The common faults of the air-preheater mechanical sensor air leakage control system are analyzed in detail,and it proposed the concrete solution. Through the outage of air-preheater leakage control unit after technical renovation,eliminated the significant affect the normal operation of air leakage control device failure,solved the air-preheater leakage control system problem for clearance measurement accuracy,and improved the air leakage control system remote monitoring and multiple protection,improved the reliability and security of the system operation. The air-preheater leakage control technical reform has obtained the expected effect.


A stator lamination has an insertion hole with an opening in an outer circumferential surface of the stator lamination stack, and a curved or angled portion in the stator lamination. A cluster block includes an insertion piece, which is inserted into the insertion through the angled portion. The cluster block is attached to the stator lamination stack by engagement of the insertion to the insertion hole.


Mir Mohsun Navvab (1833-1919) is an important poet, literary, scholar, painter, historian, musician, lecturer and publisher who grew up in the Karabakh region of Azerbaijan in the 19th century. He has more than twenty works in the fields of literature, history, religion, music and astronomy. Some of the works he wrote were published in his private printing house in Shusha, and some of them have survived to the present day in the form of manuscripts. Mir Mohsun Navvab is the author of works such as Turkish and Persian Divans, Tezkire-i Navvab, Shams al-Hidayeh, Bahr al-Huzan, Kenz al-Mihan, Mazlumnama, Kifayet al-Etfal, Batil al-Sihr, Nur al-Anvar, Vuzuh al- Arkam, Pendnama, Kashf al-Haqiqa, Armenian-Muslim Issue, Sharh-i Usturlab, Ziya al-Anvar and Mezamir. The poet's works such as Pendnama, Vuzuh al- Arkam, Armenian-Muslim Issue and his Turkish Divan have been published in the modern times. His other works, on the other hand, were not researched and published during the Soviet period due to their religious content. The poet's life, literary personality and some of his works were researched by Nasreddin Garayev, Zemfira Saferova, Ayten Haciyeva, Ali Mammadbaghiroğlu and Ali Aliyev. Keywords: Literature, Poetry, Navvab, Garabagh, Manuscripts, Ahl-i Bayt.


Washington State, as part of the collaborative ROSITA II project (please see group abstract), evaluated two oral fluid drug testing devices. Samples were collected from Washington State drivers who were under arrest for DUI. The devices were also evaluated using non-driving subjects (parole violators) under the influence of drugs and volunteered to be evaluated by officers completing their Drug Recognition Expert training. Washington's law currently has no provisions for the collection of an oral fluid specimen and for the purposes of this study, subjects were asked to provide a specimen voluntarily at the conclusion of the arrest and other testing procedures, with the understanding that the oral fluid test results would not be used in any criminal prosecution. During Phase I of the project, which ran from January through August 2004, seventy samples were collected and tested using both the SalivaScreen 5 TM (UltiMed Products) and Intercept TM (OraSure Technologies) devices. In Sixty-eight of these cases blood was also collected. Thirty- three of the seventy samples received failed to provide a valid reading, resulting in only thirty- seven samples that were able to be included in phase I of the study. Phase II of the project began in May 2005 and was completed in September 2006. There were 332 subjects who volunteered for the study. In contrast to Phase I, the DrugWipe5 TM (Securetec) drug test device was used, rather than the SalivaScreen 5 TM . Due to either refusal of one or more tests, incomplete paperwork, or failure by the officer to submit all samples, only 264 subjects were included in the Phase II study.


Agadatantra is a branch of Ayurveda which deals with the symptoms and treatment of various animal, plant, artificial and latent poisons . The drug Langali ( Gloriosa superb Linn) is being categorized under Moolavisha (poisonous roots) and is also one among the nine Upavishas (semi poisonous drugs) by different Ayurvedic pharmacopoeias. Even though it is poisonous it has got Shothahara (anti-inflammatory), Vranahara (wound healing), Krimigna (wormicidal), Shalyaharana (removal of foreign substances), Garbapaatana (abortificant) properties etc. It is being used by the Ayurvedic physicians in treatment of various ailments after proper purification. But its purificatory methods are not mentioned in Samhitas (treatises). It is mentioned in Ayurveda prakasha and traditional Agadatantra text books of Kerala. Here in this article an attempt is made to collect the information regarding Langali in Agadatantra perspective. The article includes both modern and Ayurvedic concepts in regards to its symptoms during poisoning and its treatment. Details regarding its purificatory methods and its therapeutic use in compound formulations as an antidote which has been mentioned in the traditional Agadatantra books which are available in Kerala have also been included.


This study reports on the use of zirconolite-rich Synroc to demonstrate the safe immobilisation of 'high-fired' Pu0 2 . The zirconolite-rich Synroc used in this study was prepared by adding 13 wt% Pu with equimolar amounts of Gd and Hf, relative to Pu, as neutron absorbers. The incorporation of the Pu and neutron absorbers has been studied microstructurally as well as by longer-term leach testing. This work has shown that the sintered ceramic can immobilise 13 wt% of Pu with almost complete incorporation of the Pu (≃ 98%) into the zirconolite phase. Durability studies have shown that under a wide range of leaching conditions there is no major separation of the Pu and neutron absorbers, with the majority of these elements either remaining in the matrix or leaching at low ( −4 g m −2 d −1 ) and comparable rates from the waste form.


Exergames can be used as a resource to support learning of movements, sports moves or simply as a tool to increase caloric expenditure. Its use is also related to alternative forms of entertainment and exercise. Within this perspective, this study aims to analyze the motivational level and willingness of children and adolescents from eight to fourteen years-old to practice physical activities with exergames in Physical Education classes. Our research methodology followed a non-participant observation approach. Students were observed for a period of 3 months in an exergame lab at the Israeli School located in Porto Alegre, Brazil. A total of 24 students, of both genders, participated in the experiment. Results showed that students joined the activities with motivation and interest, presenting also gains in their practice of physical activity and development of social skills among the classmates during the meetings at school.


A prototype of an industrial x-ray source based on low-inductance vacuum spark discharge was designed and tested at the P.N. Lebedev Institute of Physics in cooperation with the Institute of Precise Machinery (Zelenograd, Moscow region). The micropinch (hot-spot) formation effect in the discharge (maximum current of 120 kA, current rise time of 0.6 μs) was used to achieve the high-density (∼1022 cm−3), high-temperature (∼1 keV) metallic plasma in a local (40×200 μm) area. This plasma emits a short burst (∼3–10 ns) of x-ray line radiation corresponding to the transitions of L-shell electrons in the ionized atoms, with an efficiency ≈1% with respect to the stored bank energy (500 J). The repetition rate of the source can be set from 1 to 10 Hz. Applicability of the source to x-ray lithography is studied, and effective size of emitting area (deviation of micropinch position from shot to shot) together with x-ray yield jitter are discussed. The engineering problems of power supply and vacuum pumping, as well ...


The extensive application of unmanned aerial vehicles provides great convenience for resources exploration and topographic exploration. By modeling the track of multiple vehicles, this paper proposes the multi-objective optimization model in coverage and task time. To overcome the weakness of basic ant colony algorithm on track repeatability, similarity measure of immune algorithm is introduced and the desired effect is achieved in the simulation.


The series multicellular converter is among the solutions that is currently being used in many applications, e.g.: renewable energy applications, industrial applications and active filters. Because of its unique ability to generate multiple voltage levels, this converter minimizes voltage constraints in all cells. This results in a lower loss of commutations and high switching frequency, which in turn results in a better harmonic content. However, it is necessary to choose a good control to reach all these advantages. To ensure optimum operation of this converter; the capacitor's voltages must be maintained at their operating values. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic -nonlinear feedback linearization control for a three-cell inverter. This control maintains the capacitors voltages and the output current at their optimum. Simulations carried out using Matlab / Simulink software verify the robustness of the control law during load fluctuation. To highlight its good performances, the proposed control is compared to the natural-balanced control based on PWM (pulse width modulation).


Cyclosporin A (CsA) was converted into cyclosporin methyl vinyl ketone (Cs-MVK) by either a biocatalytic method utilizing 1-hydroxybenzotriazole-mediated laccase oxidation or by a chemical oxidation using t-butyl hydroperoxide and potassium periodate as co-oxidants. Cs-MVK is a novel, versatile synthetic intermediate that can be used for the preparation of many novel cyclosporin analogues possessing therapeutic potential as immunosuppressive agents.


Energy efficient routers are important and promising devices in the roadmap toward green networking. In this paper, we explore this topic with a traffic aware design that can automatically adapt the router's energy consumption to the network traffic in real time with transitions at the scale from microseconds to nanoseconds. In this paper, we make three contributions. First, we propose an energy efficient router architecture using frequency scaling, which is extended from the contemporary line card architecture of the router. Second, we prototype our architecture on a gigabit NetFPGA platform, which extends a router design on that platform to dynamically work at six frequencies. Then, we discuss the implementation in detail and present a per-packet-based power consumption model from real-world measurements. Third, we further propose four algorithms, which efficiently and automatically adapt power grades under the methodology of periodical and threshold-based scaling. Our experiments are carried out on two platforms, a NetFPGA prototype for feasible scenarios and a simulator for other scenarios in excess of the NetFPGA port limit with parameters synthetically generated to the real-world measurement. Experimental results show that approximately 25% power can be saved with our architecture and algorithms. Conclusions are also given to summarize our findings.


Sensors with different transmission ranges are preferred for future-ready low-power wireless sensor networks because of their functional advantages. However, different transmission ranges introduce connectivity constraints that affect the signal aggregation process. In this letter, we address the sensor signal aggregation problem in such networks and propose solutions. We introduce a mathematical framework that captures the connectivity restrictions and propose an integer linear program for small-scale networks and an approximation technique for large-scale networks. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated under compression techniques based on compressed sensing.


We study the classical and quantum fluctuations of a general damped forced oscillator close to a bifurcation instability. Near the instability point, the fluctuations are strongly phase correlated and are squeezed. In the limit of low damping, it is shown that the system has universal features when scaled with the damping. The same scaling law applies to the classical and to the quantum regimes. We furthermore show that the coupling to the environment is crucial in the generation of squeezed fluctuations


Letter from Jeri Ritter and Al Daniels of the Lesbian Gay Political Coalition to Jack Crout, thanking him for his contributions of memorabilia and audio tapes to the Phil Johnson Historic Archives and Research Library in the Foundation for Human Understanding Community Center.


In order to improve reliability and timeliness for positioning of VoIP node in DHT network,a new group of node-based searching model was proposed according to the DHT model available.By means of nodes grouping,increasing node probability distribution in the routing table,and introducing Bootstrap node,the reliability of node positioning was enhanced and the average cost for node query was optimized.In the simulation process,100 000 queries were performed for 1 024 and 10 000 nodes,respectively,and it was found that the average length of query route was without noticeable increase.Due to the introduction of Bootstrap node and node grouping,the success rate of node query did not reduce remarkably even in the case of increased failure rate of the node in network.


Aerodynamic bearings have received considerable attention in recent decades and are increasingly being used in applications where high speed, low loads and high precision are required. Aerodynamic applications mainly concern auxiliary power units (APU) and air-conditioning machines (ACM). From the industrial point of view, the static and dynamic characteristics of these bearings rotating at very high speed must be determined. According to the literature, studies carried out on this type of bearing consider the elastic deformations of the foils due to the pressure generated in the air film. The linear approach is from time to time adopted for the prediction of the dynamic behavior of these bearings, which is not always justified. This paper aims to present a step towards a better mastery of the non-linear dynamic behavior of a flexible rotor-air bearing system. We will focus on finite element modeling (FEM) of the non-linear isothermal elasto-aerodynamic lubrication problem in the case of a radial bearing operating in a dynamic regime. We will present the effects of rotational speed, unbalance eccentricity, and rotor mass on the non-linear response of rigid and compliant bearings. We use a partitioned approach which treats fluid and structure as two computation domains solved separately; reducing the development time needed for a monolithic code which is difficult to manage when the geometries or the physical properties of the problem to be treated become complex.


Culture can now be used as an instrument for sustainable economic growth and developmental instrument of cities. By reorganizing the socio-economic fiber of cities and using cultural activities for economic growth, we can drive these cities towards sustainable development. This was successfully demonstrated in case of Monrovia, the capital of Liberia, which remained in crises for 10 years. This paper examines the role of culture in overall economic growth sighting evidences from Liberia. Data was collected from few selected cultural spots and analyzed statistically. It was concluded from study that cultural economy is now playing an enhanced role in the sustainable economic development of Liberia. Because of the ongoing cultural activities at the selected cultural spots, Monrovia is in better economic position as compare to cities lacking cultural activities. This study forms a useful contribution on the role of culture in sustainable economic growth of cities.


Background. Chronic fatigue is one of the most restricting symptoms following primary breast cancer treatment, but clinical studies on symptom management are rare. The objective was to evaluate the impact of a multimodal mind–body program (MMMT), including moderate physical activity as compared with a walking intervention alone, on chronic fatigue symptoms of women with stage I to IIIA breast cancer. Patients and Methods. Sixty-four women (mean age = 56.7 years) suffering from chronic fatigue after active tumor treatment were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control (n = 32 each) intervention (10 weeks). Fatigue, quality of life (QoL), functional well-being, anxiety, and depression were measured with standard questionnaires at baseline, after 10 weeks, and after 3 months. Results. Compared with baseline, both groups had reduced fatigue scores after treatment without any significant difference between groups (posttreatment, Δ = −0.3, confidence interval = −1.6 to 1.0, P = .678; follow-up, Δ = −0.4, confidence interval = −1.8 to 0.9, P = .510). All patients also improved regarding QoL and general functional well-being. Conclusion. Since both interventions reduced fatigue symptoms and enhanced QoL to a similar extent, we observed no verifiable add-on effect of the MMMT regarding fatigue symptoms. Considering the higher costs with additional expenditure related to MMMT, home-based walking intervention is recommended.


testing istheprocedure toverify whether protocol implementations conform totheir specifications. In thispaper,we propose a traversal probability based conformance testing method -TPBT,whichcanbeusedtotest protocols specified ascommunicating finite statemachines (CFSM)efficiently. Infact, TPBT isa randomwalkbased adaptive method, whichaimstotraverse alltransitions in component machines insteps asfewaspossible. We apply itto twoexample CFSMmodels, andtheresults showthat itachieves better performance thanotherrandomwalkbasedadaptive methods. Applying TPBT totheMobileIPv6protocol, all component machines' transitions aretraversed within about 600 steps, forwhichpre-generated testcasesaretedious longand error-prone.


Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a strategy designed to promote the integration of environmental costs associated with goods throughout their life cycles into the market price of the products. In order to explore the decision mechanism green production and the governance mechanism of green supply chain under EPR, this chapter makes a theoretical overview about the main issues of EPR and supply chain governance firstly. Generally, under EPR, the government uses financial incentives to encourage manufacturers to design environmentally friendly products by holding producers responsible for the costs of managing their products at end of life. Therefore, the green production framework under EPR is put up from the product life cycle perspective. Next, a supply chain governance framework is proposed to launch green supply chain when EPR policy is enforced. Finally, future directions of green production and green supply chain governance are developed. Green Production and Green Supply Chain Governance Under Extended Producer Responsibility


Quality of user Experience (QoE) is one of the most important issues for scalable video over OFDMA networks. Given the OFDMA frame structure, scheduling tasks can be classified into 1) intraframe scheduling and 2) interframe scheduling. While many studies have focused on how to enhance the QoE through intraframe scheduling, few studies have examined the potential of interframe scheduling. The only previous work on video interframe scheduling has considered which OFDMA frame the video traffic should start from; it is the single parameter that is adjustable, which leads to some loss of flexibility in scheduling. To enhance the QoE, this paper considers the video-transmission time point to be fully adjustable as long as the video delay bound can be satisfied. Accordingly, we formulate the interframe scheduling problem as an optimization problem with strong NP-hardness, and we propose a multiple-knapsack-based algorithm (MKBA) to solve the problem efficiently.


In Brazil, some of the most important educational policies are nowadays centered on reducing school failure rates. Their results are measured through academic achievement statistics that both The Federal Government and The State of Sao Paulo Government announce as great accomplishments. This paper looks at the other side of the production of these rates. It looks on how they are produced in the school day-to-day life. Based on classroom observations and interviews with the staff of a public elementary school in Sao Paulo, it concludes on the importance of reinforcing the school achievement of children and young people but, at the same time, of denouncing the statistical make up of school failure.


Innovation to improve the quality of structure and process in health care organization is reported in this case example of change in an academic medical center. Interactive planning and the circular organization de sign concept were the driving principles and methods. This report presents the needs for and initial obstruc tions to change, planning and project design work, a description of the change process, and illustrative ac complishments to date— two cases, one of conscious sedation policy and one of nuisance pages. Evaluative criteria for judging the progress and lessons of the project regarding key design characteristics also are included.


Objective To explore how smoking affects the foot nailfold microcirculation(FNM).Methods Observe FNM of healthy smokers and 50 healthy nonsmokers by using WX-9B microcirculatory microscopy with image analysis system,comparing the results of the two groups.Results Compared with nonsmoker group, in smoker group,the lengthened efferend branch and afferend branch length,the enlarged diameter of the afferent,the efferent branches and top of the loops(P0.05),the increased number of the deformed loops(P0.05),the slowed blood flow rate(P0.05),erythrocyte aggregation becomes heavier(P0.05),increased periphery exudation can be seen,and frequency of venous plexus,plain dermis nipples and numbers of coil gland duct are also increased(P0.05).Conclusion There are some changes of FNM in healthy smokers,the impact of smoking on FNM should be considered when detecting FNM.


This paper reports the use of fiber optic sensor consists of two-fiber probe and reflector for the measurement of concentration and refractive index of liquids based on the reflective intensity modulation. Conventionally such a sensor is used for measuring micro-displacement of fiber tip with reference to the reflector. In one of the previously reported work we have established that if the separation between fiber tips and reflector is maintained constant the same arrangement can be directly used for sensing refractive index changes of medium. The liquid under test fills the gap between probe and reflector. Depending upon the refractive index of liquid, angle of emittance will change which will decide the received output power by receiving fiber. Apart from pure solvents which have different refractive indices, there are mixtures of various types which also alter the refractive index of a given medium. The developed sensor is used to detect the concentration of the alcohols like methanol & ethylene glycol in mixture with water.


With methods in cognitive science,the author analyzed the cognitive process in both Chinese and western medicine.It is believed that in spite of the seemingly similar cognitive mechanism,the two medical systems are different owing to the influence of different medical systems and social background and the differences in the tools and methods in diagnosis and treatment.


Abstract It is well known that viral infections have a high impact on public health in multiple ways, including disease burden, outbreaks and pandemic, economic consequences, emergency response, strain on healthcare systems, psychological and social effects, and the importance of vaccination. Mathematical models of viral infections help policymakers and researchers to understand how diseases can spread, predict the potential impact of interventions, and make informed decisions to control and manage outbreaks. In this work, we formulate a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in the framework of a fractional derivative. For the analysis of the recommended model, the fundamental concepts and results are presented. For the validity of the model, we have proven that the solutions of the recommended model are positive and bounded. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the proposed dynamics have been carried out in this research work. To ensure the existence and uniqueness of the proposed COVID-19 dynamics, we employ fixed-point theorems such as Schaefer and Banach. In addition to this, we establish stability results for the system of COVID-19 infection through mathematical skills. To assess the influence of input parameters on the proposed dynamics of the infection, we analyzed the solution pathways using the Laplace Adomian decomposition approach. Moreover, we performed different simulations to conceptualize the role of input parameters on the dynamics of the infection. These simulations provide visualizations of key factors and aid public health officials in implementing effective measures to control the spread of the virus.


1) Roots of the crop plant, either young or mature, whose requirement of lime are high, have higher concentrations of Ca, Mg and K throughout the control, additional Al and low pH plots. No such correlations are seen among those of SiO2, Fe, Al and pH values. 2) In the roots of the crop plants, whose yields decrease on highly acidic volcanic ash soil, H-ion and Al contents readily increase under low pH and additional Al solution respectively, while, on the other hand, percentages of Ca, Mg and K are apt to decrease though not having less cation contents under the control conditions. 3) The conditons of containing Al and H-ions and those of containing Ca, Mg and K in the roots seem to be different. 4) These results obtained may due to the nature of protoplasms in the root. 5) On highly acidic volcanic ash soil, fewer exchangeable Ca and Mg, lower base saturation and higher Al-, H-ion concentrations are detrimental conditions to the plants of less tolerant to acidic soil.


The utility model discloses a movable integrated office table-chair which comprises a movable office chair and a convenient table, wherein the movable office chair comprises a chair body, a vertical rotary shaft and a base; the chair body is connected to the base through the vertical rotary shaft; castors are mounted on the feet of the base; the convenient table comprises a rotatable table surface, a lifting connecting rod and a rotary connecting rod; the rotatable table surface is hinged on the lifting connecting rod through a table surface locking handle; the lifting connecting rod is hinged on the rotary connecting rod through a lifting locking handle; the rotary connecting rod sleeves the vertical rotary shaft through a shaft sleeve and a shaft sleeve locking handle. According to the movable integrated office table-chair, the office table is integrated with the chair, so that the space of a meeting room is saved and the required meeting layout can be randomly arranged; the table surface is liftable and angle-adjustable, so that the need of a user in adjusting the height and the tilt angle according to the conditions of the user can be met.


The sustainability and cultural change, including gender, was associated with the delivery of value between generations. The existence of well-established interpretation of the text, which does not allow a new interpretation of the text, which is delivered to religious community make gender values remained relatively unchanged, even continuously reproduced. In this case, the transmitter of religious value, the preachers, seen in the Muslim community as the respectable and credible persons. Therefore, the doctrine they convey tend to be trusted and obeyed, without any possibility of other interpretations. The delivery model of one-direction model of messages delivery with lack of dialogue and participation of the audiences, no chance to new interpretations are another causes that led the concept of gender relatively unchanged


T he present study was carried out to explore the status of Trichomoniasis of pigeons at Qualiobia governorate. A total of 325 pigeons from different districts at Qualiobia governorate were examined during a year (from March 2007 to February 2008). It was found that 68.92 % of the examined pigeons were positive for T.gallinae infection. The incidence of infection among the examined pigeons was 61.04 %, 72.36 % and 70.40 % in adult males, adult females and squabs, respectively. Seasonally, the highest incidence of infections was 93.33 % in spring in adult females, while the lowest incidence was recorded in adult males in summer (41.18 %). Grossly, yellowish white focal caseated material were seen in the buccal cavity, esophagus, crop and proventriculus. The liver was slightly enlarged and showed small yellowish necrotic patches. Thirty naturally infected pigeons with T. gallinae and five pigeons free from T. gallinae infection were used in a treatment trial. The pigeons were divided into three groups. The first group was regarded as a negative control (contained the five non infected pigeons). The second group contained 15 naturally infected pigeons with T. gallinae. The third group contained 15 naturally infected pigeons with T. gallinae and treated with metronidazole (Flagyl®) in a dose of 100 mg/pigeon in the drinking water for 7 successive days. Mortality rate during treatment period was 13.33% in the treated group and 66.67 % in infected and untreated group. The population density of T. gallinae was gradually decreased reaching the lowest degree (+) starting from the 4th day of treatment till the 6th day and the parasite completely disappeared on the 7th day of treatment. The histopathological examination revealed that the proventriculus of naturally infected pigeons and treated with metronidazole showed mild congestion in the blood vessels with mild leukocytic infiltration mainly heterophils in the submucosa. The liver of infected pigeons and treated with metronidazole showed mild degenerative changes in the hepatocytes with leukocytic infiltration in the hepatic tissues. It is concluded that the incidence of Trichomoniasis in pigeons at Qualiobia governorate is the highest in adult females followed by squabs and Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 21 No. 2 (April) 2008; 123– 141 124 also is the highest in the spring season. Treatment of Trichomoniasis with metronidazole is effective, and showed an improvement of the mucosal status of esophagus, crop and proventriculus as well as the hepatocytes.


The Constrained Vapor Bubble (CVB) is a prototype for a wickless heat pipe and was developed into an experiment that was run in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station during 2010. Since the CVB is transparent, we can visualize the flow processes within the device in a way not possible before. Results from the experiment indicate that the CVB operates at higher pressures and temperatures in microgravity, a consequence of radiation being the only mechanism for removing heat from the device. The temperature profile data along the heat pipe and corresponding heat transfer calculations indicate that CVB performance is enhanced in the microgravity environment due to increased capillary flow even though heat transfer to the external environment is diminished by the absence of natural convection. Image data of the liquid profile in the grooves of the heat pipe indicate that the curvature gradient is considerably different from that on Earth and supports the conclusion that capillary flow and internal heat transfer is increased. Operations with the 20 mm version of the device allowed us to view explosive nucleation within the CVB upon device start-up. In this scenario, bubble nucleation occurred spontaneously and periodically at the hot end of the device. The nucleation process sent a shock wave through the pipe that collapsed the original bubble as a new vapor space was generated. The newly formed bubble returned to its original size, shape and location as heat loss from the CVB reestablished the original, pseudo-steady-state temperature and pressure profiles.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


model provides a rigorous, accurate method to block adjust This paper describes how to block adjust high-resolution Ikonos data outside of the ground stations. satellite imagery described by Rational Polynomial Coefficient This publication of a technique for block adjusting Ikonos (RPC) camera models and illustrates the method with an Ikonos images described by RPC data is motivated by a desire to satisfy example. By incorporating a priori constraints into the the needs of those users who would like to perform their own adjustment model, multiple independent images can be block adjustment, and to ensure that Ikonos images are proadjusted with or without ground control. The RPC block cessed in such way as to consistently achieve the highest possiadjustment model presented in this paper is directly related ble accuracy. In developing the adjustment model described to geometric properties of the physical camera model. Multiple here, the authors had access to the complete description of physical camera model parameters having the same net effect Ikonos imaging geometry, familiarity with all of the satellite on the object-image relationship are replaced by a single maneuvering modes, the resources of extensive test ranges and adjustment parameter. Consequently, the proposed method is imagery with which to test and validate, and the experience numerically more stable than the traditional adjustment of gained calibrating, testing, and troubleshooting Ikonos metric exterior and interior orientation parameters. This method is projects. generally applicable to any photogrammetric camera with a narrow field of view, calibrated, stable interior orientation, and Physical Camera Models accurate a priori exterior orientation data. As demonstrated Owing to the dynamic nature of satellite image collection, phoin the paper, for Ikonos satellite imagery, the RPC block togrammetric processing of satellite imagery is more compliadjustment achieves the same accuracy as the ground station cated than is aerial frame camera processing. Aerial cameras block adjustment with the full physical camera model. acquire the entire image at an instant of time with a unique exposure station and orientation. High-resolution pushbroom Background satellite cameras, including Ikonos, use linear sensor arrays


In June 2007, the United States Patent and Trademark O¢ ce launched a pilot program designed to solicit public participation in the prior art search process. Specifically, citizen-experts could identify and evaluate prior art relevant to the claims of a published patent application before an examiner reviews it. This paper assesses whether the peer review pilot achieved the goal of improving examination quality using data generated from the …rst pilot. In agreement with the available qualitative evaluations, we …nd the expected …rst order e¤ect, that more prior art does indeed lower the probability of patent allowances; and does so by 5% for every contributed piece of relevant prior art. On the other hand, the second order e¤ects are signi…cant and, rather surprisingly, work in the opposite direction to the …rst order e¤ect. Further, while reviewer-submitted prior art has no impact on forward citations, participation in the pilot substantially increased the number of these citation counts. Finally, using University of Colorado at Boulder. Email: email@example.com yIP Australia, Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


Irish-born Cynthia Longfield (1896-1991) became a leading entomologist after participating in three expeditions to South America in the 1920s. Working unpaid in the British Museum for 30 years, she catalogued Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) from all over the world, published scientific papers, and collaborated with British, Irish and international scientists. While she made several other collecting expeditions to Africa and South-East Asia in the 1920s and 1930s, her early experiences of South American natural history are a crucial aspect of her formation as an internationally renowned scientist, and are an interesting chapter in the long history of Irish connections with the region. She was a migrant, a traveller, and a scientist, and was a person at once privileged by her class and denied basic equalities due to her gender. This article firstly considers her scientific career in the context of Irish women's migration in the first half of the twentieth century, before focusing on her three voyages to South America in 1921-7 and, finally, examining the ways in which her participation in the St George expedition– as one of just three women aboard ship – was reported in the Anglophone press.


During the first year of K2 Mission Operations, which officially started with Campaign 1 in May 2014, the operations team was faced with a continuous stream of new challenges. Many of these challenges called upon the same rapid-response, integration and test mindset that made rescuing the spacecraft possible the year prior. But there were also needs for developing new concepts of operations, defining an operations planning process, and generating flight products on an 80-day cycle. While successfully operating through the first five science campaigns of year one, the team was also faced with additional long term technical challenges that threatened to limit the mission life of K2. These included fuel as the limiting consumable, a dwindling telecommunications link margin, and operating in a thermal environment outside the design specifications. Overcoming these challenges should allow the Kepler spacecraft to continue operating the K2 Mission for years to come.


The inadvertent ingestion of contaminated soil can be an important source of pesticide exposure, especially in young children. Analytical extraction techniques explored in the past were designed to determine the total contamination level of environmental solids. The actual level of a pesticide that is available for absorption into the biological system may be much lower than the overall contamination level due to the interaction of each compound with the solid matrix. This bioavailability is dependent on the chemical species as well as the soil type. In an effort to gain understanding of this phenomenon, we report a comparison of the recoveries of pesticides from sand using different analytical extraction techniques. The techniques examined were Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), subcritical water extraction (SCWE), and aqueous microwave extraction (ME). Of five pesticides investigated, one showed a statistically significant difference in recovery between Soxhlet and MAE. For the two water extractions, three of five pesticides displayed statistically significant differences. Soxhlet and MAE had much higher average recoveries (74 % and 85 %, respectively) than the two water extractions, (ME (1 %) and SCWE (9 %)). Future comparisons of the results of these analytical extractions with data from physiological-based tests may lead to the development of a bioavailability-determination technique that will avoid the use of animals or complex models of biological systems.


Massicotte is one of a growing number of political scientists who are examining the anomalies of the Canadian electoral system. "Regional variations in party support are exaggerated by the electoral system, and the country appears more polarized than it really is. Electoral regionalism is an undeniable fact of Canadian life.... However, the first-pastthe-post system has exaggerated this regionalism by amplifying both the strengths and weaknesses of parties in different regions. The existing electoral system ... has rewarded parties with strong regional appeal, and disadvantaged weaker nationally-oriented parties that attract votes more evenly from one region to another."


An important part of multiplatform or blended learning is designing learning environments that take full advantage of the relative strengths and weakness of the various platforms employed to meet learning objectives. The desktop has strengths that are conducive to immersive learning environments, whereas mobile devices excel in contextual learning and performance support roles. Blended learning then, is not merely porting the same content from one platform to another, but recognizing the need for unique implementations. This chapter will examine two general applications in which mobile learning takes advantage of the flexibility afforded by the platform. In the first case we will explore the possibilities presented by physical hyperlinks through the use of Near Field Communications, QR codes, and image recognition software. In addition to providing contextually relevant information, the mobile platform is ideal for providing enhanced conceptual retention. The Spacing Effect demonstrates that memory decays according to a well-defined logarithmic curve. Once this curve has been optimized for an individual, it is possible to determine the most productive times to review learning objectives. Mobile devices are the perfect platform to review material initially mastered on a desktop or in a classroom, and these scheduled sessions can boost retention times dramatically. Contextual Learning and Enhanced Retention are two applications that cater to the strengths of mobile devices, and augment a holistic multiplatform approach to learning. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-703-4.ch019


The author's pet phrase "language of colonialism" peppers the text. While much useful information can be gleaned from the documents frequently quoted, this reviewer preferred the more restrained approach taken in her earlier book. H. Henrietta Stockel is unquestionably an authority on the subject and those with an interest in the Chiricahua prisoner of war experience are well advised to consult her Survival of the Spirit, which is better and more skillfully written than Shame and Endurance.


One aspect of the present invention is to provide a refrigerator with the ice maker and to it to open the valve cap and manually adjusts the valve member of the water storage unit in the process of making ice. The ice maker according to an embodiment of the present invention, water is the water stored in the ice-making unit and a storage unit which ice is produced by the supply of water stored in the water storage unit and a storage unit having a storage unit in which the water is stored supplied to the ice making unit and at least one valve member to open and close the areas, so as to open the water supply port is characterized in that it comprises a closing member for moving the valve member.


Abstract : This task was performed under the Logistics Technology Research Support (LTRS) contract (F33615-99-D-6001) for Capt. Kenneth Bizenga of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Logistics Readiness Branch (HESR) at Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. The research covered the time period 29 March 2000 through 31 January 2001. This effort examined the feasibility of developing a suite of passive data collection tools and corresponding transmission methods for use in logistics command and control. The tools identified can provide identification, location, and/or status information to a central control system. The effort consisted of a technology survey of available data capture and transmission equipment and methods, as well as a projection of future capability. The technologies investigated are known in the community as Automated Identification Technology (AIT). This survey evaluated key technical parameters relevant to the implementation of these technologies in an Air Force (AF) environment, including data resolution, transmission method, transmission range, storage capability, affordability, deployability, supportability, data security, and safety.


Abstract The sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) classified as priority pollutants by the EPA have been determined by HPLC, in isocratic conditions, with spectrofluorimetric detection and wavelength programming. The possibility of selecting the optimum wavelengths for each PAH gives the advantages of increased sensitivity - reaching the low pg level - and of improved selectivity, because it is possible to carry out an independent determination of coeluting compounds, provided that their excitation and emission spectra are different enough.


This study aimed to understand the influence of financial, operational, and sustainable development of the mining business on the Indonesia Stock Exchange market for the period 2016-2019. To understand this effect, we have reviewed 49 mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period with a sample of 11 companies that met their financial reporting criteria in the same period. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicate that financial leverage and growth opportunity have a significant negative effect on the value of sustainability next to the mining companies listed on the Stock Exchange. Operating leverage has a positive and significant effect on the value of sustainability in the mining companies we studied. The results of this study are expected to properly consider the use of debt to the company because it can adversely affect the value of the company itself if its use is excessive.


The article illustrates that the localization of modern architecture is the foundation stone of the creation,and the modern architecture should be in harmony with the environment.It points out that the combination of inside and outside,past and modern are the characteristics of modern architectural design,the idea of horizontal and vertical is the basis of the design,and the balance of human affection and industrial civilization is the only way to the development of Chinese local architectures.


LYON, D. L. (Biology Department, Cornell Coll., Mount Vernon, IA 52314). Bee pollination of facultatively xenogamous Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 119: 368-375. 1992.-The protogynous flowers of Sanguinaria canadensis L. (Papaveraceae) were facultatively xenogamous. They were cross-pollinated by bees, primarily female Adrena carlini, when flying conditions permitted and self-pollinated in their absence, which was a consequence of cool and/or rainy weather. Moderate to high pollinator activity did not occur until air temperatures reached 1 7-20?C. On cool but sunny days higher temperatures occurred just above the surface litter and the bees were active. Self-pollination usually occurred on day 3 if flowers had not already been cross-pollinated. Fruit set and seed set in self-pollinated flowers, emasculated open-pollinated flowers and open-pollinated controls were equivalent. Both light and temperature appeared to affect daily flower opening and closing. Flowers did not open if air temperature was less than 8?C, and at increasingly higher temperature opened earlier and closed later but at the same temperature opened later and closed earlier if it was cloudy. Facultative xenogamy in this spring flowering species is adaptive because the flowers were cross-pollinated when conditions favored pollinator activity but self-pollinated when pollinator activity was suppressed by cool and/or rainy weather. The research was done in east-central Iowa.


The present invention discloses an electrical component having a diversity front-end circuit provided to limit for transmission of the received signal. Diversity front-end circuit is suitable to simultaneously receive a received signal in at least two frequency bands. Diversity front-end circuit has at least two reception paths (RX1, RX2, RX3) are connected to the diversity antenna (DA), the received signal of each frequency band is transmitted in each of the corresponding receive path . .FIELD 1


A field experiment was conducted for five years to study the effect of crop rotation with a legume and judicious use of organic and inorganic fertilizers for minimizing the dependency on inorganic fertilizer under rainfed conditions. The experiment waslaid out with three sets of experiments consisting of annual rotation of groundnut-groundnut, castor-castor and groundnut-castor. Different nitrogen management treatments were imposed on castor in castor-castor rotation and groundnut-castor rotation. The nitrogen management treatments include different combinations of organic manures (compost and glyricidia loppings) and inorganic fertilizer (urea). The results revealed that legume effect of groundnut on castor was observed in all the years. Growth, yield attributes and yield of castor were significantly higher when the complete dose of nitrogen was applied either through inorganic fertilizer or with a different combination of organic and inorganic forms than control in castor-castor rotation. Highest seed yield of castor in castor-castor rotationwas recorded when 100% N was applied as urea in first four years of experimentation. The response of castor to urea was higher during high rainfall years. Advantage of organic manures was observed after 4 years and highest seed yield of castor was recorded during fifth year where nitrogen was supplied as 50% N as glyricidia loppings + 50% N as inorganic and which was at par with 100% N as compost but significantly superior than 100% N as urea in castor-castor rotation. Residual effect of N applied to castor was not observed on pod yield of groundnut except in one year out of five years.


The paper presents a quantitative study of the effect of the bottom topography on the acoustic signals used in ocean acoustic tomography applications. The study is restricted to shallow water areas where the importance of the bottom boundary in modelling acoustic propagation is more pronounced. It is shown that significant variations of the signal are expected due to the presence of some local boundary irregularity, being of the same order as regards the «useful» variations used for the data inversions. It is concluded that an accurate bottom description is needed to be used in connection with an reliable model handling acoustic propagation in range-dependent environments for all ocean acoustic tomography applications


The host-mediated assay systems and the liver microsome test are compared considering carefully the advantages and disadvantages of the different systems regarding practice. The essay includes methodical problems as well as relevant questions for humans.


includes a mobile device includes a memory (1300) that is configured to store data, a buffer memory (1200) that is configured such that it has a destage victim buffer region (1230) and a normal data area (1250) and an application processor (1100) configured for selecting memory page data which are to be swapped out of the normal data area, and for performing a swap operation on the selected memory page data. The destage operation performs an immediate offload operation, or a delayed destage operation depending on a data type of the selected memory page data.


The distribution functions of interstellar pick‐up hydrogen and helium exhibit fluctuations which are correlated. An analysis of these fluctuations reveals that they may be the result of variations in, and provide additional evidence for, large mean free paths for these low rigidity particles. An analysis of the properties of the distribution function of pick‐up hydrogen reveals that these particles do suffer considerable adiabatic cooling, and that the likely cause for the long mean free path is the inability of the particles to scatter through 90° pitch angle.


Back ground: Teaching-learning contributes to the development of professional values, attitudes and behavior through a partnership of accountability between teacher and learner. Objective: To determine self-directed in learning among undergraduate nursing students' in School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Method: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted from Jan, 2013 up to March, 2014 at school of nursing and midwifery of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A total of 232 undergraduate nursing students' were involved in the study. Data was collected from selected students through an anonymous self-administrated questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into two sections including (a) demographic profile and (b) Fisher's Self-Directed in Learning Readiness questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out by using the latest version of the statistical software package SPSS (Version-21). Descriptive and analytical statistical test were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 232 participated in study of determination of self-directed in learning among undergraduate nursing students' in School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. One hundred forty-three participants were female (61.6%), and 89(38.4%) of participants were male. The majority (60.8%) of participants were in the age group of 20 -25 years.. The majority (90.52%) of subjects self-directed in learning readiness were in the level of Self-Control (Score >150). The mean score of self-management, desired for learning, Self-control and the overall SDLR were similar in a student's (31.84± 6.174; 31.83 ±6.177). Conclusion: Not all students are self-directed, and this study suggests that mature students are more self-directed than that entering nurse education direct from high school.


Economic globalization continues to expand the scope of the supply chain network structure, while increasing its own complexity, as well as the uncertainty of the network operating environment and the fragility of the operating system. An emergency on a single node or line in the supply chain network usually affects other nodes in the supply chain and brings significant risks to the enterprise. The impact of other nodes can cause the entire supply chain network to collapse, especially if the production and operation of a single-node enterprise in the supply chain may be interrupted or malfunctioned, especially in the event of an emergency. It also threatens development greatly, affecting the production and livelihoods of enterprises in the supply chain and people's lives, and has a major negative impact on social and economic development. These emergencies continue to affect the supply chain network, and the originally fragile companies face greater risks. This paper establishes a supply chain hyper-network model considering the risk function under emergencies. When an emergency occurs, the demand in the consumer market decreases or increases due to different emergencies. Therefore, revenue sharing contracts are used to coordinate, build a supply chain network model under emergencies, and solve them to obtain a model equilibrium Solution, that is, the new equilibrium state after the occurrence of an emergency.


Source Citation Ivers N, Jamtvedt G, Flottorp S, et al. Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(6):CD000259. 22696318


Prevention starts with lifestyle changes—most importantly, moving away from a sedentary lifestyle, as physical activity is associated with increased longevity and decreased cardiovascular risk. The majority of the population is still sedentary. How much exercise is appropriate is an issue, as too much of a good thing may be damaging. These issues are discussed in the first review article entitled 'Personalized exercise dose prescription', by Petra Zubin Maslov and colleagues from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. In order to maximize the health benefits of physical activity, health care practitioners should be familiarized with the most appropriate dose of exercise for each individual, depending on their habitual physical activity and relative fitness. Here they describe the lowest and highest level of exercise that proves beneficial in terms of health and what should hypothetically be considered 'the sweet spot'. While lifestyle changes are the first step, drugs are equally important in prevention. However, patient compliance with prescribed drug therapy is often poor, but is particularly important after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Hanne Winther Frederiksen, from the Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark, addressed this in her clinical research article 'Differences in initiation and discontinuation of preventive medications and use of nonpharmacological interventions after acute coronary syndrome among migrants and Danish-born'. The authors selected 33 199 individuals from nationwide registries and followed them for 180 days after ACS. Non-Western migrants had lower relative risks for initiating adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and patient education and greater hazards for discontinuing statins, ADP inhibitors, b-blockers and ACE inhibitors and fewer contacts for physical exercise and patient education. Thus huge differences between non-Western migrants and Danish-born individuals in initiation and discontinuation of preventive medications and the use of non-pharmacological interventions after ACS exist and cannot be explained by differences in comorbidity or sociodemographic factors. These novel findings are further discussed in an editorial by Gregory Y. H. Lip from the City Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. An important target of prevention is diabetes. Although weight reduction works, it is often difficult to achieve, and medication becomes necessary to control blood sugar. In their review 'Cardioprotective anti-hyperglycaemic medications: a review of clinical trials', Haitham M. Ahmed and colleagues from the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA note that despite extensive efforts, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death among diabetics. Recently, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1) agonists have been shown to reduce cardiovascular mortality in four randomized controlled trials. In light of this, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved empagliflozin for cardiovascular mortality reduction in type 2 diabetics. The effects of novel antihyperglycaemic medications is reviewed, as is their mode of action and cardioprotective pathways. There is a paucity of data on the influence of diabetes on longterm outcomes after ischaemic stroke. In their article 'Diabetes and long-term outcomes of ischaemic stroke: findings from Get With The Guidelines–Stroke', Gregg C. Fonarow and colleagues from the UCLA Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles, CA, USA assessed this in 409 060 patients with and without diabetes. The 29.6% of patients with diabetes were younger, had more comorbidities and a higher risk of all-cause mortality and all-cause readmission, a higher composite of mortality and all-cause readmission and a higher composite of mortality and cardiovascular readmission as well as higher heart failure readmission and non-stroke readmission. Thus, among older ischaemic stroke patients, diabetes was associated with increased risks of death, cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular hospitalizations, heart failure and stroke recurrence. These findings are put into further context in an editorial by Francesco Cosentino from the University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden. Besides classical risk factors that are part of the ESC Guideline recommendations, novel risk factors have been identified. Bacteria in our gastrointestinal tract eat what we eat and their end products are


T here are many reasons to recommend that Indonesia should figure prominently in the next administration's foreign policy deliberations, not least with regards to questions of Islam, democracy, and religious freedom. With its 255 million people, 87.2 percent of whom officially profess Islam, this Southeast Asian country is the most populous Muslim-majority country in the world. Indonesia is also the world's largest Muslim democracy, having made a transition to electoral democracy in 1998–1999 after 32 years of authoritarian rule. Although it still has serious shortcomings with regards to the rule of law and the protection of religious freedoms (Crouch 2014; see below), Indonesia's achievements with regards to press freedoms, labor rights, literacy rates, and women's education and employment have by all measures been far-reaching and impressive (Robinson 2009). Even in such specialized fields as Islamic education—Islamic schools educate about 15 percent of the school-age population—Indonesia stands out. With its mix of Islamic sciences, general studies, and courses on women's rights and civic education, the country's network of State Islamic Universities and Colleges (UIN/ IAIN) is arguably the most dynamic and pluralistminded in the world (Azra, Afrianty, and Hefner 2007; Jackson 2007). Topping all this off, 45 years of growth have turned this country into Southeast Asia's largest economy and one of the global south's economic powerhouses. No less significant, the country's growth has been relatively well distributed, driving down poverty rates and fueling the growth of a huge middle class. Notwithstanding its strategic importance and record of achievement, Indonesia has long remained something of a second-tier concern in US policy circles. The country loomed largest in US foreign policy vision during the Cold War years of the late 1950s and 1960s. At that time, Indonesia had the largest Communist Party in the non-communist world (Mortimer 1974), and was widely regarded as the domino most likely to fall if Vietnam "went communist." A failed leftwing officers coup on the night of September 30, 1965 put an end to that anxiety, and also to the Indonesian Communist Party, which was outlawed and its ranks decimated during six months of military-coordinated killing in 1965– 1966 (Cribb 1990). With the transition to the authoritarian "New Order" government (1966– May 1998; Hefner 2000), Indonesia came to be regarded as an independent-minded but quietly consistent US ally. However, its relative political stability once again relegated Indonesia to the policy background, and its place in Asian affairs


A new method to establish the absolute configurations of organic compounds is reviewed. This method is designated "axial chirality method" because it uses axially chiral biaryls as chiral auxiliaries. Chiral secondary alcohols, ƒ¿-chiral primary amines and ƒ¿-chiral carboxylic acids are derivatized with the above reagents. The absolute configurations of original compounds are correlated to the ƒ¢ƒÂ values, which are defined as ƒ¢ƒÂ=ƒ¢aS-ƒÂaR for each proton of the diastereomeric derivatives. Some models are described to explain the observed proton shifts and the signs of ƒ¢ƒÂs. In certain cases, NOEs were observed between the protons of the reagent's moiety and those of substrate's one. The absolute configuration of a sterically hindered tertiary alcohol was determined by this new method using the ƒ¢ƒÂ values and NOE correlations. One new C-centrochiral reagent was also presented. Versatility and limitation of this method are discussed.


The bimolecular quenching of the first excited singlet state of oxonine by allylthiourea leads to the formation of the triplet state of the dye. This has been proved by comparison with the triplet‐triplet absorption spectrum of oxonine obtained by triplet‐triplet energy transfer. The conventional flash experiments suggest that the dye triplet state is produced directly rather than by radical recombination.


European satellites

Damien Neven, Lars-Hendrik Roller and Leonard Waverman

The EC Commission is proposing significant liberalization of the European satellite industry, relying on competition in operations in space to generate lower prices for end-users and lower costs for manufacturers on earth. However, since both manufacture and operation entail scale economies, full liberalization may be inefficient.

We construct a model of both the manufacture and operation of satellites, and calibrate it with real data. We then simulate different policies. We conclude that, although some form of liberalization should be welcomed, existing satellite operators will then make losses. Some exit will be required (mainly the government-owned PTTs) even though, with lower prices, the market will expand. Further consolidation of satellite manufacturers is also required if European producers are to compete with those in the US. Cogent policies need to be designed to safeguard competition whilst preventing predation.


With the Arctic summer sea-ice extent in decline, questions are arising as to how changes in sea-ice dynamics might affect biogeochemical cycling and phenomena such as carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and ocean acidification. Recent field research in these areas has concentrated on biogeochemical and CO2 measurements during spring, summer or autumn, but there are few data for the winter or winter–spring transition, particularly in the High Arctic. Here, we present carbon and nutrient data within and under sea ice measured during the Catlin Arctic Survey, over 40 days in March and April 2010, off Ellef Ringnes Island (78° 43.11′ N, 104° 47.44′ W) in the Canadian High Arctic. Results show relatively low surface water (1–10 m) nitrate (<1.3 µM) and total inorganic carbon concentrations (mean±SD=2015±5.83 µmol kg−1), total alkalinity (mean±SD=2134±11.09 µmol kg−1) and under-ice pCO2sw (mean±SD=286±17 µatm). These surprisingly low wintertime carbon and nutrient conditions suggest that the outer Canadian Arctic Archipelago region is nitrate-limited on account of sluggish mixing among the multi-year ice regions of the High Arctic, which could temper the potential of widespread under-ice and open-water phytoplankton blooms later in the season.


Tab. 1 and Tab. 2 show the effectiveness of different attacks on different backbones and datasets, indicating that all the attacks are valid. STRIP [1]. We re-implement STRIP following the official codes 1 and a reference 2. For every input image, we use 100 clean images from test data for superimposing. FreqDetector [5]. We re-implement FreqDetector following the official codes 3. We choose PreActResNet18 as the backbone of FreqDetector, and let all clean training images (for example, 50000 images in CIFAR10) serve as the training data of FreqDetector. Following the paper and official codes, we choose a random white block, random colored block, Gaussian noise, random shadow, and random blend as data augmentations.


Abstract Microbial degradation of DDT residues is one mechanism for loss of DDT from soil. In this review pathways for biodegradation of DDT, DDD, and DDE by bacteria and fungi are described. Biodegradation of DDT residues can proceed in soil, albeit at a slow rate. To enhance degradation in situ a number of strategies are proposed. They include the addition of DDT‐metabolising microbes to contaminated soils and/or the manipulation of environmental conditions to enhance the activity of these microbes. Ligninolytic fungi and chlorobiphenyl degrading bacteria are promising candidates for remediation. Flooding of soil and the addition of organic matter can enhance DDT degradation. As biodegradation may be inhibited by lack of access of the microbe to the contaminant, the soil may need to be pre‐treated with a surfactant. Unlike DDT, little is known about the biodegradation of DDE, and this knowledge is crucial as DDE can be the predominant residue in some soils.


Suicide and self‐harm are major public health issues. This study aimed to assess how local and national data could be used more effectively in local suicide and self‐harm prevention strategies. Twelve semistructured interviews were carried out with a purposive sample of suicide prevention leads in one strategic health authority area and other key local and regional informants. Although suicide prevention work is supported by data, problems were identified with current processes and data and information availability. Local, regional and national health agencies all have a role in ensuring information is used in the best possible way to reduce self‐harm and suicide.


The high number of COVID-19 cases in Bekasi requires interventions that focus on communities with high exposure of virus, one of which was street vendors. With the aim of improving the knowledge and awareness of street vendors to implement health protocols, this campaign was carried out. A total of 50 street vendors participated in this activities and were evaluated to have increased knowledge, especially in the behavior of washing hands with hand sanitizers and the importance of wearing masks in public places.


Significantly different water relations attributes were derived for temperate conifers measured using the repeat pressurization (RP) and composite (CM) pressure–volume (PV) procedures. In the RP method, single shoots were measured 10–20 times for xylem water potential and mass during air-drying to produce each PV curve. In contrast, for CM PV curves 25–30 shoots were air-dried to relative water contents (R) ranging from 1.0 to 0.5 before being pressurized once. Aggregation of these 25–30 paired values produced single PV curves. Pinus banksiana, P. resinosa and Picea mariana, but not Pinus strobus, had lower full turgor osmotic potential, shallower slope of the linear segment of the PV curves and higher symplast fraction with the CM method. Data points along the linear segment of PV curves were obtained to lower R using the CM method. Reanalysis using similar R ranges eliminated differences between PV methods for Picea mariana but not Pinus banksiana and P. resinosa.


OpenCMISS is a mathematical modeling environment designed to solve field based equations and link subcellular and tissue-level biophysical processes to organ-level processes. It employs a general purpose parallel design, in particular distributed memory, for its computations. CellML is a mark up language based on XML that is designed to encode lumped parameter biophysically based systems of ordinary differential equations and nonlinear algebraic equations. OpenCMISS allows CellML models to be evaluated and integrated into models at various spatial and temporal scales. With good inherent parallelism, hardware acceleration based on FPGAs has a great potential to increase the computational performance and to reduce the energy consumption of computations with CellML models integrated in OpenCMISS. However, with several hundred CellML models, manual hardware implementation for each CellML model is complex and time consuming. The advantages of FPGA designs will only be realised if there is a general solution or a tool to automatically convert CellML models into hardware description languages such as VHDL. In this paper we describe the architecture for the FPGA hardware implementation of CellML models and evaluate the first results related to performance and resource usage based on a variety of criteria.


Water Aid Bangladesh has prepared this report to provide an overview of the arsenic issue in Bangladesh primarily for agencies, organisations and individuals who are not water sector specialists and who want an informed summary of current knowledge on: the background to the arsenic contamination issue; the potential scale of the problem; the work of 35 organisations active in arsenic mitigation; the instrumentation methods for the detection of arsenic; the arsenic mitigation options and; the way forward. In addition, a primary objetive of the document is to promote co-ordination and information sharing between organisations and to highlight the need for prompt action with regard to arsenic mitigation. Water Aid intends that this report will be built upon with further sectons on the chemistry of arsenic in groundwater and new mitigation technologies as they emerge from research and testing, plus regular updates on arenic mitigation programmes' progress and learning


An article identification method utilizes invisible light to identify articles and comprises the following steps: a marking step, marking on the surface of an article by using a marker; an irradiation step, irradiating the marked article with invisible light emitted from an invisible light source; a shooting step, shooting the article irradiated by the invisible light by using a shooting device, so as to obtain an image; and an identification step, identifying the marker on the article surface based on the obtained image, wherein the marker contains an excitation illuminant excited by invisible light. The article identification method employs invisible light to identify the marker excitable under a matched wavelength, is capable of filtering off all backgrounds except the marker, overcomes error grading or classification for identification and sorting under an artificial or visible light condition, greatly improves the accuracy for article identification, and brings better goods application experience to a terminal user.


For the past few years, international economic discussions worldwide have been intensively and extensively concerned with China's role on the global economic scene. There is no shortage of papers, books, news items or other media coverage about the Chinese economy, as a new phenomenon that was hardly expected a few years ago. There have been similar developments elsewhere in the analysis of Japanese economics, the Asian Miracle, and for a time the developing world as a whole. Among transition countries, especially in Eastern Europe, there were great hopes of finding extraordinary performance but all these other flashes of awe-inspiring economic development turned out to be, in a relative sense, short lived. Now, one can look back on more than 25 years of unusual economic gain in China and very promising expectations of more to come. Perhaps, the mere size of China makes the case even more awesome. In this respect, China may relatively soon be joined by India as a formidable economic power, and the Chinese-Indian economies may well influence the world economic scene, in an impressive dual performance. Official Indian sources have announced in February 2006, that annual economic growth in 2004-05 reached an impressive 8.5 percent further enlarging the burden for understanding the forces behind such growth figures. In the papers and commentary assembled in this China-section, we have tried to find authors who have deep understanding of the economics of China from a long historical perspective and from contemporary performance since reforms were put into place in 1978, or perhaps a bit earlier. The contributions cover quantitative studies, woven into the culture, politics and social relations of China over relevant centuries, as well as general historical analysis of Chinese economics. Angus Maddison can draw upon his vast store of quantitative studies of most parts of the world since 1300. Dwight Perkins used his Chinese and broader Asian studies background to guide high level officials through China when new relations with the Western world were being developed, in anticipation of political interaction as well as economic reform. Gregory Chow used his insight into the Chinese way of life and his intimate knowledge of the Chinese economy, as the reform process got under way, to study a very important obstacle in the path of smooth development, by assessing the distorting role of corruption. Professor Chow could have taken up any number of important aspects of Chinese economic life, but has carved out a serious analysis of something that could hamper success in economic reform. We have tried to put together forecasting techniques that have been successfully used in many economies, even for the Special Administrative Region (Hong Kong), to produce, with the able help of Wendy Mak, fortnightly projections of the Chinese economy. …


The objective of this study was to investigate whether level of food security affects the impact of a dietary counseling among low‐income mothers. Data were collected during a randomized controlled trial in Sao Leopoldo, Brazil. Counseling was given from birth to 12 months of the child. Low food insecure mothers (0–5 points in the Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity) who received the intervention were more likely to exclusively breastfeed for 4 months (RR = 1.50, p = .008) and breastfeed for 6 months (RR = 1.35, p = .04), and less likely to introduce solid foods before 4 months (RR = .62, p = .04) and soft drinks before 12 months (RR = .68, p = .02) compared to non‐counseled mothers. The intervention had no impact for breastfeeding practices for highly insecure mothers (6–15 points). Counseled mothers were more likely to, in combination, breastfeed for 6 months, introduce complementary feeding after 4 months, and avoid sugar and lipid dense foods for 12 months in both low and highly insecure groups (RR = 1.86, p < .001 and RR = 2.34, p = .01, respectively). In conclusion, food insecurity negatively affected the impact of dietary counseling among low‐income mothers, especially for breastfeeding. However, highly insecure mothers could follow some orientations regarding avoidance of certain foods. Funding was provided by the Brazil National Funding for Research and Capes Foundation of the Brazilian Ministry of Education.


For students to thrive in the U.S. educational system, they must successfully cope with omnipresent demands of exams. Nearly all students experience testing situations as stressful, and signs of stress (e.g., racing heart) are typically perceived negatively. This research tested the efficacy of a psychosituational intervention targeting cognitive appraisals of stress to improve classroom exam performance. Ninety-three students (across five semesters) enrolled in a community college developmental mathematics course were randomly assigned to stress reappraisal or placebo control conditions. Reappraisal instructions educated students about the adaptive benefits of stress arousal, whereas placebo materials instructed students to ignore stress. Reappraisal students reported less math evaluation anxiety and exhibited improved math exam performance relative to controls. Mediation analysis indicated reappraisal improved performance by increasing students' perceptions of their ability to cope with the stressful testing situation (resource appraisals). Implications for theory development and policy are discussed.


The results of time‐variant reliability analysis of shear‐strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams with externally bonded fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) are presented with an emphasis on the effects of environmental harshness and effective design parameters. The effects of chloride‐induced pitting corrosion and FRP degradation are considered using Monte Carlo simulation to assess the influence of environmental deterioration on the fib 2001 limit states instead of applying design reduction factors. For the defined worked example, the proposed method specifies the remaining lifetime of the strengthened beam by considering a reasonable value for the target reliability index. With regard to the reliability index profiles, it is shown that chloride‐induced pitting corrosion has a greater effect on the shear capacity of strengthened beams than the degradation of the FRP. It was found that the FRP reinforcement ratio has a considerable effect on the governing failure mode; hence, it is important to calibrate the proposed safety verifications of fib bulletin 14 using sufficient experimental data for the relevant random variables in a reliability‐based context.


ABSTRACT Simple linear regression in the functional errors-in-variables (EIV) model is revisited from a different perspective, where the problem is addressed by using the small-sigma model instead of large sample theory. A general analysis is developed to study the slope's estimator that minimizes a family of objective functions, of which the least-squares fit and the maximum likelihood estimator are minimizers of such special functions. General formulas for the higher-order terms of the bias, the variance, and the mean square error are derived. Accordingly, two efficient estimators are proposed after implementing the pre- and the post-bias elimination techniques. Numerical tests confirm the superiority of the proposed estimators over others.


Environmental degradation limits the sustainable development of society and economy at present. According to the situation in the western Shanxi province, environmental degradation mainly includes water erosion and wind erosion and vegetation degradation. Environmental degradation in this area with fragile eco_environment condition, is directly resulted from rapid increase of population and human unsustainable economic activities. Furthermore,the negative effects of environmental degradation on society and economy are studied, and puts forword some strategies of eco_building for preventing environmental degradation.


While disposing of fine coal without use was cheaper and more permissible previously, recovering some of the fine coal changes the mass balance of wastes and makes co-disposal or integrated dumps possible. The present study aims to investigate the processing of fine lignite coal tailings with 59.08% ash content from Soma tailings ponds in Turkey using a Knelson concentrator and to identify in both numerical and experimental methods the fundamentals of the reason why the Knelson concentrator must be operated in hindered settling conditions for high efficiency separation of high ash-bearing fine lignite coal tailings. The lignite coal tailings were treated by a two-stage concentration scheme for the recovery of fine clean coal. Pre-enrichment experiment parameters were determined by the Taguchi experimental design method, and the results were interpreted by the SPSS 17.0 program to evaluate the optimum parameter values. After the pre-enrichment process, a coal concentrate (42.60% ash, 0.71% total sulfur, an...


One-dimensional bubbly flows through converging-diverging nozzles are investigated using a two-fluid model. Effects associated with both translational and radial relative motions between bubbles and liquid are incorporated. Calculation of a subsonic case is performed first and shows good agreement with experiments. The model is then applied to critical (or choked) flow situations studied previously by Muir and Eichhorn (1963). In their experiments, Muir and Eichhorn found larger critical pressure ratios (which are defined as the ratios of the throat pressure to the pressure upstream of the nozzle under choked conditions) and mass flow rates than homogeneous flow theory. They measured significant slip between phases which, therefore, was speculated to be responsible for these discrepancies. It is demonstrated in this paper that the phase relative velocity can be predicted reasonably well (within the experimental uncertainty) using the present model. Excellent agreement between the predicted critical mass flow rates and the experimental data is obtained. However, compensation for the critical pressure ratios is not apparent.
Other important natures of the critical flows are also explored, including the formation of compression shock waves present in the divergent part of the nozzle. Our computations show that the pressure ratios across the shocks agree very well with the Hugoniot relation established by Thang and Davis (1981).


Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently attracted great attention because of their excellent physical properties, such as high mechanical strength, thermal stability, and electronic properties. These useful properties of carbon nanotubes make themselves good candidates for various application field, such as a transistor, battery, field emission display, nanoscale inter-connects, and so on. Gas-phase techniques offer the unique ability to synthesize well-oriented arrays of CNTs. However, it is seldom reported that the pressure influences on the growth of CNTs under low substrate temperature. In this work, the effect of the working pressure and the influence of the catalyst preparation on the properties of CNTs grown by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) were investigated.


Lanthanide‐based materials exhibit abundant emission colors under suitable infrared excitations; however, the dynamic control of orthogonal photon upconversion of lanthanide ions has remained challenging. Here, a novel mechanistic strategy to enable orthogonal upconversion emissions through energy migration in a simple core–shell nanostructure is reported. By constructing the migratory ytterbium‐sublattice shell layer outside the luminescent erbium matrix, the population of erbium emitters at their intermediate energy levels can be finely manipulated, and the red‐to‐green color‐switchable output has been achieved under separate 980 and 808 (or 1530) nm excitations. More interestingly, a tuning of the excitation pulse width also results in a gradual red‐to‐green color change. The mechanistic role of energy migration over ytterbium sublattice is also examined. A conceptual core–shell model for the excitation‐emission orthogonal upconversion output is provided, which is not only important for the fundamental research of photon upconversion but also helps in exciting new chances for the frontier applications such as information security.


IN the breeding of domestic animals consanguineous matings are frequently made. Occasionally matings are made between very close relatives-sire and daughter, brother and sister, etc.-but as a. rule such close inbreeding is avoided and there is instead an attempt to concentrate the blood of some noteworthy individual by what is known as line breeding. No regular system of mating such as might be followed with laboratory animals is practicable as a rule. The importance of having a coefficient by means of which the degree of inbreeding may be expressed has been brought out by Pearl' in a number of papers published between 1913 and 1917. His coefficient is based on the smaller number of ancestors in each generation back of an inbred individual, as compared with the maximum possible number. A separate coefficient is obtained for each generation by the formula


pass it monthly from rabbit to rabbit by intrapleural injection. The animal thus inoculated dies in 4 or 5 days. The resulting exudate is pipetted from the pleural cavity and sealed hermetically in a test tube. A 24-hour beef infusion broth culture from this fluid is used for the next animal inoculation. The exudate remains a pure culture of the hemolytic streptococcus as noted by Gay and Stone 2 provided ordinary care is exercised. This culture thus maintained within the body fluids is known as the passage culture. Originally this streptococcus was isolated from a fatal infection in man. The work of Beckwith and Eddie 1 indicates that the stock culture is more resistant to heat than the passage portion by approximately 5 degrees, time factors and mediums being equal and identical. Counts of the numbers of organisms exposed to heat were not made, however, at that time. It is difficult to ascribe a reason for this difference in susceptibility to heat. Possibly it has some connection with the metabolism of these two strains of the same streptococcus, for Foster,3 working with the same form showed that there is "a marked difference between a passage strain and a laboratory strain of Streptococcus hemolyticus during the first 3 hours in glucose serum broth. Whereas the passage strain shows a definite decrease in amino acid output coupled with an increased ammonia excretion, the laboratory strain exhibits a decided increase in amino acid output coincident with a slight decrease in ammonia formation." Thus the former may be interpreted to be somewhat more active


Simple, rapid tissue processing that preserves macromolecules will enhance translational research capabilities. Traditional fixative‐based approaches for specimen preservation are ideal for histologic evaluation but are not conducive to molecular studies of nucleic acids and protein. Tissue cryosections preserve macromolecule integrity, but the process is labor intensive and technically challenging. To the authors' knowledge to date, an alternative method capable of retrieving cells while providing adequate histologic detail yet preserving macromolecule integrity has been lacking. In the current study, the authors evaluated the utility of using manual exfoliation of clinical tissue samples as a means of obtaining cells for molecular analysis. This technique possesses the advantages of fixed and frozen tissue sections without their drawbacks. This simple, rapid, nonfixative based technique is capable of preparing cells from human clinical material for further isolation without compromising the preservation of macromolecules in the tissue.


The granular gripper is an innovative device designed to grasp objects using the jamming properties of granular materials. However, the granular properties that influence its performance are poorly understood. Moreover, to date, there is no numerical model for the granular gripper. In this paper, we combine numerical and experimental approaches to examine the effects of the mechanical properties of the grains on the grip force, with the goal to gain better insight on the influence of these properties and to improve the performance of the granular gripper. On the numerical side, a model based on Discrete Elements Method (DEM) is developed to predict the effect of the granular properties, such as the roughness, on the holding force. Two different ways of modelling the gripper system are presented and compared. The DEM model is tested for different pressures around the jamming pressure. On the experiment side, a granular gripper apparatus is mounted and used to find the relationship between the grains properties and the holding force. The experimental apparatus is also used to validate the DEM model. We found that grains with higher surface roughness result in a higher holding force on a cubical aluminium object. We also found agreements between the results of the experiments and the DEM models. Lastly, advice is given about approximating the holding force for a given gripper system and about further optimizing this system in terms of holding force, pressure and particle roughness.


According to the questionnaire research on the demands of tourists for Tianquan Cave,based on cave-sightseeing,upgrading five cave products combinations including cave science investigation tour,cave expansion tour,cave cultural experience tour,cave leisure tour,cave healthcare was put forward.


Let me begin with a question-in some respects the most important question we have considered-raised in discussion by David Noble. What is the use of a collective exercise such as this? Why do we not conclude by declaring SHOT obsolete, Noble asked, since its concern with academic turf distracts attention from the serious, autonomous commitments of individuals to the critical exercise of their own curiosity? I agree with Noble that what we understand about the historical development of technology is not an automatic consequence of professionwide agreement about critical issues, or for that matter a result of continued expansion of our ranks. What understanding we achieve will depend, as it always has, on individuals taking intellectual risks. But I am not prepared to draw the corollary that professional societies and departments play no essential role in individual creativity. To some extent the words "critical issues" in the title of this con-


DESCRIBED SYSTEMS REAGENTS UNION AND / OR COVERING UP OF SUBSTRATES, ESPECIALLY FOR COATING SEALING HOT, BASED aqueous dispersions, a resin (I) curable with epoxides and combinations epoxides as a hardening agent (II). By using polyurethane polymers with functional groups they react to epoxides such as resin hardenable (IA), PRODUCING SUBSTRATES COATED SEALING CAN BE HOT, Monolithic, which, for example, BE PROCESSED AFTER FOR PRODUCING PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD .


The paper introduces the structure of the step-motor controller based on TMS320LF2407,it describes that how to use DSP event management modules in making the PWM and controlling step motor. The system has a simple frame and works well in prac-tice,it is easy to be expended.


A nontrivial redundancy relation, due to the differential structure of the gravitational Bianchi identity as well as the symmetry of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric, in the gravitational field equation is clarified. A generalized Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is introduced in order to properly define a one-dimensional reduced problem which offers an alternative approach to obtain the gravitational field equations on Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spaces.


3D differential phase contrast (3D DPC) microscopy uses asymmetric illumination patterns and axial scanning to recover volumetric maps of refractive index. To avoid the expense of automated axial scanning, we demonstrate 3D DPC without a z-stage by hand spinning the microscope's defocus knob to scan the object axially while updating illumination patterns on the LED-array microscope. We utilize an inverse problem optimization to retrieve the sample's volumetric information with measurements from unknown axial positions by jointly solving for each measurement's axial position. Finally, we explore how to optimize the LED-array illumination patterns for varying axial sampling rates.


Objective To explore the mental health of junior nurses and its relationship with coping style,as well as social support,to provide scientific basis for improving the status of mental health and taking proper intervention measures.Methods Totally 231 junior nurses who registered less than 5 years were investigated by Symptom Checklist-90(SCL-90),Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS) and Simplified Coping Styles Questionnaire(SCSQ).Results Scores of forcing,hostility,terror,paranoid and psychoticism of nurses were higher than those in the national norm,which was statistically significant(P0.05).And the score of depression was significantly lower than that in the national norm(P0.05).The average score of positive coping latitude was higher than that of negative coping latitude and the difference of two coping styles of junior nurses indicated statistically significant differences(P0.05).However,the scores of external support between junior nurses with bachelor degree or higher and those with college degree or below had statistically significant differences(P0.05) and scores of other social supports revealed no statistically significant differences.Social support was negatively correlated while negative coping was positively correlated with 9 factors of SCL-90.Conclusion There exist some mental health problems in junior nurses.Therefore,the training of positive coping styles should be strengthened,and mental health guidance will help junior nurses construct perfect social support system to improve their mental health,and provide quality nursing for patients.


To reduce verbalism, confusion of meaning and inappropriate perceptions of students towards the material provided by the teacher during the learning process, it is necessary to have a learning media in the form of teaching aids (models) as well as learning support facilities that support the times. This research is motivated by the desire to apply a contextual learning approach with film screening media to improve student learning outcomes in the subject matter of life in the pre-literacy period. This research is a classroom action research. The subjects were 32 students in VIIA class at SMP Negeri 6 Purworejo semester 1 of the 2020/2021 school year, consisting of 18 female students and 14 male students. This study aims to improve student learning outcomes. The implementation process is participatory collaborative with other teachers, and the principal which begins by conducting an initial fact-finding study then recycling which includes: (1) preparing plans, (2) carrying out actions, 3) observing (observation); (4) reflection. This research was conducted in two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II.) Data collection techniques used: Test techniques, Observation, Documentation. Data analysis was carried out both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results of classroom action research by applying a contextual learning approach with film screening media can be seen from several activities carried out by students during the learning process. The initial evaluation result indicator is at least 75% of all students in the class meeting the complete learning target, the learning outcomes of students with a score of 61 and above in social studies learning. Conversely, if learning social studies history in lesson I has not been said to be complete, it will be continued in the next lesson. In learning I the success reached 68%. In learning II student learning outcomes have reached 70%, in learning II this meets the target of complete learning. According to the results of preliminary observations of 32 students, there were only 15 students who scored more than 70 (said complete) in their initial abilities in a proportion of 46.8%. After learning was held in cycle II, student learning outcomes in class had reached 30 students (93.8%) of all students in the class meeting the complete learning target, which means students scored 70 and above in learning.