This study investigates English speakers' practices of employing zero anaphora (or omission of an overt reference term) in ordinary conversations, with special reference to the kind of interactional work that they accomplish by the practice. The findings demonstrate that unlike previously held assumptions, zero anaphora may be systematically deployed by English speakers to achieve certain interactional functions, for example, marking the current talk as a second or resaying or displaying the secondary level of the action being done by the current talk. This article thus establishes zero anaphora, which has been frequently treated as an accident, or disorderly product of a casual way of speaking, as a serious resource in the construction of conversational interaction by English speakers.


Gregory of Nazianzus's Poemata de seipso as a group are labeled "autobiography" erroneously. 2.1.2 provides a strong case study: it is formally structured as an oath, to be sworn by a bishop but with no definitive identification of speaker. As an oath it is well suited to the application of speech act theory, which allows for interpretations with Gregory and/or any orthodox bishop as speaker. When further considered in light of other oaths as compositional models—professional (e.g. Hippocratic), magisterial, imperial loyalty, biblical—the poem's scope expands beyond the "autobiographer" to encompass the episcopate and fourth-century culture more broadly.


This paper explores the competing issues of energy consumption efficiency in wireless sensor networks. To achieve this, we considered Gravitational Search algorithm (GSA) in the selection of Cluster Head (CH) in such a way so that its energy is used uniformly with delayed disintegration of network. For this purpose, the LEACH algorithm random clustering approach has been replaced by GSA clustering. The GSA based LEACH protocol has been compared with random LEACH, Max Energy LEACH and k-means algorithm. Total network system lifetimes are determined using a variety of small percentages of the available system nodes. The performance of GSA cluster based routing protocol shows some differences by varying life pattern among nodes and number of dead nodes. Max Energy LEACH perform better in network disintegration criterion but it give less network life as compared to GSA based LEACH.


The creation of the National Assembly for Wales in May 1999 was part of a series of constitutional reforms in the UK initiated by the Labour Government after 1997. The Assembly, that has been awarded policy-making powers only, is still in its infancy, and any assessment of the perceived success of the new forum would be premature. Nevertheless, there are signs emerging that could give rise to the view that the Assembly will carve out a degree of distinctiveness in its approach to governance and substantive policy areas compared to that operating in England generally, and to the land use planning system in particular. This review paper charts the birth of the National Assembly for Wales, outlines its responsibilities and functions in relation to planning, and assesses what has happened 'on the ground' in its first 18 months. Overall, the paper portrays politicians and officials in the new governance framework searching for distinctiveness, inclusiveness and policy ownership; the task is to offer something different compared both to the system existing previously and to the on-going processes of institutional restructuring underway in other parts of the UK. It situates planning within the crucible of decentralization and devolution, since planning has been awarded a central facilitating role within the governance and restructuring process as part of the Welsh Cabinet's determination to deliver sustainable development in the twenty-first century.


The Early Jurassic epoch was a time of extreme environmental
change: there are well-documented examples of rapid
transitions from cold, or even glacial, climates to super
greenhouse events, the latter characterized worldwide by
hugely enhanced organic carbon burial, multiple large isotopic
anomalies, global sea-level change, and mass extinction
(Price, 1999; Hesselbo et al., 2000; Jenkyns, 2010; Korte
and Hesselbo, 2011). These icehouse–greenhouse events
not only reflect changes in the global climate system but are
also thought to have had significant influence on the evolution
of Jurassic marine biota (e.g. van de Schootbrugge et
al., 2005; Fraguas et al., 2012). Furthermore, the events may
serve as analogues for present-day and future environmental
transitions.


A 19-year-old college girl presented with lack of linear growth since 11 years of age, primary amenorrhoea and failure of development of secondary sexual characters. There was no significant history prior to this. On examination, she was a cheerful girl, having a short stature. Her height was 135 cm (25th centile) and weight 36 kg. She had dry skin with a yellowish tinge. There was no goitre, dysmorphism or syndromic features. Her sexual maturity staging was prepubertal. …


Abstract The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has imposed strict regulations to limit marine emissions because the maritime sector is expanding around the world, producing large amounts of emissions that are harmful to the atmosphere. Green alternative fuels, such
 as biofuels derived from biomass and electrofuels derived from syngas sources, play critical roles in meeting IMO requirements for clean energy with zero emissions. This study presents a brief review of two types of green fuels: 1) the production of biofuels from biomass sources by using various
 methods, such as the gasification process and the pyrolysis process, as well as the effectiveness of adding a variety of catalysts, and 2) electrofuels as a new method to oppose global warming by employing various carbon capture strategies and renewable hydrogen production based on water electrolysis.
 Following that, the significant effect of using these green fuels in marine applications is discussed. Overall, the primary goal of this article is to provide data for researchers and industrialists interested in biofuels and electrofuels as promising alternatives to fossil fuels. A large
 portion of the existing literature published in highly regarded journals, including the most recently published reports, is analyzed.


The use of masks coming from research field as different as colloids, polymers or nanomaterials is a recently emerging field. Recent advances in this area have developed a variety of practical routes which have a great potential to overcome or at least complete the high-cost lithographic techniques. This review focuses on three techniques that try to reduce to the nanometer range, the size of the mask. The major difference between these procedures is related to the type of mask used. The first technique is called colloidal lithography, the mask is a monodispersed-beads template. The second is the block copolymer lithography and the third technique is the nanocrystal lithography, the mask used is a nano-object. For these three parts, the synthetic routes, the improvements and the applications as well as the limitations will be pre- sented. I. INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology research is led by the demand for ever smaller device features that are required to improve perform- ance and decrease costs in microelectronics, communication and data storage. Lithographic methods are in the centre of this nanotechnology. Rapid replication of features below 50nm is currently a significantly unsolved problem. Generat- ing patterned surfaces at the nanoscale is beyond the limits of standard photolithography techniques. The wavelengths of photons limit the minimum feature sizes in the sub-100nm scale. Thus it appears that whatever technologies are used for fabrication in this region it does not represent simple engi- neering extensions of conventional photolithography. There exists an opportunity to introduce news ideas in replication of meso and nanostructures. Indeed, very few methods pro- vide the ability to work in the sub-50-nm scale (1-3). The well-established methods for the fabrication of nanometer- scale structures (2), such as scanning probe, electron and ion beam lithography provide resolution and integration density required for the industrials demands but the level of throughput rate is far below the requirement. There is a need for alternative simple techniques in order to save processing time and costs (4,5). This need has given rise to different kinds of approaches like, for example, nanoimprint lithogra- phy and soft lithography with the use of self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) (3,6,7). However, for both the mold fabrication problems remain unsolved. In this review we will focus on three techniques that try to reduce to the nanometer range, the size of the mask keep- ing a large surface coverage. The major difference between these procedures is related to the type of mask used while the standard techniques to pattern the substrate like metal depo- sition or ion-plasma etching are kept similar. The main re- quirements present in an efficient method for replication are flexibility in the engraved substrate, fidelity in the replica- tion, low density of defects and large patterned surface. Be- cause all of these characteristics are never present in a single method, it is necessary to combine techniques. Thus we present these three techniques and their extensions combined with others. The first technique is called colloidal lithogra- phy, the mask is a monodispersed-spheres template (typi- cally polystyrene beads with an average diameter of 200 nm). The second is the block copolymer lithography, block copolymers are made of two chemically different chains bonded covalently. When the blocks are incompatible, they spontaneously self-assemble into micro domains, this leads, at equilibrium, to an ordered structure which is utilized as lithographic mask. The third technique is the nanocrystal lithography, the mask used is a nano-object.


This research is to improve Sine - Cosine Algorithm (SCA) that is like any other intelligent techniques that encounter some problem such as slow convergence and the dropping in local solution. To overcome these problems. SCA has been developed and improved through three directions, First: Hybrid of SCA with Modified conjugate gradient method (MCG) that has improved through that derivation of parameter of new conjugate factor (βnew) and attest its characteristic such as descent and global to construct improve algorithm called SCA-MCG. The second direction was a hybrid of SCA with classic optimization methods such as conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm to construct SCA-CG, and parallel Tangent (PT) algorithm to construct SCA-PT. Third combining both previous methods, using the Hybrid value with SCA to construct SCA-CG-PT Algorithm of high quality accounts in all directions mentioned above. To improve the initial population which randomly generated by using excellent characteristics of MCG-CG-PT as well as using this improvement as initial population for SCA. Numerical results have proved the efficiency of improved Algorithm and the results was excellent if we compared with SCA. In addition, we got optimum global values for most functions by achieving functions minimum.


This dissertation explores environmental aspects of smart textiles: products that feature a deep integration or even a fusion of textile and electronic materials. The emerging technology exemplifies a contemporary innovation trend of augmenting the functionality of every-day objects to make them smart. The environmental assessment shows that the mass application of such products can lead to increasing resource consumption (energy and raw materials) and to new waste problems at the end of the use phase. The early stage of a technology development process holds opportunities to steer the innovation along sustainable pathways. Environmentally conscious design aims to mitigate environmental impacts of new products. The thesis presents risk preventative eco-design strategies that can help to minimise adverse environmental impacts before large amounts of smart textiles are brought to the market. Notably, the work explores how Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be used as a decision support tool at the early stage of product development. A simplified LCA-framework for application in the smart textiles sector is proposed.


Protecting data transmitted over the Internet has become a critical issue driven by the progress in data digitalization and communications networking over the past decade. The content being transmitted can be in the form of images, text and voice. To ensure that transmitted data are secure and cannot be tampered with or noticed by malicious attackers, several approaches have been proposed. Steganography is one general approach among them. The hiding capacity and image quality of stego-images are two major measures with which to evaluate an image hiding scheme. To enhance the hiding capacity of Fridrich et al.'s scheme, an improved image hiding scheme for grayscale images based on wet paper coding is proposed in this paper. The significant difference between Fridrich et al.'s scheme and ours is that we shuffle all the pixels in the host image by adopting toral automorphism, then segment all pixels before using our proposed wet pixel hiding strategies to hide the data. Experimental results show that our proposed scheme embeds a larger-sized secret image while maintaining acceptable image quality of the stego-image better than Fridrich et al.'s scheme does. Moreover, the computational cost of our proposed scheme is significantly less than that of Fridrich et al.'s scheme because inverse matrix and multiplication operations are not required. Therefore, our proposed scheme is suitable for real time applications.


Until today, finding the most suitable APIs to use in an application was burdensome, requiring manual and time-consuming searches across a diverse set of websites, in particular regarding how multiple APIs could be combined and worked together (i.e. API mashups). In this paper, we propose a new method to automatically generate API mashups through real-world data collection, text mining and natural language processing (NLP ) techniques. The generated API mashups are further ranked and recommended to developers based on a quantitative indicator of whether the given API mashup is plausible. To evaluate the overall accuracy of the proposed method, we use the generated API mashups to train several machine learning and deep learning models, and then use an independent mashup dataset collected from Github projects for testing. The experimental results show that our proposed method is feasible and accurate for automatic API mashup generation and recommendation.


We examine a spectral sequence that is naturally associated with the Baum-Connes Conjecture with coefficients for Z and also constitutes an instance of Kasparov's construction in his work on equivariant KK-theory. For k ≤ n, we give a partial description of the k-th page differential of this spectral sequence, which takes into account the natural Z-subactions. In the special case that the action is trivial in K-theory, the associated second page differential is given by a formula involving the second page differentials of the canonical Z-subactions. For n = 2, we give a concrete realisation of the second page differential in terms of Bott elements. We prove the existence of Z-actions, whose associated second page differentials are non-trivial. One class of examples is given by certain outer Z-actions on Kirchberg algebras, which act trivially on KK-theory. This relies on a classification result by Izumi and Matui. A second class of examples consists of certain pointwise inner Z-actions. One instance is given as a natural action on the group C-algebra of the discrete Heisenberg group H3. We also compute the K-theory of the corresponding crossed product. Moreover, a general and concrete construction yields various examples of pointwise inner Z-actions on amalgamated free product C-algebras with non-trivial second page differentials. Among these, there are actions which are universal, in a suitable sense, for pointwise inner Z-actions with non-trivial second page differentials. We also compute the K-theory of the crossed products associated with these universal C-dynamical systems. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 46L55, 46L80; Secondary 46L85, 58B34. Supported by: SFB 878 Groups, Geometry and Actions, GIF Grant 1137-30.6/2011, ERC AdG 267079. 1


Most, if not all natural languages possess complex sentences in which one single noun phrase serves as the superficial subject for two or more verbs. The most obvious case is the one involving sentences with co-ordinate verb phrases as in (1): (1) the man hit the girl and kicked the boy However, inasmuch as in the case of co-ordinate constructions one single noun phrase can also serve as the object of two or more verbs, such constructions will not be our concern in this paper. That is, any analysis that can characterize a sentence such as (1), can also characterize a sentence such as (2), where the girl is the object of both hit and kicked. (2) the man hit and kicked the girl In this paper, we will restrict our attention to constructions involving coreferential subordinate subject deletion in Russian, i.e., infinitival, gerundial and participial clauses.* We will demonstrate that, despite many superficial differences, such constructions can be characterized in terms of essentially the same general grammatical process: the deletion of a redundantly repeated, subordinate subject NP. This analysis will be shown to be more adequate than one which requires the postulation of a set of two or more independent transformations which describe the data in an ad hoc way.


Beal, Joan C., Susan Fitzmaurice & Jane Hodson (eds.). 2012. Selected papers from the fourth International Conference on Late Modern English. Special issue of English Language and Linguistics 16(2). Dossena, Marina & Charles Jones. 2003. Insights into Late Modern English (Linguistic Insights 7). Bern: Peter Lang. Held, Gudrun. 1989. On the role of maximization in verbal politeness. Multilingua 8(2–3), 167–206. Jones, Charles. 1989. A history of English phonology. London: Longman. Marín-Arrese, Juana I. 2009. Effective vs epistemic stance, and subjectivity/intersubjectivity in political discourse. A case study. In Anastasios Tsangalidis & Roberta Facchinetti (eds.), Studies on English modality in honour of Frank R. Palmer (Linguistic Insights 111), 23–52. Bern: Peter Lang. Pérez-Guerra, Javier, Dolores González-Álvarez, Jorge L. Bueno-Alonso & Esperanza Rama-Martínez (eds.). 2007. 'Of varying language and opposing creed': New insights into Late Modern English (Linguistic Insights 28). Bern: Peter Lang. Rayson, Paul. 2009. Wmatrix: A web-based corpus processing environment. Computing Department, Lancaster University. http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/wmatrix. Romaine, Suzanne. 1982. Socio-historical linguistics: Its status and methodology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid & Wim van der Wurff (eds.). 2007. Current issues in Late Modern English (Linguistic Insights 77). Bern: Peter Lang.


In this paper we discuss a simple fully Bayesian analysis of the change point problem for the directional data in the parametric framework with circular normal distribution as the underlying distribution. We discuss the problem of detecting change in the mean direction of the circular normal distribution when the concentration parameter is unknown. Beginning with proper priors for all the unknown parameters, the sampling-importance-resampling (SIR) technique is used to obtain the posterior marginal distribution of the change point. The method is illustrated using the wind data (Weijer's et. al.(1995)). The method can be adapted to a variety of situations involving both angular and linear data and can be used with profit in the context of statistical process control in Phase I of control charting and also in Phase II in conjunction with control charts. Note: For softcopy of this paper, please contact the authors - email: email@example.com


A digital watermark is a type of indicator covertly embedded in the noise tolerant signal such as an image or audio data. Digital watermarking is the method that embeds information known as a watermark into the multimedia object such that the watermark can be extracted or detected later to create an assertion about the object. Embedded watermark will permit recognizing the owner of the work hardware implementation. This idea is applicable for the digital video and audio also. Embedding a digital signal (image, video or video) with data which cannot be easily eliminated is called digital watermarking. Digital watermarks may be used to the authenticate the integrity or authenticity of the carrier signal or to display the identity of its owners Digital watermarking is used as a key result to create the document transferring protected from unlawful interferences. Digital watermark methods are used in numerous areas such as copyright owner identification, protection and broadcast monitoring. Digital watermarking is the processing of combined information into a digital signal. A watermark is a secondary image, which is overlaid on the host image, and provides a means of protecting the image. In this paper, aim is to present a survey of numerous methods on the basis of digital image watermarking. The digital watermarking method is becoming more important in this developing society of internet. The goal of this implementation is to survey the different techniques for Digital Watermarking.


Purpose: Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the most professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) because of their unique role in initiating immunity against threatening antigens. Recently, hypertonicity has been suggested to be involved in the activation and development of immune cells such as T cells. And tonicity enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) has been thought to play a pivotal role in this process. Here, we studied the maturation status of DCs and expression of TonEBP in DCs exposed to hypertonic condition. Methods: Murine bone marrow-derived DCs were generated in the presence of GM-CSF for 6 days, and then exposed to hypertonic media. We evaluated the functional capacities and maturation of DCs using flow cytometry, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and cytokine analysis. Also we investigated the expression of TonEBP in DCs cultured in variable hypertonic media. Results: Mild hypertonicity made DCs to have up-regulation of CD40, 80, and 86. DCs exposed to 320 mOsm/kg media stimulated allogeneic T cell proliferation most effectively compared to DCs exposed to other tonic conditions. However, DCs exposed to 400 mOsm/kg media showed similar stimulatory capacities to isotonic control. Consistent with the phenotype changes, IL-1, 6, and secretion increased in DCs exposed to mild hypertonic condition. Though we confirmed that TonEBP was expressed in DCs, the amount of upregulation was not dependent on the degree of hypertonicity. Conclusion: Our results suggest that hypertonicity enhances the maturation and activation of DCs.


The lightness of components required in automobile and machinery industry is requiring high strength of components.In particular, manufacturing process and new materials development for solving the fatigue fracture problem attendant upon high strength of suspension of automobile are actively advanced. In this paper, the effect of compressive residual stress of spring steel(JLSG SUP-9)by shot-peening on fatigue crack growth characteristics in high temperatures(100℃,150℃, 180℃) was investigated with considering fracture mechanics, So, we can obtain followings.
(1) Compressive residual stress decreases in high temperature,that is, with increasing temperature.
(2) The effect of compressive residual ftress on fatigue crack growth behavior in high temperature increases bilow ㅿK=17~19MP
(3) It was investigated by SEM that the constraint of compress residual stress for plastic zone of fatigue crack tip was decreased in high temperature as compared with room temperature.


Purpose: In PATENT-1, treatment with riociguat, a novel soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, significantly improved 6-min walking distance (6MWD) and hemodynamic parameters in patients with PAH compared with placebo. Here we present the detailed hemodynamic findings from PATENT-1 in treatment-naive and pretreated patients.

Methods: In this Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients were randomized 2:4:1 to treatment with placebo, individually titrated riociguat (up to 2.5 mg tid), or a capped titration of riociguat (up to 1.5 mg tid; exploratory, analyzed descriptively) for 12 wks. The primary endpoint was change in 6MWD from baseline (BL) at 12 wks. Hemodynamic parameters were assessed by right heart catheterization at BL and Wk 12.

Results: Of the 443 patients randomized and treated, 221 (50%) were treatment-naive, 194 (44%) were pretreated with endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs), and 31 (7%) with prostanoids. BL demographics were generally well balanced between these subgroups. At Wk 12, 6MWD improved by 32±74 m in treatment-naive, 23±50 m in ERA pretreated, and 56±84 m in prostanoid pretreated patients in the riociguat individual titration arm, compared with −6±88 m, −0.4±82 m, and −40±78 m, respectively in the placebo arm. Changes in selected hemodynamic parameters from BL to Wk 12 in the riociguat individual titration and placebo arms are shown in Table 1.

View this table:

Table 1. Hemodynamic parameters

Conclusions: Riociguat consistently improved exercise capacity and a range of hemodynamic parameters in both treatment-naive patients and those pretreated with ERAs or prostanoids.


On the basis of a study on "Quality Control of Office-based Diagnostic Imaging – Measures for Quality Assurance" of Cologne University, 2002, can be demonstrated that study results and health political arguments deducted from them do not always add up. This is true above all if the studies contain numerous of-fences against the protocol, countless data gaps, implicit selections of the study units as well as faults in evaluation. In


| Beef liver as human food is a good source of protein and provides many vitamins as B12, vitamin A, riboflavin and copper. Fascioliasis is an acquired infection occured by eating contaminated water plants and caused by the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica). Therefore, the aim this of work was to determine i) the liver lesions of cattle in Abu Simbel Abattoir, Aswan Governorate, Egypt imported from Sudan; ii) the prevalence of bovine Fascioliasis and iii) estimate their economic losses as a result of liver lesions. The study was performed for a period of one year from 22 December 2018 to 21 December 2019. During the survey, 81452 male cattle were slaughtered and inspected. The total number of condemned livers was 7553 (9.3%). The pathological conditions causing liver condemnation were Fascioliasis (86.3%), cirrhosis (8.7%), abscesses (2.3%), calcified cyst (1.5%), hepatitis (0.6%), and Cysticercus bovis (0.6%). The total economic losses were 173554.21$ while with respect to Fascioliasis were 152718$. In conclusion, these results indicated that the bovine Fascioliasis was the main cause of liver condemnation in the present study causing highly economic losses.


ABSTRACT Johann Wolfgang Goethe famously includes performances of tableaux vivants in Die Wahlverwandtschaften. The tableau vivant bridges social classes, kinship models, and aesthetic media (painting, sculpture, and drama). This essay argues that the representation of tableaux vivants in Goethe's novel invites reflections on shifting social forms in the Goethezeit. In dialogue with G.W.F Hegel's expressed frustration with Goethe's inclusion of the tableau vivant in his novel, the essay contends that a hybrid aesthetic informs Die Wahlverwandtschaften, complicating assumptions about the centrality of interiority and aesthetic depth in the novel. A semiotics of the tableau vivant is intrinsic to Goethe's work, inviting a critical reflection on developing kinship structures in the nineteenth century and on the concomitant development of the interior subject in the modern novel.


The paper presents an energy efficient WiFi-based indoor positioning algorithm, based on the probabilistic fingerprinting method, suited to be used over smartphone platforms. The work proposes a simple algebraic approach aimed at reducing the computational and energy loads of the probabilistic fingerprinting, which is employed to carry out the position of a smartphone on the basis of the captured WiFi Access Points signal strengths in an indoor area. The presented solution does not apply any kind of approximation with respect to the traditional approach, so avoiding accuracy detriment. The idea is to factoring out the parts of the probabilistic fingerprint formulae that can be computed a-priori, so reducing the computational burden of the positioning process. The paper also highlights the effectiveness of the proposed solution by evaluating the energy saved in comparison with the traditional approach. The obtained results, collected by testing three different smartphones, show that our approach allows saving a significant quantity of energy so increasing the smartphones battery lifetime.


Excerpt Criteria for the diagnosis of pernicious anemia must be reevaluated in light of the changing pattern of this disease. The profound physical abnormalities and extreme hematologic aberrations...


This essay examines Russian public diplomacy in the framework of foreign policy and institutional mechanisms. The transformation of global politics, which unveiled public diplomacy initially analyzed and considered as a starting point. Thus, public diplomacy elucidated with respect to the Russian perception and the methods of its practices. In this context, it is argued that Russia performs public diplomacy with the image and nation-branding management for the most part. The reason of Russian public diplomacy conduct is essentially based upon to solve the image problem. Furthermore, the expansion of the U.S., EU and NATO into the former Soviet geography identified as the driving force for the implementation of public diplomacy. Subsequently, Russian public diplomacy scrutinized on the basis of the Russkiy Mir Foundation, the Rossotrudnichestvo Agency, the Gorchakov Fund and the instruments of new media since 2005. It follows that Russian public diplomacy implemented with the new media channels for the pre


Abstract : A procedure is outlined for predicting the maximum attainable speed of a conventional surface ship (with or without an SQS-26 sonar dome) in irregular head seas. The procedure is based upon some fundamental principles of ship motion, the wave length-wave energy relationships expressed by the Pierson-Moscowitz formulation for sea spectra, and an estimate of the natural periods of pitch and heave oscillation for the ship in question. (Author)


The research paper deals with the subject of the psychological aspect in the dialogue of civilizations in terms of the types of personalities and their effects in a preface that regulates the search terms to define the psychological aspect and clarify what is meant by the dialogue of civilizations both linguistically and terminologically. Then, the researcher tackles two topics, the first is about the analysis of the psychological patterns of the interlocutors and the rules for dealing with them which subsume two requirements,  the first about the psychological patterns of the interlocutors and the second about the rules for dealing with these patterns in the civilized dialogue. The second topic, it deals with the psychological effects in the dialogue of civilizations, and there are two requirements under it as well. Thefirst concerns the negative effects, and the second the positive effects. The Research adopts the descriptive analytical approach and utilizes the topics of psychology in the practice of the dialogue of civilizations to synthesize and mix knowledge between two different fields of knowledge to establish a  construct capable of achieving cognitive integration between disciplines. Then the research paper reaches a number of conclusions, such as: The psychological patterns of interlocutors are numerous, including the nervous, the curious, the quarrelsome, and the quiet patterns. And among the rules for dealing with these patterns are: defining the psychological pattern, understanding the behavior, promoting spiritual nourishment and purity of faith, featuring discipline and psychological balance, and highlighting the need for guidance and psychological counseling.  As for the psychological effects in the dialogue of civilizations, they are divided into negative ones, such as introversion, avoidance of dialogues,   a sense of meaninglessness, the absence of goals, projecting interlocutors, and sabotaging dialogue. In contrast, the positive ones include: accepting difference, acceptance of dialogue, psychological exploration, self-review, emotional sharing, and continuous interaction. The paper recommends the need to activate the theory of psychology in the practice of the dialogues of civilizations, and to delve deeper into conducting research studies, especially the field ones to cover this topic, in order to be effective in the studies on the dialogue of civilizations.


An apertured sheet of ceramic is bonded to a base sheet of ceramic to form an array of open cavities, in each of which a semiconductor element (10) is mounted. The base sheet carries a pattern of electrically conductive tracks (5, 6, 7) to which the semiconductor element is connected and the tracks are connected to plated-through holes (41, 42, 43) extending through the thickness of the base sheet. The elements are then tested, and the cavities sealed with a common lid. The sheets are diced to form a plurality of separate devices, the sheets being cut along the center lines of the plated-through holes, so that the conductive surfaces thereby exposed can be used to mount the devices on printed circuit boards.


In the second half of the 1980s, when the Government of India pursued its expansionary fiscal policies to support growth from the deficits, it contributed to the foreign exchange crisis in 1991. In the aftermath of the macroeconomic crisis of 1991, a comprehensive reform programme was launched in India. Since then, the goal of consolidating public finances has been high on the agenda of the Government of India. The structuring of the tax system constitutes major components of fiscal reforms apart from the measures to curb built-in growth in expenditure and to bring about structural changes in the composition of expenditure. Apart from it, Government has made special efforts to deal with the problem of growing fiscal liabilities in the form of internal and external debt. To address the structural issues and expedite the fiscal consolidation process, a concrete step was taken by the Government of India and it enacted the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBMA) in 2003. Against the backdrop of these reform measures and enactment of FRBMA, this paper aims at a closer examination of the fiscal health of the Government of India. Introduction In the post-independence period, a mixed-economy model was adopted by India where government regulations and planned economic process had to play a vital role. Since independence, with the planned economy model, India experienced a modestly continuous rate of growth or popularly known as Hindu Rate of Growth for almost 30 years. To this Subramanian & Rodrick (2004) pointed out, "India's economic performance during the first three decades since independence in 1947 was christened the "Hindu" rate of growth, a term connoting a disappointing but not disastrous outcome and the acquiescence in the present that the religion supposedly imbues, because of its greater emphasis on the hereafter." This Hindu Rate of Growth tendency of Indian economy however improved with the commencement of reforms in 1980s. In 1980s, reforms were initiated to open-up the economy resulting in a relatively higher growth performance of Indian economy. During this period, to give a boost to the growth process, expansionary fiscal policy measures were implemented and this expansion was done by borrowed funds from both domestic and external sources. This debt financed growth led to the deterioration of the fiscal position stemming from rising expenditure contributed to the wider Current Account Deficit (CAD) and a very high fiscal deficit. This deteriorating fiscal position along with a run up in world oil prices and increasing demand for petroleum, depreciation of rupee, decline in worker's remittances due to Gulf War and loss of some export markets, resulted in the Macro-Economic Crises of 1991. This grave fiscal situation and the macroeconomic crisis of 1991, led to a comprehensive reform programme in India. Since then, the goal of consolidating public finances has been high on the agenda of the Government of India (GoI). Fiscal reform was the key component of the economic reform programme which targeted reforms in taxation structure, expenditure pattern and reforms in borrowing process. GoI appointed a Tax Reform Committee (Chelliah Committee) in August, 1991, to recommend wide-ranging reforms of direct and indirect taxation. In the tax reform process, Modified Value Added tax (MODVAT), which was introduced in 1986, renamed as Central Value Added tax (CENVAT) in 2000. In 1994, service tax was also introduced. In this reform process Chelliah (1999) noted that, "Bringing private sector equity into public enterprises and reducing the government's stake is also one of the reforms. This involves disinvestment as well as issue of new equity. Funds from disinvestment are used to cover government deficit". Therefore, in order to bring in more resources and to bridge the gap between resource income and expenditure, GoI appointed Disinvestment Commission (DC) in August, 1996. Subsequently in April 2003, statewide Value Added Tax (VAT) was introduced to replace the Sales Tax. In the budget of 2007-08, finance minister of India has prepared a roadmap for introducing a national level Goods and Services Tax (GST) with effect from April 1, 2010, however, it has not been implemented till date. Expenditure reforms were also initiated by the GoI and in February 2000, Expenditure Reforms Commission was introduced. Finance commission also stressed the need for consolidating finances of both central and state governments. Apart from it, in various budgets of Central Government, GoI has taken numerous other steps like introduction of Voluntary Retirement Scheme, New Pension Scheme, restriction on fresh recruitments, dismantling of administered price mechanism in the petroleum sector, restructuring and closure of non-working and loss-making Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). Eleventh Finance Commission introduced Debt Swap Scheme to swap high interest loans to lower interest market loans. To address the structural issues and expedite the fiscal consolidation process, a concrete step was taken by the Government of India and it enacted the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBMA) in 2003. Against the backdrop of these reform measures and enactment of FRBMA, this paper aims at a closer examination of the fiscal performance of the Government of India on certain key parameters. For the analysis the study period (1991-91 to 2012-13) has been divided into two sub-periods:i) pre-FRBMA period (1991-92 to 2002-03) and ii) post-FRBMA period (2003-04 to 2012-13). Data has been collected on revenues, expenditures, various deficit indicators (like, revenue deficit, gross fiscal deficit, and primary deficit) and on outstanding public debt of the Central Government at current prices from the Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) publication. For Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of India, latest data series, given by RBI, will be used. For analysis all the indicators are taken as percent to GDP. Revenue and Expenditure Position of the Central Government Table shows that tax-GDP ratio of Central Government was 7.43 per cent in 1991-92 which was highest in pre-FRBMA period. In 1998-99 it was lowest (5.80 per cent) and after showing an improvement for two years it again declined to 5.69 per cent in 2002-03.


The 3D integrated hollow composites are a newly developed sandwich structure of excellent properties as light weight,high strength,high modulus and good designability,etc.In the paper,the mechanical characteristics of the 3D integrated hollow composites under tensile,compression,shearing and flexural loads are studied with the focus on the effect of core height on the mechanical properties investigated.The result indicates that the damage modulus of side tension and flexural is brittle failure,and the side compression makes instability of core,and shearing is "first shear then tensile".The side tensile strength,side compression strength and flexural strength increase but the shearing strength decreases with the increase of core height.The result contributes to the design optimization of the 3D sandwich composites.


We extend the Michelson–Sivashinsky equation, for arbitrary gas density ratio, to model the dynamics of an inclined anchored flame front. A flow velocity component tangential to the flame front transforms temporally developing structures into spatially developing ones. Closer investigation shows that a transition from absolute to convective instability should occur for a finite flow velocity. Using pole decomposition, we give a particular solution to this equation in the limit of high flow velocity compared to laminar flame speed. The analytical results are compared to measurements on a two-dimensional laminar flame. The growth rate, shape, and amplitude of the saturated structures, as well as the width of the crossover region are all well described. However, we experimentally observe the presence of a large scale transverse gas circulation not predicted by the analysis. We attribute this effect to the streamwise variation of the pressure jump across the flame brush.


reflect what people think is true about something—a person's subjective probability that an object has one or more attributes. Values reflect the things people hold dear to them. They are generally regarded as important life goals or standards of be-havior for a person, and toward which the person has a strong, positive attitude; peoples' value systems could be viewed as the building blocks of many attitudes and beliefs. Values, like attitudes and beliefs, are dynamic but are more deep-rooted and resistant to change. Part of a land manager's job lies in understanding attitudes, beliefs, and values, how they change over time, and how they influence people's perceptions of land management actions. Field trips are a particularly effective technique for establishing dialogue to gain a common understanding of ecosystem issues.


This document presents an exporters' needs analysis, based on an empirical study, a survey of current and potential Serbian exporters carried out in March and April 2011. Exporters services that are identified as central to exporting include market research and linkages and advocacy for an improved business climate, followed by internal networking of exporters. Exporters express a great need for these services, and an absolute majority wises to join the Exporters association of Serbia, which they consider should be established as a non-governmental, non-profit association. The final conclusion of the study is that current exporting services should be strengthened, and that the new, independent exporters' association should be supported in order to represent exporters and facilitate closer cooperation between the government and the business sector in this important area.


AbstractCivil infrastructure systems (transportation, power, communications, water, and sewer services) are crucial for the operation and wellbeing of a community during normal circumstances certai...


A printed circuit according to the embodiment one substrate is the outer layer to place the upper and lower portions of the inner layer, the inner layer having a support pattern and the via pad patterns are arranged apart from each other in the lateral direction, and a circuit comprising a pattern layer, and the at least one the circuit includes a via connecting the pattern layer and the via pad patterns. The support pattern rigidity (stiffness) is excellent in comparison with the via pad patterns. The via pad pattern over at least two are electrically connected to each other by a via pad connection pattern disposed on the same plane.


Recent observations show He- and N-enhancements in fast rotating O-type stars, while studies on shear mixing in rotating stars have shown that the -gradients generally inhibit mixing processes. However, these studies (including ours) ig- nored the other sources of turbulence, such as semiconvection and horizontal turbulence, which may be present in the medium and may modify the onset of shear mixing. Indeed, in massive stars most of the zone where -gradients would inhibit mix- ing according to the Richardson criterion is semiconvective, i.e. such a zone would experience some turbulence anyway. This leads us to introduce the following working hypothesis: in a semiconvection region (or in any zone with other sources of turbulence) some fraction of the local energy excess in the shear is degraded by turbulence to change the local entropy gradient. Consistently with this hypothesis we derive the ef- fects of the shear on the entropy gradient, then on the T- and -gradients, and express the fraction of the -gradient which can be diffused. From the basic equations describing the evo- lution of temperature perturbations we obtain the velocities of fluid elements under some specic conditions, and then we get the associated diffusion coefcient D. Interestingly enough, the values of D tend towards the diffusion coefcient for semicon- vection, when the shears become negligible, and towards the coefcient by Zahn (1992; cf. also Maeder and Meynet 1996) when shears dominate. Wealsoexaminethecouplingofshearmixingandthermaltrans- port; a third order equation expressing the combined effects is obtained. The solutions for shears in semiconvective and radia- tive zones are examined in detail. The main result of the above developments is the slight progressive erosion of the -barriers in stars, for cases where the usual form of the Richardson crite- rion would have imposed an unsuperable threshold. InAppendicesAandBwerediscussthediffusioncoefcientfor semiconvection and nd a more general expression, not limited to the adiabatic case.


The limit state and its limit parameters of scanning circuit was proved,and two basic project designing methods of practical scanning circuit were summarized.


This paper examines the causal relationship between foreign mergers and acquisitions and firm productivity in the UK over the period 1999-2007. Our results raise questions about the existence of aggregate effects of foreign ownership on TFP in the longer-run. However, we find significant heterogeneity in the TFP effects of foreign M&A at the industry level. Overall, we uncover a systematic pattern of post-acquisition TFP effects that is consistent with the most recent theoretical models of firm heterogeneity and cross-border mergers and acquisitions as mode of foreign entry. Furthermore, we find positive aggregate effects on labor productivity due to capital deepening but not due to changes in TFP.


We investigate non-thermal gravitino production after tribrid inflation in supergravity, which is a variant of supersymmetric hybrid inflation where three fields are involved in the inflationary model and where the inflaton field resides in the matter sector of the theory. In contrast to conventional supersymmetric hybrid inflation, where non-thermal gravitino production imposes severe constraints on the inflationary model, we find that the "non-thermal gravitino problem" is generically absent in models of tribrid inflation, mainly due to two effects: (i) With the inflaton in tribrid inflation (after inflation) being lighter than the waterfall field, the latter has a second decay channel with a much larger rate than for the decay into gravitinos. This reduces the branching ratio for the decay of the waterfall field into gravitinos. (ii) The inflaton generically decays later than the waterfall field, and does not produce gravitinos when it decays. This leads to a dilution of the gravitino population from the decays of the waterfall field. The combination of both effects generically leads to a strongly reduced gravitino production in tribrid inflation.


Hydrolytic rate constants of p-nitrophenyl esters of ω-substituted straight chain acids with various chain lengths were measured in Φ=0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55 Me2SO-H2O mixtures. It has been demonstrated that for the long-chain substrates 13-SH and 17-SH hydrophobic-lipophilic forces can bring about 14-membered-ring and 18-membered-ring "neighboring group" participations in aggregating solvents. Twelve-membered-ring participation has not been observed for 11-SH, indicating that tendencies towards self-coiling and aggregating parallel each other.


Over the past twenty-odd years, semiotics has established itself as a powerful, rigorous and at times elegant technique for the close reading of literary texts. Until recently, of course, the semiotic undertaking tended to remain within the text itself, leaving the issue of the relation between literature and society to more traditional kinds of criticism-whether of the liberal or Marxist kind. In the last several years, however, semiotics has begun to make some tentative moves towards coming to grips with the social contextuality of literature. On the one hand, some Marxist academics have attempted to use semiotics to support a critique of ideology; Frederic Jameson's The Political Unconscious is the most interesting and successful example of this. On the other hand, there has been a movement from within semiotics itself to try to define a text's social existence through the elaboration of a concept of "intertextuality." One of the most prominent contemporary literary semioticians is Michel Riffaterre, whose recent work, which seeks to define "intertextuality" in a methodologically fruitful way, illustrates this change in emphasis. Following a line of investigation originally suggested by Jonathan Culler,' Riffaterre argues that literary texts can best be understood as specific "actualizations" of cultural "presuppositions."2 Culler's definition of presupposition-as "that which must be revealed by another, or by an effort of didoublement: of thinking from the point of view of the other"-is heavily tinged with a Hegelianism that Riffaterre rejects, substituting the more Kantian (or Chomskian) formulation of presuppositions as simply "the implicit conditions of an explicit statement." The advantage of Riffaterre's redefinition is that it guides him to look for sets of conditions rather than Culler's less easily delimited "point of view." In any given instance the conditions governing statements will constitute a system, and it is this system of presuppositions which the Riffaterrean student of intertextuality hopes to be able to disengage from the sociolect.


Deoxycholic acid (DCA) has been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis in humans with effects on proliferation and apoptosis, mediated at least in part by activation of transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), activator protein 1 (AP‐1) and protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is reported to reduce the frequency of colonic carcinogenesis in ulcerative colitis patients. Hence, we postulated that it might differ from DCA in its regulation of these transcription factors. The aim of the study was to determine effects of DCA and UDCA on NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation and explore its relationship to PKC. Human colonic tumour cell lines HCT116 were treated with DCA, UDCA, alone or pretreated with UDCA followed by DCA or IL‐1β. In other experiments, cells were pretreated with PKC inhibitors and then stimulated with DCA and IL‐1β or PMA. Gel shift assays were performed on nuclear extracts of the cells for NF‐κB and AP‐1 analysis. Western blot analyses and immunofluorescence were performed for Rel A (p65) and IκB‐α levels on the treated cells. DCA increased NF‐κB and AP‐1 DNA binding. UDCA did not increase DNA binding of NF‐κB and AP‐1 and UDCA pretreatment inhibited DCA‐induced NF‐κB and AP‐1 DNA binding. PKC inhibitors blocked DCA‐induced NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation. These results were validated by Western blot analysis for RelA and IκB‐α. In conclusion, UDCA did not induce NF‐κB and AP‐1 DNA binding but also blocked DCA‐induced NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation. These findings suggest a possible mechanistic role for UDCA in blocking pathways thought to be involved in colon carcinogenesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


In 1881, Japanese illegal logging in Ulleung Island became known, and investigation of Ulleung at the level of national defense was suggested as a response. A plan was established for developing Ulleung and creating an administrative unit called eup . At this time, Joseon moved forward with an enlightened policy, and introduced to the international order concluded treaties with Western powers. As a sovereign state with its own territory, Joseon formed new international relationships by concluding treaties with other sovereign states. Because Joseon had an understanding of the Western international order and territorial ideas based upon that international order, actions against Japanese illegal logging changed to a development policy that intensified and enlarged the exclusive territorial area. Meanwhile, Joseon protested to Japan regarding the illegal entry of Japanese into Ulleung and asked that the Japanese government take custody of these men. Joseon also entered into contracts with English merchants to sell lumber and perform logging. This contact was achieved by using the treaty system based upon the Western international order. The Joseon government expected to locate financial resources by making logging contracts and preventing logging by third parties by giving exclusive rights to the contracting party. However, after concluding a logging contract through use of the treaty system, conflict related to the rights to Ulleung's logging arose due to the triple contract. Joseon made a standard treaty with others during the establishment of the agreement with the related parties and assumed that all of the contracts were private contracts if there was no stamp of the Tongni Gyoseop Tongsang Samu Amun. This may be defined as a systematized procedure of·ratification of a foreign contract under the Western international order. In 1881, as an action against Japanese illegal logging, the protection policy was superseded by the development policy for Ulleung, and a protest was lodged with Japan asking that government to take Japanese back to their home country, and to prevent Japanese illegal logging by using the treaty system based upon the Western international order.


Objective: To develop an initiative using standardized discharge orders to improve the posthip fracture care of patients aged 50 years or older. Design: Prospective nonrandomized study. Setting: Hospital orthopaedic service. Participants: Patients at our institution older than age 50 years sustaining a hip fracture who were followed for at least 6 months and qualified for osteoporosis medication. Intervention: The endocrinology and orthopaedic areas agreed to add calcium/vitamin D supplementation, a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan request, and a consult with endocrinology to the hospital discharge orders. Outcome Measures: The proportions of patients using calcium or bisphosphonate before and after the intervention were compared using the McNemar test. The designated level of significance was 0.05. Results: Originally, 37 of 137 patients were taking calcium/vitamin D supplements. Following this initiative, 92 of 137 were taking the supplement (P < 0.0001). Seventeen of 137 patients were taking bisphosphonate initially and 65 of 137 after the initiative (P < 0.0001). After the initiative, 100% of the discharged patients were offered calcium/vitamin D, a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, and an endocrinology appointment. All of the patients who reported for the endocrinology consult appointment were offered bisphosphonate therapy. Eighty-two patients kept the appointment for the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, and 54 saw the endocrinologist. Conclusion: The addition of a calcium/vitamin D supplement and an endocrinology appointment to the hospital discharge orders was an effective method of improving treatment and enhancing compliance.


Abstract— Scan architectures involving multiple beams or panels provide a means of increasing display resolution. However, the spatiotemporal pattern of such a scan may differ appreciably from the sampling lattice of standard input devices. If there are discrepancies between the scan pattern used to display a sequence of spatial images and the sampling lattice used to create that sequence, the space‐time display image may not be an accurate reconstruction of the original image. To illustrate the types of error that can occur, this paper presents an analysis of the form and motion distortions that result when a standard, progressive scan is used to display computer‐generated constant‐velocity motion sequences. A summary of pertinent psychophysical research indicates why these distortions are rarely detectable and provides a basis for estimating the perceptual salience of distortions created by combinations of sampling lattices and scan patterns. Finally, an analysis of several possible parallel‐ scan architectures indicates that some will introduce relatively large temporal delays between updates of spatially adjacent areas and thereby seriously distort computer‐generated images.


Wet and dry mixed solid waste incineration exhaust gas processing apparatus and processing method, relates to a wet type mixed solid waste incineration exhaust gas processing apparatus and processing method, which apparatus comprises an evaporative cooler (1), a bag filter reactor (2 ), bubbling fluidization reactor (5) and the flue gas reheater (12), the adsorbent tank (11), ash tank (3), a bag filter reactor (2) of the upper air outlet then bubbling fluidized reactor (5) of the intake port, bubbling fluidization reactor (5) connected to an upper portion of the outlet of flue gas reheater (12) of the intake port, bubbling fluidized reactor (5) the lower portion of the sedimentation basin (6) contact; method of treatment is: a flue gas from a waste incinerator flue gas is first heated in the flue gas purified b reheater (12) in the flue gas. re-entering the evaporative cooler (1) a dry flue gas purification process is completed;. C after purification of flue gas entering the dry bubbling fluidized reactor (5) to complete the absorption liquid cycle.


ABSTRACT Dessi Arisandi. 2015. The Challenges on the Exporting Activities of PT. Batik Danar Hadi. English Diploma Program, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret. This final project report was written based on the job training in the export division of PT. Batik Danar Hadi. The objectives of this final project are to describe the problems faced by PT. Batik Danar Hadi as the challenges on its exporting activities and to provide the solutions given by PT. Batik Danar Hadi to the problems faced in its exporting activities. In this research, the techniques of collecting data are library study, observation, and interview. I used literature study relevant to the problems. The observation was conducted when I was on the field during the job training. The interviews were done with the informants related to the purpose of the research. After obtaining the data, I analyzed the data to find out the problems faced by PT. Batik Danar Hadi in its exporting activities as well as their given solutions The result of the research indicates that the problems faced by PT. Batik Danar Hadi as the challenges on its exporting activities are the lateness of the supplying raw material, the production process of batik fabrics, the pricing process of the product, the shipment of the products, and the recruitment of new customers. For those problems, the export division of PT. Batik Danar Hadi gives several solutions i.e. insisting and making a deadline for the management in supplying the white fabrics, reproducing or accepting the batik fabrics as they are, making the price lower or still using the price offered at the first time, contacting the freight company and explaining the true condition to customers and recruiting other prospective customers.


Thanks to the high photon efficiency and reaction density, the optical fiber monolith reactor (OFMR) for InTaO4-based CO2 photoreduction is regarded as a promising photoreactor. In this work, the OFMR coupling with parabolic trough concentrator (PTC) is proposed to enlarge the daylighting area by several times without increasing the cost of photocatalysts. Based on the Monte Carlo ray-tracing (MCRT) approach and the finite volume method (FVM), a computational model of the reaction module considering the light, heat, and mass transfer is developed to optimize the fiber honeycomb reactor coupled with the PTC. As a result, the volume-averaged concentration of production reaches 1.85 × 10−4 mol·m−3, which is much higher than the traditional OFMR with the production concentration of 9.61 × 10−6 mol·m−3 under the same condition. The optimized structure of the monolith for better photocatalytic performance is obtained. It shows that the diameters of gas channels ranging from 1.5 to 2 mm are beneficial to the reaction efficiency. Finally, the results suggested that the even number of the gas channel should be avoided due to the pseudo-steady zone in the middle of the monolith. The reaction element with the high serial number along the flow direction has the reduced reaction density and endangers the organic optical fibers especially when the serial number exceeds 5.


By analysis of characteristics of production process data,the necessity of deciding the stability of production process data was explained.Three common data stability deciding methods were introduced,and based on the analysis of their advantages and disadvantages,a new production data stability deciding method—the secondary stability algorithm was put forward.The algorithm includes two parts,which are deciding process of data stability in fixed time segment and searching algorithm extension.Its core content is to compare the probability and relevant stability indicators of data occurred in range near the average.Taking the concrete data of the Panshan Power Plant as analyzing example,the results of above-mentioned methods were compared,and it was proved that the secondary stability algorithm is more rational testing method with better robustness and higher accuracy.


An exponential space elevator is a space elevator with a tether cross-section that varies exponentially with altitude. With such an elevator it is possible to reel in tether material at one end of the elevator while reeling out at the other end, without changing the overall taper profile. I show how to use this property to build up or clone a space elevator much more efficiently than with standard climber-based methods.


Magneto-optical mode conversion was achieved in a waveguide of diluted magnetic semiconductor Cd12xMnxTe grown on GaAs substrate. Mode conversion ratio up to 34% under a magnetic field of 5.5 kG was obtained. Cd 12xMnxTe waveguide showed low optical loss, 4 dB/cm, and high magneto-optical figure-of-merit, 15 deg/dB/kG at l5790 nm. This result shows the feasibility of monolithical integration of an optical isolator with semiconductor optoelectronic devices. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. @S0003-6951 ~00!04437-5#


Despite its linguistic complexity, the Horn of Africa region includes several major languages with more than 5 million speakers, some crossing the borders of multiple countries. All of these languages have official status in regions or nations and are crucial for development; yet computational resources for the languages remain limited or non-existent. Since these languages are complex morphologically, software for morphological analysis and generation is a necessary first step toward nearly all other applications. This paper describes a resource for morphological analysis and generation for three of the most important languages in the Horn of Africa, Amharic, Tigrinya, and Oromo. 1 Language in the Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa consists politically of four modern nations, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and Djibouti. As in most of sub-Saharan Africa, the linguistic picture in the region is complex. The great majority of people are speakers of AfroAsiatic languages belonging to three sub-families: Semitic, Cushitic, and Omotic. Approximately 75% of the population of almost 100 million people are native speakers of four languages: the Cushitic languages Oromo and Somali and the Semitic languages Amharic and Tigrinya. Many others speak one or the other of these languages as second languages. All of these languages have official status at the national or regional level. All of the languages of the region, especially the Semitic languages, are characterized by relatively complex morphology. For such languages, nearly all forms of language technology depend on the existence of software for analyzing and generating word forms. As with most other subSaharan languages, this software has previously not been available. This paper describes a set of Python programs called HornMorpho that address this lack for three of the most important languages, Amharic, Tigrinya, and Oromo. 2 Morphological processingn 2.1 Finite state morphology Morphological analysis is the segmentation of words into their component morphemes and the assignment of grammatical morphemes to grammatical categories and lexical morphemes to lexemes. Morphological generation is the reverse process. Both processes relate a surface level to a lexical level. The relationship between the levels has traditionally been viewed within linguistics in terms of an ordered series of phonological rules. Within computational morphology, a very significant advance came with the demonstration that phonological rules could be implemented as finite state transducers (Kaplan and Kay, 1994) (FSTs) and that the rule ordering could be dispensed with using FSTs that relate the surface and lexical levels directly (Koskenniemi, 1983), so-called "twolevel" morphology. A second important advance was the recognition by Karttunen et al. (1992) that a cascade of composed FSTs could implement the two-level model. This made possible quite complex finite state systems, including ordered alternation rules representing context-sensitive variation in the phonological or orthographic shape of morphemes, the morphotactics characterizing the possible sequences of morphemes (in canonical form) for a given word class, and a lexicon. The key feature of such systems is that, even though the FSTs making up the cascade must be composed in a particular order, the result of composition is a single FST relating surface and lexical levels directly, as in two-level morphology. Because of the invertibility of FSTs, it is a simple matter to convert an analysis FST (surface input


As one of the major diseases of asphalt pavement, rutting has become an important research topic. The current treatment method of rutting generally requires the milling of asphalt layers and construction of a new overlay, which is time-consuming and costly. Microwave heating is a promising technology for asphalt pavement maintenance. This research aimed to introduce microwave heating into the in situ rutting rehabilitation. The effects of microwaves on the aging of asphalt and mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures were discussed. The mechanism and effects of microwave maintenance were explored at the macroscopic and microscopic scale with the British Pendulum Test, X-ray Computed Tomography, Asphalt Extraction Test, and Discrete Element Method. The experiments showed that the microwaves have little negative effect on the performance of asphalt and asphalt mixtures. The analysis of the formation process of rutting showed that asphalt or asphalt cement shows bottom-up migration while the coarse aggregates move down. Overall, the research indicates that the general effect of microwave maintenance is an improvement in the rutting resistance of asphalt pavement, suggesting that rutting maintenance using microwave heating is feasible in practice.


The purpose of this study is to find out empirical evidence of the relationship between skills for success and academic achievement of Islamic Senior High School students in Situbondo regency. Data were collected with self-discipline scale, self-efficacy scale, need for achievement scale, self-control ability scale, time management skill scale, problem solving skill scale and scores of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology which analyzed by Spearman correlation. The sample was obtained by using multistage random sampling technique. The results of studies from various literatures conclude that self-discipline, self efficacy, need for achievement, self-control ability, time management skills, and problem solving skills have a significant positive relationship with students' achievement. And from the findings that will be obtained, there is one factor from the six factors that contribute greatly to the students' academic achievement, so that factor will need to get attention especially from the teachers.


The rust inhibiting characteristics of barium/calcium petroleum sulphonates, prepared from two indigenously available base stocks of different origin have been determined in concentration ranging from 0.5 to 3.0% W/W in mineral oil as per ASTM D‐1748 method. The products have been characterised as 'outstanding', 'good' and 'satisfactory' on the basis of their performance in the humidity cabinet. It has been observed that Ba/Ca petroleum sulphonates possessing outstanding rust inhibiting characteristics show low oil/water interfacial tension and high water solubilization characteristics as compared to other sulphonates. It has also been observed that the rust inhibiting characteristics are profoundly influenced by the structural parameter of the hydrocarbon portion of the petroleum sulphonates. The larger the alkyl side chain, the better is the rust inhibiting properties.


THIS REPORT GIVES PROVISIONAL RESULTS OF A STUDY OF NOISE FROM LARGE-SCALE CONSTRUCTION SITES. PART 1 CONSIDERS LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND OTHER COUNTRIES. PART 2 PRESENTS THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE FORECAST OF THE LEVELS OF SOUND EMITTED BY TRANSPORT VEHICLES. PART 3 DEALS WITH RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE LEVEL OF SOUND EMITTED BY CONSTRUCTION MACHINES, THE DISTRIBUTION OF NOISE LEVEL FROM A STATIONARY PLANT, ANALYSIS OF THE SPECTRUM OF THE 3RD OCTAVE OF SOUND FROM CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES SUCH AS INSTALLATION OF CAST-IN-SITU PILES, EARTHWORKS. PART 4 CONSIDERS THE PROPAGATION OF NOISE EMITTED BY THE EQUIPMENT. PART 5 COMPARES LEVELS OF PREDICTED AND MEASURED NOISES. PART 6 DEALS WITH ADDITIONAL ATTENUATION OTHER THAN THE SIMPLE SPHERIC OR HEMISPHERIC PROPAGATION, WHICH IS NOT DUE TO SCREENS OR BARRIERS. THE LAST PART REPORTS ON NOISE REDUCTION BY MEANS OF SCREENS AND BARRIERS.


Objective To detect calf-origin Cryptosporidium bovis by loop-mediated isothermal amplifi-cation(LAMP). Methods The DNA was extracted from calf faeces infected with Cryptosporidium.Accord-ing to Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA sequence and the mechanism of LAMP,4 Cryptosporidium specific primers were designed for LAMP detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia.the DNA from normal calf faeces and Giardia lamblia were used for the negative contr01.The LAMP products were stained by SYBR Gteen I and analyzed by eleetrophoresis. Results After staining.the LAMP products from Cryptosporidium oocysts DNA turned green while the negative control and Giardia lamblia DNA kept brown.Electrophoresis analysis showed the LAMP product of Cr379tosporidium Was with characteristic ladders.but products of the negative control and Giardia lamblia Was not. Conclusion LAMP assay iS a simple,sensitive and specific method for detection Cryptosporidium in cattle faeces.

Key words:
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification; Cryptosporidium bovis; 18S rRNA


Researchers from academia and industry have developed a solid-phase peptide synthesis technique that makes it possible to incorporate unnatural amino acids into peptides in a totally automated manner. The technique could be useful for making combinatorial libraries of structurally diverse peptides containing both natural and unnatural amino acids. Until now, unnatural amino acids had to be prepared separately before they could be used as building blocks in the automated synthesis of modified peptides. The new technique—called unnatural peptide synthesis (UPS)—is faster and more convenient in that side-chain-modified peptide derivatives can now be formed "on the fly" in an automated peptide synthesizer. UPS was developed in a collaborative effort between chemistry professor Martin J. O'Donnell and postdoctoral fellow Changyou Zhou of Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, and chemist William L. Scott of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis [ J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 118 , 6070 (1996)]. The technique add...


At the end of the Cold War, many leading analysts of international politics began in earnest the task of 'theorizing' where we were headed. Outstanding among such endeavors, especially in relation to attempts to develop a new and more comprehensive understanding of the future of world affairs, are two well-known works, Francis Fukuyama's 'The End of History?'1 and Samuel Huntington's 'The Clash of Civilizations?'. It is the attention these analysts attracted as well as the grandiose nature of the subject they tackle that motivated us to take a closer look at the epistemological foundation of their theses, their general implications and the extent to which they stood the test of time. Taken together, these two views are in a sense mutually contradictory in their prophecy of what was lying ahead in the post-Cold War era. For Fukuyama, world politics becomes less anarchic, whereas Huntington believes inter-civilizational con icts would replace the traditional inter-state con icts, engendering a new and more dangerous type of international anarchy. Both Fukuyama and Huntington raise a number of interesting and thought-provoking issues and deserve credit for their contribution to the scholarship in this respect. In a sense intended neither to disparage them nor belittle their contribution, our task in this paper is to put their ideas under a brief theoretical, philosophical as well as empirical scrutiny and point out what appears to be some of the most outstanding weaknesses in their theses. We shall start with a brief assessment of the whole idea of the end of history. Similarly, an appraisal will then be made of Samuel Huntington's 'clash of civilizations'. The essay employs critical method to single out the  aws in the analyses of the aforementioned scholars. Toward the end of the essay, we shall attempt to offer an alternative view and informed speculations. And yet our main concern will be to clear out errors, confusion and false assumptions in relation to the two theses. It is worthwhile noting from the outset that the clash of civilizations and the end of history theses represent hypotheses that are poles apart in spite of their tacit commitment to a dualist and objectivist epistemology and 'realistic' ontology. The question that may hence arise is whether it is justiŽ able to deal with such mutually deviating hypotheses in a single research note.3 Indeed, this essay does not attempt to strictly compare the two but not so much because they are not comparable. Instead the reason is simply because our preferred focus is different. In theory, the fact that two theories are logically incompatible does not make them ipso facto incomparable.


High-field magnetization and neutron diffraction measurements were performed on the onedimensional compound Ca3CoRhO6. The long-range ordered state was first observed below 90K. A plateau at 1/3 of the saturation magnetization was observed in the magnetization curve at 70K, indicating ferrimagnetic alignment of the ferromagnetic Ising chains. We also observed a large hysteresis originating from a spin freezing of ferromagnetic chains in the magnetization curve at 4.2K. Based on the results of high-field magnetization and neutron diffraction measurements, a possible magnetic structure is discussed in terms of the spin frustration on the triangular lattice.


In Tamil Grammar, both the verbal participles and verbal nouns play different roles though both of them are derived from verbal roots. Verbal participles make verb phrases by adjoining with the following verbs whereas the verbal nouns act like any other nouns of Tamil language thereby become Subject in a sentence as well as take case markers. However, a close study in the syntactic functions of verbal participles and verbal nouns with case markers helps us to identify that there are instances in Tamil sentences or phrases that the verbal participles can be replaced with the verbal nouns with case markers. This article analyses the occurrences of such interchangeable phrase structures/sentences in Sangam Literature along with the commentaries as substantial evidences. Since these similarities can be found in Sangam Literature itself, this article considers the Verbal participles listed in Tolkappiyam for analysis. This article also gives valid syntactical evidences for not to consider 'ceyaRku' as one of the verbal participles listed in Tolkappiyam.


Histaminergic neurons are regulators of the sleep–wake cycle. We evaluated the alerting effects of MK‐7288 (10, 20 mg), a novel histamine‐3 receptor inverse agonist (H3RIA), along with modafinil (200 mg), a standard treatment, in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo controlled, crossover study of 56 patients with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Efficacy was assessed using maintenance of wakefulness tests (MWT) and car driving simulation tests. MK‐7288 and modafinil significantly prolonged MWT sleep latency (improvements vs. placebo of 8.1 to 8.2 min for MK‐7288 and 10.2 min for modafinil), and improved car driving simulation standard deviation of lane position (reduction vs. placebo of −0.1 m for each treatment). MK‐7288 was associated with more insomnia (29%) than modafinil (9%) and placebo (6%). The study demonstrated the potential of the H3RIA mechanism for treating EDS, but did not show efficacy differentiation from modafinil. Early‐stage comparative effectiveness can help prevent late‐stage failure and increase the cost‐effectiveness of drug development.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CaMg(CO3)2 (MIN-AD, Papillon Agricultural Company, Easton, MD; MA) and/or tylosin phosphate (Tylan, Elanco, Indianapolis, IN; TY) supplementation on growth performance of yearling beef steers during transition to a finishing diet during the first 28 days on feed. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement including MA and TY. Beef steers (n = 156; initial BW = 469 ± 18.0 kg) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments pens (7 to 8 steers/pen) with pen (n = 20 pens total, 10 pens/main effect mean, and 5 pens/simple effect mean) serving as the experimental unit. Cattle were transitioned from a 30 % roughage receiving diet to a 7 % roughage finishing diet based on dry-rolled corn, dried distillers grains plus solubles, a liquid supplement, and oat silage over the initial 20 d period. Monensin sodium was included in the diet at 30 mg/kg (DM basis). The MA was included at 1.5 % of the diet (DM basis) in replacement of dry-rolled corn and TY was provided at 90 mg/animal·d-1. Data were analyzed according to a randomized complete block design with the fixed effects of MA, TY, or their interaction; block was considered a random effect. No interaction was noted between MA or TY (P ≥ 0.68) for any variables measured. The main effect of TY did not influence d 28 BW, ADG, DMI, or G:F (P ≥ 0.43). The main effect of MA reduced DMI by 1.9 % (P = 0.01), but did not appreciably influence d 28 BW, ADG, or G:F (P ≥ 0.42). MA may decrease DMI while maintaining similar BW gain and efficiency compared with non-supplemented calves.


This is a work-in-progress, in which we theoretically reflect on notions of materiality from Interaction Design research and the scientific field of textual studies to discuss what it means to work with digital materials, and what their materiality is. We found that several notions entail a layered concept of materiality. We will discuss the "ontological immateriality" of the digital and the "phenomenological materiality" that emerges through interaction. Thus, design is necessarily engaged with combining materials and experiencing the materialities that emerge from the interactive artifact.


Nanoporous metal phosphate CoVSB-1 was prepared via the microwave-hydrothermal synthesis, and the yield of about 89 % has been achieved for 30 min at 453 K under microwave irradiation. The crystallization time of CoVSB-1 was reduced by about 8 times compared with the conventional electric heating. The fast crystallization favors more uniform particle size distribution and smaller aspect ratios of CoVSB-1 product. By the microwave-hydrothermal synthesis, the product of VSB-1 formed for at least 60 min.


Mental stress is one of the major risk factors for many diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke, even sudden death. Conventionally, interviews, questionnaires or behavior observation are used to detect mental stress in an individual. In our study, we have investigated objective characteristics, like various short term heart rate variability (HRV) measures and morphologic variability (MV) of ECG signals for detecting mental stress. A number of HRV measures were investigated, both in time domain and frequency domain. Experiments involved 16 recordings of ECG signals during mental stress state and normal state, included in a multi-parameter data base on physionet.org portal. Results revealed that the HRV measures named mHR, mRR, normalized VLF/LF/HF, difference between normalized LF and normalized HF, and SVI are effective metrics for mental stress detection. Better results were obtained by using MV analysis and a decision-support module based on both methods, HRV and MV.


This paper aims to study the perception from city government regarding the financing innovation of city's infrastructure. Cities need to provide basic infrastructure services—clean water, power and electricity, roads, public transit, sewage systems, telecommunications, schools, hospitals, to name a few — to support growth. Infrastructure is capital-intensive and expensive to build and, once built, lasts a long time. Apart from the fiscal aspect, the readiness of Indonesian cities to expedite urban infrastructure developments varies from one city to another. In this regard, city administrations need to increase the human resource capacity to support infrastructure development. With the high-demand of infrastructure provisions, high numbers of employees are needed to meet the demand as the current government priority sets ambitious targets in developing the infrastructure.
There are dominant factors that hinder infrastructure development in Indonesian cities:
Lack of financial capacity, matching private sector with financially viable projects, lack of capacity in human resources, regulatory and political risks, and land dispute and land acquisition. To overcome this, city governments need to innovate around financing methods in a highly regulated finance regime. Moreover, this study seek to understand the challenges faced by five Indonesian city governments in finding innovative ideas in financing the needed infrastructure.


This article analyzes the theory of dispute system design when put into action to meet a current economic crisis. In partnership with the City of Milwaukee, Marquette University Law School designed and now operates a voluntary mediation program to deal with the foreclosure crisis. The creation of the Marquette Foreclosure Mediation Program (MFMP) is a case study in dispute system design. Because MFMP is unlike other foreclosure mediation programs - in that it is was designed in conjunction with and is now operated by a law school - the design structure and results analysis are unique and can provide important insights for foreclosure programs around the country. This Article uses a dispute system design (DSD) framework to analyze the MFMP. After providing a brief history of the foreclosure crisis in Milwaukee, and the process design of MFMP, the Article then utilizes DSD to analyze MFMP on several different factors. The Article examines participation in the design, the suitability of mediation for this crisis, results thus far, and lessons in permeability and sustainability. Finally, we draw lessons for other designers - dispute system professionals, courts, and legislatures - in how to effectively manage this type of program.


Regression trees are a popular alternative to classical regression methods. A number of approaches exist for constructing regression trees. Most of these techniques, including CART, are sequential in nature and locally optimal at each node split, so the final tree solution found may not be the best tree overall. In addition, small changes in the training data often lead to large changes in the final result due to the relative instability of these greedy tree-growing algorithms. Ensemble techniques, such as random forests, attempt to take advantage of this instability by growing a forest of trees from the data and averaging their predictions. The predictive performance is improved, but the simplicity of a single-tree solution is lost. In earlier work, we introduced the Tree Analysis with Randomly Generated and Evolved Trees (TARGET) method for constructing classification trees via genetic algorithms. In this article, we extend the TARGET approach to regression trees. Simulated data and real world data are used to illustrate the TARGET process and compare its performance to CART, Bayesian CART, and random forests. The empirical results indicate that TARGET regression trees have better predictive performance than recursive partitioning methods, such as CART, and single-tree stochastic search methods, such as Bayesian CART. The predictive performance of TARGET is slightly worse than that of ensemble methods, such as random forests, but the TARGET solutions are far more interpretable.


cientists are increasingly called to apply a business-centric and dynamic approach in managing their research programs. Practical solutions for streamlining work can be found by staying in touch with informatics innovations. Web 2.0 offers useful applications for post award research management, a phase that focuses upon implementation of study protocol particulars. Applications include shared networking for document building, social networking and social writing for publication, research registry, and data management support. This article aims to describe the utility of and difficulties of selected Web 2.0 tools for grant post-award management and concludes with discussion of considerations. The evolution of Web 2.0 into Research 2.0 potentiates more efficient grant post-award management. S


With the disconnected nature of some Automatic Test Systems, there is no possibility for a centralized infrastructure of sense and response in Cybersecurity. For scalability, a cost effective onboard approach will be necessary. In smaller companies where connectivity is not a concern, costly commercial solutions will impede the implementation of surveillance and compliance options. In this paper we propose to demonstrate an open source strategy using freely available Security Technical Implementation Guidelines (STIGs), internet resources, and supporting software stacks, such as OpenScap, HubbleStack, and (ElasticSearch, Logstash, and Kibana (ElasticStack)) to deliver an affordable solution to this problem. OpenScap will provide tools for managing system security and standards compliance. HubbleStack will be employed to automate compliance via its components: NOVA (an auditing engine), Nebula (osquery integration), Pulsar (event system) and Quasar (reporting system). Our intention is utilize NOVA in conjunction with OpenScap to CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) scan and netstat for open ports and processes. Additionally we will monitor services and status, firewall settings, and use Nebula's integration of Facebook's osquery to detect vulnerabilities by querying the Operating System. Separately we plan to use Pulsar, a fast file integrity manger, to monitor the integrity of critical files such as system, test, and Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) software to ensure the system retains its integrity. All of this will be reported by Quasar, HubbleStack's reporting engine. We will provide situational awareness through the use of the open source Elastic Stack. ElasticSearch is a RESTful search and analytics engine. Logstash is an open source data processing pipeline that enables the ingestion of data from multiple sources sending it through extensible interfaces, in this case ElasticSearch. Kibana supports the visualization of data. Essentially Elastic Stack will be the presentation layer, HubbleStack will be the broker of the data to Elastic Stash, with the other HubbleStack components feeding that data. All of the tools involved are open source in nature, reducing the cost to the overhead required to keep configurations up to date, training on use, and analytics required to review the outputs.


The Hearing Impaired People (HIP) cannot distinguish the sound from a moving vehicle approaching from their behind. Since, it is difficult for hearing impaired to hear and judge sound information and they often encounter risky situations while they are in outdoor. If HIPs can successfully get sound information through some machine interface, dangerous situation will be avoided. Generally the profoundly deaf people do not use any hearing aid which does not provide any benefit. This paper presents, simple statistical features are used to classify the vehicle type and its distance based on sound signature recorded from the moving vehicles. An experimental protocol is designed to record the vehicle sound under different environment conditions and also at different speed of vehicles. Basic statistical features such as the standard deviation, Skewness, Kurtosis and frame energy have been used to extract the features. Probabilistic neural network (PNN) models are developed to classify the vehicle type and its distance. The effectiveness of the network is validated through stimulation.


ABSTRACT The need for detailed information on the types of sulfur compounds present in various petroleum cuts has been well recognized by refiners and environmentalists worldwide. This need is growing in recent years in view of the current environmental regulations that limit the sulfur content of transportation fuels to very low levels. In the present work we have studied the distribution of different kinds of sulfur compounds present in light and middle distillates of Kuwait crude oil. A representative sample of Kuwait crude oil was fractionated into naphtha (15-160°C) and 10-15°C cuts in the gas oil boiling range (210-340°C) using an 80L capacity autodistillation unit "AUTODEST-800" according to ASTM 2892. The distribution of various types of sulfur compounds in each of these cuts was quantitatively estimated by capillary gas chromatography equipped with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. Thiophene and its alkyl derivatives constituted about 60% of the total sulfur compounds in the naphtha fraction. ...


- Ban the trade of non-native species for consumption as food or derived products and for personal use (i.e., as pets). - Ban the trade of native species when they do not originate from within the nation (i.e., same genetically defined conservation unit). - Tracking of potential established alien Rana populations. - Eradication of potentially established alien Rana populations.


ASSESSING PUBLIC HEALTH 3.0 The Public Health 3.0 framework posited that to improve health for all, public health departments needed to engage communities and their leaders in collaborative efforts.3This recognition of the role of local communities in public health practice was reinforced by research associating health outcomes with place,summed up inthe conclusion that one's zip code is a stronger predictor of health status than one's genetic code.3,4 Yet a well-intentioned focus on communities as places can obscure the histories of structural racism that define them as determinants of health. On January 25, 2021, the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) announced Protect Chicago Plus, a plan that guides an equitable approach to vaccine distribution.6 Although we are hopeful that this initiative will help to ensure that the vaccine effectively reaches marginalized communities, it does not eliminate the fundamental and repeated lack of protection and prioritization of Black and Brown individuals that fuels vaccine distrust. [...]Gabriela Borter and Makini Brice write in the National Post that just "49% of Black Americans would be interested in taking it [the COVID-19 vaccine], compared to 63% of White Americans" and that public health officials hope that "Black faith leaders and other Black role models will help alleviate strong skepticism among African Americans about the safety of the vaccine. If public health and medical leaders rely too heavily on using trusted messengers to bridge gaps and build trust without first earning the trust of those messengers, they might be placing too much responsibility on community leaders to ultimately get the vaccines in people's arms. [...]the paternalistic framing ofthe issue and the top-down advice from public health officials might actually be reinforcing the distrust and fear that Black and Brown communities are being used as guinea pigs for a potentially unsafe vaccine.


Waveguide photodiodes offer two advantages compared with conventional surface illuminated photodiodes: they are suitable for surface mounting to make low-cost optical modules, and they have a high quantum efficiency with a fast response. In this report, we describe the design and fabrication of waveguide photodiodes for both 2.5-Gbps access networks (taking advantage of the surface-mountable structure) and 80-Gbps trunk lines (using the high quantum efficiency and fast response).


AbstractThe influence of the substitution of extracellular Ca by Sr on contractility of papillary muscles of the cat and isolated hearts of the rat and the frog was studied. This substitution resulted in a positive inotropic effect on the frog heart and on the papillary muscle. From the changes observed in the duration of the contraction phenomena, in the rate of tension development and in the force-velocity relationship in the papillary muscle, this positive inotropic effect can be attributed to a prolongation of the active state which offsets a decreased degree of activation. In a Sr containing medium the interaction of frequency with contractility persists but the tension developed at infraoptimal frequencies is higher and the optimal frequency is lower than in a normal medium.


The effects of cattle alone (1:0), goats alone (0:1) and different cattle and goats combinations (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) on soil chemical properties under Mixed Mopane veld paddocks stocked at 12ha/LSU (1 livestock unit, LSU = 450kg) were investigated. Using the piosphere approach, topsoil cores were collected and analyzed at 0, 50, 150, 300 and 500m from water points along 2 randomly-placed transects in each respective treatment. Overall, there was limited uniformity in responses of soil chemical attributes to the different grazing ratios. However, there was a centripetal flow of soil cation exchange capacity, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and organic carbon as well as pH with increasing distance from water points. It is likely that the conservative stocking rate of 12ha/LSU was not sufficient to induce significant changes in soil chemistry, thus more robust tests can be attempted under a wider range of stocking densities.


This article mainly introduces the design and analysis of multi-output switch power of 250 W which is used in the remote laboratory. Meanwhile a design method of the switch power using the powerful chip TOPSwitch-GX and the its function analysis were expatiated.


To the Editor:

It is with great interest I read the recent publications regarding identification and treatment of stroke mimics (SM). Zinkstok et al1 describe an exceedingly low incidence of SM treated with thrombolytic therapy in their multicenter cohort, atypical of other published literatures. Guerrero et al,2 in their editorial, comment this low incidence is likely the result of very narrow criteria for diagnosis of SM, requiring the presence of a convincing alternative diagnosis. Furthermore, Guerrero et al2 suggest the lack of use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion-weighted sequences (DWI) as a confirmatory study impaired their ability to discriminate …


A case of the generalized harmonic oscillator with time-dependent coefficients is considered. The time-independent so(2, 1)-generators are constructed explicitly. The relation between the invariant previously proposed and the so(2, 1)-generators is explicitly given. Some consequences of the assumption made in this paper is discussed.


A retrospective review was performed of consecutive patients presenting with HICH within 24 hours of ictus presenting between March 2008 and March 2013 who were diagnosed as having HICH by CT scan. Of the 256 patients who matched study inclusion standard, 43 patients hematoma was enlarged (16.8%). The number of the patients who did not take PBC or RBC herbal medicine, took the PBC herbal medicine, and took RBS herbal medicine was 19 (44.2%), 2 (4.7%), and 22 (51.2%) in hematoma enlargement group and 78 (36.6%), 26 (12.2%), and 109 (51.2%) in nonhematoma enlargement group, individually. There was no significant difference between two groups (P = 0.671). PBC and RBS herbal medicine did not increase the incidence of hematoma expansion of ICH within 24 hours after onset of symptom.