Financial statements provide essential information for decision making and performance evaluation of companies. This information is even more relevant for identifying financial vulnerability situations. With this purpose, this article explores the behavior of certain financial ratios, aiming to determine whether a company is facing a financial challenge when their financial position is unknown a priori. Latin American markets —Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru- are compared in terms of their companies' financial ratios from the 2000 decade, available at the respective stock markets.
Cluster analysis provided the first approach in grouping companies and characterize them according to their financial position.
This article uses non-parametric methods for mean comparison to identify accounting ratios that were significant for clustering the companies.
Some findings strongly suggest that companies with financial difficulties are similar. These present lower economic profitability and cash flow indexes when compared to companies that are not facing these challenges.  Moreover, they show higher debt levels and lower total asset turnover.


Experimental seedlings with Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb), a species known worldwide for its large size, longevity and quality of timber, are beginning in Brazil, making the availability of quality seedlings necessary. Thus, the technique of tissue culture, via micropropagation, becomes a great ally for the guarantee of genetic superiority, large-scale production and reduced propagation time. Currently there are numerous protocols for several species, however, it is necessary to verify all influential agents in the success of in vitro development. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of activated charcoal and agar concentrations on aerial and root development of S. sempervirens. The treatments involved the presence / absence of activated carbon (1 g L-1), combined with concentrations of agar (4, 5 and 6 g L-1) in 50% MS medium. For the number and length of shoots and roots, only activated carbon was significant, and the presence benefited the development of the explants. For the percentage of callus, there was interaction of the factors, and higher concentrations of agar (5 and 6 g L-1) in the presence of medium were harmful, since they presented higher callosity, which minimizes the rooting rates. It is indicated the addition of activated charcoal (1 g L-1) and lower concentration of agar (4 g L-1) in 50% MS culture medium for a better in vitro development of sequoia.


The invention discloses a bag type dust collector filter bag. A technical scheme adopted in the invention is characterized in that the bag type dust collector filter bag is mainly formed by a bag head, a bag body and a bag bottom, the bag body is made of a stainless steel fiber sintered felt, the surface of the stainless steel fiber sintered felt is sintered with a layer of a polytetrafluoroethylene film, and the aperture of the polytetrafluoroethylene film is 0.5-2mum. The invention also discloses a making method of the bag type dust collector filter bag. The bag type dust collector filter bag solves a problem of bad back-blow deashing effect of the stainless steel fiber sintered felt filter bag, especially the very difficult deashing in humid gaseous environment.


Chordoma is a rare malignant neoplasm arising from remnants of notochordal cells along the spinal axis. It occurs along the spinal axis with most tumors arising in the sacrococcygeal and sphenooccipital regions, with the remaining tumors arising along the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. As the chordoma has been considered primarily a local disease associated with a high incidence of local recurrence and with a poor long-term prognosis, treatment recommendations for chordoma typically involve radical resection and subsequent radiotherapy. Despite the low potential for metastasis, chordoma-induced metastatic lesions have been noted in the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, peritoneum, skin, heart, brain, and distant regions of the spine. However, there is little data on the treatment modalities, especially on chemotherapeutic treatments, for chordoma-induced metastatic diseases to date. Herein, we present a case of the metastatic chordoma to the lung, which regressed by the platinum-based combined chemotherapy.


We evaluated tilt as an input method for devices with built-in accelerometers, such as touchscreen phones and tablet computers. The evaluation was empirical and experimental. Sixteen participants performed a tilt-based position-select task, similar to the multi-directional Fitts' law task in ISO 9241-9. Four levels of tilt gain (25, 50, 100, and 200) and two selection modes (first-entry and 500 ms dwell) were used. Movement times were lowest with tilt gain = 50 and first-entry selection. Maximum tilt angles ranged from about 2° to 13°, depending on condition. Tilt as an input primitive is shown to conform to Fitts' law. Throughput is low, however, about 2.3 bits/s for first-entry and 1.2 bits/s for dwell.


Semantic web is an emerging paradigm that has great potential for the management of web content in a meaningful manner. With more and more semantic information appended to web, the web logs can be used to find valuable information about users. Their preferences, characteristics, cognitive capacity, or goals can be interpreted from the patterns of relations between traversed web nodes. A novel approach called semantic relation analysis (SRA) is proposed in this paper to harvest the new opportunities created by semantic web. In this paper, literature about navigational pattern analysis is presented. Example of using SRA in a learning system is also given. Empirical study about SRA showed promising results.


Human labour refers to the physical or mental work or services performed by workers to earn wages as to sustain life. Human Labour has achieved a measure of success mainly on material aspect without the corresponding spiritual, moral or redemptive aspect. This has made profit the exclusive norm and ultimate end of economic activity but its dignity is lost. This paper sought to discover the reason for this deviation, and assess the biblical and moral impact of labour in human development. Qualitative method of inquiry was used in this research and it was discovered that there is a misunderstanding of God and His reason for Labour. This has resulted to economic exploitation, hunger, profiteering, business fraud and social injustice. The paper concludes by enjoining all to return to Gods words.


To achieve a coherent evolutionary theory, it is necessary to account for the effects of the environment on the process of development. Phenotypic plasticity is the change in the expressed phenotype of a genotype as a function of the environment. Various measures of plasticity exist, many of which can be united within the framework of a polynomial function. This function is the norm of reaction. For the special case of a linear reaction norm, genetic variation can be partitioned into portions that are independent and dependent on the environment. From this partition two heritability measures are derived which can be used, alternatively, to compare populations or make predictions about the response to selection. Genetically, plasticity is likely due both to differences in allelic expression across environments and to changes in interactions among loci; plasticity is not a function of heterozygosity. Plasticity responds to both artificial and natural selection. The evolution of plasticity is modeled in thre...


This comprehensive tutorial manual provides a complete how-to resource for both trainers and tutors in one accessible volume. It contains guidelines for setting up a successful tutorial program in the early grades; presents a field-tested lesson format for individualized instruction in reading, writing, and phonics; and features dozens of reproducible forms, worksheets, and materials!*


This study developed compression leggings (CLs) with a support panel for foot progression angle (FPA) correction to improve the fit without restricting the user's movement while providing an appropriate external force. This study aimed to examine the effects of FPA correction concerning the functionality and usability of the support panel of CLs that ensure low pressure. Clothing pressure (CP), FPA, skin blood flow (SBF), perceived strength, and usability of OCLs during treadmill walking were compared with the normal leggings (NLs). Differences in CP, FPA, SBF, and user evaluation results were analyzed according to different wearing conditions. Despite the low CP generated by the support panel (≤3.21 mmHg), there was a significant positive orthotic effect with an 11.6–18.0% increase in FPA for external rotation and a 10.5% increase in SBF. The users felt pressure and support around the thigh where the support panel was placed and directional tensile strength throughout their lower extremities while recognizing the usefulness in gait correction. Pressure and support provided by the support panel assured appearance satisfaction, dimension satisfaction, compression satisfaction, ease of movement, and safety. This study demonstrated that the support panel of CLs provided an FPA correction effect concerning functionality and usability.


It is essential for the productivity of companies to take care of their resources and optimize both environmental and economic aspects for their long-term profitability; in the industrial sector of Ecuador, the textile industry has a great productive impact, which is why this research has investigated its energy efficiency. The recent update of the ISO 5001:2018 standard, allows to set the focus on an energy management system based on continuous improvement, which allows changing not only business realities, but also environmental. This work addresses the analysis of the energy baseline of a textile company, which indicates that there is no adequate correlation between energy consumption and production. This study demonstrates the benefit of implementing an energy management system based on ISO 50001: 2018.


Security Council (PSC); however, a concluding chapter by the editors would have been useful here to summarize and synthesize the analyses of the individual chapters and the three larger sections. Overall, the book provides a conceptual focus on the challenges facing the APSA. These include inter alia issues regarding the extent to which norms and processes have become embedded in the continent within and between African security actors. Such embeddedness is shown to remain uneven and challenging given the widely divergent levels of governance, state capacity and interest with regards to security. Indeed, many countries indicate minimal interest in aspects of security beyond the regime, such as that of their own citizens. The book in this sense responds to the increasing interest in African agency in addressing insecurity on the continent, and it provides a sound study of the various instruments available to different actors to realize the APSA. However, its discussions of how the AU, the various RECs, African states and external actors work (or do not work) together would be enhanced by including other elements of the APSA, such as the Peace and Security Council, the Panel of the Wise and the Africa Peace Fund. Nevertheless, the volume constitutes a useful addition to our understanding of evolving dynamics related to security in Africa. Taken together with Haastrup's book, the two volumes demonstrate the growing scholarly and practitioner interest in security matters on the continent and the various levels of cooperation that currently exist, both within Africa and between Africa and the EU. Both books clearly draw out challenges to the effectiveness of efforts to address insecurity in Africa as well as examples of success, and they signal an abundance of opportunities for future research on these matters.


Plasma osmotic and electrolyte concentrations as well as branchial Na+/K+ and Mg++ ATPase activities were determined in the field for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, from a brackish marsh and freshwater lake in southcentral Louisiana. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate plasma chemistry and gill ATPase activities of largemouth bass from both locations exposed to 0, 4, 8, and 12‰ salinity. No significant differences in physiological responses were detected between marsh and freshwater largemouth bass exposed to 0, 4, or 12‰. Exposure to 12‰ salinity resulted in osmotic stress in largemouth bass from both locations. At 8‰, marsh largemouth bass had significantly higher plasma solutes and lower gill ATPase activities than freshwater fish. Different physiological responses by marsh and freshwater largemouth bass during exposure to 8‰ salinity indicated that marsh largemouth bass have adapted to environments of variable salinity by reducing active ion transport and tolerating elevated pla...


A single degree-of-freedom system is analyzed probabilistically for earthquake-like excitations. A Gaussian nonstationary random process model developed previously has been used for the ground acceleration. After finding the variance of the response, the distribution of the highest peak is determined approximately. The average of this is closely related to the conventional average response spectra. Numerical results are presented for four earthquake-like excitations which differ widely in their properties such as duration, maximum acceleration, rate of zero crossings, etc. The four excitations are supposed to simulate the Port Hueneme (NS, March 18, 1957); Vernon, CA (S82E, October 2, 1933); Taft, CA (S69E, July 21, 1952); and Tower Latino Americana, Mexico (N09E, May 11, 1962) earthquakes. The present approximate analysis indicates that long duration earthquakes may have more than one peak in their undamped average velocity spectra.


Abstract : Thirty-four observation wells were installed at 17 sites in the area of a hazardous-waste disposal site near Brentwood, in Williamson County, Tennessee. These wells were installed to supplement data collected from domestic wells in the area, to help define the geology of the study area, and to determine water levels. Both lithologic and geophysical logs were obtained for each well drilled to help define the formations encountered. Four limestone units, corresponding to the Bigby-Cannon Limestone, the Hermitage Formation, the Carters Limestone (including the T-3 bentonite), and the Lebanon Limestone, were described from well cuttings and borehole geophysical logs. Water levels have been collected at both the shallow and deep wells at each site.


Population policy measures address all fertile women in Serbia, and the aim
 is to mobilize the largest number of women to give birth. Although strong
 response is desirable, not all women react, or at least not to the same
 extent, to the population policy measures which are financially based in
 Serbia. In this paper our intention was to identify which categories of
 fertile women could give greatest demographic benefit in the near future
 considering current population policy measures. We assumed that age and
 socioeconomic characteristics are the most relevant for the different
 response of women. Considering past structural changes of women population,
 and population projection results, we tried to define which categories of
 fertile women can give the greatest demographic benefit to the increase of
 birth level until 2041. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br.
 47006: Research of demographic phenomena in the function of public policies
 in Serbia]


frican American writers are still writing slave narratives. One hundred thirtynine years after emancipation, more than four decades after the Civil Rights movement, the experience of slavery, the costs of escape, and the pain of remembering still compel attention. Yet even as the racial realities of modern America press literary scholars, historians, filmmakers, and others to keep our dark national history fresh in our collective consciousness, the march of time makes our "peculiar institution" seem reassuringly distant to some, and less recoverable than ever. As we began the twentieth century, thousands of ex-slaves were still alive, many testifying to their experiences (albeit often in compromised ways) through public forums such as the Work Projects Administration interviews. As we enter the twentyfirst century, no survivors remain, and very few who have actually beheld or spoken to a former slave. An experiential and bodily connection to slavery has been lost. No one alive bears the physical scars of African American enslavement, those visible


. Single-domain bars of NdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 = Nd 4 Ba 2 Cu 2 O 10 (Nd123/422) superconducting composites have been fabricated in air by using a directional solidification technique. T c values of 96 K can be obtained after an Ar heat treatment and further oxygenation. The microstructure of Nd123 shows distinctive features compared with Y123, which affect the dislocation configuration, Nd422–Nd123 interfaces and local strain fields within the matrix, which correlate with the particular J c . H ; T / behaviour.


Background  : The main nutritional problem that many teenagers experience is Anemia. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts about 27% of female adolescents in developing countries suffer from anemia. anemia in adolescents can be caused by several things such as teenagers' knowledge and attitudes to anemia. The provision of nutritional education is expected to increase student knowledge and attitudes about nutrition in anemia, especially for female students. Objective  :  The aims to Knowing effect of Providing Nutrition Education on Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Anemia in students SMP N 31 Semarang. Method  : This study uses the True Experiment method design with a mixture of pre test post test control group design. The sample consisted of 27 treatment groups and 27 control groups. The data collected were data on knowledge and attitudes regarding anemia nutrition. The data explorer uses a questionnaire that was filled in by the respondent himself. Data analysis using Man Whitney test, Independent T Test and Anova Repeater measure. Result  : There was an effect of providing nutrition education on female students 'knowledge of anemia (p = 0,000) and there was an influence on the provision of nutrition education on female students' attitudes about anemia (p = 0,000). Conclusion  : The provision of nutritional education affects the knowledge and attitudes about anemia in Semarang City 31 Junior High School Students.


study of how an individual's genetic makeup affects the body's response to drugs. In the post-genomic era, molecular techniques are now becoming increasingly important in the clinical diagnostic laboratory and in pharmacotherapy. Increasingly, genotyping of drug metabolizing enzymes is considered by oncologists, pain management clinics, neuropsychiatry wards, and warfarin clinics when making prescribing deicisions. Pharmacogenomics may be one of the most immediate clinical applications of the human genome project. The terms pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are often used interchangeably, which causes some confusion. However, the term pharmacogenomics is preferred when referring to clinical practice. This is because the field of pharmacogenetics deals with the genetic determinants of a single gene that affects drug therapy, whereas pharmacogenomics focuses on candidate genes, often more than one, and may include transcriptome and proteome information that affect drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Moreover, pharmacogenomics encompasses the genetic predisposition to diseases and how that predisposition may affect the selection of a specific therapy for patients with certain genotypes or how the information can be used to predict the outcome of a therapeutic intervention. In brief, pharmacogenomics is a newer term that uses all the information derived from pharmacogenetic, and singleand multiplegene testing, and transcriptome and proteomics profiling for decisions about delivering the best care to patients. Therefore, the term pharmacogenomics is used here to refer to this integrated field of customized patient care. There are at least 5 DNA tests that can predict the risk of disease and its pathway, allowing clinicians to select specific therapies. The best examples of this use of pharmacogenomics are fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technology testing, Her2/neu for breast cancer, factor V and factor II mutation tests for deep venous thrombosis, and thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT) testing for cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. These tests already allow physicians to identify which patients would benefit from specific therapy and to select the correct drug and dosage. In addition, cytochrome (CYP)2C9, CYP2D6, and DPYD genetic tests are likely to be among the first that would be widely offered, appearing on the pharmacogenomic test menus of midto large-size clinical laboratories. Some of the diagnostic industries such as Nanogen (San Diego, Calif) and IQuum (Allston, Mass) have successfully developed various platforms for large-scale genetic testing with specific applications in pharmacogenomics. Others are exploring whether they should introduce pharmacogenomic testing to the market place. The former groups are targeting large pharmaceutical industries for their products and services. A few companies have been successful in marketing their products to the pharmaceutical industry for use in clinical trials in which biological specimens obtained from participants are stored prospectively but are tested retrospectively only for those patients who show unusual clinical responses or have unusual drug pharmacokinetic profiles during clinical trials. IQuum has developed a single tube kit (Lab-In-A-Tube) that contains all the reagents needed for genotyping and has a variety of applications. This kit requires a minimum of expertise to operate: an ideal product and service to be offered in the pharmacy (a product similar to a pregnancy test kit!). These tests often do not easily fit within the existing regulatory and payment paradigms for laboratory testing. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) are attempting to address these issues. Failure to do so could seriously hinder the introduction of invaluable new tests for patient care. Unfortunately, most of these diagnostic companies are targeting only the physicians' offices and clinical diagnostic laboratories and not pharmacies. Introduction of such services and products through the pharmacy and under the pharmacist's supervision will introduce a new set of responsibilities for pharmacists which may include the interpretation of the results for patients and/or physicians for which pharmacists may American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2005; 69 (2) Article 37.


A novel distributed nonlinear editting network is proposed. The solution of storing, transmitting and editting the mass asset based on IP network is presented. With the analysis of the editting workflow and the design principle of the distributed network, this solution is highly practicality.


This introduction to a special issue of Political Communication discusses changes in the political content of news and introduces the concerns of the three articles in this symposium regarding the autonomy of the press in setting the political agenda. While considerable agreement exists about the shrinking space for hard news and the rise of sensationalism and infotainment formats, there is less scholarly agreement about whether the remaining hard news space is less subject to the news management efforts of public officials and elites and more likely to be filled with narratives driven by events and journalistic initiatives. We propose looking at news construction as a negotiated process involving both routine high levels of official management and circumstances under which events offer journalists opportunities to write more independent political scripts.


The interaction of acridine orange (AO) with double-stranded (ds) DNA in aqueous solution was investigated by linear sweep polarography (LSP) on a dropping mercury working electrode (DME). In pH 2.5 Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution, AO had a sensitive linear sweep polarographic reductive peak at -0.89 V (vs. SCE), which could be greatly inhibited by the addition of dsDNA, with a positive shift of the peak potential. Based on the decrease of the reductive peak current, a new quantitative electrochemical determination method for dsDNA was developed with a linear range of 2.0−20.0 mg l -1 and the linear regression equation: ∆Ip" (nA) = 111.90 C (mg l -1 )+125.32 (n = 9, γ = 0.997). The influences of com- monly co-existing substances, such as metal ions, amino acid, etc., on the determi- nation were also investigated. The method is sensitive, rapid and simple with good selectivity. The new proposed method was further applied to the detection of RNA and three synthetic samples containing dsDNA with satisfactory results. The bin- ding number and the equilibrium constant between dsDNA and AO were calculated by an electrochemical method.


Transmitting the digital signal processing apparatus for a transmitter according to an embodiment of the present invention, generates a transmission FIR filter, the control signal for shaping (shaping) the initial set data in order to convert the initialization data into a signal having a predetermined pass band band to the converted initial setting data and compensate for the in flatness band by controlling the comparator, and the coefficient of the compensating filter according to the control signal for comparing the data including the degradation information fed back from the receiver corresponding to the transmitter in order to flatness and a compensation filter.


The southeastern coastal area of Massachusetts (105 square miles) between Cohasset and Kingston is drained into Massachusetts Bay by several small rivers and coastal streams, including the North, South, and Jones Rivers. The major aquifers are stratified sand and gravel deposits of glacial origin. The yields from intercepted ground-water discharge and induced streamflow infiltration were determined for 21 major aquifers in the basin. Of these aquifers, 14 had a sustainable yield of at least 1.0 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) 80 percent of the time, and 10 had a sustainable yield of at least 1.0 Mgal/d 99 percent of the time. The two aquifers with the highest yields are the two aquifers with the greatest areal extent. The yields of the Duxbury Coastal and Kingston Coastal aquifers are 6.5 and 5.2 Mgal/d 80 percent of the time, and are 4.9 and 3.9 Mgal/d 99 percent of the time. Ground water was withdrawn from 14 of the aquifers for public supply in 1986; surface water was withdrawn in the recharge area of one of the other seven aquifers. Twenty-seven water samples from 19 wells and the Jones River were analyzed for physical properties, common constituents, nutrients, selected trace elements, and phenols. The samples had pH values ranging from 5.2 to 7.5, meaning the water was slightly acidic and mildly corrosive to plumbing. The water is characterized as soft; all but one sample had a hardness of less than 60 milligrams per liter (as calcium carbonate). Alkalinity generally reflected a poor capacity to neutralize acid. Sodium was the dominant cation in most samples; chloride was generally the most abundant onion, but bicarbonate or sulfate was most abundant in several samples. Sodium concentrations in water samples from four wells exceeded the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection drinking-water standard of 20 milligrams per liter. Iron concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary drinking-water standard of 300 micrograms per liter in seven wells and the Jones River; the secondary drinking-water standard of 50 micrograms per liter for manganese was exceeded in 10 wells and the Jones River. The highest phenol concentration detected was 12 micrograms per liter. Water samples from 12 wells were tested for 36 volatile organic compounds. Methyl chloride was detected in two wells, at concentrations of 4.7and 5.4 micrograms per liter; trichlorofluoromethane was detected in one well at a concentration of 4.3 micrograms per liter. Pesticides were not detected in water samplesfrom two wells beside cranberry bogs. INTRODUCTION The southeastern coastal area of Massachusetts between Cohasset and Kingston is drained into Massachusetts Bay by several small rivers and coastal streams, including the North, South, and Jones Rivers (fig. 1). The combined 105 mi drainage area of these rivers and streams is referred to in this report as the Southeast Coastal basin. All or part of 17 towns lie within the Southeast Coastal basin; nine of these lie mainly within the basin. Of the latter group, seven towns receive at least part of their municipal water supply from ground water. Cohasset and Rockland rely on surface water from ponds and reservoirs, using wells only as emergency sources. Scituate uses both surface and ground water. In addition, two of the three ponds that compose the main water supply for Brockton and Whitman-communities in the adjacent Taunton River basin-are in the Southeast Coastal basin. Rapid population growth in southeastern Massachusetts has increased the demand on public water supplies. Brockton, which diverts about 40 percent of the water pumped from the Southeast Coastal basin to the Taunton River basin for public supply, has experienced chronic water shortages; in 1986, the State denied Brockton permission to increase the interbasin transfer of water. Scituate, Marshfield, Abington, Rockland, Duxbury, and Kingston reported to state officials in 1982 that current supplies would be insufficient to meet peak demands in 1990 at the current rate of growth (Massachusetts Division of Water Resources, written commun., 1984). Marshfield, Kingston, Brockton, Whitman, and Hanson declared water supply emergencies in 1987 and several other towns have imposed restrictions on use of municipal water. As communities continue to grow and stresses on public supplies increase, State and local officials are coming under increased pressure to locate new supplies of potable water and provide optimal management of the existing supplies. To assess the capability of the ground-water resources in the Southeast Coastal basin to meet future demand, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a hydrologic study of the resources. The main objectives of this study were to delineate the major stratified-drift aquifers in the basin and to estimate the potential sustained yield of each aquifer-the amount of water that can be withdrawn on a long-term basis without depleting the aquifer. This study was conducted in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management, Office of Water Resources, under Chapter 800 Massachusetts legislation calling for quantitative assessment of the State's ground-water resources. Purpose and Scope This report is an assessment of the amounts of groundwater available from the major stratified-drift aquifers in the Southeast Coastal water resources planning basin which might be developed and sustained over the long term. It describes the general hydrogeology of the area, the source of water and the hydrologic properties of the geologic materials. Maps showing the distribution of saturated stratified drift more than 40 ft thick and showing aquifer transmissivity are included. Well construction and drilling information collected since the previous investigation (Williams and Tasker, 1974, sheet 2) were used to verify or correct the aquifer distribution and transmissivity map. A table of approximately 400 wells and test borings is included in the report (table 7). The sustainable yields of the major bodies of the mapped stratified drift are estimated on a basis of flow of streams draining them. Withdrawals are compared with the aquifer yields available for different amounts of time (duration). The causes of common ground water-quality problems are described and a general description of ground-water quality is summarized. Previous Investigations The geology and ground-water resources of towns in the basin have been extensively explored, and are described in numerous engineering reports by consulting firms. The data from many of these reports and from local well drillers are collected in Petersen (1962), Maevsky and Drake (1963), and Williams, Willey, and Tasker (1975). The geology in parts of the basin was mapped by Chute (1965a, 1965b) and Shaw and Petersen (1967). Williams and Tasker (1974) prepared U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-504 assessing the basin's surfaceand ground-water resources as part of a Statewide cooperative program between the Massachusetts Office of Water Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (1982) and the Massachusetts Water Resources Commission, Division of Water Pollution Control (1975) have prepared planning reports for water-resource management in the North and South River basins. Surface-water-quality classifications for the North and South Rivers were presented by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (1977, p. 403-420). The Harvard Graduate School of Design (1977) outlined landmanagement methods for the tide-influenced portion


"A remarkably centralized country" - state formation in Medieval England "This realm of England is an Empire" - the revolution of the 1530s an elect nation - the Elizabethan consolidation mortall God enthroned - one bourgeois revolution (of many) from theatre to machine - "old curruption" "the working class question" - "Society" and society "There is, above all, an agency".


Recent studies show that the combined use of Large-Volume Metrology (LVM) systems can lead to a systematic reduction in measurement uncertainty and a better exploitation of the available equipment. This is actually possible using a recently developed modular probe, which is equipped with different typologies of targets and integrated inertial sensors. The goal of this paper is to present a new mathematical/statistical model for the real-time localization of this probe. This model is efficient, as it is based on a system of linearized equations, and effective, as the equations are weighed with respect to their uncertainty contribution.


The role of lattice distortion in the charge, orbital, and spin ordering in half-doped manganites has been investigated. For fixed magnetic ordering, we show that the cooperative lattice distortion stabilize the experimentally observed ordering even when the strong onsite electronic correlation is taken into account. Furthermore, without invoking the magnetic interactions, the cooperative lattice distortion alone may lead to the correct charge and orbital ordering including the charge stacking effect, and the magnetic ordering can he the consequence of such a charge and orbital ordering. We propose that the cooperative nature of the lattice distortion is essential to understand the complicated charge, orbital, and spin ordering observed in doped manganites.


The granitoid rocks in G. El Faliq area, southeastern Desert of Egypt, consist of granodiorites, tonalities, monzogranites and alkali feldspar granites. The G. El-Faliq area is composed of ophiolitic melange, gneisses, older granitoids, younger granitoids and post granitic dykes and veins. Altered granites are encountered at shears and fault zones at G. El Faliq, they rich by uranium and base metals mineralization. Geochemically, the older granitoids are peraluminous to metaluminous granites and fall in volcanic arc granites, while the younger granitoids are calc-alkaline and metaluminous to peralkaline granites and display most of the chemical characteristics of within plat granites setting. The altered granites show argilic facies with a relative depletion in K2O and Na2O + CaO oxides. The comparison between the average of the major oxides of the fresh samples of younger granitoids related to altered ones in the studied area shows that, the younger granitoids rich in SiO2, Na2O and K2O but depleted in TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO, MnO, CaO, MgO and P2O5 related to altered ones. Also, regard to trace elements they are rich in Sr and depleted in Ni, Zn, Zr, Y, Ba, Nb, U and Th. The mineralization of G. El Faliq can be classified on the basis of mode of occurrence and lithological associations into: a) secondary uranium minerals (uranophane), b) niobium-tantalum minerals, c) sulphide minerals and d) accessory minerals. The spectrometric survey revealed the presence of enriched zones with a maximum eU content of 650 ppm and the maximum eTh is 350 ppm. The evidence of hydrothermal mineralization in the alteration of rock-forming minerals such as feldspars and the formation of secondary minerals such as uranophane and pyrite. The pre-existing primary uranium minerals are the source of the present secondary uranium minerals by the action of oxidizing fluids, mobilization of uranium and then redeposition in other forms. Redistribution by circulating meteoric waters might have taken place.


Objective: to identify and discuss the strategies related to the drug theme proposed by presidential candidates in Brazil in 2018. Method: content analyses of all proposals registered with the Superior Electoral Court. Results: The proposed strategies were: combating drug trafficking; prevention; treatment; decriminalization and harm reduction. Nine candidates take a 'prohibitionist' approach, three 'anti-prohibitionist', and one without positioning. Conclusions: Most candidates based their proposals on repressive models, ignoring relevant themes, which allows foreseeing directions and challenges for government policies in the coming years.


While reading Exodus 14, I noticed something I had never noted before, namely, that the Midrash seemed to be heaping praises--either consciously or unconsciously--on Pharaoh for the manner in which he prepared his army for the battle against the escaped Israelite slaves. The following are some examples from Rashi's commentary to Exodus 14:6, taken from the midrashic Mekhilta de-Rabbi Yishmael. When mustering his army, the text states, Pharaoh personally took care to ready his own mount rather than have his servants do this for him--an unconventional act which must have impressed his troops. This positive remark about Pharaoh stands in contrast to the way we usually have interpreted Pharaoh's act. The traditional view, found for example in the commentary of Hizkuni, emphasizes Pharaoh's wickedness and eagerness to punish his runaway slaves, who failed to return after worshipping their God in the desert. However, as I read Rashi's comment here, especially in the light of his other comments which I shall cite, it seems that Pharaoh's act of preparing his own mount was but a first step in a series of acts intended to win the loyalty of his troops, whose mission was to attack and re-enslave or kill the Israelites. Rashi also brings the midrash that Pharaoh's next move was to promise his troops that he would not be like other kings--who take most of the loot of their defeated enemies for themselves--but would share all future booty equally with his soldiers. This is the way the Midrash interprets the word lakah, literally "to take," understood here to mean that he "took" his troops with his convincing words. Pharaoh then assured his troops that he would personally lead them into battle and not be like other kings, who send their troops into battle while they themselves remain in the rear. The Midrash comes to this conclusion by noting that the word hikriv, rather than karav, is used in the text (Ex. 14:10) as Pharaoh and the Egyptian army close in on the Israelites encamped by the sea. Now the Hebrew verb le-hakriv means "to sacrifice", which in this case can mean a willingness to sacrifice one's own life. Indeed, when troops see their king or general leading them into battle, they are inspired to follow him despite their realization that it may cost them their lives. As I read the midrashic description of Pharaoh's moves to win the support of his army, my mind turned to other generals in history, such as Alexander the Great and Napoleon, who were also able (perhaps by using the same methods as Pharaoh) to inspire their troops under the most difficult conditions when going to war against their enemies. The midrashic comments about the Israelites' enemy, Pharaoh, can be viewed similarly to the way President Abraham Lincoln, during the American Civil War, viewed his and the Union's chief opponent, General Robert E. Lee. His wish was to have a Union commander in chief as talented and skillful as the Confederate general. We know that for the first three years of the war Lincoln was disappointed in all of his top generals and changed them six times, because he could not find one as brilliant as Lee. …


The Copula function is taken to replace the relevant coefficient and characterize the mutual relationship between risk factors. On such a basis, the calculation of portfolio value-at-risk is discussed from the foregoing relationship. The Copula functional parameters are estimated by the maximum estimation method, and a Monte Carlo Simulation based procedure to estimate portfolio value-at-risk is presented hereafter, which assumes the risk factors to be a multivariate log-return distribution different from the conditional normal one. Results show that the Copula based method produces better backtest results than the traditional variance-covariance method.


The invention discloses a tungsten carbide pinch roll device and relates to the field of pinch rolls in high speed wire rolling equipment. The tungsten carbide pinch roll device solves the technical problems of high cost, poor stability and poor abrasive resistance of an existing pinch roll device. The tungsten carbide pinch roll device comprises a left frame, a right frame, an upper bearing seat, a lower bearing seat, an upper roll pinching and conveying body and a lower roll pinching and conveying body, wherein the upper bearing seat, the lower bearing seat, the upper roll pinching and conveying body and the lower roll pinching and conveying body are arranged on the left frame and the right frame. Each of the upper roll pinching and conveying body and the lower roll pinching and conveying body comprises a pinch roll, a pinch roll drive shaft and a pinch roll press plate, and the pinch rolls are arranged on the pinch roll drive shafts in a compressed mode through the pinch roll press plates. The pinch rolls comprise pinch roll cores, tungsten carbide pinch roll sleeves and fixing pins, wherein the outer edges of the pinch roll cores are sleeved with the tungsten carbide pinch roll sleeves, and the upper roll pinching and conveying body and the lower roll pinching and conveying body are arranged on the left frame and the right frame through the upper bearing seat and the lower bearing seat. The tungsten carbide pinch roll device is good in abrasion resistance and stability. The pinching and conveying body parts of the pinch rolls can be replaced, and the phenomenon of wasting cost due to single use in the past is avoided.


The purpose of this research is to study the excellence and originality of the Joseon artillery(Jungwan-gu) through an effective restoration. Jungwan-gu that was used during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 was able to maintain its maritime dominance based on cutting-edge technology of its time. Joeson artillery(Jungwan-gu) was used in major naval/land battles during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and is an important cultural heritage that provides a glimpse into Joeson people's will to defend the nation from foreign invasion. For further historical verification such as operational method of Jungwan-gu, extensive research in various fields including size, proportions, structure, materials, and casting method were required. Accordingly, for a more effective research on Jungwan-gu, cutting-edge technologies such as 3D scanning and 3D printing were utilized. Firstly, 3D scanning, modeling, and printing technology were applied to identify the morphological characteristics of Jungwan-gu. Through this, we were able to reach our research objective of identifying the size, internal structure, and proportionality of Jungwan-gu. In addition, by studying the form, operation, casting methods, and other characteristics, the restoration of Jungwan-gu provided us with an important opportunity to verify the dominance and originality of the Joeson era's science and technology during the Japanese Invasion of 1592. This reaserch subject participated in the "4th 3D printing BIZCON Contest" and won the Minister Prize of Science and Technology Information and Communication. ■ keyword :∣Restoration∣Jungwan-gu∣3D Scanning∣3D Modeling∣3D Printing∣ 접수일자 : 2020년 05월 11일 수정일자 : 2020년 07월 21일 심사완료일 : 2020년 07월 21일 교신저자 : 최원호, e-mail : email@example.com 임진왜란 당시 조선 화포(중완구) 문화재복원 57


Clostridium difficile is a bacterial pathogen that causes serious and potentially fatal inflammatory disease of the colon. One strategy for targeting C. difficile infection is to development treatments that target bacterial virulence. Anti‐virulence strategies to treat C. difficile infection are attractive options to antibiotic therapy because the human microbiota is spared and damage to host tissue is minimized. The Tcd toxins, TcdA and TcdB, are the major virulence factors produced by C. difficile and mediate host cytotoxicity by glucosylating and inactivating Rho family GTPases using UDP‐glucose as a glucosyl donor. Glucosylation of Rho GTPases leads to cell rounding and eventually cell death. We used kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and transition state theory to solve the transition state structure of the glycosyltransferase domain of TcdB (TcdB‐GTD). This permits the design of transition state analogues which are potent enzyme inhibitors. KIEs compare the chemical steps of enzymatic reaction rates with isotopically labeled substrates and unlabeled substrates and provide critical information on the catalytic mechanism, bond lengths and geometry at the transition state. KIE analysis on the glycohydrolase reaction of TcdB‐GTD supported the formation of a late, dissociative glucocation‐like transition state where positive charge develops on the anomeric carbon. Glucocationic transition states are best mimicked by cationic nitrogen groups at or near the anomeric carbon. Iminosugars contain a nitrogen atom in the sugar ring in place of oxygen and mimic glucocationic transition states. We tested iminosugars for inhibition of TcdB‐GTD and TcdA‐GTD. Isofagomine (Ki TcdB‐GTD = 1.4 µM and Ki TcdA‐GTD = 0.24 µM) and noeuromycin (Ki TcdB‐GTD = 10.6 µM and Ki TcdA‐GTD = 4.7 µM) were the most potent iminosugars identified. Isofagomine and noeuromycin were shown to exhibit an uncompetitive mechanism of inhibition suggesting that both iminosugars act by binding to the enzyme‐UDP complex. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments with TcdB‐GTD supported this finding where isofagomine and noeuromycin could only bind to TcdB‐GTD in the presence of UDP with Kd = 0.133 µM and Kd = 0.4 µM respectively. In addition, the X‐ray crystal structure of TcdB‐GTD in complex with either Isofagomine or noeuromycin with UDP revealed the formation of an ion‐pair interaction between the cationic nitrogen atom of the iminosugar and the β‐phosphate of UDP. Finally, we confirmed that isofagomine and noeuromycin could prevent Tcd toxin‐induced cytotoxicity of IMR90 cells. Firstly, both iminosugars were able to prevent Tcd toxin‐induced cell rounding as visualized by light microscopy. Secondly, Western blot analysis of Tcd toxin treated IMR90 cell lysates revealed that both isofagomine and noeuromycin could prevent glucosylation of Rac1 by Tcd toxin. Isofagomine and noeuromycin are effective in preventing Tcd toxin action. Transition state analogues against TcdA and TcdB have the potential to be used as treatments for C. difficile infections.


In this article, the author discusses the benefits and disadvantages of the sometimes conflicting Formalist and Contextualist approaches to constitutional interpretation. The focus of the article is the interpretation of the United States Constitution, but the lessons learnt can be applied in any constitutional setting. The author concludes by strongly advising that judges should follow the Contextualist approach in order to provide contemporaneous standards of justice no matter the age of the constitution. This debate is usually only of relevance to mature constitutional democracies. However, it is relevant to Nepal, because some of the issues raised in the debate could actually be prevented from ever occurring in Nepal if the constitutional drafters learn from the mistakes of more mature constitutional democracies.


This study discusses the propagation of a horizontally polarised shear wave in a layered composite structure consisting of couple stress stratum over a functionally graded orthotropic viscoelastic substrate due to point source existing at an imperfect interface of the stratum and substrate. Because of the CS effect in the stratum, the existence of the second kind of dispersive (shear) wave is established along with conventional first kind of a shear wave. The closed-form dispersion equations and damping equations of the first and second kind of a dispersive wave are derived by adopting non-traditional boundary conditions and Green's function technique. The effect of characteristic length of microstructure, imperfect bonding parameter and functional gradient parameters on velocity profiles and attenuation profiles of the first and second kind of dispersive wave has been computed numerically and delineated graphically. For validation, established results are matched with the classical one.


Aims To investigate the relationship between HbA1c and glucose in people with co-existing liver disease and diabetes awaiting transplant, and in those with diabetes but no liver disease. Methods HbA1c and random plasma glucose data were collected for 125 people with diabetes without liver disease and for 29 people awaiting liver transplant with diabetes and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was caused by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, hereditary haemochromatosis, polycystic liver/kidneys, cryptogenic/noncirrhotic portal hypertension and a-1-antitrypsin-related disease. Results Themedian (interquartile range)ageof thediabeteswithcirrhosis groupwas55 (49–63)years compared to60 (50– 71) years (P=0.13) in the group without cirrhosis. In the diabetes with cirrhosis group there were 21 men (72%) compared with 86men (69%) in the groupwith diabetes andno cirrhosis (P=0.82).Of the groupwith diabetes and cirrhosis, 27 people (93%) were of white European ethnicity, two (7%) were South Asian and none was of Afro-Caribbean/other ethnicity compared with 94 (75%), 16 (13%), 10 (8%)/5 (4%), respectively, in the group with diabetes and no cirrhosis (P=0.20). Median (interquartile range)HbA1cwas 41 (32–56)mmol/mol [5.9 (5.1–7.3)%] vs 61 (52–70)mmol/mol [7.7 (6.9–8.6)%] (P<0.001), respectively, in the diabetes with cirrhosis group vs the diabetes without cirrhosis group. The glucose concentrationswere8.4(7.0–11.2)mmol/lvs 7.3(5.2–11.5)mmol/l (P=0.17).HbA1cwasdepressedby20mmol/mol(1.8%; P<0.001) in 28 participants with cirrhosis but elevated by 28 mmol/mol (2.6%) in the participant with a-1-antitrypsin disorder.Thosewith cirrhosis anddepressedHbA1c had fewer larger erythrocytes, andhigher red cell distributionwidthand reticulocyte count. Thiswas reflected in the positive association of glucosewithmean cell volume (r=0.39) andhaemoglobin level (r=0.49)andthenegativeassociation forHbA1c (r=–0.28and r=–0.26, respectively) in thediabetesgroupwithcirrhosis. Conclusion HbA1c is not an appropriate test for blood glucose in people with cirrhosis and diabetes awaiting transplant as it reflects altered erythrocyte presentation. Diabet. Med. 00: 1–9 (2018)


This paper gives an in-depth analysis of twofinger squeeze grasping of deformable objects introduced in our previous work [7] with a focus on two special classes: stable squeezes , which minimize the potential energy of the system among squeezes of the same magnitude, and pure squeezes , which eliminate all possible Euclidean motions from the resulting deformations. Then we move on to characterize the best resistance by a grasp to a pushing adversary finger, as the one that minimizes the work done by the grasping fingers. The optimization scheme incorporates this metric into the event-driven algorithm from [7] to deal with frictional segment contacts. Simulation and experimental results are presented. I. I NTRODUCTION Robot grasping of deformable objects is an underresearched area, for reasons that come from both mechanics and computation. First, deformation generated by a grasp operation changes the grasped object's global geometry, varying the torques even if the forces could stay the same. Second, under deformation, the object's contacts with the grasping fingers grow from points into areas. Within such a contact area, points that stick to the corresponding finger may later slide while points that slide on the finger may later stick. The focus on force balance in rigid body grasping is no longer justified for grasping deformable objects. Specified forces cannot guarantee equilibrium on the deformed shape. Under the classical elasticity theory [4], [15], during a deformation the applied load and the constraint force balance each other, and the angular momentum is conserved [1, pp. 49–52]. For the above reasons, our recent work [7] proposed a new paradigm that specifies desired finger displacements instead. In practice it is also much easier to command a finger to move to a designated position than to control it to exert a prescribed force. After all, force magnitudes are not much of our concern as long as the object can be grasped without causing irreversible deformation. In [7], we developed an event-driven algorithm to grasp a deformed object by squeezing with two fingers under Coulomb friction and with segment contacts. In this paper, we will investigate how to characterize the quality of a grasp of a deformable 2D object. On a rigid body, the grasping forces do not cause any movement of their contact points. Existing metrics for rigid body grasps are force-centered, either to minimize the possibility of violating some hard constraints [9], [10], to maximize the worst-case adversary force resistable by a "unit" total grasping force [8], [11], [12], or to minimize the maximum contact force by some finger to resist such adversary force [2], [3]. A comprehensive summary was given in [13] on various grasp metrics, addressing the trade-offs among grasp goodness, object geometry, the number of fingers, and the computational complexity for grasp synthesis. On a deformable object, the grasping fingers carry out some work, most of which is converted into the object's strain energy via deformation. It therefore makes sense for a grasp metric to be energy-based. The deformationspace (D-space) approach [6] characterized the optimal grasp of a deformable part as the one where the potential energy needed to release the part equals the amount needed to squeeze it to its elastic limit. In this paper we present two measures: one in terms of stability from the energy point of view, and the other by the amount of work a grasp will perform to resist an external disturbing force under a specified movement. In the paper, all units are from the metric system. In particular, we use meter for length, Newton for force, Pascal for pressure, and Joule for work and energy. These units are omitted from now on. In both simulation and experiment, we use Young's modulus E = 5 × 10 Pascal and Poisson's ratio ν = 0.3 II. FOUNDATION OF SQUEEZING We begin with a quick review of our recent work [7] on squeeze grasping of thin 21 2D objects with two fingers. Plane stress is assumed in the object's cross section, which is discretized into small uniform triangular elements withn verticespl = (xl, yl) T , 1 ≤ l ≤ n. Fig. 1 shows an example.


Introduction
 Thalassemia is the most prevalent inherited hemoglobinopathy characterized by defective synthesis of β chain, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis. In India, 3.2% (1 in every 25 people) are carriers of beta thalassemia. Management of thalassemia includes transfusion support, adequate iron chelation and prevention of undue extramedullary erythropoiesis. Red blood cell aggregation, aggregate strength and oxygen transport potential of blood are abnormal in both homozygous sickle cell anemia and sickle - hemoglobin C disease. Both clinicians and families of these patients realize that the main challenge is obligation of life long blood transfusion and iron chelation therapy in order to have a normal life. Thalidomide, an immunomodulatory drug, has therapeutic effect in fetal Hemoglobin (HbF) induction but exact mechanism of action is not known yet. Hence, this drug has been tried in thalassemia intermedia (TI) and had shown significant effect in decreasing transfusion requirement.
 Primary aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical response of thalidomide and/or Hydroxyurea (HU) in transfusion dependent beta thalassemia (TM and TI). The secondary aim is to study the toxicity profile of this drug in our study population.
 Methods
 It is a retrospective study which included beta TM and TI patients from August-2015 to November-2018, who received thalidomide with or without hydroxyurea. Dose used was 10-20 mg/kg/day & 25-100 mg/day for HU and thalidomide respectively. Study was approved by Institutional Review Board.
 Results
 We studied 167 patients (TM=129 and TI=38) with males (n= 111) and median age 14 (0.5-31) years. At presentation, median size of liver and spleen was 4 (1-12) cms and 3 (1-16) cms respectively. Nineteen patients were post splenectomy. Median age at first transfusion was 9 (1-144) months. Median duration between transfusions was 20 (10-180) days. Median packed cell transfusion per year was 18.2 (2-36.5). (Table-1).
 Median dose of HU was 500 (250-500) mg & thalidomide was 50 (25-100) mg. Median duration of thalidomide therapy was 9 (1-73) months and HU was 8 (1-183) months. Median Hb post treatment at day 90 for TI was 9.1 gm/dl (6.7-13) gm/dl and TM was 9.1 (6.2-13) gm/dl. Median duration of transfusion free period was 15 months (1-38 months) till last follow-up. Post treatment median size of liver and spleen was 3 (2-11) cms & 2 (1-14) cms respectively. Increased duration between transfusions was observed in 17 patients with median duration of 40 (18-90) days between transfusions.
 Most common toxicities observed were constipation=1, neutropenia=9, deranged liver function =6 followed by skin rash=4. Thrombosis, Hepatitis-A and excessive fatigue was seen in 1 patient each.
 At last follow-up, 78 (46.7%) patients were transfusion free whereas 37 (22.1%) were transfusion dependent, duration of transfusion increased in 17 (10.2%) patients, 3 (1.2%) patients abandoned treatment and 6 (3.6%) patients to be assessed yet as they didn't complete their 3 months of therapy at last follow-up. No follow-up records available for 26 (15.5%) patients so response could not be assessed.
 Conclusion
 With the use of minimal doses of thalidomide, transfusion independency and thereby reduction in iron overload can be achieved in patients with transfusion dependent beta thalassemia patients. But one needs to be cautious to monitor the side effects commonly encountered in our study. Large population studies and longer follow ups are required to define the potential use of this immunomodulatory drug in hemoglobinopathies, which can be an effective and affordable treatment option for transplant ineligible patients.

 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

 Thalidomide is an HbF inducer, which by increasing HbF levels, decreases ineffective erythropoiesis and reduces transfusion burden in patients with TDT


Mironovich M., Watts M., van Eps A. and Belknap J. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. Background: Continuous digital hypothermia (CDH, also termed "cryotherapy") is currently the only effective therapy to prevent the onset and progression of sepsis-related laminitis (SRL), a common sequela to equine acute gastrointestinal diseases. Determination of signaling pathways in the lamellar epithelium induced in SRL and inhibited by CDH is critical for discovering therapeutic targets for effective pharmacotherapy for SRL. Due to the consistent increase in lamellar IL-6 concentrations in multiple models of SRL, and the reported association of IL-6 with severity of organ injury in human sepsis, we were interested in assessing lamellar IL-6 related signaling in SRL. IL-6 related signaling, including the activation of STAT3 via IL-6 and gp130 receptor activation, is a current focus of interest in human epithelial disease.


According to request of bond-business,a designof applicationon watching integratedbondbusiness system was implemented which based on.net framework.A new method that manages license of distributed client server of customer in centralized way was pre-sented,and the license was designed to control maximum client connection with different customer type.A convenient way of remote upgrading of client server was realized.All were applied in development of integrated bond business system monitor module.


Abstract The real estate market poses a topic of research in the theoretical sense, as well as encouraging researchers to search for new methods/tools/platforms which would help to understand, manage and undertake all kinds of activities (decisions) within its realm. The process of globalization, need to constantly gather information (create extensive registers), data management, implementation of complicated computing procedures (which only seemingly provide solutions), and awareness and knowledge of market participants are supposed to lead us to "ultimately understand" the structures of the real estate market. However, in most cases, the decisions made in the real estate market realm are not rational. Market participants do not always act accordingly to the (economic) presumptions of the market and many of their behaviors can easily be viewed as chaotic and impulsive. Owing to this fact, it seems justified to invoke mathematical and physical concepts, and apply them to the real estate market. This article describes the concept of how the real estate market is perceived according to the phase space theory. Phase space is understood as a multidimensional space of market events where the transfer of rights to real estate takes place and decision-making processes occur. Transaction prices, on the other hand, indicate market development and are an emanation of decision-making processes. The goal of this article is to provide proof for the hypothesis that the real estate market is a system existing in multidimensional phase space and that the complexity of this space affects the unit price of real estate.


Provenance studies of chert and flint raw materials (silicites) are an important component of archaeological research. The identification of the sources of rocks used for the production of chipped stone tools is the gateway to any further investigations concerning prehistoric resource management strategies. Chert source provenance studies thus play a significant role in the interpretation of lithic assemblages concerning the procurement, processing and distribution of lithic raw materials, e.g., revealing routes of migration, intercultural exchange and circulation networks. A transdisciplinary concept (the Multi Layered Chert Sourcing Approach, short MLA) presents a possibility for successfully sourcing chert and flint. The proposed method consists of a tripartite analytical system: Visual (macroscopic), microscopic and petrological/geochemical. For geochemical analysis, Laser AblationInductively Coupled-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is applied. LA-ICP-MS allows for the detection of main-, traceand ultra-trace element concentrations (-0.1 ppm) in rock materials and has been well established in lithic raw material research. The multivariate geochemical datasets are subsequently evaluated by applying Compositional Data Analysis (CODA). Since CODA is concerned with the ratios between values, raw composition data (i.e. the absolute measured values) need to be transformed into the Euclidean geometry system where statistical methods can operate. After transformation, discriminant analysis (DA) is applied for classification. Several successful studies demonstrate the potential of the MLA illustrating that it is not sufficient to rely on a single analysis method for chert sourcing. A combination of the proposed techniques produces the most robust data base for a secure characterisation and source separation, including the possibility to lay weight on the performed method(s) that produced the best results.


BACKGROUND
Eyelid ptosis following periocular onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) treatment is a known complication which can be frustrating for both patients and practitioners. Iatrogenic blepharoptosis occurs due to local spread of the BoNT-A from the periocular region into the levator palpebrae superioris muscle; while injectors should have a thorough understanding of the relevant anatomy in order to prevent it, BoNT-A induced ptosis can occur even in the most experienced hands.

OBJECTIVES
To describe a case series of patients effectively treated with Oxymetazoline HCl 0.1% and pre-tarsal BoNT-A injections in the setting of botox-induced ptosis.

METHODS
Eight patients were included who underwent recent cosmetic BoNT-A treatment preceding the sudden onset of unilateral upper eyelid ptosis.

RESULTS
A diagnosis of severe ptosis (>3 mm) was made in all the cases in this series. Pre-tarsal BoNT-A injections alone or in association with topical administration of Upneeq eyedrops (Upneeq, Osmotica Pharmaceuticals, Marietta, GA) significantly reversed the ptosis in all treated cases.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the first documented case series of patients effectively treated with Oxymetazoline HCl 0.1% and pre-tarsal BoNT-A injections in the setting of botox-induced ptosis. This treatment combination is a safe and effective option in these cases.


To improve the construction quality of public projects, guarantee the common features of projects and prevent the occurrence of corruption phenomenon in the construction of public projects, this study proposes the project supervision model featured by the network engagements of citizens. The traditional public project supervision model has three major problems, namely one-dimensional property of target, subject simplification and supervision randomization, so the supervision quality of public projects is reduced. The virtuality, openness and directness of network environment can effectively support the citizens to engage in public project supervision. Through the establishment of civic network engagement model in the public project supervision, two emerging management elements of network platform and civic engagement are integrated and the democratic principle and the efficiency principle in project supervision are balanced, which are favorable for the improvement of public project supervision level.


We present a new summary evaluation approach that does not require human model summaries. Our approach exploits the compositional capabilities of corpus-based and lexical resource-based word embeddings to develop the features reflecting coverage, diversity, informativeness, and coherence of summaries. The features are then used to train a learning model for predicting the summary content quality in the absence of gold models. We evaluate the proposed metric in replicating the human assigned scores for summarization systems and summaries on data from query-focused and update summarization tasks in TAC 2008 and 2009. The results show that our feature combination provides reliable estimates of summary content quality when model summaries are not available.


Background: The cardiotoxic mechanism of local anesthetics may include interruption of cardiac sympathetic reflexes. The authors undertook this investigation to determine if clinically relevant concentrations of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine interfere with exocytotic norepinephrine release from cardiac sympathetic nerve endings. Methods: Rat atria were prepared for measurements of twitch contractile force and 3[H]-norepinephrine release. After nerve endings were loaded with 3[H]-norepinephrine, the tissue was electrically stimulated in 5-min episodes during 10 10-min sampling periods. After each period, a sample of bath fluid was analyzed for radioactivity and 3[H]-norepinephrine release was expressed as a fraction of tissue counts. Atria were exposed to buffer alone during sampling periods 1 and 2 (S1 and S2). Control atria received saline (100 &mgr;l each, n = 6 atria) in S3-S10. Experimental groups (n = 6 per group) received either bupivacaine or levobupivacaine at concentrations (in &mgr;M) of 5 (S3-S4), 10 (S5-S6), 30 (S7-S8), and 100 (S9-S10). Results: Bupivacaine and levobupivacaine decreased stimulation-evoked fractional 3[H]-norepinephrine release with inhibitory concentration 50% values of 5.1 ± 0.5 and 6.1 ± 1.3 &mgr;m. The inhibitory effect of both local anesthetics (∼70%) approached that of tetrodotoxin. Local anesthetics abolished the twitch contractions of atria with inhibitory concentration 50% values of 12.6 ± 5.0 &mgr;m (bupivacaine) and 15.7 ± 3.9 &mgr;m (levobupivacaine). In separate experiments, tetrodotoxin inhibited twitch contractile force by only 30%. Conclusions: The results indicate that clinically relevant cardiotoxic concentrations of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine markedly depress cardiac sympathetic neurotransmission. A possible mechanism of local anesthetics in reducing evoked norepinephrine release from sympathetic endings is blockade of tetrodotoxin-sensitive fast sodium channels.


This paper describes the design of an efficient and practical algorithm for the problem of wavelength assignment in all-optical wavelength routed ring networks. A mathematical model which provides an optimal solution to the problem is described and compared with two other simpler techniques which are based on heuristic algorithms. These two heuristic methods are specifically designed for ring networks and their performance is evaluated on several traffic loads and patterns so as to understand the merits of them under different problem scenarios. It is found that sorting the traffic connections according to their respective shortest path lengths before establishing them can be very useful in certain traffic conditions, but does not necessarily result in efficient wavelength assignments for all problems. The iterative improvement scheme presented is found effective and robust as good results for various traffic scenarios can be achieved within reasonable time, and thus are considered useful for practical implementation. In contrast, the purely mathematical approach is limited in that it is only applicable to small to medium problem sizes due to the excessive demands of computational time.


GOAL-DIRECTED TRANSFUSION therapy is part of patient blood management programs. The purpose of patient blood management is to mitigate inappropriate blood transfusion practices and improve patient outcomes by identifying patients at risk for transfusions and by providing a standardized procedure for reducing or eliminating the need for transfusion. It is well documented that a large number of patients receive inappropriate transfusion, especially of non-red blood cell products, and the significant variability in transfusion incidence among institutions in all types of blood products is also well documented. There is also a growing documentation in the literature that transfusion of allogeneic blood is an independent predictor of unfavorable outcomes—in particular, more frequent postoperative infections, longer hospital stays, and higher mortality. Finally, the cost of blood products is increasing, and the aging of the industrialized world's population is resulting in increasing blood shortages, because the young tend to donate blood and the old tend to receive blood.


We expose a new procedure of quantization of fields, based on the Geometric Langlands Correspondence. Starting from fields in the target space, we first reduce them to the case of fields on one-complex-variable target space, at the same time increasing the possible symmetry group . Use the sigma model and momentum maps, we reduce the problem to a problem of quantization of trivial vector bundles with connection over the space dual to the Lie algebra of the symmetry group . After that we quantize the vector bundles with connection over the coadjoint orbits of the symmetry group . Use the electric-magnetic duality to pass to the Langlands dual Lie group . Therefore, we have some affine Kac-Moody loop algebra of meromorphic functions with values in Lie algebra 𝔤. Use the construction of Fock space reprsentations to have representations of such affine loop algebra. And finally, we have the automorphic representations of the corresponding Langlands-dual Lie groups .


Introduction: Deficits in executive functions (EF) have been well documented using tests of neuropsychological performance in children and adolescents with developmental dyslexia. However, the behavioral assessment of EFs in dyslexia is very scarce. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the EF of adolescents with dyslexia, in comparison with adolescents with typical development. We used the BRIEF-A Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function in Adults (BRIEF-A). Method: 19 adolescents with dyslexia and 20 adolescents with normal development, participated, matched in age, sex and IQ. Parents and adolescents themselves completed the BRIEF-A. Results: The results show that both parents and adolescents with dyslexia consider that they have more problems of EF in daily life, especially in metacognitive processes (initiation, WM, planning, supervision of tasks and planning-organization). In addition, parents reported a lower severity of EF deficiencies than adolescents themselves when detecting a lower percentage of scores above the clinical cut-off point. Conclusions: Adolescents and their parents do not always agree in FE assessments. Consequently, information from both informants is essential to understand and treat children with developmental dyslexia. The results coincide with the FE deficits found with neuropsychological tests.


(Submitted December 18, 2013) The condensation of indirect excitons in double quantum wells is studied in an electric field created by electrodes of different shapes. The finite value of the exciton lifetime, the pumping and nonuniformity of the electric field under the electrode are taken into account. It is shown that islands of exciton condensed phase emerge under electrodes when the pumping exceeds a certain threshold value. They appear first under the rim where the potential energy of excitons has a dip. Calculations predict a complicated evolution of the exciton density distribution: from the gaseous phase at low laser intensities to the condensed phase in the whole area under the electrode at larger intensities. Therefore, the configurations of the exciton condensed phase may be manipulated by choosing the setups with conductive electrodes of different shapes via forming specific potentials of the electrical field and controlled by the level of the laser irradiation.


Abstract The skin of the neck is thin and its surface anatomical markings quite prominent (Figure 1). The key landmark is sternocleidomastoid (SCM) a broad bulging muscle that bisects the neck diagonally and can be brought into prominence by turning the head to one side. SCM arises by two heads; a tendinous head from the manubrium and a broader muscular head from the medial part of the clavicle. The internal jugular vein passes deep to the gap between the sternal and clavicular heads. These two heads unite as they pass superolaterally to attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The jugular notch of the manubrium is easily palpated between the medial ends of the clavicles. The trapezius is posterior and forms the sloping ridge of the neck. The superior bony landmarks of the neck are the inferior margin of the mandible, the mastoid process and the external occipital protruberance of the occiput. Its inferior landmarks are the superior borders of the clavicle and the manubrium.


All graph in this paper is simple and connected graph where $V(G)$ is vertex set and $E(G)$ is edge set. Let function $f : V(G)\longrightarrow \{0, 2,..., 2k_v\}$ as vertex labeling and a function $f: E(G)\longrightarrow \{1, 2,..., k_e\}$ as edge labeling where $k=max\{2k_v,k_e\}$ for $k_v,k_e$ are natural number. The weight of vertex $ u,v\in V(G) $ under $f$ is $w(u)=f(u)+ \Sigma_{uv \in E(G)} f(uv)$. In other words, the function $f$ is called local vertex irregular reflexive labeling if every two adjacent vertices has distinct weight and weight of a vertex is defined as the sum of the labels of vertex and the labels of all edges incident this vertex When we assign each vertex of $G$ with a color of the vertex weight $w(uv)$, thus we say the graph G admits a local vertex irregular reflexive coloring. The minimum number of colors produced from local vertex irregular reflexive coloring of graph $G$ is reflexive local irregular chromatic number denoted by $\chi_{lrvs}(G).$ Furthermore, the minimum $k$ required such that $\chi_{lrvs}(G)=\chi(G)$ is called a local reflexive vertex color strength, denoted by \emph{lrvcs}$(G)$. In this paper, we learn about the local vertex irregular reflexive coloring and obtain \emph{lrvcs}$(G)$ of wheel related graphs.


Changing Educational Leadership and School Improvement in Vocational Educations? : VET teachers and the Career Services for Teachers Reform in Sweden


A regular graph with vertices of degree k is called a k regular graph or regular graph of deree k . G is said to be strongly regular if there are also integers  and  such that: every two adjacent vertices have  common neighbours and every two non-adjacent vertices have  common neighbours. A graph of this kind is sometimes said to be an ( , , , ) SRG n k   . The length ( , ) ( , ) max u v d u v of the "longest shortest path" (i.e., the longest graph geodesic) between any two vertices ( , ) u v of a graph, where ( , ) d u v is a graph distance. k n denotes the maximum number of vertices in a k regular graph with diameter 2. We will prove that 2 5( 1) 1 k k n k     and determine k n for some special values of k .


The invention discloses a traffic data processing method, a road condition forecast combined path planning method and a navigation device. The traffic data processing method comprises steps as follows: historical data of vehicle traveling speeds at one road section in different periods are collected, and road condition data, reflecting historical crowding condition, of the road section are acquired according to the standard vehicle traveling speed of the road section and the obtained vehicle traveling speeds in different periods. The path planning method comprises steps as follows: based on the time starting from the starting point, the vehicle traveling time required from the starting point to a path planning end point through various paths is calculated in combination of the road condition data of each road section in each path. The time calculated through path planning and consumed from the starting point to the end point through one path is the real traveling time of the path historically, so that the calculated traveling time can provide accurate reference for a user and help the user to select a traveling path saving traveling time.


Background: Differences in health needs between immigrants and natives are associated with ethnicity as well as with socio-economical characteristics. To what extent do non-Western immigrants (including descendants) and native Dutch in deprived areas and non-deprived urban areas vary in terms of health problems presented to their GP? Methods: Data collected in 74 GP practices through their electronic patient records are linked with data from Statistics Netherlands. 80% of the records were linked. Western migrants were excluded. ICPC codes were clustered into disease chapters. A disease was prevalent if during a period of one year at least one consult mentioned one of the codes from a cluster. Logistic regression was used to study differences in disease prevalence between non-western immigrants/descendants and native Dutch, controlled for age, gender, socioeconomic background and interaction with deprivation. Results: We analysed data from 61,503 native listed in the practices and 13,628 with a migrant background. 10,169 lived in deprived areas. Significant interaction with deprivation was found in the differences in prevalences of diseases related to blood (OR 1.1 in deprived areas, OR 1.8 in non-deprived), tractus digestivus (OR 1.8 vs 1.5), eye (OR 1.8 vs 1.4), ear (OR 0.9 vs 0.7), psychic problems (OR 0.6 vs 0.96), tractus respiratorius (OR 1.5 vs 1.2) and social problems (OR 0.5 vs 1.4). Conclusion: Differences in health problems presented to GPs between nonwestern migrants and native Dutch remain after controlling for socio-economic status and interact for many disease groups with deprivation. Differences in both directions between natives and immigrants are often bigger in deprived areas. (aut. ref.)


Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common complications in clinical practice, but current approaches offer no cures for AKI. Inflammatory response is the key mechanism of ischemia reperfusion (IR)-induce AKI, known as hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. T lmphocytes are crucial mediators of IR-induced AKI. It is reported that regulatory T cell (Treg) has potential ability to ameliorate IR-induced AKI. Tregs consist of nature Treg (nTreg) and induced Treg (iTreg), which are well established to blunt immune responses. We confirmed that CD8+CD103+iTreg remain steadily and barely transfer into Th17, which produce proinflammatory response, under inflammatory response. It is studied that nTreg tends to transfer into Th17 under inflammatory condition, which clarifies the instability of nTreg. Thus, the instability of nTreg under inflammatory response hints us that nTreg are not suitable for recovery from IR-induced AKI. Accordingly, we studied the role of CD8+CD103+iTreg in repair after IR-induced kidney.

 In vitro study, we test the expression of CD103, Foxp3 and IL-17a in CD8+CD103+iTreg under 1% O2 concentration. In vivo study, SPF C57BL/6J male mice (8-10 weeks old, body weight 20-25g) were divided into four groups, sham-operated control group, AKI group, iTreg treatment group and nTreg treatment group, with 6 mice in each group. On the day of surgery, we anesthetize the mice (pen-tobarbital sodium, 50 mg/kg body weight). Mice in the AKI group were reperfused after 25 minutes of bilateral renal artery ischemia. We injected CD8+CD103+iTreg (2 × 106/mouse) or nTreg (2 × 106/mouse) intraperitoneally after 24 hours of modeling to the treatment group and euthanized the mice on the third day of anesthesia.

 We discovered that the expression of CD103 is stable in CD8+iTreg in vitro under 1% O2 concentration (Figure 1, 2). In addition, their inhibiting abilities of T cells proliferation in vitro remain steadily (Figure not shown). However, CD8+CD103+iTreg seldom transfer into Th17, but remain Foxp3 under hypoxic condition (Figure 2). Adoptively transferring CD8+CD103+iTregs, a new subpopulation of CD8+iTreg we have identified, to AKI mice, we found that these cells can ameliorate the development of AKI by mitigating the level of serum creatine, alleviating acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and decreasing the mortality of AKI.

 Therefore, we confirmed that CD8+CD103+iTreg is stable under inflammatory(hypoxic) environment. Thus, CD8+CD103+iTreg targeting may be a novel therapeutic approach to enhance recovery from IR-induced AKI.


In the early period of establishing the country,Mao Zedong preliminary explored in strengthening the Party's construction under the conditions of ruling including sticking to plain life and arduous struggle and establishing a learning model for the whole party;carrying out rectification movement and strengthening the building of the Party Style of Work;carrying out rectification movement and strengthening the building of the Party's organizations;Improving the institution-building and strengthening the inner-party supervision mechanisms.Those exploration and practice enriched and developed the thought of the Party's construction of Mao Zedong and enhanced the Party's fighting capacity and the ruling power,at the same time,provided a reliable guarantee for the recovery and development of the national economy and the large-scale industrialization of the country in the early period of establishing the country.


The addition of high-intensity primary tumor ablation in addition to systemic chemotherapy may improve the survival of patients with metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.


The increasing demand of electronic systems in car electrification as well as in IoT (internet of thing) applications requires power supply with large power output, high efficiency, and small size factor. In this framework, the main topologies used for telecom switch-mode-power-supply (SMPS) have been investigated in this paper. Performance and reliability of the SMPS are mainly related to the MOSFET characteristics, and a primary aspect of such high-level applications is to ensure the service continuity. The new products of super junction (SJ) MOSFETs with very fast diode are the best candidate to match the above expectations. This work describes the reasons underlying the performance improvement and presents the experimental results confirming that SJ MOSFETs with very fast diode is the suitable technology to be used for telecom zero voltage switching SMPS.


The energy spectra of charged particles (mainly protons) emitted following muon capture have been measured for targets of Al, Cu, and Pb. The intensity of the energetic (40 --70 MeV) emitted particles falls exponentially with increasing energy, I=I/sub 0/exp(-E/E/sub 0/), with exponential constant E/sub 0/ 7.5 +- 0.4 MeV (Al), 8.3 +- 0.5 MeV (Cu), 9.9 +- 1.1 MeV (Pb). The integrated yield for particles above 40 MeV was found to be (1.38 +- 0.09) x 10/sup -3/ per capture for Al, (1.96 +- 0.12) x 10/sup -3/ per capture for Cu, and (0.171 +- 0.028) x 10/sup -3/ per capture for Pb.


Abstract In recent years, the application of selenium nanoparticles has been increasing in medicine, agriculture, engineering, and food science. Therefore, researchers are converting inorganic selenium sources into nano form by various methods. Particularly both probiotics and pathogenic bacterial strains have the ability to synthesize selenium nanoparticles under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Amazingly, dose-dependent selenium nanoparticles have antibacterial activity against their own pathogenic producer, even when added externally. Also, plant extracts and conventional chemical reducing agents continue to make a significant contribution to the production of selenium nanoparticles in an economic, eco-friendly, simple, and rapid way. Biological and chemical methods are suitable for the biological applications of selenium nanoparticles such as functional food or nutritional supplements and nanomedicine.


Nanoscale metallic glasses offer opportunities for investigating fundamental properties of amorphous solids and technological applications in biomedicine, microengineering, and catalysis. However, the top-down fabrication of metallic glass nanostructure is restricted by the availability of bulk metallic glass; in contrast, the bottom-up synthesis remains rarely explored due to the rigorous formation conditions, especially the extreme cooling rate. Here we develop a kinetically controlled flash carbothermic reaction, featuring ultrafast heating and cooling rates, for the synthesis of metallic glass nanoparticles within milliseconds. Ten permutations of noble metals, base metals, and metalloid (M 1 -M 2 -P, M 1 = Pt/Pd, M 2 = Cu/Ni/Fe/Co/Sn) were synthesized with widely tunable particle sizes and supportive substrates. Through combinatorial development, we discovered a substantially expanded phase space for metallic glass at the nanoscale than that at the bulk scale, revealing an enhanced glass forming ability due to the nanosize effect. Leveraging this effect, we synthesized several nanoscale metallic glasses with elemental compositions that have never, to our knowledge, been synthesized in bulk. The metallic glass nanoparticles show high intrinsic activity in electrocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis, outperforming crystalline nanoparticle counterparts and commercial precious metal nanoparticle benchmarks.


ABSTRACT: Plastic concrete is an engineering material, which is commonly used for construction of cut-off walls to prevent water seepage under the dam. This type of concrete shows great promise to satisfy the requirements of the strength, stiffness and permeability for remedial cut-off wall construction. This paper aims to explore three hybrid machine learning algorithms including Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) optimized with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to predict the compressive and splitting tensile strength of plastic concretes. To this end, data were collected from different sources and data gaps were covered by extra experimental tests and finally, 387 data for compressive strength and 107 data for splitting tensile strength were gathered for modeling. This study shows that ANN-PSO is superior to SVM-PSO and ANFIS-PSO in case of predicting compressive as well as splitting tensile strength of plastic concretes. The coefficient of determination (R2) in case of ANN-PSO for both training and testing sets is more than 0.95. Results of this study can be used to predict the compressive and splitting tensile strength of plastic concretes with regards to constituent materials and specimen geometry of plastic concrete. Review History:


The paper describes the historical background and evolutionary trends of the concept of cultural landscape in the world cultural geography. The world-wide leading national scientific schools of the cultural landscape research are compared; the German, French and Anglo-Saxon (British and American) scientific geographical national traditions are chosen as examples for studies. The cultural turn in the world human geography and its consequences for rethinking cultural landscape phenomenon are elucidated; the interdisciplinary linkages between cultural geography, other geographical and social sciences as well as humanities are analyzed. The impact of the contemporary cultural turn in human geography upon the cultural-landscape studies in Russia is evaluated and discussed.


In Korean civil law, the substance of close combination relations in Joint and several obligation is "communication relationship" among debtors. And "communication relationship" is not enough to know existence of other joint debtors, it is necessary for joint debtors to make agreements or shared decisions with respect to joint charge for debt. The legal basis are The article §416, §422, §425 Ⅰand §426 Ⅱ are it's legal basis. Practically, it cannot be denied in the theory of "Untrue Joint and Several Obligation" that there is no "communication relationship" among debtors. Therefore, to legalize "Untrue Joint and Several obligation", It needs to remove the element "communication relationship" in the definition of Joint and Several obligation. In other words, the case of Untrue joint and Several obligation should be elementary type of Joint and Several Obligation in korean civil law. First of all, the article §416 and the article §422 must be deleted in korean civil law. And the principle of 'Relative effect' must be adhered to, except the 'Absolue effect' caused by the accomplishment of objectives such as debt repayment etc. Espetially, in case of novation contract, waiver of an obligation and completion of extinctive prescription, it is reasonable for only 'Relative effect' to be admitted for the rigid reinforcement of security right effect. It may as well be allowed 'Absolute effect' only in case of merger. Secondly, the extent of claim for indemnity needs to be dealt with as 'Management of administrative affairs' or 'Unjust enrichment'. But, when 'communication relationship' exist between debtors, it should be dealt with as delegated person's obligation to return. Thirdly, the preliminary notice duty must be deleted in korean civil law. However, the requirement of an ex post facto notice duty is fixed to clearly according to the rule of good faith and sincerity. Another subjective requirements in the amendments of Japan civil code, the awareness of the existence of joint debtors, is also reference point. Finally, If there is "communication relationship" among debtors as a special form of Joint and Several Obligation, it will have to be allowed to the various form of claim-obligation relationship subject to agreement of the parties.


2,2',5,5'-tetramethylpyyridine-N-oxyl (PROXYL) and derivatives bearing one α-aryl substituent (Ph, p-CF 3 Ph, p-Me 2 NPb) were prepared and converted to alkoxyamines by reaction with di-tert-butyl peroxalate (DTBPO) and excess styrene. Both the nitroxides (plus DTBPO as is radical source) and alkoxyamines were investigated in the controlled radical polymerisation (CRP) of styrene, and their behaviour was compared to that of TEMPO. Polymerization mediated by each nitroxide displayed a linear relationship between molecular weight and conversion, producing material of low polydispersity indicating a controlled process. However, a comparison of kinetic behaviour was complicated by the unknown concentration of active species present. Polymerisation with preformed alkoxyamines at a known concentration also displayed controlled behaviour (polydispersities 1.25-1.5), and an influence of nitroxide substituent on the overall rate of polymerisation could be determined. PROXYL and the dimethylanilino-substituted nitroxide gave smillar CRP rates to TEMPO, whereas a Ph or to a lesser extent p-CF 3 Ph substituent resulted in significantly faster reactions. These results are discussed in terms of the likely steric and electronic influence of substituents on the nitroxide radical centre, and the resulting influence on polymerization rate. It is concluded that the steric bulk of the Ph substituent is the most likely cause of the rate enhancement displayed by the corresponding mediator.


The purpose of this research is to describe: 1) the influence of book spending on student's economic literacy, 2) the influence of library visit to student economic literacy, 3) the influence of book spending and library visit to student's economic literacy. This research uses a quantitative method of survey design. Population in this research is student of class XI Department of Social Science (IPS) SMA Negeri 1 Karangdowo that is as many as 120 student. The sampling technique using Simple random sampling that is as much as 89 respondents. Data obtained from questionnaires previously tested with validity and reliability tests. Data analysis
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techniques used are multiple linear regression test, t test, f test, R2 test, and SR & SE. Teh results of research using multiple linear regression equition of Y= 6,552 (a) + 0,313X1 + 0,397X2. Equation show that the student's economic literacy is influenced by book spending and library visit. The conclusion that can be drawn from this research are: (1) book spending has significant effect to student's economic literacy, proved from regression analysis of t test to obtain tcount > ttable that is 5,647 > 1,991 and significance value 0,000 ttable that is 8,343 > 1,991 and significance value 0,000 ttable that is 76,280 > 3,102 and significance value 0,000 <0,05 and the coefficient of determination (R2) of 64% indicates that the influence of book spending and library visit to economic literacy is 64% and 36% other is influence by other variabels.


We asymptotically estimate the variance of the number of lattice points in a thin, randomly rotated annulus lying on the surface of the sphere. This partially resolves a conjecture of Bourgain, Rudnick, and Sarnak. We also obtain estimates that are valid for all balls and annuli that are not too small. Our results have several consequences: for a conjecture of Linnik on sums of two squares and a "microsquare", a conjecture of Bourgain and Rudnick on the number of lattice points lying in small balls on the surface of the sphere, the covering radius of the sphere, and the distribution of lattice points in almost all thin regions lying on the surface of the sphere. Finally, we show that for a density 1. subsequence of squarefree integers, the variance exhibits a different asymptotic behaviour for balls of volume logn−δ with 0


To develop flexible devices that have mechanical durability, understanding the bending behavior of soft material components is quite important. However, measuring bending strain in soft materials has been limited to their surface due to experimental constraints. In addition to the surface strain analysis, internal strain analysis will further clarify the bending behavior of soft materials. In this study, we quantified internal strain in bending polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films, which are a common soft material, through the selective reflection of a cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer (CLCE). The strain analysis with the CLCE revealed that internal strains depend on the position of the bending PDMS films. This internal strain quantification of soft materials leads to the development of flexible devices with high mechanical durability.


This paper argues that radar research is in many cases becoming a separate discipline from the development of the technologies used to design and manufacture radars. It argues that it is better that this separation is recognised for what it is rather than pretending it does not exist. Instead, it argues that this separation can be the stimulus for developing new ways of assessing radar designs which although not directly related to a customer's explicit requirements, may yet lead to the design of better radars in the longer term.