,PI3K and Akt were detected in 32 pathologic sections by immunohistochemical staining.Results:The expression rate of PTEN in gastric MALT lymphoma was 31.25%,while the expression rate of PI3K and pAkt was 75.00% and 71.88% respectively.The expression of PTEN was negatively correlated with that of PI3K and also pAkt.The expression of PI3K was positively correlated with that of pAkt.Conclusion:The abnormal activation of PI3K/Akt pathway correlated with occurrence and development of gastric MALT lymphoma.


Introduction ERCP has become a standard therapeutic procedure for the management of biliary and pancreatic pathology. ERCP is associated with complications, especially pancreatitis (3–7%), bleeding (1%) and perforation (1%). Several recent meta-analyses indicate that rectal NSAID may reduce post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) by up to 50% vs placebo. Aim To assess the impact of the selective use of rectal Indomethacin prophylaxis on PEP. Method Single centre study over 3 years: Oct 2011 to Oct 2014. Analysis of 404 consecutive patients undergoing ERCP by single operator. In first 2 years Indomethacin prophylaxis was not used; in 3rd year Indomethacin 100mg per rectum was given post procedure at endoscopist's discretion if patient considered at high risk of PEP. The endoscopy database and patient electronic records were analysed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and GraphPad Prism v6. ResultsAbstract PWE-034 Table 1 Before Indomethacin After Indomethacin Comment Date Oct 11–Sep 13 Oct 13–Sep 14 N 275 129 %Female 55.6% 66.67% Median age (range) 72.4 (18.8–99.8) 71.9 (23–98.6) Indomethacin usage not applicable 73/129 (56.6%) Indomethacin given to high risk patients PROCEDURESSphincterotomyBiliary Stent (s) InsertionBalloon/Basket Trawl 60%41.5%56.4% 55.0%33.3%72.9% OUTCOMECannulation successTechnical success 95.3%95.3% 98.4%98.4% COMPLICATIONSPancreatitisBleed needing transfusionMortality 4% (11/275)0.7% (2/275)0% 2.32% (3/129)0%0% not sig, OR = 0.57,[95% CI: 0.16–2.09]not signot sig Conclusion ERCP is essentially a therapeutic procedure with successful outcome in >95% of cases. The pancreatitis rate has dropped from 4% to 2.32% since the introduction of indomethacin prophylaxis. Although this reduction is not statistically significant it is encouraging and in line with recently published European guidelines (ESGE June 2014) which recommend routine use of rectal NSAID for all ERCP cases. Disclosure of interest None Declared.


Through the practical operation of machine-readable catalogue data uploading under the Centralized acquisition system(Personal Computer Version),this paper has explored the insufficiency and rectification methods in classifying and cataloguing of bibliographic data under the system and discussed its rectification methods.


Increasing interest has been seen in applying fuzzy set theory to controller design in power systems problems. In this paper, the design of fuzzy logic controller for STATCOM (static synchronous compensator) is based on the polar information obtained from the tie-line power flow. Time simulations are conducted on a four-generator interconnected power system. Computer results show the capability of the proposed fuzzy logic STATCOM in enhancing the dynamic behavior of an interconnected power system.


Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells that provide a vital link between the innate and adaptive immune system. Research into this family of cells has revealed that they perform the role of coordinating T-cell based immune responses, both reactive and for generating tolerance. We have derived an algorithm based on the functionality of these cells, and have used the signals and differentiation pathways to build a control mechanism for an artificial immune system. We present our algorithmic details in addition to some preliminary results, where the algorithm was applied for the purpose of anomaly detection. We hope that this algorithm will eventually become the key component within a large, distributed immune system, based on sound immunological con-


The high penetration level of wind power will bring the stochastic and variable characteristics in power system operation. To obtain the stable network partitioning that can adapt to wind power fluctuation, and combine with the feature that pilot-bus is considered as control center of secondary voltage control. Voltage control partitioning of wind power integration system based on pilot-bus control space is proposed. Based on the expectation of voltage control sensitivity in terms of pilot-bus to load bus, pilot-bus control space is established, which can comprehensively reflect the controllability in terms of pilot bus to load bus with wind power fluctuation. Recursive algorithm is utilized to develop pilot-bus control space, representing the concept of quasi-steady-state physical response. Finally, Kohonen neural network is used to implement the network partitioning. Case study based on IEEE 39-bus is provided to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed method.


on them ; but it may be safely said that the last word will not belong to those who take extreme positions. No one questions the great ability and learning of scholars like Hilgenfeld, Holtzmann, BVeizsacker, Lipsius, Schiirer, etc. On the other hand, orthodox scholars are not slow to recognise the rights of criticism, or to accept established conclusions. Witness Delitzsch, Riehm, Von Orelli, Strack, Kostermann, Weiss, perhaps even Dillmann.


The reaction of squaric acid (1,2-dihydroxycyclobutene-3,4-dione) with aniline in N,Ndimethylformamide and other solvents produces not exclusively the 1,3-dianilino derivative (1,3-dianilinocyclobutenediylium 2,4-diolate, 3a), as was maintained in the earlier literature, but additionally furnishes the 1,2-dianilino isomer (1,2-dianilinocyclobutene-3,4-dione, 2a). The 3a:2a isomer ratio is found to depend on the acidity of the medium; the ratio decreases as the solvent acidity is enhanced. The proposed mechanism accounting for the concurrent formation of both isomers involves the intermediacy of anilinium anilinosquarate ( 5 ) in dissociation equilibrium with anilinosquaric acid (7) and its conjugate base, anilinosquarate anion, with both acid and anion implicated as substrates in the further nucleophilic attack steps leading to the two dianilino isomers. The reaction of squaric acid with piperidine is also briefly investigated.


In the performance test of the satellite-based laser ranging system equipment on earth,optical pulse for simulating distance with high-precision,stable and adjustable were needed,then the adjustable distance simulation technology was developed.A adjustable distance simulation system consisting of laser receiving,delay control,high-precision signal delay and laser emitting units is designed to simulate distance.The minimum simulation distance of the adjustable distance simulator achiev 15 m,the accuracy superior 0.15 m are proved by experiments,satisfing the demands of the performance test of all kinds of satellite-based laser ranging system equipment on earth by now.


ABSTRACT Social, human and economic dimensions of development demand relevant attention in developing and developed countries. In this paper, we explore the role of information technology (IT) for development in an emerging economy: Brazil. Through our analysis and discussion, we highlight relevant issues to be considered by information systems (IS) literature. For example, we observed IT advances in the health area, and these advances include telemedicine, applications focused on cancer, applications for prescription process, electrocardiogram in the clouds, and remote tele-monitoring of chronic patients. During the literature review, we also found two initiatives in Brazil that help in the fight against cancer and HIV with IT use. These (and other) measures have a direct effect on social and human development. We indicate a special attention to the importance of government actions and of the internet to leverage the relationship between IT investments and development in emerging economies.


Balance exercise prescription is saddled with the lack of quantitative method for assigning balance exercise intensity. Virtual Reality based exergames that record three-dimensional (3D) position data has the potential to incorporate center of mass (COM) variables that can represent the difficulty level of the exercise task. The current study developed stability zone limits, a COM-based balance intensity variable, for older adults. The variable can be used to evaluate performance of the user and it can be used to design future iterations of the balance exergame. Preliminary result shows good agreement between perceived task difficulty and stability zone limits.


Since Kyoto Protocol, the international community is compromising itself to reduce greenhouse gases emissions. However, the implementation of energy policies, such as the construction of renewable energy installations, in many cases doesnÂ't suit with local perceived necessities and causes conflicts. In this paper, some types of local conflicts originating by the introduction of RES are presented. The relevance of social multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) in dealing with this type of conflicts is discussed by means of theoretical and empirical arguments. SMCE supplies a structured process to gather, synthesize and evaluate information from several sources, which can be used as input for social debate and decision-making. In SMCE, the use of social research provides insights on the different and legitimate values and interests involved. Also, multi/inter disciplinarity gives information about the alternativesÂ' impacts on different dimensions (environmental, social, economic, and so on). These data arenÂ't translated in a common unit of measure, but they are presented in their original form. By combining social research with multi-criteria methodologies, transparency of the decision-making process is increased. In this way, the policy-maker is able to make sound decision and is hold responsible for his/her choices.


In an era of super computing, data is increasing exponentially requiring more proficiency from the available technologies of data storage, data processing, and analysis. Such continuous massive growth of structured and unstructured data is referred to as a "Big data". The processing and storage of big data through a conventional technique is not possible. Due to improved proficiency of Big Data solution in handling data, such as NoSQL caused the developers in the previous decade to start preferring big data databases, such as Apache Cassandra, Oracle, and NoSQL. NoSQL is a modern database technology that is designed to provide scalability to support voluminous data, leading to the rise of NoSQL as the most viable database solution. These modern databases aim to overcome the limitations of relational databases such as unlimited scalability, high performance, data modeling, data distribution, and continuous availability. These days, the larger enterprises need to shift NoSQL databases due to their more flexible models. It is a great challenge for business organizations and enterprises to transform their existing databases to NoSQL databases considering heterogeneity and complexity in relational data. In addition, with the emergence of big data, data cleansing has become a great challenge. In this paper, we proposed an approach that has two modules: data transformation and data cleansing module. The first phase is the transformation of a relational database to Oracle NoSQL database through model transformation. The second phase provides data cleansing ability to improve data quality and prepare it for big data analytics. The experiments show the proposed approach successfully transforms the relational database to a big data database and improve data quality.


The results of optical observation of the plume produced with pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiation are de-scribed. The dynamic behaviors were observed by means of high speed photography, and the structures wereanalized with the aid of spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).From the above experiments we obtained some conclusions as follows:1) The plume is mainly composed of the atomic vapor and the ultra fine particle of base materials.2) The mean moving speed of the plume is proportional to the laser intensity. There is a relation between the intensity (I) and the start time of plume (ts), as I=ts-0.58. This relation has been interpreted with simplifiedvapor model.3) he mean size of particles in the plume is 10-30nm in diameter. The size distribution can be controlled by laser intensity, and gas species and pressure in the atmosphere.


Evaluating the integrity of the welded pipes used for fluid transportation in processing industries demands certain investigations on the erosion and corrosion behavior under various environmental conditions. ASTM A106 Grade-B pipes are butt welded using an automated MIG welding setup to obtain the optimum output response such as Reinforcement Form Factor (W1), Penetration Shape Factor (W2), and Tensile Strength (W3) in the weldments. The slurry erosion test is conducted on the weldment surface by varying the velocity and erodent concentration in acidic (0.1M H2SO[Formula: see text] and alkaline (3.5%[Formula: see text]wt. NaCl) conditions. Correspondingly, the samples are subjected to electrochemical corrosion test in 0.1[Formula: see text]M H2SO4 and 3.5% wt. NaCl solutions. The SEM investigations carried out on the eroded weldment surface show glimpses of erosion mechanisms such as shallow and deep ploughing, oxide cracks, ridges and valleys, scale formation at some areas attributing to sulphide deposition. The corrosion that occurred on the weldment surface tested under acidic conditions is relatively high compared to the alkaline conditions. The reinforcement form factor is the most preferable weld bead characteristic to obtain better erosion and corrosion resistant weldments in the investigated pipe material.


Based on the superposition principle of seismic waves,a new blasting vibration waveform prediction model was proposed other than the traditional prediction methods founded on data statistics.According to the measured vibration waveforms from single blast holes,the developed model was used to calculate the blasting vibration waveforms at certain locations.In the calculation,the parameters were considered as follows: the position of the recording site relative to each blast hole,the delay time between the detonation of each two blasthole according to the actual initiation network and the measured propagation velocity of seismic wave.The calculated results show that the developed method can be used to predict the blasting vibration velocity peaks,whole vibration waveform,vibration duration and main frequency distribution.And the calculated waveforms are coincident with the recorded ones in the deep hole blasting tests using electronic detonators.It indicates that the developed predication method is reliable for engineering application.


ABSTRACT This paper presents the findings of a systematic literature review (performed from 2010 to 2020) about classroom management (CM) in higher education. The purpose of this article is to present the state of CM in higher education. Search terms identified 129 papers, from which 42 relevant articles met the inclusion criteria of the current review. Data extraction was initially conducted based on title, keywords, and abstract; it continued with a full-text analysis for the final set of 42 included studies. Based on the reviewed articles factors affecting CM are classified according to students, instructors, and the system. The results show that novice instructors need training about CM and instructors should integrate active learning strategies for better CM. The results also point to a need for researches in online CM. Finally, the findings provide suggestions for future research on CM in higher education.


Potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivation was introduced into Nigeria in the Jos Plateau in the early 20th century (Zemba et al., 2013) The Jos Plateau is at high altitude, c. 1,200 m above sea level, and has a cool climate favourable for the …


Students are considered to be the main 'customers' in universities and polytechnics and increasingly they seek to have their needs met. This is one of the main reasons for persistent calls for the improvement of teaching in higher education. Tutors play an important role in the delivery of undergraduate education, although they are often perceived as a 'neglected' or 'invisible' group. This paper assesses students' perceptions of tutors and the factors that contribute to their learning in a New Zealand university. Survey questionnaires were administered to management students at the end of their course, to gather information on their perceptions of tutor effectiveness and to reflect on their overall tutorial experiences. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were undertaken of the data collected. The results supported the initial hypotheses that the learning environment, positive and constructive feedback and stimulating tutorials improve student learning and lead to higher levels of student satisfaction with their learning experiences at university.


In this paper, a novel sparse channel estimation algorithm based on channel shortening is proposed for multi-band OFDM ultra wide-band communications. In this algorithm, channel shortening is first used to cancel the inter symbol interference (ISI) and the inter carrier interference (ICI) resulted in the shortage of length of cyclic prefix. Then the sparse structure property of UWB channel is used to detect the non-zero tap which avoids non-important zero taps' estimation and promotes the performance of the algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the LS algorithm and the DFT algorithm wouldn't estimate the channel correctly when the length of cyclic prefix is shorter than the length of channel, while the new algorithm has good preference.


Yamazaki, Yoshio Ohyama, Yasushi Aihara, Tatsuya Iso, Eichi Okamaoto, Ryozo Nagai and Yuko Oyama, Keiko Kawai-Kowase, Kenichi Sekiguchi, Mahito Sato, Hiroko Sato, Miki Gene Transcription in Embryonic Fibroblasts α SM22 Mediated Activation of the − Homeobox Protein Hex Facilitates Serum Responsive Factor Print ISSN: 1079-5642. Online ISSN: 1524-4636 Copyright © 2004 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000138404.17519.45 2004;24:1602-1607; originally published online July 8, 2004; Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/24/9/1602 World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the


We present the status of the analyses and latest results on π0-hadron correlations measured with the ALICE experiment in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV and p-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV. . Results are compared with transport models and pQCD calculations.


Trauma has become the endemic disease of modem civilisation.  Head injury occurs in 70% of all injuries and causes death in 25%.  The number of significant head injuries is rising year by year as shown by the table of the figures at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.TABLE 1Year             Number1962            8301963            6911964            9411965            10201966           1251In no other system of the body is a knowledge of the functional anatomy more essential than in the diagnosis and treatment of the head-injured.  The brain is contained loosely within the bony skull. It is separated from it by the meninges and by a subarachnoid layer of cerebro-spinal fluid (C.S.F.).  The brain maintains continuity with the bony skeleton by means of the cerebral veins which pass from the cortical surface to the dural sinuses. The width of the space between brain and skull depends on brain bulk.  Thus in states of cerebral atrophy due to age or disease the space will be increased.


In this work, we studied the effect of the deposition thickness, growth rate, arsenic flux, and implantation dose on the morphology of the GaAs nanostructures grown on modified Si areas. It is shown that an increase in the growth rate at the initial stages of the growth process leads to the transition of the growth regime from layered-like to one-dimensional with the formation of nanowires. Studies of the effect of As4 pressure have shown that a change in the equivalent As4 flux in the range of 3.7 - 5.0 ML/s does not lead to any significant change in the structure of the GaAs layer in the modified areas. An increase in the implantation dose during processing with a focused ion beam led to disordering of the directions of the grown nanowires due to the degradation of the substrate crystal structure.


This cost-benefit analysis assesses the benefits of the Advanced Near Net Shape Technology (ANNST) manufacturing process for fabricating integrally stiffened cylinders. These preliminary, rough order-of-magnitude results report a 46 to 58 percent reduction in production costs and a 7-percent reduction in weight over the conventional metallic manufacturing technique used in this study for comparison. Production cost savings of 35 to 58 percent were reported over the composite manufacturing technique used in this study for comparison; however, the ANNST concept was heavier. In this study, the predicted return on investment of equipment required for the ANNST method was ten cryogenic tank barrels when compared with conventional metallic manufacturing. The ANNST method was compared with the conventional multi-piece metallic construction and composite processes for fabricating integrally stiffened cylinders. A case study compared these three alternatives for manufacturing a cylinder of specified geometry, with particular focus placed on production costs and process complexity, with cost analyses performed by the analogy and parametric methods. Furthermore, a scalability study was conducted for three tank diameters to assess the highest potential payoff of the ANNST process for manufacture of large-diameter cryogenic tanks. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was subsequently used with a group of selected subject matter experts to assess the value of the various benefits achieved by the ANNST method for potential stakeholders. The AHP study results revealed that decreased final cylinder mass and quality assurance were the most valued benefits of cylinder manufacturing methods, therefore emphasizing the relevance of the benefits achieved with the ANNST process for future projects.


Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that attacks various organ systems with a variety of clinical implications, ranging from mild skin and mucosal manifestations to severe central nervous system manifestations and death. Cases of SLE have been documented nearly two centuries ago when scholars used the terms 'erythema centrifugum' and 'seborrhea congestiva' to describe the discoid skin lesions and the butterfly or malar rash in SLE. Since then, knowledge about this disease has developed rapidly, especially knowledge related to the underlying pathogenesis of SLE. To date, it is known that immune system dysregulation, supported by genetic and environmental predisposition, can trigger the occurrence of SLE in a group of susceptible individuals. Various inflammatory mediators, cytokines and chemokines, as well as intra- and intercellular signaling pathways, are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. In this review, we will discuss the molecular and cellular aspects of SLE pathogenesis, with a focus on how the immune system, genetics and the environment interact and trigger the various clinical manifestations of SLE.


Drought is one of the major factors limiting crop production in an arid environment. The exogenous application of osmoprotectants has been found effective in reducing the adverse effects of drought stress on plant growth. A field experiment was conducted to quantify the interactive effects of water stress and exogenously applied salicylic acid, glycinebetaine and proline on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (cv MNH-886). The treatments included [(a) two watering regimes (well-watered 2689 m 3


In this article oriented graph to solve wide circle of problem and to find optimalsolutions whichcan be need in determined correctionby impact of defined factorsis viewed. Author developed a special mechanism of sensitivity analysis for correction and rating of impact disturbance to output characteristics graph.


3. Varieties. You should know the relevant definitions: what is an (affine) variety, how are the maps I and V defined, which examples show that we only get a 1-1 correspondence over algebraically closed fields and for radical ideals. You should know the statements of Hilbert's basis theorem and of Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, and you should be able to explain what they are good for. You should know what prime, maximal, radical ideals are. Finally, you should know the definition of coordinate rings and polynomial maps.


At the beginning of the 1990s, the issue of whether and to what extent medieval encyclopaedias may have had an impact on Dante's works seems to have been settled by Zygmunt Barański and Cesare Vasoli. Differently to their skeptical viewpoint, this chapter pleads for a reconsideration of the question by taking into account the results that almost thirty years of research on medieval encyclopaedias, their genres, their evolution, and the array of styles have brought to the fore. On the basis of this much more differentiated picture of how encyclopaedic writings organize knowledge, the chapter emphasizes the extent to which Dante's Convivio may be placed within the range of experimental encyclopaedic forms that cropped up in the aftermath of Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum. At the end, the chapter addresses encyclopaedic aspects in the Commedia.


Planar waveguides with photonic bandgap guiding properties are studied. It is shown that a slight deviation from the periodicity in the photonic bandgap multilayers can provide non-dispersive transmission of wide-band signals of high power, as well as reduce the number of sub-layers of the multilayer coating in comparison with a periodical one to provide wave guiding.


The article discusses the concepts «life script» and «cultural script» allowing to describe the linguistic and cultural interpretation among the people speaking ural urban substandard language. Texts-conversations are recorded by the author by means of the method of participant observation. The article gives the general characteristics of the most important components of the cultural script and demonstrates the practice of describing the chronotop of the cultural script «Rural family life».


Cholesterol, hypertension and diabetes are the three major chronic diseases from which most of the people suffers and these peoples often use search engines to acquire related information about these problems. But, almost every information related to diet on the internet isn't suitable for people to gather information about the diet suggestions. A system for diet suggestion which can advocate a prudent diet for such peoples is suggested in this paper. We designed a system that recommends a proper diet which has the adequate knowledge of three above mentioned highly chronic diseases. We propose a solution to the menu recommending problem using the optimization algorithm known as unbounded knapsack. We designed a model which satisfies the nutritional requirements of individuals while imposing the "Laws of Nutrition", a set of hypothesis used by almost all Latin America's nutrition scientists. This prototype corresponds to a numerical optimization problem with constraints. We design a menu items generator application model to set up a convenient menu for a user with different properties.


The breakdown behaviors of ultra-thin HfSiON gate dielectrics have been investigated to provide a clear determination of time to breakdown Tbd. Abrupt jumps in gate leakage current Ig under negative stress voltage were readily observed by using small area devices, even in sub-0.9-nm EOT HfSiON. In the case of positive bias stress, an abrupt jump in Ig under stress voltage was hardly observed. Rather than observing gate leakage current Ig, we could determine the Tbd by the abrupt jump in substrate current Isub in carrier separation measurement using nMOSFETs. By using this method, the initial breakdown event could be sensitively detected and Tbd under the both biases can be handled with the Weibull distribution. Therefore conventional procedures for gate area conversion and failure rate extrapolation are expected to be valid, even for the ultra-thin HfSiON gate dielectrics


For many years, trainees have attended fellowships during surgical training or after the achieving a CCT.Most of these fellowships provide subspecialty skills and are based in centres that offer practical exposure to procedures and conditions that lie outside the approved surgical curricula.These posts have been funded in a variety of ways, usually by industrial sponsorship or by the employing trust.


This longitudinal research was conducted to investigate the effect of code-switching versus target language only on Saudi students' written receptive vocabulary knowledge development in terms of breadth. A total of sixty male samples were randomly chosen from the population of Saudi EFL students at Jouf University in Saudi Arabia who enrolled in extensive English courses. This course is provided for those who scored less than the direct admission score of 2.5 out of 5 in the English replacement test. Samples were equally divided and allocated into two classrooms. In the first class (i.e., C1), thirty students were instructed by a non-native English speaker who employed code-switching as a pedagogical strategy. Students in the second class (i.e., C2) were instructed by non-native English speakers who employed the target language only as a pedagogical strategy due to the different language backgrounds between the instructor and participants. Data were collected from samples of both classes using the Vocabulary Size Test developed by Nation and Beglar (2007) at four different intervals and over four months (i.e., one academic semester). Results revealed that Saudi students' vocabulary knowledge in terms of breadth had developed significantly at four different intervals in both classes. However, the development in C2 where the instructor employed the target language only, was significantly higher than in C1 where code-switching is employed. Moreover, results also indicated that samples in C1 where code-switching is employed experienced a newly coined linguistic status called Receptive Vocabulary Recission (RVR) which indicates the act of avoiding the acquisition of new English vocabulary since they were habituated to be given an additional explanation for new vocabulary using their first language knowledge. This rescission was very tangible from the mean difference between C1 and C2 score averages.


E-Government is continuously developing in Israel, which has recently launched the 'GovX' project with the goal of improving the E-Government infrastructures. In this study, we evaluate the usability of twenty-four Israeli government ministry websites using thirty-seven usability variables, which are grouped into six dimensions: Online Services; User-Help; Navigation; Legitimacy; Information Architecture and Accessibility Accommodations. We identify three groups of deficiencies: Absence of adequate online services, deficiencies that limit equal access to the government and errors in information design. We find that the new 'GovX' infrastructure does not adequately solve these deficiencies.


Over 3,000 human genes can be expressed from a single allele in one cell, and from the other allele – or both – in neighboring cells. Little is known about the consequences of this epigenetic phenomenon, monoallelic expression (MAE). We hypothesized that MAE increases expression variability, with potential impact on human disease. Here, we use a chromatin signature to infer MAE for genes in lymphoblastoid cell lines and human fetal brain tissue. We confirm that across clones, MAE status correlates with expression level, and that in human tissue datasets, MAE genes show increased expression variability. We then compare mono- and biallelic genes at three distinct scales. In the human population, we observe that genes with polymorphisms influencing expression variance are more likely to be MAE (P < 1.1 × 10 −6 ). At the trans-species level, we find gene expression differences and directional selection between humans and chimpanzees more common among MAE genes (P < 0.05). Extending to human disease, we show that MAE genes are underrepresented in neurodevelopmental CNVs (P < 2.2×10 −10 ) suggesting that pathogenic variants acting via expression level are less likely to involve MAE genes. Using neuropsychiatric SNP and SNV data, we see that genes with pathogenic expression-altering or loss-of-function variants are less likely MAE (P < 7.5×10 −11 ) and genes with only missense or gain-of-function variants are more likely MAE (P < 1.4×10 −6 ). Together, our results suggest that MAE genes tolerate a greater range of expression level than BAE genes and this information may be useful in prediction of pathogenicity. assess the long-term consequences of the MAE-induced expression variation, we analyzed data describing species expression level differences between humans and non-human primates. Genes with MAE status have higher inter-species expression variance and are more likely to have acquired differences in expression level during evolution compared with genes classified as constitutive BAE. We also performed an analysis of pathogenic neurodevelopmental copy number variant (CNV) data in humans to show that MAE genes are represented in polymorphic CNVs in the population but specifically depleted in pathogenic CNVs, suggesting that they are genes for which a range of expression level is tolerated in humans. We support this disease-related hypothesis by analyzing common and rare variants associated with schizophrenia and autism, where we find that risk factors predicted to act on expression level underrepresent MAE genes and those predicted to act via potential gain-of-function are enriched for such genes. Thus, tissue-specific epigenetic characteristics of genes may be complementary to current information about mutational