The ovary of Pelargonium × hortorum contains five pairs of superposed ovules in five locules. These ovules are bitegmic and crassinucellar and the upper ovule of each pair is campylotropous while the lower one is anatropous. A single archesporial cell functions directly as the megaspore mother cell. Meiotic division of the megaspore mother cell results in the formation of a linear tetrad of megaspores of which the chalazal megaspore is functional. Embryo sac development is of the polygonum type. Rapid degeneration of the three antipodals occurs followed by the fusion of the two polar nuclei. Therefore, the mature embryo sac contains the egg, the two synergids, and the fused polar nucleus. Double fertilization takes place. Ninety-two percent of the fertilized ovules of P. × hortorum cv. 'Purple Heart' are found in the upper position.The two integuments are initiated before the differentiation of the archesporial cell. Cells of the outer layer of the outer integument and the inner layer of the inner integum...


The invention relates to OTP (One Time Password) equipment and method combining photographing and bar code indentifying technologies and belongs to the technical field of network information security authentication. The OTP equipment comprises a CPU (Central Processing Unit) processing module, a photographing module, a display module, a press key module and a power supply managing module, wherein the photographing module, the display module and the press key module are connected with the CPU processing module; the power supply managing module is used for supplying power to the modules; the photographing module is used for photographing a bar code image and transmitting data of the photographed bar code image to the CPU processing module; and the CPU processing module is used for analyzing the data of the bar code image, transmitting transaction information data to the display module to be displayed, carrying out corresponding processing on the response of press keys, and generating answer-back codes through calculation by a built-in algorithm and a seed secret key, and on the like. By utilizing the equipment and the method disclosed by the invention, the commonality of an OTP is improved, and the OTP not only can be used on a PC (Personnel Computer), but also can be used on mobile intelligent equipment, such as cell phones, netbooks and tablet personal computers.


In the ultra-cold 87Sr atomic system, the Zeeman shift of the clock transition was measured with the σ±-polarized interrogation to accurately determine the g-factors of the 5s21S<inf>0</inf> and 5s5p 3P<inf>0</inf> states.


Present status of coupling impedance measurements with single- and twin-wire method is described. Devices under test are the extraction kicker magnets of the JPARC RCS and MR. For transverse coupling impedance measurement a twin-wire and a shifted single-wire were used. In the twin-wire method multi-port network analyzer was successfully utilized. In the way of comparison with the theory of travelling wave kicker, the problem was encountered that the formula does not satisfy causality. The versatile is proposed here, which is to be confirmed in further study.


As part of a study of plating on aluminum, the deposition of thin zinc films on aluminum substrates was investigated by transmission electron microscopy and by electron diffraction. Zinc coatings on 99.999% aluminum were formed by immersion in aqueous solutions of sodium zincate. It was found that zinc initially forms epitaxial semicontinuous films on all aluminum principal planes. Subsequent zinc growth continued in the form of separate crystallites (2000A diam) which grew upon the initial film while continuing to maintain the epitaxial relationship. Using dark field transmission electron microscopy in combination with electron diffraction, it was found that Zn: (0001) //Al (100) , Zn: (0001) //Al (10) , and Zn: (0001) // Al (111) .


A crucial condition for the existence of a credit channel through bank loans is that monetary policy should be able to change bank loan supply. This paper contributes to the discussion on this issue by presenting empirical evidence from dynamic panel estimations based on a dataset that comprises individual balance sheet information on all German banks. It shows that the average bank reduces its lending more sharply in reaction to a restrictive monetary policy measure the lower its ratio of short-term interbank deposits to total assets. A dependence on its size can only be found if explicitly controlled for this dominating effect and/or if the very small banks are excluded. Overall, the evidence is compatible with the existence of a credit channel JEL Classification: C23, E52, G21


Silliness is too often overlooked by clinicians and yet is of the same value as the spoken word, as much in its exploratory dimension as in its provocative one, but also from the point of view of memory. « Silly words » construct the subject in writing it into both his personal and family history. Paraphrasing Cioran, we might say, not about failure but about silliness : « Bless my silliness ! I owe it much of what I know of myself. »


Abstract The surface energy balance directly affects vertical gradients in temperature and specific humidity within the atmospheric surface layer, and these gradients influence optical turbulence. This study was conducted to improve current understanding of the partitioning of energy at the ground surface of a bare soil field and its influence on the character and intensity of optical turbulence as represented by the refractive index structure parameter, Cn2 and to improve micrometeorological models of the surface energy balance. The field study entitled "Radiation Energy Balance Experiment for Imagery and Electromagnetic Propagation" was conducted by the United States Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory and the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, at Bushland, Texas, during May and July 1992. The following were collected: diurnal radiation: evaporation (directly measured by large weighing lysimeters); five-level micrormeteorological profiles of windspeed, air temperatur...


In the present work, tensile behaviors of nanocrystalline copper influenced by size evenness of nanograins, crystallographic orientation, grain sizes, temperature, and strain rates are investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations. Results show that Young's modulus decreases with decreasing grain sizes when grain sizes are smaller than 9.8 nm, which agrees well with the inverse Hall-Petch relation. It is also demonstrated that both strength and modulus of nanocrystalline copper with random-sized grains are slightly higher than those with even-sized nanograins. With increasing temperatures, the modulus generally decreases, while the deteriorate slope of random-sized grains is slightly steeper than that of even-sized grains and the modulus of random-sized presents higher when temperature is below 900 K. This work sheds deep insights into tensile behaviors of nanocrystalline coppers at the nanoscale.


Blood coagulation is set off by a cellsurface glycoprotein called tissue factor (TF). TF has also been implicated in embryonic development, inflammation, and cancer. The protein is inhibited by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), but the details of their interaction and if there is a common regulator for both TF and TFPI expression are not completely known. In this Paper of the Week, Rakesh Kumar and colleagues at George Washington University describe how the transcription of TF and TFPI is regulated by a serine/threonine kinase called p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1). They discovered that PAK1 promoted the coagulation process by stimulating expression of TF but inhibiting that of TFPI. The authors suggest that PAK1 may be a novel target for therapeutic interventions for coagulation control.


This paper introduces the connotation of the statistical work of the library and the statistical classification of the library, discusses the significance of carrying out the statistical analysis of the library, and points out that the scientific and effective classified statistics is the reliable guarantee of obtaining the benefits of the library.


This article describes the development of a competency-based curriculum matrix for the Civil Engineering in Computer Science degree at the Universidad Austral de Chile. The starting point for the construction of the matrix is the graduate student profile that was obtained according to information provided by alumni, employers and teachers and the ACM curriculum guidelines. From Career Profile we selected the competence domain that allow the Civil Engineer in Computer Science "to develop software systems according to processes and products quality standards" and we built a competency based curriculum matrix for that domain. As an illustrative example, a module was developed for the subject Object Oriented Programming.


Diaphragmatic fatigue is one of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms in the development of respiratory failure,while hypoxia has very important effects on the development of diaphragmatic fatigue. In this Review,we summarize the current knowledge regarding the effects of hypoxia on diaphragmatic fatigue,its mechanisms,and acclimatized alteration of diaphragm after hypoxic exposure.


In this paper, we present a novel joint signature protocol suited to applications run on UMTS and heterogeneous networks. The protocol enables a mobile user to securely delegate his/her signing power to an assisted server so that the assisted server can perform signature generation and verification on behalf of the user. By shifting computational expensive cryptographic operations to a third party, i.e. the assisted server, the protocol is able to eliminate public key operations for the mobile end, while providing message origin authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation services to both delegated (i.e. the mobile user) and delegating (i.e. the third party) entities. The protocol is suited to m-commerce applications, in which a mobile user with a resource restrictive device wishes to access Internet-based security-sensitive services. The security of the proposed protocol is analyzed and its performance against other related work is evaluated.


In 1989 we were the fust to describe glial cytoplast& inclusions (GCI) in multiple system atrophy (MSA) (1). Until then MSA, unlike other neurodegenerative disorders, lacked any pathognomonic lesion, and the neuropathological diagnosis was based on non-specific, and often elusive changes of neuronal loss, myelin pallor and astrocytosis of the affected areas. In the ori,&d report and two subsequent papers we have comprehensively characterized GCIs (2,3). These inclusions are argyrophilic: they were first observed in silver impregnation developed by Gallyas (4) to demonstrate Alzheimer-type neurofibrillary changes, and although their configuration sometimes superficially resembled neurofibrillary tangles, their cellular localization, dimensions, ultrastructure, immunocytochemical profile and regional distribution were all different. Our original observations, based on a comprehensive neuropathological examination of 11 cases of MSA, have been conf m e d by other investigators and these findings have been recently reviewed (5,6). The discovery of GCIs has initiated considerable interest in glial pathology, particularly in glial inclusions. Neuroglial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in strict sense of definition, have been relatively little investigated in neurodegenerative diseases in which research, not unreasonably, has focused on neuronal pathology. Astrocytic changes, including hypertrophy and hyperplasia, have, for long, been recognised as a stereotypic response of astrocytes to neuronal damage and loss. However, oligodendrocytes have remained even less investigated. The current intense interest in SE5 8AF, UK glial pathology hiis resulted in the description of a wide range of cellular alterations both in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, MSA, corticobasal deigeneration (CBD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (for review see 6 and 7). These recent observations, however, raise a fundamental question. Which of the different glial inclusions have both practical importance and theoretical significance for the particular disorder in which they occur? The practical consideration is clearly diagnostic and important for the practising neuropathologist. Are any of these glial inclusions pathognomonic of a particular disease or are they non-specitic without any diagnostic value? From a theoretical point, the role of these intracellular lesions in the pathogenesis of the disease has to be critically evaluated. Are they an integral part of the cellular and molecular mechaniscis which result in neurodegeneration? The aim of this review is to clarify these issues in relation to GCIs in MSA, by defining their diagnostic and biological significance and by comparing them with other, more recently observed glial changes.


When pentoxifylline was present during stimulation of human mononuclear leukocytes with Plasmodium falciparum exogenous antigens, an increase in interleukin-6 production was observed simultaneously with a reduction of tumor necrosis factor secretion. Similar results were obtained in murine macrophages stimulated with P. vinckei antigens. This indicates the independence of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor secretion in response to malaria antigens.


Americas Shame: Children Living in the Shadows of Americas Prosperity,Talking Poverty: Urban Scots and Social Deprivation, Fenced Into Cycles of Deprivation: Orphans, Their Female Carers and Education in Malawi,Roma Childhood in Eastern Europe, African Refugees Acculturation in the United States: Uncertain Paths to the American Dream, The Loss of Identity and the Underutilization of Black Childrens Educational Potential: Rethinking Assimilation Globally, Children and Youth in Poverty in Trinidad and Tobago: A Lack of Commitment in the Midst of Plenty, The Dilemma of Child Soldiering in Sub-Saharan Africa, Violence, Democracy and Education: An Analytic Framework, The Reach and Possibilities of Educational Reform for the Rural Poor in Mexico, Poverty and Education Brazils Search for Viable Solutions?, Small Hands: Global Dimensions of Child Labor and Exploitation, Child Protection and Survival in South Africa: Focus on Child Welfare Policy in Namibia, The Health and Cognitive Consequences of International Child Poverty, Juvenile Institutionalization Practices in India: A Study of Two Institutions in Madras, Child Poverty in Sierra Leone: Vignettes from the Leonenet Street Childrens Project, Stolen Childhood: Cultural Constructions of Unmarried Pregnancy in Bangladesh, The World Bank, NGOs and the State of Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Alleviating Poverty and Advancing Societal Reform, Defeating the Trends: In Search of a Better Future.


Now a day's FACTS devices are used to control the flow of power, to increase the transmission capacity and to improve the stability of the power system. One of the most commonly used FACTS devices is Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)In this paper, a modulation and control method forthe new transformer less unified power flow controller (UPFC) ispresented. As is well known, the conventional UPFC that consists oftwo back-to-back inverters requires bulky and often complicatedzigzag transformers for isolation and reaching high power ratingwith desired voltage waveforms. To overcome this problem, a completely transformer less UPFC based on an innovative configurationof two cascade multilevel inverters has been proposed. The newUPFC offers several advantages over the traditional technology,such as transformer less, light weight, high efficiency, low cost andfast dynamic response. This paper focuses on the modulation andcontrol for this new transformer less UPFC, including artificial neural networks(ANN) controlling for low total harmonic distortion and high efficiency, independent active and reactive powercontrol over the transmission line, dc-link voltage balance control,etc. Both the steady-state anddynamic response results will be shown in this paper.UPFC on controlling the flow of power and the effectiveness of controllers on the performance of UPFC is used to simulate UPFC model and to create the FLC.


This paper discusses the indemnity of compulsory automobile liability insurance to drunk driving.After analyzing the court and insurer's viewpoints,it points out that Article 22 of Compulsive Insurance Regulations on the Responsibilities to Motor Vehicles Traffic Accidents should be superior to the implementation of Article 76 of Road Traffic Safety Law.The meaning of property losses in Article 22 and Article 76 should be explained as property and personal losses.It is according to the basic theory of insurance that eliminating damage by drunk driving from the liabilities of insurer.The insurer should not be judged to pay for any losses except the liabilities of compensations for rescuing the wounded.This paper issued some suggestions for resolving those disagreements: to change the practice by the court gradually,not impetuously;to raise the rate of insurance fee to those people who have been recorded with drunk driving;to give drunk driver criminal punishments and carry out the policy of road rescue foundation,so as to realize the initial move for compulsory automobile liability insurance.


ABSTRACT Objective: Our aim was to compare the subgingival microbiome composition in samples collected by curettes and paperpoints. Methods: Subgingival plaque of rheumatoid arthritis patients with periodontitis (N=66) or gingivitis (N=15) was collected at two timepoints by sterile curettes and paperpoints. Unused sterile paperpoints were included as controls. The microbial DNA was processed for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The data was processed and clustered into Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and assessed by multivariate analyses. Results: Unused paperpoints showed various levels of DNA contamination. The OTUs specific for unused paperpoints were classified as Exiguobacterium, Enterococcus, Methylobacterium, Aquabacterium and Pseudomonas and were removed from the dataset. Microbial profiles of curette samples differed significantly from the paperpoint samples (PERMANOVA, p=0.0009, F=3.167). The paperpoint samples had significantly higher proportion of OTUs classified as Streptococcus, Gemella, Parvimonas, Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter and Clostridiales family XIII incertae sedis (p<0.05). Curette samples harbored higher proportion of Corynebacterium, Prevotella, Selenomonas, Actinomyces and Treponema (p<0.05). Curette samples had significantly higher species richness (p=0.01) and Shannon Diversity Index (p=0.009) than the paperpoint samples. Conclusions: Different subgingival plaque sampling techniques result in different microbiome profiles. Samples by paperpoints introduce microbial DNA contaminants and show underestimated microbial diversity compared to samples obtained by curettes.


The factors influencing the acoustical requirements of broadcast studios are discussed with the relation of studios one to another and to appurtenant spaces. A method of procedure is outlined, showing the embodiment of certain principles and data obtained from 10 years' experience in the design, construction, and operation of studio groups of various sizes. Studio groups recently designed and constructed by the NBC are described as examples of the application of these principles. A portion of the paper is devoted to other details such as characteristics of various acoustical treatments; discoloration of treatments due to "breathing" and means of control; the sound control of air conditioning, plumbing, electrical and heating systems; and the sound isolation required between studios and the building structure.Other essential empirical and experimental data are presented such as: optimum sizes and dimensions of studios for various numbers of occupants; optimum reverberation time and frequency characteristic...


Exposing the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is necessary in horticultural practices such as shoot tip culture, colchicine treatment, gene transfer, and so on. However, ordinary methods of exposing SAMs require extensive training and are labor- intensive. We developed equipment to expose SAMs quickly and easily by blowing compressed air on the shoot tips. Using this equipment allowed SAMs to be exposed more rapidly than the ordinary methods. Exposure time was shortened from 27.8 s to 7.4 s, 15.7 s to 7.9 s, and 59.7 s to 6.8 s in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), dahlia (Dahlia spp.), and Lilium leichtlinii, respectively. To determine whether blowing compressed air caused injury to SAMs, we used shoots in which the SAMs had been already exposed and observed resin sections of SAMs that had been subjected to the additional compressed air treatment for several seconds. Results showed that blowing additional compressed air for as long as 9 s did not injure SAMs. Using this equipment, we can expose SAMs without using a stereomicroscope by blowing compressed air to the top of shoots for several seconds. Over 70% of SAMs could be exposed in a 7- to 13-s blowing treatment without injury. We could successfully use this equipment in shoot tip culture and leaf primordia-free SAM culture.


Silicon oxide is a common structural material for Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) fabrication due to its excellent insulating properties. Amorphous silicon oxides were deposited using Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) and High Density Plasma (HDP) with silane (SiH4) as its primary precursor for comparison. In addition, amorphous silicon oxides had also been deposited using Tetraethyl Ortho Silicate (TEOS) as its primary precursor. This paper studied the various deposited amorphous silicon oxides on 200mm wafers with either silane or TEOS as the silicon precursor. The main focus was on the comparison of silicon oxide surfaces for small dimensional features resolution. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to analyze the composition of different types of silicon oxides. The surface morphologies of silicon oxides have been examined through Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Wet etch tests were also conducted on different silicon oxides to evaluate their qualities. However, no strong correlation was found between the XPS composition of a silicon oxide and the resulting surface roughness as well as the wet etch rates of this silicon oxide.


Kurze Mitteilungen Thermodynamic Properties of Difluoramine (Received August 20, 1963) The infrared spectra of Difluoramine have been observed by Comeford et al.1. They have given the assignment of the observed fundamentals on the basis of Cg symmetry. Lide2 has studied the microwave spectra of NF"H and NF.2D and has given the structural parameters for these molecules. In the present investigation the Thermodynamic properties such as heat content, heat capacity, free energy and entropy of these molecules have been calculated using the fundamental frequencies reported by Comeford et al. The calculation


The dedication for this volume of the Calyx reads as follows: To Paul McNeel Penick, Treasurer of Washington and Lee, Counsellor, friend, and Staunch Supporter of the best interests of the Student Body and University -- this volume of the Calyx is respectrully dedicated.


Television production has shifted rapidly from an analog process to one where virtually all programs are created and finalized as digital files. Such productions in public television are at great risk of being lost, because practices for long-term preservation of digital video are just now emerging, and because there is no mandate for preservation within the public broadcasting system. NDIIPP funded Preserving Digital Public Television, a partnership between WNET-TV in New York, WGBH-TV in Boston, PBS and New York University, to build a model preservation repository for digital video files and to examine the broader issues related to operating such a repository. In addition to designing the repository itself, the project became a lead advocate for adopting technical and metadata standards across the television field. The project also successfully challenged the public television system to recognize that preservation is necessary to keep digital productions alive. This resulted in public broadcasting allocating money for the first time to launch an initiative with a goal of properly managing its collective archival holdings.


AS THE AIDS EPIDEMIC REACHES the midpoint of its third decade, HIV researchers in San Francisco have taken steps to empower the next generation of scientists to join the war against the potentially deadly infection. They have launched an ambitious mentoring initiative, targeted at developing and encouraging young researchers committed to a career in HIV research. The program, which was started in 2004 by the Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) in San Francisco, matches postdoctoral scholars and early career faculty with well-established senior faculty at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), the Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, and other local affiliated institutions. The program is believed to be the first of its kind, focused on supporting the goals of young investigators in basic, clinical, and behavioral research in HIV. While studies have shown that mentoring can contribute to greater productivity and retention of researchers in academia, the creation of one-onone mentoring relationships has often been a hit-or-miss proposition. But HIV investigators like James Kahn, MD, are convinced that formal networking and the other organized elements of the mentoring project can be key contributors to the future management of the epidemic. "Most of the senior researchers in HIV are in their last decade of creative work," said Kahn, director of the CFAR mentoring program and professor of medicine at UCSF. "We need to nurture the next generation of investigators to, in essence, replace ourselves. By networking junior faculty within a rich research enterprise here, we hope we'll spread a positive legacy of working to end the HIV epidemic." Ruth M. Greenblatt, MD, professor of clinical medicine and epidemiology at UCSF, and codirector of the mentoring program, agrees that nurturing future researchers is crucial. "In general, there has been a problem [of] interesting and retaining clinician-scientists in this field, but it's important that we encourage them," particularly as the AIDS epidemic continues to grow, she said.


Franchising is a form of competitive business strategy that allows market expansion in a successful manner, in an environment of increasing global competitiveness. Franchise studies are mostly informal. Academic research has focused on: social reasons, expansion, franchisor and franchisee characteristics, and their relationships (Baena, 2009), existing gaps explain the critical success factors, and identify the characteristics of franchise development at the territorial level, among others. This research describes the business model and critical success factors and their relationship to sales growth, employment and profits in the development of Mexican franchises originated in the Laguna Region. The methodology consisted of the selection of critical success factors of franchising through document review and consultation with expert franchisors, and implementation of structured interviews with a sample of 30 restaurant and retail franchises in the region. The results were processed using descriptive statistics and correlation, including nonparametric tests. The results reflect distinctive features of the franchises of the Laguna District and identified 11 critical factors and behaviors.


The synthesis of new 7-membered diazepanone alkoxyamines [2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-[1,4]diazepan-5-one (3) and 2,7-diethyl-2,3,7-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-[1,4]diazepan-5-one (8)] through the Beckmann rearrangement of piperidin-4-one alkoxyamines was developed. Both 3 and 8 were evaluated as initiators and regulators for the nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization of styrene and n-butyl acrylate. 8, a sterically highly hindered alkoxyamine readily available as a crystalline solid, allowed the fast and controlled polymerization and preparation of polymers with low polydispersity indices (1.2–1.4) up to a degree of polymerization of about 100. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3332–3341, 2004


The experiment indicates that use concrete of mix the quantity greatly PFA may produce high performance concrete.Introduce the suitable the environment and the function of PFA in the concrete and the quality Control of the project scene.


Purpose: To evaluate of the effect of bilateral medial rectus recession in the patients who showed large angle (>50 prism diopters, PD) infantile esotropia as comparing small angle (50PD) infantile esotropia. Methods: The 68 patients who underwent bilateral medial rectus recession and followed up more than 6 month between 1998 to 2000 at Chung-nam university hospital, were reviewed. The success rate and reoperation rate were compared between large angle group (>50 PD, 14 patients) and small angle group (50 PD, 54 patients). Results: Fourteen cases of large angle esotropia and 54 cases of small angle esotropia were reviewed. The success rate was 50.0% (7 of 14) in large angle and 59.26% (32 of 54) in small angle but statistical difference was not found (p=0.37). The reoperation rate was 35.71% (5 of 14) in large angle and 14.81% (8 of 54) in small angle but statistical difference was not found (p=0.12). Conclusions: The success rate and reoperation rate of bilateral medial rectus recession in large angle infantile esotropia were not different as compared with those of small angle infantile esotropia. So bilateral medial rectus recession is adequate to initial procedure in the treatment of large angle infantile esotropia.


With the rapid advancement of science and technology,and the adjusting and upgrading of the industrial structure,a comprehensive modern manufacturing ecosystem is being built up.As such,human resource with high level of expertise is on demand;reasonably structured team with well-trained personnel is mandatory to modern enterprises.The vocational skill appraisal can meet the requirements of the companies and promote the training of skilled talents,so the implementation of the occupation skill certificate system is an important strategy of corporate human resources development for a company.In China,there are a number of occupation skill appraisal institutes in different industries has been established.Nevertheless,there are still a number of pending problems.This paper tries to present the currently existing problems existed in the occupation skill appraisal institutes of our country and seeks for the possible solutions.


This paper aims to explore the lives of ethnic immigrants in the village Sidowaluyo Sidomulyo District South Lampung regency. The subjects of this study were 38 heads of households, consisting of 15 ethnic Balinese family heads, 14 heads of Javanese ethnic families, and 9 heads of ethnic Sundanese families. The questionnaire about the immigrant ethnic life, consisting of 22 items with open and closed questions, is used to measure the lives of ethnic immigrants. The findings of this study indicate a difference in economic life to three ethnic immigrants, but mostly in the agricultural sector. The differences in the social and economic life of the heads of the three ethnic families relate to the type of migration and the ability to take advantage of opportunities.


The effect of timing of the application of the mycoparasite , Verticillium lecanii, on cucumber powdery mildew , Sphaerotheca fuliginea, was studied in a rooted cucumber leaf bioassay . The mycoparasite was applied at different times before and after mildew inoculation . At near - to maximum humidity ( 95% relative humidity) , early preventative (9 and 5 days before mildew inoculation) and early curative control treatments (2 days after mildew inoculation) gave considerable reduction in mildewed leaf areas , while late curative treatments resulted in greater mildewed leaf area but ultimately a reduced amount of healthy mildewed leaf area ( 20 % ) . Appropriate timing of biocontrol treatment application of V. lecanii is important to achieve good control .


Observation of liquid-like instabilities is reported in Au nanowires formed by nanopatterning of Au films using focused ion beam (FIB) on different types of Si substrates including those passivated with SiO2 or Si3N4 surfaces. The onset of the instability, which can ultimately lead to break up of the FIB patterned nanowires into gold islands, occurs when the diameter of the nanowire is below a critical range, which depends on the conductivity of the substrate and the extent of native oxide present on it. We also observe the formation of Taylor cones on very narrow nanowires grown on insulating substrates at the onset of instabilities. This effect is further strong evidence of liquid behaviour and is the result of charging of the wires during FIB nanofabrication.


1. A systematic study of the sedimentation constants of the respiratory blood proteins throughout the animal kingdom has been carried out by means of the ultracentrifugal method.2. Respiratory proteins enclosed in corpuscles have low sedimentation constants. The following values were found for erythrocruorin: capitellide worms and Cyclostomata, 2.1 x 10-13; glyceride worms and lamellibranchians, 3.5 x 10-13; holothurians, 2.6 x 10-13. Hemoglobin characterized by the sedimentation constant 4.4 x 10-13 occurs only in the five higher classes of the vertebrates, viz., Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces. Among the reptiles and amphibians an association product of hemoglobin with sedimentation constant 7.1 x 10-13, probably representing a doublet, was often found. This product was never observed in the other classes of the vertebrates.3. Respiratory proteins dissolved in the plasma have, as a rule, high sedimentation constants. The only exception is the erythrocruorin of the Chironomus larvae, which has ...


The present invention is disclosed in conjunction with a buried mine by evaporative cooling duct air-conditioning unit, the unit comprising a housing embedded in the ground, the side wall of the machine housing is provided with an air inlet, the air inlet side of the housing opposite to the unit wall is provided with air outlet, an air inlet in communication with the ground and buried mines through the duct network, respectively, are sequentially disposed within the unit housing with a Primary filter B, high pressure jet means are rotary air-flow plate, vertical indirect evaporative cooler, air cooler and the fan with the spray chamber. The air conditioning unit of the present invention the high pressure jet means riser indirect evaporative cooler and an air cooler spray chamber with an organic binding, and also takes the form of underground duct network precooled fresh air to cool the ground, full evaporative cooling of a leading role, the air conditioning unit has environmentally friendly, efficient, energy-saving advantages.


Turbulence in the upper ocean in the submesoscale range (scales smaller than the deformation radius) plays an important role for the heat exchange with the atmosphere and for oceanic biogeochemistry. Its dynamical features are thought to strongly depend on the seasonal cycle and the associated mixed-layer instabilities. The latter are particularly relevant in winter and are responsible for the fomation of energetic small scales that are not confined in a thin layer close to the surface, as those arising from mesoscale-driven processes, but extend over the whole depth of the mixed layer. The knowledge of the transport properties of oceanic flows at depth, however, is still limited, due to the complexity of performing measurements below the surface. Improving this knowledge is essential to understand how the surface dynamics couple with those of the ocean interior.

By means of numerical simulations, here we explore the dispersion properties of turbulent flows in a quasi-geostrophic model system made of two coupled fluid layers (aimed to represent the mixed layer and the thermocline) with different stratification. Such a model has been previously shown to give rise to dynamics that compare well with observations of wintertime submesoscale flows. We examine the horizontal relative dispersion of Lagrangian tracers by means of both fixed-time and fixed-scale statistical indicators, at the surface and at depth, in the different dynamical regimes occurring in the presence, or not, of a mixed layer. The results indicate that, when mixed-layer instabilities are present, the dispersion regime is local (meaning governed by eddies of the same size as the particle separation distance) from the surface down to depths comparable with that of the interface with the thermocline. By contrasting this picture with what happens in the absence of a mixed layer, when dispersion quickly becomes nonlocal (i.e. dominated by the transport by the largest eddies) as a function of depth, we identify the origin of this behavior in the existence of fine-scale energetic structures due to mixed-layer instabilities. Finally, we discuss the effect of vertical shear on the tracer spreading process and address the correlation between the dispersion properties at the surface and in deeper layers, which is relevant to assess the possibility of inferring the dynamical features of deeper flows from the more accessible surface ones.


This article discusses the town of Alice Springs, which has been perceived as an ideal community setting during the period of 1945 to 1965.


In an increasingly litigious society, colleges and universities are not immune from legal challenge. The student affairs administrator needs a basic understanding of the legal system.


Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have gained recognition as a valuable tool to aid in the solution of difficult computing problems. Despite an abundance of work in the application and mathematical foundations of ANNs there exists no consensus on how to implement ANNs in hardware. The goal of this paper is to provide an analytical perspective on electronic ANN implementation by addressing issues and design tradeoffs. The issues discussed include the question of analog vs. digital implementation, virtual vs. literal realizations, as well as speed and cost considerations in implementing a network.<<ETX>>


Individual investors are the sleeping giant of corporate governance. The recent implementations of stock voting on the internet and mutual fund vote disclosure in the USA pave the way for three fundamental reforms to awaken that giant: voting by advisor brand reputation; revoking the assignment of voting authority to intermediaries; and strengthening voting advisor brands by paying them with corporate funds directed by shareowners. We prevent vote-selling in politics by requiring confidential voting. For voting of shares however, the current trend is toward public disclosure of institutional investor votes, in the hope that this will encourage voting in the interests of beneficial owners. Unfortunately, such disclosure facilitates vote-selling, which undermines all shareowners' interests. We can reduce this problem by unbundling portfolio management from proxy voting, making voting intermediaries compete for reputation. The corporate governance structures currently prevalent in the USA give managers strong incentives to inflate short-term earnings while secretly harming the long-term value of the firm. This hurts shareowners, but lack of information prevents them from defending themselves. Thus the information and decision system improvements proposed here can help shareowners reduce such management short-termism as selecting acquiescent auditors, taking advantage of consumers and employees to temporarily boost earnings at the expense of the firm's reputation, and polluting. Diversified shareowners have a self-interest in reducing public harm caused by their firms, even if that harm will never be discovered and will never hurt the firm's reputation or stock price. This is because as members of the public, shareowners would suffer some of that harm themselves. Managers are members of the public too, but their relative lack of diversification gives them very little self-interest in balancing public harm against profit. This conflict of interest between managers and shareowners would likewise be reduced by a better monitoring system, so the proposals here can be expected to reduce such negative externalities. Much corporate political influence inflicts negative externalities, so these corporate governance reforms can lead to political reforms also, reducing corruption in both arenas.


The Transformer is one of the important equipment of power systems. It is very vital link in generation, transmission and distribution in electrical power system. It is subjected to harsh environmental and operational conditions that lead degradation of insulation system and eventually reduction in its useful life. The degradation of insulation system of transformer produces different insulation degradation compounds. These degradation compounds are found dissolved in oil. It is possible to assess health of oil immersed transformer by estimating concentration of these compounds in oil. 2-FAL (2-Furfuraldehyde) and Moisture are very important degradation components that can be used to determine the ageing of insulation systems or health condition of the transformer. A simple and Cost-friendly Inter digital (IDT) capacitive sensor has been proposed in present work with structural configurations of (1-1-1) and (1-3-1). Simulation of given sensor has been carried out on COMSOL Multiphysics software. where, Al2O3 and PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol) are used as the different sensing materials. A feasibility study is carried out successfully. The proposed IDT capacitive sensor is a low cost and reliable solution for on-site testing of transformer oil.


Sediment budgets on wave-dominated coastlines are important in understanding shoreline behaviour. Coastal sediment compartments provide a means to investigate sediment budgets over a range of time and space scales. This study reconstructs the sediment budget over the mid- to late- Holocene for a secondary coastal compartment on the New South Wales (NSW) south coast ~26 km in length and containing five adjacent but discrete barriers: Barlings Beach, Broulee Beach, Bengello Beach, Moruya Heads Beach and Pedro Beach. Building upon existing morphostratigraphic studies in this region, a new set of Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) ages are reported for foredune ridge successions at previously un-dated sites. Additional Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) transects complement earlier stratigraphic data, and topographic and bathymetric LiDAR datasets capture the morphology of subaerial coastal deposits and the inner shelf. The results demonstrate two different sediment sources promoting shoreline progradation and coastal barrier construction. A quartz-rich sand, transported onshore from the shoreface as it evolved towards equilibrium, dominates the barrier sequences. Skeletal carbonate sand augmented the quartz sand supply for the northern Barlings and Broulee beaches after ~3000 years ago. Shoreline progradation at Bengello Beach was steady throughout the mid-to late- Holocene. Bengello Beach contains the largest volume of Holocene sand and accreted at an average rate of 3.1 m3/m/yr (for the current shoreline length). Changes in sediment accumulation rate has occurred for the other barrier systems as their shorelines prograded resulting in changes to their alongshore interconnectivity. Rapid infilling of the Pedro Beach embayment by ~4000 years ago initiated headland bypassing northwards to Moruya Heads Beach which only then commenced progradation. In contrast, as Broulee and Bengello Beaches prograded, a tombolo formed in the lee of Broulee Headland which restricted northward sand drift into the Broulee embayment. As these once continuous shorelines became two, a marked increase in skeletal carbonate content at Broulee occurred attesting to shoreline separation and independence of sediment budget. This study emphasises the importance of quantifying the long-term temporal variability in sediment budget and embayment interconnectivity in order to better understand shoreline response to contemporary anthropogenic influences and changing boundary conditions such as sea level and wave climate.


Despite the real and perceived benefits of reading—cognitive, social and psychological—many women do not choose to read, particularly books, as a regular leisure activity. In this paper, using empirical evidence and personal construct psychology[1] as the framework, it is argued that women develop reading constructs that, by the time of adolescence, become core constructs forming part of the self-concept that remain stable throughout the life span. These constructs are shaped by the individual's environment, particularly family and friends, and influence their perception of their reading behaviour and skills. When considering the reading construct, it is a common belief that a reader is someone who reads books and a non-reader is someone who either reads nothing or reads other materials, e.g., magazines. A woman who believes herself to be a reader may read books throughout her lifespan, whereas a woman who believes herself to be a non-reader will probably not read books after her primary schooling is completed. Women who consider themselves to be non-readers may change their reading behaviour as adults if there are certain conditions present to encourage them to start, but they exercise limited agency in their reading practices.


This article is focused on the design of implementation of NFC technology in railway passenger transport in Slovakia in the form of new products called "National Railway Card" and "Travel Easy". The implementation of NFC in railway passenger transport will bring benefits to the state, carriers as well as passengers. These benefits will include: • faster passenger handling, • less time waiting in line for travel documents, • increased number of potential passengers, • expanded service portfolio of carriers, • better data summarization, • contribution in the field of environmental policy of carriers [1 and 2].


The invention relates to a coal dilatation and contraction performance evaluation method. The adhesion of coal is represented by OET, dilatation pressure generated in a dry distillation process of the coal is represented by MSP, the final contraction degree of a coke cake obtained by dry distillation coking is represented by an FCR, the initial softening and melting temperature of the coal is represented by IET, and the final curing and contraction temperature of the coal is represented by FET. According to the method, both plastic layer indexes, namely Y value and X value (national standard GB/T 479-2000), and Arnu-Audibert's dilatation indexes, namely T1, T2, T3, a value and b value (national standard GB/T 5450-1997), can be replaced, and compared with the two evaluation systems, the method has the advantages that the evaluation rule and trend are substantially consistent, and higher distinctiveness is achieved; in addition, the MSP is introduced into the evaluation system, and the index has guiding significance for evaluating the influence of the dilatation and contraction performance of the coal on the expansion pressure of a coke oven.


OBJECTIVE: To determine if postmenopausal women receiving estrogen perform better on demanding cognitive tests than women without estrogen replacement and if this beneficial effect on cognition is caused by estrogen‐related prevention of silent ischemic brain damage.


PACS's (Picture Archiving and Communication Systems) have matured to the commercial product stage. These systems introduce capabilities to the radiology field which can only be delivered by digital computer technology. PACS operates using workstations that are designed and configured for the tasks at hand. Various PACS configurations are possible: multi-modality, single-modality, and systems with limited focus, such as picture archiving or teleradiology. PACS installations can cost from the neighborhood of $100,000 to many times that amount. The overall cost depends on the size of the system, the characteristics of the central computer installation and those of the distributed workstations.


BACKGROUND
Neutropenia is a common and serious complication encountered during chemotherapy treatment of cancer patients. The incidence of neutropenia increases the risk of infection and can influence the chemotherapy treatment in terms of drug dosage and treatment duration. Mecapegfilgrastim is a novel, long-acting pegylated recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF) designed to prevent the incidence of neutropenia. The study aims to observe the effectiveness and safety of mecapegfilgrastim as prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with lymphoma.

METHODS
Ninety-one patients with lymphoma were enrolled and received mecapegfilgrastim as either primary or secondary prophylaxis. The incidence of grade III/IV neutropenia, the duration of grade III/IV neutropenia in the overall population, and the differences between the primary and secondary prophylaxis groups were investigated. Adverse events were also recorded.

RESULTS
During the first chemotherapy cycle, the incidence of grade III and grade IV neutropenia was 5% and 7%, respectively. Of the 71 patients who received mecapegfilgrastim as primary prophylaxis, the incidence of grade III and grade IV neutropenia was 4% and 1%, respectively. Of the 20 patients who received mecapegfilgrastim as secondary prophylaxis, the incidence of grade III and grade IV neutropenia was 10% and 25%, respectively. The mean duration of grade III neutropenia was 0.85 days. The mean duration of grade III neutropenia in patients who received mecapegfilgrastim as primary prophylaxis was one day less than patients who received mecapegfilgrastim as secondary prophylaxis. Fever and bone/muscle pain were the most frequently observed adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS
Mecapegfilgrastim is more effective in reducing the incidence of grade III/IV neutropenia and the mean duration of febrile neutropenia (FN) when used as primary prophylaxis rather than secondary prophylaxis in patients with lymphoma. The toxicity of mecapegfilgrastim was tolerable.


The availability of publicly funded psychological therapy for people with mental health challenges is limited in Canada and elsewhere despite evidence supporting its clinical and social benefits. We report on a pilot program of such therapy, presenting its salient features, lessons learned, and future prospects.


We compute the local Gromov-Witten invariants of the "closed vertex", that is, a configuration of three P 1 's meeting in a single triple point in a Calabi-Yau threefold. The method is to express the local invariants of the vertex in terms of ordinary Gromov-Witten invariants of a certain blowup of P 3 and then to compute those invariants via the geometry of the Cremona transformation.


Regulations that specify the requirements for fruit and berry harvesters during testing have been determined. The necessity of developing an interstate standard for test methods and software for evaluating these machines in accordance with the new interstate standard is substantiated. The main provisions of the prepared document and uptodate software for accelerated processing and analysis of test results are presented.


The rate of U.S. railroad yard switching accidents is more than 10 times the rate of accidents on other-than-yard track. Railroad safety and accident prevention has traditionally focused on the crews that operate on-track equipment, yet accidents usually have multiple contributing factors, including supervisory and organizational factors. This paper describes the results of focus groups with 56 railroad yardmasters to identify yardmaster-related factors that have the potential to affect yard safety. Yardmasters are the frontline supervisors of railroad yards: they plan, control, and manage track use in switching yards and are responsible for the operating crews in the yard. Focus group questions fell into five major topic groupings: training and experience; communications and information flow; stressors, distractions, workload, and difficult aspects of the job; fatigue, staffing, and work schedules; and best practices and lessons learned. Results illuminate a number of areas that, if corrected, may result in improved yard safety and operations.


For a degree d self branched covering of the 2-sphere, a notable combinatorial invariant is an integer partition of 2d − 2, consisting of the multiplicities of the critical points. A finer invariant is the so called Hurwitz passport. The realization problem of Hurwitz passports remain largely open till today. In this article, we introduce two different types of finer invariants: a bipartite map and an incident matrix. We then settle completely their realization problem by showing that a map, or a matrix, is realized by a branched covering if and only if it satisfies a certain balanced condition. A variant of the bipartite map approach was initiated by W. Thurston. Our results shed some new lights to the Hurwitz passport problem.


Bioinformatics analysis was conducted based on the acquired expressed sequence tags(ESTs)data from different tissues of Fenneropenaeus chinensis.A total of 10 446,2 690,1 067 and 1 282 original ESTs were obtained from cephalothorax,blood,eyestalk,and ovary of adult F.chinensis respectively.By clustering and assembling,3 454,1 053,406 and 544 unigenes were generated,and then annotated by searching in NR,GO,KEGG databases.The tissue specific transcripts were identified through sequence homology analysis and classified by GO annotation.The result indicated that specific transcripts in blood group were specifically enriched in the GO term of virion part,locomotion,rhythmic process,cell killing and multi-organism process.Specific transcripts in eyestalk group were specifically enriched in the GO term of molecular transducer activity,response to stimulus,multicellular organismal process,pigmentation and biological regulation.Specific transcripts in ovary group were specifically enriched in the GO term of nutrient reservoir activity,reproduction,anatomical structure formation,transporter activity and establishment of localization.We also analyzed the highly expressed genes in each tissue according to the number of ESTs of each unigene.The result indicated that genes encoding peritrophin,elongation factor 1-alpha,thrombospondin and arginine kinase were widespread and highly expressed in tissues,suggesting that they were involved in a variety of important biological processes in shrimp.In addition,genes encoding penaeidin,cytochrome c oxidase and 14-3-3-like protein were highly expressed in blood group and genes encoding arrestin and rhodopsin were highly expressed in eyestalk group.For understanding the expressions of common genes,we analyzed genes related to peritrophin and peroxiredoxin,revealing that genes of peritrophin in F.chinensis were multiform and highly expressed.This result may provide reference for further functional study of peritrophin.


conditions which may be points on a single disease spectrum. Although cardiovascular autonomic nervous system involvement is increasingly recognized, studies regarding the 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in these disorders are scarce. Aim: To present the experience in the Autonomic Unit in relation to the ABPM in the Holmes-Adie-Ross spectrum (HARs). Methods: A retrospective study examining patients referred between 2004 and 2015 with a final diagnosis of HARs disorder that underwent an ABPM. Results: 40 patients with a diagnosis of HARs were identified (65% women, mean age at 24hBP test 52.04 years (31.71-71)). Of these, 28 patients were diagnosed with Ross syndrome and 12 with Holmes-Adie syndrome. Circadian rhythm was normal in 82.5%, 7.5% had absent nocturnal fall and 10% had reversed nocturnal fall. There were no differences related to abnormal circadian pattern between the two groups. There was a significance association between both age and symptoms duration and the abnormal circadian rhythm. Conclusions: Circadian rhythm was abnormal in 17.5% of HARs patients. This abnormal pattern can be partially explained by age. Abnormal ABPM might be a marker of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in HARs.


Lipid droplets (LDs) are important cellular organelles due to their ability to accumulate and store lipids. LD dynamics are associated with various cellular and metabolic processes. Accurate monitoring of LD's size and shape is of prime importance as it indicates the metabolic status of the cells. Unintrusive continuous quantification techniques have a clear advantage in analyzing LDs as they measure and monitor the cells' metabolic function and droplets over time. Here, we present a novel machine‐learning‐based method for LDs analysis by segmentation of phase‐contrast images of differentiated adipocytes (in vitro) and adipose tissue (in vivo). We developed a new workflow based on the ImageJ waikato environment for knowledge analysis segmentation plugin, which provides an accurate, label‐free, live single‐cell, and organelle quantification of LD‐related parameters. By applying the new method on differentiating 3T3‐L1 cells, the size of LDs was analyzed over time in differentiated adipocytes and their correlation with other morphological parameters. Moreover, we analyzed the LDs dynamics during catabolic changes such as lipolysis and lipophagy and demonstrated its ability to identify different cellular subpopulations based on their structural, numerical, and spatial variability. This analysis was also implemented on unstained ex vivo adipose tissues to measure adipocyte size, an important readout of the tissue's metabolism. The presented approach can be applied in different LD‐related metabolic conditions to provide a better understanding of LD biogenesis and function in vivo and in vitro while serving as a new platform that enables rapid and accurate screening of data sets.


This article gives the definition of EPM(Enterprise Produce Manage).For the shortcomingand shortage of CNC machine tool in Internet manufacturing,introduced the openCNCtechnology of foreign.Using the openCNC solution,connected the CNC machine tool toInternet.


This paper aims to develop and validate performance measures for world class manufacturing (WCM) in Indian context that could be used by managers/ practitioners in assessing and improving their manufacturing performance. Using a thorough synthesis of the world class manufacturing literature, sixteen performance measures — top management commitment, knowledge management, employee training, innovation and technology, employee empowerment, environmental health and safety, supplier management, production planning and control, quality, flexibility, speed, cost, customer involvement, customer satisfaction, customer services and company growth — of world class manufacturing and their 89 variables have been developed. Using the data obtained from a survey of manufacturing industries in India, the identified performance measures were subjected to appropriate statistical tests to establish reliability and validity. Statistical computing package SPSS 11.5 for Windows was used for reliability and validity analysis. The validated instrument of world class manufacturing measures developed here may be used by manufacturing organizations to prioritise their management efforts to assess and implement WCM. The validated results are in Indian context, however, the instrument developed can be used in global context.


Stories exposing the lack of global knowledge among American high school and college students are ubiquitous. But it is not just students who have difficulty navigating a world map. Global ignorance, in fact, is appallingly prevalent even among scholars, journalists, and public intellectuals who write about globalization and world history. Otherwise erudite and insightful authors commit such basic geographical errors that they can only mystify the public. The present article focuses on, but is not limited to, the misconceptions of Benjamin Barber, Thomas L. Friedman, John Gray, David Landes, and Paul Krugman. It further explores the reasons why the debate over globalization, in particular, generates so much nonsense, and it concludes with a call for the revitalization of world geography.


Montesquieu frequently used analogies from antiquity, the English political system, or the Chinese legal system in his classic work 'De l'esprit des lois'. To conduct and convey legal research more effectively, it is not sufficient to analyze a single system. Through real-world experiences, exposure to the legal environment enables the development of a particular cultural and sociological philosophy of the rule of law. We believe that comparative law is a challenging discipline to situate. It takes a social science and a legal perspective. According to Édouard Lambert, comparative law has two conceptions: one in which it is viewed as a social science, and another in which it is viewed as a higher kind of legal art. To distinguish between these two ideas, he asserts that the first "social" approach places a premium on comparative history, whilst the second "legal" approach focuses on comparative legislation, specifically on the legal systems of distinct peoples.


Permeability of new cardo poly(imides), homo- and copolymers, for light gases such as He, H 2 , O 2 , N 2 , CO 2 , and CH 4 was studied. It was shown that the introduction of cardo groups into poly(imides) leads to an increase in the permeability coefficients. It was demonstrated that the transport parameters of copoly(imides) can be predicted by the group contribution method. The effect of a residual solvent on the gas permeability parameters was analyzed. It was found that the removal of the residual solvent brings about a significant growth of gas permeability, while the selectivity of gas separation drops slightly or sometimes even increases.


Based on the introduction of the merit and shortcoming and the analysis of the generate methods of the main random sequences,we propose a new method which is based on the substitution and recurrence structure,and the method is implemented by FPGA.The generated sequences by this method not only can pass the test of the FIPS 140-2 standard,but also have high performance:long period,high linear complexity,good correlation function value and high generation speed,it can be used widely in information security system and so on.


Abstract Experimental tests and finite element method (FEM) simulation were implemented to investigate T700/TDE86 composite laminate single-lap joints with different adhesive overlap areas and adherend laminate thickness. Three-dimensional finite element models of the joints having various overlap experimental parameters have been established. The damage initiation and progressive evolution of the laminates were predicted based on Hashin criterion and continuum damage mechanics. The delamination of the laminates and the failure of the adhesive were simulated by cohesive zone model. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results, proving the applicability of FEM. Damage contours and stress distribution analysis of the joints show that the failure modes of single-lap joints are related to various adhesive areas and adherend thickness. The minimum strength of the lap with defective adhesive layer was obtained, but the influence of the adhesive with defect zone on lap strength was not decisive. Moreover, the adhesive with spew-fillets can enhance the lap strength of joint. The shear and normal stress concentrations are severe at the ends of single-lap joints, and are the initiation of the failure. Analysis of the stress distribution of SL-2-0.2-P/D/S joints indicates that the maximum normal and shear stresses of the adhesive layer emerge on the overlap ends along the adhesive length. However, for the SL-2-0.2-D joint, the maximum normal stress emerges at the adjacent middle position of the defect zone along the adhesive width; for the SL-2-0.2-S joint, the maximum normal stress and shear stress emerge on both edges along the adhesive width.


The claim that Yoruba proverbs embody typical clause structure without compromising their cultural values and rhetorical purposes in verbal and written discourse has not been subjected to adequate linguistic/grammatical analysis. This study explores, from a stylistic point of view, the various structures of proverbs found in some selected Yoruba written literature. The intention is to identify, describe, and interpret the different patterns of structure and the communicative functions they signal in the proverbs. The study is anchored on Michael Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar. Twelve texts from the works of Olu-Owolabi, Adebayo Faleti, Oladejo Okediji, Akinwumi Isola, and Kola Akinlade having rich repertoire of proverbs with thematic and stylistic similarities were selected; and the proverbs were subjected to stylistic analysis. Findings reveal that simple sentence proverbs facilitate clear comprehension of the messages; compound-sentence proverbs project symmetrical ideas; while complex and compound-complex sentence proverbs communicate complex arguments and ideational explicitness in the language.


Surgical bullectomy is the treatment of choice for giant emphysematous bulla. We report a case of successful nonsurgical treatment with bronchoscopic placement of one-way endobronchial valves that are currently under investigation for the treatment of end-stage emphysema. In patients who are poor surgical candidates, this noninvasive bronchoscopic treatment may represent a valuable alternative.


This article is devoted to the topical issue of processing of technogenic water GOKov base metal massive sulphide deposits. In particular, the authors consider the demanganization of industrial waters are formed on the territory of the mountain enterprises. The complex of methods for processing and cleaning гидротехногенных formations.


The current investigation project is a compilation of data, primary and secondary information that lead into a feasibility study to create the Company "VidaDiabetica S.A.S". The whole project involves an investigation in different areas such as the administrative, financial, marketing and organizational. In the project the problem was detected as well as the business opportunity. The start point of the investigation was a study in the sector to investigate the target market in order to gather information. This process was carried out using different marketing and financial techniques, technical analysis and organizational structure to assure a long term of the company in the market, being profitable and sustainable. As a result of the investigation, the authors could notice the necessity of consumption by the diabetic population, which guarantee the profitability and sustainability of the Project in Pereira.


. In this paper we study some aspects of thermodynamic formalism, more specifically topological pressure and, as a consequence, topological entropy for piecewise smooth vector fields, using topological conjugation with shift maps and the Perron- Frobenius Operator. Some relationships between entropy and Hausdorff dimensions are also investigated.


The nature of interference potential of Kalmiaangustifolia L., a boreal forest understorey shrub, was investigated in laboratory experiments. Organic and mineral soils, not previously associated with Kalmia, were amended with different quantities of its leaf litter and leaf litter leachates. The objectives of the study were (i) to determine changes in soil chemistry after amending with Kalmia and (ii) to determine the effect of amendment on growth of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings. All soils were analyzed for pH, organic matter, PO4−, N, Ba, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Al, and total phenolics. Chemical characteristics of both organic and mineral soils were significantly changed. Water-soluble phenolics in one of the amended organic soils were significantly higher than in unamended organic soil. However, all of the amended mineral soils had significantly higher total phenolic contents than unamended control soils. A linear decrease in N content was observed in amended organic and mine...


Now Doniger paced, using Kramer as an audience of one, "We are all ruled by the past, although no on understands it. No one recognizes the power of the past" he said, with a sweep of his hand.

"But if you think about it, the past has always been more important than the present. The present is like a coral island that sticks above the water, but is built upon millions of dead corals under the surface, that no one sees. In the same way, our everyday world is built upon millions and millions of events and decisions that occurred in the past. And what we add in the present is trivial.


Using the string perturbation series approach, developed by de Vega and S\'anchez, we solve the classical string equations of motion and constraints up to second order in string perturbations around the string center of mass in ordinary nonaccelerated power-expanding FRW universes. For large comoving time we find, for all initial configurations, that the comoving string size goes to zero while the proper string size becomes constant. In the era just after the big bang, on the other hand, we find different kinds of string evolution depending on the string mass and momentum. The evolution of strings just after the big bang essentially depends on the initial string configurations, which are of course unknown. However, by tracing backwards the string evolution towards the big bang, we find that just after the big bang strings can have arbitrary proper size (even zero proper size or infinitely large proper size). The zero proper size strings are understood as a consequence of the scale factor being zero at the big bang, while the very large proper size strings (proper size much larger than the horizon size) are interpreted as results of the high density and high temperature, supporting very long but extremely wiggly strings. We also compute energy and pressure for a gas of strings. For large comoving time, the equation of state "oscillates" around that for cold matter, and it follows that a matter-dominated FRW cosmology is a self-consistent solution to the Einstein equations with string sources.


The theory of the current-type electromagnetic flowmeter for a high temporal resolution was developed for two-phase flow measurements. To predict the output of the current-type flowmeter, the three-dimensional virtual potential distribution C and the newly introduced flow pattern coefficient ? were derived and computed. The output of flowmeter depends on the liquid conductivity (sensitive to temperature) and flow configurations of the two-phase flow with the sinusoidal excitation over 100 Hz. The flow pattern coefficient was specially devised to separate the dependency on the flow configuration of the two -phase flow from that on the liquid conductivity which can be expressed with the calibration of single-phase flow. Using the finite difference method, the three-dimensional virtual potential distributions were computed for the electrode of finite size. By taking derivative of the virtual potential, the weight functions were evaluated and compared with existing analytic series solution for the point-electrode. There was a reasonable correspondence between the present and existing results. In addition, the flow pattern coefficients were evaluated for annular flows with various film thicknesses, and compared with the experimental results by the impedance spectroscopy. The numerical results agreed well with the experimental data.


Recognition of occluded objects in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is a signiicant problem for automatic target recognition. Stochastic models provide some attractive features for pattern matching and recognition under partial occlusion and noise. In this paper, we present a discrete hidden Markov modeling (HMM) based approach for recognizing objects in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. We identify the peculiar characteristics of SAR sensors and using these characteristics we d e v elop feature based multiple models for a given SAR image of an object. The models exploiting the relative geometry of feature locations or the amplitude of SAR radar return are based on sequentialization of scattering centers extracted from SAR images. In order to improve performance we i n tegrate these models synergistically using their probabilistic estimates for recognition of a particular target at a speciic azimuth. Experimental results are presented using both synthetic and real SAR images.


Work in intensive care units requires interaction with several medical devices and interpretation of dynamic information from several sources. The aim of the current study was to gain understanding ...


[Objective] Qingxin phlegm cough and phlegm treating pediatric efficacy. [Methods]Random parallel control method,according to the hospital 90 patients were randomly divided into two groups coin toss. A control group of 45 patients with lung power cough mixture,4 to 7 years old 10mL / times 7 years old 15mL / time,3 times / d,orally;If there is a bacterial infection,it can add cefaclor,20mg / time,1 time / d,orally. Treatment group of 45 patients Qingxin phlegm soup(Xingren,Huangqin,Fuling each 10g,Gualou 9g,Danxing,Zhebei,Faxia,Chenpi each 6g,Jike,Langpian,Jiaozha,Gancao each 3g),1does/ d,decoction 200mL,3 times / d,orally. 30d is a therapeutic treatment. Observing clinical symptoms of adverse reactions. A course of treatment to determine efficacy. [Results]The cure 22 cases,effective in 12 cases,8 cases,3 cases,the total efficiency of 93.33%. The control group healed in 16 cases,8 cases were markedly effective in 12 cases,9 cases,the total efficiency 80.00%. Treatment group than the control group(P 0.05). [Conclusion]Clear phlegm treating pediatric cough and phlegm effect is significant,can significantly improve clinical symptoms,reduce sputum,clinical high-value,worthy of promotion.


In early years of the new national contemporary literary area,when the authority words become the formidable time name,and gradually changeiy into behavior which the literary world follows,authority's wish becomes the goal which the literary world caters to."The hero",this glorioas figure which is had in the contemporary Chinese mind,becomes the symbolic expression symbol with the unigue time literafure.


Information has always been important for decision making. Not only who has the knowledge has the power, but also who has the information. Large organizations have understood the value of data as an active key factor for success and, many times, key to their permanence in the market. Thus, at the end of the 20th century, abundant regulations emerged in terms of security and world summits led by the United Nations that promoted responsible access to information and the reduction of internet access gaps as an aspect of growth and development. In developing countries like Colombia, investment in cybersecurity is very low compared to European countries, for example, however, the sector that invests the most is the financial and telecommunications sectors. This essay describes some of the main cyberattacks of which the vast majority can be avoided with adequate staff training, for this reason, the importance of training on issues concerning information security is described and also the importance of that large organizations implements the ISO 27001 standard as one of the ways to safeguard information and prevent risks associated with its vulnerability.


BACKGROUND
The re-emerging of infectious disease outbreaks is a menace in Ghana. As the acceptance of risk communication rises, health workers are using it to control outbreaks. Yet, research in risk communication and health workers' performance remains unexplored in Ghana.

OBJECTIVE
This study explores how risk communication works among nurses and its effect on their task (behaviors that are delineated based on role requirements and identified by a thorough analysis of the job) and contextual performance (behaviors that do not fall within the employee's assigned duties, but are a very important part of job performance). Thus, we adopted the CAUSE model, which proposes that effective risk communication creates five goals (Confidence, Awareness, Understanding, Satisfaction, and Enactment) amongst communicators.

METHOD
This study involves a quantitative approach complemented with qualitative data. It was conducted in three hospitals in Ghana, from which a sample of 398 nurses were selected.

RESULT
The result depicts that risk communication has a significant and positive effect on task performance (β = .65; P < .001), and contextual performance (β = .55; P < .001).

CONCLUSION
Our study shows that confidence is the strongest predictor of risk communication in influencing task and contextual performance. Yet, risk communication overall improves nurses' task and contextual performance.


In this article we propose an alternative to the theories which subdivide the adjective into three major types (qualifier, relational, adjective of the third type), themselves subdivided into several subclasses. We believe instead that there is only one adjectival lexeme with different uses (unitary hypothesis). To do this, we start from the two ways of looking for the adjectival prototype: on the one hand, the abstract prototype built by accumulating criteria, on the other, the semantic prototype. We examine the behavior of occurrences of the abstract prototype (admirable, monumental) and the semantic prototype (grand) with respect to gradation, the attributive function (more specifically the place of the adjective) and the predicative function. The examples show not only that the two prototype models can be reconciled, but above all that the behavior and the meaning of any adjective depend in large part on the noun it qualifies, a result which confirms our unitary hypothesis. The syntactic-semantic dependence of the adjective on the supporting substantive is such that it can be concluded that the adjective is a syncategorematic part of speech, rather than a polysemous one.


Islam is a revealed religion and its principles are universal and permanent. These guide and fashion life in all ages and times. Islamic History and Historiography is the science which informs us about our heritage, which makes us conscious of links with past; which makes aware of origin; and which provides us with a sense of direction for the future. The Qur'an played a great historical role in the historical consciousness of the Muslims and because of the historical consciousness of Muslims, historiography was approached by the Muslims with utmost care and sincerity.  The Muslims considered themselves to be the great custodians and transmitters of the knowledge and facts that could not be altered.  They produced a vast literature of history of considerable merit at a time when even among the civilized people there was not much flair for historiography.  Thus, it were the Muslims who gave new orientation to the historical thinking and writing with a greater depth and dimensions. The histories written by the Muslim historians were characterized by accuracy, scientific assembling of facts and their objective approach.  Islam has given a galaxy of historians to the world such as al-Tabari, Ibn Khaldun, Baladhuri, al-Masudi and Ibn Ishaq, they all have an everlasting and towering contribution in the development of Muslim historiography during the medieval times. The present paper highlights the very concept of History in Islam. It also highlights the history-consciousness of the Muslims by highlighting their contributions to the science of historiography.


With the widespread use of paper and paper products in China especially in cities, the subsequent negative impact becomes apparent. In the course of paper production and processing, resources and energy are consumed, with large amounts of carbon dioxide emitted, which greatly affects the low-carbon development of cities. Therefore, aiming at the characteristics of current way of paper consumption among urban residents in China, the consumption pattern of paper and paper products based on the low-carbon development of cities is put forward.


The Circumplex Model of family functioning suggests that families differ according to their ability to adapt to change. The aim of this study was to test two hypotheses from the model in the context of a longitudinal study of families experiencing geographical relocation. Questionnaires were completed on three occasions by employees and their partners during the process of relocation. Results indicated that there was no relationship between family functioning at Time 1 and subsequent psychological well-being of either employees or their partners. There was some evidence that families who made minor changes in response to their move adapted more successfully than those who did not change or made major changes. The results highlight possible limitations of the Circumplex Model and the need for further longitudinal studies of family adaptation.


This experiment studied the parasitic degree in Poecilia vivipara experimentally infected by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophozoites. In flasks with 400 mL of water, four fish were maintained with constant aeration in two replicates and added 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 20 trophozoites/fish. Mean values of water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were 19.5±0.39oC, 6.35±0.09 and 7.02±0.45mg/L, respectively. Before experimental infection the fish were treated with formalin solution 1:4000 for 1 hour in two consecutive days. The parasites were obtained from five infected Salminus brasiliensis that were maintained into Petri dishes with water for 30 minutes. Trophozoites were collected with pipette and the respective number of inoculums added. To avoid the parasite adherence, the plates were maintained into the respective flask. After seven days all fish were killed for exam, except for treatment 20 trophozoites/fish in which mortality occurred in two days. The mean value of treatment with 20 trophozoites/fish was significantly higher (P<0.05) than 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16. It is suggested that 1 to 16 trophozoites/fish is practicable to the study of experimental infection, by the fact that these fish were maintained parasitized during whole period.
KEY WORDS: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, experimental infection, Poecilia vivipara.


. Code-mixing activity can occur in various spheres of life. One of them is the interaction between students and lecturers through the WhatsApp application during the Covid-19 pandemic. This qualitative research uses data in the form of unstructured dialogue through the WhatsApp application. Data collection techniques conducted are observation, listening, and recording. The analysis methods are by identifying and classifying data categories, choosing the type of code mixing, then describing the data to determine the choice of code-mixing types in student interactions with lecturers through WhatsApp media used during the pandemic. The results of data analysis are described using informal presentation methods in the form of ordinary words. The result of the research is that students and lecturers are dominantly implementing external code mixing. This is because as a learner tries to apply the culture and vocabulary that is known in order to obtain fluency when communicating with lecturers using Japanese. The choice of words and phrases used refers to the vocabulary that is generally used when learning online and the absence of the same choice of words refers to the topic discussed.


The theory of carbon transport in a plasma boundary layers is important for understanding the impurity penetration, and carbon and hydrogen recycling, in tokamaks using carbon compounds as limiters and as wall coatings. Neutral carbon kinetics and transport at the edge of plasma devices where chemical release is a source of carbon are modeled. Plasma reactions with carbon and hydrocarbons are important for such modeling, and these collisional processes are summarized. Combining the reaction schemes and kinetics in the DEGAS code makes it possible to treat the neutral transport at the plasma boundary layer. Results of such modeling of the atomic carbon and methane distribution at the edge are presented for comparison with recent carbon probe experiments performed on the Divertor and Injection Tokamak Experiment (DITE).


Abrasive belt grinding experiments of glass fiber reinforced plastics composite material are carried out by using three different abrasive belts with different sizes,and the interaction principle between the abrasive and the workpiece is analyzed.The main factors of material removal rate and belt life of glass fiber reinforced plastics composite material are obtained through a large number of tests and test data.The extent and the main reason of belt plug are analyzed through the professional image analysis software(Image-Pro Plus) for the first time.The results show that in the process of abrasive belt grinding,the material removal rate are affected by the factors for grinding pressure,belt speed,abrasive type and size,and the ceramic abrasive belt has the highest removal rate.The main factor for belt plug extent is grinding pressure.The most important wear form of abrasive belt is blunt,and the accumulation abrasive belt has the longest life,followed by ceramic abrasive belt.


Lanthanide oxide nanoparticles were encapsulated inside of pores of highly ordered periodic silica of SBA15 type with hexagonal symmetry. The magnetic properties of such nanoperticles were investigated. The structural characterization using the SAXS, XANES, XRD, and N2 adsorption measurements showed the presence of lanthanide oxides of Ln2O3 type (Ln=La, Pr, Nd, Gd, Eu), with the size of about 5 nm, incorporated in nanoporous channel system. Their magnetic properties, studied by SQUID apparatus, showed the weak antiferromagnetic ordering at 2 K in the nanocomposites Gd2O3@SBA15, Pr2O3@SBA15 and Nd2O3@SBA15. This behaviour of the nanoparticles is caused by blocking process of magnetic moments, which at 300 K exhibit the superparamagnetism, evidenced from ZFC/FC magnetization.


Family structure, lack of reliable information, cost, and delay are usual concerns when deciding to perform BRCA analyses. Testing breast cancer tissues with four antibodies (MS110, lys27H3, vimentin, and KI67) in addition to grade evaluation enabled us to rapidly select patients for genetic testing identification. We constituted an initial breast cancer tissue microarray, considered as a learning set, comprising 27 BRCA1 and 81 sporadic tumors. A second independent validation set of 28 BRCA1 tumors was matched to 28 sporadic tumors using the same original conditions. We investigated morphological parameters and 21 markers by immunohistochemistry. A logistic regression model was used to select the minimal number of markers providing the best model to predict BRCA1 status. The model was applied to the validation Received: December 8, 2011 Accepted after revision: May 8, 2012 Published online: April 23, 2013 Jocelyne Jacquemier Paoli Calmettes Institute 232, bd Sainte Marguerite FR–13009 Marseille (France) Tel. +33 49 122 3593, E-Mail jacquemierj @ marseille.fnclcc.fr © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel 1015–2008/13/0805–0219$38.00/0 D ow nl oa de d by : 54 .7 0. 40 .1 1 11 /7 /2 01 7 2: 12 :1 9 A M


Pacific Islands Monograph Series, 6 By Diane Langmore Honolulu, HI: University ofHawaii Press 1989. 408 pp., cloth, $35 Reviewedby Robert R von Oeyen, Jr. The University of Hawaii continues a series that is of more than passing interest to missiologists, particularly mission historians. Langmore's exhaustive "group biography" of the 327 Western missionaries (plus 52wives) who came to Papua before World War I indicates that secular scholarship finally has come full circle to take missionaries seriously in and of themselves. The four different mission societies involved, Protestant and Catholic, as well as the varied national and personal backgrounds of individuals, are clearly delineated. What is striking in this book is how much all the individuals have in common as missionaries. Langmore very intentionally lays to rest a host of popular missionary stereotypes, ranging from the heroic rescuer of the heathen from a debased culture to the sinister front person for capitalist imperialism. Responding to these stereotypes, in fact, provides much of the structure for her book Her conclusion is that for the most part the missionaries to Papua were ordinary men and women who had an extraordinary sense of call, and who were very broadly involved both in initiating and ameliorating the tremendous changes that came to Papua at the tum of the century. Strengths in this work include an exhaustive bibliography, charts, registers, maps, illustrations-a wealth of material. A decided plus is the attention the author gives to missionary women, both Catholic and Protestant. Students of Pacific missions will lament, however, the need to delimit the study so as to exclude treatment of the hundreds of Pacific Islander missionaries who lived and worked and died in Papua along with their Western colleagues. Finally, it must be said that the reader looking for a "plot line" to make a gripBook Reviews 89


The holder part is supported by the arms, it is formed by a metal reinforcement and a stiffener by an opening in the filling opening in the synthetic resin holder hole forming member. A holder hole forming member forming the holder hole of the conductive contact, and accommodate a pair of needle-shaped members and coil springs by a ball holder to constitute a conductive contact of the ends protruding. Can be considered the base of the holder of a metal, and that the higher the strength, for example a dimensional change caused by a change with time due to (inspection etc. Elevated Temperature), a temperature change at the time of inspection or residual processing distortion, compared to made integrally water material resin easily it is possible to suppress a change in pitch of the ball holder is controlled such that it is possible to maintain the precision can be a reliable test for a long period of time.


Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) are one of the systems retained by Generation IV as a candidate for the next generation of nuclear reactors. This type of reactor is particularly well adapted to the thorium fuel cycle (ThU) which has the advantage of producing less minor actinides than the uranium-plutonium fuel cycle (UPu) [1]. In the frame of a major re-evaluation of the MSR concept and concentrating on some major constraints such as feasibility, breeding capability and, above all, safety, we have considered a particular reactor configuration that we call the 'unique channel' configuration in which there is no moderator in the core, leading to a quasi fast neutron spectrum. This reactor is presented in the first section. MSRs benefit from several specific advantages which are listed in a second part of this work.


Objective: To design the synthesis of high epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) alkylated derivatives,analyze the structure-activity relationship and the pharmacological activity in inhibiting human hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation,in order to select the more stable and effective EGCG derivatives.Method: With EGCG and (CH 3 CH 2 O) 2 SO 2 as raw materials,a series of EGCG derivatives were ethylated. The effect of ethylated EGCG on the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell SMMC-7721 and Hep G2 were determined by 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 dimethyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide(MTT) method. With the cell density at 1 × 10 8 /mL,the 3/4 of EGCG derivatives were diluted into four concentrations,with 60,80,100,150 mg·L -1 ,and 30,40,50,60 mg·L -1 for SMMC-7721 cells,and 60,80,100,150 mg·L -1 ,and 20,30,40,50 mg·L -1 for Hep G2 cells,both were drug groups. A cell control group was also set up. Each concentration group has four complex wells,and the cells were continuously cultured for 24 h after addition of drugs. Result:We synthesized four EGCG derivatives. Their structures were identified by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, 2 DNMR,mass spectrometry and other methods,all of them were novel compounds. Ethylated EGCG product 3 and 4 can inhibit proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cell SMMC-7721 and Hep G2. Conclusion: Ethylated EGCG product 3 and4 have inhibition effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cell SMMC-7721 and Hep G2,and 4 has a much stronger effect than EGCG.


Shows Mihrab. They are generally of type shown here, i.e. orgive or pointed arch. And are sacred shapes which when used in mosques sanctify the light or persons passing through the opening. In this instance the Mihrab is the so-called "prayer niche", which is actually a false door pointing the direction to Mecca. Mihrab source reaches back to 2nd century A.D. sources in Near East.


Blind source separation (or unmixing) methods process a set of mixed signals, which are typically linear memoryless combinations of source signals, so as to estimate these unknown source signals and/or combination coefficients. These methods have been extensively applied to hyperspectral images in the field of remote sensing, because the reflectance spectrum of each image pixel is often a mixture of elementary contributions, due to the limited spatial resolution of hyperspectral remote sensing sensors. Each spatial source signal then corresponds to a pure material, and its value in each pixel is equal to the "abundance fraction" of the corresponding Earth surface covered by that pure material. The mixing coefficients then form the pure material spectra. Various unmixing methods have been designed for this data model and the majority of them are either geometrical or statistical, or even based on sparse regressions. Various such unmixing techniques mainly consider assumptions that are related to the presence or absence of pure pixels (i.e., pixels which contain only one pure material). The case when, for each pure material, the image includes at least one pixel or zone which only contains that material yielded attractive unmixing methods, but corresponds to a stringent sparsity condition. We here aim at relaxing that condition, by only requesting a few tiny pixel zones to contain two pure materials. The proposed linear and geometrical sparse-based, blind (or unsupervised) unmixing method first automatically detects these zones. Each such zone defines a line in the data representation space. These lines are then estimated and clustered. The pairs of cluster centers, corresponding to lines, which have an intersection, yield the spectra of pure materials, forming the columns of the mixing matrix. Finally, the proposed method derives all abundance fractions, i.e., source signals, by using a least squares method with a non-negativity constraint. This method is applied to realistic synthetic images and is shown to outperform various methods from the literature. Indeed, and for the conducted experiments, when considering the pure material spectra extraction, the obtained improvements, for the considered spectral angle mapper performance criterion, vary between 0.02∘ and 12.43∘. For the abundance fractions estimation, the proposed technique is able to achieve a normalized mean square error lower than 0.01%, while the tested literature methods yield errors greater than 0.1%.


act. Sentenced to transportation to the colonies, Wilkinson died before leaving English waters "from a mixture of sorrow, sea-sickness and gout" (127). There were, of course, ways around Lord Hardwicke's careful legislation. The easiest, perhaps, was to marry abroad or in Scotland, where the English marriage law did not apply. Gretna Green, across the border in Dumfriesshire, was only the best known of such places where runaways could marry quickly with no questions asked. Eventually, however, the act was undermined by social changes that its drafters could not have foreseen. The Industrial Revolution created a population explosion in the northern cities where parish churches were thin on the ground. At the same time the Church of England lost its hegemony to insurgent nonconformity, to fast-growing congregations of Baptists, Independents, and Unitarians. Eventually, in the reforming 1830s, Parliament rewrote the law. By the time of Queen Victoria's accession in 1837 the Anglican monopoly was broken. The English could now marry before a civil Registrar or in the church of their choice. Outhwaite's extensive bibliography will allow those who wish for more on this topic to find it.


RFID for the supply chain (RFID/SC) has been labeled a disruptive technology (Dietz, Lemond, Moffatt, & Pak, 2006; Krotov & Junglas, 2008; Owen et al., 2005; Raynor, 2008; Spekman & Sweeney-II, 2006). The adoption path has been likened to that of mini-computers in the late 1970s to the Internet applications in the late 1990s (Raynor, 2008; Walt, 2005). There are certain characteristics of a disruptive technology that managers need to know when they are adopting RFID technology. Raynor (2008) suggests that "disruptive innovations require a radically different approach to business because they require organizations to do what they are programmed not to do: ignore their best customers" (p. 7). Disruptive technologies often find application in niche markets when they first appear (Christensen, 1997). This is because disruptive technologies ABSTRACT