Upper gastrointestinal tract (GIS) bleeding refers to any bleeding originates from the area from upper esophagus to the proximal of the treitz ligament. It has a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from hypovolemic shock to death. Bleeding from peptic ulcer (PU) is one of the major cause of upper GIS bleeding. Despite improvements in therapeutic endoscopy and angiography, gastrointestinal bleeding is still an important source of morbidity and mortality. Although approximately 80-85% of upper GIS bleeding stops spontaneously, supportive treatment is required. In this study, we aimed to determine the clinical, laboratory and demographic characteristics of patients with upper GIS bleeding and their relationship with major scoring systems. Two hundred thirteen patients over 18 years old that were admitted to Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Training and Research Hospital between January 2016 and March 2020 with a diagnosis of non-variceal GIS bleeding were retrospectively enrolled to this study. Age, gender, blood group, comorbid conditions, endoscopic findings, laboratory values and medications were recorded for each patient. Prognostic scorings were calculated for each patient. The mean age of patients was 68.67±14.8 years (Male/Female: 156/57). In overall, 90.7% of patients were discharged and 7.5% of patients were transferred to intensive care unit. The mortality rate was 1.8%. Endoscopic evaluation revealed that 31.9% of patients had duodenal ulcer and 19.2% of patients had gastric ulcer. Medical treatment was applied to 84.8% of patients and 13.4% of patients received endoscopic treatments. Length of stay was significantly correlated with Rockall and Glasgow Blatchford scores. This study revealed that age, comorbid conditions and prior drug history were related to predisposition to GIS bleeding. Early diagnosis and intervention might reduce the mortality in these patients. Despite early endoscopic interventions and the improvements in endoscopic techniques GIS bleeding still associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality.


White crystalline blooms on the surface of small prepacked fermented sausages have been identified for the first time unambiguously as creatine. The mass spectra of the untreated blooms and of creatine were almost identical. By enzymatic analysis a content of 83% creatin per gram of coating material was determined. Since the crystalline form of creatine is creatine monohydrate, the creatine monohydrate content would amount to 94%. Meat-borne creatine was identified as the source of creatine in the blooms. Its concentration in the sausages was 2,43 mg/g. For the qualitative determination of creatine in white sausage blooms a rapid test based on the Voges-Proskauer reaction is suggested.


To paraphrase Mark Twain, "You may be on the right track, but if you aren't moving fast enough you can still get run over." Education in palliative medicine is on a fast track as educators are rapidly developing curriculum, assessment tools, and evaluation instruments in traditional and/or digital formats (e.g., CD-ROM, web, hand-held). To provide readers with the most recent information in the field of palliative medicine education, the Dilemma's section will periodically publish selected "Short Reports on New Approaches to Palliative Medicine Education." Modeled after the highly successful "In Progress" reports in Academic Medicine, each report will briefly describe an educational innovation that has been developed and piloted but is less than 3 years old. While this approach may limit the rigor of the project's outcome data, it is offset by the decision to provide our readers with the newest approaches to palliative medicine education.


After Bitcoin futures were introduced by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in December 2017, their trading volume has stayed in an uptrend due to speculation, though the scale is still small compared to other traditional futures. As increasing trading indicates more attention and the presence of institutional traders, there exists a need for reliable return and variance forecasts of Bitcoin futures contracts. Therefore, this paper first applies LASSO to pick out best-fitting predictors by shrinking the dimension of a universe of potential determinants sourced from intraday Bitcoin spot trades and daily futures variables. Then, a second round of predictor selection is conducted via Bayesian model averaging so that the modeling uncertainty can be mitigated. We find that factors standing out from this two-step procedure possess a strong predictive power for Bitcoin futures return and volatility in different time horizons. It is further demonstrated that the investment and hedging strategies established based on our forecasts perform well in out-of-sample validations.


The adverse condition to the mechanization of agriculture development in China is analyzed, the overall consideration and guiding ideology for agriculture mechanization development which takes strengthening the agriculture competitiveness as the goal is proposed, the key points of agriculture mechanization development as well as the development tendency of agriculture mechanization in new era is analyzed.


Water resources are important strategic resources.In this paper,on the basis of considering the characteristics of water resources and combining the specific circumstances of the four provinces,water security evaluation index system of the four provinces is established.Index system involved in population,economy and society,resources environment and the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)are used to determine the weight of each index and made an evaluation of the four provinces of water security situation.four critical values of the index at the same time are set up,the Jiangxi,Hubei,Hunan and Anhui's level of the water security situation is divided according to calculation results of sample model of the four critical value.The comprehensive evaluation results of 2005-2011,Jiangxi Province's water security situation is better,the second is Hunan,Anhui is the worst.Finally,four provinces were compared and analyzed from population,economy and society,resources,environment.The evaluation results prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the method,it has certain application value in regional water security evaluation.


Original held in Special Collections, Rare Books, 940.4 B433a.

 The reports contained in this book were published in the Arab bulletin, the secret intelligence summary of the Arab Bureau.


The principle of the pulsed waterjet airlift pump system used in hydraulic borehole for underground mining is presented.The performance of the self-excited oscillation pulsed waterjet breaker and the factors influencing the airlift pump efficiency are also discussed.It is shown that the pulsed waterjet can not only effectively break the hard clay or loose the particles of sand on the placer bed,but also produce oscillating cross flow to make the particles of sand moving to the end of the suction pipe quickly.The application of the borehole hydraulic mining indicates that the whole system is simple,safe,high efficient and has higher performances in respect to the technology and economy.


: The study looked at how residents in the Arjo Diga forest, East Wollega Zone of Western Ethiopia felt about biodiversity conservation. The Arjo Diga Forest ecosystem is home to a great variety of animals and plants; this area may be a major contributor to the country's conservation strategy. However, over the past three decades, the realm round the forest ecosystem has seen significant anthropogenic pressures. Additionally, identifying the assorted factors that influence the attitudes and perceptions of local communities about protected areas and therefore the value of biodiversity is very important for local people to support conservation efforts. Purposive sampling was employed to collect data from three kebeles, which were chosen based on their level interaction, community distribution within or near the conservation forest and forest dependency. A household survey, key informant interview, field observation and focus group discussion were used to gather data. The questionnaire study included 222 households in total. SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data. To explore the important contributing elements for local community impression and attitude, the Chi-square test and descriptive statistics were used. According to the study, the majority of local household heads (48.6%) are unaware of the importance of biodiversity conservation. There was a significant difference in age (x 2 =36.216, DF = 3 and p<0.05), education level (x 2 =73.021, DF=3 and p<0.05), and annual income (x 2 =90.75, DF=3 and p<0.05) in the view and attitude of the local residents toward the conservation values of Arjo Diga forest. As a result, it can be stated that age, education level, and income were the primary determinants of local community perspective and attitude. Furthermore, respondents report that farmland expansion (29.7%), charcoal production, and firewood production (21.6%) are intensifying, and that (55.86%) of respondents were not involved in the decision-making process, which could have a significant impact on biodiversity conservation sustainability. Soil and water conservation, as well as fencing, were among the important mitigation techniques approaches discovered in this study and used by local populations to conserve and develop the natural resource. As a result, urgent cooperation measures between biodiversity conservation management and stakeholders, as well as environmental education, should be addressed as part of a plan to protect Arjo Diga forest, taking into account these elements that influence attitudes and perceptions.


Electrical properties in the Earth's interior are obtained through geoelectromagnetic observations, and are used to infer constituent materials and temperature. Because electrical properties are very sensitive to the existence of liquids, they are used to detect water and melt in the crust and the mantle. Interpreting observed data requires a good understanding of the electrical properties of crust and mantle materials. In this paper, I review the state of our understanding of rock electrical properties. First, I relate macroscopic electrical conductivity and permittivity to microscopic material parameters. Our understanding of the electrical properties of rock-forming minerals and liquids is reviewed from the viewpoint of microscopic structures, and then the properties of rocks are discussed through the effective medium theory. Finally, I point out problems that should be tackled to get a better understanding of the electrical properties of rocks. They are (1) the physics of the electrical conduction in crustal rocks, (2) the distribution of conductive minerals in rocks, (3) the fluid distribution in rocks, (4) the properties of thin fluid film, and (5) the nature of interfacial polarization of fluid-bearing rocks.


The strong asymptotic behaviour of orthogonal polynomials with respect to a general class of varying measures is given for the case of the unit circle and the real line. These results are used to obtain certain asymptotic relations for the polynomials involved in the construction of Hermite{Pade approximants of a Nikishin system of functions. c 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. AMS classication: 42C05; 30E10


T h i s p a p e r r e p o r t s t h e r e s u l t s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s in to th e r e p r o d u c t i v e behav iour and b iology o f M an d a rin D u ck s A ix ga lericulata . S tudies o f th e re la tionsh ips o f age o f first breeding to behavior, to p lum age, an d to nesting and reproductive success a re lacking for m an y w aterfow l species (K orschgen & F red erick so n 1976), i n c lu d in g th e M a n d a r i n , d e s p i t e i t s p o p u larity to av icu ltu rists and its p resence in m an y zoological g a rd en s and p rivate estates. M andarins w ere in troduced in to E urope from A sia n ear th e end o f the 18th cen tu ry and added to the L ondon Z o o in 1830, w here they first b red in 1834 (S avage 1952). A lthough exceptions exist th ey generally have been difficult to b reed in cap tiv ity , w ith success a t such E nglish esta tes as W alco tt and L eckford (S tevens and Jo n es, pers, com .) being quite variable . S po rad ic b reed  ing also has o ccu rred in th e U .S . (F u n k , W ebster, M acy , pers, com .) and a t the Schedel E sta te in O hio w here th is study w as conducted . K orschgen and F red erick so n (1976) have show n th a t the p reco p u la to ry d isp lays o f yearling , m ale W ood D u ck s A ix sponsa, the on ly o th er m em ber o f th e genus A ix , tribe C arin in i, w ere m ore poo rly o rien ted and less d istinctive th an th o se o f adults. G rice and R odgers (1965) prev iously h a d found low er fem ale p roductiv ity in the sam e species. A general consensus am ong m any aviculturists is th a t yearling M an d arin s , w hich like W ood D u c k s acquire an a lte rna te (nuptia l) plum age in the first au tu m n p rio r to co u rtsh ip , often are less p roductive th an experienced birds. R esearch by B ruggers and Ja c k so n (1977a) has show n age-rela ted differences in p ro d u c  tivity and behav ioural differences in the co p u la to ry d isp lay p a tte rn s o f M andarins sim ilar to th o se found by W ood ducks. T im e budgets o f th e M an d arin have been de te r m ined by B ruggers an d Ja c k so n (1977b).


Saliva contains an amylolytic enzyme, α-amylase, which digests starch.  The activity of α-amylase or its reaction rate can be measured through changes in the starch-iodide reaction.  Saliva can easily be collected for use in the experiment although the teacher must call students' attention to the risk of transmitting diseases through saliva.  An iodine solution (Lugol's solution or a gargle which contains iodine), starch (corn starch or potato starch) and some other chemicals can easily be prepared.  Therefore, this experiment is low-cost and easy to carry out at any secondary school.  A variety of subthemes on this α-amylase experiment can be arranged according to the students' age, their experimental capability, and their power of understanding as well as the laboratory equipment of the school.  In my workshop, three experiments, "Digestion of Starch in Cooked Rice Grains by Saliva" (rudimentary level), "Changes in the Reaction Rate of α-Amylase with Saliva Concentration" (intermediate level) and "Effect of pH on the Reaction Rate of α-Amylase" (intermediate level), will be implemented.


A spread-spectrum spatio-temporal signaling scheme based on electric field polarization is proposed. The information symbol is transmitted via two perpendicular transverse electric field components, each with a unique signature sequence. At the receiver, all three electric field components are measured. It is demonstrated that polarization signaling provides another degree of freedom for increasing spatial diversity to improve the performance of the wireless link.


The term geopoetics has a wide interpretation. It is defined as a project of the cultural activity aimed at creating and changing territorial myths and research path, which considers the interaction between literary creativity and geographical space. Defining this term, it is possible to introduce a geopoetical analysis diagram based on three interconnected positions: the writer's personality, the universe of an artwork and its characters. The Last Novik—A historical novel by Lazhechnikov analysis example presented on a diagram reveals the relationship between time and space in the literary work, as well as the author's interaction with the described events.


In this study a simulation-optimization model is developed for deriving operation rule-curves in drought periods. To each reservoir, two rule-curves with adjustable monthly levels are introduced dividing the reservoir capacity into three zones between the normal water level and minimum operation level. To each zone of a reservoir and for each month of the year a hedging coefficient is introduced that determines the release from the reservoir. Accordingly, an optimization problem is developed in which the objective is the minimization of water demands deficits in drought and the decision variables are the rule-curves levels and hedging coefficients. For optimization of the problem, a genetic algorithm equipped with a self-adaptive constraint handling strategy is used. To evaluate the objective function and constraints violations, the flexible and widely-used WEAP simulation model is exploited and coupled to the optimization solver. The model is then applied to the Zohreh three-reservoir system in the southwest of Iran and compared to the Standard Operation Policy (SOP). According to the sustainability indices for the system operated in drought, the obtained operating rule-curves are found significantly superior to the SOP. As a result of applying the rule-curves, the modified shortage index (MSI) and vulnerability (extent) of the system are respectively improved by 22% and 28% compared to the SOP. Consequently, the developed policy application resulted in longer periods of deficit (but less severe) as shown by decrease in reliability (5%) and resilience (40%) indices.


Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/edadfacproc Part of the Educational Administration and Supervision Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, Social Psychology and Interaction Commons, Sociology of Culture Commons, and the Student Counseling and Personnel Services Commons


Attention is paid to the theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of sustainable development concept implementation in the tourism industry of Ukraine. It is emphasized that nowadays in Ukraine, as a result of the fullscale war of Russia against Ukraine (from February 24, 2022), the Russian military is destroying the economy and environment of Ukraine, including tourism industry. The modern approaches to defining sustainable development in the tourism industry are analyzed. Attention is focused on the concept, essence and importance of ecological and rural tourism in the conditions of the sustainable development principles implementation. It is substantiated that the development of the tourism industry in Ukraine involves, first of all, the territorial stimulation of the sustainable development of tourism, the analysis of the tourism resources and infrastructure assessment, as well as the analysis of investment proposals at the local level of administrative-territorial units. It is determined that the implementation of the goals of sustainable development in the tourism industry of Ukraine requires profound changes in the behavior and way of thinking of humanity. Attention is focused on the fact that one of the ways to achieve awareness of the effects of tourism on the environment and to unite interested parties is the certification of sustainable tourism. It has been found that many initiatives with relevant standards have been formed over the past three decades, leading to the introduction of various sustainable tourism certification schemes. It is emphasized that since the certification process is voluntary, full transparency of practices, measures and results is the most important condition for the process of achieving sustainable development of a tourism organization or destination. The recommendations for the sustainable development principles implementation in the tourism industry have been formed, which contribute to the sustainable (balanced socio-ecological and economic management) of natural resources, the attraction of investments for environmental protection activities, biodiversity conservation and the involvement of local population into an ecologically oriented development process.


A series of copolymers based on acrylonitrile (AN) and acrylic acid (AA) with varying architecture and composition were synthesized using free radical polymerization. The distribution of monomers in the copolymer chains could be successfully controlled by regulating the addition of more reactive monomer (AA). Copolymers having nearly random distribution of comonomer moieties to block type distribution with different composition (10–50 mol % AA) were synthesized to investigate the effect of polymer architecture and composition on pH response and mechanical properties of resultant structures. These copolymers were solution spun from dimethylformamide-water system, drawn in coagulation bath, and annealed at 120°C for 2 h to make pH-sensitive fibers which were structurally stable without the need of chemical crosslinking. The fibers from block copolymers showed significantly better tensile strength (34.3 MPa), higher retractive forces (0.26 MPa), and enhanced pH response (swelling 3890%) in comparison with fibers from random copolymer (13.55 MPa, 0.058 MPa, and 1723%, respectively). The tensile strength and retractive forces could be further improved to a value of 72 MPa and 0.36 MPa, respectively, by changing the composition of the block copolymer while retaining the swelling percentage similar to the random copolymer mentioned above. It is proposed that on processing to fibers, the block copolymers could form a segregated domain structure with separate domains of AA and AN, where AN domains were responsible for high structural integrity by providing connectivity among polymer chains, while AA domains showed improved response to changing pH of the environment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007


Summary The values obtained for maximum velocity ( Vm ) for the lipolytic activity in milk toward milk fat, Tween-20, and methyl butyrate were 1.6, 2.4, and 2.1 (units per 100ml.), respectively, and the values for the Michaelis-Menten constant were 6.3%, 0.81%, and 0.54 M , respectively. The values for the activation energy in the range of 30 to 37° C. for the milk fat, Tween-20, and methyl butyrate hydrolyses were calculated to be 6,200, 14,500, and 12,500 calories, respectively. The kinetic data were considered in terms of a multiple lipase system in milk. The limitations of this approach were emphasized. The variation in the relative lipolytic activity obtained in different milks towards different substrates is considered to be preliminary evidence for the presence of multiple lipolytic enzymes in milk.


Introduction: People with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have an increased risk of cardiovascu- lar disease and may still have a normal lipid profile. In order to clarify whether normal HDL cho- lesterol levels may conceal defects in HDL function, we have studied the transfer of lipids to HDL in T1DM. Methods: Twenty-one young women with T1DM were compared with 21 non-diabetic women. Nanoemulsion preparations were used as lipid donor to HDL: one labeled with 3 H-tri- glycerides and 14 C-free cholesterol and the other with 3 H-cholesteryl esters and 14 C-phospholipids. These preparations were incubated with plasma samples for 1h. After chemical precipitation, the supernatant containing HDL was counted for radioactivity. Results: No difference in transfer was observed to nanoemulsion HDL from cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, free cholesterol and phos- pholipids. Conclusion: Simultaneous lipid transfer to HDL was not affected in T1DM patients. This suggests that the disease does not alter lipoprotein composition and transfer protein action in


1. Dominic Hollman, MD
2. Elizabeth Alderman, MD

1. Children's Hospital at Montefiore Bronx, NY

 Adolescent Fathers: What We Know and What We Need to Know. Miller DB. Child Adolesc Social Work J.1997;14 :55– 69[OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2] Psychosocial Correlates of Intimacy Achievement Among Adolescent Fathers-to-be. Winstanley MR, Meyers SA, Florsheim P. J Youth Adolesc.2002;31 :91– 100[OpenUrl][3][CrossRef][4] Research Review: Teenage Pregnancy and Parenthood: The Role of Fathers. Bunting L, McAuley C. Child Family Social Work.2004;9 :295– 303[OpenUrl][5][CrossRef][6] Young Dads: The Effects of a Parenting Program on Urban African-American Adolescent Fathers. Mazza C. Adolescence.2002;37 :681– 693[OpenUrl][7][PubMed][8][Web of Science][9]

The challenges of teen pregnancy and motherhood long have been considered in depth, but attention to adolescent fathers has been far less conspicuous. The relative lack of attention given to adolescent fathers by health-care practitioners, social workers, government agencies, and researchers furthers the (sometimes incorrect) idea that the fathers often are absent. Although many adolescent mother-baby programs are available, few include provisions for adolescent fathers. In recent years, efforts have increased to acknowledge teen fathers in clinical practice and in the research forum, but much still needs to be addressed.

Numerous studies have characterized adolescent fathers as being older than the mothers of their children. Several studies have found that fathers of the children of adolescent mothers are an average 2 to 3 years older than the mothers. However, in a large California study of adolescent mothers younger than age 15 years, the age difference was nearly 9 years. The actual number of adolescent fathers is difficult to ascertain because the age of the father is not always on the birth certificates of children born to adolescent mothers.

Several factors are correlated with becoming a father during adolescence, particularly low income and poor academic achievement, which also are predictive of adolescent motherhood. Some …

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concentration after the removal of CPB and administration of protamine. When a patient is bleeding, it is vital to obtain coagulation test results as soon as possible in order to avoid delays in the identification of coagulation abnormalities and facilitate early treatment and correction of bleeding. Unfortunately, standard laboratory coagulation tests often have long turnaround times, thereby delaying the identification and correction of coagulation problems. 5 For example, the turnaround time of fibrinogen concentration measurement by the Clauss assay has been reported as 30–60 min, 6 7 and longer times of around 88 min have also been published. 5 Additionally, delayed results may not accurately reflect the current haemo-static status of the patient. There is, therefore, an urgent need for an accurate, reliable, and fast method of measuring the patient's haemostatic status. Point-of-care testing (POCT), such as the ROTEM-based FIBTEM assay, can obtain results in 5–10 min; 5 8 however, although POCT is widely used after car-diovascular surgery, many institutions do not yet have the necessary equipment to carry out these tests. A recent study of 26 patients undergoing CPB described plasma fibrinogen values at 60 min on CPB of 209 mg dl 21 , comparable with those taken at the end of CPB, after administration of protam-ine (202 mg dl 21). 3 Importantly, the mean CPB duration was 125 min. Therefore, the time point '60 min on CPB' also represents close to 1 h before the end of CPB in these patients, which may be a good time point for most standard laboratories to perform coagulation testing and obtain a first estimation of the coagulation status post-CPB. Many of the current publications on haemostatic therapy with fibrinogen concentrate after CPB use the FIBTEM parameters obtained on CPB, at removal of the aortic clamp (20 – 30 min before the end of CPB), as a dosing tool. To date, there are no data published on fibrinogen concentration values at the same time point, although clinicians may find such information very useful. Indeed, there is already an ongoing clinical trial of fi-brinogen concentrate during elective complex cardiac surgery which is using Clauss assays taken during CPB to determine the dose of fibrinogen (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01124981). With these considerations in mind, we would be interested to see further data from the study carried out by Solomon (if available). We note that blood samples were obtained from the patients both 20 min before …


The Cerrado has a wide diversity of fauna and flora, and the knowledge of its horizontal structure, in different time intervals allows the prediction of its structural and floristic characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in structure and composition of tree community in three fragments of Cerrado with low anthropization, in an interval of 11 years at Minas Gerais state. Rectangular plots of fixed size were sampled, measuring stem diameter and height of all living arboreal individuals with diameter at 1.30 meters above ground (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. The tree vegetation dynamics study of the areas was performed, as well as the floristic analysis and the diametric structure. Considering all fragments and years of measurement, the recruitment of trees surpassed its mortality. The basal area varied between 3.67 and 13.07 m2.ha. The studied areas, considering all fragments and years of measurement, showed a Shannon diversity index (H') from 3.43 to 3.87 nat.ind and Pielou equitability index (J') ranged an interval between 0.77 and 0.82. The similarity calculated by the Jaccard index (J), when performed per plot considering the three fragments, showed a value of 0.2653. Also, related to the development and growth of the study areas, it can be inferred that all fragments and their respective years of measurement had a J-inverse pattern. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the three fragments maintained a representative growth in number of individuals and basal area.


Localization of the binding site of different model tannins on the salivary PRP IB5. 3. international conference on Food oral processing: physics, physiology and psychology of eating


The article is about retinal diseases in the Asia Pacific region. It discusses about genetically determined retinal disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic disease and myopia.


A manufacturing method of double helical gears using a multi-axis control and multi-tasking machine tool is proposed. This manufacturing method has some advantages as arbitrarily modification of tooth surface and machining of the part except tooth surface in addition only one machine settings. After rough cutting, the gear-work was heat-treated, and it was semi-finished and finished based on a CAM process through the calculated numerical coordinates. The pitch errors, tooth thickness, runout, profile, lead, and surface roughness of manufactured double helical gears were measured. Moreover, the relationship between the tool wear and life time of end mill are made clear.


Psychology, as a discipline, largely attributes the causes of aggression, especially extreme or chronic criminal violence, to individual and familial dysfunction or pathology. The pathways to violence are considered at an individual level that includes internal characteristics of perpetrators, their immediate circumstances, and the type of violence committed. This literature review provides an overview of larger theoretical models for understanding violence, which can facilitate the integration of multiple psychological constructs from varying schools of thought. From that general overview, theories of violence were separated into two major categories: violence as a condition of human nature (including psychobiological and temperamental vulnerabilities and violence as an instinct) and violence as the consequence of a damaged psyche (including five interrelated processes: self-regulation; attachment and relationships; the role of shame; self-concept and self-esteem; and learning and cognitive theories).


Aim: To compare the efficacy of intraumbilical Oxytocin and intravenous Methyl ergometrine in active management of third stage of labour. Material and Methods: This is a prospective study of 100 cases of singleton low risk pregnancies where 50 cases were allotted at random to group I which included patients who received intraumbilical Oxytocin 10 IU immediately after delivery of the baby. Injection Methylergometrine (0.2 mg) was given intravenously at the delivery of anterior shoulder of the baby to women in Group 2. Outcome measures were the duration of third stage, amount of blood loss, post-delivery hemoglobin and side effects in both groups. Statistical analysis: The statistical constants like mean, standard deviation and percentage were calculated. The hypothesis formulated was tested statistically by using chi-square test. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in mean duration of third stage of labour, mean blood loss, post-delivery hemoglobin, need for additional uterotonics or in side effects between the two groups. Conclusion: Intraumbilical oxytocin is as effective as methylergometrine in reducing the duration of third stage of labour and blood loss and is useful in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.


A new control scheme of the torque trajectory-tracking controller for an induction motor is presented in the paper. The proposed approach addresses the problem of torque control of speed sensorless drives at both low and high speed, where rapid speed changes can occur. The scheme allows the precise and quick control of the induction motor flux and torque. A closed-loop rotor flux observer using sliding mode controller and a nonlinear stator frequency dependent gain is presented. Sliding mode controllers are used as the stator flux controller and in the rotor flux observer. Nonlinear stator frequency dependant gain used in the rotor flux observer enables the operation at low and high speed. Thus at low speed, the observer turns into the closed-loop observer using stator current, stator voltage and desired rotor flux values as inputs. At high speed the information from the desired rotor flux is disconnected and a classical voltage model is used. The reference tracking performance of torque and rotor flux is demonstrated in terms of transient and steady-state characteristics by simulation and experimental results.


An experiment was coducted with White Leghorn hens in early laying stage to determine the influence of dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on the requirement for total sulfur amino acids (TSAA).The experiment was conducted for 8 weeks on 600 commerical layer hens, Hy-Line w-36 (six groups of 4 hens, 30 weeks old). This experiment arranged to factorial 5 5 in a complete random design with five levels 13.1, 13.6, 14.1, 14.6 and 15.1% of CP and five levels 0.53, 0.57, 0.61, 0.65 and 0.69% of TSAA. Both CP and TSAA significantly improved feed intake, egg production, egg weight and feed efficiency (p<0.01). But these two factors together had significantly improvement effect just on feed intake and egg weight. So as a result the recommendable levels of CP and TSAA in layer diets to reach the optimum egg weight and feed efficiency, were 14.6% or 15.1% of CP and 0.69% of TSAA. However, higher levels of TSAA in such low protein diets, may have an extra effect on hen`s performance. Also this experiment showed that TSAA levels had the best influence of hen`s performance in lower levels of protein.


A new interpolation method called discrete smooth interpolation was used to construct a 3-D model of an activated sludge floc from digitized microtome sections. This method comprises several advantages:  rapidity, almost completely automated, precision, high quality of representation, and, most importantly, availability of specific tools to manipulate the 3-D model. Some parameters of the floc such as the size, the surface area, and the volume were directly measured on the 3-D reconstructed object. The contour and surface are fractal with fractal dimensions of 1.4 and 2.4, respectively. Local curvatures were also calculated and show great deformations of the surface due to anisotropic growth within the floc. Discrete smooth interpolation constitutes a powerful tool to improve the understanding of the floc structure complexity.


The decapodid stage of Lebbeus comanthi Hayashi and Okuno and the first zoea of Thor amboinensis (De Man) are described based on laboratory‐hatched eggs from females collected from Japan. The decapodid stage of L. comanthi is readily distinguished from that of L. groenlandicus by the carapace without anteroventral denticle and tooth behind rostrum, the absence of the antennal spine, the four‐segmented outer flagellum of the antennule, the absence of the palp of the mandible, and the telson with posterior margin concaved medially and without dorsolateral spine. The carapace with anteroventral denticle and the third abdominal somite distinctly curved in lateral view distinguish the first zoea of T. amboinensis from that of T. dobkini Chace and T. floridanus Kingsley. Larval characters of the genus Thor are summarized.


Streamers play a key role in the formation and propagation of lightning channels. In nature streamers rarely appear alone. Their ensemble behavior is very complex and challenging to describe. For instance, the intricate dynamics within the streamer zone of negative lightning leaders give rise to space stems, which help advance the stepped-leader. Another example is how the increasing morphological complexity of sprites can lead to higher sprite current and greater energy deposition in the mesosphere. Insights into the complex dynamics of a streamer corona can be obtained from laboratory experiments that allow us to control the conditions of streamer formation. Based on simultaneous nanosecond-temporal-resolution photography, and measurements of voltage, current, and x-ray emissions, we report the characteristics of negative laboratory streamers in 88 kPa of atmosphere. The streamers are produced at peak voltages of 62.2 ± 3.8 kV in a point-to-plane discharge gap of 6 cm. While all discharges were driven to the same peak voltage, the discharges occurred at different stages of the relatively slow voltage rise (177 ns), allowing us to study discharge properties as a function of onset voltage. The onset voltage ranged between 24 and 67 kV, but x-ray emissions were observed to only occur above 53 kV, with x-ray burst energies scaling quadratically with voltage. The average delay between the current pulse and x-ray emission was found to be 3.5 ± 0.5 ns, indicating that runaway electrons are produced during the streamer inception phase or no later than the transition stage, when the inception cloud is breaking into streamer filaments. During this short time span, runaway electrons can traverse the gap, hit the ground plate and produce bremsstrahlung x-ray photons. However, streamers themselves cannot traverse more than 3.5 mm across the gap, which supports the idea that runaway electron production is not associated to streamer connection to the ground electrode.


The approach to solving linear systems with structured matrices by means of the bidiagonal factorization of the inverse of the coefficient matrix is first considered, the starting point being the classical Bjorck-Pereyra algorithms for Vandermonde systems, published in 1970 and carefully analyzed by Higham in 1987. The work of Higham showed the crucial role of total positivity for obtaining accurate results, which led to the generalization of this approach to totally positive Cauchy, Cauchy-Vandermonde and generalized Vandermonde matrices. Then, the solution of other linear algebra problems (eigenvalue and singular value computation, least squares problems) is addressed, a fundamental tool being the bidiagonal decomposition of the corresponding matrices. This bidiagonal decomposition is related to the theory of Neville elimination, although for achieving high relative accuracy the algorithm of Neville elimination is not used. Numerical experiments showing the good behaviour of these algorithms when compared with algorithms which ignore the matrix structure are also included.


Background Clinical evaluation is a high-stakes assessment that requires valid and reliable instruments that are understandable to faculty and students. Purpose This article describes the development of Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)–based clinical evaluation instruments to measure competency in prelicensure clinical courses. The goal was to establish content validation for the items included on each and appropriately level requisite behaviors to demonstrate increasing progression in clinical performance expectation from fundamentals to senior nursing clinical courses. Methods Based on their area of expertise, nurse educators were recruited into panels of 5 to 7 members each to review and rate items for relevance for each course-specific clinical evaluation instrument using the Content Validity Index. Results Two rounds of rigorous review yielded 6 content-validated instruments. Conclusions The QSEN-based clinical evaluation instruments provide standardized language framed in quality and safety that demonstrate evolving sophistication, complexity, and expectation in student clinical performance.


A study was made of the effect of adeturon on processes of degradation, postradiation synthesis of DNA, and colony-forming capacity of three strains of E. coli differing in radiosensitivity. Adeturon inhibited processes of DNA degradation in cells of the strains tested to about the same degree. The effect of adeturon on DNA synthesis was related to the state of the strain's repair systems. A link was demonstrated between extent of protection and capacity for recovery in the tested strains, and this warrants the belief that adeturon provides protection by intervening in the course of repair. At the same time, the results of experiments dealing with inhibition of DNA degradation are indicative of the possible role of another mechanism.


An embodiment of the invention discloses a flexible printed circuit board, an assembling method thereof and a display device and relates to the field of display. The flexible printed circuit board does not need to be bent when assembled, so that the damage probability of the flexible printed circuit board is reduced, and the reliability and yield of the products are improved. When a gold finger of the flexible printed circuit board is connected with a port of an electronic device, the flexible printed circuit board is attached to a lead area of the electronic device. Except for a connector, the distribution area of the other parts of the flexible printed circuit board does not exceed the set range, and the set range comprises a lead area and an extending area which is outside the lead area and in the same plane of the lead area.


Title The Role of MAPK in Drug-Induced Kidney Injury Authors(s) Cassidy, Hilary; Radford, Robert; Slyne, Jennifer; O'Connell, Sein; Slattery, Craig; Ryan, Michael P.; McMorrow, Tara Publication date 2012 Publication information Journal of Signal Transduction, 2012 : , Article ID 463617 Publisher Hindawi Publishers Item record/more information http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3747 Publisher's version (DOI) 10.1155/2012/463617


PURPOSE: A shock absorbent is provided to obtain superior flexibility and an excellent impact absorption property, to have a thin thickness, and to follow minute clearance by including a foaming material having a density of 0.01-0.20 g/cm^3. CONSTITUTION: A shock absorbent(4) including a foaming material having a thickness of 0.1-1.0 mm, an average cell diameter of 10-65 μm, and a density of 0.01-0.20 g/cm^3. The shock absorbent has an impact absorption property of 40-90% which is defined as equation 1 of (F0-F1) / F0×100. In equation 1, F0 is an impact force when an impact pendulum(24) collides with only a supporting plate(28). In equation 1, F1 is an impact force when the impact pendulum collides with a structure comprising the supporting plate and the shock absorbent.


Adults from ten European countries have been questioned about their dietary habits and lifestyles since 1992 for the EPIC trial (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). Epidemiologists at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in Lyon, France, which coordinates EPIC, and colleagues from other EPIC study centres, assessed the relationship between meat and fish consumption and colorectal cancer risk in 1,329 new diagnoses of rectal and colon cancer since the study started.


Bousi∼Prolog is an extension of the standard Prolog language. Its operational semantics is an adaptation of the SLD resolution principle where classical unification has been replaced by a fuzzy unification algorithm based on fuzzy relations defined on a syntactic domain. In this paper we describe how Bousi∼Prolog may contribute to resolve several problems extracted from different application areas, where it is mandatory to deal with vagueness and uncertain knowledge, such as: flexible deductive databases, fuzzy control, fuzzy experts systems, data retrieval or approximate reasoning. Hence, through several (small but meaningful) examples we show the great potential of this programming language.


The procedure of PID controller autotuning is presented in the paper. It consists of two steps: identification of the control object and calculation of PID controller settings with one of the available criteria. A user has the possibility to interfere in the procedure of autotuning. By the definition value of the specified control register, the user selects the identification method, determines the value of stabilization time and the stabilization deviation as well as defines the criterion of controller settings. The stabilization of deviation and the time of stabilization determine the steady state of the object, and so the duration of the autotuning procedure. This paper is focused on the identification process of the object control, which can be realized by the Ziegler-Nichols and Cohen-Coon methods. Investigations were performed in a laboratory for different combinations of the deviations of stabilization and the stabilization times. This allowed determining the repeatability of the autotuning procedure results. These results show that the identification process accuracy of the object of control depends on the value of the deviation of stabilization and the stabilization time defined by the user. Regardless of the identification method, the value of the deviation of stabilization should be as small as possible and should be on 1% level. In case of identification of the control object by the Ziegler-Nichols method, the minimum value of the stabilization time should be about 25% of the time constant of the control object. In case of identification of the control object by the Cohen-Coon method, the minimum value of the stabilization time should be 45% value of the time constant of the control object. Use of both methods of the control object identification gave reproducible results, which demonstrates the stability of the autotuning procedure.


Villumsen (1970) analysed the occurrence of congenital malformations in the infants and foetuses of the 9,006 pregnancies which made up the basic material. He used the definition of McKeown & Record (1960) that a congenital malformation is: "A macroscopic abnormality of structure attributable to faulty development and present at birth". According to Villumsen (1970) the basic material included only one infant with congenital malformation of the eye, a premature boy with bilateral cataract, diag nosed at the age of 9 days. Paradoxically, this is the very case which was not included in the present ocular material because of a recording error (cf. p. 23).


Abstract The reference interaction site model of Chandler et al. has been used to study the structure of liquid Germanium tetrabromide. The molecular structure factor is in fair agreement with the Neutron scattering experiments. The inter-molecular atomic distribution functions were also determined and the calculations tend to support the view that the local structure of liquid Germanium tetrabromide is one in which GeBr4 molecules form an interlocking structure.


Industrial environments often have special requirements for AR systems and features are prioritized different than in scientific applications. The Volkswagen group (VW) wants to apply an AR-guided stud welding system for small-series and prototype production. To find the optimal tracking system for this application, an evaluation of different tracking systems was undertaken, whose results and consequences are outlined here.


There are a large number of fruit trees in the State which are suffering from an affection of the trunk and root. This trouble begins, in by far the greater number of cases, at the crown of the tree and subsequently involves both trunk and roots. The first marked symptom is an early ripening of the foilage usually followed by death about midsummer of the ensuing year. The crown of the tree is found to be girdled, the bark on portions of the trunk dead and sunken and most of the roots dead, their bark destroyed and the woody tissue discolored, usually a light shade of brown and sometimes exteriorly blackened. Soluble arsenical compounds will effect the destruction of the bark, the staining of the wood, the production of the so-called black heart and the speedy death of the tree. Arsenical sprays have been used in these orchards for a number of years. These arsenical compounds have accumulated in the soil. The insoluble arsenical compounds are being converted into soluble ones in the soil. The alkalies are the agents effeting the solution of the arsenic. By alkalies, is meant, sodic carbonate, sodic sulfate and sodic chloride. The lime salts, viz.more » the sulfate, gypsum, and the carbonate, do not effectively protect the arsenical compounds from the solvent action of the alkalies. Systemic poisoning may take place, by absorption of the arsenic with the nutritive solutions taken up by the feeding roots but the greater portion of the trouble appears to be from local irritant poisoning. The arsenical poisoning is, in many cases, complicated by lime poisoning. The arsenic in the arsenite of lime is more readily brought into solution than that of the lead arsenate. It is probable that the lime or marl in the soil and subsoil is also an agent acting conjointly with the arsenic in producing some of the trouble.« less


We demonstrate a waveguide-based frequency shifter on the silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) platform, enabling frequency shifts up to 10 GHz. Spurious side-modes are suppressed by more than 23 dB using temporal shaping of the drive signal.


High performance mesoporous granular activated carbon was prepared from drupe stones by activation with phosphoric acid.85% H 3PO 4 was added to drupe stones,then heated and stirred on time to impregnate the material swelling until viscidity vanished and loose,then carbonized,activated,extracted with water and dried.Effects of temperature and time on impregnation-swelling,carbonization and activation on properties of the product were studied by orthogonal test.Also,comparative tests by different treatment methods on the raw materials were carried out.Property tests of the product show the results of maximum carbon tetrachloride adsorption 160%,decolorization of caramel A 130%,abrasion resistance 94%,total pore volume 1.7 mL/g,proportion of the mesopore 40%-50%.


CSF uric acid and serum uric acid have been determined in 247 male psychiatric patients. In patients without cerebral atrophy or with a non progressing atrophy a CSF uric acid concentration of 2.1 microgr/ml with standard deviation of 0.8 was found. In patients with a progressing atrophy the CSF uric acid concentration was significantly increased. In non atrophy and non progressing atrophy a significant regression of CSF uric acid on serum uric acid was found. In progressing atrophy the regression did not differ Significantly from zero. CSF uric acid is partly derived from serum uric acid, and partly from other sources. The main "non serum" source is probably cerebral nucleic acid catabolism. The lack of significant regression of CSF uric acid on serum uric acid in progressing cerebral atrophy supports this view. Uric acid was determined ip blood and serum in 53 patients with chronic mental diseases, in 42 patients with acute psychotic states and in 78 patients with subacute psychotic states. No difference in the CSF uric acid concentration was found. A significant regression of CSF uric acidlserum uric acid was found in all groups. (Published complete in Acta Neurol. Scand. 1964, nr 4).l


Q FEVER is a zoonotic disease considered as emerging or re-emerging in many countries around the world. The aetiological agent is Coxiella burnetii , a pleomorphic Gram-negative bacterium able to infect many animal species including mammals, birds and arthropods (Arricau-Bouvery and Rodolakis 2005). In human beings, Q fever can be acute (pneumonia, hepatitis), but can also take a severe chronic form (endocarditis), following an early infection that may have passed unnoticed. Acute infection during pregnancy, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, may result in abortion and other adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as premature birth. The risk is greater in the first trimester. In rare cases, Q fever in people can be fatal, although the disease is usually treatable with antibiotics. People generally acquire infection through airborne transmission from animal reservoirs. A key role has been suggested for domestic ruminants, but other domestic and wildlife animals (pets, rabbits, birds, etc) and vector arthropods (ticks) can also be involved (Angelakis and Raoult 2010, EFSA 2010).

One of the important points under investigation in C burnetii infection is to determine the magnitude, distribution, and significance of infection and disease in the different domestic ruminant species (cattle, sheep and goats) and their role in transmission to people. At present, it is known that C burnetii infection is widespread in the different domestic ruminant …


Abstract: Heart muscarinic receptors (MR) and β‐adrenoceptors (BAR) belong to a large family of G‐protein‐coupled receptors. Although the role of catecholamines in the stress has been under keen investigation for many years, the effects of immobilization on this pair of receptors, considering their almost completely opposite actions in the heart, are not yet known. We have studied the effects of short‐term immobilization (for 120 min) with different times of decapitation after the end of the immobilization period (0, 3, and 24 h) on MR, BAR (β1‐AR and β2‐AR using radioligand binding studies), and adenylyl cyclase (AC; using high‐pressure liquid chromatography detection of cAMP) in different heart regions (left and right atria with or without cardiac ganglion cells [auriculae], septum, and left and right ventricles). The effects of one immobilization period were first apparent after 24 h. Stress brought about a downregulation of MR and BAR with decrease in AC activity. These effects were regionally specific and were predominantly expressed in the right atria, which is rich in ganglia cells, and in the right ventricles. Our results indicate that stressful stimuli can influence not only BAR, but MR, and that AC activity can also be affected. This finding is in good agreement with our previous hypothesis that parallel changes are possible in the number of this pair of receptors on cell membranes.


Abstract A rapid and reproducible method to determine botanical composition of forage is an ecological and economic goal for range animal ecologists. Multidimensional fluorometry previously demonstrated the possibility of a unique optical approach for accurately determining species composition of clipped and digested plant materials. Fluorometry may be used to detect toxic plants in standing crop as well as diets by using electronic transitions in chemical structures at wavelengths between 370 and 580 nm. Grass hay (genus Pleuraphis) and 6 clipped forbs (4 species of Astragalus and 2 species of Oxytropis) were examined. The resulting spectral signatures were evaluated for differences in the blue and green regions of the visible spectrum using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This represents the first published data using chemometrics to differentiate among fluorophores from these plant extracts. It was possible to distinguish between the grass and forbs and among forbs. Further research will be required to evaluate these same plant species in mixed diets and fecal samples.


The Textile industry is the second largest polluter in the world. The European green deal has placed the textile industry at the top priority for establishing sustainability standards for the global benefit to the environment and human health alike. The ESG and CSR are at the core of the sustainability agenda this propels the instigated research towards sustainability in textiles. The research herein experiments with the colouration of merino wool yarns with herbal colours namely tulsi, green tea, and manjistha. The maximum L* value of 70.00 denoted light shade obtained with green tea also K/S of 8.87, a* value of 5.58, and b* value of 31.97 was obtained with green tea. The ATR-FTIR identified densest of phytochemicals in raw tulsi herb in specific the strong C=O stretch of α, β-unsaturated esters were noted at 1729.79 cm-1 and its treated merino wool yarns exhibited a strong C-O stretch of alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, and ethers at 1232.72 cm-1 wavenumbers. The oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) value of the spent solution after processing the merino wool yarns with herbs in research was transformed from a negative value of -53.4 mV for original water to a positive value of 96.1mV for leftover manjistha root solution, 90.7 mV for leftover green tea solution, and 62.3 mV for a leftover tulsi solution, hence sustainable. Likewise, the dissolved oxygen (DO) of the surplus solutions remained in the acceptable range with the values of 111.0 %, 103.3%, and 95.6 % for leftover solutions of manjistha root, tulsi, and green tea, respectively hence ecological. Life cycle analysis is recommended for the future.


Pediatric patients with moyamoya disease frequently exhibit extensive cerebral infarction at the time of initial presentation and even in the early postoperative period. Cerebral infarctions are more frequent in younger patients. Surgical revascularization is the treatment of choice for patients with moyamoya disease. We modified surgical strategies for patients with moyamoya disease to reduce the incidence of postoperative cerebral infarction. Between January 2004 and December 2015, 46 patients (74 hemispheres) with moyamoya disease, aged <18 years, were surgically treated at our hospital. Surgical strategy entailed indirect bypass by encephalo-galeo-myo-duro-synangiosis (EGMDS) (3 hemispheres) for the first era, EGMDS and superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) single anastomosis (67 hemispheres) for the second era, and EGMDS and double STA-MCA anastomosis (4 hemispheres) for the third era. A review of clinical findings and radiological data showed that surgical treatment is effective for patients with moyamoya disease. Direct bypass can reduce the incidence of postoperative cerebral infarction, especially in younger patients. Postoperative cerebral infarctions were observed in 8 patients, all of whom were aged <6 years. Of these, 5 infarctions occurred in the ipsilateral hemisphere (6.8%) and 3 in the contralateral hemisphere (4.0%). Postoperative temporary neurological deficit due to hyperperfusion that had completely resolved by the time of discharge was seen in 9 hemispheres. Considering these results, direct bypass can induce immediate improvements in cerebral circulation that are suitable for patients with rapidly progressive moyamoya disease. However, direct bypass is not completely safe for pediatric patients with moyamoya disease because of the resulting changes in postoperative cerebral hemodynamics. To prevent such complications, we recently performed STA-MCA double bypass as an initial treatment for patients with a high risk of cerebral infarction that can increase cerebral perfusion in areas supplied by both the upper and lower trunks of the middle cerebral artery in a balanced manner. The outcome of this strategy was favorable.


A novel polymeric zinc (II) complex of quinine, [chlorosulphato (2-ethenyl)-4-azabicyclo [2.2.2]oct5-ylium-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl) methanol zinc (II)] has been synthesized and characterized. However, theoretical studies on the geometries, thermodynamic parameters, vibrational frequencies, geometric parameters, dipole moments, and band gaps of the complex were carried out. All these properties were obtained using the AM1, PM3 and DFT methods. Comparisons were made on the calculated bond distances, bond angles, dihedral and vibrational frequencies with the experimental data and it compared favourably well.


In' the most recent issue of CJPST, Marike Finlay presents a discussion of William Leiss' work on technology.' Although mostly sympathetic, towards the end of the piece Finlay does sharply criticize Leiss' method ological use of the analytical distinction between technique and technology. She determines that this distinction leads to the positing ofoneterm aspreexisting social and historical, material practice . As such, the concept essentializes techne and reduces the analysis to an idealism such as Leiss has been consistently concerned with opposing through his work . What follows here is not a defense of Leiss . I will mention in passing, however, that I have anumber of reservations regarding Fin lay's reading of Leiss on this point. To begin with, she entirely inverts the definitions which Leiss attaches to the two terms under examination. Andher conclusion that Leiss' use ofthe distinction between these terms reflects a form ofidealism is largely based on extremely dubious interpretations of some obscure phraseology. For instance, Leiss' use ofthe term "essence," ill the particular context cited, seems to be meant in the colloquial sense which in no deliberate way intends any larger philosophical connection . Likewise, his use of the expression "technology itself' strikes me as having a mere grammatical point, with none of the epistomological significance that Finlay derives from it intended .2 But to repeat, while I find Finlay's reading of certain specific texts open to considerable dispute, what follows is not a specific defense ofLeiss . I am not nearly familiar enough with his work to undertake such a task and, in any case, he is no doubtthe most competent person for that task, should


The relationship between business models and cloud-based systems has not been explicitly discussed in the literature. In this chapter, the authors posit that the intersection between business models and cloud computing creates two distinctive technological paradigms: cloud computing as a business model which can be seen as the development of cloud computing driven business models' (hereafter CCBM) and cloud computing-enhanced or enabled business models which can be broadly thought of as improved business modelling with the help of cloud computing (hereafter BMCC). The former refers to a technological model or system that commercializes value solely created by cloud-based systems in public and private sectors whereas the latter refers to various ways that cloud-based systems are integrated into existing business models to enhance, improve, or enable creation and commercialization of new value. An explicit acknowledgement of these two trajectories and their underling architecture are remarkably absent in the literature. This chapter addresses this deficiency.


Retailers in the U.S. are increasingly asking customers to donate to charity at their sales registers. This practice, known as Checkout Charity, is a form of Cause-Related Marketing (CRM) providing many benefits to retailers (Giebelhausen, Lawrence, Chun, & Hsu, 2017) and raising billions of dollars for charities (Coleman & Peasley, 2015). Despite the perceived goodwill of this retail practice, research suggests an imbalance between retailers and consumers, as Checkout Charity offers fewer benefits to customers than traditional CRM (Krishna, 2011; Owens, 2016). Using equity theory's impact on prosocial behavior (Ross & Kapitan, 2018), this paper explores whether customers perceive an imbalance in the Checkout Charity process. Open-ended survey results show that customers are aware of Checkout Charity's drawbacks and hold mostly negative sentiments toward the practice. Attitudinal survey results show that most customers prefer donating elsewhere and not being asked to donate at checkout. However, some are happy with the process. A regression analysis of factors known to influence charitable giving found that those who donate frequently have a relatively more positive attitude toward Checkout Charity. Research implications and ways retailers might use the practice to build deeper customer relationships are discussed.


Interpersonal relationships among professional church staff are an inescapable reality for all those working in Christian organizations, and improving such a relationship is the function of effective and efficient leadership. It is in the context of these relationships that both the church staff and the entire congregation find fulfillment in gathering for a worship experience. However, interpersonal relationships are both negative and positive with implications on the effectiveness of staff members at work, the congregation as well as the growth of the ministry. Leaders with this tendency must possess the appropriate skills for productive relationships among the staff members, be able to apply the skills appropriate for excellent and rewarding results, having an understanding of the complexity of human nature. An understanding of the concept of interpersonal relationships existing among church staff and improvement on the positive interpersonal relationship expected among church staff as well as its implications to attract the divinity from the transformational perspective is the thesis of this article.


Enantiomerically pure 2-[2-(diphenylphosphino)aryl]oxazolines are readily prepared from 2-bromobenzonitrile by transmetalation with BuLi, subsequent reaction with chloro-diphenylphosphine and conversion of the resulting phosphinoaryl nitrile to the oxazoline by treatment with a chiral amino alcohol in the presence of ZnCl2. An alternative synthesis is based on the orthometalation of 2-aryloxazolines followed by reaction with chlorodiphenylphosphine.


(73) Assignee: OKISEMICONDUCTOR CO., In a semiconductor device, when a Voltage regulator is halted LTD., Tokyo (JP) from operating and a test Supply Voltage is Supplied to second logics, the device is initialized by a reset signal. A register (21) Appl. No.: 12/479,083 included in the device is then reset by an input signal via first 1-1. logics. The Voltage regulator is halted by a power-down sig (22) Filed: Jun. 26, 2009 nal. Testing is then carried out as the test Supply Voltage is Related U.S. Application Data applied to the second logics. When plural test items are executed Successively, a test reset signal is applied to a test (62) Division of application No. 1 1/797,698, filed on May reset terminal for each item. As the initialized state of the 7, 2007, now Pat. No. 7,564,265. register is canceled, the first and second logics are initialized.


Purpose: To investigate the potential role of curcumin in osteosarcoma (OS) cell migration and invasion, and also to explore the underlying mechanism of action. Methods: OS cell lines, Saos-2 and U2OS, were treated with various concentrations of curcumin (0, 10, 20, 50 μM) for 48 h. Transwell assay was used to determine the migratory and invasive activities of human OS cells while miR-33b-5p expression levels were measured using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Expressions of metastasis-related genes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), were quantified by qRT-PCR or western blot. The interaction between miR33b-5p and Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) was evaluated by luciferase assay. Results: Curcumin inhibited the migratory and invasive activities of huamn OS cells, and downregulated MMP2 and MMP9 (p < 0.05). Moreover, in curcumin-treated OS cells, miR-33b-5p expression was upregulated while SIRT6 expression was significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). Overexpression of miR-33b-5p downregulated SIRT6 mRNA and protein expression, whereas transfection with miR-33b-5p inhibitor upregulated SIRT6 expression in OS cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, curcumin suppressed SIRT6 expression by upregulating miR-33b-5p expression in OS cells. Finally, overexpression of SIRT6 or miR-33b-5p inhibitor reversed the suppression of OS cell metastasis induced by curcumin (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Curcumin inhibits SIRT6 expression via upregulating miR-33b-5p expression, which leads to the inhibition of OS cell migration and invasion. Thus, curcumin is a potential therapeutic agent for the management of OS.


CO2 geological sequestration and Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application is one of the possible way to manage the risk of global climate change. Since 2005, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) has conducted pilot and extended test of CO2 flooding and storage in Songliao basin, from which significant progresses have been achieved in CO2 EOR technologies for low permeability reservoirs. Main progresses that we achieved include oil-CO2 phase behaviour studying and minimum miscible pressure (MMP) reduction technology, water alternating CO2 EOR method and recovery optimization stratagems. We also formed two types of separated layer CO2 injection technologies, bottom hole real time corrosion monitoring system, effective lift technologies for three different types of reservoirs based on gas-oil ratio classification, long distance pipeline transportation and supercritical CO2 injection technology, produced fluid treatment with CO2 EOR application and cycling gas injection technology, CO2 flooding reservoir monitoring, performance analysis and evaluation method, potential evaluation and strategic planning for CO2 EOR and storage in CNPC.


Industrial growth is not comparable to the number of SMK graduates making the level of competition work increasingly tight. To prepare graduates and reduce unemployment rates at SMKN 1 Tarusan and SMKN 2 Painan, the researchers tried to implement product-based learning to open up students' knowledge about entrepreneurship. The South Coast region is the only area that has received the Shar'i Tourism predicate, making it a good opportunity for SMK alumni to be creative in creating innovative products that are worth selling as tourism objects in the South Coast region. This product-based learning method applies R & D research design. The product produced by the research sample was the Decorative Lamp from the Ice Cream Stick. The implementation of productbased learning has been able to increase student interest in entrepreneurship by 44%.


The paper analyses the necessity and the problems as the scale of enrolment at colleges and universities is expanded.In view of this rapid exparsion,the paper suggests some feasible with the status of the rapid expanding of admissions system in Chinese higher education in resent two measures,such as improving the national financial support for education,new ideas about the quality of graduates and giving more effective advice to the graduates when they seek employment.


The influence of farming systems on methods of agricultural data collection in an area of 600 km 2 of Rwanda was studied. Farm layouts, cropping patterns, resource allocations, and timing of farm activities of intensive multiple-cropping systems were described, and their influences on intensive data collection were discussed. These influences include difficulties to collect on-farm data on input utilization and farm sizes in a timely and accurate fashion. The study indicates that agricultural survey methods must be tailored to fit local farming systems. Particularly in multiple-cropping systems where farm characteristics and farm practices are highly variable, surveys must be designed with high flexibility in terms of logistics, timing of data collection, and with no pre-defined rules of data-collection methods.


Reductive smelting trials were undertaken on a bauxite residue (red mud) sample via SAF (submerged arc furnace) treatment to produce pig iron (achieved Fe recovery > 95 %) and a critical metal enriched slag. Lignite coke was the selected reductant and CaO was used for fluxing achieving low operating temperatures (1500 – 1550 °C) and good slag-metal separation. The slag and the original bauxite residue as reference were subjected to leaching using 2.5 M H2SO4 and a 2.5 M H2SO4: 2.5 M H2O2 acid mixture with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 at 100 °C for 30 minutes. Decomposition of H2O2 at higher temperatures and formation of oxygen bubbles in the system introduce mechanical intensification of the leaching process. Leaching efficiencies for Ti and Sc were evaluated in a comparative manner between bauxite residue and slag. Selective precipitation route was followed after leaching to recover Ti and Sc from the leachate. In this precipitation process, Fe was removed by the addition of ammonia in the pH range between 3.3-3.8 with a dual stage step. Subsequent to removal of 95 % of the Fe in the solution, Sc was selectively precipitated as ScPO4 with the introduction of a dibasic phosphate solution.


: Eating is an inevitable part of every journey and therefore, expanding the gastronomic offer should be a pri-ority for the tourism industry. There are dishes popular among tourists in particular parts of Poland and they are indicated in this paper. The regions are connected with the products which added to the List of Traditional Products have an opportunity to become famous not only in the country but also to become a great export commodity. However, agri-food products are under special protection and have the potential to become unbeatable in the gastronomic offer when enlisted in the European Union system of Protected Designation of Origin, Protected Geographical Indication and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed. Also current trails in Poland are presented in the paper. On such culinary trails, a tourist can become familiar with both regional flavours and traditions as well as with local customs. There are not too many of them in our country, but new ones are constantly being established and becoming more and more popular. A questionnaire survey was carried out to evaluate the attractiveness of a regional cuisine and its importance in tourism. It consisted of questions concerning the knowledge of regional dishes and the willingness to know them. On the basis of the obtained results, it has been stated that a potential tourist is interested in getting to know new dishes. However, she or he does not know many regional dishes. There were also problems with names and locating the dishes in a particular region correctly.


Root exudates play a significant role in influencing the rhizosphere microbes. Fungi are an important group of microbes that are influenced by plant root exudates. As invasive alien plant species secretes several allelochemicals and impact soil microbes, this study compared the fungal community in one of the invasive weeds Ageratina adenophora with native species (Rubus ellipticus, Shorea robusta and Imperata cylindrica) in far-western Nepal. The rhizosphere soil was sampled by uprooting respective plants, and the soils were cultured using Czapek Dox Agar and PDA media. A total of 49 fungal species were identified from the plant rhizospheres. A. adenophora altered the species richness, occurrence and frequency of fungi in soil. The pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger, Myrothecium sp., Phoma sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Pythium oligandrum, Verticillium spp. were the most frequently occurring rhizosphere fungi in all plants and they showed their host specificity in the rhzosphere. The fungi species such as Paecilomyces lilacinus, Aspergillus flavus, Myrothecium sp., Penicillium citrinum, P. chrysogenum, Rhizoctonia sp., Mucor circinelloides, Hypocrea sp., Trichoderma hypoxylon, T. sparsum, Gliocladium sp., Hypomyces sp., Aspergillus niger and M. circinelloides were common in all native plants. Even minor variations in the physicochemical properties of soil can change the presence of fungal species in the root zone, as indicated by the analysis of soil chemicals.


The main purpose of this study is to investigate the heat transfer enhancement provided by ionic wind on LED. Ionic wind is applied onto a bulk flow in order to distort the boundary layer in an effort to increase the cooling effect on the LED. The ionic wind generator used in this case involved a stainless steel needle acting as emitter electrode while a copper tape is used as collector electrode. Both electrodes are placed in parallel to each other. An axial fan is placed at the inlet of a flow channel to provide the bulk flow. A maximum heat transfer enhancement of 38 % by ionic wind is recorded at applied voltage of 16.3 kV as compared to the case without ionic wind. The heat transfer enhancement is found to be independent of the bulk flow velocities and the ratio of heat transfer coefficient over total consumption is found to be at 63.75 W/m2K per unit power at the maximum heat transfer enhancement.


The unexpected major incidents are prone to secondary disasters in the process of information dissemination.The extensive risk management awareness of information managers,the displaced transmission style of information publisher and the group polarized communication of information recipients can make the response and settlement to major emergencies more complicated and difficult.Therefore,by establishing a scientific prevention and control awareness,effective monitoring and early warning with comprehensive treatment of the governance mechanism is very important to minimize and reduce the secondary disasters of information.


Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the brain are uncommon congenital lesions with a complex array of arterial to venous shunts. The common clinical manifestations include haemorrhage, seizures, headache, progressive neurologic defi cits and congestive cardiac failure. We report a child who presented with bilateral acquired ptosis, a very rare presentation of AVM which has not been previously reported.


REZUMAT The impact of domestic portfolio diversification strategies in Toronto stock exchange on Canadian textile manufacturing industry The aim of this research study is to examine the impact of domestic portfolio diversification strategies in Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) on Canadian textile manufacturing industry in order to obtain attractive investment opportunities. Dissipation of benefits of globally diversified portfolios due to overwhelming convergence among the international and regional stock markets around the globe have given rebirth to the idea of domestic portfolio diversification particularly after the global financial crisis of 2008. Textile industry in Canada is challenging but can achieve higher performance based on Toronto Stock Exchange behavior. Therefore, this is a complex applied research focused on investigating TSX as standalone stock market for domestic diversification opportunities. For this purpose, correlation coefficients, pairwise cointegration, multiple cointegration and causality of sectors in TSX have been examined. The empirical results show that majority of the sectors in TSX do not share high correlation with each other and they are also not highly cointegrated. These empirical findings indicate that TSX presents attractive opportunities for domestic portfolio diversification.


We construct, for the first time, the time-domain gravitational wave strain waveform from the collapse of a strongly gravitating Abelian Higgs cosmic string loop in full general relativity. We show that the strain exhibits a large memory effect during merger, ending with a burst and the characteristic ringdown as a black hole is formed. Furthermore, we investigate the waveform and energy emitted as a function of string width, loop radius and string tension Gμ. We find that the mass normalized gravitational wave energy displays a strong dependence on the inverse of the string tension E GW/M 0 ∝ 1/Gμ, with EGW/M0∼O(1)% at the percent level, for the regime where Gμ ≳ 10−3. Conversely, we show that the efficiency is only weakly dependent on the initial string width and initial loop radii. Using these results, we argue that gravitational wave production is dominated by kinematical instead of geometrical considerations.


Polyether-amides were prepared by the polycondensation of ω-(p-carboxyphenoxy)alkanoic acids (CPAA) and such aliphatic diamines as ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, and piperazine. The polymers with higher intrinsic viscosities and moderate melting temperatures (200–240°C) were obtained from CPAA and hexamethylenediamine. The polymers from both CPAA and ethylenediamine or piperazine generally have low intrinsic viscosities; the former melted at higher temperatures than did the polyether-amides with hexamethylenediamine, while the latter melted at lower ones.


Downtown transit circulators are often seen as a way to improve the connections between work locations and shopping opportunities. To evaluate the effectiveness of such services it is necessary to understand the way downtown workers use available services. The results of a survey of the midday travel of downtown workers are discussed and rates for visits to various activities are reported.


Abstract The aims of this research were to: (1) investigate the species richness of wawo worms, and to (2) analyze macronutrient content of the worms. Wawo worms were sampled using a fishing net on March 18th-19th, 2014, from Ambonese waters, Maluku. As many as 26 wawo species belonging to 5 families were identified. Palola sp. was identified as the most abundant species of wawo, followed by Lysidice oele, Horst 1905, Eunice spp. and nereidids. Results of the proximate analysis reveal that female epitokes of Palola sp. contain 10.78 % ash, 10.71 % moisture, 11.67 % crude fat, 54.72 % crude protein and 12.12 % carbohydrate.


We inhale 420 litres of oxygen and exhale 350 litres of carbon dioxide per day. This gas exchange happens in the air sacs called alveoli which are over 600 millions and lined by thin membrane of 0.3 micron. These alveoli are connected by over 100–200 million patient branching bronchial to accommodate 10,000 litres of air and 10,000 litres of blood should circulate per day to carry oxygen to all the cells in our body. We need to breathe clean air to maintain our health. The analysis of skulls belonging to various ages by CT scan in relation to air pollution in the UK has shown that the incidence of chronic sinusitis during the Bronze Age and Iron Age was 0.5% when there was no cooking; in the Romano British Age it went up to 3%, when food was cooked outside; in the Anglosaxon Age it went up to 7% when civilized population started cooking food inside their huts. It was in the medieval period that the smoke chimneys came into existence, and sinusitis dropped down to 3.5% (ref. 1). Further, the 13th and 17th century environment crises were due to growth in urban population, increased density of population and change in use of fuel from wood to coal. In 1773 John Arbuthnot reported on poor air quality in lungs leading to high death rates in urban infants from sulphurous steams of fuel. Visvesvaraya while addressing the Bengaluru Literary Union on 20 May 1953, mentioned that the city has grown by 90% in one decade, becoming overcrowded with slums increasing; the lung space is being utilized for construction and we need a self-examination on the moral health of our country. Air pollution not only triggers existent asthma, but also changes the genetic pattern. Prenatal exposure of suspended particulate matter (SPM) of 2.5 micron, when the concentration in the air is increased from 35.5 to 53.4 micron there will be four-fold increase in wheezing episodes in children. Table 1 lists the main sources of air pollution. Air pollution, climate change and global warming are interrelated. Carbon dioxide in the environment enhances the greenhouse effect and thus contributes to global warming. During the Industrial Revolution in the mid-1800s, burning of large quantities of fossil fuels was a prominent feature. In addition, rapid deforestation, automobile emission, burning of coal, urbanization and intense animal agriculture to meet the needs of non-vegetarians are the man-made causes for air pollution. Global warming and climate change worsen the pollen allergies globally by prolonging the flowering season, growth of new weeds like ambrosia in Scandinavian countries and by producing more potent pollens. SPM2.5 from diesel particle-coated pollen is 50 times more allergic and produces stronger symptoms. According to a report on ambient air pollution, PM 2.5 μm, ozone and tobacco smoke are the major contributors to mortality risk factor. Air pollution has an impact from womb to tomb: Foetal development is moulded by the maternal environment. The biological programming is an accepted reality and contributes to the development of the respiratory system along with other systems. Living close to busy roads is associated with high risk of sensitization to pollen. Holloway et al. found dust mite antigens in amniotic fluids at 16–17 weeks of gestation and in cord blood at 37 weeks of gestation. The current understanding is that the paternal environment is also important for the offspring, especially during the critical windows of development. Air pollution is the major cause for increase in prevalence of allergic airway diseases like asthma. It is a global health epidemic affecting over 1 billion people at present; it is anticipated that 4 billion will be affected by 2050. It also causes 8 million deaths per year. Air pollution, global warming and climate change will be the defining issues for the health system in the 21st century. A report from the National Commission of Macroeconomics and Health, Government of India shows that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are the major non-communicable diseases affecting more people than cancer, ischaemic heart disease, stroke and diabetes put together. Our observations in Bengaluru showed that the incidence of asthma in children increased from 9% in 1979 to 25.5% in 2009. There was slight decrease in incidence of the disease by 4% between 1999 and 2009, as observed in other countries like the UK, Hong Kong, Mexico and Australia due to saturation of genetically predisposed population. Nevertheless, persistent asthma has increased from 20% to 72.5% and persistent severe asthma has increased from 4% to 11% between 1994 and 2009 (Figure 1). We correlate that increased prevalence of asthma is due to rapid urbanization, change in demography, increase in the number of automobiles and air pollution. Electron microscopy of nasal mucosal biopsy from children in polluted cities showed that all parameters are abnormal compared to clean cities. The important parameters are excess mucus production and stagnation from ciliary damage and inactivity leading to infection and other complications. The study by Kulkarni on healthy 64 children in Leicester UK, in the age group of 8–15 yrs and checking the carbon particles in the alveolar macrophages on an


The corrosion fatigue test were carried out to evaluate the fatigue characteristics of accelerated cooled (ACC) TMCP high tensile strength steels and weld joint with high heat input by one side one run submerged arc welding. In this paper, the fatigue crack growth behaviors were investigated with the center crack tension specimen of base metal and heat affected zone in substitute sea water and air, respectively. Main results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The fatigue crack growth rates in sea water faster than those in air environment for the different heat input values, crack growth rate of base metal is very fast and effect of heat input is not remarkable. 2. In HAZ (82kJ/㎝, 116kJ/㎝), the crack branching phenomena were observed in both air and sea water environment, 3. In SEM observation, the corrosion effect on base metal was larger than that on HAZ in corrosion environment.


Since 1990s,green tidal wave sweeps the world.In the developing countries,taking China for example,its inhabitants' prevalent consciousness of environmental protection and green consumption are still dim,which are at the inferior position in the international market.After analyzing the background of green trade fully,on the base of visiting and investigation,this essay analyses the current of green trend of our country,and inquires into those tactics about developing green trade of our country from the point of view of business on the one hand and government on the other hand,so that green trade of our country can be developed steadily.


This thesis examines the effects of the change from strict scrutiny to the undue burden standard in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992). A history of abortion in the United States and the various ways in which government regulates it is explored. Particular attention is focused on the role of the federal judiciary in abortion regulation. Theories of judicial decision making are discussed as means to understand the outcome of cases. Several models are tested to determine which, if any, model explains judicial decision making. The effect of the change in standard, as well as an alternate precedent, are examined.


Powerful high gain phased antenna arrays of modular structure for millimeter wave (MMW) radars are considered. The array architecture and performance are discussed. Ways of achieving a high radiated power are described and compared. Examples of modular arrays under development are presented.


When KRAEPELIN set up the two large mental disease groups dementia praecox and manic-depressive psychosis, he was guided chiefly by considerations regarding the course of the disease. The definition of these terms was in fact determined by the course. The question of the course and prognosis in endogeneous psychoses thus came to be closely associated with the problem of the natural disease entities. Originally, KRAEPELIN considered that dementia praecox and manic-depressive psychosis were two different nosological entities, and European psychiatry has long been dominated by this view. Manic-depressive psychosis, with which we are here immediately concerned, was thus regarded as a disease mi gene&, and the essential difference between it and dementia praecox was considered to lie in its course as well as in the Occurence of states of dementia in the last-mentioned disease. Practically any psychosis that was not of .organic* origin and which led to complete recovery, was regarded as a manic-depressive disease. This doctrine of the natural disease entities was opposed at an early date by HOCHE (1912), who in his diagnosis refused to consider anything but symptoms and symptom complexes. KRAEPELIN'S original theory that the nature of the disease was typically reflected by its course was frequently contradicted by clinical experience. KRAEPELIN himself admitted later, in .Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseinss (published 1920), that according to the patient's constitution, the same disease might show different disease pictures. In course of time clinical studies came to be concentrated more and more on the .cross


Abstract The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of powders with the Pr 4+ ions doped in the B sites of the pyrochlore-type compounds A 2 B 2 O 7 ( A =La; B =Sn or Zr) were successfully measured at 4.2 K. A very large hyperfine interaction with the 141 Pr nucleus was observed. The spectra were isotropic, which indicates that the symmetry of the oxygen coordination around Pr 4+ ions is almost octahedral. The results were analyzed based on the weak field approximation, and the g values and hyperfine coupling constants A were obtained. The measured g values are smaller than ∣−10/7∣ (which is calculated for the Γ 7 ground doublet in the 2 F 5/2 multiplet), showing that the crystal field is effective to some extent on the behavior of a 4 f electron in solids. The value of ∣ g ∣ decreases from 1.270 (Pr 4+ /La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ) to 1.262 (Pr 4+ /La 2 Sn 2 O 7 ), which is caused by the increase of the crystal field due to shrinking of the lattice. On the other hand, the hyperfine coupling constants are the same= A =0.076(1) cm −1 .


International Folkloristics: Classical Contributions by the Founders of Folklore. Alan Dundes. ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1999. 257 pp.


PURPOSE: To obtain a glove or mitt structure comprising a heat insulating multilayer outside shell and a selectively removable liner, capable of providing a pleasant feeling in wearing. CONSTITUTION: This multilayer glove or mitt structure comprises a heat insulating outside shell 10 and a removable liner 20 and is designed so as to use the shell and the liner separately or to use them in a combined state. The multilayer outside shell contains an outside water repellent layer 27 laid on an inside heat insulating layer 31, a steam barrier layer 29 laid between the outside water repellent layer and an inside heat insulating layer and a moisture absorbing layer 33 formed on the top of the inside surface of the heat insulating layer. The globe structure contains a functional curved pattern for providing the highest pleasantness and adaptability.


A method of determining the position by celestial navigation is described in which the least-squares method is employed for optimising the ship's position. Position circles or position hyperbolae are used rather than straight position lines, and the optimum position is determined by solving certain basic equations. There are worked examples showing the application of the method.


A specific rectangular array of lattice points is investigated. We say that the array is weakly visible from a lattice point not in the array if no point in the array lies on the line connecting the external point to any other point in the array. A lower bound is found for the distance from a weakly viewing point to the array, and a point of minimal distance is determined for arrays of a specific size. A secondary type of visibility is also discussed, and a closest point viewing the array in this style is completely determined. Laison and Schick [2007] describe the situation of a photographer attempting to photograph every person in a rectangular formation, with all persons, including the photographer, standing on lattice points. The photos must be taken from a fixed position and each member of the formation must have a straight-line view of the photographer, unobstructed by all other persons in the rectangle. They prove that there are positions for the photographer to stand, but these may be quite a long way from the formation. How can we minimize this distance? The problem is turned into one involving lattice points in the plane (the persons to be photographed forming the rectangle), and such an unobstructed view between two points is termed weak visibility. Utilizing a result from [Herzog and Stewart 1971], Laison and Schick proceed to investigate a more complicated question: assume the lattice points outside the formation also form obstructions. They term this situation being externally visible. In this paper we only consider the simpler question of weak visibility. We begin in Section 2 with the necessary terminology and preliminary results. In Section 3 we prove our main results. Section 4 considers a more specific type of visibility which we call weak integer visibility. Lastly, natural questions for future research are provided in Section 5.