Introduction: Breast cancer may have a significant impact on the psychosocial well-being, not only of the women diagnosed, but also on their family members. Aim: The purpose of this review and narrative synthesis is to investigate the affect of breast cancer on women and their family. Methods: The electronic databases Scopus, Psycinfo, Science Direct and Pubmed were searched during the period 2010-2020. We followed the PRISMA guidelines and the PICO framework with Boolean operators. Of the 1126 articles identified, only 35 were used in the final configuration of the systematic review, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria that were set. Results: The 35 articles that were finally included in this review focused mainly on the relationship of women with breast cancer with their family. More specifically, family seems to play a significant role for women with breast cancer. Dynamics and roles among the family members are affected and burdened because of the disease. Family caregivers provide support to women with breast cancer, and patients receiving family care seem to respond more effectively to their treatment and manage to cope with their illness. Both breast cancer patients and family caregivers seek psychosocial support. Breast cancer can also have a detrimental effect on their family caregivers, their partners and the extended family. Conclusion: A supportive family may a have a positive impact on patients' psychosocial wellbeing. Providing psychosocial support to both patients and family members may significantly improve the quality of life for the whole family.


The letter by Carver et al, to our knowledge, represents the fourth independent study documenting no change in response rates based on statin use in rituximab-treated patients with B-cell nonHodgkin's lymphoma. In this regard, it provides an additional validation of previous studies indicating that concurrent statin use does not affect the clinical efficacy of rituximab and rituximabcontaining therapy. Although the apparent discordance between in vitro studies and the lack of clinical impact on patient outcome requires additional laboratory studies, it also illustrates that the potential for a loss in translation between the laboratory and clinic is a problem in making clinical decisions on the basis of in vitro studies alone.


Knowledge of the electrical levels of speech signals at the input to speech-transmission systems is required for (a) study of the talking behaviour in telephone conversations (b) provision, from measurements under service conditions in the field, of basic data for estimating the power loading of multiplex transmission systems. For these purposes, an instrument has been designed which measures the r.m.s. voltage of the signal when integrated over a given period of several seconds. To cater for fragmentary speech, the total integration period is not fixed, the timing being stopped during silent periods. The period of `active' speech over which integration takes place is 10s. Accurate square-law integration over a sufficiently wide range of amplitude caters for the dynamic range of speech from a talker under conversation conditions. The operate and release levels, and operate and hangover times, of the timer switch have been chosen so that timing is not stopped during structural pauses, but only when a listener would have judged that the talker had stopped. Calibration is in decibels relative to 1V (dB V), and so conversion to decibels relative to 1mW (dBm) into an impedance of 600Ω requires the addition of 2.2dB to each reading. With this allowance, the reading may be regarded as `the long-term mean power while the talker is active'. The instrument has been used to measure the distribution of speech volumes at the input to a transatlantic cable system and to make an estimate of the activity factor of the conversational speech so measured.


AbstractThis research evaluated factors that first-year engineering students took into consideration when deciding on their major. The study was done at a large, public, urban institution located i...


Since the early 1980s the concept of mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology. The various advantages associated with these systems made buccal drug delivery as a novel route of drug administration. It prolongs the residence time of the dosage form at the site of application. These systems remain in close contact with the absorption tissue, the mucous membrane, and thus contribute to improved and/or better therapeutic performance of the drug and of both local and systemic effects. This review highlights the anatomy and structure of oral mucosa, mechanism and theories of mucoadhesion, factors affecting mucoadhesion, characteristics and properties of desired mucoadhesive polymers, various types of dosage forms, and general considerations in design of mucoadhesive buccal dosage forms, permeation enhancers, and evaluation methods.


This book, said to be written for native speakers of English as well as second and foreign language learners, is about the differences between the pronunciation of words in careful and casual speech, despite identity of spelling. It presents as models written-language texts and their phonetically written equivalents in the prestige British Received Pronunciation (RP) variety, and then provides more texts as exercise to be transcribed both ways. Almost all of the exercises are anonymously authored texts of 40 or more lines, on a variety of topics. Answers are given in an appendix. The idea is that learning to write English phonetically will improve nonnative speakers' pronunciation and, one supposes, promote the more accepting attitude of native speakers toward casual speech reductions.


Abstract After only a few weeks of use, leaks caused by pitting corrosion appeared in the weld-affected area of a fire main made of austenitic stainless steel (material number 1.4307). The quality of the used steel was checked and potential reasons for an increased susceptibility of the pipe material to pitting corrosion were searched for by examining samples of pipe sections. For this purpose, metallographic sections were prepared, etched with three different etching solutions (V2A, Beraha 2, Lichtenegger and Blöch), and examined in the light optical microscope. The examinations revealed a considerable proportion of deformation martensite and a δ-ferrite fraction of about 5 % (mainly in the cross section center) and slip lines in the edge zone. A sensitization of the material in the heat affected zone of a weld could not be observed. Deformation structures and the chromium enrichment in the δ-ferrite promote the propagation of the corrosion processes within the material. However, they cannot be related to the initiation of the pitting corrosion. Heat tinting could be observed in the weld-affected zone, and the chloride content in the water of only about 10 mg/l does not adequately explain the initiation and maintenance of pitting corrosion processes (additionally confirmed by an electrochemical examination). However, during the pipe surface examination, small black spots could also be observed on the unaffected surface. EDS analysis in the SEM and wet chemical methods identified them as microscopic manganese dioxide nodules. These deposits are an indication of microbially induced corrosion during which the microbially formed manganese dioxide, being a strong oxidant, significantly increases the stainless steel sensitivity to chloride. In the present case, this finding could be confirmed by measuring the free corrosion potential. In addition to that, indications were found suggesting that the pipe was temporarily charged with water having a higher chloride content, plausibly explaining the initiation of the pitting corrosion. The operating conditions of this pipe are characterized by stagnating water which strongly promotes the stabilization of pitting corrosion and thus represents an additional aggravating factor.


SUMMARY Archaeological sites are described from Ruamahua-iti and Hongiora Islands in the Aldermen Islands group, off the east coast of the Coromandel Peninsula. These observations constitute significant amendments to previous literature, highlighting the poor human settlement information base available for such isolated islands. Factors influencing survey success and the implications for management are also discussed.


The article presents characteristics of industrial gas installations and hazards associated with their operation. The methods of hazard identification used in industrial processes have been analyzed. An explosion hazard analysis was performed using the event tree method, taking into account the factors influencing employee error (human factor).


The dispersion of the bluegreen aphid Acyrthosipon kondoi Shinji in lucerne conformed to the negative binomial distribution and a high degree of contagion was evident from aggregation indices. These data were used, together with proposed treatement thresholds, to develop and test sequential sampling plans for this aphid based on a single stem sampling unit. Four plans, accounting for variations in plant growth stage and varietal susceptibility to A. kondoi were computed at 2 treatment threshold levels. One of these plans was tested on 3 lucerne varieties in the field. Treatments made on plan recommendations restricted yield losses to within expected limits.


The Real-time Frequency Analyzer Type 2143 brings laboratory-standard analysis to the field. It is a fully portable, battery-operated analyzer weighing less than 9,5 kg (21 lb) including batteries, and comes in a robust, weather resistant, easy-to-use package. At the same time it offers realtime 1/1-, 1/3-, 1/12-, and 1/24-octave digital filtering with the precision and dynamic range of current laboratory systems, to bring the advantages of alldigital operation to the field user. Alternatively, the 2143 is equally at home in the laboratory, where it can be powered from a mains power supply. The 2143 can be described as the next logical step up from a sound level or vibration meter, while also providing a link to sophisticated laboratory


We describe an implicit prediction of the accretion disk models constructed by Wardle & Königl for the circumnuclear disk (CND) of gas and dust near the Galactic center: supersonic ambipolar diffusion, an essential dynamical ingredient of the Wardle-Königl disks, will cause the alignment of dust grains because of a process described by Roberge, Hanany, & Messinger. We calculate synthetic maps of the polarized thermal emission which would be caused by ambipolar alignment in the preferred Wardle-Königl model. Our maps are in reasonable agreement with 100 μm polarimetry of the CND if we assume that the grains have shapes similar to those of grains in nearby molecular clouds and that the CND contains a disordered magnetic field in energy equipartition with its ordered field.


The theoretical economics analysis foundation of resource-based view strategy is the free competition market balanced model. It ignores the transaction cost .which also gives rise to bringing many limits to the development of strategic management theory. The transaction cost is lying under environment of realistic strategy implementing , it is not only why the enterprise strategy can exist, but also is cut-in which the transaction cost theory utilizes to strategic theory. The introduction of transaction cost economics enhances the strategic theory 's explanation strength and the persuasive power, the main embodiment is revising and broadening the competitive advantage analysis model and strategy three processes pattern , which includes the value creation, the value protection and value divisio


Neopetitota (Kramerellidae) is redefined; N. bubonis , n. sp., is described from the Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus , in New York. New host-parasite associations are recorded.


It is a challenge to implement the arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) with high performance devices such as digital to analog converters (DACs) and linear power amplifiers (LPAs) in the front-end circuits which should be integrated with array transducers due to its issue in size and power consumption. Over the past several decades, a number of approaches using only on-off pulses have been proposed to transmit an arbitrary waveform. A pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is one of the approaches to simplify the implementation of AWG into the transmitter. In this paper, a preliminary study for an arbitrary waveform generation, which is essential for the coded excitation imaging, using only on-off pulses is introduced. In this study, we propose a proof of concept of an adapted PWM waveform using uni-polar and bi-polar pulses. In theoretical and simulation studies, transmission signals using uni-polar and bi-polar pulses, and the PWM waveforms are analyzed and investigated in terms of a frequency characteristic and a transmission power efficiency (TPE) that indicates the pulse-shaping performance of the generated waveform by defining the ratio of its output and input power through a given transducer. The results demonstrate the possibility to perform the arbitrary waveform generation with the transmitter architecture using only on-off pulses and the PWM waveforms without any DAC and LPA.


[, A tradition inherited from historians and theologians considers that, in Calvin's thought, no missionary perspective towards the New World was developed. In this article, the author first of all sets out to analyze the circumstances surrounding this established fact which prevented the reformer and his immediate successors from engaging the Church in this type of mission. Next he presents other theological, ecclesiological and anthropological reasons which may have hindered the missiological development of Calvin's thought. Lastly, the author shows that the missionary perspectives for Europe, opened up by Calvin, can provide arguments in favour of a worldwide missionary commitment which was actually realized only in the contemporary period.]


The accident reporting procedure maintained by the North Carolina State Department of Motor Vehicles provides a data base suitable for the evaluation of certain vehicle safety systems. This has been made possible by including in the report forms certain items which facilitate the precise identification of each car and which provide an adequate description of the nature and severity of any collision damage. These items are routinely reported by a police officer whenever he fills out a report form on a motor vehicle accident. The effectiveness of energy absorbing steering columns and side door reinforcement beams has recently been evaluated by the author using these data. The major results of these studies are presented together with a discussion of the method of analysis adopted in each case (a).


We present results of the durability of antireflectance (AR) coatings under laser irradiation with emphasis on the interplay between coating materials and ambient. We find that introducing ppm-levels of water has a dramatic impact on the performance of certain coatings. In particular, no significant degradation of a coating was observed for up to 1MJ/cm2 dose in the presence of ~20 ppm H2O, whereas linear transmission drop of several percent was observed when irradiating a coating of similar design in <0.1 ppm H2O but under 1.5 ppm O2. Cycling water concentration on and off leads a corresponding cycling of transmission of the coatings. Adding water vapor to the ambient has a much greater benefit to coating durability than adding corresponding amounts of gas phase oxygen. In a series of experiments involving the same coating stack with different degrees of porosity of the outer layer, moisture was found to have the greatest impact on the most porous coating.


e ahve and Probably of birth injury. In addition, six chi r ^ well; two, who were born at full time, died immed y while another, prematurely born, scarcely surviv ^ seven died of measles, at the ages of two an our Yea bild she had months respectively. After the birth of her m_born> This four miscarriages, and lastly, a seven mont s c i > terminal is not an indication of any syphilitic taint, ut m exhaustion of reproductivity.


The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distribution characteristics of temperature and emissivity in the applications of multi-band pyrometry. We establish the concept of the measurement coordinates, including the temperature coordinate axis and emissivity coordinate axis. Through numerical simulations, we present the corresponding results. The discussions not only provide a simplified and effective expression of the solutions of multi-band pyrometry, but are also helpful to design or optimize a multi-band radiation pyrometer by investigating beforehand the distribution rules of temperature and emissivity in the measurement coordinates.


Abstract This essay explores international engagement in the Sri Lankan peace process between 2002 and 2008. The internationalization of peacebuilding in Sri Lanka is analysed as part of a broader international shift towards a model of 'liberal peacebuilding', which involves the simultaneous pursuit of conflict resolution, liberal democracy and market sovereignty. The essay provides a detailed and disaggregated analysis of the various exporters, importers and resisters of liberal peacebuilding, with a particular focus on the contrasting ways in which the United National Front (UNF) and the United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) regimes engaged with international actors. It is argued that an analysis of the Sri Lankan case provides a corrective to some of the core assumptions contained in much of the literature on liberal peacebuilding. Rather than viewing liberal peacebuilding as simply an hegemonic enterprise foisted upon countries emerging from conflict, the essay explores the ways in which peacebuilding is mediated through, and translated and instrumentalized by, multiple actors with competing interests – consequently liberal peacebuilding frequently looks different when it 'hits the ground' and may, as in the Sri Lanka case, lead to decidedly illiberal outcomes. The essay concludes by exploring the theoretical and policy implications of a more nuanced understanding of liberal peacebuilding. It is argued that rather than blaming the failure of the project on deficiencies in its execution and the recalcitrance of the people involved, there is a need to look at defects in the project itself and to explore alternatives to the current model of liberal peacebuilding.


The invention discloses a method for preparing TiO2 nano laces, and belongs to the technical field of nano materials. According to the method, commercial P25 TiO2 nano particles are adopted, and are synthetized into TiO2 nano belts as precursors in a hydro-thermal method, butyl titanate solution is assed in HCl aqueous solution and uniformly mixed, a certain quantity of TiO2 nano belts is added in a mixed solution and uniformly mixed, then the mixed solution is transferred in a reaction kettle for reacting for 6 to 12 hours at the temperature of 160 to 200 DEG C, washed and dried to obtain the TiO2 nano laces; the P25 TiO2 nano particles, the TiO2 nano belts and the TiO2 nano laces are subject to the silver mixing processing in a silver mirror reaction method to obtain Ag/P25 TiO2 nano particles, Ag/TiO2 nano belts and Ag/TiO2 nano laces, and experiment that methyl orange is subject to photocatalytic degradation shows that Ag/TiO2 nano lace have strongest photocatalytic activity.


The business plan detailed in this document aims to determine the commercial and financial viability for the implementation of a pizzeria in the city of Riobamba with the differentiating factor of creating customized products with optimal production times and delivery of the product to the customer, it is structured with necessary information to facilitate decision making by the investor, for which it is essential to take into account the macro and micro environment analysis, customer research through surveys, focus groups and interviews with experts. Within the marketing plan, the strategies to be implemented to reach the target market are determined. In the organizational structure of the project, the necessary personnel is detailed to implement a product development process with time optimization compared to the current existing competition. Finally, the financial analysis seeks to confirm the viability of the project, based on the information acquired during the research process. The analysis of the environments established the existence of a space for the positioning of the business. Competition research determines that the restaurant and pizza industry in the city of Riobamba is highly competitive, since there are low barriers to entry to the market and there is a high rivalry among competitors. The study of the clients establishes that there is a growing market, focused on young people and adults who are looking for a different place to share with family and friends. Based on this information, a financial plan is made in which the initial investment, capital structure, financial statements with a five-year projection and financial comparable indexes are defined with those of the industry in which the project is located. . When carrying out the financial evaluation, the feasibility of the project was determined because the financial indexes that determine the decision making of an investment yield values within the range of positive investment as well as real values that generate profits to the investors.


The article describes the spatial structure of ground-stolonforming herbs illustrated by the example of F. vesca in the context of geometrical and functional aspects. A new approach describing the spatial structure of coenopopulation with the use of A.A. Uranov's theory of phytogenic field (1965) has been developed


Interview in two sessions, May 24 and June 5, 2005, with Melvin I. Simon, Anne P. and Benjamin F. Biaggini Professor of Biological Sciences, emeritus, in the Division of Biology.

Dr. Simon received his BS from City College of New York in 1959 and his PhD in biochemistry from Brandeis in 1963. After receiving his degree, he was a postdoctoral fellow with Arthur Pardee at Princeton for a year and a half and then joined the faculty of the University of California at San Diego. In 1978, Dr. Simon and his UCSD colleague John Abelson established the Agouron Institute in San Diego, focusing on problems in molecular biology. He (along with Abelson) joined the faculty of Caltech as a full professor in 1982, and he served as chair of the Biology Division from 1995 to 2000.

In this interview, he discusses his education in Manhattan's Yeshiva High School (where science courses were taught by teachers from the Bronx High School of Science), at CCNY, and as a Brandeis graduate student working working with Helen Van Vunakis on bacteriophage. Recalls his unsatisfactory postdoc experience at Princeton and his delight at arriving at UC San Diego, where molecular biology was just getting started. Discusses his work on bacterial organelles; recalls his and Abelson's vain efforts to get UCSD to back a full-scale initiative in molecular biology and their subsequent founding of their own institute. Recalls his early years at Caltech and the domination of the Biology Division by Leroy E. Hood, who was developing molecular sequencing machines. Recalls the establishment of the Beckman Institute. Discusses his growing interest in genomics and his involvement with the Human Genome Project. Discusses the departure of division chairman Lee Hood, the subsequent chairmanship of Abelson, and his own stint as chairman. Recalls the recruiting and arrival of David Baltimore as Caltech's president (1997-2007) and assesses his presidency.


This paper studies mean-square stabilization and optimal control problems via state feedback for linear discrete-time systems with state and control multiplicative noises. We first show that in general the state feedback stabilization problem in mean-square sense amounts to solving a generalized eigenvalue problem(GEVP). Next, we pose the H2 optimal control problem equivalent to an optimal mean-square stabilization problem. As a consequence, both the mean-square stabilization and the H2 optimal control problems can be solved efficiently as one of generalized eigenvalue problems, for which computational algorithms are readily available. The optimal state feedback in turn can be designed by solving a modified algebraic Riccati equation (MARE).


Abstract Let $G$ be a finite group acting vertex-transitively on a graph. We show that bounding the order of a vertex stabiliser is equivalent to bounding the second singular value of a particular bipartite graph. This yields an alternative formulation of the Weiss conjecture.


Undiscovered potential in foreign frontiers is believed to be substantial. This potential is located in moderate and harsh physical environments. Very little exploration has been conducted in these basins and the majority are classified as essentially unexplored. These areas are not geologic mysteries and it is highly possible that they can contribute large increments of discovery. The attractive possibilities which exist in these foreign frontiers must not be overlooked, therefore, all must be adequately explored. Major exploration activities should begin in these areas as soon as possible if they are to have any impact on new reserves and production before the end of this century. Governments controlling harsh frontier areas are beginning to recognize the high costs and risks incurred in exploring and operating therein and are beginning to offer greater incentives to those willing to undertake the environmental challenges. End_of_Article - Last_Page 716------------


Congruence Among Secondary School Students' Implicit Theories of Instruction and Sets of Factors Underlying Student and Observer Ratings of Teacher Behaviors (February 1981) Wallace Hills Carter, III, B.S., University of California at Los Angeles M.Ed., Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, Amherst Directed by: Ronald K. Hambleton There is some evidence to suggest that college students share some perceptions about the co-occurrence of instructional behaviors and may use these shared perceptions, called implicit theories of instruction, when rating teacher behaviors. This study was designed to investigate if implicit theories were similarly shared by secondary school students and, if so, to determine the relative influence these theories may have on student ratings of secondary school teachers. To identify implicit theories, a student nonstimulus group comprised of 307 secondary school students performed two tasks: a free-sort of 26 item statements describing various instructional behaviors into groups according to item similarity, and an assignment of nonstimulus frequency ratings of the "general" teacher on the same 26 items. The categorization data were submitted to latent partition analysis (LPA) while the student nonstimulus ratings were


The influence of humus content in compost medium on the adsorption and transportation properties of bacteria was inspected with pseudomonas aeruginosa AB93066 and bacillus subtilis AB92006 as objects, through order bacted and column drip washing experiments. That adsorption coefficients of these two bacteria in composting granules all tended to decrease with the range of 24.9% and 22.7%, respectively; and their penetration rate raised obviously, with greatest rate of pseudomonas aeruginosa increased from 0.141 to 0.234 and the rate of bacillus subtilis increased from 0.254 to 0.348, explaining that the existence of humus in composting medium could weaken the adsorption properties of these two high effect bacteria, and promote their transportation dispersion in the compost medium; and also the higher the humus content, the better the effect.


This presentation uses three worlds, collective stance and learning curves perspectives to analyze developments in human-computer interaction. It argues from historic data that the human interests have remained unchanged over at least five millennia, and may be expected to have the same basis during the next millennium. It concludes that we are still at a very early stage in the development of HCI, and that the major impact of the technology on our societies is yet to come. To understand the issues involved we will need greater understanding of the operation of our societies, their economies, politics and cultures, and how these evolve under the influence of environmental factors including advances in information technologies.


The absolute configuration of P-2563 (P) (1) and P-2563 (A) (2) were elucidated to be 3-O-(4-deoxy-4-propionamido-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-(2S, 3S, 4R, 5S)-1, 4-diamino-1, 4-dideoxyhexitol and 3-O-(4-acetamido-4-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-(2S, 3S, 4R, 5S)-1, 4-diamino-1, 4-dideoxyhexitol, respectively, from the absolute configuration of the aminopolyol moiety (3), together with the plane structures of 1 and 2 and 13C-NMR studies.


Podothrips erami Minaei is a recently described species from Fars province of southern Iran. This is the first record of Podothrips erami from India after its original description.


The aim of the article to study the problems of deviant behavior of adolescents, which are formed and aggravated due to the lack of specially organized educational activities both in the family and in educational institutions; analyze different views and approaches to the essence of deviant behavior. Methods. Theoretical analysis, generalization of scientific facts, analysis of pedagogical practice, questionnaires, observation, conversation, testing, ascertaining and teaching experiments, methods of mathematical statistics. Result. Measures for preventive and correctional and educational activities of an educational organization based on the principles:value-oriented, moral-humanistic, unity of interaction between parents,different specialists and social institutions, the priority of preventive measures, prevention andcorrection of problems, differentiation of assistance depending on the level and nature of the deviating(deviant) behavior, timeliness of socio-pedagogical and psychological assistance and support. Conclusions. The considered psychological and pedagogical aspects of educational activities adolescents with deviant behavior made it possible to identify and formulate preventive measures in educational activity of adolescents who are prone to deviation of behavioral norms. Revealed list forms and methods of educational work with children and adolescents. These measures include the improvement of the psychosocial environment for the upbringing and development of children and adolescents; educational and preventive work with the participation of competent adults, educators and psychologists; education and training, taking into account the gender and age specifics of the somatic and mental development of children and adolescents.


Stem cells and neurogenesis persist in the postnatal and adult brain. Adult brain stem cells can be neuroprotective in disease and augment hippocampal-dependent cognitive function and thus are an important therapeutic target. Although many molecules have been discovered that regulate neurogenesis, few studies have attempted to amplify the process pharmacologically as a therapeutic goal. To address this gap, we used murine neurosphere cultures from the two major stem cell niches: the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ). We screened compounds sharing pharmacophores with known inducers of neurogenesis and found several dozen proneurogenic compounds in an in vitro phenotypic screen. One, OXS-N1 was stable, and had acceptable absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profiles in animal studies. OXS-N1 could increase neurogenesis in the SVZ and SGZ in WT mice after both intraperitoneal and oral administration. The number of newborn neurons (BrdU+/NeuN+) was increased; however, the number of activated stem cells (BrdU+/GFAP+) was not, suggesting an effect on neurogenesis independent of stem cell activation. This was supported by OXS-N1 increasing neurosphere differentiation but not proliferation. OXS-N1 also increased neurogenesis and improved performance in a Y maze cognitive task in PDGF-APPSw,Ind mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease. RNAseq of SVZ and SGZ neurospheres in turn showed that genes associated with synaptic function were significantly increased by OXS-N1. Our study demonstrates the utility of phenotypic screening for the identification of molecules that increase neurogenesis and might be of therapeutic relevance.


This paper proposes the revised ASCII code. The study started with consideration whether the ASCII code is proper or not in the side of the transmission efficiency in data communications. In data communications, when the consecutive "0" bits from the information devices input into the line coder, its consecutive "0" bits are scrambled to the predetermined patterns not to the consecutive "0" signal. The paper used to study with the statistical data for the frequency of the letters of the alphabets and the proposed rule of characters coding in reference. As a result of the study, when the proposed ASCII code is applied, the operation efficiency of the scrambler in the line coder is improved upto average 30%.


The strawberry( FragariaX ananassa) cultivar of Hongyan was selected as material to study the impact factors in rapid propagation. The influences of phytohormones concentration,pH value,carbon source,sucrose concentration were investigated. The results indicated that MS medium supplemented with 0. 50mg / L of 6-BA and 0. 05mg / L of NAA,optimal pH value 5. 6 could get best result. Sucrose was found the best carbon source and the optimal concentration was 3%. The propagation coefficient reached 3. 2.


After Industrial policy, 1991, Indian government started to focus on Globalisation and because of which they started to attract Foreign Investors to invest in Indian stock market. On September 14, 1992 Foreign institution investors (FIIs) are allowed to invest in capital market including securities issued by enterprises which is listed in BSE & NSE. And from that time investment by FIIs in India have become important for Indian Economy, especially at time of globalisation when India is emerging as one of the leading market for investors in Asia. As with pros there is always some cons with everything, FIIs have some loop holes because at the time of financial crises some time FIIs had withdraw their investment from the market. So in this research the main emphasis is given to analyse the effect of foreign institution investors on Indian stock market. And for this purpose correlation is used as a statistical tool to find out relationship between foreign institutional investor and BSE.


An experimental technique is described for the recording of instantaneous spatial functions of particles tracing the motion in liquid flow fields. Software development necessary for subsequent computerized numerical evaluation of the instantaneous, three‐dimensional flow field also is described. The paper reports only the first stages of software development, in which descriptions are obtained of the detailed structure of turbulence events over whole flow regions simultaneously.


Gene introgression usually results from spontaneous hybridization among closely related species in sympatric populations. This phenomenon has recently become a frequent topic of interest in evolutionary and conservation biology. A palm species complex occurring in Mexico formed by two native species, Brahea dulcis (Kunth) C. Martius and Brahea nitida Andre, and their putative hybrids, was analyzed with morphological and molecular markers in four hybrid zones and two pure sites for each parental species. Our results showed that the closeness of the hybrids to an allopatric site of either parental species (B. nitida, mesic habitat, and B. dulcis, xeric habitat) is directly related to their morphological and genetic similarity. Also, B. dulcis differed significantly from B. nitida in all the examined characters. Morphological and molecular data were highly coincident and supported the hypothesized hybridization. Hybrid phenotypes were morphologically parent-like for 46.4% of traits, intermediate for 33.2% of...


Lactogenic effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed was evaluated on serum prolactin and milk production in lactating albino rats. Twenty four lactating rats were grouped randomly at parturition into control, metoclopramide-treated and Ethyl-acetate-treated group consist of six rats in each group (n = 6). The lactating rats were administered control (normal saline), metoclopramide (5 mg/kg) and ethyl-acetate fraction (100 and 200 mg/kg) respectively from day 3-17 of lactation. Milk yield for rats were estimated by pup weight and weight gain. The animals were then euthanized on the day 18 and serum prolactin was analyzed using prolactin kit. The prolactin level of ethyl-acetate fraction of Hibiscus sabdariffa showed a significant increase (p<0.01) when compared to control group. Pup weight gain was also significantly higher (p<0.05) than the control group. This can be deduced that ethyl-acetate fraction of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. seed has lactogenic activity because it increases serum prolactin level and milk production in lactating female albino rats. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. seed stimulate prolactin synthesis; release and milk production in albino rats and it is affordable and safe for consumption.


Aiming at reducing weight of equipment, saving material and increasing lifting capability of crane, variable stiffness structure is designed in project. Ccumbersome calculation has increased the design difficulty of variable stiffness structural. For large slenderness ratio telescopic jib structure, the existing calculation methods simplify self weight as concentrated load and assume obeying small deformation criterion. For flexural deformation, the effect of self weight different distribution and large deformation caused by nonlinearity can not be ignored. Based on the effect of self weight different distribution and large deformation, a mathematical model of telescopic jib displacement was established and deduced out a formula of endpoint displacement of large slenderness ratio telescopic jib structure. In addition, large-deformation finite element method is used as a criterion to evaluate the correctness and precision of theoretical calculation formula.


Three women occupy my mind today: Miss Bimbo, Natasha Kaplinsky and Polly Toynbee. Following the Polis Women and the Media event I have had my consciousness raised, as we used to say in the politically-correct 1980s. But now Women's Studies have become redundant what has become of gender and the media?


The invention discloses a process for preparing a white-light LED by using a fluorescent powder lens, which comprises the steps of preparing a support, fixing a blue-light LED, bonding leads, covering the fluorescent powder-doped lens, filling silica gel, baking for forming and the like. The process is mainly characterized in that the silica gel is filled in the fluorescent powder lens. Compared with the prior art, the process has the advantages that: 1, the fluorescent powder can be uniformly distributed in the lens, and when the fluorescent powder is excited by the blue-light LED, the phenomenon of yellow hue with nonuniform light color is avoided; 2, the traditional fluorescent powder spotting process is saved, and the production efficiency is greatly improved; and 3, the fluorescent powder lens is made by a mold, the disadvantage of imprecise control in the traditional fluorescent powder spotting process is overcome, and the consistency of white-light LED products can be greatly improved.


A study is reported of the continuous x-ray emission spectrum for targets of CD/sub 2/, 70 percent CD/sub 2/ + 30 percent Al, Mg, Nb, Y, and Pb for cutoff energies in the range 5 to 21 keV at a pump intensity q less than or equal to 5.10/sup 14/ W/cm/sup 2/. High-energy photons appear at a threshold pump intensity q/sub thr/, governed by the properties of the pump radiation and the target material. These photons are evidence of a deviation from a Maxwellian electron energy distribution; the deviation for a given value of q is more pronounced, the lower the effective charge Z/sub ef/ of the ions in the plasma. Such a deviation of the electron distribution function can be caused by the onset of parametric instabilities; an aperiodic instability and an instability involving decay into two plasmons are apparently most important. Measurements show that the reflection coefficient R is strongly influenced by these focusing conditions. For targets with Z greater than 10 the maximum values of R reach 3 percent. A correlation has been found between the maximum reflection coefficient and the maximum intensity of the hard (approximately 21 keV) x-ray emission, in which case ions with themore » maximum charge Z form in the plasma.« less


IN there the three is but hundred one large miles port, of and coastline although between the coast Halaib is and indented Akik t e is b t on larg port, and al hough t e coast is i dented with little bays and natural harbours, most of these have ceased to be used by shipping because they are too small for modern purposes. The inhabitants of the coast belong to the Beja tribes who take little interest in the sea, preferring to live a pastoral life in the hills. It is extraordinary that these people should have made so little use of the sea that lies at their feet, and have despised that which might have made them wealthy and famous. The country is chiefly desert sparsely covered with grass, a few samr trees and tundub bushes. During the rainy season the khors come down in full flood from the hills making the roads impassable and giving the country a greenness that lasts only a short time before the sun dries it up again. The coastal plain between the hills and the sea varies from five to ten miles or more in width but, except around Tokar, there is little or no cultivation on it. The port of Suakin is situated about forty miles south of Port Sudan and is now in a derelict condition. The town itself is on a small circular island situated at the bottom of a narrow inlet about one mile


Originally motivated by algebraic invariant theory, we present an algorithm to enumerate integer vectors modulo the action of a permutation group. This problem generalizes the generation of unlabeled graph up to an isomorphism. In this paper, we present the full development of a generation engine by describing the related theory, establishing a mathematical and practical complexity, and exposing some benchmarks. We next show two applications to effective invariant theory and effective Galois theory. R´ esum´ e. Initialement motivpar la thalg´ ebrique des invariants, nous prune strat´ egie algorithmique pour ´


In this paper, we present a framework for the detection of highly obfuscated plagiarisms. In contrast to existing plagiarism detection systems, which typically consist of the steps "source retrieval" and "text alignment", we introduce an intermediate step to detect interfragment relationships. This additional step fills the gap between the document level result of the source retrieval step and the fine granular n-gram input of the text alignment step. In the new intermediate step, fragments of about 50 to 60 words are examined and compared using an extended Jaccard measure to handle synonyms/ hypernyms. Additionally, the Jaccard measure is weighted to consider different relevance of words. The framework also includes an intuitive graphical visualization using heatmaps, which can be used for the easy visual inspection of possible plagiarisms without the final text alignment step. A number of experiments, performed with our implemented prototype, show the suitability of our approach.


Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of corneal limbal stem cells autografting,mitomycin C plus corneal limbal stem cells autografting and mitomycin C plus transference of pedicled conjunctival flap.Methods 98 eyes of 97 patients with recurrent pterygium were randomized into three groups: corneal limbal stem cells autografting(groups A,34 eyes),mitomycin C plus corneal limbal stem cells autografting(groups B,38 eyes) and mitomycin C plus transference of pedicled conjunctival flap(groups C,26 eyes).Patients were followed up for 8~36 mouths,recurrence rates of the three groups were compared.Results The recurrent rate was 41.2% in group A(14/of 34 eyes),13.2% in group B,(5/ 38 eyes),14.8% in group C(4/ 26 eyes).The differences were significant between group A and group B(χ2=5.81,P0.05),between group A and group C(χ2=4.67,P0.05),but there were no significant differences between group B and group C(χ2=0.02,P0.1).Conclusion Mitomycin C plus corneal limbal stem cells autografting and mitomycin C plus transference of pedicled conjunctival flap are two ideal therapeutic methods for recurrent pterygium.


GENERATOR FOR MAGNETIC BUBBLE BUBBLE MEMORY IN HYBRID. IT INCLUDES A LAYER IN WHICH MAGNETIC MAGNETIC BUBBLE IS MOVING IN THE ACTION OF A TURNING FIELD PATTERN REMOVAL 16 COMPOUND MATERIAL MAGNETIC HIGH pERMEABILITY AND SEPARATED FROM THE MAGNETIC LAYER BY LAYER INSULATION ELECTRIC POWER DRIVER 14 U-SHAPED HAS SAID BETWEEN MAGNETIC LAYER AND SUCH REMOVAL AND PATTERN ELECTRICAL iSOLATED THEREOF, THE REMOVAL PATTERN COVERING THE BASIS OF THE AREA DEFINED WITHIN THE DRIVER AND DEFINING AND ELECTRICAL POSITION NUCLEATING P. THIS GENERATOR IS CHARACTERIZED IN THAT IT iNCLUDES ALSO SETS UP 18 PATTERN MADE IN A FRACTION OF MAGNETIC LAYER tHICKNESS , IMPLEMENTS THIS REASON COVERING AT LEAST THE POSITION NUCLEATIONP.


To avoid the mutual inconsistency between interaction, quantization, and subsidiary conditions of the Rarita-Schwinger spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ field, an additional subsidiary field is introduced in the spirit of the St\"uckelberg formalism. Relativity is violated in the time development of the subsidiary field, but no observable consequences seem to follow. The unwanted states are removed invariantly from the asymptotic states through a Gupta-Bleuler kind of subsidiary condition. Energy has a positive-definite expectation value in the physical states.


A new series of 1, 4 - bis [ ( p - methoxyphenoxy) carbonyl ] benzene with different lateral substitutents were designed and synthesized. Their mesomorphic behavior was examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM). It was found that introduction a lateral substitutent on center phenylene of 1,4 - bis[ (p - methoxyphenoxy)carbonyl]benzene destroys the symmetry of the molecule and results in a decrease in melting point and clearing point. A proper lateral substitutent such as methyl, bromo or hydroxyl group, is favorable for the formation of a liquid crystal phase.


Objective To study the relationship between the expression of CD44 and the histological type,degree of differentiation, and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) .Methods Peripheral blood CD44 levels in 72 patients with lung cancer were examined by immune flowcytometry,and compared with those in 39 normal donors and 47 patients with chronic bronchitis as controls,by statistical analysis.Results The CD44 level in patients with lung cancer (57 .85±1. 99) was significantly higher than those in patients with chronic bronchitis (45.37±1.79, P 0.01) and in normal donors (43.03±2.33, P 0.01). The expression of CD44 was not related to pathological types, but closely associated with clinical stages and histopathological grades( P 0.01 or P 0.05) .Conclusion Peripheral blood CD44 levels in NSCLC can be used as an index for evaluating the diagnosis of NSCLC patients.


Abstract: In this article we present a transliteration and translation of Tablet W22340a, an astronomical Almanac from Uruk. Based on the astronomical predictions in the text we suggest that it must be dated to the year 326 in the Arsacid Era, equivalent to 79/80 AD. This makes W22340a the latest datable cuneiform text uncovered so far. This dating confirms that cuneiform writing and astronomical scholarship persisted in Mesopotamia during the Arsacid period far into the first century AD, not only in Babylon but in Uruk as well.


The interest in self-direction in learning has a long and varied history. Regardless of changes in educational policies and approaches, concern with the development of learners who can effectively continue to learn on their own throughout their lifetimes continually reemerges. Plutarch asserted in the first century that the human mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be kindled. Spanning the ages, Thomas Friedman in his recent bestseller, The World Is Flat (2005), documents the challenges of global competition that now face us. In an address to the National Governor's Association (Friedman, 2005) he stated, based on his worldwide research, we need, more than any other knowledge or skill, to learn how to learn and to love and seek out learning. The similarity of Plutarch's and Friedman's comments is not surprising to those with an interest in research and practice in Self-Directed Learning (SDL). Self-directed, lifelong learning is the most basic ingredient for surviving and thriving in a world of change. One of the most universal practices of adults is to seek opportunities to discuss ideas and efforts that are important to them. For those interested in research on self-direction in learning and its promotion as an educational practice, the International Self-Directed Learning Symposium (ISDLS) has offered such an opportunity for 20 years. The first symposium was held at the University of Georgia in 1986, organized by Huey Long, who is still the guiding force for the gatherings. The symposia have continued to meet in each successive year, providing an international forum for the discussion of important current developments in research and theory-building related to self-directed learning (SDL), as well as application of SDL concepts and processes in a rich variety of contexts. The program design emphasizes intensive individual participation and group exploration of problems, issues, and concepts. Program structure includes large-group sessions as well as small-group interaction opportunities. Small-group sessions provide time for presentation, reaction from a designated individual who has had a prior opportunity to review the paper, and then an open discussion with the attendees. As 2006 marks the 20th successive year of the symposia, it seems appropriate to examine some of the contributions the ISDLS has made to the field of adult education. Stimulus for Research By creating an annual venue for discussions, presentations, and publications related to SDL, the symposia have provided a continual stimulus for research, a chance to address cutting-edge issues, and an opportunity to create collegial projects. In addition to explorations of theory, papers have addressed SDL research in a wide variety of contexts, including business and industry, elementary, secondary, and higher education, and in medical institutions. Findings from both qualitative and quantitative research have been represented, and a number of instruments designed to assess various aspects of self-direction in learning have been presented and discussed. International Perspective Because of the international attendance, participants have had an opportunity to compare concepts, practices, and terminology related to SDL across cultures. One particularly rich exchange resulted from the many presentations by individuals involved in the Group for Interdisciplinary Research on Autonomy and Training (GIRAT), Canada's nationally-funded SDL research effort, which supports both primary research and research which can provide insights valuable to business and industry. Philip Candy of Australia presented ideas from his landmark book, Self-Direction for Lifelong Learning (1991) and presentations of research conducted in China, France, Germany, Korea, Japan, Finland, Australia, Hong Kong, and a number of South American countries, among others, have created an opportunity to expand understanding of self-direction in learning from a global perspective. …


1. Lieberman MF. Suture lysis by laser and goniolens. Am J Ophthalmol 1983; 95: 257–8. 2. Schwartz AL, Weiss HS. Bleb leak with hypotony after laser suture lysis and trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. Arch Ophthalmol 1992; 110: 1049. 3. Tulay S, Mehmet C, Aygen B, Seda M, Orhan Z. Efficacy and complications of releasable suture trabeculectomy and standard trabeculectomy. Int Ophthalmol 2005; 26: 9–14.


Impending development of Wyoming's vast fuel resources requires a quick and efficient method of land use inventory and evaluation. Preliminary evaluations of ERTS-1 imagery have shown that physiographic and land use inventory maps can be compiled by using a combination of visual and automated interpretation techniques. Test studies in the Powder River Basin showed that ERTS image interpretations can provide much of the needed physiographic and land use information. Water impoundments as small as one acre were detected and water bodies larger than five acres could be mapped and their acreage estimated. Flood plains and irrigated lands were successfully mapped, and some individual crops were identified and mapped. Coniferous and deciduous trees were mapped separately using color additive analysis on the ERTS multispectral imagery. Gross soil distinctions were made with the ERTS imagery, and were found to be closely related to the bedrock geology. Several broad unstable areas were identified. These were related to specific geologic and slope conditions and generally extended through large regions. Some new oil fields and all large open-cut coal mines were mapped. The most difficult task accomplished was that of mapping urban areas. Work in the urban areas provides a striking example of snow enhancement and the detail available from a snow enhanced image.


In the current era, consumers' perspective towards their health put pressure on academia and industry to recommend a process as a substitute for frying methods of instant noodles preparation. Thus, present study was attempted to provide the systematic substitute for frying method to reduce the burden of high-fat in daily diet. Cooking qualities, textural, colour and sensory characteristics of noodles were significantly affected by the different methods of instantization. Both methods of instantization, (i) boiling and (ii) steaming followed by air drying, significantly reduced cooking losses and increased the cooked weight thus, improved overall cooking qualities. But, steamed air dried noodles, additionally, exhibited higher overall acceptability. Thus, noodles prepared from steamed air dried method could replace the major market of instant fried noodles.


Commercial-residential high buildings have specific structure and functions,and it is easy to incur the fire accidents.Due to the complex environment,it is hard to extinguish fire.In order to ensure fire safety of high buildings,fire-fighting design,fire reasons and so on have been analyzed.The necessity of the establishment and implement of effective fire safety management system is discussed,and the fire prevention strategy is put forward.


This poster describes a pilot study on teaching French verbal aspect through concept-based instruction. This poster outlines and describes the background and context of a verbal aspect, the tasks and assessments for the study, student learning outcomes, the theoretical framework, and the results of the study.


The author examines what it means to have self-knowledge and self-understanding, explores ways to acquire this intrapsychic intelligence, considers personal growth gains that may accrue from its acquisition, and explores relationships between intellectual intelligence and the emotional intelligence that can grow from increased self-knowledge and self-understanding.


The stability of short‐wavelength, low‐frequency modes in a hot electron plasma is investigated. Particular attention is devoted to the effect of the dependence of perturbed quantities along the equilibrium magnetic field lines. Two types of modes in a bumpy torus are considered: modes which are nearly flutes in each mirror cell but vary in phase from cell to cell, and modes which have significant variation in each cell. Generally speaking, allowing perturbations to vary along the field lines is destabilizing. However, sufficiently large hot electron gyroradii can stabilize all short perpendicular wavelength modes.


A nano-multiplication-region avalanche photodiode (NAPD) featuring confinement of a multiplication region and a charging region in a nano-pillar was proposed for realization of novel near-constant-gain mode multiplication, low dark count rate, low afterpulsing and high avalanche initiation probability. Process and device simulations showed that near-constant-gain mode multiplication can be realized in NAPD with a properly doped charging layer. Prototype NAPDs were built with a feasible processing technology. First I-V characteristics of NAPD with plateau structures were observed.


In Senegal, maize is mainly exploited in the agroecological zones of the NBA1, SBA2, SOHC3, BMC4, and ZSP5. Where it is heavily ravaged by a beetle Curculionidae, Sitophilus zeamais. The extent of the damage requires the search for alternatives. This article aims to detect the type of selection of populations in agroecological zones and their degree of kinship. The advantage of demonstrating a population demographic signal is to recognize the agroecological zones exposed to a bottleneck or a positive selection, therefore respectively constraining or naturally favorable to the adaptation of the insect. To achieve this goal, 89 insects were harvested in the different agroecological zones. The study of cytochrome b gene sequences revealed that the NBA, SBA and SOHC populations has undergone a positive selection. On the other hand, those of the BMC and the ZSP are victims of a negative selection. The individuals in each zone are closely related. Between two to two populations, BMC and SOHC insects are more closely related.


The essential oil from the leaf of Pogostemon cablin, grown in Indonesia was extracted by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nineteen compounds were identified representing approximately 97.97% of the oil. The main compound of the oil was the oxygenated terpene patchoulol (26.32%). Other major compounds of the essential oil were δ-guaiene (14.69%), α-guaiene (12.18%), α-Gurjunene (11.13%), seychellene (8.42%), viridiflorol (5.93%), β-caryophyllene (4.63%) and β-patchoulene (2.87%). Four new compounds were found in this oil: 2(1H)-naphthalenone, octahydro-1-methyl-1-(2-propenyl)-, (1a,4ab,8aa)(2.64%); iso-.aplha.-cedren-15-al (0.35%); 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-(3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl)-, [1a,2b(Z),6a](0.12%) and hexahydrothunbergol (0.11%).


A finite-difference algorithm for the numerical solution of diffusion problems in strongly heterogeneous and nonisotropic media is constructed for logically rectangular grids. The performance of this algorithm is comparable to other algorithms for problems with smooth coefficients and regular grids, and it is superior for problems with rough coefficients and/or skewed grids. The algorithm is derived using thesupport-operators method,which constructs discrete analogs of the divergence and flux operator that satisfy discrete analogs of the important integral identities relating the continuum operators. This paper gives the first application of this method to the solution of diffusion problems in heterogeneous an nonisotropic media.The support-operators method forces the discrete analog of the flux operator to be the negative adjoint of the discrete divergence in an inner product weighted by the conductivity, as in the differential case. Once this is accomplished, many other important properties follow; for example, the scheme is conservative and the discrete analog of the variable material Laplacian is symmetric and negative definite. In addition, on any grid, the discrete divergence is zero on constant vectors and the discrete flux operator is exact for linear functions in case whenKis piecewise constant. Moreover, the discrete gradient's null space is the constant functions, just as in the continuum. Because the algorithm is flux based, it has twice as many unknowns as more standard algorithms. However, the matrices that need to be inverted are symmetric and positive definite, so the most powerful linear solvers can be applied. Also, the scheme is second-order accurate so, all things considered, it is efficient. For rectangular grids, the discrete operators reduce to well-known discrete operators and the treatment of discontinuous conductivity coefficients in the case of isotropic media is equivalent to the well-known harmonic-averaging procedure. Comparison with standard schemes is presented. Numerical examples validate advantage of new method.


We obtain explicit time-dependent brane solutions in M-theory as well as in string theory by solving the reduced equations of motion (which follow, as in Int. J. Mod. Phys. A17, 4647 (2002), from 11-dimensional supergravity) for a class of brane solutions in curved backgrounds. The behavior of our solutions in both asymptotic and near-horizon limits are studied. It is shown that our time-dependent solutions serve as explicit examples of branes in singular, cosmological backgrounds. In some special cases the asymptotic and the boundary AdS solutions can be identified as Milne × Rn space–time.


Young's experiment is hailed as a milestone in ushering a new understanding of the wave nature of light and is even taught at the high school level. Unfortunately, even the most cursory presentation of the subject of diffraction becomes confusing. The theory and equations based on Fresnel's work appear arcane and incomprehensible to a high school student. In addition, students are not taught the significance of a phenomenon that has been observed since the time of Thomas Young: the bright band of light at the center of every single slit diffraction pattern. This paper presents a simple way to introduce the subject of diffraction based on Thomas Young's original work and explains how the interplay of different components of diffracted waves from a single slit creates the broad central maximum.


Sedimentary basin migration and microcontinent formation could be the result of deformation redistribution, in which the emplacement of an underplated mafic body (UPMB) may play an important role. In this study, a 2D finite-element model is used to examine the redistribution of the deformation that can be triggered by a UPMB. It is shown that three modes of deformation redistribution can exist: (1) a shiftcompleted mode where the deformation is completely redistributed into the newly weakened region; (2) a transition mode where the deformation is redistributed, but extension is accommodated by thinning in both regions; (3) a shift-failed mode where the deformation is not redistributed. Whether or not the deformation is redistributed depends on the configuration of the UPMB and on the initial rheological heterogeneity in the initially deformed region. However, it becomes difficult for any UPMB to initiate the redistribution of the deformation once the stretching factor in the first deformed region exceeds a critical value. The microcontinent formations observed in the Indian Ocean, in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea, in the Red Sea– Afar region and in the western Mediterranean are particularly discussed in relation to the transition mode, providing some important geodynamic implications. In a system where forces are applied uniformly, a deformation is distributed into a particular region that has rheologically less strength. In such rheology-controlled deformation localization, which is different from that controlled by a locally applied force, the deformation could be redistributed into a different region if an additional weak zone is formed. This may be a fundamental concept that explains some geological phenomena including sedimentary basin migration and microcontinent formation. Strengthening of the lithosphere in the extensional process is caused by thermal relaxation and replacement of weaker crust with stronger mantle, which has usually been considered as being responsible for causing successive deformation to migrate to adjacent regions (e.g. Braun 1992; Negredo et al. 1995; van Wijk & Cloetingh 2002; Corti et al. 2003b; Yamasaki & Gernigon 2009). However, the cessation, or at least a slow rate, of lithospheric thinning is required to obtain a significant strength contrast between extended and non-extended regions; otherwise the deformation is hardly redistributed. The condition of the mechanism is, therefore, so tightly limited that the strengthening does not work effectively when the thinning rate is fast enough to result in a large stretching factor of the lithosphere or in the onset of continental break-up. Instead, the emplacement of underplated mafic bodies (UPMBs) can be an effective mechanism for deformation redistribution. Indeed, previous studies (Corti et al. 2002, 2003a, 2004; Yamasaki & Gernigon 2009) showed that the UPMB has a significant potential to bring about localization of the deformation, depending on its configuration (e.g. width, thickness and temperature) and on the thermal structure of the lithosphere into which the UPMB is emplaced. However, even though the UPMB ought to be formed by the magmatic activity that is controlled by the asthenosphere dynamics, the direct and intrinsic behaviour of the asthenosphere has not been well prescribed quantitatively and is still rather vague. Therefore, the nature of the UPMB's emplacement is uncertain; nevertheless, such an accidental thermal event, brought about by the asthenosphere dynamics, is a plausible controlling factor in the redistribution of deformation (e.g. Müller et al. 2001; Yamada & Nakada 2006; Mittelstaedt et al. 2008). In this study, we examine the redistribution of deformation induced by the emplacement of a UPMB during extension. It is known that the deformation can be redistributed successfully if an additional weak zone is artificially introduced in some region. However, it still remains to evaluate the conditions required for the redistribution to occur. Mittelstaedt et al. (2008) has examined mid-ocean ridge jumps by means of a hotspot magma source, in which an abnormal heat source beneath a hot oceanic plate, as well as the magmatic intrusion in the plate, is imposed in a system where the sea floor is spreading at a constant rate. The present study, contrarily, describes the behaviour of the deformation redistribution on the condition that the UPMBrelated weak zone is formed in the continental lithosphere before the initially deformed region develops into sea-floor spreading. It is shown that there exist three modes of deformation redistribution, depending on the configuration of the UPMB's emplacement. The critical stretching factor in the first deformed region, below which the deformation localization can be redistributed into a different region where the UPMB is emplaced, is also evaluated. Then, based on the numerical model behaviour, we consider the implications for the microcontinent formations observed in the Indian Ocean, the Norwegian–Greenland Sea, the Afar–Red Sea region and the western Mediterranean Sea (see Fig. 1), including whether these natural example are suitable for the application of the model.


In a method for magnetic resonance imaging, whereby magnetic resonance Signals in a region of interest of an examination Subject are generated in an examination by applying radio-frequency pulses of a first transmission field Strength and the magnetic resonance Signals are acquired in a spatially coded manner and allocated to Volume elements of the region of interest in order to obtain one or more magnetic resonance images of the region of interest, the Sensitivity of each volume element of the region of interest with respect to a modification of the first transmission field Strength is determined, deviations of the first transmission field Strength from a reference field Strength are measured during the examination, and the magnetic resonance signals acquired in the examination are corrected on the basis of the Sensitivity determined for each volume element and on the basis of the measured deviations of the first transmission field strength from the reference field strength. The method enables the implementation of fMRI measurements with high precision given fluctuating transmission field Strength.


Magneto-optic data storage is an emerging read/write storage technology with many potential applications in consumer computer systems. One of the limitations to this development is the cost of the read/write head. This device must provide high optical power during the write phase, and sense a small change in the polarization of the beam reflected from an MO disk during the read operation. Typically the head consists of many individual optical components which must be aligned and accurately assembled, and contributes significantly to system cost. Two important elements in the head are a leaky beamsplitter and a polarization beamsplitter. In this presentation we discuss the design parameters and performance characteristics for these beamsplitters formed in dichromated gelatin. Experimental grating performance is also given.


Quality control is evolving from only being present during final inspection, into becoming an integral part of the systems engineering process. This evolution is being helped by the International Organization of Standards (ISO) 9000 series of standards that provides a checklist for documenting processes and assessing their performance. The standards do not apply to systems engineering at this time. They are however taking the place of similar Department of Defense (DoD) standards, so there is an excellent probability that they or an equivalent standard will apply to systems engineering in the future. This paper describes one proposed way to transform an organization toward compliance with the ISO 9001 Standard, and make an organization's systems engineering process more cost effective.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of collaborative cultures and knowledge sharing on organization learning.

Design/methodology/approach
This research used a sample of 288 non-profit state-owned organization employees, which was taken using the simple random sampling technique. The hypotheses were tested using the partial least square approach.

Findings
This research provides insights that organizational learning is influenced significantly by knowledge sharing and collaborative cultures existing within the organization. The successfully built theoretical implication provides evidence that knowledge sharing and collaborative cultures within an organization can provide support for the real organizational learning to take place. Knowledge sharing and collaborative cultures prove to be among the determinants for the occurrence of organizational learning. The right culture can promote good organizational learning.

Research limitations/implications
The right culture can promote organizational learning. This research investigates the effects of collaborative cultures and knowledge sharing on organizational learning in a non-profit state-owned organization. Future research can further expand the scope of various types of organizations, both for-profit and non-profit ones.

Practical implications
This research reveals the effects of collaborative cultures and knowledge sharing on organizational learning.

Originality/value
This research provides insights into the factors supporting organizational learning.


This paper proposes a resilient photonic network based on digital coherent optical transceivers and movable ICT resource units. We develop a 100Gbit/s transceiver for the movable unit and experimentally confirm its plug & play capability.


This article takes a close look at Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray's engagement with Gandhi's political and economic thought. It calls for a nuanced reading of Ray's autobiography as a text that reveals the ways in which he sought to negotiate the key ideas of the Hind Swaraj and situate its fundamental premises in his own intellectual and professional quests. Published in two volumes in the years 1931–32, the Life and Experiences of a Bengali Chemist offers a wealth of insights into Ray's understanding of the contemporary crisis of Western capitalism and the immense possibilities of a Gandhian resolution.


Materials, Methods and Procedures: A multicenter, retrospective multicenter study was conducted on patients with AF who underwent cardiac CT prior to catheter ablation between 01/01/2010 and 12/31/2015. Patients were grouped by presence or absence of prior CVA/TIA. Patients with mitral stenosis, prior mechanical aortic valve replacement, ascending aortic arch atheroma, highrisk patent foramen ovale, history of atrial septal repair or device, preexisting LAA thrombus or intra-cardiac tumor, or prior open-heart surgery were excluded. Further exclusion was performed for patients with sub-optimal or unavailable cardiac CT imaging by investigators blinded to clinical data. Blinded investigators obtained RL by measuring the distance between the left superior pulmonary venous ostium and the internal ostium of the left atrial appendage. LAA FD was calculated using semi-automated volume rendering and processing software (ImageJ, Bethesda, MD) [1] and LAA FD are presented as means (95% confidence interval) and were compared between groups using unpaired t-tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to construct receiver operating curves and to assess the abilities of RL and LAA FD to predict prior CVA/TIA.


This article examines elements of Slavic linguaculture present in contemporary American literature in the Englishlanguage novel written by Nicholas Kotar, an American bilingual author of Russian ancestry from the first-wave of émigrés. In the novel The Song of the Sirin, the writer uses internal translation in portraying medieval East Slavic culturonyms mythopoetically transformed for English-speaking readers.


Asthma is a clinical syndrome, characterized by periodic dyspnoea with wheezing, caused by temporary narrowing of the bronchial airways throughout the lungs. The condition may be reversible, with return to normal respiratory function, or it may become chronic, with pcriods of respiratory disability'. "Status asthmaticus" is defined as an acute attack which has persisted for 24 hours and has not responded to adrenaline2. Two stages of status asthmaticus are recognizable clinically: a compensated stage, in which the patient is seriously distressed by the sheer physical effort of breathing and by the sense of choking, and a decompensated stage. In the first stage, anxious and nearly exhausted, he sits forward resting on the bed-table, afraid to sleep. Blood pressurc and pulse rates are raised. He is not cyanosed and is able to cough and speak a few words. In respiratory function tests, the mean expiratory flow rate will be found to be less than 80 litre/min~te.~ The second stage is imminent when the patient is unable to sit upright, to cough or to utter a single word. The blood pressure may fall precipitously. The pH and base reserve fall and the PC02 rises. He becomes increasingly confused, rcstless, and finally unconscious. Review of the Literature Various studies have shown that asthma in children under 14 years of age is a common and serious disease4* 5, 6; in fact many children die from it7. The W.H.O. reported mortality rate from asthma declined until 1959, when it started to rise agains. This trend is also reported from Australia9-'', Great Britain"-16 and United States17. There are several factors involved in the recent increase in mortality from asthma. The natural history of asthma may be changingl87 19. Increased air pollution may contribute to the rising mortality rate, though in a survey at the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Richards and Patrick1? found little corrclation betwcen the amount of air pollution and the peak year of asthma deaths. Generic names: Adrenaline (B.P.) = Epinephrine (U.S.P.) Isoprenalinc Sulfate (B.P.) =


Abstract We present a method that uses photoionization codes (CLOUDY) to estimate the supermassive black hole masses (MBH) for quasars at low and high redshift. This method is based on the determination of the physical conditions of the broad line region (BLR) using observational diagnostic diagrams from line ratios in the UV. We also considered that the density and metallicity of the BLR in quasars at high z could be different from those at the nearby Universe. The computed black hole masses obtained using this method are in agreement with those derived from the method of reverberation mapping.


Emissions produced by internal combustion engines during laboratory testing have been shown to not fully represent real world applications. Raw emissions measurements have aided the study of vehicle emissions resulting from in-use applications. In-use emissions measurements may be cumbersome; being that direct measurement of exhaust flow rate will often require that the vehicle exhaust system be modified. This paper investigated the feasibility of substituting exhaust air-to-fuel ratio and ECU fuel flow rates for the inferred measurement of exhaust flow rates. The air-to-fuel ratio for a diesel application was solved from the measured raw emissions of CO2 , O2 , and NOx. A 2002 Ford F-650, powered by a 2002 Cummins ISB diesel engine, was fitted with an Annubar™ exhaust flow rate measurement system (averaging pitot tube) in order to directly measure continuous exhaust flow rates. Concurrently, exhaust flow rates were estimated from air-to-fuel ratio, while "theoretical" exhaust flow rates were derived from engine speed, intake air density, and assumed volumetric efficiency. These surrogate measurements of exhaust flow rates were then compared with the direct measurements of flow rates obtained by the Annubar™ system. Fuel consumption estimates based on the air-to-fuel ratio derived exhaust flow rate and CO2 , theoretical exhaust flow rate and CO2 , and measured exhaust flow rates and CO2 were then compared with reported ECU fueling rates over the entire test and during NTE events. An error analysis was performed on the air-to-fuel ratio exhaust flow rate equation to quantify uncertainty resulting from the measurements and assumed parameters. The results showed that the air-to-fuel ratio derived exhaust flow rates compared well with the measured exhaust flow rates and the theoretical exhaust flow rates with an R2 value of 0.982 and 0.986, respectively. During highly transient events and motoring conditions, the air-to-fuel ratio derived exhaust flow rates were inaccurate due to analyzer response and zero fueling conditions, respectively. However, during steadier operation, the air-to-fuel ratio derived exhaust flow rate compared to the measured exhaust flow rate and the theoretical exhaust flow rate within 3.5% and 1.9%, respectively. Overall measurement uncertainty was most affected by the CO2 analyzer at high AFRs. The resulting fuel consumptions from AFR derived exhaust flow rate, theoretical exhaust flow rate, and MEMS exhaust flow rate compared to within 2% of each other. The ECU fuel consumption was 5–7% higher than the MEMS, AFR derived, and theoretical.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


A method has been developed and validated for the determination of caffeine in tea, coffee and other beverages by UV-VIS spectrometry. A linear calibration curve was generated with caffeine concentration ranging from 3 mg·L -1 to 18 mg·L -1 . The procedure developed provides a 0.85 mg·L -1 detection limit of caffeine, respectively 1.52 mg·L -1 quantification limit and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 0.05 % for independent measurement. The developed method was sensitive/specific and robust. Caffeine in tea infusions was found to be dependent on infusion time, the longer of the infusion time and the higher of the caffeine concentrations in tea infusions.


This collection of information was assembled for the benefit of future geothermal system designers and existing system operators. It is intended to provide insight into the experience gained from the operation of 13 major geothermal systems over the past several years. Each chapter contains six or seven sections depending upon the type of system: introduction, production facilities, distribution, customer connections, metering and disposal. Some chapters, covering systems which incorporate a closed distribution design include a section on the central mechanical room. Each section details the original equipment and materials installed in that portion of the system. Following each section is a discussion of the subsequent problems, solutions and modifications relating to the equipment. The extent to which information was available varied from system to system. This is reflected in the length and level of detail of the chapters.


In this paper, a complete fault-tolerant check recognition system is proposed which has no check substitution error under the secret code verification. The fault-tolerant recognition method proposed in this paper creates all possible candidates for verification under the limited fault-tolerant rate, and with three classifiers of high isolated digit recognition rate, the system can always find out the correct recognition results of checks if there exist the correct labels of all the digits. Since the three classifiers are designed independently by different methods and they extract different features of handwritten digits, they can compensate each other when confusing digits are met. The segmentation stage combines the three most popular strategies, and gives out a way for segmenting unconstrained handwritten numeral strings on Chinese checks.


The main of this researching work is to analyze – trough an applied philosophy exercise taking the conceptual and methodological tools Michel Foucault's philosophical work provides – some good-manners handbooks and the practices surrounding its implementation in Colombia during 19th century second half and the two first decades, in order to answer a questions group about the concern for human subjectivation.


This paper aims to explore the feasibility of the concept Social Resilience in a transnational context as the Mexican Migration to the United States. Our analysis focuses specifically on the dynamics experienced by Guanajuato migrant families in the XXI Century, and it will highlight the processes of adaptation and transformation to the changing environment defined as the US immigration system. The goal of the paper is to explain how, within a historical -long-term- process, migrant persons and their families transform and adjust their life and local space into a transnational one. We conclude by considering the importance of studying the migratory dynamics within a transnational social resilience perspective from individual and family level. We use exploratory field-work done in Apaseo el Alto, Guanajuato, as case study, which, we believe, opens an interesting research agenda in the future.


Prof. Kazimierz Bartoszynski was one of the most respected theoreticians of literature in Poland. He worked closely with the Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The period of Professor Bartoszynski's greatest activity as a researcher coincided with the time when he was fascinated with structuralism, but his interests went far beyond these methodological issues. The author of this memoir, who was the Professor's doctoral student, portrays him through the prism of their conversations on scholarly topics and her private relationship with Mr. and Mrs. Bartoszynski, which lasted for many years.


A new microstrip-to-microstrip vertical transition structure for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications is proposed in this paper. The transition consists of a low impedance microstrip ring stub and a couple of slotline square multiple-mode resonators (MMRs) on the common ground plane. The low impedance microstrip ring stubs are realized by the connection of three single stubs in parallel, and the high-impedance section of slotline SIR is realized by the connection of four single stubs in series. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement, showing good wideband filtering performance with ultra-wideband fractional bandwidth.


The last decade has seen a resurgence in interest in three direct democracy devices—the initiative, the popular referendum and the recall. These processes reflect the Progressive Era reformers' aim of enlarging the role of citizens and voters as well as restricting or checking the power of intermediary institutions such as state and local legislatures, political parties, and elected executives. The focus of this article is to examine the increased use of the initiative and popular referendum at the state level as well as how the process actually works. The related processes of the recall and teledemocracy are addressed in other articles in this symposium. Statewide Provisions for Initiative, Popular Referendum and Recall The initiative process permits petitioners to write and, if a sufficient number of valid signatures are gathered, place those proposals on the ballot. The initiative can be placed directly on the ballot (the direct initiative); or before the legislature. If the legislature does not enact the measure or otherwise satisfy the sponsors of the initiative, the sponsors can gather additional signatures and place their proposal on the ballot (the indirect initiative). Five times as many states have the direct initiative as the indirect and, in states that permit both, proponents typically prefer to go directly to the ballot.


The corrosion inhibition performance of four different water stabilizers on stainless steel in condenser was studied. The results show that the pitting corrosion doesn't occur on the stainless steel in the raw cooling water until the water is concentrated to some degree. The analysis of water quality shows that the calcium sediment appears during the concentration of raw cooling water. Experiment results show that the four water stabilizers are of certain pitting corrosion inhibition performance, typically, the pitting corrosion doesn't occur if the concentration ratio is 3 or less in cooling water containing No. 2 or No. 4 water stabilizer, 4 or less in cooling water containing No.1 water stabilizer. The pitting corrosion doesn't even occur in the cooling water containing No.3 water stabilizer when the concentration ratio is up to 6. According to the demand of certain power plant, the right scale and corrosion inhibitor for the stainless steel condenser was determined.


Experimental measurement of flame response to acoustics under conditions relevant to industrial engines is challenging and so the scope of such measurements is often limited. High fidelity CFD can be used to model the interaction of acoustic waves with cryogenic flames, and modelling an experimental test case can not only serve as a code validation exercise but also be useful in better characterising the experimental results. This work explores this potential by extending the interpretation of high-speed imaging of representative rocket flames based on comparison with a large eddy simulation of the experiment.


The peripheral tissues mainly clear the metabolites through lymphatic system to maintain the homeostasis. In recent years, it has been found that there is a corresponding structure in the brain, namely the glymphatic system, which consists of multiple components, including the para-arterial influx of fluids, the convective bulk of interstitial fluid flow facilitated by aquaporin 4 and the paravenous efflux of fluids; the glymphatic system plays an important role in the removal of metabolites. This article will describe its origin, composition, driving mechanisms and influencing factors, and introduce its corresponding role in the pathological process of brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and hydrocephalus.

Key words:
Glymphatic system; Aquaporin 4; Brain disease


Cycle-accurate emulation of sensor networks allows a detailed analysis of platform target code for development and evaluation. However, the high overhead incurred by providing the necessary fidelity limits the size of the emulated networks considerably. The use of multiple cores provided by modern hardware can significantly improve the speed of emulation but requires synchronization algorithms to preserve causality. Based on the well-known multithreaded event-driven emulator Avrora, we investigate a number of synchronization methods including an algorithm that does not require any locks to improve the performance. We show that both the speed and the scalability can be significantly improved without sacrificing correctness. Additionally, we evaluate the impact of modern CPU technologies such as simultaneous multithreading on emulation performance.


Visual and verbal cues can reinforce barriers to access for women in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines. Psychologically inclusive design is an evidence-based approach to reduce psychological barriers by strategically placing content and design cues in the environment. Two large field experiments provide estimates of the behavioral impact of psychologically inclusive cues on women's and men's enrollment behaviors in an online learning environment. First, a gender-inclusive photo and statement in an online advertisement for a STEM course increased the click-through rate among women but not men by 26% (N=209,000). Second, an inclusivity statement with a gender-inclusive course image to the enrollment page raised the proportion of women enrolling in a STEM course by up to 18% (N=63,000). These findings contribute evidence of the behavioral impact of psychologically inclusive design to the literature and yield practical implications for the presentation of STEM opportunities.


Objective The purpose of this study was to describe 3 cases of hydroa vacciniforme-like T cell lymphoma,to discuss its clinical,histopathologic,and immunohistochemical features.Methods 3 patients with the disorder from PUMC hospital were enrolled in the study.The clinical and histiopathological features were analyzed.Results All the patients were children,1 female and 2 were male.Skin lesions presented with polymorphous lesions accompanied with high fever and hepatosplenomegaly.Histopathological findings revealed that diffuse and dense infiltrate of lymphoid cells with anasplastic nuclei in the middle and low potion of the dermis as well as the subcutis;Noeplastic cells invaded blood vessels and subcutaneous fat,with an obviously angiocentric pattern.Moderate numbers of eosinophils were also present in the dermal infiltrates.The heteromorphic cells were positive for CD8,CD45Ro and CD43,but negative for CD20,CD30 and CD56.The EBV serological tests showed positivity.The number of eosinophils,IgE and serum lactic dehydrogenase in the blood were elevated obviously.Monoclonal gene rearrangement of TCR-γ was foune The EBER was detected by in situ hybridization.Conclusion Hydroa vacciniforme-like Cutaneous T cell lymphoma is a new kind of T cell lymphoma.This disorder may be related to the Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) infection and mosquito bites.Different patients need different treatments and the prognoses are distinct.


The standard enthalpy change (ΔHR⊖) for the reaction MCl2(s)+nDMA(I)→[MCl2(DMA)n](s)(M = Zn, n= 2; M = Cd or Hg, n= 1; DMA =NN-dimethylacetamide) as measured by solution calorimetry gave values –84.2 ± 1.6 (Zn), –29.2 ± 0.2 (Cd), and 25.2 ± 0.7 (Hg) kJ mol–1, respectively. The values of the standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf⊖) of the adducts were determined from values of ΔHR⊖, and the standard enthalpies of formation of NN-dimethylacetamide and the metal chlorides, giving the values –1 055 ± 5, –698 ± 2, and –527 ± 2 kJ mol–1 for zinc, cadmium, and mercury, respectively.


This study uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to analyze the advertising efficiency of 26 companies featured in Sports Business Journal's list of the top 50 sports advertisers from 2009. The input variables included sports media spending and non-sports media spending, as well as the total amount of money each company spent in each of the following media: magazines, national spot radio, network television, cable television, and spot television. The output variables were gross profits and brand value. The results showed that half of all the analyzed companies were operating inefficiently and needed to reduce advertising expenditures by an average of 20% while maintaining their current output levels in order to become efficient. The researchers also include a call for further research in this area.


Collapses,even water ingressions or mud inflows may occur to the soft-flow plastic ground,due to its extremely poor self-supporting capability.Furthermore,there exist great difficulties in the consolidation of the soft-flow plastic ground.On basis of successful project cases,the author expounds the design and construction technology for urban Metro running tunnels in soft-flow plastic ground,including the comparison and selection of such assistant construction methods as grouting inside tunnel,installing advance invert in soft ground section,horizontal jet grouting consolidation and freezing consolidation.Moreover,the author studies on the principle,feasibility,consolidation scope and diffusion radius,pressure,quantity,mortar material and mixing ratio and effects of splitting grouting in soft-flow plastic silty clay.The paper can provide reference for similar projects in the future.


Results of recent calculations aimed at predicting the liquid-crystalline phase behavior of binary mixtures of hard spherocylinders are shortly reviewed. These calculations have been made by adopting a simple, re-summed second-virial Onsager-type theory, and include, among the usual isotropic and nematic phases, smectic phases too. The paradigmatic hard spherocylinders with diameter D and length of the cylindrical part equal to 5D have been taken as reference component, to which hard spherocylinders of different geometry are added. The liquid-crystalline phase diagram of the bidisperse mixtures so generated have been traced in all range of composition as a function of pressure. Various phenomena, such as strong demixing, presence of triple, critical and azeotropic points, and smectic phases with different symmetries, have been observed.


The spin distribution induced in free‐electron‐like conduction bands by local (rare‐earth) electronic magnetic moments has been investigated quantitatively. Both interband mixing effects and the more familiar Ruderman—Kittel—Kasuya—Yosida exchange‐polarization terms have been accounted for. The former include (1) effective exchange1,2 terms, arising from the interband mixing, which contribute to both the average induced spin density and its spatial distribution; and (2) direct interband admixture terms1 which affect only the spatial distribution (and affect neither the average density nor the density at the origin of the impurity moment). The results are found to be sensitive to the conduction electron Fermi wave vector kF: in some cases, the admixture terms have little effect on the spin distribution outside of the impurity site; in others, they produce spin‐density oscillations which are large in amplitude compared with the RKKY result.


Classic theories of nationalism, whether modernist or ethnosymbolist, emphasise the role of elites and spread of a common imagined community from centre to periphery. Recent work across a range of disciplines challenges this account by stressing the role of horizontal, peer-to-peer, dynamics alongside top-down flows. Complexity theory, which has recently been applied to the social sciences, expands our understanding of horizontal national dynamics. It draws together contemporary critiques, suggesting that researchers focus on the network properties of nations and nationalism. It stresses that order may emerge from chaos; hence, 'national' behaviour may appear without an imagined community. Treating nations like complex systems whose form emerges from below should focus research on four central aspects of complexity: emergence, feedback loops, tipping points and distributed knowledge, or 'the wisdom of crowds'. This illuminates how national identity can be reproduced by popular activities rather than the state; why nationalist ideas may gestate in small circles for long periods, then suddenly spread; why secession is often contagious; and why wide local variation in the content of national identity strengthens rather than weakens the nation's power to mobilise.


Introduction: It has long been recognized that the Gaussian diffusion tensor model is inappropriate for voxels with complex fiber architecture [1, 2]. Many groups have tried to classify voxels in terms of their diffusion complexity. The earliest studies distinguished between voxels with isotropic, single-fiber anisotropic, and multifiber anisotropic complexity and have reported clustered and symmetric regions of increased complexity, supporting genuine effects consistent with anatomical knowledge [3, 4]. However, they were not able to report the number of fiber orientations found in each voxel. Recent advances of high angular resolution diffusion imaging allow the extraction of multiple fiber orientations [5] and have spawned an interest for classification of voxels by the number of fiber orientations. Recently, a Bayesian Automatic Relevance Determination method was proposed to infer the number of fiber orientations in a multi-compartment model [6]. The study was able to find voxels with up to two fiber orientations and estimated the proportion of white matter fiber voxels that contain complex fiber architecture at approximately one third. In this work, we estimated the number of fiber orientations within each voxel using the constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) method [7] with the residual bootstrap approach [8]. We showed that multiple-fiber profiles arise consistently in various regions of the human brain where complex tissue structure is known to exist. Moreover, we detect voxels with more than two fiber orientations and detect a much higher proportion of multi-fiber voxels than previously reported.