In adult speech, fundamental frequency (F0) has been found to be relatively high with high vowels and low with low vowels. This ''intrinsic pitch'' has been found in every language examined, including tone languages. One study with infants [Bauer, Folia Phonia. 40, 138–146 (1988)] found that F0 changed consistently with the front/back dimension rather than the high/low dimension. Bauer interpreted this pattern in terms of the change in vocal tract shape that occurs over the first 18 months of life. In this study, four infants were examined at 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Only vowels with non‐mid‐central articulation were selected. Results indicated that there was, after all, an association with height, though there was also an interaction with front/back. Reasons for the discrepancy with earlier work will be discussed. [Work supported by NIH Grant No. DC‐00403.]


The discovery of oil in Uganda created a lot of anxiety; citizens expected employment opportunities and general improvement in standards of living. However, this has not been the case, at moment, there is a massive increase in land-related conflicts particularly land grabbing, a huge backlog of court cases, and corruption leading to the delay and denial of compensation. Efforts by various players have not yielded expected results, the local actors who experience the conflicts directly have been largely sidelined and traditional conflict resolution practices have fallen into disrepair. This article explores traditional conflict resolution and peacebuilding infrastructures in the Bunyoro sub-region of western Uganda. The research used an action research approach with three phases – exploring the problem, planning and implementing an intervention and evaluating the outcomes. In the exploration phase, data was collected using focus group discussions with local people and in-depth interviews with key informants. In the intervention phase, an action team was formed to help resolve land-related conflicts in their communities, using traditional conflict resolution approaches. The short term outcomes indicate that local peacebuilding capacities were enhanced and that many land-related conflicts can be resolved using traditional conflict resolution approaches. Key words-Traditional, land disputes, Western Uganda, Promoting


PURPOSE: A method for thermally insulating the inner or outer wall of a building is provided to improve the functions of the wall using an insulating paint including a functional paint having improved properties such as an insulating property, a waterproof property, a heat-resistant property, a flame-retardant property, a chemical-resistant property, and a weather-resistant property. CONSTITUTION: A method for thermally insulating the inner or outer wall of a building includes: a step of spreading an insulating paint on the surface of the wall at a thickness of 2 to 5 mm; and a step of spreading a ceramic coating paint on the surface of the insulating paint. For 100 parts by weight of cement, 10 to 15 parts by weight of a functional paint and 10 to 15 parts by weight of water are mixed in the insulating paint. The ceramic coating paint includes a fluorine resin-based copolymer resin. The functional paint includes an acrylic copolymer resin, silica aerogel, a polyether-ether-ketone copolymer resin, a dispersing agent, and a curing agent. [Reference numerals] (S100) Preprocessing step; (S200) Paint spreading step; (S300) Basic painting step


In this paper we propose a novel blind TRMS estimator for wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) systems, that can be used for channel estimation. The estimator is based on the frequency correlation between subcarriers of one OFDM symbol and an expression between frequency correlation and TRMS is derived assuming an exponentially decaying power delay profile (PDP). The estimation performance, examined in environments with different PDPs, introducing transceiver mobility and channel sparsity, is high from low SNR values with small variance


ABSTRACT This conceptual research aims to study the core components of India's first proposed Social Stock Exchange (SSE), its structure and regulations, including types of eligible social enterprises, investors and financial instruments, disclosures, and reporting requirements along with the global SSE to carry out an informed and nuanced comparison. The research relies primarily on secondary and descriptive in the study. The study results show that India, the world's most populous democracy, is about to launch a SSE in 2021 which will serve as a mediator between social enterprises that need funding and investors who are willing to invest their money and by designing and providing robust solutions which transform the habit of charity into a culture of social investment. Exchange focuses more on the development of the ecosystem, emphasizing policy and regulatory advocacy where Social ends and profit motives do not contradict each other. This implies profit generation for social purposes is a key sustainability feature. SSE should be a means for the markets to serve the society not for society to serve the markets.


The unemployment incidence of immigrant and non-immigrant men in Canada is compared using 11 cross-sectional surveys spanning the years from 1982 to 1993. Recent immigrants are found to have higher unemployment probabilities than nonimmigrants with the difference being larger in recession years. Subsequently, measures of unemployment assimilation of immigrants are found to be sensitive to the macroeconomic conditions of the survey years. The main implication of the results for policy is that recent immigrants would benefit most from labour market programs that facilitate the transition of unemployed immigrants back to employment during recessions.


An experiment was conducted in which introduced citrus hybrids (Orlando tangelo, Minneola tangelo, Saminola tangelo, Honey mandarin, Pixie mandarin and Frost dancy tangerine) were crossed with Mosambi, Kinnow and Duncan grapefruit as male parents. Pollen viability and pollen germination studies were also conducted. Pollen viability was maximum in Pixie mandarin (92.81%) while least in Frost dancy tangerine (FDT) (16.27%). Pollen tube growth studies revealed non-significant difference as pollen tube travelled 9.16, 5.80 and 4.70% of the gynoecia, in tangelos, mandarins and tangerine hybrids respectively. Kinnow generated the best value as the male parent with Honey mandarin and Orlando tangelo, while the performance with other hybrids was inconsistent as for as specific combining ability (SCA) was concerned. Although, Kinnow belongs to mandarins yet, great variability was found with Pixie mandarin for combining ability. Kinnow proved as a better pollinizer for all the experimental hybrids as for as general combining ability (GCA) is concerned. Mosambi as a male parent behaved inconsistently with experimental hybrids for fruit setting.


Although ethical decision‐making theory has evolved over the years, within the field of management, research still revolves around James Rest's (1986) four‐step framework, dominated by a positivist epistemology and a quantitative methodology. Given that currently there is a call for a theoretical, epistemological, and methodological renovation for the enlargement and enrichment of knowledge about how decisions are morally made in organizations, this paper has a double aim. First, by showing the models' main flaws and limitations, it critically assesses the prominent theoretical models of Rest, Trevino, and Jones. Then, for decision making in organizations, the paper aims to posit a fresh moral theory that addresses the phenomenon from a comprehensive epistemological perspective. To do so, it steps back from those prominent models in order to review John Dewey's "theory of moral life." At the core of the proposed comprehensive theoretical framework are Dewey's concepts of a "moral standard" and "valuation." Finally, the paper shows how the Dewey‐based framework can both overcome the flaws and limitations that are identified in those prominent models and can enrich empirical research, therefore contributing to developing as a whole the ethical decision‐making field.


THis issue of the Review of Educational Research treats a broader field of school organization than that covered by the Review for June, 1931. The former issue dealt with (1) the development of public school organization; (2) evaluation of the various units of the public school system; and (3) pupil classification and grouping. So far as the topics previously considered are involved in the organization of this issue, the literature treated falls within the dates of June 1, 1931 to July 1, 1934. Phases of school organization not considered in the previous issue are treated genetically and the literature reviewed to July 1, 1934. It is believed that the present Review provides a broader datum plane from which progress in research in school organization can be measured in future issues. School organization as conceived in this Review deals with the structure of the school system and its modification in response to both social and administrative needs.


Using Landau-de Gennes effective theory for nematic liquid crystals we analyse the structure of rectilinear n=1/2 smooth disclination line in the case of equal elastic constants. We find that at certain temperature there is an exact mathematical correspondence with a rectilinear vortex in superfluid $^4He$. With a help of polynomial approximation difference of free energies of the smooth and of a singular disclination lines is estimated. It turns out that the smooth disclination line is energetically preferred only if temperature is low enough. At higher temperatures a disordered core should be expected.


This study determined the effectiveness of Predict-Observe-Explain (POE) Approach in enhancing the achievement and attitude of grade five students towards science Conducted in Gonzalo Gatchalian Elementary School-Las PiAˆas City in 2012, it employed the repeated measures two factors design. The dependent t-test was used to find the significant differences and changes between the two groups or within each group in terms of achievement and attitude towards science. Results suggest that both the experimental group and the control group registered significant differences and changes in terms of achievement and attitude towards science. However, the gain scores in the achievement and attitude revealed that the students in the experimental group (POE) approach performed better than the control group.


We present a holistic framework for energy management in sensornetworks. Our framework is based on a model-driven approach thatattempts to (a) establish functional relationships across differentmodules of the software stack and the interrelated parameters based onempirical data, (b) use the maximum sensor value and time-synchronization errors acceptable by the users of the sensor network application as input to establish minimum quality of service requirements, and (c) do cross-layer optimization of the parameter values of all the software modules within the node's application stack to minimize total energy consumption for each sensor node. We explore the trade-offs of the design space by using a non-trivial application that includes sensing, time synchronization and routing modules, in multiple different testbeds, and with different routing software modules. We show that when using our framework, we can provide average energy savings from 38\% to 62\% when compared with the software modules default values, and from 11\% to 33\% when compared with the state-of-the-art AODC duty-cycle optimization scheme while still maintaining quality of service both in terms of the expected sensing and time synchronization errors. We further show that we can slightly decrease latency (1.5%-3.5%) and slightly improve reliability (1%-3%).


The pPeOp is a protein extracted from the sclerotium of Omphalia lapidescens. Herein, we explored the effect of pPeOp inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell apoptosis in colon cancer cell line SW620. Cell viability was detected by the MTS assay. Cell proliferation was tested by the EdU assay. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining. The apoptosis proteins expression of Fas, FasL, Cleaved-caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Bcl-2 was analyzed by western blotting. We treated SW620 colon cancer cells with 0, 30, 60, 90 or 120 μg/ml pPeOp and studied the impact it had on the viability, the proliferation and apoptosis of treated cells. A 24-hour treatment with pPeOp inhibited the viability of SW620 cell in a dose-dependent manner, wherein 85.24 μg/ ml was sufficient to inhibit cell viability by 50% (IC50). Besides, the proliferation of SW620 cells was significantly inhibited by pPeOp. Our microscopy images show that SW620 cells treated with > 60 μg/ml pPeOp became round in morphology and appeared to shrink. pPeOp also enhanced the rate of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Fas, FasL, Cleaved-caspase-3, and Caspase-8 were significantly up-regulated and Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated relative to control cells. Our data suggest that pPeOp is able to suppress tumor growth by inducing the apoptosis of human colon cancer cells. Accordingly, pPeOp may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for colorectal cancer.


Prevalence of hyperuricemia (HU) is constantly increasing around the world and HU is now identified as an independant cardiovascular risk factor.To determine the prevalence of HU in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to identify degenerative complications of T2D associated with HU.A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the rheumatology and endocrinology departments of Farhat Hached University Hospital of Tunisia over a period of 6 months. Patients diagnosed with T2D according to the 2021 guidelines of the American Diabetes Association were included. A cut-off of uric acid ≥ 360 µmol/L in females and ≥ 420 µmol/L in males was used to define HU.One hundred fifty-one patients were included. Sex ratio F/M was 1.4. The median of age was 61 years. The prevalence of HU was 17.2%. Only 6 % of patients had gout. Degenerative complications of T2D were encountered in 74.2% of cases. Diabetic neuropathy was the most common (51.7%) and was significantly associated with HU (p=0.049). Diabetic nephropathy was reported in 38.4% of patients and was also associated with HU (p= 0.008). HU was associated with renal failure (p < 0.01), microalbuminuria (<0.01), proteinuria (p=0.001) and history of ischemic stroke (p=0.048). Diabetic feet problems were reported in 15.9 % of patients and were associated with HU (p=0.008). Nevertheless, diabetic retinopathy (39.7%), peripheral arteriopathy of lower limbs (27.2%) and myocardiopathy (15.2%) were not associated with HU.HU is common in patients with T2D. Our study raises the question whether HU could be a risk factor for the development of degenerative complications in T2D patients. Screening for HU could be recommended in T2D patients for a holistic assessment of the disease.[1]Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008: Prevalence of Gout and Hyperuricemia in the US. Arthritis Rheum. oct 2011;63(10):3136-41.[2]Xiong Q, Liu J, Xu Y. Effects of Uric Acid on Diabetes Mellitus and Its Chronic Complications. Int J Endocrinol. 13 oct 2019;2019:1-8.None declared


T E National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has for some time been directing its efforts toward the improvement of safety in flight, and with that purpose in view has done extensive research on rotating-wing aircraft at the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. At present an extensive program of research on rotating wings is under way in the propellerresearch wind tunnel, where autogiro and gyroplane models 10 feet in diameter are to be tested to determine the influence of varying such basic properties of the rotor as the pitch angle, the airfoil section, the plan form, and the blade mass. Similar tests are being made on a model of a cyclogiro rotor 8 feet in diameter. The following analysis of the choice of airfoils for these rotors is supported by work that has already been completed; much valuable information concerning this and related subjects is anticipated from the current program. Rotating-wing aircraft may be divided into two main classes: those normally employing power-driven rotors for sustentation, such as the helicopter, helicogyre, and cyclogiro; and those employing autorotating wings for sustentation, such as the autogiro and gyroplane. The autogiro and helicopter are familiar types. The helicogyre is an aircraft supported by a power-driven lifting propeller which is rotated by means of an additional propeller on each blade of the main screw. The cyclogiro is supported by a paddlewheel rotor on each side of the fuselage, rotating about the lateral axis. The gyroplane is quite similar aerodynamically to the autogiro except that the blades on the gyroplane rotor are free to rotate only about the span axis, and the opposite blades are rigidly joined; lift on opposing sides of the rotor is equalized by rotation of a blade pair about its span axis. The aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil section required for the optimum performance of a rotating wing are the same regardless of the type under consideration. I t is true, however, that the choice of the proper airfoil is more critical for the autorotating systems than for the power-driven; for this reason, the following discussion will be concerned with the autogiro and gyroplane rotors. The aerodynamic similarity between these two types is so complete that the analysis applies with equal validity to both systems. The autogiro is a windmill of low pitch operating at large angles of yaw and maintaining a condition of zero aerodynamic torque during a state of steady autorotation. This condition means essentially that the average moment, during one revolution, of the blade element chord forces about the axis of rotation is zero, the chord force on any element being the sum of two components of opposite sign, and being derived from the lift and drag of the element. The torque variation with rotor speed is such that a decrease in speed in any state of operation generates an accelerating torque, and conversely; the rotation is therefore stable. The optimum airfoil for a rotor of given geometrical form is defined as the airfoil that gives the largest maximum lift-drag ratio of the rotor. I t has been shown by Lock (British R. & M. 1127) that by consideration of the energy losses in the rotor, the ratio of drag to lift can be expressed as


For the diversity of the index system, papers propose the concept of absolute equivalence based on the idea of attribute reduction in rough set theory; then the definition of the λ - equivalence between two index systems which have inclusion relation is given by the fuzzy cluster analysis method. A discriminance is given, and finally a case study.


Let L/K be an extension of algebraic number fields, where L is abelian over Q. In this paper we give an explicit description of the associated order AL/K of this extension when K is a cyclotomic field, and prove that OL, the ring of integers of L , is then isomorphic to AL/K . This generalizes previous results of Leopoldt, Chan & Lim and Bley. Furthermore we show that AL/K is the maximal order if L/K is a cyclic and totally wildly ramified extension which is linearly disjoint to Q(m') /K, where m' is the conductor of K .


A large number of works have studied university-industry relationships either from a qualitative point of view or relying on a case study of a single university. The aim of this paper is to provide some statistical evidence at the cross-country, cross-industry level to verify some of the hypotheses put forward in the qualitative literature. On the basis of the results of the KNOW survey carried out in seven EU countries in 2000, we examine two main issues. First, the contribution made by Public Research Organisations (PROs) to the innovative process of firms is analysed. Second, the existence and the extent of co-operative R&D projects between firms and PROs are examined. A two-equation econometric model evaluates the effect of firm-specific, sector-specific and country-specific factors (such as firm size, appropriation and signalling, searching of knowledge sources, government support) upon the propensity for and the extent of collaborations between PROs and firms. The analysis in this paper provides some preliminary evidence which allows a better understanding of the firm and industry characteristics that affect the contribution of PROs to firms' innovative activities and to their involvement in R&D collaborations with firms. The estimations produce some evidence to highlight how the size of the firm and its openness to the external environment have a significant and important effect on both the extent of and propensity of PRO-firm collaboration.


This study replicates Siltanen's (1966) investigation of four developmental stages of metaphor comprehension and tests the effects of two levels of context on children's metaphor comprehension. Specifically, 159 subjects ranaing in age from 6la-years were asked to provide an open-ended response to 16 test metaphors that varied in difficulty (easy, moderate, and difficulty). The metaphors Were presented either with a 60-100 word story context or as simple sentences. Children's responses were then coded to indicate type comprehension (Siltanen, 1966). Results replicated Siltanen's (1986) results ana supported the four stages of metaphor comprehension. However, contrary to other research, context did not sinnificantly affect metaphor comprehension. Results are discussed in terms of metaphor difficulty, type context, aria power of the manipulation. Research on children's metaphor comprehension flourished in the 1970's (Siltanen. 1981a). Numerous developments contributed to the increased interest in children's metaphor comprehension. First1 contemporary conceptualizations ci metaphor accord it greater power than previous conceptualizations (Arnheim, 19974; Verbrugge & McCarrell. ).977; Ortony, 1975,1979; Koestler, 1964; Kuhn, 1979). Second, as Honeck and Hoffman (1980), there was a movement towird emphasis upon communicative performance instead of linguistic competence. Early researchers reported that only 12-year-olds paraphrased and explained metaphors correctly (Ashe & Kerlove, 196Q; Gardner. 1974; Lesser & Drouin, 1975). Critics argued, however, that the comprehension task confounded metacognitive skills with metaphor comprehension and that many of the test metaphors were not theoretically metaphors (Siltanen. 1986). Accordingly, researchers tested three different comprehension tasks: coding open ended responses. picture tasks, and multiple choice tests. Coding children's open ended responses, researchers reported that 2-7-year-o1ds provided immature. acceptable. concrete responses and that 8-11-year-o1ds provided mature, original, adequate responses (Smith, 1976; Malgady, 1977; Cornett, & Eason, 1978). Using picture tasks, researchers found that children's ability to match pictorial sequences increased with age (Winner, Kraues, & Gardner, 1975) and that 4-5-year-olos' emantic mapping ability did not differ from adults' ability (Genter, 1977). Using multiple choice tests to measure children's metaphor comprehension, Winner, Posenstiel, and Gardner (1976) reported that 6-9-year-olds selected interpretations with physical grounds (primitive comprehension) and that 10-14-yearolds chose interpretations with psychological grounds (genuine comprehension). Pollio and Pollio (1979) used what they called "novel and frozen" metaphors on their multiple choice test and found that 7-14-year-olds comprehended 52-80% of the frozen and 40-60% of the novel Retaphors. Using a multiple choice test also, Reynolds and Ortony (1980) founded that 7-11-year-oldS comprehended metaphors and that syntax and context were confounding variables. Criticisms of this later research include: (1) many test metaphors confounded meta-linguistic skills and some were not theoretically metaphors, (2) picture tasks as valid measures of metaphor comprehension are questionable, (3) multiple choice tests as valid measures of metaphor comprehension are also questionable, and (4) with the exception of Reynolds and Ortony (1980), none of the studies provided context for test items (see Siltanen, 1981a for more detailed critique). Arguing that critical conceptual and operational inconsistencies concerning metaphor and metaphor comprehension in previous research limit the generelizability of the results, Siltanen (1986) tested four stages of metaphor comprehension. She reasoned that metaphor is an accomodation process in that disparate tenor and vehicle create disequilibrium that is reducible by constructing a Join category based on perceptual and/or conceptual grounds (Piaget. 1971). Furthermore. she argued that people construct three types of categories: conjunctive. disjunctive, and/or relational (Bruner, Goodnow. & Austin. 1956). The specific type category constructed is a function of cognitive development. preference for perceptual or conceptual cateciorazation. experiences with words, end metaphor difficulty. Accordangly. the four stages of metaphor comprehension differed in type metaphors comprehended (easy. moderate and/or difficult); type grounds used In category construction (perceptual end/or conceptual); and type category constructed (con)unctive, disjunctive, and/or relational). Test metaphors were presented in an "X is Y" syntactic form, were pre-tested, and preaented in a 60-100 word story context. As predicted, results indicated that 5-year-olds comprehended easy metaphors via perceptually grounded disjunctive categories; 6-8-year-olds comprehended easy and some moderate metaphors via perceptually grounded disjunctive categories; 9-11-year-olds comprehended easy. moderate, and some difficult metaphors via perceptually and some conceptually grounded categories; 12-14-year-olds comprehended easy, roderate. and difficult metaphors via perceptually and conceptually grounded disjunctive categories; 15-18-year-olds comprehended easy. moderate, end difficulr_ metaphors via conceptually grounded conjunctive categories mostly; and 19-31-year-olds comprehended easy, moderate, and difficult metaphors via conceptually grounded conjunctive categories mostly. Given that children's metaphor comprehension is prararily a function of metaphor difficulty and cognitive development, the role of context heeds further investigation. That is, do easy metaphors need context in order to be comprehended? Do younger chaldren need more context than older children to comprehend all metaphors regardless of difficulty? /n other words, how much context la necessary to comprehend metaphors? Thas study addresses the above questions and replicates Siltanen's (1986) and Reynolds ened Ortony's (1980) studies by testing the effects of metaphor difficulty, age, and context on children's metaphor comprehension. Five hypotheses were tested: (H1) 6-7-year-olds will comprehend easy and moderate metaphors by constructing perceptually or conceptually grounded disjunctive or conjunctive categories: (H2) 8-9-year-olds will comprehend easy and moderate metaphors by constructing perceptually and/or conceptually grounded disjunctive, conjunctive, or relational categories, indicating more elaborate comprehension than the 6-7-year-olds: (H3) 10-12-year-olds will comprehend easy, moderate, end some difficult metaphors by constructing perceptually and conceptually grounded dunctive, conjunctive, and relational categories, indicating more elaborate comprehension than 6-7-year-olds and 89-year-olds: (H4) metaphors presented in context will produce more elaborate comprehension for 6-12-year-o1ds than metaphors presented in no context: :H5) younger subjects will need context to comprehend all Aetaphors more than older subjects: and (H6) easy metaphors will not need context while moderate and difficult metaphors will need context to facilitate comprehension.


A popular practice of community‐policing is police attendance at community meetings. Given the prevalence of this co‐productive activity, research needs to understand the potential variation in police‐community interactions occurring in or reported in community meetings. Developing reliable and valid measurement techniques to characterize interactions occurring at police‐community meetings has strategic planning value for police and community practitioners and scholarly theoretical value. Two observational coding (issue‐specific and global) and sampling (continuous and periodic) strategies are contrasted. Methodological trade‐offs regarding validity, utility, strategic planning value, and theory‐testing value of the different methods are detailed. It is concluded that global measures of police‐community interactions and periodic observations of police‐community meetings can help with understanding variation in police‐community meetings and implementation effectiveness of co‐productive strategies. Yet, to validly understand the cause and effects of police‐community co‐production on building community and public safety, issue‐specific coding strategies and continuous observations of community meetings are necessary.


flow regime (Q = 178 m s) with the river flow velocity (u) of 0.49 m s. The overall attenuation times (toverall, days) from the combined effect of volatilization and degradation (Figure 1a), as well as the ratio between the attenuation times from volatilization (tvol) over the attenuation times from degradation (tdeg) (Figure 1b), are shown. Attenuation times by volatilization are longer (degradation will be the faster removal mechanism) for chemicals with low to medium volatility (the air–water [aw] partition coefficient –4 < log Kaw < –2) and with low hydrophobicity (the octanol–water [ow] partition coefficient 0 < log Kow < 4.5). Conversely, attenuation times from volatilization are shorter (the compound remains for less time in water) for compounds with 0.5 < log Kaw< 2 and 0 < log Kow < 8. However, channelization, tile drains, or flooding will increase stream flow, thereby decreasing the retention time and potential to attenuate pollutants through biodegradation. Natural attenuation processes like volatilization and degradation can decrease the concentration of pollutants considerably (tens of kilometers away from their source of input) and serve to moderate organic pollutant outputs to seas and oceans, according to RIOPOP. For example, dissolved polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations decreased from upstream to downstream in the Delaware River from 1200 to 420 picograms per liter (Rowe et al. 2007) and in the Ebro River from 43–108 nanograms per liter (ng L; Fernández et al. 1999) to 8.9 ng L (Gómez-Gutiérrez et al. 2006), which is consistent with volatilization losses. Alkylphenol concentrations in the Hudson River also decreased from upstream to downstream by well-documented degradation processes (Van Ry et al. 2000). On the other hand, volatilized chemicals can be deposited to nearby or remote watersheds (Berglund 2003), thus limiting the effectiveness of management strategies at the watershed level and pointing to one "global watershed" for semi-volatile organic pollutants. The ubiquitous and complex nature of these attenuation processes has made it difficult to estimate the potential of natural attenuation in mitigating organic chemical contamination close to and downstream from pollution sources. The characterization of riverine attenuation processes such as biodegradation and biotransformation can provide insights for possible bioremediation strategies. Through mutating or acquiring degradative genes, these bacteria can adapt and proliferate in the environment as a result of the selection pressures created by the pollutants (Van der Meer 2006). The study of pollutant cycling and bacterial response to organic pollutants will improve current riverine pollution remediation strategies and management tools. Rosalinda Gioia and Jordi Dachs Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain (firstname.lastname@example.com)


The invention relates to a multistage package moving and carrying conveyor which comprises a machine frame, a conveying mechanism and a moving and carrying mechanism. The conveying mechanism comprises rollers arranged on the machine frame in a row mode, and a conveying motor driving the rollers to rotate. The moving and carrying mechanism comprises belts arranged among the rollers, a moving and carrying motor driving the belts to rotate, a moving and carrying conveyor frame and an air cylinder fixed to the machine frame. The belts are arranged on the moving and carrying conveyor frame. The moving and carrying motor is fixed to the machine frame. The moving and carrying conveyor frame is connected with the air cylinder. The conveying motor drives the rollers to operate. After conveying products to the moving and carrying position, the moving and carrying motor drives the belts to rotate. The air cylinder extends to jack the moving and carrying conveyor frame up so that the belts can make contact with the products, the products are moved away by the belts, after moving and carrying are finished, the air cylinder contracts, the moving and carrying conveyor frame descends, the belts are hidden among the rollers, and therefore influence on advancing of the products on the rollers is avoided. Compared with the prior art, the multistage package moving and carrying conveyor has the advantages of being wide in use range, convenient to maintain, high in moving and carrying efficiency and the like.


Field analysis of five slump blocks in consolidated Upper Cretaceous strata along the southern margin of the Saline River Valley shows that their movement is a result of physical erosion, gravity, joint attitudes, block size, and dictility contrasts. Vertical offsets range from 3.5 inches (9 cm) to 180 feet (54 m). Slump movement is very slow and is accomplished by rigid body translation along near vertical joints in the competent Fort Hays Limestone and by rotational creep about a concave-upward plane in the less competent Codell Sandstone and the incompetent Blue Hill Shale. The attitude of the axes of rotation are horizontal and trend parallel to the strike of the joint sets along the valley escarpments. The magnitude of the rotations range from zero to seventy degrees. The age of initial slumping is post-Miocene to prePleistocene. This study focuses on the structure and origin of five slump blocks located along the southern margin of the Saline River Valley in north-central Ellis County, Kansas, specifically SE 1/4, SE 1/4, Sec. 18, T 11S, P17W (Fig. 1). No published data exist on these specific slump blocks and no kinematic studies exist on any faults in Ellis County, Kansas. Kinematic analysis is the reconstruction of movements that take place during the formation and deformation of rocks. Bass (1926) mapped many normal faults in the northwestern part of Ellis County. Twenhofel (1925) stated that surface faulting in western Kansas is a result of surface adjustment to salt solution, conversion of anhydrite to gypsum in the subsurface, settling of Cretaceous sediments over the Permian unconformity, differential compaction of sandstone and shale in the post-Permian sediments, or surficial slumping.


The coaxial-type input couplers for Energy Recovery Linac type injector cavity simulation results are presented. These twin devices are to feed superconducting cavity with 2x75 kW RF power in continuous wave regime at 1.3 GHz operating frequency. The cavity external quality factor adjustment is provided. The electrodynamical and thermal simulations were done for the modified coupler able to transmit the RF power up to 2x250 kW. The heat load to cryogenic system was decreased to tolerable level by coupler design optimization.


Did you know that the revolutions of 1989, at least the one in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), were bloodless because the ruling party was clueless? That is what Andreas Glaeser's former Stasi interlocutors proposed as an account for socialism's peaceful end. Perhaps I should not give away one of the conclusion's punchlines, but pleasure is not only to be found in the end. This charming, broadly informed and substantial volume is ambitious, promising a hermeneutic insti tutionalism that explains the reproduction and transformation of social relations, and of actually existing socialism in particular. The author offers original accounts of the GDR's trajectories, grounded largely in biog raphies of Stasi officers, informants, and opposition figures along with supporting documents. He also lays out a substantial theoretical apparatus for a sociology of understanding useful for analyzing other political affairs. Glaeser is already known for his conse quent processualism and rich ethnography. For those who enjoy some theoretical mix of Latour, Giddens, Sewell, Mannheim, Mead, Wittgenstein and Marx, this new vol ume will be intoxicating. Those working on revolutions, movements, institutions, lan guage and culture will find it intriguing. Finally, this volume will challenge compara tive and historical sociologists concerned for socialism's dynamics. This last offering is especially important to consider more than two decades after the system's European end and the wave of accounts offered in


In 1992 an initial grant was awarded from the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the US and a course was developed and implemented at Michigan Tech to help first-year engineering students develop their 3-D spatial skills. The course syllabus was created with topics sequenced in a fashion known to enhance spatial skills. In January of 1998, a new grant was awarded from the NSF to replace the computer exercises that were developed as part of the initial funding (that were based on CAD software) with stand-alone multimedia software modules. Along with this software, a workbook was developed with sketching problems similar to those found to be helpful in helping students develop their spatial skills. The software and workbook have been rigorously assessed to determine their effectiveness in improving spatial skills and to determine their usability from both a student's and faculty member's perspective. The spatial skills course has been offered continuously at Michigan Tech since 1993 and this paper describes the results obtained in teaching the spatial skills course over that time period. Included in the results will be the outcomes from several longitudinal studies that have been conducted in conjunction with the spatial skills course and a long-term look at the data from our testing among first-year students. 1. Background Numerous studies have shown that highly developed spatial skills are important to success in a number of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) fields. For engineering, mental rotation has been shown to be particularly important. In a study conducted in 1985, Gimmestad (1) found that spatial skills were the number one predictor of success in an introductory engineering graphics course. Wai, Lubinski, and Benbow (2) categorized individuals by spatial skills stanine and found that the higher the level of degree attainment in STEM, the higher the level of spatial skills as shown in Figure 1. Virtually no STEM degree holders were in the first three stanines of spatial skills and nearly 45% of the PhDs in STEM were at the highest level of spatial skills.


11536 Background: Ripretinib is a switch-control tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for patients (pts) with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) who received prior treatment with ≥3 kinase inhibitors, including imatinib. Exploratory baseline circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis from INTRIGUE showed pts with second-line advanced GIST with primary KIT exon 11 mutations and secondary resistance mutations exclusively in KIT exons 17/18 derived clinical benefit from ripretinib but not sunitinib (Bauer S et al. J Clin Oncol. 2023; Abs 397784). Outcomes in pts with advanced GIST with ctDNA not detected (ctDNA-ND) had not been evaluated. Here, we present exploratory data from INTRIGUE in pts who had baseline ctDNA-ND vs ctDNA detected (ctDNA-D). Methods: INTRIGUE is an open-label, phase 3 study that enrolled pts with advanced GIST who had disease progression on or intolerance to imatinib (NCT03673501). Pts were randomized 1:1 to ripretinib 150 mg once daily (QD) or sunitinib 50 mg QD (4 wks on/2 wks off) and stratified by mutation according to local pathology report. Baseline peripheral whole blood was analyzed by Guardant360, a 74-gene ctDNA NGS-based assay. Pts with ctDNA-D had ≥1 somatic alteration in the 74 genes analyzed. Results: Pts with ctDNA-ND (82/362, 22.7%) were younger (median: 55.5 vs 62.0 years) and had smaller sums of longest diameters of target lesions (median [range]: 57.6 [11–459] vs 108.8 [15–418] mm) vs ctDNA-D (280/362, 77.3%). Progression-free survival (PFS) was longer in pts with ctDNA-ND vs ctDNA-D and numerically higher with ripretinib vs sunitinib in pts with ctDNA-ND (Table). Pts with ctDNA-ND categorized as not having a KIT exon 9 mutation at randomization ( KIT exon 11, other KIT/PDGFRA, or KIT/PDGFRA wild-type; n = 71) had longer PFS with ripretinib vs sunitinib (median not estimable [NE] vs 11 months; HR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.28 to 1.12). Objective response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS) were higher with ctDNA-ND vs ctDNA-D. Safety was similar between groups and consistent with the primary analysis. Conclusions: Pts with ctDNA-ND had better efficacy outcomes vs pts with ctDNA-D in both treatment arms; PFS was numerically higher with ripretinib vs sunitinib in pts with ctDNA-ND. Although little is known about the biology driving ctDNA in GIST, these data suggest pts may have improved outcomes and different treatment sensitivity based on ctDNA detectability. Clinical trial information: NCT03673501 . [Table: see text]


A majority of radiation effects studies are connected with creation of radiation-induced defects in the crystal bulk, which causes the observed degradation of material properties. The main objective of this chapter is to describe the mechanisms of recovery from radiation damage, which operate during irradiation but are usually obscured by the concurrent process of defect creation. Accordingly, the conventional rate theory is modified with account of radiation-induced Schottky defect formation at extended defects, which often acts against the mechanisms based on the Frenkel pair production in the crystal bulk. The theory is applied for the description of technologically and fundamentally important phenomena such as irradiation creep, radiation-induced void annealing and the void ordering.


With a novel binuclear gallium complex as the red host material, full color organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) were developed with the color coordinates of Red (0.67, 0.33), Blue (0.17, 0.15) and Green (0.31, 0.63).


Abstract : The correlation between the day-to-day direction of the wind is studied by means of a stochastic model of 'persistence' in a chain of events. It was found more rewarding to study 'persistence' rather than the actual correlation. New properties of the chain of multiple events are determined. An indication is given of how the theory may be applied to the data of experience. (Author)


of as pilot study to analyze the state of who have back pain of low pack pain, degree of symptom which they felt before and after the hospitalization from registered subjects. Results 1. The number of the subjects is 16. The average age is 41.0. 9 of them are fe-male, 7 of them are male. Most of the subjects have history illness which has connection with low pack pain. 2. According to the patient's free description of the back pain, 6 of them suffered throbbing pain. And 8 of the patients have chronic pain, 6 of them have inter-mittent pain of back pain analysing the character of the low back pain. They answered the pain lasted for 47.6 minutes on average. 3. About the change on the average R.O.M. of L-spine, R.O.M. of Lateral bending, Extension, Flexion, Rotation has increased after leaving the hospital compared with before hospitalization. 4. The amount of discomfort or strength of pain, which was checked by VAS on the day of leaving the hospital, has decreased than they were before the hospitalization. And there was the improvement on the dysfunction score and EQ-5D.


The article considers the application of the mechanism of stress relaxation in the rings and refining their working surfaces by applying graphite lubricant by the application of the spherical tool acting on the treated surface at an ultrasonic frequency. The article presents the movement diagram of the working part of the inductor tool relative to the processed surface. The calculations conducted allow for an analysis of the anti-friction surface creating process. It is revealed that at the sequential application of instantaneous heat sources, the heat flux due to the instantaneous heat removal becomes even over the entire working area rather than increases in a selected point. It is evident from calculations that the theoretical values of coating thickness are within the confidence limits of the experimental values that confirms the adequacy of the proposed mathematical model.


Basically information means selection within a domain (value or definition set) of possibilities. For objectifiable, comparable and precise information the domain should be the same for all. Therefore the global (online) definition of the domain is proposed here. It is advantageous to define an ordered domain, because this allows using numbers for addressing the elements and because nature is ordered in many respects. The original data can be ordered in multiple independent ways. We can define a domain with multiple independent numeric dimensions to reflect this. Because we want to search information in the domain, for quantification of similarity we define a distance function or metric. Therefore we propose "Domain Spaces" (DSs) which are online defined nestable metric spaces. Their elements are called "Domain Vectors" (DVs) and have the simple form:


An Electric Vehicle (EV) is a proven solution by car manufacturers to steadily replace the conventional vehicle with a more environmentally friendly option that will reduce our dependence on nonrenewable energies. One drawback is that an EV may take many hours to reach a full charge. Reducing the charging times for EVs are one of the leading challenges for promoting this type of vehicle. Also, the introduction of EVs into the power grid increases flow in the distribution network and as a result increases power flow congestion. Traffic conditions also play a key role in affecting EV battery consumption. Disturbed traffic conditions will result in increased energy consumption of the EV battery and negatively affect the overall performance of EVs. In this research, the problem of scheduling EV battery charging and the assignment of EVs to a Charging Station (CS) is formulated as an optimization problem and will be solved using a simulated annealing optimization method. The assignment of EVs to CSs will satisfy predetermined constraints related to CSs restrictions, the EV conditions, traffic conditions, etc. The proposed approach will be demonstrated using two different scenarios of the system, one where the EVs have homogeneous components and the second, where the EVs have heterogeneous components. From the results, it will be proven that the optimal assignment of an EV occurs when the State of Charge (SoC) of the EV battery remains at its highest possible percentage when arriving at the CS. Keeping the battery SoC at a high percentage results in reduced energy consumption and less charging time.


Liver transplantation is recognized as the only definitive therapy for end-stage liver disease. This therapy applies to a diverse patient population, from neonates to the elderly, for some patients with cancer, viral diseases of the liver, steatosis related to alcohol or metabolic derangements, and several other entities. In 2015, more than 7000 liver transplant procedures were performed in the United States in more than 130 centers. Liver transplant programs vary in performance, which is currently encapsulated in reporting on patient and graft survival at 1 year. Quality measurement in the field should expand and include pretransplant evaluation, because this process is important to all stakeholders—patients and their families, providers including physicians, surgeons, nurses, and hospitals, and public and private payers. The sophisticated needs of these entities underscore the demand for new metrics in modern liver transplantation.


Typhus brings a number of severe changes to the mental sphere of patients, which are characterized as asthenic-depressive states of emotional weakness, and clinically can be united into one group under the name of post-infectious asthenia.


In academia reference architectures in software engineering and other engineering disciplines are used to help bring clarity to a complex problem. It is the intent that reference models inform practice and help deliver superior solutions. As practitioners know in engineering, particularly in software engineering, what is designed on paper too often falls short of what is required for the customer in the real world. This state of affairs provides us with two opportunities, first we can take existing, successful commercial implementations of a complex system and see where the literature may fall short or differ in structure. Likewise, we can look at the reference architectures and see if they can inform practice of their shortcomings or illuminate a path for future development in real world systems. In this paper we evaluated a commercial IoT ('Internet of Things') platform that was developed organically over a period of several years with the Internet of Things Architectural Reference Model developed by IoT-A. The intent is for practice and literature to inform each other on best practices and expand our knowledge of IoT platform design and architecture.


The article considers the use of three-dimensional graphics during lectures and practical classes on engineering graphics for the development of spatial imagination in first-year students and the use of the textbook "Workbook on the course of engineering graphics" for the successful mastering of educational material.


'From Rivalry to Partnership' is the first to study a potentially valuable way forward in tackling the challenges of Africa, namely bilateral partnerships. The book evaluates the significance and strength of the emerging Anglo-French partnership and explores how far this and other forms of 'bilateral' and 'bi-multi' cooperation might serve as a valuable alternative or complement to traditional unilateral and multilateral approaches in Africa.


Annotation TECAKOVA, Helena, Mgr.: The emergence and disappearance of membership, the rights and obligations of members of the cooperative in accordance with the commercial code. [Bachelor Thesis]. Banking Institute University Praha, foreign University Banska Bystrica. Department of economics, valuation, social sciences and law. Supervisor: doc. JUDr. Juraj Spirko, CSc. Year of the submission: 2013. Sites: 52. The work is devoted to the most important issues of the field of business - legally. The first part was devoted to the elaboration of the theoretical background of the field, the history - the legal dimension of cooperatives and regulatory history of the idea of cooperatives, the first entity and the founder to the concept of law and consequently their critical evaluation and comparison. Subsequently, attention will be paid to the basic definitions of concepts, principles and values of the national and international perspective. In connection with the accession to the EU and the developing international cooperation, especially between firms and cooperatives explaining some European and international aspects. The next part is devoted to a consideration of the establishment of cooperatives. In the penultimate part of this work we analyze the rights and obligations of members and membership associations. The last part is focused on extinction and abolition team.


Markets for the apartment remodeling projects will be a major portion of the construction industry in near future. However, only partial remodeling works in the apartment were done so far. This situation caused bad impact to expand the remodeling markets and less profits of the remodeling projects. In order to solve this problem, many other researches were done previously to Improve profits of the apartment remodeling projects. However, the results are too theoretical to implement them and Improve profits. In this research, profitability influence factors that are possible to improve effect of the remodeling works are selected and analyzed through several studies. Then, correlation analysis is performed between the improvement level in the remodeling projects and the numerical profitability based on actual cases. The result clearly shows that some improved remodeling items are strongly related to the profit. These results lead us to the strategy to follow for the purpose of increasing profits of the remodeling projects.


IntroductIon: Psychological and functional restoration, decreased post-operative complications, and improved wound healing have justified immediate vaginal reconstruction after pelvic exenteration. Flap selection is multifactorial, weighing anticipated needs with flap-specific characteristics and limitations. Yousif et al.1 described the transverse upper gracilis (TUG) myocutaneous flap (Table 1) demonstrating improved reliability and cosmesis over traditional gracilis flaps. Use has primarily been in breast reconstruction.


In recent years, the method has been used extensively in the electronics industry to determine thermal strains—strains caused by temperature changes—in microelectronics devices [1-17]. In the early papers on real-time observation [35], convection heating was used but the applications were limited to specimens with a simple geometry. The applicability of the method was extended to specimens with complex geometry by Guo et al. [6,7]. In the technique used in Refs. 6 and 7, called bithermal loading [2], only one elevated temperature condition could be investigated per test. Numerous applications of bithermal loading can be found in literature. The bithermal loading approach was extended later to document inelastic deformations accumulated during thermal cycles [14]. The real-time observation was also extended for specimens with more complex geometry [16], but the heating rate and the range of temperature were limited.


In order to increase the intelligence of the family service robot,a human action recognition method was put forward.First,the scheme of Motion History Image was used to adaptively update the background model.Then,YCbCr images combined with gray images were used to segment the images to decrease the shadow.At last,space-time interest points based on high entropy changes were brought forward to recognize the human action.Experiments showed that the background model can obtain the family environment background satisfactorily.And the recognition rate of the action recognition scheme combined with the environmental information could reach 95%.


It has been widely accepted now in industry and academia that Enterprise Systems (ES) can create value for adopting organizations by enabling operational efficiency. However, given the enormous investments they warrant, the potential of such systems to deliver more than improving operations is emerging as a popular area of investigation. This paper reports a research-in-progress that proposes innovation as a means of creating business value with Enterprise Systems. The primary contribution of this paper is a process model that proposes that Enterprise Systems can enable innovation - in products and processes, and supports it with empirical evidence using three case studies. The intention is to test this model further with more case studies and a survey.


One of the most frequently expressed concerns about new scientific discoveries resulting from the Human Genome Project is the potential for genetic discrimination in insurance and employment. The issue of discrimination in insurance, primarily health insurance, has justifiably received widespread attention in the scholarly literature. Among other research, there has been a special task force on insurance of the Joint Working Group on Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project, a special committee report of the National Action Plan on Breast Cancer, a special report of the American Council of Life Insurance and the Health Insurance Association of America and numerous reports and scholarly articles. The ethical, legal and social implications of genetic discrimination in employment, although widely recognized as being very important, have received somewhat less attention than genetic discrimination in health insurance. Undoubtedly, much of the concern about genetic discrimination in employment arises from the relationship between employment and group health insurance. However, there are other problems. The disclosure of sensitive genetic information may result in invasions of privacy and breaches of confidentiality in obtaining the information and the loss of employment means denial of the opportunity to earn a livelihood for individuals determined to be at genetic risk. As a result, many at-risk individuals forego genetic testing because they fear these consequences.


Summary During the developmental cycle of a mammary gland, many properties that are associated with breast cancer are also displayed. The stromal factors necessary for mammary growth will either promote or protect against breast cancer. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental mechanism of crucial importance because it establishes the body plan in many multicellular organisms. Several transduction pathways controlling the various steps of this morphological transition have been identified by molecular analyses in both cell lines and in vivo. The newly formed mesenchymal cells can exhibit locomotory and invasive phenotypes, suggesting that EMTs may contribute to the progression of carcinomas. The genetic basis of tumorigenesis varies greatly between cancer types; however, the cellular and molecular steps required for metastasis are similar in all cancer types. This review will explore the connection between the EMT process and its involvement in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Recently, there have been advances made in the understanding of molecular mechanisms that govern this lethal metastatic progression. New therapeutic approaches show promise because they target this process; however, before drug development can become successful, significant gaps in the basic knowledge of EMT processes and its molecular mechanisms must be met.


Abstract This article aims to provide insights gained from teaching a subject on leadership and intrapersonal development in the university setting. A teacher reflects upon the how her previous working experience influenced the teaching of the subject and the development of professionalism in the university setting. It is concluded that a teacher has to first understand and know oneself and this self-awareness benefits student learning.


For high sensitivity measurements of isotope concentration-ratios of trace-level gas mixture, particularly including carbon dioxide isotopes, we tested a /sup 12/CO/sub 2/-/sup 13/CO/sub 2/ composite laser system containing intracavity absorption cells. Sensitivity enhancement obtainable by the intracavity absorption cell configuration is examined theoretically. /sup 13/CO/sub 2/ in atmospheric air is readily detected and minimum detectable concentration by the present system was estimated to be 70 ppb.


For many industrial applications, heat flow through composites relates directly to energy usage and thus is of highest interest. For multilayer composites, the heat flow is a result of multiple variables, such as the temperature gradient over the surface boundaries and each material's thermal conductivity, specific heat, and thickness. In addition, the transient heat flux also depends on how the materials are aligned together. The heat flow through composites can be estimated using advanced computer simulations for applied heat transfer. Although these tools are powerful, they are also time consuming. Therefore, approximations that allow the estimation of heat flow through composites can be very useful. This paper presents approximations to solve transient heat transfer in multilayer composites, with and without an interior surface resistance. Since the energy use for various applications relates to the heat transferred at the surface boundary, the main focus of this paper is to define approximate solutions for interior heat flow. In other words, these approximations are found by applying a unit step change in temperature on one side of a composite and then in real-time emulating the surface heat flux on the opposite side from which the step change occurs. The approximations are presented based on lumped analyses and Laplace network solutions and are validated against analytical and numerical solutions.


The article analyzes the experience of introducing psychophysiological methods for monitoring and correcting recovery processes of the athletes after training and competitive loads in the Russian Paralympic ski and biathlon team (athletes with musculoskeletal system damage). A characteristic of mental self-regulation methods and psychophysiological methods of monitoring the condition of athletes is given. A list of psychological characteristics of athletes is also given, which is necessary for the implementation of an individual approach to an athlete. An example of predicting natural psychological characteristics based on measuring the nervous system properties of the athletes is presented, which is necessary for the implementation of an individual approach in working with athletes.


Craniofacial surgery includes a wide range of procedures in the face and cranium from congenital malformations such as orofacial clefts to traumatic deformities. Many scientists contributed to develop this field of surgery. Rene Le Fort was a French surgeon who discovered the lines of weakness in the facial skeleton. He classified the pattern of fractures through these lines into three categories known as LeFort 1, 2 and 3.[1] Gillies was the first surgeon who performed Le Fort 3 osteotomy for a patient with Crouzon or Pfeiffer syndrome, but the result was not satisfactory.[2] Tessier accomplished LeFort 3 osteoto‐ my in a different and of course a more accurate way for a child with Crouzon's syndrome. [3] The presentation of this surgery had a great influence on this remarkable field and become a turning point in craniofacial surgery. Tessier introduced different approaches to the craniofacial skeleton such as transcranial approach to the orbital hypertelorism, transconjunctival approach to the orbital floor or development of subperiosteal facelift technique.[1]-[3] He is named the father of craniofacial surgery. During the years much progress has been made in this field. Refined surgical techniques and instruments, new imaging techniques like 3D computed tomography(CT) scan has had a great impact on craniofacial surgery, not only in diagnosis of craniofacial anomalies but also in treatment planning of surgery. Stereolithic models are 3D printing models which can replicate the actual shape of the defect. These models facilitate reconstruction of prosthesis; they can help in determining the site of insertion of prosthesis or the correct position of the plates or devices like distraction osteogenesis.


Objective To clarify the relationship between CT120,a novel human plasma membrane-associated gene,and the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549.Methods Expression vector(pcDNA3.1)containing antisense oligonucleotides of CT120 was constructed and transfected into the adenocarcinoma cell line A549.RT-PCR and Western blot detected the expression of CT120.Meantime,flow cytometry and soft agarose colony formation were applied for cell proliferation,and P53,CyclinD1 and CDK4 were detected by RT-PCR.ResultspcDNA3.1 containing antisense oligonucleotides of CT120 was successfully constructed and inhibited the expression of CT120 effectively by RT-PCR and Western blot.The expression of P53 was up-regulated and the expression of CyclinD1 and CDK4 were down-regulated.Conclusion The down-regulation of CT120 expression by antisense oligonucleotides technique may be a potential drug target for treatment of lung cancer.


The effect of the structure of the hydrocarbon sphingoid base chain (length, presence of double bonds, and steric configuration of functional groups) and the length of the fatty acid residue of a ceramide molecule on the bioregulatory activities of sphingoids and ceramides is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of functional groups (OH- and NH2-) typical of the sphingoid chain.


ABSTRACT Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious and debilitating disorder that can develop following exposure to a traumatic event. Where parents develop PTSD, it may have an impact on their parenting role. Objective: The objective was to review the existing evidence base on parental PTSD, examining whether parental PTSD has an impact on key parenting domains. Method: A comprehensive web-based search identified 27 quantitative studies that examined parental PTSD in relation to parenting domains. Results: Several parenting domains were investigated including: parenting satisfaction, parenting stress, the parent–child relationship, and specific parenting practices. Sample sizes ranged from 19 to 3931 parents. A range of parental traumas were investigated, including traumatic birth experiences, military trauma, and intimate partner violence. Findings indicated associations between parental PTSD and several domains of parenting, but there were inconsistencies across studies. Conclusions: Findings suggested that parental PTSD is associated with impaired functioning across a number of parenting domains, including increased levels of parenting stress, lower parenting satisfaction, less optimal parent–child relationships, and more frequent use of negative parenting practices, such as overt hostility and controlling behaviours. However, methodological limitations across the literature as a whole limited the potential to infer causal impacts of PTSD on parenting. Further study is also needed to advance our current understanding around the impact of different trauma types on parenting domains. HIGHLIGHTS • The review brought together existing evidence in the parental PTSD literature, to further understand how parental PTSD impacts parenting domains.• A total of 27 articles were reviewed, examining several parenting domains including: parenting satisfaction, parenting stress, the parent–child relationship, and specific parenting practices.• Parents with PTSD may experience more impaired functioning in these specific domains compared to parents without PTSD.• Methodological limitations across the literature limit potential inference from the current findings; therefore further study is still needed.


A new species of Tymolus is described from Taiwan. This relatively large size species, resembles T. uncifer (Ortmann, 1892) but can easily be differentiated from it by its carapace shape, which is broader than long, and very reduced third and fourth pair of ambulatory legs and shape of the male second pleopod. This is also the first record of this family from Taiwan.


The view that democracy is the preferred form for government for most people is hardly ever contested. In a recent work, Francis Fukuyama (2011: 11) conveys this common sentiment when he unequivocally claims that 'most people around the world would strongly prefer to live in a society in which their government was accountable and effective'. Even if we were cautiously to share Fukuyama's optimism – bearing in mind, of course, that he is no stranger to controversy, and that nor has he ever shown much caution when putting forward grandiose statements – and believe that an 'accountable and effective' government (that is, a democratic one) is a common goal, there would still be much to be said about the multiple controversies surrounding the concept and the practice of democracy. If we were to ignore that there are probably as many definitions of democracy as scholars willing to write about it, and if we then accepted Fukuyama's premise that democracy is a common goal, then one


The ATP‐dependent transformation of crenated white human erythrocyte ghosts into smoothed disc and cup forms is inhibited by the soluble 40–45‐kilodalton (kDa) cytoplasmic portion of the major transmembrane protein, band 3. The band 3 fragment was prepared by chymotryptic treatment of inverted vesicles stripped of peripheral proteins. When present at ≥0.2 mg per mg membrane protein (ie, ≥2 mol fragment per mol endogenous band 3), the fragment significantly reduced the rate of shape change but did not alter the proportion of membranes that were ultimately converted into smoothed forms (>90%). The inhibitory activity of the fragment could not be attributed to contamination of the fragment preparation by actin or proteolytic enzymes. ATP‐independent shape transformation was not inhibited. The band 3 fragment may compete with endogenous, intact band 3 for an association with the spectrin‐actin network required for ATP‐dependent smoothing of crenated membranes.


The temperature distribution of the simulated living tissue is measured for the improvement of the cooling rate during cryopreservation when the surface condition of the test sample is changed by covering the stainless steel mesh. Agar is used as a simulated living tissue and is filled inside the test sample. The variation of the transient temperature with mesh by the directly immersion in the liquid nitrogen is measured. The temperatures on the sample surface and the inside of the sample are measured by use of type T thermocouples. It is confirmed that on the sample surface there is the slightly temperature increase than that in the saturated liquid nitrogen at the atmospheric pressure. It is found by the comparison of the degree of superheat with or without the mesh that the surface temperature of the test sample with the mesh is lower than that without the mesh. On the other hand, the time series variations of the temperature located in the center of the sample does not change with or without the mesh. It is considered that the center of the sample used is too deep from the surface to respond to the boiling state on the sample surface.


East African countries are trying to create or expand business activities by adopting outsourcing strategies. One of them is Uganda. The Ministry of ICT has given high priority to creating sound Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) policies in order to attract foreign investors. Furthermore, the faculty of Computing and Information Technology at the Makerere University in Kampala is focussing on more IT Outsourcing (ITO) projects for Uganda. However, before these measures can lead to success, several critical factors have to be met. We identify nine factors that can lead to the success of the Ugandan ICT-sector. We look into Uganda's current investment climate against the framework of these critical success factors (CSFs).


A prior cost or investment that already occurred in the past should not influence a current decision. Yet, it often exerts a strong influence. This " sunk cost " effect has previously been demonstrated over numerous settings. Three experiments in this paper examined mediating processes for the effect. Experiment 1 employed self-report measures of various alternative mediators and provided initial evidence that decision makers' anticipated regret from inaction might be responsible for the effect. Experiments 2-3 then examined the regulatory focus (promotion vs. prevention focus) as a potential moderator for the sunk cost effect, and showed that the effect was restricted to the conditions in which participants' regulatory focus matched the nature of the decision target (i.e., when there was a " regulatory fit "). These and other results indicated that decision makers' anticipated regret from inaction decisions is the reason for the sunk cost effect.


Magnetic nanoparticles are often used for the imaging of liver tumors and atherosclerotic plaques as well as for targeted drug delivery. However, the fate of polymer‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles and their impact on cell functions are not well understood. Upon intravenous injection into mice, carboxydextran‐coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) were rapidly incorporation into Kupffer cells, the hepatic macrophages, where they triggered delayed apoptosis and subsequent Kupffer cell depletion. Confocal microscopy of macrophages treated in vitro with SPIO revealed that the internalized SPIO were confined to lysosomal vesicles, where they colocalized with α‐glucosidase. Both, macrophages and recombinant α‐glucosidase degraded the carboxydextran shell of SPIO in a time‐dependent manner. After uncoating, the unprotected iron oxide core triggered increased ROS production leading to sustained JNK activation. The proinflammatory cytokine TNF‐α increased the apoptosis rate, the ROS production and the JNK activation elicited by SPIO. Notably, the SPIO‐induced apoptosis of Kupffer cells could be abolished by treatment of the mice with the radical scavenger edaravone. Thus, SPIO‐based contrast agents are retained for extended time periods by hepatic macrophages, where they elicit delayed cell death that can be blocked by suitable radical scavengers.


Glioblastomas are considered fast-growing tumors, but there is little information on their growth kinetics prior to diagnosis. This is because most patients develop symptoms only when their tumors ...


This study was designed to test the effects of dietary supplementation of fermented soybean meal (FSM) with Phaffia rhodozyma on growth, muscle pigmentation, and antioxidant activities of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Solid fermented soybean meal with P. rhodozyma (FSPH) contained 500 ppm astaxanthin was used as the natural source of astaxanthin in the present study. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 0, 50, 75, and 100 ppm astaxanthin (designated as FSPH0, FSPH50, FSPH75 and FSPH100, respectively). Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (18.5 g/fish) to visual satiation twice daily for 10 weeks. Growth performance and proximate composition of muscle were not affected by dietary treatments. Total carotenoid and astaxanthin concentrations in muscle of fish were not affected by dietary treatments. Redness (a*) values of muscle from fish fed the FSPH50, FSPH75, and FSPH100 diets were significantly higher than those fed the FSPH0 diet. Plasma and liver DPPH, hydroxyl, and alkyl radical scavenging activities were not affected by dietary treatments. Plasma total antioxidant capacity of fish fed the FSPH50 diet was significantly higher than that of the FSPH0 group. Fish fed the supplemented diets showed significantly lower catalase activity compare to those fed the unsupplemented control diet. Plasma superoxide dismutase activity in fish fed the FSPH100 diet was significantly lower than that of fish fed the FSPH75 diet. These results suggest that the combination of FSM and P. rhodozyma is a good source of astaxanthin, and that a diet containing 10% of this mixture (equal to 50 ppm astaxanthin) could successfully improve muscle pigmentation and antioxidant status of juvenile rainbow trout.


The present invention relates to a manufacturing method and a manufacturing tool of durable polarizing lens according to the casting method, the conventional polarizing lens is a plastic (or glass), transparent or between the method of heating attaching the polarizing sheet to the surface of the lens and dugyeop lens by forming a polarizing film having a color different from those who had used a method to obtain a polarizing effect, the present invention is inserted into a polarizing sheet between the mold set before, the gasket consisting of the upper die and the lower die by the gasket of the casting process of the spectacle lens resin ( age to scratches on the polarizing film surfaces by an external impact, the largest disadvantage of conventional polarizing lens other than for the purpose inherent in the polarizing lens that prevents methods glare due to, the diffused reflection of completed by injection, casting method goes through the polymerization process of monomer) while solving the drawback is not shortened had to attach the polarizing film between dugyeop lens during the manufacturing process Invar an improvement cumbersome process, the respective upper and lower die mold (5, 6) in the lower portion of the insert to the polarizing film (2) of the circular machining of a curved surface-type in the middle of the gasket (1), the gasket (1) step (S1) for setting a; The process (S1) process (S2) for injecting resin in the gasket (1) inside the polarizing film (2) in the cavity (C1, C2) formed in the lower; Primary polymerization process (S3) for the curing of the resin injected into the upper and lower portions of the polarizing film (2); Stripping step of separating the lens of the first polymerization step (S3) the rough polarizing film (2) is inserted through the gasket (1) and the upper and lower die mold (5,6) (S4); A second polymerization step (S6) that a heat treatment to the degree of deformation and a good quality coating conditions of the detached lens from the stripping step (S4) comprises.


Fluid inclusions in quartz from miarolitic cavities, quartz veins, and a Pb-Zn ore deposit at the Miocene granite pluton, Tsushima Islands, Japan, were analyzed by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) to examine chemistries and behaviors of hydrothermal fluids in granite body with shallow emplacement level. The Tsushima granite pluton is mainly composed of biotite-granites and numerous mafic microgranular enclaves. Small miarolitic cavities are relatively common in the granite, and quartz veins are rare. An estimated emplacement level of the granite is 2-6 km deep. Quartz in the miarolitic cavities and the quartz veins contains abundant polyphase inclusions with large halite crystal and vapor-rich inclusion, a small amount of liquid-rich two-phase inclusion, and a few low-salinity liquid-rich inclusion and CO2 inclusion. Salinities of the polyphase inclusions were of 28-60 wt % NaCl eq., and the homogenizing temperatures (Th) ranged from 460 to 200 C. Two-phase inclusions of the miarolitic cavities showed almost Th of 400-200 C. Quartz in the ore vein contains abundant two-phase inclusion, and a few polyphase inclusion, vapor-rich inclusion, low-salinity liquid inclusion, and CO2 inclusion. Salinities of the polyphase inclusions were of 28-49 wt % NaCl eq., and the Th ranged from 450 to 250 C. Element concentrations (average) of polyphase inclusions in the miarolitic cavities, determined by PIXE, were as follows: about 25 wt.% for Cl, 1-5 wt.% for Fe and K, several hundreds to several thousands ppm for Ca, Mn, Ba, Zn, Pb, Br, 200-400 ppm for Cu and Rb, and several tens ppm for Sr and Ge. The compositions are thought to correspond to the original contents of hydrothermal fluid released from the Tsushima granite during solidification. The determined values are several times higher than the values of original hydrothermal fluid estimated from miarolitic quartz from the Miocene Kofu granite (Japan) that has relatively deeper emplacement level (5-8 km deep). The polyphase inclusions of the Tsushima granite were probably formed by decompression boiling of the original hydrothermal fluids during the granite solidification because of the shallow emplacement level. The high contents of transition-metal elements in the polyphase inclusions are also attributable to the element partitioning at the phase separation by boiling. Polyphase inclusions in the quartz veins and the ore vein have compositions similar to those in the miarolitic cavities. Br/Cl ratios (by weight) in the liquid-rich two-phase inclusions are mostly less than 0.0034 of sea values: 0.0014 for the miarolitic cavities, 0.0022 for the quartz veins, and 0.0027 for the ore vein, respectively. On the other hand, the polyphase inclusions have higher values of Br/Cl ratios, and the values are different for each occurrence: 0.0015 to 0.0043 for the miarolitic cavities, 0.0020 to 0.0108 for the quartz veins, and 0.0019 to 0.0124 for the ore vein, respectively.


The study aims to propose an algorithm to estimate the riverbank elevation using a three-dimensional (3D) camera. 3D camera is applied to collect the depth map of the area of interest. Then, the geometric computer vision is utilised to estimate the relative elevation of the point in the image coordinate. The estimated elevation data in the image field will be converted into a real world coordinate system and a geographic coordinate system to increase the applicability. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a MAE (Mean-absolute error) of 0,025. The results of in-situ measurement prove the proposed method well estimated the riverbank's elevation. However, the field estimation error has not been evaluated due to the lack of conditions to collect the reference data.


The socio-economic and value chain study of goat farming from different herd size groups of surati and local breed was conducted in South Gujarat region of Gujarat state. The study was undertaken in randomly selected villages of Navsari, Valsad and Tapi districts of South Gujarat region. The goat keeping household of selected villages were divided into two groups maintaining surati and local breeds. The study revealed that the net income derived from different herd size groups of goats was much higher among surati breed than local breed. This clearly showed large (16 to or more goats, kids & buck) herd size group of goat keepers achieved higher profits than small (1 to 5 goats, kids & buck), and medium (6 to 15 goats, kids & buck) herd size groups in both breed of goats. The overall annual net income per goat was worked out to be `1283.51 and 994.90 in surati and local breed of goats. The annual income of surati breed of different herd size groups was higher in comparison to local breeds. This showed that the improved breed of surati goats have positive impact on the income of goat keepers. Value chain analysis indicated that there were four marketing channels found in male goat marketing in the study area. The major marketing cost components were assembling, maintenance, animal preparation, labour and transportation for sellers and market fee, labour and levy for buyers. The gross market margin was found higher in the Farmer-Farmer channel (95.89%). Therefore, this channel had turned out to be most efficient. It was found that as the number of intermediaries between producer and ultimate buyer increases, the producer's share went on decreasing.


Tympanosclerosis is a disease which affects the tympanic membrane (TM) and middle ear. The locus for the essential pathology is in the connective tissue component of the drum which is the lamina pr...


The essential properties required for carriers in a drug-delivery system are not only active targeting and cell entry, but also retention and release into the target cells of the drug molecules. Many techniques for appending controllable release functions at low pH or in a reducing environment to synthetic drug carriers, such as liposomes, polymers, and nanogels, have been reported. Such synthetic vehicles, however, possess low targeting ability, and the external display of specific ligands for recognition by cell surface receptors is required. Virus-like particles (VLPs), which consist of viral proteins without viral nucleic acids, are ideal drug carriers due to their inherent targeting potential and efficient cellular uptake. The VLPs derived from JC virus can be transfected into mammalian cells with high efficiency by receptor-mediated endocytosis in the same manner as the native virus. Many studies have been carried out to use the VLPs as nanomaterials. However, the concept of "controlled drug release" has not yet been introduced to the VLPs. VLP transport proceeds according to the life cycle of the native virus; thus drugs cannot be released at a particular stage during intracellular transport, such as in the endosome or cytosol. Fabrication of a conceptual path to encapsulation of drug molecules and controlled release at the desired position in cells widens the possibility of using VLPs as drug carriers. Herein, we first present "drug-releasing VLPs" in which the release mechanism is triggered by changes in pH based on hexahistidine motif (His6) affinity (Figure 1 A). The drug-releasing VLPs we have developed are composed of two viral proteins (VPs), a major coat protein, VP1, and inner core protein, VP2. VP2 was used as an anchoring molecule to display His6 tags inside the VLPs. The His6 tag offers specific and reversible attachment of the drug molecules. Because the pKa of the histidine residue is around 6.5, the protonation of histidines at a lower pH reduces the His6 affinity; this leads to the pH-mediated release of the attached molecules. The JC VLPs have apertures of around 1 nm, through which small drug molecules can enter and escape. As a first step, we investigated the incorporation of proteins into the JC VLPs by using green fluorescence protein (GFP), which can be used as a reporter protein (Figure 1 B). GFP was fused to the N terminus of VP2 (GFP–VP2) and co-expressed with VP1 in Escherichia coli. The expressed VP1 and GFP–VP2 can associate with each other and form GFP-incorporated VLPs (VLP–GFPs) inside E. coli. The resultant VLP–GFPs were purified by density gradient centrifugation and analysed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting (see Supporting Information). On average, 1.5 L of E. coli culture provides 750 mg of crude protein, which consists of E. coli lysate, and a final yield of 2 mg of purified VLPs. The structures of purified VLP–GFPs were observed by liquid atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) (Figure 2). VLP–GFPs had a spherical shape of around 40–50 nm in diameter, similar to the VLPs consisting solely of VP1, though the surface of the VLP– GFPs looked flatter than that of VLPs (Figure 2 A and B). This subtle surface difference might be attributed to conformational changes of the VLPs that arise from VP2 binding. In the STEM images, the white areas are negatively stained, and the dark areas are unstained; this suggests the presence of a protein. Compared with VLPs, the interior of the VLP–GFPs appeared less stained (Figure 2 C and D). Though not conclusive, Figure 1. Schematic illustration of drug-releasing VLPs. A) The encapsulation and low pH-triggered release of drug molecules from the VLPs by using His6-tag affinity. B) Incorporation of a peptide/protein into the VLPs by using VP2 as an anchoring molecule. PDBID = 1SVA.


To explore the inhibitory effect of endophyte DEB-2to the pathogens of loquat gray leaf spot,the indoor virulence of endophyte DEB-2against the pathogens was tested by growth rate method. The results showed that endophyte DEB-2could significantly inhibit the mycelial growth and spore germination of Pestalotiopsis eriobotrfolia,the toxicity equations of which were y=1.6548x+7.493and y=1.2842x+6.8651respectively;the EC50values were 3.12% and 3.53% separately.Therefore, endophyteic strain DEB-2had great potential for the biological control of loquat gray leaf spot disease.


In the modern time,contemporary college students are the new forces of social consumer groups.However,at the same time,their world outlook and values have not yet matured,which are easily affected by the society,family,school and other external environment.Based on Keynesian theory of income and consumption,this article attempts to make use of the survey data on college students' spending to analyze their current consumption situation,and tries to explore the factors which have influence students' consumption from many aspects such as the society,family,school and individual.At last,effective ways are provided to help students establish scientific consumption ideas.


Brick kiln sites in an Indian dry tropical peri-urban region, differing in the period of exposure to industrial activity and distance from the brick baking centre, were investigated seasonally for their impact on plant biomass (aboveground and belowground), diversity structure and soils. A total of 72 angiospermic plant species distributed over 25 families were recorded across different sites and seasons. The working brick kiln site, which experienced exposure to industrial activity for short term, showed highest total plant biomass (349-812 g m -2 ), and higher mean soil organic C (0.77%), total N (0.05%) and moisture content (2.75% in summer). In contrast, the abandoned brick kiln site, which witnessed long-term disturbance, had highest belowground biomass (179-253 g m -2 ) with relatively poor soil resources (mean soil organic C (0.20%), total N (0.05%)). Belowground biomass of plant communities significantly declined with increasing soil organic C and total N. Higher species diversity was found at sites with low as well as high plant biomass. Thus, this study revealed that long-term brick kiln industrial activity affected the soil characteristics, and concomitantly the structure of plant biomass (particularly the belowground), and species diversity. This structural alteration is suggestive of adaptational implications for plant communities in anthropoecosystems.


A method for determination of sulphur in oil was studied with ICP-AES technique. The samples were diluted in aviation kerosene with a suitable dilution proportion and determined directly, with detection limit of 0.06% (600mg/kg) and relative standard deviation within 1.0~5.0%, which was in agreement with the results determined by national standard method.


The hollow stem disorder is a common problem in cauliflower, resulting in similar symptom to B deficiency. Its occurrence is associated, specially to nitrogen and boron rates. There is few information about this subject in Brazil. The experiment was carried out from March to June/2006 in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The objective was to evaluate rates of nitrogen (100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1) and B aplication (0 and 3 kg ha-1) on yield and hollow stem disorder of the cauliflower 'Julia' cultivated in Kandiustalf at Tiete region, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The curd diameter was not influenced by treatments and corresponding mean value was 17.74 cm. Nitrogen levels increased mean weight, yield and N content of curds. Fertilization increased boron contents in curds, commercial yield and reduced hollow stem disorder. There was a negative correlationship between B concentration at curds and hollow stem disorder incidence. Therefore, to reduce this physiological disorder the boron fertilization is required when cauliflower is grown even in soil with average B level.


Since 1970s, just after Monetarists revolution that emphasized the stability of demand for money heavily, there have been numerous studies about demand for money estimation. While some studies showed that interest rate is not a very significant determinant of demand for money, some others pointed out the importance of it especially at very low levels ( a la liquidity trap). None of the studies, however, pointed out the demand for money stability in open economy setting. This paper, by pointing out increased role of international trade in India s economy, estimates the demand for money function in Indian case. The results are interesting, but not very supportive to conclude that external variables determine demand for money behavior. While there are some limitations for Indian case to be completely responsive to monetary sector, more studies are needed to explore this type of demand for money behavior.


This paper presents language recognition results obtained for the four official Spanish languages: Spanish, Catalan, Basque and Galician. Results were obtained in closed and open tests (these latter including segments in French, Portuguese, German or English) on a subset of 30 second segments. A detailed study per target language is also included. Experiments were carried out on the KALAKA database, especially recorded for The Albayzin 2008 Language Recognition Evaluation. The main verification system resulted from the fusion of an acoustic system and 6 phonotactic subsystems. To model the target language, the acoustic subsystem takes information from the spectral characteristics of the audio signal, whereas phonotactic subsystems use sequences of phones produced by several acoustic-phonetic decoders. The best fused system attained a 3,58% EER and CLLR= 0.30 in closed tests, which means 24,5% improvement with regard to the best result obtained in the Albayzin 2008 LRE.


Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of breaking into half and quarter-tablets Enalapril 20 mg sold in the Albanian market, in dosages suitable for use in children. Methods : 100 whole tablets of Enalapril 20 mg were chosen at random from each of three different manufacturers based on scoring characteristic: scored on one side, scored on both sides and not scored. Whole tablets from each of the three product types were weighed and the mean weight calculated. The pills were then split in half and quarter by using a pill-splitter. The resulting half-tablets and quarter-tablets were weighed and the mean weights were calculated. Results : All the whole tablets were found to conform to the set criteria. Only halves from those tablets scored on both sides passed the weight uniformity test, with no individual half outside the 85-115 % range. Quarter-tablets failed the weight uniformity test. A higher relative standard deviation was observed for half and quarter-tablets of the not-scored tablet. Conclusion : The study shows that deviations in weight were observed in half tablets and quarter tablets of Enalapril 20 mg. These deviations were related to the presence or not of the score line. Such inadequate breaking of the tablets may result in dose variability and complicate therapeutic outcome. Keywords : Enalapril, Breaking tablets, Pediatric formulations, Score line


Invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung can be classified histologically as: Lepidic, Acinar, Papillary, Micropapillary and Solid patterns with mucin production. Papillary adenocarcinoma (PA) is diagnosed histologically when >75% of the neoplasm contains papillary architecture supported by fibrovascular cores. This subtype comprises about 7.4-12% of pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Many papillary subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma have their own cytogenetic abnormalities, prognosis, and demands specific treatment modalities. We present a case of localized PA and discuss the histology, diagnostic considerations, cytogenetics, treatment, and prognosis. Keysords: Adenocarcinoma; Papillary; Lung; Non-small cell carcinoma; Architecture each subtype must be assessed and reported semi-quantitatively (in 5% increments). [3] Invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung is now histologically classified as: Lepidic, Acinar, Papillary, Micropapillary and Solid patterns with mucin production. [4] The prognostic relevance of histologic subtypes is demonstrated in early stage disease, where lepidic subtype is associated with good prognosis, acinar and papillary subtypes show intermediate prognosis, whereas micropapillary and solid subtypes correlate with the worst prognosis. [5] Primary papillary adenocarcinoma (PA) is an uncommon invasive form of lung cancer where papillae replace the underlying alveolar architecture. [6] This subtype comprises about 7.4-12% of pulmonary adenocarcinomas. [4]