Embedded processor performance is dependent on both the underlying architecture and the compiler optimizations applied. However, designing both simultaneously is extremely difficult to achieve due to the time constraints designers must work under. Therefore, current methodology involves designing compiler and architecture in isolation, leading to suboptimal performance of the final product. This article develops a novel approach to this codesign space problem. For our specific design space, we demonstrate that we can automatically predict the performance that an optimizing compiler would achieve without actually tuning it for any of the microarchitecture configurations considered. Once trained, a single run of the program compiled with the standard optimization setting is enough to make a prediction on the new microarchitecture with just a 3.2% error rate on average. This allows the designer to accurately choose an architectural configuration with knowledge of how an optimizing compiler will perform on it. We use this to find the best optimizing compiler/architectural configuration in our codesign space and demonstrate that it achieves an average 19% performance improvement and energy savings of 16% compared to the baseline, nearly doubling the energy-efficiency measured as the energy-delay-squared product (EDD).


A mere 12 months (almost to the day) after the 2008 Northern Territory General Election, there was something of a potential constitutional crisis in the 25-member Northern Territory Legislative Assembly. Pursuant to the recently amended Northern Territory Electoral Act, a majority of Members of the Assembly wrote to the Speaker seeking to convene the Assembly to allow the Leader of the Opposition to give Notice of a Motion of No Confidence in the Government. As events unfolded, it became clear that the fate of the Northern Territory parliament rested with the Independent Member for Nelson, Gerry Wood. 1 Parliamentary Officer with the Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory. 2 Other jurisdictions amend their Constitutions; the Northern Territory does not have a constitution, hence the amendment to the Electoral Act.


Let $G$ be a finitely generated group of polynomial volume growth equipped with a word-length $|\cdot|$. The goal of this paper is to develop techniques to study the behavior of random walks driven by symmetric measures $\mu$ such that, for any $\epsilon>0$, $\sum|\cdot|^\epsilon\mu=\infty$. In particular, we provide a sharp lower bound for the return probability in the case when $\mu$ has a finite weak-logarithmic moment.


It is thought that high interest rate should be carried out by small credit institutions to meet the demand of local farmers and maintain sustainable development. This paper analyses the interest rate elasticity of demand about small credit in the rural area in Guizhou. The result reveals that farmers are sensitive to the interest rate and the high interest rate is not possibly accepted by them. The view of high interest rate is only from the perspective of the small credit suppliers and the demanders are neglected. It is verified that increasing or decreasing artificially the interest rate is not rational. The interest rate should be determined by game between suppliers and demanders in the credit market. Understanding the influence of interest rate elasticity is the key to strengthen the service of small credit institutions.


I review the main observational tools used to detect and measure magnetic fields in the interstellar medium of our Galaxy (considering both the Galactic disk and the Galactic halo), in the interstellar medium of external galaxies, and in the extragalactic medium. In each case, I present a summary of the most important results obtained with the different tools, trying to lay the emphasis on the magnetic field properties that are relevant to the propagation of ultra-high–energy cosmic rays (UHECRs).


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify under what circumstances advisor gender and advice justification influence advice taking by managers.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors designed a quasirational managerial decision experiment with both analytic and intuitive cues. The design was a 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial, in which gender (male/female) and advice justification (intuitive/analytic) were crossed. The experiment involved two independent samples, taken from Amazon Mechanical Turk workers and Brazilian professionals.

Findings
Results suggest that, in general, analytic justification is more valued than intuitive justification. The findings also infer that depending on the advisees' sample and providing that advice justification is analytic, quasirational scenarios seem to favor male advisors (MTurk sample) or both male and female advisors with "male values" (professional sample), as analysis is traditionally considered a "male value."

Practical implications
Analytic justification will likely lead to more advice utilization in quasirational managerial situations, as it may act as a safeguard for the accuracy of the offered advice.

Social implications
The results might signal an ongoing, but slow, process leading to the mitigation of gender stereotypes, considering that the male gender stereotype was active in the MTurk sample, but not in the professional one.

Originality/value
This study contributes to the advice-taking research field by showing the interplay between advisor gender and advice justification in a quasirational managerial decision setting with both analytic and intuitive cues. In advice-taking literature, observations are usually collected from students. However, as this study focused on managerial decisions, the authors collected independent samples from MTurk workers and Brazilian professionals.


Abstract Introduction: This video shows laparoscopic management of small bowel obstruction following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for obesity. Gastric bypass mortality could reach 0.87%.1 Fifteen to th...


Three kinds of safety factors,such as the conventional safety factor,overload factor,and strength reduction factor were defined based on the general multi-parameter strength criteria.In combination with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion—the simplest multi-parameter strength criterion,the above factors were discussed according to their mechanical and geometric meanings,and the limitations of each definition were revealed.As a result,it is difficult for the current definitions about safety factors to be applied directly to the general multi-parameter strength criteria,and it is necessary to redefine the point safety factor suitable for different stress states and strength criteria.


As a promising application in WSN, there is an anomaly detection using the sensor information. In the anomaly detection, to the acquired sensor information based on the abnormality of the water quality in rivers, detects weather anomalies as familiar, it is to report to the user. Further, in the WSN, the problem sensor price and power consumption, it is difficult to provide all sensors required for anomaly detection in all nodes. Therefore, it is required to share the expensive sensors in the network. We propose an autonomous distributed WSN systems sharing a limited sensor resources at high speed between the nodes, with improved anomaly detection rate by the node in the WSN.


Species diversity and standing crop of phytoplankton in intake seawater were regularly monitored during Oct. 1989 - Sep. 1991. Changes in the standing crop of phytoplankton in the feed water showed a summer maxima (Apr. -Aug.), and it remained more or less the same rest of the year. Significant increase in phytoplankton was observed during '90 '91 period compared to the previous year, the increase being 25 - 250 70. Phytoplankton in this region was principally composed of diatoms and dinoflagellates. Diatoms were dominant, both in number and variety. During the present study a total of 89 taxa were identified and recorded - 48 diatoms and 41 dinoflagellates. Importance of plankton density in feed waterpretreatment is discussed. Results of the study are compared with other reports on phytoplankton in the Gulf region.


We human beings know the Creator-Redeemer of the Bible as אלהים, θeὸς, አምላክ, 하나님, God, 天主, Olodumare, 上帝, Thượng Đế, 神, Deus, and thousands of other designations. This Creator-Redeemer's servants include cross-cultural missionaries. As an attempt to emulate the servant-posture of Jesus himself, as well as a corrective to missions initiated out of strength and resourcefulness, "Vulnerable Mission" points toward cross-cultural service carried out in weakness, insufficiency, and  vulnerability . This issue is devoted to this multifaceted theme of Vulnerable Mission.


Under the pressure of applicability of research and a problem-solving approach, contemporary scientific practices often fail to define their "object of knowledge" and to reflect upon their own work. It may therefore be good to ask a naive question: What is culture? In the art world, the arts often function as the last ideological fortress. In scientific research, an analogous role is played by the notion of culture as a gradual "process of civilisation" that moves people by the means of self-restraint and refinement towards civilisation and away from barbarism. The historical and contemporary cases examined in the article show that there is no transtemporal culture with an a priori positive and "progressive" social role. The concept of culture cannot be separated from: (1) the establishment of financial institutions in the Renaissance, when patronage of the arts helped to "legalise" the most profitable and then-forbidden practice of usury; (2) the transformation of class war into cultural difference via the refinement of the Renaissance carnival; (3) the establishment of general access to education in the 20th century, which, in itself, could not abolish social inequalities, but to the contrary integrated educated people into the reproduction of social inequalities; (4) the establishment of the world art system in the 21st century, when the "capitalist welfare state" replaced the "social welfare state." From these examples we can draw the conclusion that culture is rather a "Trojan Horse" that can at times work as a destructive social force.


Abstract Introduction Hypercalcemia in pregnancy is uncommon. Immediate evaluation and management is key to manage hypercalcemia in pregnancy to prevent maternal and fetal complications. Some common causes include primary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicity, and hyperthyroidism. An uncommon cause of hypercalcemia in pregnancy is small cell ovarian cancer, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT). Case 26 year old woman, presented to the emergency department at 22 weeks of gestation with complaints of generalized weakness, fatigue, increased thirst, constipation, and intermittent right lower quadrant abdominal pain for 2 weeks. Past medical history was significant for polycystic ovarian syndrome. Labs revealed elevated albumin-corrected calcium: 17.5 mg/dl (8.7-10.5 mg/dl), low serum phosphorus: 2.1 mg/dl (2.7-4.5 mg/dl), low 25-OH vitamin D: 13 ng/ml (30-96 ng/ml), 1,25-OH Vitamin D: 44 pg/ml (20-79 pg/ml), and elevated PTHrP: 14 pmol/L (<2 pmol/L). The intact PTH was 12 pg/ml (9-77 pg/ml). TSH < 0.010 uIU/ml (0.4-4.0 uIU/ml) and free T4: 1.91 ng/dl (0.71-1.51 ng/dl). TSI & TPO levels were low. CA 125 was elevated: 135 U/ml (0-30 U/ml). Patient received IV hydration, IV furosemide, calcitonin, and pamidronate at the time of admission for management of hypercalcemia. MRI revealed large right adnexal mass measuring 19 cm; mostly solid but with cystic components. She underwent exploratory laparotomy with salpingo-oophorectomy. On post-op day 1 albumin corrected calcium decreased to 11.3 mg/dl. Repeat PTHrP on post-op day 3 decreased to 0.5 pmol/L. Pathology was notable for SCCOHT. At 27 weeks gestation, patient went into spontaneous labor and delivered. Following the delivery, she was started on chemotherapy with etoposide/cisplatin. After completion of one cycle of chemotherapy, her albumin corrected calcium level was 10.3 mg/dl. She was able to tolerate her first cycle of chemotherapy well and was in stable condition at the time of discharge. Discussion This case demonstrates an uncommon cause of hypercalcemia in pregnancy. Although rare (1% of all ovarian tumors), SCCOHT is an aggressive tumor with poor prognosis. SCCOHT should be considered as a differential in a young woman presenting with severe hypercalcemia. Majority of patients with SCCOHT have hypercalcemia, primarily mediated through the production of PTHrP, however our patient also had measurable calcitriol level possibly contributing to hypercalcemia. References Münstedt K, Estel R, Dreyer T, Kurata A, Benz A. Small Cell Ovarian Carcinomas - Characterisation of Two Rare Tumor Entities. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2013;73(7):698-704.


The objective of classifier is to classify objects of a data set into one or more classes based on its characteristics. In real life applications, classifiers are applied on data sets which are unbalanced i.e. some classes having very less number of instances known as minority classes as compared to other classes known as majority classes. Classification algorithms are highly accurate for the majority classes but significantly less accurate for the minority classes. Unbalanced data sets have a negative effect on classification performance of traditional classification algorithms. Analyzing such problem is called class imbalance problem. To solve Class Imbalance Problem different techniques have been proposed at the Data level, Algorithm level and at the Hybrid level. Most commonly used data balancing techniques are over and under sampling for handling the class imbalance problem. In our paper we compare various oversampling techniques which are SMOTE (Synthetic minority oversampling approach), ADASYN, Borderline-SMOTE, Safe-Level SMOTE by applying different classifiers to the problem and observing various performance metrics.


Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive form of neuroendocrine carcinoma, notable for early metastases and rapid relapse despite initial response to frontline platinum-based chemotherapy. To date, there are no validated predictive biomarkers in SCLC, hence all patients are treated the same way. Preclinical studies identified SLFN11, a putative DNA/RNA helicase that blocks replication at stressed replication fork, as a predictive biomarker to a wide range of agents targeting DNA damage such as platinum, topoisomerase I/II inhibitors and PARP inhibitors. Based on these observations, pre-specified biomarker analyses in a clinical trial demonstrated SLFN11 predicts better clinical outcomes in SCLC patients when treated with PARP inhibitor combinations such as temozolomide and veliparib. To better characterize the prevalence, heterogeneity and predictive value of SLFN11 in SCLC, we developed and validated a SLFN11 immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay meeting Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments (CLIA) standards, and a novel circulating tumor cell (CTC) assay (Epic Sciences®) to detect the expression level of SLFN11 in SCLC tumors or CTCs and correlated with clinical outcomes. We found that SLFN11 was expressed by IHC in roughly 50% of the SCLC clinical tumor samples, from three separate clinical trial cohorts (total of 207 extensive-stage SCLC patient samples). There was a wide range of H-scores by IHC which suggests heterogeneity in SLFN11 expression (H-score range 1.5-235). Similarly, analyses of patient CTCs from blood samples confirmed that SLFN11 is expressed in about 50% of treatment-naive patients, however SLFN11 expression decreased significantly in patients on platinum treatment and at the time of relapse. Most patients had CTCs with pathologic features consistent with SCLC (i.e., were small, round, had high nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratios, and had salt-and-pepper like chromatin textures), although inter- and intra- patient heterogeneity was observed and SLFN11 expression was observed independent of morphologic subtype. Interestingly, SLFN11 expression was also found in white blood cells in the blood samples and was highest in platinum-naive patients and lowest in patients while on platinum. Together, these data highlight the potential of SLFN11 as a predictive biomarker in SCLC. Based on our group and others9 previous work, SLFN11 positivity by IHC is being used for selection of patients in an ongoing clinical trial (NCT04334941). In addition, given the substantial challenge of obtaining adequate tumor tissue in SCLC either at initial diagnosis or with re-biopsies, blood-based CTC analyses are an important tool to detect SLFN11 expression. Because of the dynamic nature of SLFN11 expression, CTC analyses can be especially valuable for longitudinal monitoring and may have real-time implications for treatment choice and response. Citation Format: Bingnan Zhang, C. Allison Stewart, Carl M. Gay, Qi Wang, Robert Cardnell, Junya Fujimoto, Luisa Fernandez, Adam Jendrisak, Cole Gilbertson, Joseph Schonhoft, Joshua Jones, Amanda K. Anderson, Ignacio I. Wistuba, Jing Wang, Rick Wenstrup, Lauren A. Byers. Detection of DNA replication blocker SLFN11 in tumor tissue and circulating tumor cells to predict platinum response in small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 384.


The paper provides a description of the developed experimental plant for studying hydrodynamic and heat and mass exchange processes in packing devices of all kinds of configuration, examples of the obtained data and original classification methods for processing experimental data. The authors describe hydrodynamic characteristics allowing carrying out classification studies and obtaining the necessary data to complete the developed methods for calculating mass exchange devices: the retaining capacity of packing devices at liquid and gas phases in particular. The authors provide the criteria function X=f(Rem) which gives a direction for industrial application of packing contact devises. The function is based on the analysis and generalization of the experimental data obtained in express studies of single-phase filtration curves. The paper also covers an example of the experimental data of the response function in case of recognizing flow structures of contact phases which allow obtaining necessary data to complete the developed diffusion models of mass exchange processes and implement calculations of mass exchange packing with a high precision.


CMldmyuOnas rihardii cells, growning photoautotropbical under air, excreted totheculture medium muchhigher amounts ofN02 andNH4I under blethan under redfight. Undershmilar conditions, butwithN02astheonly nitrogen source, thecells consumed NO2- andexcreted NH4, atshilar rates under blue andredlight. Inthepresence ofN03-andair with2%CO2(v/v), noexcretion ofNO- andNH1+occurred and, moreover, ifthebubbling airofthecells that werecurrently excreting N02-andNH4+wasenrkced with 2%CO2(v/v), thepreviously excreted reduced nirogen Ions wererapidly reassimilated. Thelelsoftotal nitrate reductase andactive nitrate reductase increased several times inthebluelightIrradiated cells growing onNOs-under air. Whentugstate replaced molyblate inthemedim(conditos that donotallow theformation of functional nitrate reductase), bluelight actvated mostofthepreformed inactive enzyme ofthecells. Furthermore, nitrate reductase extracted from thecells inits inactive formwasreadily activated invitro byblueight. It appears that under high irradiance (90wm-2) andlowCO2tensions, cells growig onNOs-orN02-maynothavesufficient carbon skeletons to incorporate althepbotogenerated NH4+.Because these cells should have highlevels ofreducing power, theymight useN03-or,initsabsence, NO,-asterminal electron acceptors. Theexcretion oftheproducts of N02-andNH4,tothemediummayprovide amechanism tocontrol reductant level inthecells. Bluelght issuggested asanimportant regulatory factor ofthis photorespiratory conmption ofN03-andpossibly ofthewhole nitrogen metabolism ingreen algae.


The utility model discloses an experimental facility for measuring a Young modulus of a metal wire by a stretching method. The upper end of the metal wire is clamped in a fixing chuck 1, the middle of the metal wire is provided with a platform capable of moving up and down, the platform is used for bearing an optical lever and is provided with a round hole, a chuck capable of sliding up and down is arranged in the round hole, the metal wire is clamped in the chuck, a weight is hung below the metal wire, the optical lever is placed on the platform, a plano-convex lens 12 is tightly clung to the front surface of a plane mirror of the optical lever, and the diameter of the plano-convex lens is equal to the diameter of the original plane mirror, the plano-convex lens has the focal length of about 2m, a lens cone set is placed in a place which is about 2m from the front of the optical lever, the rear part of the lens cone set is provided with a small bulb, the front end of the small bulb is provided with a lens with a diameter of about 4cm and a focal length of about 3cm, and a horizontal cross wire is marked on the lens; and a ruler is placed in a place which is about 2m from the mirror surface of the optical lever, the lens cone set is placed near the ruler, and the optical lever and the lens cone set are positioned on the same height. The mirror surface of the optical lever is regulated to be vertical to the surface of the fixed platform, and the lens cone set is in a horizontal state and is vertical to the ruler.


A mathematical model has been tested in calm water and total resistance, trim and vertical forces measured. Measurements are compared with calculations made using a linearised theory and it is concluded that neglect of non-linearities contributes more to the poor agreement between calculation and measurement than the neglect of viscosity. A relation between vertical force, wave resistance and friction form resistance is proposed and it is suggested that there is a relation between trimming moment, wave resistance and viscous pressure resistance. In order to test these deductions, a large ram bulb was designed to modify the flow over the hull. Total resistance, wave pattern resistance, sinkage, trim and vertical forces were measured after the addition of the bulb. This second series of tests showed that a ram bow can markedly alter the viscous pressure resistance and running trim of a model.


The article presents the analysis of the cultural differences between the Russian and foreign professionals (expats) from the EU and the US working together in Russia. The article demonstrates that in multinational labor collectives business and professional exchange among employees take place against the backdrop of the continuing cultural distance, which is expressed in different attitudes to power, risk and group interests. At the same time, both among the Russian professionals and the expats it is possible to distinguish polar groups, one of which represents basic set of values of its culture, and the other - a set of values which are closer to the neighbor culture.


UNLABELLED
Infections of the oral cavity are an important morbidity problem due to their frequency, their pluribacterial ethiology as well as their potential severe evolution, especially with the immunodepressive. The odontogenic infections are considered to be the cause of 40% of the deep throat infections. The infections of the submentonier space occur through direct extension from the mandibular incisors, those of the sublingual space start from the anterior mandibular teeth and those of the retrofaringian space start from the mandibular molar teeth.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
The present study included 24 pacients diagnosed with oral sepsis in Iaşi Infectious Diseases Clinic. We analysed the ethiology and the clinical response to the administered antibiotherapy.

RESULTS
In several immunodepressed patients (with diabetus melitus, neutropenia, liver disfunction, carcinomas, tuberculosis) was noted sistemic evolution of odontogenic infection and they mainly came from the Surgery Clinics, where surgery was performed for the drainage of collections. Etiology was confirmed in 8 cases reflecting normal oropharyngeal flora. These infections were treated with antibiotics in synergistic combinations (betalactamines, quinolones, Cloramfenicol) with good results in 19 cases.

CONCLUSION
Infections of the oral cavity are an important morbidity problem due to their frequency, their pluribacterial origin as well as their potential severe evolution, especially in immunodepressed patients.


Since its birth in May 4th movement,modern Chinese poem has taken a new poem style,a free vernacular style which is distinct from classical poems.Its form is innovated by breaking various restrictions of old style poems and it promoted the development of new poems.However,influenced by social environment of national liberation movement,the development of new poem experienced different situations in different periods.


High-pressure cylinder occurred Cracks,the Cracks start at the bottom of valve chambers transition section.From finite element stress calculation,the bottom thickness of valve chamber in the high-pressure broken cylinder is not enough,and the passage section of valve chamber is also not enough,so the design of valve chamber is improved,after improvement,Cracks to high-pressure cylinder have not occurred anymore.


The research "The ugly duckling ' and 'The nightingale and the emperor of China ', by Hans Christian Andersen: the children literature in the 4 class, elementary school" is ruled in the conception of understanding language as a process of human interaction and the reading, as a complex activity, involving aspects not only semantic, but cultural, ideological, philosophical and phonetic. These theoretical conceptions were adopted by two reasons: for being in agreement with what is proposed in the Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais de Lingua Portuguesa (2001) and with the objectives of the investigation: 1) to guide the teachers, whom will participate of the research, how to work with the stories of H.C. Andersen in 4 grade the elementary school; 2) to notice if the teacher works with The ugly duckling and The nightingale and the emperor of China and how they develope activities with these fairy tales; 3) to plan and to guide a reading work and production of texts which refers to them and 4) to identify, through a questionnaire, the contributions of this work in related to changing in a pedagogic practice which includes the work with children literatur in classroom. The focus of the study was coming up in relation to: narrative text, classics of the children literature, Hans Christian Andersen and the stories: The ugly duckling" and "The nightingale and the emperor of China." The research activities were defined by the bibliographical reading and for the field research developed in a public school in Presidente Prudente-SP. The option for the stories happened mainly because: "The ugly duckling" is one of the most well-known stories by H. C. Andersen by Brazilian children and "The nightingale and the emperor of China" because takes part of the collection Literatura em minha Casa and it is not wellknown as "The ugly duckling" by the Brazilian children.


Existing researches have already pointed out the characteristics and harmfulness of mobile phone dependence for adolescents and devised several measurements,which have also revealed the external influencing factors and the internal personality traits of mobile phone dependence.In addition,previous studies have preliminarily shed light on the action mechanism of self-identity,in-group norms and sense of belonging which might lead to the dependence.However,the exploration of the uniqueness of this dependent carrier itself is scarce.Moreover,it is necessary to make further researches into mobile phone dependence in terms of its qualification,diagnosis and genesis mechanism.


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The activated carbon of palm oil stem waste has been prepared by activation of ultrasonic waves. The carbonization process was carried out at a temperature of 250oC for 75 minutes. Activation with 42 KHz ultrasonic waves for 20 minutes was able to increase the iodine number value from 317,275 mg / g to 794,133 mg / g which meets the Indonesian National Standard NO 06-3730-1995, namely 750 mg / g. The optimum activated carbon was characterized using a FTIR spectrophotometer. The adsorption results showed that they were able to absorb Rhodamine B dye at an optimum concentration of 250 mg / L. The study of the adsorption isotherm is the Langmuir isotherm, which produces a correlation coefficient value close to one (R2 = 0.9985) with a maximum absorption capacity of 4.537 mg / g. FTIR spectra results show that there is a functional group –OH at wave number 3077.61 cm-1 shifted to 3079.30 cm-1, C = C at wave number 1590.29 cm-1 shifted to 1591.14 cm-1, and CO at the wave number 1212.42 cm-1 it shifted to 1216.83 cm-1 and the carbon characteristics test met the SNI 06-3730-1995 standards.


The Advanced Intensive Reading is the major subject for English majors.The students have difficulty in understanding the large vocabulary,various lexical meanings and complicated sentence structures.As a result,they are inactive in learning this course and get poor scores.So we should adjust controllable factors,and urge the students to study spontaneously and effectively.Therefore,the teaching aims can be achieved and the students make rapid progress.


We observe that the period between Cold War era and the event of 911, variation in foreign military threats leads to variation in defense resources and fluctuations in the labor market. Using an intertemporal optimization dynamic model, this paper explores the impacts of foreign military threats on the civilian consumption sector and on labor allocation. We show that an increase in foreign military threats could lead to a migration of labor from the civilian sector to the defense sector.


A 48-year-old female underwent a Tenon's patch graft for a perforated ulcer done during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) times. Five months later, the patient presented to us with Tenon's graft melt due to the infection of the graft and the corneal stroma with Curvularia. The patient was successfully treated with appropriate topical, commonly used antifungal therapy with a good outcome. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of case describing the predisposing factors, clinical features, and the management of autologous Tenon's graft infection with Curvularia fungus, a rare occurrence in literature.


EDITOR—Stanton's editorial on calcium channel blockers1 is based on an incomplete review of the available evidence. I found three additional published randomised controlled trials in which calcium channel blockers were compared with other drugs for the treatment of hypertension in predominantly non-diabetic patients.2–4 The study group on long term antihypertensive therapy2 compared an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, …


This paper introduces the function and characterstic of Excel, giving a practical case for Excel's application in processing energy-utilizing data.


Future technologies put stringent demands on materials, process modules and device architectures. Design considerations favor the future use of vertical devices like tunnelFETs and nanowires. Heterogenous integration of Ge and III-V technologies on a silicon platform enables to fabricate System-on-Chip applications, while increased functionality is achieved by 3D integration. Attention is also given to the trend and progress in the use of 2D material and devices, spintronics and neuromorphic computing.


After L-lysine racemized the D,L-lysine crystals was treated as substrate with Hafnia alvei AS1.1009 intact cells as biocatalysts for getting crystalline D-lysine with a yield of 56.6% from the reactant mixture after the simple purification.In the presence of 0.10 molar equivalent of Salicylaldehyde the whole process of L-lysine racemization can be completed within 4 h in a medium of 1.0 mol/L of NaOH under 100℃.The activation energy of the processes was 62 187.86 J/mol.The characteristics of Hafnia alvei AS1.1009 decarboxylase were studied.Under the conditions as follows:pH 8.0,temperature 37℃,cell concentration 10 g/L,tween-80 0.5 g/L,substrate concentration 30 g/L,the specific activity was up to 3 840 U.L-lysine can be completely degraded by the decarboxylase for 12 h under the optimal conditions.


Simple Summary The ant-like flies are a group of nine species of flightless Tachydromia, with their distribution restricted to the Iberian Peninsula. Severe knowledge gaps regarding their distribution and ecological requirements hinder conservation assessments. To improve this scenario, an ensemble of 9 different species distribution models was applied to unveil habitat suitability and to provide guidelines for future studies. The most important factors influencing habitat suitability are climate-related, followed by forest type and structure, with well-defined biogeographic gradients. T. lusitanica and T. ebejeri are adapted to the mild temperature and high-humidity environments, typical of the Temperate–Eurosiberian life zone. T. semiaptera and T. iberica are adapted to progressively drier and hotter central and southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula, connected to transitional Temperate–submediterranean areas. Ant-like flies' distribution overlaps with deciduous/ marcescent oak species, which can effectively indicate their presence in Iberia. Additionally, southern marcescent forests emerge as "islands" with particular interest for future fieldwork. Ant-like flies are threatened by several factors such as climate change and habitat destruction, including urbanization and forest fires. This study provides vital tools to better assess the ant-like flies' conservation status and to manage their habitat. Abstract Ant-like flies comprise nine Iberian endemic species of flightless Tachydromia. Severe knowledge gaps on distribution and ecological requirements hinder conservation assessments. Species distribution models were applied to unveil habitat suitability and to provide guidelines for future studies. An ensemble modeling approach combining ten different techniques was implemented with the biomod2 package. Occurrence data was partitioned into six sets, including two multi-species groups and four species. The most relevant drivers of habitat suitability are climate-related, followed by forest type and structure, according to well-defined biogeographic gradients. T. lusitanica and T. ebejeri are adapted to mild temperatures and high-humidity environments. Their distribution is connected to the Temperate–Eurosiberian life zone. T. semiaptera and T. iberica are adapted to progressively drier and hotter central and southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula, connected to transitional Temperate–submediterranean areas. Ant-like fly' ranges overlap with deciduous/marcescent oak species, acting as suitable indicators of their presence in Iberia. Southern marcescent forests emerge as "islands" with particular interest for future prospections. Ant-like flies are threatened by several factors such as climate change and habitat destruction, including urbanization and forest fires. This study provides vital tools to better assess the ant-like flies' conservation status and to manage their habitat.


In developing countries information and communication technology (ICT) can be used as a tool for driving socio‐economic development such as poverty reduction. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are an engine for growth and they play an important role in poverty reduction by providing employment and driving economic development. In this research we followed an integrated approach whereby existing theories and government policy documents were analysed. Furthermore, the empirical data of other studies were used for comparison purposes. This research presents a theoretical analysis on how ICTs can be used to alleviate poverty by SMEs in South Africa. It describes the contribution of SMEs and the impact of ICTs on economic development and alleviation of poverty. ICT usage and a discussion of the various barriers faced by South African SMEs when adopting ICT are covered. The Word Bank strategy for attacking poverty is explored from a South African perspective. A theoretical framework has been constructed using the building blocks proposed by the theory of Schwarz et al. (2010), as well as the insights discovered from the current literature and empirical data. The framework provides a better understanding of how poverty can be attacked through the interaction of various stakeholders involved in the process, as well as the use of ICT in the SME environment. The results of this study will benefit the government and non‐government agencies that focus on the development of the SME sector, guiding them on how best to implement ICT initiatives to achieve poverty alleviation and accelerate usage. This will contribute to informing and enabling policy formulation, regulatory practice and business operations to produce positive growth and development outcomes.


Background: Glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive grade IV astrocytoma, is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and carry very poor prognosis. One of the hallmark features of GBM is tumor induced dense immunosuppression that renders immunotherapeutic strategies against GBM ineffective. In order to develop successful immunotherapeutic strategies for GBM, it is critical to understand the mechanism of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In our previous publication, we have shown that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) accumulate in TME and preferentially up-regulate MHC-II expression in comparison to myeloid DCs (mDCs). GBM infiltrating pDCs are immunosuppressive in nature and lack the ability to secrete IFN-alpha, and MHC-II upregulation by immunosuppressive pDCs lead to development of tumor tolerance. MHC-II molecules are transcriptionally regulated by the multiprotein complex enhanceosome consisting of a catalytic Class II transactivator (C2ta) in a cell type-dependent mechanism. There are no studies clearly showing differential enhanceosome and C2ta regulation in GBM associated pDC and mDC. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of differential expression of enhanceosome multiprotein complex in GBM associated pDC and mDC and identify the upstream regulators and downstream effectors. Methods: GL261 cells were intracranially injected (i.c.) in C57BL6 mice and allowed to establish tumors. Tumor and normal brain (n=5), along with cervical lymph nodes (cLN), were collected and processed for isolation of pDC and mDC using flow sorting. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to determine the enhanceosome components. IHC/IF and Western blot analysis were performed to confirm differential expression of enhanceosome components in mouse and human GBM specimens. Cytokine/chemokine protein array and ELISA methods were used to determine the differential expression of cytokines/chemokines in pDC and mDC. Results: We found differential expression of enhanceosome components in tumor associated pDC compared to mDC. Additionally, we found that GBM derived cytokines regulate differential expression of enhanceosome in tumor associated pDC and mDCs. Conclusions: In conclusion results from our studies show that GBM microenvironment regulates differential expression of enhanceosome transcription factors in pDC compared to mDC in a cytokine dependent process. This in turn helps to maintain an immunosuppressive microenvironment for continued tumor growth. Citation Format: Sreenivasulu Chintala, Brij N. Tewari, Mario Henriquez, Kaleigh Fetcko, Anna Filley, Mahua Dey. Transcriptional regulation of MHC Class II in tumor associated plasmacytoid dendritic cells in glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3782.


The structures of seven higher carbon sugar Schiff's bases were elucidated.
The complete assignment of ~1H and ~(13)C NMR chemical shifts of these 7 compounds was
obtained by 2D NMR methods, including ~1H-~1H COSY, HMQC and HMBC.


A phenomenological description is given of the relaxation effects which occur in ferromagnetic resonance and in magnetic anneal. The expressions which result will allow the correlation of the experimentally observed effects without detailed assumptions about the electronic energy levels of a crystal. The effects concerned are (a) the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth, (b) the departure of the apparent g value of a crystal from its true value, (c) the frequency dependence of the apparent anisotropy constant and (d) the dependence of the magnetic anisotropy field upon the orientation of the intrinsic magnetization in past time. The formulation was developed to aid in the study of ferrite crystals which contain both ferrous and ferric iron, since such crystals show all of the above effects in different temperature ranges. The relationship to theories based on microscopic energy levels is indicated.


Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) has emerged as one of the leading successors to optics for 0.1 {micro}m IC fabrication. Its strongest attribute is the potential to scale to much finer resolution at high throughput. As such, this technique could meet the lithography needs for Si ULSI down to fundamental device limits. In the US, Lawrence Livermore, Sandia, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories are participating in an industry funded research effort to evolve EUV technology and build a prototype camera for lithographic exposure. More recently, both Europe and Japan have initiated government/industry sponsored programs in EUVL development. This talk will focus on our program successes to date, and highlight some of the challenges that still lie ahead.


Though an unusual amount of attention has been devoted to urinary creatinine since the introduction of Folin's simple colorimetric method for its estimation in 1904, relatively little consideration has been given to the supposedly related muscle creatine. The few figures which have been published giving the content of muscle creatine have simply served to indicate that the creatine content of vertebrate muscle is in round numbers .4 per cent., though figures for different animals have shown individual results varying from .3-.5 per cent. We have estimated the creatine concentration of muscle in a number of the common laboratory animals, rabbit, dog, cat, guinea pig, monkey, and likewise in man, in a few instances, where we have been able to obtain good samples at autopsy. Our muscle analyses on 20 normal rabbits and 5 dogs have yielded very uniform figures and indicate that the creatine concentration of rabbit muscle is .52 per cent. and of the dog muscle, .37 per cent. Our data on the muscle of the other species are as yet insufficient to warrant special comment. This uniformity recalls the constancy of the daily creatinine elimination first noted by Folin. It is a curious fact that the creatinine coefficient of the rabbit is fully a third higher than that generally found in man and various experimental animals, dog, pig, and guinea pig. In forty rabbits, the average coefficient has been found to be 14.3 while for a healthy man, the normal coefficient is about 9, and for the dog, the average is probably a little lower (for 3 animals it was found to average 8.4). Comparing these values with those for the creatine concentration of the muscle (rabbit .52, man .39 and dog .37 per cent.), an interesting, and, as we believe, more than an accidental relationship is revealed.


This study explores the effects of competitor pricing levels on relative revenue among over 4000 hotels in Europe over a 10-year period (2004-2013). This sample of European hotels, which included both independent and chain-affiliated properties, achieved higher revenue per available room (RevPAR) than direct competitors when they positioned their hotels with comparatively higher prices. These data revealed that regardless of the economic situation of the time period, hotels that positioned with average daily rates (ADRs) above those of their direct competitors benefited from higher relative RevPAR even though they experienced lower comparative occupancies. This finding was stronger for chain-affiliated vs. independent hotels. Maintaining a consistent relative price over time did not significantly affect revenue performance, controlling for hotel type and location. As is the case with previous, similar studies, the findings argue for a firm, strategic approach to pricing, rather than a reactive or strictly tactical approach.


We are carrying on several surveys in nearby galaxies aiming to find, catalogue and study old and young emission-line objects as H II regions, Planetary Nebulae, Symbiotic stars, SNRs to unprecedent levels. In particular, we are interested in extragalactic PNe and Symbiotic stars with subsequent spectroscopic study of each individual candidate. In this paper, we will show our recent studies on PNe belonging to three nearby galaxies: the spiral galaxies M 33 and M 81 and the dwarf irregular galaxy Sextans B.


This article disputes the claim made by Simon Hix (WEP January 1994) that 'politics in the EC is not inherently different to the practice of government in any democratic system' and argues against a rigid division between international relations and comparative politics. It contends first, that EU politics cannot be broken up into two categories: 'politics' and 'integration'; second, that the nature of the EU system, the centrality of states and the continued importance of power considerations precludes explanations of EU 'politics' through the use of comparative government approaches alone; and third, that public policy cannot in general be studied without reference to international factors.


The continuous increase in the rate of road crashes and the high casualty rate is worrisome, especially in the low-income countries, there has been local and global effort at stemming the tide of the increase to minimize socio-economic loses arising from it. This study aims to evaluate ten years (2010-2019) record of road crashes in Lagos State with the objectives to determine the rate of casualty and identify categories of vehicles involved in road crashes. Accident record of Federal Road Safety Corps, Lagos State Command was obtained and analysed using descriptive statistics. Result revealed that there are 8.9% fatal crashes, 41.3% serious and 49.8% are minor crashes. It was also discovered that most of the vehicles involves are commercial vehicles which account for 56%. The study concluded that road crashes casualty is on the increase and that there is little difference between the rate of involvement by commercials and private vehicle, hence it is recommended that a continuous and holistic intervention programmes should be planned and implemented across the users of all categories of vehicle, public enlightenment and awareness through education on road safety should be made available at all levels of education (driving schools included), Strict enforcement of road safety laws without compromise by relevant agencies, Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC), Lagos sector command should improve on their scope of data coverage to capture each Local Government Area in the state and NDLEA and NAFDAC should rise up to their duty and continue to campaign against sales/intake of alcohol/psychotic substances within major parks in Lagos State as the study shows that the rate of accident are more among the


Espon 3.3 project, named "Territorial Dimension of Lisbon-Gothenburg Process", is an Espon cross-thematic project and its purpose is to obtain the measure to be competitiveness in sustainability into the territorial dimension of national and regional levels, for orienting the future distribution of the Structural Funds.
We know Competitiveness (by Lisbon strategy) as a complex concept. It's even more complex if we engage it with sustainable development (Gothenburg). So, for the Espon Program it means thinking both at the global scale (the scale of common principles and policies) and the local scale (the scale of particular programs and projects), looking at real territorial differences (single areas in different regions).


The search for two-dimensional semiconductor materials suitable for visible-light photocatalysis is an active research field. In this work, using first-principles calculations, we explore the stability, electronic structure, and optical property of monolayer and bilayer ZnSnN2 sheets. The phonon spectra confirm their dynamical stability. The PBE0 hybrid functional calculations predict that monolayer and bilayer ZnSnN2 are direct-band gap semiconductors with band gaps of 2.39 and 2.62 eV, respectively. Based on band alignment and optical property calculations, we find that monolayer and bilayer ZnSnN2 possess not only sufficient band gaps but also appropriate band edge positions for photocatalytic water splitting in the visible light region. Moreover, the band gaps and band edge positions of monolayer and bilayer ZnSnN2 can be effectively tuned by applying biaxial strain, which may enhance photocatalytic performance. Our results provide guidance for experimental synthesis efforts and future application of ...


Discovery of human interactome is crucial for the understanding of complex biological processes and pathways, and for drug discovery. Bench-work experiments to determine protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are costly in terms of time, materials, equipment, and technical and scientific expertise. Thus, in recent years computational machine learning methods have been proposed to predict PPIs. These methods require training data to learn the classification models; but, currently known interactions are not sufficient to create an accurate model to predict the whole interactome or even a significant fraction thereof. If it is poss ible to seek additional training data experimentally, which are the protein-pairs that should be chosen to yield maximally-informative instances so as to maximize prediction accuracy for a given cost/effort level? Active machine learning (AL) methods are designed to select instances (protein-pairs) to create optimal training data and thus maximize their value in terms of prediction accuracy. Improving the relative accuracy is the pursuit of research in AL. However AL assumes the existence of an omniscient oracle (an experiment or an expert), which would give the correct label for every instance that it is asked, and it would do so for both pos itive and negative labels. In reality in the context of PPIs, an "oracle" can provide labels for only some interacting pairs (reluctance), and cannot give labels for noninteracting pairs (one-class nature). We develop algorithms for AL appropriate to this scenario of PPI prediction. Our results are superior compared to both a random baseline and also generic state-of-the-art AL.


Moral inquiry—inquiry with children and young people into the justification for subscribing to moral standards—is central to moral education and philosophical in character. The community of inquiry (CoI) method is an established and attractive approach to teaching philosophy in schools. There is, however, a problem with using the CoI method to engage pupils in moral inquiry: some moral standards should be taught directively, with the aim of bringing it about that pupils understand and accept the justification for subscribing to them; but directive moral teaching is widely thought to be impermissible in the CoI. In this article I identify, and push back against, three sources of resistance to directive teaching in the CoI literature: (i) the idea that imparting moral beliefs is indoctrinatory; (ii) the idea that questions discussed in the CoI must be open; and (iii) the idea that teachers in the CoI must be philosophically self-effacing. I argue for a more expansive understanding of the CoI method—one in which there is, after all, room for directive moral teaching.


Pain assessment in Intensive Care Units (ICU) can be performed based on validated instruments as the Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS). Despite the existence of this clinical score, there is no Brazilian version of it to assess critically ill patients. This study aimed to translate the BPS into Brazilian Portuguese, verify its psychometric properties (reliability, validity, and responsiveness) and the correlation between pain measured and heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), Ramsay, and RASS scores.


Abstract Many real-world domains can benefit from adaptable decentralized task allocation through emergent specialization, especially in large teams of non-communicating agents. We begin with an existing bio-inspired response threshold reinforcement approach for decentralized task allocation and extend it to handle hierarchical task domains. We test the extension on self-deployment of a large team of non-communicating agents to patrolling a hierarchically defined set of areas. Results show near-ideal performance across all areas, while minimizing wasteful task switching through the development of specializations and subsequent respecializations when area demands change. A genetic algorithm is then used to evolve even more adaptable and stable task allocation behavior, by incorporating weight and power coefficients into agents' response threshold reinforcement action probability calculations.


PMD of existing fibers impairs transmission at rates greater than 10 Gb/s. We present a 43 ps PMD compensator in X-cut, /spl gamma/-propagation LiNbO/sub 3/ with cascaded TE-TM converters and demonstrate successful operation at 20 Gb/s.


46 ———————– * University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com ** University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com *** University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com AGE, GROWTH, AND LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP OF COMMON NASE (CHONDROSTOMA NASUS) IN THE DANUBE RIVER NEAR BELGRADE (SERBIA)


To assess redistribution (RD) and improvement in regional perfusion after coronary bypass grafting (CABG) on thallium-201 SPECT images quantitatively, the Bull's eye subtraction polar (BS) map was created. BS map was created after subtraction of a normalized bull's eye polar map from another normalized polar map. The quantitative assessment on this map was compared to the visual qualitative analysis in 23 patients (115 segments) who received CABG. All of the improved segments after CABG showed > or = 15% on the BS map. On the other hand, 60% of the non improved segments showed < 10% on the BS map. Furthermore, 67% of the RD segments showing > or = 15% on the BS map before CABG improved in perfusion by > or = 15% on the BS map after CABG. On the BS map, an excellent correlation was observed between the extent of redistribution before CABG and the extent of improvement after CABG. Thus, BS map permits quantitative assessment of improvement in perfusion on T1 SPECT imaging, and this technique seems to be valuable for predicting improvement in perfusion after CABG.


Gas hydrates have significant characteristics which are easily used to determine their accumulation through the appearances on marine seismic reflection profiles,the changes of well logs and geochemical features etc. The main appearances of gas hydrates in the seismic reflection profiles are the bottom simulating reflections(BSR),reduction of amplitude (amplitude blanking),velocity inversion and Velocity and Amplitude Structures(VAMPS).Large amount of gas hydrate accumulation can be detected from high resistivity(usually100 Ω·m),sonic velocity,low volumetric density and so forth.Direct measurement of samples of gas hydrates indicates that sediments which typically host gas hydrates have low permeability and high capillary entry pressure and that salinity of pore water in gas hydrate strata is abnormal.The use of seismic data is an important way to calculate the quantity of in situ gas hydrates in a large gas hydrate reservoir.Using the well log data is another useful way to estimate the bulk volume of gas hydrates.The in situ methane quantities in a large gas hydrate reservoir can be directly measured through the Pressure Core Samples(PCS).In China offshore seas,mainly in South China Sea and East China Sea,obvious signs of hydrates have been distinguished in seismic reflection profiles,and high temperature of seawater and high ratio of methane in fluids can be observed.All these signs and observations indicate that it is completely possible there exists a large amount of gas hydrates in China offshore seas.


Saliva opens a door for noninvasive and painless glucose testing since it reflects changes in the body physiology of diabetic individuals as compared to healthy ones. In this paper, a unique, disposable saliva biosensor has been developed for accurate, low cost, and continuous glucose monitoring. The biosensor exhibits linear dependence of the catalytic current upon glucose bulk concentration over the 0.05–1.5 mM range (R=0.998). A detection limit of 0.003 mM can be calculated considering three times the standard deviation of the blank signal divided by the sensitivity of the sensor. The selectivity of the biosensor was evaluated by adding the interferent species of lactate, ascorbic acid and uric acid into in 0.5 mM glucose; the nearly negligible interference current indicates its good selectivity. The operational stability of the biosensor was measured in 1 mM glucose over a 2 h period (RSD=3.27 %). A clinical trial on real-time noninvasive salivary glucose monitoring was carried out on 30 individuals by measuring subjects' salivary glucose and blood glucose in parallel. The results show that there is a good correlation of glucose levels in saliva and in blood 2 h after breakfast. Thus, the disposable biosensor would be a potential alternative for continuous glucose detection in human saliva.


Objective: To evaluate performance and physiological vitamin status of sows and progeny fed 2 vitamin supplementation levels, industry vs reduced (all vitamins reduced with fat-soluble vitamins added at National Research Council recommendations). Materials and methods: Sows (n = 244) were allotted in a randomized complete block design to 1 of 2 vitamin supplementation levels. At weaning, 765 progeny from a subset of sows were allotted to treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of two sow and two nursery vitamin supplementation levels with 15 pens/treatment. Performance and vitamin status of sows and progeny were measured from farrowing to nursery exit. Results: Reduced vitamin supplementation reduced sow lactation feed intake (P = .01), hepatic vitamin A (P = .001), and serum vitamin D (P < .001), but did not affect sow body weight or litter performance. Regardless of vitamin levels fed to the sow, progeny fed reduced levels post weaning had decreased circulating (P < .001) and stored (P = .03) vitamin levels and a reduction in average daily gain (P < .001), average daily feed intake (P < .001), gain:feed ratio (P = .002), and body weight (P < .001) at the end of the nursery period compared to progeny fed industry levels. Implications: Reduced vitamin supplementation reduced sow feed intake without affecting sow or litter performance, but decreased circulating and stored vitamin levels in sows could impact long-term reproductive performance. Reduced vitamin inclusion levels in nursery diets reduced performance and serum vitamin concentrations compared to industry vitamin levels.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Herrmann Whole Brain Teaching Method (HWBTM) to enhance eighth grade students' motivation towards science learning in Jordan. The randomly selected sample (N=357) including students within the Bani Kananah Directorate of Education-Jordan. One hundred eighty-three (Male = 98, Female = 85) students were instructed using HWBTM whereas hundred seventy-four (Male = 82, Female = 92) students were taught how to use the conventional teaching method (CTM). Two instruments were developed: 1) Thinking Preference Questionnaire to classify participants based on their preferred thinking styles; and 2) Student's Motivation towards Science Learning Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANCOVA and Post Hoc with split file techniques and a significance threshold (α) of 0.05 using the SPSS software package. The results showed that HWBTM surpassed the CTM in enhancing students' motivation towards science learning. The results showed that there are no statistical significant differences amongst the students' preferred thinking styles across HWBTM on students' motivation towards science learning. However, there are differences across CTM. The results also showed that the main effect of students' gender on the post test score of students' motivation towards science learning were not found statistically significant.


Further applications of the Abstract Ellentuck Theorem are given in Chapter 6 for spaces of trees, including Milliken's results on strong subtrees. This further leads into Devlin's partition calculus on finite powers of the rationals, to continuous colorings of finite powers of the rationals, and perfect set results of Mycielski and Blass among other variants. Chapter 7 covers local Ramsey Theory, where Ramsey spaces are based on infinite subsets of the natural numbers. The abstraction here starts by covering the work of Mathias, Ellentuck, and Louveau but evolves into the Ultra-Ellentuck Theorem and applications to results of Bourgain–Fremlin–Talagrand, Odell–Rosenthal, and Balcar–Pelant–Simon. Results in Chapter 8 focus on semicontinuous colorings and polarized Ramsey property, largely due to the author together with DiPrisco and Llopis. Chapter 9 concludes with Parametrized Ramsey Theory, abstraction of early work of Nash–Williams and Galvin on barriers, then Galvin–Prikry and Silver on Ramsey families of subsets of the natural numbers. It culminates into likely to be the optimal parametrized form of the infinite-dimensional Ramsey Theorem. The textwas not intended to be adefinitive compilation ofRamsey spaces and applications, but certainly constitutes a phenomenal resource for anyone involved in the field. By this I mean not only for active researchers in need of these combinatorial tools, but also to emerging mathematicians requiring a grasp and overview of this body of work. A natural next step for this enterprise is to further contribute Ramsey spaces and applications, and this is already well under way. As another beautifully written text by the author, it would be a delight to use for course material as it will surely inspire graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. Claude Laflamme Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada. firstname.lastname@example.com.


The article is devoted to the description of the composition of the means of expression, traditionally considered purely verbal, but used in social advertising in visual and verbal-visual form. The aim of the work is to establish the degree of prevalence of verbal and visual forms of traditional types of figures in modern social advertising and to describe their role in the implementation of the author's idea. The relevance of the research is due to the increased interest in the study of polycode texts and the formation of the visual stylistics of the text. The material was 4000 posters of environmental topics collected from various media banks on the Internet by a continuous sampling method. The authors conclude that contamination and gradation are used only in visual form in environmental advertising. Contamination consists in combining parts of different images into a single image, which, however, does not receive a common name. Gradation is based on contrarian relations, with its help the transformation of some objects or states into others is shown in dynamics. Verbal-visual techniques include antithesis, parallelism, amphibolism. Antitheses are often based on contextual antonyms, concretized by the presence of an image, and in some cases such antitheses are qualified as quasi-logical. Parallelism can be represented by both verbal and purely visual forms in the form of placing two pictures similar in content on one poster. With the help of amphiboly, a paradoxical meaning is given to the slogan, since the visual and verbal series come into conflict. Finally, only in verbal form are ellipsis and anaphora used. The ellipsis makes the poster text as concise, energetic and convenient as possible for quick reading. Anaphora allows you to emphasize the element of the slogan that carries the main semantic load. The other types of stylistic figures (inversion, frame, chiasmus, etc.) are quite rare in environmental social advertising and generally do not affect the nature of its image system.


Web-based wedding organizer information systems nowadays are very much needed, especially for wedding packages service that can make it easier for customers to choose the packages provided as well as ordering without having to go to the place or location where the wedding organizer is located. This convenience can be obtained by building an information system that can accommodate the needs of customers, the needs of the sales department, the administration of the wedding organizer company to facilitate the preparation of reports to be submitted to the wedding organizer owner. In addition, the computerized data processing system will speed up the process of selecting services such as; wedding package, order, purchase and reports. In developing this system, two sides are needed where visitors will become customers and the website administrator will manage the website. The system development method used in this system design uses the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method. The results showed that by building a computerized system that is assisted by using the PHP programming language, more data are stored and reports can be presented real time.


The excellent performance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) allows them to be widely employed in various micro- and nano-electromechanical devices. However, different imperfections such as Stone–Wales (S-W) defects often arise in these structures during the preparation process. In this paper, special attention is paid to the effects of the number and location of defects as well as the diameter and chiral angle of CNTs on the static and dynamic buckling of CNTs with S-W defects. First, LAMMPS software is used to simulate the molecular dynamics (MDs) of CNTs with S-W defects, and their static buckling performances are discussed. Then based on the static buckling data, the dynamic buckling vibration performance of CNTs with S-W defects is analyzed in the context of the nonlocal elastic theory. Finally, the effective range of nonlocal parameters is established via the MD modeling. The results show that the existence of S-W defects will reduce the buckling performance and vibration characteristics of CNTs, and an increase in the number of defects will aggravate the influence of diameter and chiral angle on the buckling performance as well as the natural frequency and amplitude of the nanotube's axial vibration.


. The accelerated aging tests of the special rubber were carried in laboratory. The tearing strength of the rubber in aging time was investigated. The rule of tearing strength and aging time was studied. The service life prediction function of the rubber was established and service life at 25℃ was estimated based on the index of tearing strength. The result shows that tearing strength of the rubber decreases in exponential form with aging time, and the service life of the rubber used in air at 25℃ is 35.79years.


The unconstrained optimization problem is to minimize a smooth nonlinear scalar-valued function f(x) over all vectors x ∈ ℜn. Broadly speaking, any method for unconstrained minimization may be classified as a trust-region or line-search method. Both methods define a new iterate by minimizing a quadratic model of f. A trust-region method minimizes the model subject to a constraint that defines a region in which the model is believed to be accurate. Line-search methods minimize an unconstrained quadratic model, and find a new iterate by performing a search along a direction of search.
Current line-search and trust-region methods may get into difficulty near points at which the model Hessian is singular. In such cases, line-search methods may take many iterations to converge, whereas trust-region methods may require many iterations to solve the constrained subproblem.
A new class of methods is proposed that combines the best features of trust-region and line-search methods. These trust-search methods maintain the rapid convergence associated with trust-region methods while solving the subproblem at a Cost comparable to that of a line-search method.
Trust-search methods are also formulated for large-scale optimization and solving systems of nonlinear equations.


The present study examines the effect of cavitation on the base pressure coefficient of a circular cylinder. The tests are conducted at near-constant Reynolds numbers (≈105) and a wide range of cavitation numbers. The degree of cavitation varies from noncavitating flow, to inception, to near-choking conditions. Pressure measurements along the wake axis are also obtained at various cavitation numbers. The similarity of the wake axis pressure distribution is investigated.


For much of the postwar period variations in the rate of output growth and other economic indicators in Britain have followed an irregular but apparently recurrent pattern, the time period between upswings or downswings tending to be around four to six years. This study considers its significance. There is a brief account of how periodicity relates to modern business cycle theory. Use is made of recent American data and data for Britain in the nineteenth century to show that recent British experience, although exceptional in degree, is not unique in character. An account is then given year-by-year of the course of the trade cycle from 1958 to 1982 using contemporary commentary and a simple econometric model. This behavioural explanation is shown to I encompass' a purely statistical model of recurrent cycles in the sense of showing why events do appear to repeat themselves at intervals of roughly five years.


We report an updated measurement of the top quark mass in the lepton plus jets channel of tt̄ events from pp̄ collisions at √ s = 1.96 TeV. This measurement uses a dataset with integrated luminosity of 680 pb, containing 360 tt̄ candidates separated into four subsamples. A top quark mass is reconstructed for each event by using energy and momentum constraints on the top quark pair decay products. We also employ the reconstructed mass of hadronic W boson decays W → jj to constrain in situ the largest systematic uncertainty of the top quark mass measurement: the jet energy scale. Monte Carlo templates of the reconstructed top quark and W boson mass are produced as a function of the true top quark mass and the jet energy scale. The distribution of reconstructed top quark and W boson mass in the data are compared to the Monte Carlo templates using a likelihood fit to obtain: Mtop =173.4 ± 2.8 GeV/c.


Background and purpose: Previously, we have detected overexpression of dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DDH), and enzyme closely associated with drug resistance and hence with poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Presently, we probed the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) of normal and lung cancer specimens. Methods: A combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-select cDNA subtractive hybridization, microarray, differential display and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR to identify differential mRNA expression spectra of MMPs. Results: Three panels of gene expressions were detected. The expressions of MMP-1, -7 and -10 increased dramati-cally in the tumor fraction of NSCLC. Lung adenocarcinoma cells also overexpressed these MMP species in vitro. Conclusion: NSCLC cells have a different MMP expression profile than normal lung cells. This distinct profile could be useful in identifying such cells, and in as a reference for NSCLC patients scheduled to receive a class-specific MMP inhibitor in adjuvant therapy.


Option performs system and method for a touch screen, which is applied to a handheld device with a touch screen. The touch screen display has the option screen, this option interface provides at least one main option, and the respective main options corresponding to at least a sub-option. The method comprises the steps of: detecting a moving operation of continuous touch operation is formed on the options interface; display sub-option corresponding to the touch operation of the operation of moving the starting point of the main options contained; performing with the mobile corresponding operation end touch operation of the sub-option function corresponding to the operation.


In this paper, a time-driven performance-aware mathematical model for trust in the robot is proposed for a Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) framework. The proposed trust model is based on both the human operator and the robot performances. The human operator's performance is modeled based on both the physical and cognitive performances, while the robot performance is modeled over its unpredictable, predictable, dependable, and faithful operation regions. The model is validated via different simulation scenarios. The simulation results show that the trust in the robot in the HRC framework is governed by robot performance and human operator's performance and can be improved by enhancing the robot performance.


The aim of this paper is to analyze the current situation of business incubators in Galicia. Therefore, a survey to all managers and entrepreneurs of these 21 incubators in the region of Galicia in 2009 has been carried out, in order to know the current status of them and to propose a series of reforms and elements that seek to improve the role of incubators as a tool for local development and entrepreneurship.


During the 3 years of study period (April 2002 to April 2005) 220 strains of shigella isolated from fecal samples of patients having acute diarrhea. Shigella sonnei with 157 (78.5%) isolates had the highest frequency of isolation. Resistance to Ampicillin and Trimethoprime/sulphamethoxazole was observed in 88.5% and 98% isolates respectively. 11.5% of isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and 5.5% to ceftriaxone. Resistance to Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacin was 2.5% and 1% respectively.


3. Yellowlees PM. Thiamin deficiency and prevention of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: a major public-health problem. Med J Aust 1986; 145: 216-219. 4. Price J. Theodoras MT. The supplementation of alcoholic beverages with thiamine: a necessary preventive measure in Queensland? Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1979; 13: 315-320. 5. Price J. Kerr R, Hicks M. Nixon PF. The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: a reappraisal in Queensland with special reference 10 prevention. Med J Aust 1987; 147: 561-565. 6. The Australian Nutrition Foundation. The addition of thiamin to Australian beer and wine. An ANF position statement. Sydney: The Australian Nutrition Foundation, 1987. 7. Miller M. Thiamin supplementation of beer. Dietitians' Association ofAustralia Newsletter 1988 Mar: 10-11. 8. Australian Federation of Consumer Organisations. To add or not to add? Consumer Views 1988 Feb: 6. 9. Gold J, Perdices M, Lardner K, et al. The Wernicke-Korsakoff project final report. Sydney: School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1985. 10. Breen KJ, Buttigieg R, lossifidis S, et al. Jejunal uptake of thiamin hydrochloride in man: influence of alcoholism and alcohol. Am J C1in Nutr 1985; 42: 121-126. II. Meilgaard Me. Technical aspects of the enrichment of beer with thiamin. J Stud Ale 1982; 43: 427-433. 12. Wodak A. Australian alcohol consumption. Med J Aust 1986; 144: 1-2. 13. English R, Cashel K, Bennett S, et al. National dietary survey of adults, 1983. No.2. Nutrient intakes. Canberra: AGPS, 1988. 14. Koplan JP, Annest JL, Layde PM, Rubin GL. Nutrient intake and supplementation in the United States (NHANES-II). Am J Publ Health 1986; 76: 287-289. 15. Centerwall BS, Criqui MH. Prevention of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: an updated cost-benefit analysis. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 320-321. 16. National Health and Medical Research Council. Is there a safe level of daily consumption of alcohol for men and women? Canberra: AGPS, 1987. 17. Finlay-Jones R. Should thiamine be added to beer? Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1986; 20: 3-6.


,Organizational learning is important source of competitive advantage,while external networks,which consist of suppliers,customers,research institutes and colleges,become important approach to organizational learning.Such factors as culture,structure,technology and absorption will affect network learning.Building relative capital,improving relative scope and utilizing hard restriction,such as bargain,institution,will help network learning.To my country,firms should begin network learning from intraorganizational learning,build network relation and alliance based on trust and attach important to culture difference in exchange.


The experience of carrying out Audit of two versions of Software for a Railway Signalling equipment, called the "Universal Fail Safe Block Interface" (UFSBI), being developed by two vendors is described. For the users and the developers, this had been the first exposure to formal development of safety critical software. The auditors were academics with IV&V experience for only aerospace software and no prior experience with railway signalling system. Prototypes of UFSBI had been operating before the auditors were formally brought in, but a full life cycle audit was undertaken due to safety criticality of the system as per the European CENELEC standard, desired to be adopted by the users. In the absence of local precedence, new paradigms of interaction had to be evolved and the role of the auditors, expanded to also include mentoring and facilitation. Initial scepticism and conflicting expectations from software audit gradually became a participatory learning activity for all the involved parties.


The paper, a case study, discusses the cooperative effort to develop an online database consisting of index and abstract to articles, book reviews and conference papers published in Indian social science journals. This cooperative effort, named as Open Index Initiative ( OII ) has derived inspiration from two online databases, RePEc ( Research Papers in Economics) and DoIS (Documents in Information Science). The OII model developed on participatory approach of the World Bank, depends on library and information professionals (LIS professionals ) and libraries to contribute data themselves, Offer suggestions to improve the system, Monitor and evaluate the results themselves and allows Mirroring the compilation at their sites for non-commercial activities. Introduction: Open Index Initiative ( OII ) is relatively a new concept conceived at IGIDR ( Indira Gandhi Institute of development Research, Mumbai) library with a basic objective of developing an exhaustive online index to articles, book reviews and conference papers, published in Indian social science journals. Most of the Indian social journals are not indexed in the international Databases or indexing journals. Therefore, OII, a cooperative effort, attempts to fill this gap. It is also important to mention here a similar effort by an Indian institution. The Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (ISID) has developed an On-line Index to Indian Social Science journals covering about 105 journals. This service is yet to cover abstract and book reviews. . The scope of OII, is not limited only to one subject area but can also be extended to other subject areas in other libraries or library networks. The inspiration for this initiative came from RePEc ( Research Papers in Economics ), a distributed catalog of articles in the area of economics for which the data is contributed by LIS professionals and others from 44 countries. OII differs from RePEc in its method of collecting and compiling data and also the format in which data needs to be provided by the contributors.


It has been difficult to differentiate statistically among lighting conditions. A questionnaire, using 12 positive adjectives, was developed which was sensitive enough to show differences among lighting variables. Twenty subjects each spent 20 minutes in each of 12 conditions. The 12 conditions were all combinations of screen glare (high and low), ambient light source (kiosk and kiosk + ceiling), and document luminance (25, 160 and 320 cd/m2). The criterion was put on a scale of 0–100%. Kiosk + ceiling lighting (score = 69%) was preferred to kiosk lighting (59%). Medium document brightness (73%) was preferred to high (63%) and low (56%). Low glare (67%) was preferred to high glare (61%).


RAAHI is an autonomous robot which guides the user to their desired destination with the help of voice commands. It provides assistance and information to the people in an innovative way and is used for indoor navigation. While navigating, the robot introduces the user to the surrounding using computer generated graphics and voice over to provide information about the organization. For this the visitor first needs to give the destination as input over the voice commands. The robot then plans the path of the tour based on the user input. The places (to be introduced) are associated with a tag and a unique ID. While navigating the robot detects such places using the detector and delivers information about it using the digital device display and the sound generator module. This will help the users by navigating them to their destination and will utilize the time of the tour effectively to promote the organization which in turn will enrich user experience. Hence, RAAHI can be a great help for the museums, industries, exhibition centers, schools, colleges and big organizations.


One of the most important things in the work process is the presentation of information that is fast and accurate. Data is processed in a short time, it will increase work efficiency, one of which is by using the system to process and display data into information. Information systems are needed considering technology is growing and now people are required to use more technology to reduce activities outside the home. Problems that often arise are the tight location of registration and the length of service for one registrant due to filling out registration forms and screening examinations for new students. In addition, the large accumulation of registration and trial files also takes a long time so that announcements of new student graduations cannot be made. The goal is to build a new student admission information system for all faculties at the Indonesian Methodist University, reduce applicants who come to the registration location, reduce the use of paper registration forms, help submit and fill in student data, conduct online screening exams, provide information on new student registration, schedule and payment of tuition fees. The result of this initialization is building a new student registration information system using the Codeigniter Framework and Application Programming Interface (API).

Index Terms—Application Programming Interface (API); Codeigniter framework; information systems; online registration


The present invention discloses a method for the installation of apparatus to an outer surface of the wind turbine blade of the fluid changes. Flow guiding device is a type having a base, the base includes inner and outer sides, for attachment to the inner surface of a wind turbine blade, with the outer member projecting fluid changing means. The method comprising the steps of: a) projecting a fluid change means embedded in the mounting plate member such that the fluid is exposed to the inner guide device of the first side of the mounting plate, b) applied to the wind turbine blade by a first side of the mounting plate application of the surface area on the fluid side of the device changes bonded to the surface of the wind turbine blade, and c) removing the mounting plate from the application area on the surface of the wind turbine blade.


PA-PSRS has received several reports regarding "purple glove syndrome," an adverse drug reaction related to intravenous administration of phenytoin (DILANTIN). To address this topic, PA-PSRS invited Patrick J. McDonnell, PharmD, to submit this article. Dr. McDonnell specializes in drug safety and adverse drug reactions and has lectured and written extensively on these issues. —John R. Clarke, M.D., Editor


The interaction of drug 5-fluorouracil with (4, 0) single wall Gallium-Phosphide nanotube (SWGaPNT) have been studied by using quantum mechanics. All of the calculations have been performed using a hybrid density functional method (DFT/B3LYP) and 6-31G∗ standard basis set. Quantum molecular descriptors and frontier orbital analysis in the drug nanotube systems were studied. (SWGaPNT) and it's applied as drug-delivery is also discussed. Results show that the SWGaPNT can act as a suitable drug delivery vehicle of 5-fluorouracil within biological systems.


Researchers have identified several characteristics of metastatic papillary thyroid cancer shown on preoperative ultrasound—such as node matting—that are associated with extranodal extension, an important prognostic factor linked with this disease.


The article introduces a project on digital storage oscilloscope with 80C320 as its kernel processor, with Franklin C51 as program language. This system can display the signs in Dot matrix LCD on time, and have the functions of back display and print.


Abstract Uncertainty factors are applied in methods developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to derive dose‐response estimates. The uncertainty factors are applied to account for uncertainties in defined extrapolations from the laboratory animal experimental data conditions to a dose‐response estimate appropriate for the assumed human scenario. The conceptual difference between these uncertainty factors and safety factors is best illustrated by how uncertainty factors can be modified as scientific data inform our understanding of the key factors that influence chemical disposition and toxicity. Mechanistic data help describe the major factors influencing chemical disposition and toxicant‐target tissue interactions, and should increase the accuracy of exposure‐dose‐response assessment. Mechanistic data on the determinants of inhaled chemical disposition were used to construct default dosimetry adjustments applied by the EPA in its inhalation Reference Concentration (RfC) methods. Because thes...


This research will investigate how legal scholars in Australian law schools experience and understand research impact and engagement. The study plans to take a broad approach to the term 'impact' to discover how academics experience all forms of impact, including academic and non-academic impact. Currently, literature in research engagement and impact largely focuses on the experiences of science, technology, mathematics and engineering (STEM) disciplines, with a more recent move towards discussing the experiences of the humanities and social science disciplines (HASS) (Bastow, Dunleavy, & Tinkler, 2014; Haddow & Genoni, 2009). There are no studies, however, which explicitly investigate how legal scholars experience this phenomenon. Bowrey (2012) concurs, stating that 'A lack of knowledge and disciplinary discussion … contributes to arbitrary and unfair assessments [in law]. It also contributes to considerable anxieties within the discipline as there is little information to inform institutions and researchers about how they can perform better.' The objective of this study is to fill this knowledge gap, contribute to further discussion in the area of higher education policy and research evaluation practices, and produce data that will benefit law schools to better understand how their academics experience research engagement and impact. This new knowledge may lead to improved training, resources and workload polices for the law discipline and other HASS disciplines. Using a qualitative, constructivist grounded theory approach, this study also aims to generate insight into how research culture and research evaluation policies such as the UK's Research Excellence Framework (REF) and Australia's Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) affect and influence legal scholars' experiences and perceptions of academic engagement and impact. Therefore this study will respond to the question: how do Australian legal scholars' experience research engagement and research impact?


New density functionals, using the kinetic-energy density Tau are reported. The newly introduced variable enhances the performance of previous functionals, leading to highly accurate functionals with and without the use of exact exchange. All these functionals are compared to commonly used functionals for a large test set, looking also at reactions and hydrogen bonded systems. Furthermore, their physical plausibility is discussed.


Blaesoxipha rufipes (Macquart) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is widely distributed in tropical Africa, Asia, Australasia, and Europe. It uses various grasshopper and locust species as its hosts (Anene and Vajime, 1990; Pape, 1994; Baker and Barchia, 1997) and was tested as an agent to control grasshoppers in North America (Rees, 1985). There are many reports including ecological information on parasitism by B. rufipes. For example, in Sahel and Savanna zones of northern Nigeria, of 2363 adults and 1340 nymphs of Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss (Orthoptera: Acrididae) dissected over three years, only 36 adults were parasitized by B. rufipes (Anene and Vajime, 1990). On the other hand, there are very few reports on B. rufipes in Japan including ecological information, such as its hosts, although B. rufipes has been recorded in Japan (Kurahashi, 1964). This report describes the discovery that B. rufipes parasitized Atractomorpha lata (Motschulsky) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) in Japan.


Abstract: This essay describes the process by which a new college professor embraced using film clips in an undergraduate Business Law course, with the goal of enhancing student engagement and learning.  In particular this paper focuses on: (1) theme days, in which a movie, TV show or actor is used a vehicle to teach an entire class; and (2) review sessions, in which a film is used as a vehicle to review material previously taught, e.g., in anticipation of a test.


Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and small vessel vasculitis. Upper and/or lower respiratory tract and kidneys are involved mainly. GPA is a rare disease with complicated clinical manifestations, which causes difficulty in making correct diagnosis. GPA is a serious disease, with a nearly always fatal outcome in the absence of treatment. The combination of immunosuppressant drugs and corticosteroids is a standardized treatment for GPA. Treatment is based on two phases known as the induction phase and the maintenance phase. Here, the diagnosis and treatment of GPA are reviewed.

Key words:
Vasculitis; Granuloma; Diagnosis; Review


As in most parts of the world, community based forest management is emerging as popular strategy towards forest conservation in Africa. This is being widely embedded in new forestry legislation. As implementation gets under way communities and governments increasingly debate the incentives needed to support community roles in management. One of the more fundamental of these is the right to own the forest itself, an incentive that may be expected to increase local powers to manage and afford the needed long-term horizon for decision-making. This paper looks at how far new forest policies are permitting communities to found their management roles on resource ownership and the support this is gaining from the land sector. The conclusion drawn is positive; that significant opportunities for communities to secure common tenure are emerging, primarily through improvement in the legal status of customary land rights. Community forestry is serving as the main activator of these opportunities, signalling an unusual symbiosis of reform between the land and forestry sectors. The benefits to community rights and to forest conservation are considerable. Nonetheless the trend is still new and uncertain, the mechanisms awkward, and even where attained, formalised common property rights are not always accompanied by sufficient devolution of forest management authority to trigger local commitment to forest conservation.


Objective To investigate the change of serum visfatin level in patients with stable and acute exacerbation phases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD),and explore the function mechanism and the relationship between visfatin levels,and chronic hypoxia,nutritional metabolism with COPD.Methods Eighty patients with COPD and twenty healthy people were included in the study.According to the course of disease,those patients were divided into acute exacerbation stage and stable stage.Meanwhile,all patients were divided into four groups (BMI1,BMI2,BMI3,BMI4 groups) according to pulmonary function and three groups(the mild hypoxia group,the middle hypoxia group and severe hypoxia group) according to the severity of hypoxia.The level of visfatin,hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α),blood glucose and blood lipid (TC,TG,TP,ALB,GLB,HDL-C,LDL-C,APO-A,APO-B) were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method (ELLSA).Additionally,arterial blood gas analysis,pulmonary function testing,height,weight and BMI were measured and calculated by same people.Results ①The serum levels of visfatin and HIF 1α were significantly higher in the AECOPD group compared with the stable COPD group and the healthy control group.②The differences of TP,ALB,GLB,HDL-C,LDL-C and GLU among AECOPD group,the stable COPD group and the healthy control group had statistically significance.Compared with the stable COPD group,the levels of TC and TG had statistical differences,but the differences of BMI,Apo-A and Apo-B had no statistically significance.③In AECOPD,the significant differences of visfatin levels among BMI 1-BMI 4 groups,different hypoxia groups and normal control group existed statistically significance.But in stable COPD,there wasn't statistical differences among BMI1-BMI4 groups and the control group.④According to the correlation analysis,it was observed that visfatin and the indexes of nutrition and hypoxia (BMI,TC,TG,TP,ALB,GLB,HDL-C,LDL C,APO-A,APO-B,GLU,HIF-1α,FEV1/FVC,FEV1 %,PaCO2,SO2 %,PaO2) existed a significant correlation in AECOPD.But in stable COPD,visfatin had correlation with HIF-1 α,FEV1 / FVC,PaCO2,and SO2 %.⑤ With visfatin as dependent variable,the indexes of nutrition and hypoxia as independent variable were analyzed with multivariate stepwise regression analysis.TC,TG,GLB,GLU,HIF-1α,FEV1/FVC were the important factors of influencing visfatin level in AECOPD.Furthermore,HIF-1 α,FEV1/FVC were the important influencing factors in stable COPD.Conclusions ① Visfatin levels existed significant change in patients with AECOPD and stable COPD,and it had a significant correlation with HIF-1α and nutritive indexes.② Visfatin could not only reflect the current energy balance condition in some extent,but also had a correlation with the severity of hypoxia and might take part in the regulation of hypoxia via HIF-1α pathway.In addition,visfatin might play an important role of accelerating evolution of COPD.

Key words:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Visfatin;  Hypoxia inducible factor-1α; Chronic hypoxia;  Nutritional metabolism